OPERATOR'S MANUAL AVIAN DELIVERY SYSTEM

• Document Type: SPECIALCOLLECTION
• Collection: Animal Partners
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 06527437
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 75
• Document Creation Date: September 6, 2019
• Document Release Date: September 12, 2019

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OPERATOR'S MANUAL
AVIAN DELIVERY SYSTEM
The system described in this manual offers a method for
delivery and retrieval of small objects to normally inac-
cessible locations on buildings or other structures. The
system utilizes a trained raven as the delivery vehicle.
The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance to
trained bird handlers in the maintenance of the carriers
and utilization of the system. It is not intended as a sub-
stitute for on-the;job practical training of a handler
and cannot be expected to serve as a training manual for
utilization of the system by unskilled individuals.
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INDEX
I. Introduction - Description of the System
II. The Carrier
III. Hardware
IV. Hypothetical Example of System in Use
Page 1
Page 6
Page 30
Page 35
V. Check List of Information Needed from
Field for Operational Planning Page 47
VI. Equipment and Supplies Check List Page 49
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I. Introduction - Description of the System
The package delivery system has been developed as a means
of placing a small device upon a window sill or other ledge
of a building, and also of recovering the package. The
transport vehicle is a trained raven.
The bird has been taught to take the package in his beak
and to fly with it to the proper target surface, place it on
the target surface and return to the cage from which he
made his outflight. Similarly, the bird may be released
to recover the package. The maximum package weight
that the bird can reasonably be expected to carry weighs
about 40 grams (10% of birds body weight). Package
dimensions can vary considerably but are limited to a size
which the bird can readily grasp in its beak. Packages
used in routine training measure 3 x 1 x 3/4 inches.
Training has been principally directed to conditioning the
birds to making outflights from a cage located just inside
a window. Birds have also been launched from a cage in
the back of a station wagon and camper. The target must
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be within line of sight from the launch point. Maximum
ranges of 300 feet under ideal conditions have been
achieved.
To guide the bird, the red beam of a helium-neon laser
is projected to mark the target surface. Typically a pro-
jected spot is aimed at a point an inch or two below the
target surface. A motor driven shutter interrupts the
laser beam at a frequency of approximately two cycles
per second. The bird has been trained to fly to the flashing
red spot which appears upon the target building. The laser
beam need be projected only during the outflight.
The return flight is guided by the presence of a small high-
intensity table lamp which is turned on at the instant the
bird properly places a package or picks up a previously
placed package. The table lamp serves two purposes.
Turning on the lamp signals the bird that he has performed
properly and that he will receive a food reward upon re-
turn to the launch cage. The lamp is also a "beacon" re-
minding the bird of the location of the launch cage.
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The small, low power lasers used in the system emit about
one milliwatt of light energy. The reflection of the projec-
ted red spot is not visible in broad daylight. Missions,
therefore, are generally limited to dawn or dusk conditions,
although successful demonstration missions have been con-
ducted at night in lighted city streets. It has not been pos-
sible to record precise data concerning the range of accep-
table ambient light conditions because of the wide variations
of reflectance of common building materials. As a rule
of thumb it can be stated that, if both the target landing
surface and the projected spot can be clearly seen by a 'k4
human observer at the launch site, ambient light is satis-
factory for a mission flight.
The on-site portion of an actual operation might be conduc-
ted as follows: On a table inside the selected launch win-
dow are placed the launch cage and the table lamp. These
objects are located approximately one to six feet from the
window opening. The cage is equipped with a swinging
latched door at each end. One of the doors faces the win-
dow. The laser is located at any convenient spot so that
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it may be aimed at the target point. The bird is transferred
from a carrying container to the launch cage. The laser
is aimed, by means of simple open sights, at the target.
Window curtains, if any, are drawn aside and the window
is opened. The laser is switched on permitting the beam
to mark the target. The front door of the launch cage is
opened and, as the bird emerges, the package is held so
that the bird grasps it. (Photos 1 & 2) The bird flies to
the target surface and; when he lands, the laser is turned
off. At the instant the package is seen to be properly placed,
the recall lamp is turned on. The bird flies into the cage,
receives his food through an opening in the side of the cage,
(Photo 3) and the front door is closed. To recover the
package, the procedure is repeated except, of course, that
the bird flies out carrying no load. The laser spot guides
him to the package location. At the instant the bird is
seen to have picked up the package, the recall lamp is
turned on. As the bird re-enters the cage, he drops the
package to take his food reward. Ifi the launch cage is
placed a considerable distance back from the launch site
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window (up to 6 feet) the cage itself may not be in line of
sight with the target. In such a case, the bird may not be
able to see the laser spot until he reaches the sill of the
launch site window. Such out-of-line-of-sight placement
of the launch cage has been demonstrated as feasible. The
recall lamp, however, must be in line of sight from the
target so that the returning bird will be properly guided.
The launch cage and recall lamp, obviously, cannot always
be positioned in the same location in the launch site room.
A returning bird will home in to the recall lamp, set some
distance inside the window and may be fed near it. Once
the launch site window is closed, the bird has been essen-
tially secured and can be returned to his cage as soon as
is convenient.
A window from which a bird is launched should, where pos-
sible, be curtained except for the actual open portion to
eliminate the risk of a returning bird crashing into a trans-
parent window pane.
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II. The Carrier
A. General Treatment and Handling
The carrier, crow or raven, has been tamed and associates
food and his general well being with humans. The bird
must never be handled roughly or punished in any way,
except by the properly controlled withholding of food during
training and exercising. Proper housing, food, and exer-
cise must be provided to keep the birds in top physical and
mental conditions.
It is frequently necessary to pick up or carry a bird as
when transferring him from one cage to another or weighing
him, or perhaps when recovering .a sated bird at the end
of an exercise session. A bird can be grasped in the hand
by gripping one leg between the thumb and forefinger allowing
the bird, in turn, to rest the other leg on the wrist. The
foot of the grasped leg should be permitted to hold to the
second or third finger. (Photo 4) Movements toward a
bird to be picked up may be fairly rapid, but should not be
abrupt or jerky as sudden movements may startle the bird.
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As a bird is held, the grip should be firm but flexible.
One should give" with the bird's movement if he turns
or attempts to fly. Birds' legs are fragile, thus a rigid
grip risks danger of a damaged leg joint or broken bone.
Some birds do not permit a handler to grasp a leg or do
not readily perch on the handler's arm or hand. Such
birds are more easily grasped by two hands gent1.5k en-
circling the body.
Birds perched on the arm can often be held in place by
holding the bird's identification band. The looseness of
the band permits the bird to turn with minimum danger
of leg injury.
B. Housing and Transport �
The principal problems in transporting, storing, and main-
taining the system concern the birds.
Good feather condition is essential to the usefulness of a
bird. Wire mesh cages or pens should not be used as they
tend to cause severe damage to tail feathers. Necessary
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cage openings can best be covered by round vertical bars
spaced about one inch apart. However, ventilation slots
located high on the walls or in the tops of cages may be
covered with mesh if they are well above the head level
of the bird as he perches in the cage.
To prevent feather damage, shipping-living cages should
be as large as reasonably possible. Cages measuring 2'7"
wide, 26" front to back and. 2111/2" high have proved to be
satisfactory. Cages should be equipped with dropping trays
in which litter, e.g., "Kitty Litter", can be placed. A
wooden dowel about 3/4" in diameter placed above the tray
provides a perch for the birds. For shipping, a cup for
food and another for water should be attached inside each
cage. Cages of this type and size are satisfactory as living
cages in which birds may be housed for long periods of
time. When such a cage is used as a living cage it is best
to attach feed and water cups outside the cage just below
an opening through which the bird can reach. External
cups are easy to clean and allow more free space inside.
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Plywood is a satisfactory material for cage construction.
