THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1990

• Document Type: FOIA
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 06554432
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 408
• Document Creation Date: March 9, 2023
• Document Release Date: August 12, 2020
• Case Number: F-2020-02027
• Publication Date: January 1, 1990

Central
Intelligence
Agency
The
World
Factbook
1990
404,4000000%,..
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Central
Intelligence
Agency
The
World
Factbook
1990
The World Fact book is produced annually
by the Central Intelligence Agency for the
use of United States Government officials,
and the style, format, coverage, and
content are designed to meet their specific
requirements.
Comments and queries are welcome and
may be addressed to:
Central Intelligence Agency
Attn: Public Affairs
Washington, DC 20505
[phone]
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Page
Contents
Page
Page
Notes, Definitions, and
China (also see separate 62
Guatemala 125
Abbreviations
VII
Taiwan entry)
Guernsey 127
A
Afghanistan
1
Christmas Island 64
Guinea 128
Albania
2
Clipperton Island 65
Guinea-Bissau 129
Algeria
4
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 66
Guyana 131
American Samoa
6
Colombia 67
H
Haiti 132
Andorra
7
Comoros 69
Heard Island and McDonald 134
Angola
8
Congo 70
Islands
Anguilla
10
Cook Islands 72
Honduras 135
Antarctica
11
Coral Sea Islands 73
Hong Kong 136
Antigua and Barbuda
12
Costa Rica 74
Howland Island 138
Arctic Ocean
13
Cuba 75
Hungary 139
Argentina
14
Cyprus 77
I
Iceland 140
Aruba
16
Czechoslovakia 79
India 142
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
17
D
Denmark 81
Indian Ocean 144
Atlantic Ocean
17
Djibouti 82
Indonesia 145
Australia
18
Dominica 84
Iran 147
Austria
20
Dominican Republic 85
Iraq 149
B
Bahamas, The
21
E
Ecuador 87
Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral 150
Bahrain
23
Egypt 88
Zone
Ireland 151
Baker Island
24
El Salvador 90
Bangladesh
25
Equatorial Guinea 92
Israel (also see separate Gaza 153
Strip and West Bank entries)
Barbados
26
Ethiopia 94
Italy 155
Europa Island 95
Bassas da India
28
Ivory Coast 157
F
Falkland Islands 96
(Islas Malvinas)
Belgium
28
J
Jamaica 158
Belize
30
Faroe Islands 97
Jan Mayen 160
Benin
31
Fiji 99
Japan 160
Bermuda
32
Finland 100
Jarvis Island 162
Bhutan
34
France 102
Jersey 163
Bolivia
35
French Guiana 104
Johnston Atoll 164
Botswana
37
French Polynesia 105
Jordan (also see separate 165
Bouvet Island
38
West Bank entry)
French Southern and 107
Brazil
38
Juan de Nova Island 166
Antarctic Lands
British Indian Ocean Territory
40
G
Gabon 107
K
Kenya 167
British Virgin Islands
41
Gambia, The 109
Kingman Reef 169
Brunei
42
Gaza Strip 110
Kiribati 169
Bulgaria
43
German Democratic Republic 111
Korea, North 171
Burkina
45
(East Germany)
Korea, South 172
Burma
47
Germany, Federal Republic of 113
Kuwait 174
Burundi
48
(West Germany)
L
Laos 175
C
Cambodia
50
Ghana 115
Lebanon 177
Cameroon
51
Gibraltar 116
Lesotho 179
Canada
53
Glorioso Islands 117
Liberia 181
Cape Verde
55
Greece 118
Libya 182
Cayman Islands
56
Greenland 120
Liechtenstein 184
Central African Republic
57
Grenada 121
Luxembourg 185
Chad
59
Guadeloupe 122
M
Macau 187
Chile
61
Guam 124
Madagascar 188
III
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Page
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Malawi 190
Panama
244
Switzerland 300
Malaysia 191
Papua New Guinea
245
Syria 302
Maldives 193
,
Paracel Islands
247
T
Taiwan entry follows Zimbabwe
Mali 194
Paraguay
247
Tanzania 304
Malta 196
Peru
249
Thailand 305
Man, Isle of 197
Philippines
250
Togo 307
Marshall Islands 198
Pitcairn Islands
252
Tokelau 309
Martinique 199
Poland
253
Tonga 310
Mauritania 201
Portugal
255
Trinidad and Tobago 311
Mauritius 202
Puerto Rico
257
Tromelin Island 313
Mayotte 204
Q
Qatar
258
Tunisia 313
Mexico 205
R
Reunion
260
Turkey 315
Micronesia, Federated States of 207
Romania
261
Turks and Caicos Islands 317
Midway Islands 208
Rwanda
263
Tuvalu 318
Monaco 209
S
St Helena
264
U
Uganda 319
Mongolia 210
St Kitts and Nevis
265
United Arab Emirates 320
Montserrat 211
St Lucia
267
United Kingdom 321
Morocco 212
St Pierre and Miquelon
268
United States 324
Mozambique 214
St Vincent and the Grenadines
269
Uruguay 326
N
Namibia 215
San Marino
271
V
Vanuatu 327
Nauru 217
Sao Tome and Principe
272
Vatican City 329
Navassa Island 218
Saudi Arabia
273
Venezuela 330
Nepal 219
Senegal
275
Vietnam 331
Netherlands 220
Seychelles
277
Virgin Islands 333
Netherlands Antilles 222
Sierra Leone
278
W
Wake Island 334
New Caledonia 224
Singapore
279
Wallis and Futuna 335
New Zealand 225
Solomon Islands
281
West Bank 336
Nicaragua 227
Somalia
282
Western Sahara 337
Niger 229
South Africa
284
Western Samoa 338
Nigeria 230
South Georgia and the South
286
World 340
Niue 232
Sandwich Islands
V
Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen 341
Norfolk Island 233
Soviet Union
286
(Sanaa) or North Yemen]
Northern Mariana Islands 234
Spain
289
Yemen, People's Democratic 342
Norway 236
Spratly Islands
291
Republic of [Yemen (Aden)
or South Yemen]
0
Oman 237
Sri Lanka
291
Yugoslavia 344
P
Pacific Islands, Trust Territory 239
of the (Palau)
Sudan
293
Z
Zaire 346
Suriname
295
Zambia 347
Pacific Ocean 240
Svalbard
296
Zimbabwe 349
Pakistan 241
Swaziland
297
Taiwan 350
Palmyra Atoll 243
Sweden
299
IV
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Appendixes
A The United Nations System 352
B International Organizations 353
C Country Membership in International Organizations 356
D Weights and Measures 364
E Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names 367
Maps
I The World (Guide to Regional Maps)
II North America
III Central America and the Caribbean
IV South America
V Europe
VI Middle East
VII Africa
VIII Soviet Union, East and South Asia
IX Southeast Asia
X Oceania
XI Arctic Region
XII Antarctic Region
XIII Standard Time Zones of the World
V
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Notes, Definitions,
and Abbreviations
There have been some significant changes in this edition In the
Goverment section the former Branches entry has been replaced by
three entries�Executive branch, Legislative branch, and Judicial
branch The Leaders entry now has subentries for Chief of State,
Head of Government, and their deputies The Elections entry has
been completely redone with information for each branch of the
national government, including the date for the last election, the date
for the next election, results (percent of vote by candidate or party),
and current distribution of seats by party In the Economy section
there is a new entry on Illicit drugs
Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations)
avdp avoirdupois
c i f cost, insurance, and freight
CY calendar year
DWT deadweight ton
est estimate
Ex-Im Export-Import Bank of the United States
f o b free on board
FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
FY fiscal year
GDP gross domestic product
GDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
GNP gross national product
GRT gross register ton
km kilometer
km2 square kilometer
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt-hour
m meter
NA not available
NEGL negligible
nm nautical mile
NZ New Zealand
ODA official development assistance
OOF other official flows
PDRY People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen
(Aden) or South Yemen]
UAE United Arab Emirates
UK United Kingdom
US United States
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union)
YAR Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North
Yemen]
Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-
order administrative divisions are generally those approved by the
United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) as of 5 April
1990 Changes that have been reported but not yet acted upon by
BGN are noted
Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by
international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggre-
gate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or
coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers)
Comparative areas are based on total area equivalents Most entities
are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller
entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 km2, 69 miles') or
The Mall in Washington, DC (0 59 km', 0 23 miles', 146 acres).
Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per
1,000 population at midyear Also known as crude birth rate.
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Notes, Definitions,
and Abbreviations (continued)
Contributors: Information was provided by the Bureau of the Census
(Department of Commerce), Central Intelligence Agency, Defense
Intelligence Agency, Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of State,
Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Navy Operational Intelli-
gence Center and Maritime Administration (merchant marine data),
Office of Territorial and International Affairs (Department of the
Interior), United States Board on Geographic Names, United States
Coast Guard, and others.
Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1
January 1990 was used in the preparation of this edition Population
figures are estimates for 1 July 1990, with population growth rates
estimated for mid-1990 through mid-1991 Major political events
have been updated through 30 March 1990 Military age figures are
average annual estimates for 1990-94
Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per
1,000 population at midyear Also known as crude death rate
Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic rela-
tions with 162 nations There are only 144 US embassies, since some
nations have US ambassadors accredited to them, but no physical US
mission exists The US has diplomatic relations with 149 of the 159
UN members�the exceptions are Albania, Angola, Byelorussia
(constituent republic of the Soviet Union), Cambodia, Cuba, Iran,
Vietnam, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or
South Yemen], Ukraine (constituent republic of the Soviet Union),
and, obviously, the US itself In addition, the US has diplomatic
relations with 13 nations that are not in the UN�Andorra, Federat-
ed States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands,
Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Korea, Switzerland, Tonga,
Tuvalu, and the Vatican City North Korea is not in the UN and the
US does not have diplomatic relations with that nation The US has
not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
into the Soviet Union and continues to accredit the diplomatic
representatives of their last free governments
Disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations that
range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral
claims of one sort or another Every international land boundary
dispute in the "Guide to International Boundaries," a map published
by the Department of State, is included References to other situa-
tions may also be Included that are border- or frontier-relevant, such
as maritime disputes, geopolitical questions, or Irredentist issues.
However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance
or recognition by the US Government
Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special
sovereignty, and governments included in this publication are not
independent, and others are not officially recognized by the US
Government Nation refers to a people politically organized into a
sovereign state with a definite territory Dependent area refers to a
broad category of political entities that are associated in some way
with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually the short-
form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names The
long-form name is included in the Government section and an entry
of "none" indicates a long-form name does not exist. In some
instances, no short-form name exists�then the long-form name must
serve for all usages
There are 249 entities in the Factbook that may be categorized as
follows
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Notes, Definitions,
and Abbreviations (continued)
NATIONS
157 UN members (There are 159 members in the UN, but only 157
are included in The World Factbook because Byelorussia and
Ukraine are constituent republics of the Soviet Union)
15 nations that are not members of the UN�Andorra, Federated
States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands,
Monaco, Namibia, Nauru, North Korea, San Marino, South
Korea, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vatican City
OTHER
1 Taiwan
DEPENDENT AREAS
6 Australia�Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island
2 Denmark�Faroe Islands, Greenland
16 France�Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island,
French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic
Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island,
Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, St Pierre and
Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna
2 Netherlands�Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
3 New Zealand�Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
3 Norway�Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
1 Portugal�Macau
16 United Kingdom�Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean
Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Is-
lands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Jersey,
Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, St Helena, South Georgia and the
South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
15 United States�American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland
Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway
Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra
Atoll, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau),
Virgin Islands, Wake Island
MISCELLANEOUS
7 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone, Paracel
Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western Sahara
OTHER ENTITIES
4 oceans�Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific
Ocean
1 World
249 total
Notes The US Government has not recognized the incorporation of
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union as constituent
republics during World War II Those Baltic states are not members
of the UN and are not included in the list of nations The US
Government does not recognize the four so-called "independent"
homelands of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South
Africa
Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services
produced domestically.
Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and services
produced domestically, plus income earned abroad, minus income
earned by foreigners from domestic production
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Notes, Definitions,
and Abbreviations (continued)
GNP/GDP methodology: GNP/GDP dollar estimates for the OECD
countries, the USSR, Eastern Europe, and a portion of the developing
countries, are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations
rather than from conversions at official currency exchange rates The
PPP methods involve the use of average price weights, which lie
between the weights of the domestic and foreign price systems; using
these weights US $100 converted into German marks by a PPP
method will buy an equal amount of goods and services in both the
US and Germany. One caution the proportion of, say, military
expenditures as a percent of GNP/GDP in local currency accounts
may differ substantially from the proportion when GNP/GDP is
expressed in PPP dollar terms, as, for example, when an observer
estimates the dollar level of Soviet or Japanese military expenditures
Similarly, dollar figures for exports and imports reflect the price
patterns of international markets rather than PPP price patterns
Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the popula-
tion, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the
balance of migrants entering and leaving a country The rate may be
positive or negative.
Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs�narcotics,
stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis
These categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed
by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold outside medical
channels
Cannabis (Cannabis saliva) is the common hemp plant, provides
hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana
(pot, Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Mar-
inol), hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil)
Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush and the leaves contain the
stimulant cocaine Coca is not to be confused with cocoa which comes
from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa
butter
Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush
Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety
and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Se-
conal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqua-
lone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Donden), and others (Equanil, Piaci-
dyl, Valmid)
Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental,
emotional, or behavioral change in an individual
Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that
results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an
individual
Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-
awareness, and emotion Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot),
mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants
(PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencycli-
dine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn)
Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant
(Cannabis sativa)
Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine
Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant
(Cannabis saliva)
Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer
to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes Natural
narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-
Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine,
Robitussan A-C), and thebaine Semisynthetic narcotics include
heroin (horse, smack) and hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Synthetic nar-
cotics include mependine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), metha-
done (Dolophine, M4thadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil)
1
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Notes, Definitions,
and Abbreviations (continued)
Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the
opium poppy
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural
and semisynthetic narcotics
Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature
dried opium poppy
Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha
edulis and is chewed or drunk as tea
Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy
and activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines
(Desoxyn, Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate
(Ritalin), and others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate)
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year
of age in a given year per 1,000 live births occurring in the same year
Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable
land�land cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest
(wheat, maize, rice), permanent crops�land cultivated for crops that
are not replanted after each harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber), meadows
and pastures�land permanently used for herbaceous forage crops,
forest and woodland�land under dense or open stands of trees; and
other�any land type not specifically mentioned above (urban areas,
roads, desert) The percentage figure for irrigated refers to the portion
of the entire amount of land area that is artificially supplied with
water
Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who
represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but is not
Involved with the day-to-day activities of the government The head
of government is the administrative leader who manages the day-to-
day activities of the government In the UK, the monarch is the chief
of state and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US,
the President is both the chief of state and the head of government.
Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by
a group of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age
remains constant in the future.
Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent
some national claims from being fully extended
Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods All
commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which
excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc Also, a grouping of
merchant ships by nationality or register.