However, if a cage is to be occupied for other than short
periods of time, plywood walls should be lined with a hard
surface material like Formica. Formica surfaces are
easy to keep clean and cannot be splintered by a bird's
powerful beak.
For transport over long distances birds are best moved
by air to shorten time in transit. For travel time, not
to exceed about five hours, and where space is limited as
in a small foreign car, cages with interior dimensions of
about the size of an 18" cube can be used. Small cages
should be used as little as possible to avoid feather damage.
Food and water cups can be omitted from small cages pro-
vided birds are given water immediately before and after
travel, again not to exceed five hours.
Caution: Birds should not be left in closed cars exposed
to summer sunlight as temperatures considerably above
100 degrees F. may develop which could seriously harm
or even kill the birds. During transport periods greater
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than about 24 hours, birds should be fed as nearly as
possible in accordance with normal feeding procedures.
It has been found that all equipment needed for a mission
can be packed in ordinary suitcases, except for the large
cages. Larger shipping-living cages are particularly
bulky: For transport in a small tar, a folding living cage
has been developed.. Unfolded and assembled, it forms a
cage satisfactory for long-time housing.
C. Diet and Care
Because the birds work for food rewards, each bird's food
intake and body weight must be carefully monitored. Birds
in training are weighed almost daily, principally to avoid
over-deprivation, but also because an unexpected weight
loss may be a warning of illness.
The basic item of diet is a mixture called "crow salad".
The recipe is on the following page.
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Ingredients Approx. % by Weight Recommended Mixture
fatty beef 82 900 grams
beef, or pork liver, 2 25 grams
canned corn % 25 grams
fresh or canned
tomatoes 2 25 grams
lettuce 2 25 grams
fresh carrots 2 25 grams
raw egg with shell 2 1 egg
cottage cheese 2 25 grams
whole wheat bread 2 25 grams
bone meal 25 grams
Vitamycin* 2 teaspoons
*Vitamycin is a vitamin and mineral preparation produced
by the Dow Chemical Company, Indinapolis.
With a conventional hand operated kitchen food grinder
grind: liver, corn, carrots, egg shell, bread, lettuce,
tomato. Add these to the beef, egg, bone meal, and
Vitamycin; Mix thoroughly. The mixture must, of course,
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be refrigerated. This amount will feed two ravens for
about a week.
The exact proportions are not critical. In scaling down
our standard training farm quantities, for example, we
did not suggest a fraction of an egg!
On the average, each bird needs about 50 grams of crow
salad per day.
Crow salad has been prepared in freeze-dry form. The
dry material is mixed with water in approximately one-to-
one proportion by weight. After thorough mixing the pro-
duct is of a watery consistency, but it thickens after being
allowed to stand for several hours. Experiments with
several birds indicate that the freeze-dry mixture can be
fed at the same rate as fresh crow salad to maintain con-
stant body weight. The freeze-dry product is not as effec-
tively utilized as the fresh product. Do not use freeze-dry
food except under conditions where it is not practical to
supply the food in fresh form.
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Drinking water should be available to a bird at all times
in his living or shipping cage, with the exception that, for
convenience in short time travel, water may be omitted
from the shipping cage.
Although the feeding of a fully trained bird may differ some-
what from that of a bird in training, a knowledge of the
trainer's feeding procedures should be useful to those
charged with the care of a mission trained bird.
Experience with each bird reveals the maximum weight
at which the bird will work reliably. Greater weight re-
sults in reduced hunger drive and reluctance to work for
food rewards. Significantly lower weights present unnec-
essary risk of weakness and poor resistance to disease.
A tolerance of plus or minus 20 grams is ordinarily accep-
table.
During the training period, which in some cases has extended
for years, the optimum working weight may change, partic-
ularly with changing seasons. Warm weather commonly
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requires a reduction in weight, cold weather permits it
to be increased.
To insure adherence to the maximum permissible weight
policy, feeding programs are purposely directed slightly
toward over-feeding. If performance of a healthy bird
becomes sluggish or unreliable, a bird's food intake is J,
limited until a good working weight is again reached.
A bird typically receives about 50 grams of crow salad
per day. On working days much of this food is received
as reward for performance. The remainder is fed at the
end of the day. Birds are weighed daily except on week-
ends and records of weight and performance are kept.
Adjustments for off-optimum weight are usually made by
fairly small changes in the daily food allotment. Abrupt
drastic weight losses are avoided as much as possible.
Weight reduction, when required, is limited to a rate of
about 10 grams per day. For example, an overweight slug-
gish bird may be dropped to a 40-gram daily intake, then,
if necessary, to 30 or even 20 grams until the bird is again
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performing well. The diet of an underweight bird is in-
creased in similar increments.
For convenience in rationing crow salad, a bird's allot-
ment is weighed out at the beginning of the day and placed
in an individual container assigned to that bird.
On non-working days, usually Saturdays and Sundays, a
bird is daily hand fed all that he will eat in one session.
The remainder of his allotment, if any, is placed in the
feed cup for consumption when the bird is hungry again.
Commonly, weekend feeding of a bird results in some
weight gain as the bird is idle and thus burning less fuel.
As a resillt performance on Monday, particularly in the
morning, is often poor. Birds are usually not pressed for
top performance on Monday. By Tuesday, and during the
remainder of the week's working days, weight and the re-
lated hunger drive is adjusted to a satisfactory level.
Not unusually a bird will actually gain weight during the
working days of the week. If such a gain is significant,
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20 grams or more, the weekend ration may be reduced.
Because w:eight is an indication of a bird's health, birds
should be weighed frequently on accurate scales and weight
records kept. Inexpensive scales of the type known as
"dietetic" scales are easily obtained and are easy to pack
for shipping. Unfortunately they, are often inaccurate and,
worse, their readings tend to drift. If such scales are
used, a set of standard weights should be provided and
frequent calibration checks made.
In normal training, maintenance of high drive levels is
avoided. Nevertheless, such drive levels do temporarily
increase the probability of good performance and should
be employed when "the chips are down".
To attain a temporary high drive level without serious
risk to health, the following procedure should be followed:
This procedure has proved satisfactory prior to important
demonstrations involving mock missions. If a bird is at
or near optimum weight he is fed a normal days' ration
48 hours in advance of the anticipated demonstration time.
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No more food is given except for the little that may be
earned in a very few test flights. There is some evidence
that it is best not to exercise the bird at all during approx-
imately the last 16 hours preceding the demonstration.
At the end of the 48 hour period it can be expected that
the bird will be eager to work and will be, because of rather
extreme hunger, motivated to risk flight in an unfamiliar
location that might otherwise present stimuli disturbing
to him at only moderate drive levels.
Obviously, one cannot always anticipate need for a bird's
services at precisely 48 hours in advance. Fortunately
there is considerable tolerance. A bird in good health can
withstand 24 to 30 hours of deprivation starting at almost
any time even though the start of such deprivation may
coincide with a slightly underweight condition. If a post-
ponement delays a scheduled flight, for a day, somewhat
scanty feeding (typically about 30 grams), but with actual
amounts determined by bird weight will keep the bird "at
the ready" 24 hours before the newly scheduled flight.
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�
�
�
In piiemission periods, slight weight losses are acceptable.
Gains are not. Some additional day's delay may be possible
by similar 24 hours advance feeding, but a long-term delay,
four consecutive days, for example, might result in weight
loss that cannot safely be allowed to continue.
In recent training, it has been found that birds can safely
fly while tethered to a lightweight line. Tethering has
greatly reduced fly-away losses that previously occurred
with some birds in their early outdoor training sessions.
Other losses occurred even with advanced birds under low
hunger drive levels.
The line is 10 pound test monofilament fishing line paid
out from a conventional closed-face spinning reel (Zebco
model 800 for example). (Photo 5) A small fish-bait snap
swivel is permanently attached to a leg band. (Photo 6)
A similar snap swivel is tied to the free end of the line,
thus the line can easily and quickly be attached to the bird's
leg before the bird is released for flight. A bird straying
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from his proper flight path can be gently brought to earth
by careful braking of the line as it pays out.
It is inherent in the design of a spinning reel that the line
is subjected to twisting. To reduce the resulting cul�ling
or kinking of the line, it is frequently unreeled by hand
and pulled out to its full length. The stretched out line
�
is held taut by its outer swivel which allows the line to un-
twist. The straightened line held taut is reeled in again,
ready for use.
Birds in advanced outdoor training must, of course, make
many untethered flights. Because birds in training cannot
be constantly at the high degree of hunger that would be
imposed for an actual mission, there is a higher risk of
loss. If there is reason to believe that a bird may not be
fully motivated to stay on course, tehtered flights are made
at the start of a training session so that the bird's behavior
can be judged. Only if the bird appears to be working well
are untethered flights then permitted.
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Periodically stimulating a bird-to preen helps him to main-
tain good feather condition. Once or twice a week the bird
should be wet down with water from a spray bottle to in-
duce preening.
D. Exercise and Maintenance of Trained Behavior
To keep fully trained birds "in storage" involves, ideally,
a program similar to the training schedule already described.
It is desirable that a bird be given as much exercise as
possible. Not only does exercise help maintain flight
strength, it also assures a fair approximation of the ideal
food consumption. Most of the bird's food is that which
he is willing to work for, thus regulation of the diet is de-
termined automatically to a considerable extent.
It is understood that, in "storage" locations in foreign
countries, security requirements may make it impossible
to find ideal exercise areas. Outdoor exercise at mission
ranges is preferable to either indoor or short range exer-
cise, but exercise can be given indoors at short range if,
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there are no alternatives. Outdoor untethered flights should
be few in number and made only with a bird that seems
eager to work.
Package placement and retrieval in exercise not only keeps
a bird in flying trim but also maintains load carrying ability.
For indoor exercise the target platform can be a table at
one end of a hallway and a launch cage and recall lamp at
the other. Even in a moderate sized room some valuable
exercise can be given. Exercise areas and target locations
should be varied as much as possible. Exercise sessions
are conducted like miniature missions except that more
strict requirements are enforced in terms of package place-
ment. For example, in a real mission run, a placement
at the end of a sill opposite the end marked by a laser sliot
might be acceptable. In an exercise run it should not be
rewarded.
If a bird should go astray in a mission flight it might be
necessary to recall him to the launch cage. During exercise
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flights the recall lamp should not be used following any
improper response unless it is absolutely necessary as it
might be in outdoor exercises. If the bird does not return
without recall, it is best to return the bird by hand. The
recall signal has, in training, been associated with food
reward given upon return, thus the recall signal alone has
some rewarding effect. To use the recall signal following
an improper response tends to strengthen that improper
response. A sated bird will not perform well at any range.
Exercise of a bird showing signs of satiation should be
halted.
An audible recall signal, the click of a toy "cricket", was
also used in training the birds. This signal should be used
only when necessary to recall a bird that is not responding
well to the recall lamp.
Crow salad is used for food rewards. A pinch of food, about
1/4 to 1/2 gram, is presented to a bird when it returns to
its launch cage following correct performance and recall.
The timing of a reward is critical. Reward begins with re-
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call. The recall lamp should be lighted instantly when a
bird places a package properly, or, on retrieval, when a
bird has picked up the package.
Food given as reward is, of course, a part of the bird's
diet.
In spite of the advantages of frequent exercising it is not
an absolute essential, If a day or two of regularly scheduled
exercise is omitted the bird may simply be fed, preferably
at the time of day an operation is likely to take place. The
bird should be fed the amount that he would normally eat if
he were being exercised, or slightly less. If the experienced
handler must be absent on an exercise day it is best to omit
the exercise program and to leave only feeding to less ex-
perienced caretakers. Exercise sessions are in effect min-
iature missions, so improper rewarding can adversely
affect the behavior required for real missions.
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E. Illness and Treatment in the Field
In most instances, the raven is a hardy bird. All but the
most extreme temperatures have little effect. High tem-
peratures may cause a little sluggishness and slightly
lessened endurance while low temperatures seem to heigh-
ten activity and sharpen the bird's appetite. However, it
is wise to provide ale bird shelter from direct exposure
to sun, wind, and weather extremes.
It is recommended that the diet of crow salad be adhered
to when practical, especially when placing the bird on a
drive prior to a mission. The majority of the health prob-
lems of ravens in training for a mission stem from inade-
quate nutrition. While it is important that the bird be ;.
hungry enough to work well, it is imperative that the health
of the bird be maintained by adequate food. Adhere closely
to the feeding instructions included in this manual.
An unexpected weight loss of, for example, 20 to 30 grams,
such as one not due to an imposed deprivation, or a failure
to gain weight quickly following a necessary deprivation,
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may be an indication of a stress condition. Cessation of
exercise plus full feeding (all the bird can eat twice a day)
is called for until weight is regained. Freedom to fly about
in a closed room may also help. (Stress has been an oc-
casional cause of death among crows, in training. Post-
mortem examinations have commonly revealed enlarged
adrenals, accompanied by no other indications of illness.
The incidence of stress conditions has been lower with
ravens, and when it occurred recovery has usually been
rapid.)
Like humans, the raven faces many types of environmental
hazards and diseases. Fortunately, these hazards and
diseases are seldom encountered; not so fortunately there
will be little you can do in the field to effect a cure or even
diagnose the disease.
In the case of the more serious illnesses, the first indi-
cations will be a loss of appetite followed by a paling or
blanching of the normally bright pink inside lining of the
bird's mouth and a loss of gloss or sheen of plumage.
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Sometimes sneezing or coughing will occur. The bird feces
may become very runny and almost clear rather than the
normal white and olive or brown excreta of a pasty consis-
tency. Occasionally, however, the course of the infection
runs fast and the only thing you may notice is the bird will
not eat or is reluctant to eat. Do not wait more than a day
to begin treatment if the bird goes off its feed or exhibits
any of the above described symptoms. Place the bird on a
full feed ration. Emphasize the foods you know the bird
prefers. Live food, such as minnows or worms, may help
stimulate the appetite. Administer Sulmet* in drinking
water (two tablespoons, or one fluid ounce, to one gallon
of water) for a period of five days. Discontinue treatment
for three days, then administer again for three more days.
To assure that the bird drinks the medicated water make it
available to him for only about six hours per day, preferably'
in the morning. Letting the bird go without water for the
*Sulmet is a commercial sulfa preparation made by the
American Cyanamid Company.
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remainder of the time will build up a strong thirst drive.
Sulmet medication is about the only treatment practical in
the field.
Occasionally skin growths similar in appearance to warts
may appear on the legs and around the bill. Unless the
growths become extensive in number or very large, they
do no real harm. If a mission is imminent, ignore them.
If you will have the bird in your possession for some time
and no mission is planned, you may burn off the growth by
carefully applying silver nitrate solution with a swab. As
needed, peel off the dead tissue and reapply silver nitrate.
All in all, it is best to prevent illness rather than treat it.
Be sure the feeding schedules are adhered to. Be sure to
use crow salads or, if this is not available, supplement
the diet with vitamins. Do not unnecessarily expose the
birds to weather extremes but do supply adequate ventilation.
Of perhaps greater danger to the raven under field conditions
is traumatic injury or .the ingestion of dangerous substances.