Captive register�A register of ships maintained by a territory,
possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships
owned in the parent country Also referred to as an offshore register,
the offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive
register will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local variant
of it, but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation rules of the
offshore territory Although the nature of a captive register makes it
especially desirable for ships owned in the parent country, just as in
the internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad. The captive
register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it is
not the register of an independent state
Flag of convenience register�A national register offering registra-
tion to a merchant ship not owned in the flag state The major flags of
convenience (FOC) attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees,
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Notes, Definitions,
and Abbreviations (continued)
low or nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning require-
ments True FOC registers are characterized by having relatively few
of the ships registered actually owned in the flag state Thus, while
virtually any flag can be used for ships under a given set of
circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority of the
merchant fleet is owned abroad It is also referred to as an open
register
Flag state�The nation in which a ship is registered and which
holds legal jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or
abroad Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine how
a ship is manned and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be
placed on the register
Internal register�A register of ships maintained as a subset of a
national register Ships on the internal register fly the national flag
and have that nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime
rules from those on the main national register These differences
usually include lower taxation of profits, manning by foreign nation-
als, and, usually, ownership outside the flag state (when it functions
as an FOC register) The Norwegian International Ship Register and
Danish International Ship Register are the most notable examples of
an internal register Both have been instrumental in stemming flight
from the national flag to flags of convenience and in attracting
foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian and Danish flags
Merchant ship�A vessel that carries goods against payment of
freight Commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurate-
ly restricted to commercial vessels only
Register�The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as
listed with the maritime authorities of a country Also, the compendi-
um of such individual ships' registrations Registration of a ship
provides it with a nationality and makes it subject to the laws of the
country in which registered (the flag state) regardless of the national-
ity of the ship's ultimate owner
Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars
unless otherwise indicated
Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons
entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons
(based on midyear population) An excess of persons entering the
country is referred to as net immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000
population), an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigra-
tion (-9 26 migrants/1,000 population)
Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census
based on statistics from population censuses, vital registration sys-
tems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on
assumptions about future trends
Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be
born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing
years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age
Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless
indicated as fiscal year (FY)
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Afghanistan
300 km
See regional map N III
Geography
Total area: 647,500 km2, land area
647,500 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Texas
Land boundaries: 5,826 km total, China
76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km,
USSR 2,384 km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Disputes: Pashtun question with Pakistan,
Baloch question with Iran and Pakistan,
periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand
water rights, insurgency with Iranian and
Pakistani involvement, traditional tribal
rivalries
Climate: arid to semiarid, cold winters and
hot summers
Terrain: mostly rugged mountains, plains
in north and southwest
Natural resources: natural gas, crude oil,
coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead,
zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semipre-
cious stones
Land use: 12% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 46% meadows and pastures,
3% forest and woodland, 39% other, in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: damaging earthquakes occur
in Hindu Kush mountains, soil degrada-
tion, desertification, overgrazing, defores-
tation, pollution
Note: landlocked
People
Population: 15,862,293 (July 1990),
growth rate 7 7% (1990)
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 51 migrants/1,000
population (1990), note�there are flows
across the border in both directions, but
data are fragmentary and unreliable
Infant mortality rate: 154 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 47 years male,
46 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 6 4 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Afghan(s), adjective�
Afghan
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik,
9% Uzbek, 12-15% Hazara, minor ethnic
groups include Chahar AlmaIcs, Turkmen,
Baloch, and others
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 15% Shi`a
Muslim, 11% other
Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Per-
sian (Dan), 11% Turkic languages (prima-
rily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty mi-
nor languages (primarily Balochi and
Pasha�, much bilingualism
Literacy: 12%
Labor force: 4,980,000, 67 8% agriculture
and animal husbandry, 10 2% industry,
6 3% construction, 5 0% commerce, 10 7%
services and other (1980 est )
Organized labor: some small government-
controlled unions
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Afghanistan
Type: authoritarian
Capital: Kabul
Administrative divisions: 30 provinces (ve-
layat, singular�velayat), Badakhshan,
Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah,
Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat,
Jowzian, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Ko-
nar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar,
Nangarhar, Nimniz, Orazgan, Paktia,
Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol,
Takhar, Vardak, Zabol; note�there may
be a new province of Narestan (Nuristan)
Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK)
Constitution: adopted 30 November 1987
Legal system: has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Saur
Revolution, 27 April (1978)
Executive branch: president, four vice
presidents, prime minister, deputy prime
minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: bicameral National
Assembly (Meli Shura) consists of an up-
per house or Senate (Sena) and a lower
house or House of Representatives (Wolasi
Jirgah)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President (Mohammad) NAJI-
BULLAH (Ahmadzai) (since 30 Novem-
ber 1987), Chairman of the Council of
Ministers Executive Committee Soltan Ali
KESHTMAND (since 21 February 1989)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
the People's Democratic Party of Afghani-
stan (PDPA) has two factions�the Par-
charm faction has been in power since De-
cember 1979 and members of the deposed
Khalqi faction continue to hold some im-
portant posts mostly in the military and
Ministry of Interior, nonparty figures hold
some posts
Suffrage: universal, male ages 15-50
Elections: Senate�last held NA April
1988 (next to be held April 1991),
results�PDPA is the only party, seats�
(192 total, 115 elected) PDPA 115,
House of Representatives�last held NA
April 1988 (next to be held April 1993),
results�PDPA is the only party, seats�
(234 total) PDPA 184, 50 seats reserved
for opposition
Communists: the PDPA claims 200,000
members (1988)
Other political or pressure groups: the mil-
itary and other branches of internal secu-
rity have been rebuilt by the USSR, in-
surgency continues throughout the
country, widespread anti-Soviet and anti-
regime sentiment and opposition on reli-
gious and political grounds
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB�Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO, WSG, suspended from OIC in Jan-
uary 1980
Diplomatic representation:
Minister-Counselor, Charg�'Affaires
MIAGOL, Chancery at 2341 Wyoming
Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008, tele-
phone [phone] or 3771, US�
Charg�'Affaires (vacant), Embassy at
Ansan Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina,
Kabul, telephone 62230 through 62235 or
62436, note�US Embassy in Kabul was
closed in January 1989
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of
black (top), red, and green with the na-
tional coat of arms superimposed on the
hoist side of the black and red bands, sim-
ilar to the flag of Malawi which is shorter
and bears a radiant, rising, red sun cen-
tered in the black band
Economy
Overview: Fundamentally, Afghanistan is
an extremely poor, landlocked country,
highly dependent on farming (wheat espe-
cially) and livestock raising (sheep and
goats) Economic considerations, however,
have played second fiddle to political and
military upheavals, including the nine-
year Soviet military occupation (ended 15
February 1989) and the continuing bloody
civil war Over the past decade, one-third
of the population has fled the country,
with Pakistan sheltering some 3 million
refugees and Iran perhaps 2 million
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Afghanistan (continued)
Another 1 million have probably moved
into and around urban areas within Af-
ghanistan Large numbers of bridges,
buildings, and factories have been
destroyed or damaged by military action
or sabotage Government claims to the
contrary, gross domestic product almost
certainly is lower than 10 years ago be-
cause of the loss of labor and capital and
the disruption of trade and transport Of-
ficial claims indicate that agriculture grew
by 0 7% and industry by 3 5% in 1988
GDP: $3 billion, per capita $200, real
growth rate 0% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): over 50%
(1989 est )
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues NA, expenditures $646 7
million, including capital expenditures of
$370 2 million (FY87 est )
Exports: $512 million (f o b , FY88), com-
modities�natural gas 55%, fruits and
nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cot-
ton, hides, and pelts, partners�mostly
USSR and Eastern Europe
Imports: $996 million (cif , FY88); com-
modities�food and petroleum products,
partners�mostly USSR and Eastern Eu-
rope
External debt: $1 8 billion (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate 6 2%
(FY89 plan)
Electricity: 480,000 kW capacity, 1,470
million kWh produced, 100 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
Industries: small-scale production of tex-
tiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and
cement, handwoven carpets; natural gas,
oil, coal, copper
Agriculture: largely subsistence farming
and nomadic animal husbandry, cash
products�wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul
pelts, wool, mutton