If the bird receives a broken wing or broken neck there is
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little one can do to correct the injury. A broken leg may
or may not incapacitate the bird depending on the site and
extent of the break. A clean break between the leg joint
and the foot may be splinted with any lightweight material--
match sticks, a length of straightened paper clip wire, etc.,
secured over the break with tape. A break at the joint is
very difficult to set and the injury would probably keep the
bird from performing. Immediately after the break is set,
the bird might perform all right, but it is not recommended
that this be tried unless absolutely required. Regardless
of the nature or location of the break, the bird should be
given as much time as practical to rest and recover from
the injury. When an operation is imminent try a dry run
with the bird under secure conditions. It is conceivable
that a bird with a severely broken leg or other extensive
injury might still be able to perform satisfactorily.
Birds in general, and ravens, in particular, will ingest
just about anything they can get into their mouths. Avoid
keeping loose objects or harmful substance near the birds.
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If the raven does swallow something harmful, first aid
treatment is difficult if not impractical. Often the bird will
regurgitate the material spontaneously. Here again, pre-
vention is more effective than treatment.
Feather damage (broken or ruffled feathers) is best avoided
but occasionally occurs in spite of the operator's best efforts.
Broken or frayed body or tail feathers should be left alone.
They will regenerate soon enough and the bird can perform
satisfactorily with some damaged body and tail feathers.
The wing feathers are a,different matter. Loss or damage
of wing feathers degrades severely the bird's flight capability.
If wing feather damage is noted just prior to a mission,
fly the bird to determine if the bird is still capable of flight.
Be sure to test the bird weighted with the load it will be
carrying during the mission. If the bird seems to fly suf-
ficiently well do not disturb any feathers. If the bird seems
to have difficulty flying, set the bird aside, maintaining
working weight and exercise sessions if possible. Serious
feather damage requires that a bird be dropped from mission
ready status.
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III. Hardware
A. Cages
Two types of folding cages are used in transport, housing,
and operational use of the bird. These are (1) the large
plywood shipping-living cage and (2) the operational aluminum
launching cage, which doubles for a short distance shipping
cage.
The dimensions of the shipping-living cage, assembled,
are 27" wide, 26" front to back, and 21-1/2" high. Folded,
the cage requires packing space only 9 1/2" high with other
dimensions unchanged. It weighs 37 lbs. A pull-out dropping
tray may be filled with sand, shavings, or other absorbent
material for cleanliness and odor control. A pair of cups
for feed and water clamps to the vertical bars of the door.
These cups may be fastened outside when the cage is no
longer in transit. Openings in the door grill permit a bird
to reach through to the outside cups. The external placement
of the cups allows them to be filled and cleaned easily,
and eliminates from the interior of the cage a possible haz-
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ard to the bird's feathers. (Photos 7 & 8)
An aluminum launching cage has been constructed. The
walls of this cage fold flat against the top permitting top
and sides to be placed inside the tray which forms its
bottom. Assembled, the cage measures 21 1/2" wide, 23"
front to back, and 17" high. Folded, it measures 20 1/2"
by 22 1/2" by 2 1/2". The compromise dimensions of the
cage offer the possibility of use for three purposes: as a
shipping cage, a living cage, and as a launch cage. Doors
at each end and a wooden insert to raise the floor level to
the bottom of the front door provide the requirements for
a launch cage. Packed with its floor insert, the folded cage
measures 4 3/4" high. With the floor it weights 28 lbs.
(Photos 9 & 10)
B. Black Box Bird Carrier
The black box bird carrier, 18" x 7 1/2" x 13 1/2" is ven-
tilated by baffled, light-tight openings (Photo 11). Because
of complete darkness in the box, a bird carried in it makes
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little or no noise. This box should only be used when ab-
solutely necessary, such as when carrying a bird into a
building. Birds should not be left in the box for longer
than 15 -minutes.
C. Weight Scales
Accurate scales are desirable for weighing the birds. Un-
fortunately, good laboratory scales are bulky and delicate.
A substitute is the small, simple type of spring scales
known as "dietetic". The readings of such scales often
tends to drift, so it is advisable to use a set of calibrating
weights to permit checking and adjustments of the scales.
D. Laser and Accessories
A flashing red spot produced by a helium-neon laser is
used to guide the bird to the delivery or pick-up point.
The laser, Spectra Physics Model 132, is mounted on a
pivoting stand and equipped with a motor driven chopper
and simple open sights for aiming. (Photo 12) A spec
sheet is included in the appendix.
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As an aid to aiming the guidance laser, a telescopic sight
has been mounted on a Spectra-Physic model 132 laser.
Properly adjusted, the scope provides a line of sight para-
llel with the laser beam and 2 1/4" above the beam. The
laser may be aimed with the scope crosshairs appearing
2 1/4" above the point at which the laser spot is to appear.
(Photo 13 shows the scope-equipped laser mounted on a cam-
era tripod.)
A laser requires the nominal 115 Volt 60 Cycle alternating
current (ordinary U.S. house current). Where only 240
Volt house current is available, a step down transformer
may be used.
For use where neither 120 nor 240 Volt AC power is avail-
able at the launch site it is possible to use an inverter to
convert 12 Volt battery power to 120 Volts, 60 Hz power.
A Honda motorcycle battery, model 12N9-3A, and a Terado
inverter, model 50-170, is suitable for this purpose. (Photo
14) (Specs in appendix) It is reasonable to expect that a
12 Volt motorcycle battery of 10 ampere hour rating will
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operate the laser via the inverter for at least one hour con-
tinuously.
E. Recall Lamp
This is a conventional "high-intensity" miniature lamp.
Ordinarily such lamps employ a 12 Volt bulb and are equipped
with a built-in transformer for 120 Volt AC operation. Be-
cause timing of the recall is critical, the lamp is equipped
with an easy working external foot operated switch. If 115
Volt 60 Cycle alternating current is not available the recall
lamp can be used with a step down transformer or with the
inverter mentioned in section D, above.
It has been found that the high intensity lamp, used as a
recall signalling device, is overly bright if directed out-
ward toward the returning bird under dark twilight conditions.
The light may be directed downward to avoid blinding the
bird. If the launch cage is visible to the 'returning bird,
the lamp may be placed on top of the cage aimed so that it
illuminates the interior of the cage through an opening
in the cage top. (Photo 15)
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IV. Hypothetical Example of System in Use
It may be helpful in understanding the procedures of care
and working of the birds to consider them in terms of an
imaginary mission program. Following is a description of
a hypothetical mission. The principal emphasis of the
description is on care and handling of the birds.
An overseas mission is planned requiring the placement of
a device at approximately a certain date. Following initial
placement, the device is to be retrieved and replaced at
intervals ranging from two to four weeks. Actual mission
flights are planned for either dawn or dusk as opportunity
arises.
A team of two birds is to be flown overseas. Information
concerning working weight and any idiosyncracies is known
by the handler. Air travel time, including stop-overs, will
total 36 hours. Arrangements have been made to store the
birds and equipment at a secure "base station" in the gen-
eral area of the mission site. Air travel is to be by air-
craft over which mission personnel has control, that is,
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not by commercial air line.
Birds are to travel in shipping-living cages approximately
_ .
the dimensions of a two foot cube. These cages can, when
necessary, be taken apart and the parts folded. The equip-
ment and supplies check list is Carefully gone over (section
VI) and all items are packed for shipping.
Ten days before the first planned mission the birds, supplies,
and equipment are loaded aboard a plane for the first leg
of the journey. During travel the birds are hand fed crow
salad three times a day because eating tends to reduce
possible traumatic effects of travel experience. Feeding
times are separated in time as much as reasonably possible,
four or five hours apart, for example. At each feeding, a
bird is given all the food he will quickly consume. If the
bird does not consume his alloted dairy ration at the end
of the third hand feeding session, the remainder of the food
is placed in the feed cup.
The trip to an overseas air field requires three days, in-
cluding one stop-over enroute, during which the normal
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feeding schedule is maintained. From the air field the birds
are to be taken by a small car to a secure base station at
a distance requiring about three hours of driving. The
�
shipping cages are too large to fit into the car, so the birds
are transferred to the smaller cages. The shipping cages
are folded so that they may be carried in the trunk of the
car. Other equipment, packed in suitcases, is also carried
in the car.
Upon arrival at the base station the birds are transferred
again to the larger cages.
The fourth day is the first at the base station. The birds
are weighed and found not to have lost weight in transit.
Two attempts, spaced about eight hours apart, are made to
work the birds at short range indoors. They perform poorly
at the first session, better at the second as appetite returns.
At the end of the day the birds are hand fed, each from
his allotment of 50 grams of crow salad, part of which has
been earned in the exercise sessions. One bird stops eating
before he has consumed all of the allotment and is fed no
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more for the day.
On the fifth day both birds are more active and are each
given several exercise sessions in the course of the day.
These sessions are held indoors, some at the maximum
possible ranges down a hallway. A laser is used in gui-
dance. Each bird works sufficiently to have received about
50 grams of crow salad as rewards and neither is given
additional food at the end of the day.
On the sixth day each bird again works well indoors and, in
the course of the exercise sessions conducted periodically
throughout the day, earns the allotment of 50 grams.
On the seventh day it is found possible to arrange for out-
door "simulated mission" flights at dawn and at dusk. The
birds are,tried in the morning session first tethered at short
range because their handler does not_wisif to risk danger of
even temporary straying of a bird. The birds do not seem
eager to work, probably because of fairly low drive, and so
range is not extended and the outdoor practice session is
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ended. The birds are given only a few indoor exercise
sessions in the course of the day, so as to allow drive to
increase. At a dusk session outdoors the birds are more
eager to fly. Following a few short range tethered flights,
range is extended to mission distance and a few successful
untethered flights are made. Only four longer range flights
(two correct placements and two retrievals) are permitted
because, again, of fear of straying by a partially sated bird.
Evening weighing of the birds indicates a weight loss of
about 15 grams for each bird. The loss is not considered
alarming, and the birds are fed only the remainder of their
allotment.
An actual mission flight has now been scheduled for a site
a few hours drive from the base station. Placement of a
package on a target ledge is planned for 6:00 pm of the tenth
day. Launch is to be from the window of an apartment lo-
cated about 100 feet from a target ledge. Only one bird is
to be taken to the apartment a few hours before the attempt
is made.
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On the eighth day the handler decides to make a choice be-
tween the two birds at an evening outdoor test session.
The birds are kept idle through the day, not exercised be-
cause he wishes to build up drive for the evening test. At
dusk, both birds are tested at mission range. Both per-
form properly, but one shows less hesitation in placing a
package on a target ledge, setting it down without showing
any tendency to pick up again and responding quickly to the
recall lamp signal. This bird is first choice for the mission,
but both will be made ready.
It is now approximately 48 hours from the scheduled mission
flight time. Past feeding has maintained the birds at near
optimum weight. Each is now found to be only about 10 grams
under the recommended optimum holding and training weight.
Each is then fed the remainder of his day's 50 gram ration.
All litter and any other substances that a hungry bird might
ingest are removed from the cages. Only drinking water
remains.
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Twenty four hours later (T minus 24) each bird is given a
short indoor working session, but allowed to earn no more
than 19 grams of food.
At opportune times, necessary equipment, e.g., laser, re-
call lamp, etc., is moved in suitcases to the launch apart-
ment. Late evening, after dark, is deemed the.most secure
time to move the chosen bird to the apartment. The bird
is transferred to one of the launch cages. His living cage
is folded and, because it is too large to fit a.suitcase, is
wrapped as a package. Bird, cage package, and a "black
box" cage are taken in a small car for the trip to the launch
site. Shortly before arrival the bird is transferred to the
"black box". This box, 18" x 7 1/2" x 13 1/2" is ventilated
by baffled, light-tight openings. Because of complete dark-
ness in the box, a bird carried in it .makes a little or no
noise. The launch cage is folded and placed in a suitcase.
Bird, suitcase, and wrapped living cage are carried into
the apartment. The cages are unwrapped, assembled, and
the bird is transferred to the living cage.
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As time T approaches, equipment is set up. It is found
convenient to place the laser at one window and the launch
cage and recall lamp at another. As dusk begins to fall the
bird is moved from the living cage to the launch cage. Un-
fortunately, a heavy rainfall commences and lasts through
the dusk period. A light rain or mist might have reduced
the risk of detection and yet permitted the flight to have
been attempted, but it now must be postponed.
It is decided to "hold" until dawn at which time another
attempt at delivery may be possible. This will mean a
delay of 12 hours. The handler estimates that at the
"holding" rate of feeding of 30 grams per 24 hours, he
should feed the bird 15 grams of crow salad. Lacking a
scale he guesses the amount accurately enough. He has
left word at the base station to feed the reserve bird at
the same rate.
At the first signs of morning light, equipment is again
placed and checked and the bird is again transferred to
the launch cage. As soon as the target becomes clearly
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visible the windows are opened and the laser is sighted at
the ledge and turned on very briefly to check the aim.
Rather than risk a package on the first flight, the handler
signals for the laser to be turned on and releases the bird
but does not present him with the package. The bird flies
to the target, the laser is switched off, the recall lamp is
turned on and immediately extinguished as the bird enters
the cage. The bird is rewarded at the same time. (Had the
bird seemed "spooky" of the target ledge, one or two more
no-load runs might have been made if it seemed safe to allow
them.)
For the final flight, the package is held at the cage opening
as the door is opened. The bird grasps it, flies to the
target ledge, and is recalled as soon as the package is put
down. Reward follows the return, and if package placement
is considered acceptable the mission is "wrapped up". (If
the positioning of the package is critical and it is not accep-
tably placed, it may be necessary to send the bird out to
recover it and then to try again. If the bird cannot be
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faulted for an improper placement, for example, if he
accidentally moves it with his foot on take-off to return to
the cage, there is no question but that he should be rewarded.
If placement is faulty because of failure to make the place-
ment in accordance with previous training, it may still be
necessary to use the recall signal, which is rewarding in
itself, even though this is poor training procedure. In an
actual mission avoiding temporary loss of the bird is more
important than slight possible deterioration of behavior.)
The bird has successfully accomplished a placement and it
is expected that the package will remain in its place for
some time. Both birds have lost weight because of food
deprivation in preparation for the flight. The mission bird
is hand fed immediately as much as he will accept. A mes-
sage to the base station informs the station that the back-up
bird is to be similarly fed.
The mission bird is returned to the base station as soon
as it is practical to do so. A two day rest and "feed-up"
restores both birds to normal weight.
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At the base station, the regular feeding and exercise program
is restored. Although it is hoped that recovery and replace-
ment of the package can be programmed as a regular oper-
ation for every three weeks, it is realized that emergencies
may arise requiring, on short notice, a retrieval of a pack-
age. It is not possible to keep a bird constantly, ready to
go, but the handler arranges a schedule which feeds each
bird lightly on a different alternate day. For example,
one bird is allowed only 35 grams, the other given 65 grams
on a particular day. The next day the feed allotment is
reversed. Thus there is always one bird kept at a fairly
high drive.
If an emergency should arise, both birds are immediately
deprived of food. As one bird is already on a mild depri-
vation schedule, he should be ready to go to work in 24 to
30 hours following the last feeding.
In an emergency, the readiness of a bird must be judged
at the time by the handler. He has deprived both birds
but even though one may theoretically be more hungry than
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the other, he must make his choice of the birds in terms
of apparent eagerness to work and upon his knowledge of
their past records. In anic, emergency situation in which
bird eagerness cannot readily be judged, it is more likely
that a "doubtful" bird will make a retrieval rather than a
placement. Placement is the more difficult behavior.