Illicit drugs: an illicit producer of opium
poppy and cannabis for the international
drug trade, world's second largest opium
producer (after Burma) and a major
source of hashish
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $265 million; Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $419 million,
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $4 1 bil-
lion
Currency: afghan' (plural�afghanis), 1
afghan' (At) = 100 puls
Exchange rates: afghanis (At) per US$1-
50 6 (fixed rate since 1982)
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
Communications
Railroads: 9 6 km (single track) 1 524-
meter gauge from Kushka (USSR) to
Towraghondi and 15 0 km from Termez
(USSR) to Kheyrabad transshipment point
on south bank of Amu Darya
Highways: 21,000 km total (1984), 2,800
km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-
treated gravel and improved earth, 16,550
km unimproved earth and tracks
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200
km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles
steamers up to about 500 metric tons
Pipelines: petroleum, oil, and lubricants
pipelines�USSR to Bagram and USSR
to Shindand, natural gas, 180 km
Ports: Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river
ports)
Civil air: 2 TU-154, 2 Boeing 727,
assorted smaller transports
Airports: 38 total, 34 usable, 9 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 15 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone,
telegraph, and radiobroadcast services,
television introduced in 1980, 31,200 tele-
phones; stations-5 AM, no FM, 1 TV, 1
satellite earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces (Army, Air and
Air Defense Forces); Border Guard
Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi),
Ministry of State Security (WAD), Tribal
Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49,
3,880,124; 2,080,725 fit for military ser-
vice, 168,021 reach military age (22) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 9 1% of GDP (1984)
Albania
75 km
Adriatic
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 28,750 km2, land area 27,400
km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Maryland
Land boundaries: 768 km total, Greece
282 km, Yugoslavia 486 km
Coastline: 362 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf not specified
Territorial sea 15 nm
Disputes: Kosovo question with Yugosla-
via, Northern Epirus question with Greece
Climate: mild temperate, cool, cloudy, wet
winters, hot, clear, dry summers; interior
is cooler and wetter
Terrain: mostly mountains and hills, small
plains along coast
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas,
coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel
Land use: 21% arable land, 4% permanent
crops, 15% mqdows and pastures, 38%
forest and woodland, 22% other, includes
1% irrigated
Environment: subject to destructive earth-
quakes, tsunami occur along southwestern
coast, deforestation seems to be slowing
Note: strategic location along Strait of
Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea
and Mediterranean Sea)
People
Population: 3,273,131 (July 1990), growth
rate 1 9% (1990)
Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male,
78 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 0 children born/
woman (1990)
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Nationality: noun�Albanian(s), adjec-
tive�Albanian
Ethnic divisions: Albanian 90%, Greeks
8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and
Bulgarians) (1989 est )
Religion: Albania claims to be the world's
first atheist state, all churches and
mosques were closed in 1967 and religious
observances prohibited, pre-1967 estimates
of religious affiliation-70% Muslim, 20%
Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catholic
Language: Albanian (Tosk is official dia-
lect), Greek
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: 1,500,000 (1987), about 60%
agriculture, 40% industry and commerce
(1986)
Organized labor: Central Council of Alba-
nian Trade Unions, 610,000 members
Government
Long-form name: People's Socialist Re-
public of Albania
Type: Communist state (Stalinist)
Capital: Tirane
Administrative divisions: 26 districts
(rrethe, singular�rreth), Berat, Dibre,
Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster,
Gramsh, Kolonje, Korge, Kruje, Kukes,
Lezhe, Librazhd, Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite,
Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande,
Shkoder, Skrapar, Tepelene, Tirane, Tro-
poje, Vlore
Independence: 28 November 1912 (from
Turkey), People's Socialist Republic of
Albania declared 11 January 1946
Constitution: 27 December 1976
Legal system: judicial review of legislative
acts only in the Presidium of the People's
Assembly, which is not a true court, has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 No-
vember (1944)
Executive branch: president of the Presid-
ium of the People's Assembly, three vice
presidents, Presidium of the People's As-
sembly, chairman of the Council of Minis-
ters, three deputy chairmen, Council of
Ministers
Legislative branch: unicameral People's
Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�President of the
Presidium of the People's Assembly Ra-
miz ALIA (since 22 November 1982),
Head of Government�Chairman of the
Council of Ministers Adil CARcANI
(since 14 January 1982)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
Albanian Workers Party, Ramiz Alia,
first secretary
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18
Elections: President�last held 19 Febru-
ary 1987 (next to be held February 1991),
results�President Ramiz Alia was re-
elected without opposition,
People's Assembly�last held 1 February
1987 (next to be held February 1991), re-
sults�Albanian Workers Party is the only
party, seats�(250 total) Albanian Work-
ers Party 250
Communists: 147,000 party members (No-
vember 1986)
Member of: CCC, CEMA (has not partic-
ipated since rift with USSR in 1961),
FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WFT'U, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: none�the US
does not recognize the Albanian Govern-
ment and has no diplomatic or consular
relations with Albania, there is no third-
power representation of Albanian interests
in the US or of US interests in Albania
Flag: red with a black two-headed eagle in
the center below a red five-pointed star
outlined in yellow
Economy
Overview: As the poorest country in Eu-
rope, Albania's development lags behind
even the least favored areas of the Yugos-
lav economy The Stalinist-type economy
operates on the principles of central plan-
ning and state ownership of the means of
production In recent years Albania has
implemented limited economic reforms to
stimulate its lagging economy, although
they do not go nearly so far as current
reforms in the USSR and Eastern Europe
Attempts at self-reliance and a policy of
not borrowing from international lend-
ers�sometimes overlooked in recent
years�have greatly hindered the develop-
ment of a broad economic infrastructure
Albania, however, possesses considerable
mineral resources and is largely
self-sufficient in food Numerical estimates
of Albanian economic activity are subject
to an especially wide margin of error be-
cause the government is isolated and
closemouthed
GNP: $3 8 billion, per capita $1,200, real
growth rate NA% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $2 3 billion, expenditures
$2 3 billion, including capital expenditures
of NA (1989)
Exports: $378 million (f o b , 1987 est ),
commodities�asphalt, bitumen, petro-
leum products, metals and metallic ores,
electricity, oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco,
partners�Italy, Yugoslavia, FRG,
Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Hungary
Imports: $255 million (f o b , 1987 est ),
commodities�machinery, machine tools,
iron and steel products, textiles, chemi-
cals, pharmaceuticals, partners�Italy,
Yugoslavia, FRG, Czechoslovakia, Roma-
nia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, GDR
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA
Electricity: 1,630,000 kW capacity, 4,725
million kWh produced, 1,440 kWh per
capita (1989)
Industries: food processing, textiles and
clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals,
basic metals, hydropower
Agriculture: arable land per capita among
lowest in Europe, one-half of work force
engaged in farming, produces wide range
of temperate-zone crops and livestock,
claims self-sufficiency in grain output
Aid: none
Currency: lek (plural�leke), 1 lek (L) =
100 qintars
Exchange rates: leke (L) per US$1-8 00
(noncommercial fixed rate since 1986),
4 14 (commercial fixed rate since 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 543 km total, 509 1 435-meter
standard gauge, single track and 34 km
narrow gauge, single track (1988), line
connecting Titograd (Yugoslavia) and Sh-
koder (Albania) completed August 1986
Highways: 16,700 km total, 6,700 km
highway and roads, 10,000 km forest and
agricultural
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian
sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and
Lake Prespa
Pipelines: crude oil, 145 km, refined prod-
ucts, 55 km, natural gas, 64 km (1988)
Ports: Durres, Sarande, Vlore
Merchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 52,886 GRT/75,993 DWT,
includes 11 cargo
Airports: 12 total, 10 usable, more than 5
with permanent-surface runways, more
than 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: stations�17 AM, 5
FM, 9 TV, 52,000 TV sets, 210,000
radios
Defense Forces
Branches: Albanian People's Army, Fron-
tier Troops, Interior Troops, Albanian
Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air
Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 882,965,
729,635 fit for military service, 33,598
reach military age (19) annually
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Albania (continued)
Defense expenditures: 1 1 billion lelcs,
11 3% of total budget (FY88); note�con-
version of the military budget into US
dollars using the official administratively
set exchange rate would produce mislead-
ing results
Algeria
500 km
Mediterranean Sea
ALGrEsrs Constantine
Oran
*Gearthil
Ft
Jim:tout
Tamanrasset .
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 2,381,740 km2, land area
2,381,740 km2
Comparative area: slightly less than 3 5
times the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 6,343 km total, Libya
982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463
km, Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km,
Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km
Coastline: 998 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: Libya claims about 19,400 km2
in southeastern Algeria
Climate: arid to semiarid, mild, wet win-
ters with hot, dry summers along coast,
drier with cold winters and hot summers
on high plateau, sirocco is a hot, dust/
sand-laden wind especially common in
summer
Terrain: mostly high plateau and desert,
some mountains, narrow, discontinuous
coastal plain
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas,
iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc
Land use: 3% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 13% meadows and pastures,
2% forest and woodland, 82% other, in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: mountainous areas subject to
severe earthquakes, desertification
Note: second largest country in Africa
(after Sudan)
People
Population: 25,566,507 (July 1990),
growth rate 2 8% (1990)
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 87 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male,
64 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5 4 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Algerian(s),
adjective�Algerian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berber, less
than 1% European
Religion: 99% Sunni Muslim (state reli-
gion), 1% Christian and Jewish
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber
dialects
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: 3,700,000, 40% industry and
commerce, 24% agriculture, 17% govern-
ment, 10% services (1984)
Organized labor: 16-19% of labor force
claimed, General Union of Algerian
Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organi-
zation and is subordinate to the National
Liberation Front
Government
Long-form name: Democratic and Popular
Republic of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Administrative divisions: 31 provinces (wi-
layat, singular�wilaya), Adrar, Alger,
Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra,
Blida, Bouira, Constantine, Djelfa, El As-
nam, Guelma, Jijel, Laghouat, Mascara,
Medea, Mostaganem, M'sila, Oran, Ouar-
gla, Oum el Bouaght, Saida, Setif, Sidi
Bel Abbes, Skikda, Tamanrasset, Tebessa,
Tiaret, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen, note�there
may now be 48 provinces with El Asnam
abolished, and the addition of 18 new
provinces named Ain Delfa, Ain Temou-
chent, Bordjbou, Boumerdes, Chief, El
Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Illizt, Jtjel,
Khenchela, Mila, Naama, Relizane, Souk
Ahras, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt
Independence: 5 July 1962 (from France)
Constitution: 19 November 1976, effective
22 November 1976
Legal system: socialist, based on French
and Islamic law, judicial review of legisla-
tive acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council
composed of various public officials, in-
cluding several Supreme Court justices,
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Anniversary of the Rev-
olution, 1 November (1954)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral National
People's Assembly (Assemblee Nationale
Populaire)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour
Supreme)
Leaders: Chief of State�President Chadli
BENDJEDID (since 7 February 1979);
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Head of Government�Prime Minister
Mouloud HAMROUCHE (since 9 Sep-
tember 1989)
Political parties and leaders: National
Liberation Front (FLN), Col Chadli
Bendjedid, chairman, Abdelhamid Mehri,
secretary general, the government estab-
lished a multiparty system in September
1989 and as of 1 February 1990 19 legal
parties existed
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held on 22 De-
cember 1988 (next to be held December
1993), results�President Bendjedid was
reelected without opposition,
People's National Assembly�last held on
26 February 1987 (next to be held by
February 1992), results�FLN was the
only party, seats�(281 total) FLN 281,
note�the government has promised to
hold multiparty elections (municipal and
wilaya) in June 1990, the first in Algerian
history
Communists: 400 (est ), Communist party
banned 1962
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
ASSIMER, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB�
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ILZSG,
INTERPOL, IO0C, ITU, NAM, OA-
PEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Abderrahmane BENSID, Chancery at
2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington
DC 20008, telephone [phone],
US�Ambassador Christopher W S
ROSS, Embassy at 4 Chemin Cheich Ba-
chir Brahirm, Algiers (mailing address is
B P Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000
Algiers), telephone [213] (2) 601-425 or
255, 186, there is a US Consulate in Oran
Flag: two equal vertical bands of green
(hoist side) and white with a red
five-pointed star within a red crescent; the
crescent, star, and color green are tradi-
tional symbols of Islam (the state religion)
Economy
Overview: The exploitation of oil and natu-
ral gas products forms the backbone of
the economy Algeria depends on hydro-
carbons for nearly all of its export
receipts, about 30% of government reve-
nues, and nearly 25% of GDP In 1973-74
the sharp increase in oil prices led to a
booming economy that helped to finance
an ambitious program of industrialization
Plunging oil and gas prices, combined
with the mismanagement of Algeria's
highly centralized economy, have brought
the nation to its most serious social and
economic crisis since independence The
government has promised far-reaching
reforms, including giving public sector
companies more autonomy, encouraging
private-sector activity, boosting gas and
nonhydrocarbon exports, and a major
overhaul of the banking and financial sys-
tems In 1988 the government started to
implement a new economic policy to dis-
mantle large state farms into privately
operated units
GDP: $54 1 billion, per capita $2,235, real
growth rate �1 8% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5 9%
(1988)
Unemployment rate: 19% (1988)
Budget: revenues $17 4 billion, expendi-
tures $22 0 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $8 0 billion (1988)
Exports: $9 1 billion (f o b , 1989 est ),
commodities�petroleum and natural gas
98%, partners�Netherlands, Czechoslo-
vakia, Romania, Italy, France, US
Imports: $7 8 billion (f o b , 1989 est ),
commodities�capital goods 35%, con-
sumer goods 36%, food 20%, partners�
France 25%, Italy 8%, FRG 8%, US 6-7%
External debt: $26 2 billion (December
1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 5 4%
(1986)
Electricity: 4,333,000 kW capacity,
14,370 million kWh produced, 580 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: petroleum, light industries, nat-
ural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical,
food processing
Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP and
employs 24% of labor force, net importer
of food�grain, vegetable oil, and sugar,
farm production includes wheat, barley,
oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep,
and cattle
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-85), $1 4 billion, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $8 2 billion, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $1 8 billion, Com-
munist countries (1970-88), $2 7 billion
Currency: Algerian dinar (plural�dinars),
1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Algerian dinars (DA) per
US$1-8 0086 (January 1990), 7 6086
(1989), 5 9148 (1988), 4.8497 (1987),
4 7023 (1986), 5 0278 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,146 km total, 2,632 km stan-
dard gauge (1.435 m), 1,258 km 1 055-
meter gauge, 256 km 1 000-meter gauge,
300 km electrified, 215 km double track
Highways: 80,000 km total, 60,000 km
concrete or bituminous, 20,000 km gravel,
crushed stone, unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km, refined
products, 298 km, natural gas, 2,948 km
Ports: Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia,
Jijel, Mers el Kebir, Mostaganem, Oran,
Skikda
Merchant marine: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 900,957 GRT/1,063,994
DWT, includes 5 passenger, 27 cargo, 2
vehicle carrier, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker,
9 bulk, 1 specialized liquid cargo
Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft
Airports: 147 total, 136 usable, 53 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways over 3,660 m, 29 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 68 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international service in the north,
sparse in the south, 693,000 telephones,
stations-26 AM, no FM, 113 TV,
1,550,000 TV sets, 3,500,000 receiver sets,
6 submarine cables, coaxial cable or radio
relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco,
and Tunisia, satellite earth stations-1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian
Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 1
ARABSAT, and 15 domestic
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Na-
tional Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
5,886,334, 3,638,458 fit for military ser-
vice, 293,476 reach military age (19) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 1 8% of GDP, or
$974 million (1989 est )
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American Samoa
(territory of the US)
-tg,Tds
South
Pacific
Ocean
Olosega
Tutuila otu
9UPPAGO PAGO Tau
See regional map X
BO km
Rose
Geography
Total area: 199 km2, land area 199 km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 116 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 m
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine, moderated by
southeast trade winds, annual rainfall av-
erages 124 inches, rainy season from No-
vember to April, dry season from May to
October, little seasonal temperature varia-
tion
Terrain: five volcanic islands with rugged
peaks and limited coastal plains, two coral
atolls
Natural resources: pumice and pumicite
Land use: 10% arable land; 5% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 75%
forest and woodland, 10% other
Environment: typhoons common from De-
cember to March
Note: Pago Pago has one of the best natu-
ral deepwater harbors in the South Pacific
Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough
seas and protected by peripheral moun-
tains from high winds, strategic location
about 3,700 km south-southwest of Hono-
lulu in the South Pacific Ocean about
halfway between Hawaii and New Zea-
land
People
Population: 41,840 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 9% (1990)
Birth rate: 41 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �8 immigrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male,
74 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5 4 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�American Samoan(s),
adjective�American Samoan
Ethnic divisions: 90% Samoan (Polyne-
sian), 2% Caucasian, 2% Tongan, 6%
other
Religion: about 50% Christian Congrega-
tionalist, 20% Roman Catholic, 30%
mostly Protestant denominations and
other
Language: Samoan (closely related to Ha-
waiian and other Polynesian languages)
and English, most people are bilingual
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 10,000, 48% government,
33% tuna canneries, 19% other (1986 est )
Organized labor: NA
Note: about 65,000 American Samoans
live in the States of California and Wash-
ington and 20,000 in Hawaii
Government
Long-form name: Territory of American
Samoa
Type: unincorporated and unorganized
territory of the US
Capital: Pago Pago
Administrative divisions: none (territory of
the US)
Independence: none (territory of the US)
Constitution: ratified 1966, in effect 1967
National holiday: Flag Day, 17 April
(1900)
Executive branch: US president, governor,
lieutenant governor
Legislative branch: bicameral Legislature
(Fono) consists of an upper house or Sen-
ate and a lower house or House of Repre-
sentatives
Judicial branch: High Court
Leaders: Chief of State�President
George BUSH (since 20 January 1989),
Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20
January 1989),
Head of Government�Governor Peter
Tali COLEMAN (since 20 January 1989),
Lieutenant Governor Galea'i POUMELE
(since NA 1989)
Suffrage: universal at age 18, indigenous
inhabitants are US nationals, not US citi-
zens
Elections: Governor�last held 7 Novem-
ber 1988 (next to be held November
1992), results�Peter T Coleman was
elected (percent of vote NA);
Senate�last held 7 November 1988 (next
to be held November 1992); results�sena-
tors elected by county councils from 12
senate districts, seats�(18 total) number
of seats by party NA,
House of Representatives�last held 7
November 1988 (next to be held Novem-
ber 1990), results�representatives popu-
larly elected from 17 house districts,
seats�(21 total, 20 elected and 1 nonvot-
ing delegate from Swain's Island),
US House of Representatives�last held
19 November 1988 (next to be held No-
vember 1990), results�Eni R F H Fa-