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V. Check List of Information Needed from Field for
Operational Planning
A. Photograph and description of target
1. Height of target from ground
Z. Distance of target from launch point
3. Horizontal angle of target from launch point
4. Knowledge of depth of target ledge
5. Scale of photograph
6. Any peculiarities of target
B. Description of launch point
1. Height of launch point from ground
Z. Available power
3. Indoor or outdoor release
4. Size and configuration of launch opening, i. e.,
window, back of truck, etc.
5. Any peculiarities of the launch point such as
drapes over windows, grill work, etc.
C. Operational site environment
1. Climate
Z. Urban or rural
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3. Obstacles between launch point and target,
4. e., trees, window grills, window- shutters,
phone and electric wires
4. Time of day for operation
5. Any local wind peculiarities in area covered
by bird
6. Dawn or dusk
7. Noise level and peculiar noises
8. Any possible disturbing influences - human
activity - dogs, cats, other birds, etc.
D. Type and length of travel required
E. Legal restrictions or obstacles in international
transport of birds
F. Overseas storage and maintenance
G. Facilities available
1. Indoor exercise
2. Outdoor exercise
3. Localrava?.lability of food items, litter, etc.,
for birds
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VI. Equipment and Supplies Check List
1. Trained birds - 2 each
2. Folding living-shipping cages - 2 each
3. Folding launch cages -.2 each
4. . Laser with open or telescopic Sights - 2 each
5. Laser mount with chopper and base - 1 each
6. Power Supply containing Terado inverter, storage
battery, and battery charger, - 1 each
7. Step-down transformer (230 v. to 115 v.) - 1 each
8. Recall lamp with foot switch - 1 each
9. Map case (black box) - 1 each
10. Scale with calibration weights - 1 each
11. Fresh crow salad in thermos jug
12. Freeze-dry crow salad
13. Sulmet or other sulfa drug
14. Silver nitrate
15. Vitamycin
16. Bone meal
17. Dummy training packages
18. Food grinder - 1 each
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19. Emergency recall signal, audible - 2 each
20. Cage litter (commercial Kitty litter)
21. Spray bottle for water - 1 each
22. Binoculars or other visual aids
23. Tethering equipment
reel with line
snap swivels
leg bands
24. Spare parts
Laser fuse (Buss MDL 1/2 amp, Fusetron fuse) Terado
Inverter fuse (Buss AGC;25 or Littelfuse 3AG-25)
Bulbs, recall lamp (size 93-12 volt)
10' extension cord with 3-way outlet
3 wire adapter for laser
Small Phillips screwdriver
Long-nose pliers
Roll electrician's tape
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INVERTER
SPECIFICATIONS
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Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437
� �170
TI
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R2
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R3
R
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L
COIWORATiON,
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OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
MODEL 50-170 TEMPEST
INPUT VOLTAGE - 12 VOLTS DC, CAR VOLTAGE
REGULA-:OR MUST BE SET NO HIGHER THAN 13,8
VOLTS WHEN ENGINE IS WARM
OUTPUT VOLTAGE - 117 V.A,C,
CAPACITY - 125 WATTS CONTINUOUS
150 WATTS INTERMITTENT
CAUTTZ: MAINTAIN AT ALL TIMES, AT LEAST A 30 TO 40 WATT LOAD ON THIS �
INVERTER, WITHOUT THIS LOAD THE PEAK COLLECTOR TO EMITTER VOLTAGE WILL -
RISE AND CAUSE TRANSISTOR FAILURE, THIS INVERTER IS.NOT DESIGNED FOR. y
CONTINUOUS OPERATION, A PERIOD OF-FIVE (5) HOURS USAGE SHOULD NEVER BE.
EXCEEDED IN ANY CASE, COOLING OF THE POWER TRANSISTORS IS VERY CRITICAL
AFTER THIS TIME IS REACHED,
FUSING - �USE ONLY 25 AMPERE FUSES, RECOMMENDED TYPES; BUSSMAN AGC25
LITTLEFUSE 3AG-25, NEVER SLUG FUSES THIS COULD CAUSE COMPLETE .BURN- .
OUT OF POWER .TRANSISTORS AND TRANSFORMERS, .
3, FOREACTORY SERYICE - ADVISE OUR FACTORY SERVICE DEPARTMENT THAT THE o
UNIT IS BEING RETURNED, 'ALONG WITH AN EXPLANATION OF PROBLEMS', FLOAT
PACK OR CAREFULLY. CUSHION UNIT TO AVOID DAMAGE, ALSO EXAMINE WHEN RE-
CEIVED AND MAKE CLAIM IF NEEDED,: . . . _ .
4 SHjPPla- 'VIA PREPAID EXPRESS OR TRUCK - DO NOT SHIP PARCELROST
WILL BE VOID IN ALL CASES IF THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE NOT FOLLOWED.
5, CAUTION - YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGE TO YOUR UNIT IF RETURNED IM-
PROPERLY PACKED - '***SAVE PACKING MATERIAL UNIT IS RECEIVED IN�
), WARRANTY - THE TEMPEST INVERTER IS GUARANTEED AGAINST DEFECTIVE WORK-
I,.ANSHIP AND MATERIAL FOR A PERIOD OF SO DAYS, WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO
REVOKE THIS GUARANTEE IF IN OUR OPINION THE CONDITIONS AND INSTROCTION ,
� HAVE NOT BEEN FOLLOWED.' A NOMINAL SERVICE CHARGE FOR PARTS AND LABOR.
WILL BE MADE ON ALL UNITS OUT OF WARRANTY,
INSTALLATION OF INVERTER.
� �
1, MUM: Do NOT INSTALL INVERTER IN MOTOR COMPARTMENT AS EXCESS HEAT
CAN CAUSE TRANSISTORS TO FAIL, ALSO THE WEATHERPROOFING UNDER THE HOOD
OF VEHICLE IS INSUFFICIENT, UNIT SHOULD BE INSTALLED IN DRY AREA, -
_
2, KEEP RADIOS AWAY FROM INVERTER AND ITS WIRING, TO -REDUCE NOISE PICK-
UP, REVERSE � AC PLUG IF NOISE IS HEARD WHEN OPERATING RADIOS, THIS
INVERTER NOT RECOMMENDED TOR TAPE RECORDERS,
3, CAll inN T
.HF INVERTER INPUT LEADS MUST BE CONNECTED TO THE PROPER PO-
LITY TERMINALS TO INSURE PROPER OPERATION, HIS UNIT IS EQUIPPED
11 TI A POLARITY SENSING DEVICE THAT WILL BURN OUT IF BATTERY CABLES
ARE CONNECTED UP IN REVERSE OF ABOVE, SERIOUS DAMAGE TO TRANSISTORS
CAN ALSO RESULT IN THE CASE OF REVERSE POLARITY,
it, INVERTER IS DESIGNED FOR NEGATIVE GROUND VEHICLES._ CABLES SHOULD BE
'%'!NECTED RED TO POSITIVE --BLACK TO OEGATIVE, CAUII N - IF THE VEHICLE
A POSI,TIVE GROUNDED SYSTEM, COMPLETE INVERTER WILL HAVE TO BE
./..(r7J gO;CU rldnN-P,4
h01 Kr6LRil lui\o OR COMPRESSORS,' STARTING 'CURRENT WILL
IMMEDIATELY DESTROY TRANSISTORS. WARRANTY VOID
PAGE 1
�
OPERATION OF INVERTER
PACE 2
1. THIS la A TRANSISTORIZED POWER INVERTER USING 2 TRANSISTORS ON
MODEL 50-1/0. IT IS DESIGNED TO GIVE PEAK EFFICIENCY INVERTING 12 -
VOLTS DIRECT CURRENT TO 110 VOLTS AC.- 60.CYCLES,
2, THIS INVERTER DOES NOT HAVE EXACT GO CYCLE CONTROL FEATURE BUILT IN,
THE FREQUENCY OF UNIT IS DEPENDENT ON THE INPUT VOLTAGE AND THE LOAD '
ON THE 110 iuLT SIDE,
3, THIS INVERTER WILL OPERATE MANY 110 VOLT APPLIANCES, THESE'i:.VERTERS
ARE NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FREQUENCY SENSITIVE EQUIPMENT. '
4, rimOnm
OPERATION OF FLUORESCENT LIGHTS - FIXTURE. MUST BE PCWER
CORRECTED, DISREGARD WATT RATING OF TUBE OR TUBES, STARTING CURRENT �
MUST NOT EXCEED 75% CAPACITY OF INVERTER, MEASURE STARTING CURRENT.