leomavaega elected as a nonvoting dele-
gate
Communists: none
Diplomatic representation: none (territory
of the US)
Flag: blue with a white triangle edged in
red that is based on the fly side and ex-
tends to the hoist side, a brown and white
American bald eagle flying toward the
hoist side is carrying two traditional Sa-
moan symbols of authority, a staff and a
war club
Note: administered by the US Department
of Interior, Office of Territorial and Inter-
national Affairs, indigenous inhabitants
are US nationals, not citizens of the US
Economy
Overview: Economic development is
strongly linked to the US, with which
American Samoa does 90% of its foreign
trade Tuna fishing and tuna processing
plants are the backbone of the private sec-
tor economy, with canned tuna the pri-
mary export The tuna canneries are the
second-largest employer, exceeded only by
the government Other economic activities
include meat canning, handicrafts, dairy
farming, and a slowly developing tourist
industry Tropical agricultural production
provides little surplus for export
GNP: $190 million, per capita $5,210,
real growth rate NA% (1985)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 3%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 13 4% (1986)
Budget: revenues $90 3 million, expendi-
tures $93 15 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $4 9 million (1988)
Exports: $288 million (f o b, 1987), com-
modities�canned tuna 93%, partners�
US 99 6%
Imports: $346 million (ci f, 1987), com-
modities�building materials 18%, food
17%, petroleum products 14%, partners�
US 72%, Japan 7%, NZ 7%, Australia
5%, other 9%
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 35,000 kW capacity, 70 mil-
lion kWh produced, 1,720 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: tuna canneries (largely depen-
dent on foreign supplies of raw tuna)
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Andorra
Agriculture: bananas, coconuts, vegetables,
taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples,
papayas
Aid: $20 1 million in operational funds
and $5 8 million in construction funds for
capital improvement projects from the US
Department of Interior (1989)
Currency: US currency is used
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: small marine railroad in Pago
Pago harbor
Highways: 350 km total, 150 km paved,
200 km unpaved
Ports: Pago Pago, Ta'u
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440 to 3,659 m (international airport at
Tafuna, near Pago Pago), small airstrips
on Ta'u and Ofu
Telecommunications: 6,500 telephones;
stations-1 AM, no FM, 1 TV, good
telex, telegraph, and facsimile services, 1
Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
US
5 km
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 450 km2, land area 450 km2
Comparative area: slightly more than 2 5
times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 125 km total, France 60
km, Spain 65 km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Climate: temperate, snowy, cold winters
and cool, dry summers
Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by
narrow valleys
Natural resources: hydropower, mineral
water, timber, iron ore, lead
Land use: 2% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 56% meadows and pastures, 22%
forest and woodland, 20% other
Environment: deforestation, overgrazing
Note: landlocked
People
Population: 51,895 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 6% (1990)
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 18 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male,
81 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 3 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Andorran(s), adjec-
tive�Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock, 61% Span-
ish, 30% Andorran, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan (official), many also
speak some French and Castilian
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: NA
Organized labor: none
Government
Long-form name: Principality of Andorra
Type: unique coprincipality under formal
sovereignty of president of France and
Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are
represented locally by officials called ver-
guers
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (par-
roquies, singular�parroquia), Andorra,
Candi�, Encamp, La Massana, Les
Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Lona
Independence: 1278
Constitution: none, some pareatges and
decrees, mostly custom and usage
Legal system: based on French and Span-
ish civil codes, no judicial review of legis-
lative acts, has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Mare de Deu de Merit-
xell, 8 September
Executive branch: two co-princes (presi-
dent of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in
Spain), two designated representatives
(French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two
permanent delegates (French prefect for
the department of Pyrenees-Orientales,
Spanish vicar general for the Seo de Urgel
diocese), president of government, Execu-
tive Council
Legislative branch: unicameral General
Council of the Valleys (Consell General de
las Valls)
Judicial branch: civil cases�Supreme
Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France)
or the Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop
of Seo de Urgel (Spain), criminal cases�
Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des
Cortes)
Leaders: Chiefs of State�French
Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND
(since 21 May 1981), represented by Ve-
guer de Franca Louis DEBLE, Spanish
Episcopal Co-Prince Mgr Joan MARTI y
Alanis (since 31 January 1971),
represented by Veguer Episcopal Francesc
BADIA Batalla,
Head of Government�Josep PINTAT
Solans (since NA 1984)
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties not yet legally recognized, tradition-
ally no political parties but partisans for
particular independent candidates for the
General Council on the basis of compe-
tence, personality, and orientation toward
Spain or France, various small pressure
groups developed in 1972, first formal po-
litical party, Andorran Democratic Asso-
ciation, was formed in 1976 and reorga-
nized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic
Party
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: General Council of the Val-
leys�last held 11 December 1989 (next to
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Andorra (continued)
Angola
be held December 1993), results�percent
of vote NA, seats�(28 total) number of
seats by party NA
Communists: negligible
Member of: CCC, UNESCO
Diplomatic representation: Andorra has no
mission in the US, US�includes Andorra
within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular
District and the US Consul General visits
Andorra periodically, Consul General
Ruth A DAVIS, Consulate General at
Via Layetana 33, Barcelona 3, Spain
(mailing address APO NY 09286), tele-
phone [34] (3) 319-9550
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue
(hoist side), yellow, and red with the na-
tional coat of arms centered in the yellow
band, the coat of arms features a quar-
tered shield, similar to the flag of Chad
which does not have a national coat of
arms in the center, also similar to the flag
of Romania which has a national coat of
arms featuring a mountain landscape be-
low a red five-pointed star and the words
REPUBLICA SOCIALISTA ROMANIA
at the bottom
Economy
Overview: The mainstay of Andorra's
economy is tourism An estimated 12 mil-
lion tourists visit annually, attracted by
Andorra's duty-free status and by its sum-
mer and winter resorts Agricultural pro-
duction is limited by a scarcity of arable
land, and most food has to be imported
The principal livestock activity is sheep
raising Manufacturing consists mainly of
cigarettes, cigars, and furniture The rapid
pace of European economic integration is
a potential threat to Andorra's advantages
from its duty-free status
GNP: $NA, per capita $NA, real growth
rate NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $NA, expenditures $NA,
including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $0.017 million (f o.b , 1986),
commodities�electricity, partners�
France, Spain
Imports: $531 million (f o b , 1986), com-
modities�NA, partners�France, Spain
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 35,000 kW capacity, 140 mil-
lion kWh produced, 2,800 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: tourism (particularly skiing),
sheep, timber, tobacco, smuggling, bank-
ing
Agriculture: sheep raising, small quantities
of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and
some vegetables
Aid: none
Currency: French franc (plural�francs)
and Spanish peseta (plural�pesetas), 1
French franc (F) = 100 centimes and 1
Spanish peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per
US$1-5 7598 (January 1990), 6 3801
(1989), 5 9569 (1988), 6 0107 (1987),
6 9261 (1986), 8 9852 (1985), Spanish pe-
setas (Ptas) per US$1-109 69 (January
1990),
118 38
(1989),
116 49
(1988),
123 48
(1987),
140 05
(1986),
170 04
(1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 96 km
Telecommunications: international digital
microwave network, international landline
circuits to France and Spain, stations-1
AM, no FM, no TV, 17,700 telephones
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of
France and Spain
Ca bind
South
Atlantic
Ocean
LUANDA
*Iktaianie
Lobito
See regional map VII
300 km
.Lurkna
Geography
Total area: 1,246,700 km2, land area
1,246,700 km2
Comparative area: slightly less than twice
the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 5,198 km total, Congo
201 kin, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511
km, Zambia 1,110 km
Coastline: 1,600 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 20 nm
Disputes: civil war since independence on
11 November 1975
Climate: semiarid in south and along coast
to Luanda, north has cool, dry season
(May to October) and hot, rainy season
(November to April)
Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises
abruptly to vast interior plateau
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds,
iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar,
gold, bauxite, uranium
Land use: 2% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 23% meadows and pastures,
43% forest and woodland, 32% other
Environment: locally heavy rainfall causes
periodic flooding on plateau, desertifica-
tion
Note: Cabinda is separated from rest of
country by Zaire
People
Population: 8,534,483 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 9% (1990)
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 20 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 158 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male,
46 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 6 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Angolan(s),
adjective�Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 37% Ovimbundu, 25%
Kimbundu, 13% Bakongo, 2% Mestico,
1% European
Religion: 47% indigenous beliefs, 38% Ro-
man Catholic, 15% Protestant (est )
Language: Portuguese (official), various
Bantu dialects
Literacy: 41%
Labor force: 2,783,000 economically ac-
tive, 85% agriculture, 15% industry (1985
est )
Organized labor: about 450,695 (1980)
Government
Long-form name: People's Republic of
Angola
Type: Marxist people's republic
Capital: Luanda
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (pro-
vincias, singular�provincia), Bengo,
Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando
Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cu-
nene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda
Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Na-
mtbe, Uige, Zaire
Independence: 11 November 1975 (from
Portugal)
Constitution: 11 November 1975, revised