WITH A� WATT METER BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO USE WITH INVERTER,
5, CAMION:� Do NOT. OVERLOAD INVERTER WITH APPLIANCES SUCH AS TOASTERS,
ELECTRIC FRYING PANS, ELECTRIC COFFEE MAKERS,. LARGE MOTORS, HEAVY
POWER TOOLS. ALWAYS INSPECT NAMEPLATE ON APPLIANCE FOR WATTAGE BE-
FORE USING, OR MEASURE WITH A WATT METER. LOADS IN EXCESS OF RATINGS
ON INVERTER WILL ACT .AS A SHORT CIRCUIT AND CAUSE TRANSISTOR FAILURE,
R-1
B-2 .
R-3
R-4
.PARTS LIST FOR MODEL 50-170
PART NAME
:CONDENSER I MED - 4N VOLT PAPER
CONDENSER WOO MFD - 0 VOLT ELECT,
CONDENSER 500 MFD - 50 VOLT ELECT. .
RECTIFIER 1.0 AMP - EQ PIV .
RECTIFIER 1U-AMP - 0 PIV
.RECTIFIER 1.0 AMP - ;0 PIV
FUSE - 25 AMPERE � �
EUSEHOLDER, HKP
RECEPTACLE, ROUND 2 WIRE TYPE
TRANSISTOR, POWER TYPE 2N2152
TRANSISTOR, POWER TYPE 2N2152 . .
(NOTE: THE ABOVE TRANSISTORS ARE SELECTED -
UNITS AT THE FACTORY -.THE ABOVE TYPES MAY
-BE SUBSTITUTED IN CASE OF EMERGENCY) . � �
RESISTOR, 100 OHM - 5 WATT.
RESISTOR, i.5 OHM - 5-WATT
RESISTOR, 1,5 OHM WATT
RESISTOR, 100 OHM - 5 WATT
RESISTOR, 4/47 OHM - 2 WATT
RESISTOR, 150 OHM - 5 WATT
SWITCH, SPST � -
TRANSFORMER, POWER
RED LEAD BATTERY CABLE, #JA WIRE - 6 FT, .
BLACK LEAD BATTERY CABLE #14 WIRE - 6 FT,
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-
ti CORPCilltM011
1060 linymend Ave. -:- Phone G46-26G8
St. Paul, 1\ltene::ota 55I03
1398-
1327
1327
1328
1"'.)7
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Approved for Release: 2019/07/30 C06527437
LASER
SPECIFICATIONS
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� r C
411
1
71-1
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_J�
Page
Table of Contents
1.0
Model 132 Specifications
1
2.0
Introduction
2
3.0
Operation
2
4.9
Troubleshooting
3
4.1
High Voltage Circuit
.,
5.0
Tube Change
6
5.1
Tube Removal
6
5.2
Tube Replacement �
6.
6.0
Field Installation of Polarization Magnet Assembly
7
Warranty �
7
Service Information
Rear of
List of Illustrations
Manual
Page
4-1 � Cathode Lead 4
4-9 Anode Lead and Polarization Assembly � ,-z
,
: Model 132 Lablite Helium-neon Gas Laser Schematic Diagram Rear of
Manual
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1.0 Model 132 Specifications
Output
Power:
Wavelength:
Transverse Mode:
Longitudinal Mode Spacing:
'Beam Diameter:
Beam Divergence:
139:
132-01:
Polarization,
Polarization,
Stability
intermode Amplitude Noise
(1-100 kHz):
Amplitude Ripple (120
voltage range 1951vac
Warmup Time:
Environmental
-Dower
Operating Temperature:
Storage Temperature:
� Altitude:
Voltage:
Frequency:
Volt-amps:
Cable Lengt
Mechanical.
1.0 milliwatt minimum
632.8 nm (visible red)
TEMoo
550 M.Hz
Approximately 0.8 mm at 1/e2 points
Approximately 1.0 milliradian at 1/e2 points
Unpolarized
Vertically Polarized
(cross component less than
Less than 0.3% rms.
Hz over
to 125 vac) Less than 0.5%
Weight:
Dimensions:
High Voltage Protection:
Options
01 Linear Polarization
02 190-250V rms
50-400 Hz .
35 .volt-amps, max
6 feet of power cord
(cross
3%)
Greater than 0.7 mw at turnon. Greater
than 1 mw three minutes after turnon. �
0 to 40�C
90�C to 65�C
10,000 feet maximum
105V-125V rms
60-400 Hz
35 volt-amps, max
6 feet
7.5 lbs, (3.4 Kg)
15.5 x 5.6 x 3.9 inches
An interlock'is provided on the bottom
coverplate'to disable the high voltage
supply whenever the plate is removed.
q"-32 thread is provided to connect
.accessory telescopes.
component less than 3%)
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2.0 Introduction
The Spectra-Physics Model 132 CW Gas Laser provides the hie-h level of per-
formance and reliability associated with Spectra-Physics leadership in the gas laser
field. Quality workmanship and performance features such as conservative operating
specifications, guaranteed stability, and self-starting are standard. A compact,
light-weight package and simplicity of operation make the 132 Lablite a pleasure to
use.
Heart of the Model 132 is a hew internal mirror plasma tube with long-life.
cold cathode. Spectra-Physics technical leadership in HeNe plasma tube physics has
been fully incorporated into the 132 tube. Improvements in cathode design, plasma
tube sealing, and dielectric 'coatings result in extended lifetime and improved
amplitude stability.
The output of the Model 132 behaVes as unpolarized light in most experiments.
However each axial mode of the 132 internal mirror plasma tube is actually polarized
perpendicular to adjacent modes. For applications requiring a polarized light,
Option 01 provides a 'cross component that is less than 3%. This degree of polariza-
tion is sufficient to provide the benefits of polarized light in most applications.
* 3.0 .Operation
WARNING
IF THIS UNIT IS DROPPED OR .0THERWISE DAMAGED, IT
� SHOULD BE CHECKED BY A QUALIFIED TECHNICIAN BEFORE
CONNECTING TO A POWER SOURCE..
If the laser is a European model, ("220-240" on serial tag) check that
power is disconnected Then remove six screws to release bottom panel,
and adjust transformer input tap for the closest available line voltage.
The transformer is wired for 240v operation between transformer taps 1
and 3 at the factory. Taps 1 and Zconnect,the laser for 220v operation.
Nate
It is important that the transformer be connected for
the correct input voltage. If low voltage is connected
to ,the 240v tap the laser.may not start. Connection of
high voltage to the 220v tap may result in decreased
plasma tube life. BE SURE TO REPLACE BOTTOM COVER
BEFORE APPLYING POWER.
9. Plug into appropriate power source: 117 volt, 60 Hz to 400 Hz for U.S.
models; 220 Volt Or 240 Volt, � 50 Hz to 400 Hz for European model.
3. Place the power switch (next to line cord) at "on".
4. The laser should lase within 30 seconds. If not, refer to Section 4,0
for troubleshooting information.:
WARNING
THIS UNIT HAS HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUITS THAT ARE EXPOSED
WITH THE COVERS REMOVED.