7 January 1978 and 11 August 1980
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil
law system and customary law, but being
modified along socialist lines
National holiday: Independence Day, 11
November (1975)
Executive branch: president, chairman of
the Council of Ministers, Council of Min-
isters (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral National
People's Assembly
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal
da Relacao)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Jose Eduardo dos
SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
Popular Movement for the Liberation of
Angola-Labor Party (MPLA-Labor
Party), Jose Eduardo dos Santos; National
Union for the Total Independence of
Angola (UNITA), lost to the MPLA with
Cuban military support in immediate
postindependence struggle, now carrying
out insurgency
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
Elections: none held to date
Member of: ACP, AMB, CCC, FAO, G-
77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO,
IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: none
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red
(top) and black with a centered yellow em-
blem consisting of a five-pointed star
within half a cogwheel crossed by a ma-
chete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)
Economy
Overview: Subsistence agriculture provides
the main livelihood for 80-90% of the pop-
ulation, but accounts for only 10-20% of
GDP Oil production is the most lucrative
sector of the economy, contributing about
50% to GDP In recent years, however,
the impact of fighting an Internal war has
severely affected the economy and food
has to be imported
GDP: $5 0 billion, per capita $600, real
growth rate 9 2% (1988 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues NA; expenditures $2 7
billion, including capital expenditures of
NA (1986 est )
Exports: $29 billion (f o b , 1989 est ),
commodities�oil, coffee, diamonds, sisal,
fish and fish products, timber, cotton,
partners�US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal,
Brazil
Imports: $2 5 billion (f o b , 1989 est ),
commodities�capital equipment
(machinery and electrical equipment),
food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and
clothing, medicines, substantial military
deliveries, partners�US, USSR, Cuba,
Portugal, Brazil
External debt: $3 0 billion (1989)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 506,000 kW capacity, 770 mil-
lion kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: petroleum, mining (phosphate
rock, diamonds), fish processing, brewing,
tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, food pro-
cessing, building construction
Agriculture: cash crops�coffee, sisal,
corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, tobacco, food
crops�cassava, corn, vegetables, plan-
tains, bananas, and other local foodstuffs,
disruptions caused by civil war and mar-
keting deficiencies require food imports
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $263 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $903 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $1 3 bil-
lion
Currency: kwanza (plural�kwanza), 1
kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei
Exchange rates: kwanza (Kz) per US$1-
29 62 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,189 km total, 2,879 km
1 067-meter gauge, 310 km 0 600-meter
gauge, limited trackage in use because of
insurgent attacks, sections of the Benguela
Railroad closed because of Insurgency
Highways: 73,828 km total, 8,577 km
bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km
crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth,
remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
Ports: Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda
Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT,
includes 11 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and
lubricants (POL) tanker
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
Airports: 317 total, 184 usable, 28 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 12 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 60 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of wire,
radio relay, and troposcatter routes, high
frequency used extensively for military/
Cuban links, 40,300 telephones, stations-
17 AM, 13 FM, 2 TV, 2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air
Defense, paramilitary forces�People's
Defense Organization and Territorial
Troops, Frontier Guard, Popular Vigilance
Brigades
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,049,295, 1,030,868 fit for military ser-
vice, 90,877 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Defense expenditures: NA
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Anguilla
(dependent territory of the UK)
�Sombrero
Prickly Pear Cayso
Anguilla
See regional map III
20 km
Caribbean
Sea
Scrub Island
0
Geography
Total area: 91 km2; land area 91 km2
Comparative area: about half the size of
Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 61 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast
trade winds
Terrain: flat and low-lying island of coral
and limestone
Natural resources: negligible, salt, fish,
lobsters
Land use: NA% arable land, NA% perma-
nent crops, NA% meadows and pastures,
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other,
mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few
trees, some commercial salt ponds
Environment: frequent hurricanes, other
tropical storms (July to October)
Note: located 270 km east of Puerto Rico
People
Population: 6,883 (July 1990), growth rate
06% (1990)
Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �10 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male,
76 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 1 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Anguillan(s), adjec-
tive�Anguillan
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African
descent
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, and Ro-
man Catholic
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 2,780 (1984)
Organized labor: NA
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: The Valley
Administrative divisions: none (dependent
territory of the UK)
Independence: none (dependent territory of
the UK)
Constitution: 1 April 1982
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Anguilla Day, 30 May
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor, chief minister, Executive Council
(cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral House of
Assembly
Judicial branch: High Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor Geoffrey 0 WHIT-
TAKER (since NA 1987),
Head of Government�Chief Minister
Emile GUMBS (since NA March 1984,
served previously from February 1977 to
May 1980)
Political parties and leaders: Anguilla Na-
tional Alliance (ANA), Emile Gumbs,
Anguilla United Party (AUP), Ronald
Webster, Anguilla Democratic Party
(ADP), Victor Banks
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: House of Assembly�last held
27 February 1989 (next to be held Febru-
ary 1994), results�percent of vote by
party NA, seats�(11 total, 7 elected)
ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP 1, independent 1
Communists: none
Member of: Commonwealth
Diplomatic representation: none (depen-
dent territory of the UK)
Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top,
almost triple width) and light blue with
three orange dolphins in an interlocking
circular design centered in the white band
Economy
Overview: Anguilla has few natural re-
sources, and the economy depends heavily
on lobster fishing, offshore banking, tour-
ism, and remittances from emigrants In
recent years the economy has benefited
from a boom in tourism Development is
planned to improve the infrastructure,
particularly transport and tourist facilities,
and also light industry Improvement in
the economy has reduced unemployment
from 40% in 1984 to about 5% in 1988
GDP: $23 million, per capita $3,350 (1988
est ), real growth rate 8 2% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 5%
(1988 est )
Unemployment rate: 5 0% (1988 est )
Budget: revenues $9 0 million, expendi-
tures $8 8 million, including capital ex-
penditures of NA (1988 est )
Exports: $NA, commodities�lobsters and
salt, partners�NA
Imports: $NA, commodities�NA, part-
ners �NA
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 3,000 kW capacity, 9 million
kWh produced, 1,300 kWh per capita
(1988)
Industries: tourism, boat building, salt,
fishing (Including lobster)
Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet pota-
toes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-
87), $33 million
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural�
dollars), 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars
(EC$) per US$1-2 70 (fixed rate since
1976)
Fiscal year: NA
Communications
Highways: 60 km surfaced
Ports: Road Bay, Blowing Point
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m
(Wallblake Airport)
Telecommunications: modern internal tele-
phone system, 890 telephones, stations-3
AM, 1 FM, no TV, radio relay link to
island of St Martin
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
UK
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Antarctica
1000 km
South Atlantic Ocean
South Orkney
Islands
South
Pacihc
Ocean
See regional map XII
Indian
Ocean
Geography
Total area: about 14,000,000 km2, land
area about 14,000,000 km2
Comparative area: slightly less than 1 5
times the size of the US, second-smallest
continent (after Australia)
Land boundaries: see entry on Disputes
Coastline: 17,968 km
Maritime claims: see entry on Disputes
Disputes: Antarctic Treaty suspends all
claims, sections (some overlapping)
claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile,
France (Adam Land), New Zealand (Ross
Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud
Land), and UK, Brazil claims a Zone of
Interest, the US and USSR do not recog-
nize the territorial claims of other nations
and have made no claims themselves (but
reserve the right to do so), no formal
claims have been made in the sector be-
tween 90� west and 150� west
Climate: severe low temperatures vary
with latitude, elevation, and distance from
the ocean, East Antarctica colder than
Antarctic Peninsula in the west, warmest
temperatures occur in January along the
coast and average slightly below freezing
Terrain: about 98% thick continental ice
sheet, with average elevations between
2,000 and 4,000 meters, mountain ranges
up to 5,000 meters high, ice-free coastal
areas include parts of southern Victoria
Land, Wilkes Land, and the scientific re-
search areas of Graham Land and Ross
Island on McMurdo Sound, glaciers form
ice shelves along about half of coastline
Natural resources: coal and iron ore, chro-
mium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum, and
hydrocarbons have been found in small
quantities along the coast, offshore depos-
its of oil and gas
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other (98% ice,
2% barren rock)
Environment: mostly uninhabitable, kata-
bate (gravity) winds blow coastward from
the high interior, frequent blizzards form
near the foot of the plateau, cyclonic
storms form over the ocean and move
clockwise around the coast, during sum-
mer more solar radiation reaches the sur-
face at the South Pole than is received at
the Equator in an equivalent period, in
October 1987 it was reported that the
ozone shield, which protects the Earth's
surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation,
has dwindled to its lowest level ever over
Antarctica, subject to active volcanism
(Deception Island)
Note: the coldest continent
People
Population: no indigenous inhabitants,
staffing of research stations vanes season-
ally