9
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4.0 Troubleshooting
If there is no laser output when power is applied, the following checks will
aid in locating the malfunction:
WARNING
MAINTENANCE TO THE HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUITS IN THIS UNIT
�SHOULD ONLY BE ATTEMPTED BY TECHNICIANS EXPERIENCED IN
HIGH VOLTAGE AND HIGH CURRENT CIRCUITS.
Look at the laser exit aperture (DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY INTO THE LASER
SINCE THE MODEL 132 LASER OUTPUT MAY BE HAZARDOUS TO THE EYES). Look
for an indication of plasma exitation: If the plasma is lit, there will
be an orange light reflecting inside the case. If the plasma is lit but
there is no laser output, it can be, assumed. that the tube is defective..
See Section 5.0 for tube-replacement instructions.
If there is no indication of plasma excitation in step 1, disconnect line
power. Wait two minutes for high-voltage capacitors to discharge,
and then remove four screws to release the top cover. Make a visual
inspection of the plasma tube for breakage. Then check the, fuse which
is located at the rear of the upper deck.
3. If there is no evidence of malfunction on the upper deck, a defect may
exist in the high-voltage supply. Remove six screws to release the
lower cover. A line voltage interlock prevents application of line power
to the high-voltage circuit. THIS PRECAUTION IS TAKEN BECAUSE OF THE
EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN THE HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT.
With line power disconnected, wait two minutes to let the high-voltage
capacitors discharge, and then short out any residual capacitor charge
with a well-insulated lead. Short between the "+� connection (shown in
in Figure 5-1) and the "Cath" connection on the printed side of the
circuit board.
5 Proceed with high-voltage circuit troubleshooting. The schematic is
shown at the rear of the-manual.
4.1 High Voltage Circuit
The high voltage circuit supplys the plasma tube dc excitation voltage
(approximately 1300 volts). AC is transformed in T101 to 1300 RMS and the doubler
circuit of diode CR 101, CR 102, and associated capacitors supply dc high voltage
of 3400 volts. Ballast resistors R111 through R114 limit plasma tube current to
6 �2 milliamperes. '
Start multiplier section CR 103, CR 104, CR 105 and C111, C112, C113
provide increased high voltage (more than 8000 volts) under a no-load condition
(tube plasma not lit). This circuit become g ineffective and high voltage drops
to approximately 3400 volts as soon as the tube ignites- and draws current.
3
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1
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5.0 Tube Change
5.1 Tube Removal
Disconnect from line power. Wait at least two minutes to allow internal
capacitors to discharge.
9. Remove four screws to release top cover.
3. Remove two screws to release polarization magnet (shown in Figure 4-2
Slide this assembly clear.
4. Remove six screws to release the bottom cover. SEE WARNING BELOW
BEFORE PROCEEDING.
WARNING
WITH THE BOTTOM COVER REMOVED, THE H.V. CAPACITORS
-SHOULD BE SHORTED OUT TO ELIMINATE THE DANGER OF A
RESIDUAL H.V. CHARGE. . FIRST CHECK THAT LINE POWER
IS DISCONNECTED AND THEN USING A WELL-INSULATED WIRE,
SHORT THE "+" CONNECTION SHOWN IN FIGURE 4-1 TO THE
"CATH" CONNECTION' ON TUE PRINTED SIDE OF THE BOARD.
5 Unsolder the plasma-tube anode and cathode leads from the H.V. circuit
board. See Figures 4-1 and 4-2 to identify the leads. Pull the leads
through the top. deck.
6 Use a 3/32 allen wrench to remove two plasma tube mounting screws at each
end of the plasma tube. Then lift the plasma tube clear.
5.2 Tube Replacement
Replace the plasma tube and polarizing magnet in the. reverse order (of
Section 5.1) taking the following precautions:
1. Determine tube position by laying the polarizing magnet in place with
the mounting holes lined up and positioning the plasma tube for no
,mechanical interference.
Note
After the tube mounting screws are tightened, do not
place any bending or .rotating pressures on the plasma
tube.
9. Refer to Figures 4-1 and 4-2 for correct anode and cathode connections.
BEAR IN MIND THAT IF THE HIGH-VOLTAGE CONNECTIONS ARE REVERSED, THE
PLASMA TUBE WILL BURN OUT ALMOST IMMEDIATELY.
2. When replacing the polarizing magnet, use the slotted mounting holes to
position this assembly with 1/16-inch clearance from the plasma-tube
cathode.
6 �
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When replacing the bottom cover, note the interlock plug located at the
Irear of the bottom cbver. When replacing this cover, guide the inter-
lock plug into Place and press firmly to engage it before fastening the
bottom cover.
6.0 Field Installation of Polarization Magnet Assembly
Turn off line power and wait at least two minutes to allow internal
capacitors to discharge.
9. Remove four screws to release top cover.
4.
Lay the polarization magnet assembly in place as shown in Figure 4-2.
Check that there is clearance to the tube with mounting-holes lined up.
,If not, loosen the tube Mounting brackets to re-position the tube. Then
tighten the tube in this position. :
Using the two screws provided, fasten the polarization magnet using the
slotted mounting lugs to position this assembly. with 1/16-inch clearance
from the cathode.
Note
A small decline in total power output (less than 20%)
may be noted with the installation of the polarization
assembly.
WARRANTY
All mechanical, electronic, and optical parts or assemblies, including the
plasma tube are unconditionally guaranteed to be free from defects in materials
or workmanship for one year after date of shipment. The simplicity and reliability
of the Model 132 are such that any repairs that may be required can readily be
�accomplished at the users facility.
In the event that a replacement part or plasma tube is required, simply
contact the nearest SPECTRA PHYSICS field office or service center, and the part
will be forwarded to you in exchange for the defective item.
Units that are returned to the factory, or service center for repair will
.reqUire that a 525.00 service charge and all transportation charges be paid by
sender.
7
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F101
.5A S
105 -125VAC
0
60 -400Hz
0�
INTERLOCK
F-1
P101
J 101
SlOt 0240V
3
220V
190-260V 2
50-400Hz
C111
EUROPEAN
�
ri>
CR 101
LK-6
RHO R109 R108 R107 R106
6801< 6801< 680K 6801< 6801<
C11 I
)1.0047
6 KV
�
CR 102
LK -6
A.A.t
R105 P104 R103 P102 R101
6801< 6801< 0801< 680K 6801<
) --)1---0-4F-- -0 )'[-- 0 -)I---- ) ) ) 1-------)1--- '--):
C110 C109 C108 C107 CIOG C105 C104 C103 C102 C101
IOufd 10u fci 10ufci 10ufd lOurci 10ufd Mufti lOurci 10ufci 10 ofd
450V 450V 450V 450V 450V 450V 450V 450V 450V 450V
CR102
cRioi
R105
R106
C112
--.0047
T6 KV
CATHODE 1
6A.
(ANODE)
1
0
P114
NA/N.
R113
P112
Rill
PLASMA
TUBE
68K
681<
681<
681<
5Y1
51,Y
5W
5W
MODEL 132 LABLITE HELIUM-NEON GAS LASER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
PRINT NO. C404 - 678
C P.103
LK \
_\/
CR 104
LK-6
C113
.0047
6KV
CR105
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� NOTE
Grip On leg; finger and
wrist perch
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Photo 4
Correct Way. to Hold Bird
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Photo 12
Laser Mounted on Pivot
and Chopper Stand
Black Box Lf. Carrying Cases
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Photo 6
Snap Swivel Fastener
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Photo 13
Laser with Telescopic Sight on Tripod
Photo 14
Laser Connected to Inverter
and Batter
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Recall Lamp - Light Diverted into Cage
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. .,P117.7MMMMWAAmmAAgozi,mxiee.ff&,,,aNha-
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Photo 1
Taking the Package
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