Summer (January) population-3,330, Ar-
gentina 179, Australia 216, Brazil 36,
Chile 124, China 62, France 46, FRG 9,
GDR 15, India 59, Italy 121, Japan 52,
NZ 251, Poland 19, South Africa 102,
South Korea 17, UK 72, Uruguay 47, US
1,250, USSR 653 (1986-87)
Winter (July) population-1,148 total; Ar-
gentina 149, Australia 82, Brazil 11,
Chile 59, China 16, France 32, FRG 9,
GDR 9, India 17, Japan 37, NZ 11, Po-
land 19, South Africa 15, UK 61, Uru-
guay 10, US 242, USSR 369 (1986-87)
Year-round stations-43 total, Argentina
7, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 1,
France 1, FRG 1, GDR 1, India 1, Japan
2, NZ 1, Poland 1, South Africa 1, South
Korea 1, UK 6, Uruguay 1, US 3, USSR
8 (1986-87)
Summer only stations-26 total, Argen-
tina 3, Australia 3, Chile 4, Italy 1, Japan
1, NZ 2, South Africa 2, US 4, USSR 6
(1986-87)
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1
December 1959 and entered into force on
23 June 1961, established, for at least 30
years, a legal framework for peaceful use,
scientific research, and suspension of terri-
torial claims Administration is carried
out through consultative member meet-
ings-the 14th and last meeting was held
in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in October
1987
Consultative (voting) members include
claimant nations (they claim portions of
Antarctica as national territory and some
claims overlap) and nonclaimant nations
(they have made no claims to Antarctic
territory, although the US and USSR
have reserved the right to do so and do
not recognize the claims of others), the
year in parentheses indicates when an ac-
ceding nation was voted to full consulta-
tive (voting) status, while no date indicates
an original 1959 treaty signatory Claim-
ant nations are-Argentina, Australia,
Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway,
and the UK Nonclaimant nations are-
Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985),
FRG (1981), GDR (1987), India (1983),
Italy (1987), Japan, Poland (1977), South
Africa, Uruguay (1985), US, and the
USSR
Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year
of accession in parenthesis, are-Austria
(1987), Bulgaria (1978), Cuba (1984),
Czechoslovakia (1962), Denmark (1965),
Finland (1984), Greece (1987), Hungary
(1984), Netherlands (1987), North Korea
(1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Peru
(1981), Romania (1971), South Korea
(1986), Spain (1982), and Sweden (1984)
Antarctic Treaty Summary Article 1-
area to be used for peaceful purposes only
and military activity, such as weapons
testing, is prohibited, but military person-
nel and equipment may be used for scien-
tific purposes, Article 2-freedom of sci-
entific investigation and cooperation shall
continue; Article 3-free exchange of in-
formation and personnel, Article 4-does
not recognize, dispute, or establish territo-
rial claims and no new claims shall be
asserted while the treaty is in force, Arti-
cle 5-prohibits nuclear explosions or dis-
posal of radioactive wastes, Article 6-
includes under the treaty all land and ice
shelves south of 60� 00' south, but that
the water areas be covered by interna-
tional law, Article 7-treaty-state observ-
ers have free access, including aerial ob-
servation, to any area and may inspect all
stations, installations, and equipment, ad-
vance notice of all activities and the intro-
duction of military personnel must be
given, Article 8-allows for jurisdiction
over observers and scientists by their own
states, Article 9-frequent consultative
meetings take place among member na-
tions and acceding nations given consulta-
tive status, Article 10-treaty states will
discourage activities by any country in
Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty,
Article 11-disputes to be settled peace-
fully by the parties concerned or,
ultimately, by the ICJ, Articles 12, 13,
14-deal with upholding, interpreting, and
amending the treaty among involved na-
tions
Other agreements Convention on the
Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources, Convention for the Conserva-
tion of Antarctic Seals, a mineral
resources agreement is currently undergo-
ing ratification by the Antarctic Treaty
consultative parties
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Antarctica (continued)
Economy
Overview: No economic activity at present
except for fishing off the coast and small-
scale tourism, both based abroad Exploi-
tation of mineral resources will be held
back by technical difficulties, high costs,
and objections by environmentalists
Communications
Airports: 39 total, 25 usable, none with
permanent surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
Defense Forces
Note: none, Article 7 of the Antarctic
Treaty states that advance notice of all
activities and the introduction of military
personnel must be given
Antigua and Barbuda
20 km
Barbuda
Caribbean Sea
SAINT JOHN'S
0 Redonda
See revonal milp III
Antigua
Geography
Total area: 440 km2, land area 440 km2,
includes Redonda
Comparative area: slightly less than 2 5
times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 153 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine, little seasonal
temperature variation
Terrain: mostly low-lying limestone and
coral islands with some higher volcanic
areas
Natural resources: negligible, pleasant cli-
mate fosters tourism
Land use: 18% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 7% meadows and pastures, 16%
forest and woodland, 59% other
Environment: subject to hurricanes and
tropical storms (July to October), insuffi-
cient freshwater resources, deeply
Indented coastline provides many natural
harbors
Note: 420 km east-southeast of Puerto
Rico
People
Population: 63,726 (July 1990), growth
rate 0 3% (1990)
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �10 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male,
74 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Antiguan(s), adjec-
tive�Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely of black
African origin, some of British, Portu-
guese, Lebanese, and Syrian origin
Religion: Anglican (predominant), other
Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic
Language: English (official), local dialects
Literacy: 90% (est )
Labor force: 30,000, 82% commerce and
services, 11% agriculture, 7% industry
(1983)
Organized labor: Antigua and Barbuda
Public Service Association (ABPSA),
membership 500, Antigua Trades and La-
bor Union (ATLU), 10,000 members,
Antigua Workers Union (AWU), 10,000
members (1986 est )
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Saint John's
Administrative divisions: 6 parishes and 2
dependencies*, Barbuda*, Redonda*,
Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary,
Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip
Independence: 1 November 1981 (from
UK)
Constitution: 1 November 1981
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
November (1981)
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor general, prime minister, deputy prime
minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
consists of an upper house or Senate and a
lower house or House of Representatives
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Su-
preme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor General Sir Wilfred
Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November
1981, previously Governor since 1976),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr (since NA
1976), Deputy Prime Minister Lester
BIRD (since NA 1976)
Political parties and leaders: Antigua La-
bor Party (ALP), Vere C Bird, Sr, Lester
Bird, United National Democratic Party
(UNDP), Dr Ivor Heath
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: House of Representatives�last
held 9 March 1989 (next to be held 1994),
results�percentage of vote by party NA,
seats�(17 total) ALP 15, UNDP 1, inde-
pendent 1
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Anti-
gua Caribbean Liberation Movement
(ACLM), a small leftist nationalist group
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Arctic Ocean
led by Leonard (Tim) Hector, Antigua
Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), headed
by Noel Thomas
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ILO,
IMF, ISO, OAS, UN, UNESCO, WHO,
WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Edmund Hawkins LAKE, Chancery at
Suite 2H, 3400 International Drive NW,
Washington DC 20008, telephone (202)
362-5211 or 5166, 5122, 5225, there is an
Antiguan Consulate in Miami, US�the
US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited
to Antigua and Barbuda, and in his ab-
sence, the Embassy is headed by Charg�
d'Affaires Roger R GAMBLE, Embassy
at Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's
(mailing address is FPO Miami 34054),
telephone [phone] or 3506
Flag: red with an inverted isosceles trian-
gle based on the top edge of the flag, the
triangle contains three horizontal bands of
black (top), light blue, and white with a
yellow rising sun in the black band
Economy
Overview: The economy is primarily ser-
vice oriented, with tourism the most im-
portant determinant of economic perfor-
mance During the period 1983-87, real
GDP expanded at an annual average rate
of 8% Tourism's contribution to GDP, as
measured by value added in hotels and
restaurants, rose from about 14% in 1983
to 17% in 1987, and stimulated growth in
other sectors�particularly in construction,
communications, and public utilities. Dur-
ing the same period the combined share of
agriculture and manufacturing declined
from 12% to less than 10% Antigua and
Barbuda is one of the few areas in the
Caribbean experiencing a labor shortage
in some sectors of the economy
GDP: $353 5 million, per capita $5,550,
real growth rate 6 2% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7 1%
(1988 est )
Unemployment rate: 5 0% (1988 est )
Budget: revenues $77 million, expenditures
$81 million, including capital expenditures
of $13 million (1988 est )
Exports: $304 million (f o b., 1988 est ),
commodities�petroleum products 46%,
manufactures 29%, food and live animals
14%, machinery and transport equipment
11%, partners�Trinidad and Tobago
40%, Barbados 8%, US 0 3%
Imports: $302 1 million (c 1 f, 1988 est ),
commodities�food and live animals, ma-
chinery and transport equipment, manu-
factures, chemicals, oil, partners�US
27%, UK 14%, CARICOM 7%, Canada
4%, other 48%
External debt: $245 4 million (1987)
Industrial production: growth rate 10%
(1987)
Electricity: 49,000 kW capacity, 90 mil-
lion kWh produced, 1,410 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: tourism, construction, light
manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, house-
hold appliances)
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP, ex-
panding output of cotton, fruits, vegeta-
bles, and livestock sector, other crops�
bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes,
not self-sufficient in food
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-
87), $40 million
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural�
dollars), 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars
(EC$) per US$1-2 70 (fixed rate since
1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 64 km 0 760-meter narrow
gauge and 13 km 0610-meter gauge used
almost exclusively for handling sugarcane
Highways: 240 km
Ports: St John's
Merchant marine: 80 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 307,315 GRT/501,552
DWT, includes 50 cargo, 4 refrigerated
cargo, 8 container, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas,
1 short-sea passenger, note�a flag of con-
venience registry
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways less
than 2,440 m
Telecommunications: good automatic tele-
phone system, 6,700 telephones, tropo-
spheric scatter links with Saba and Gua-
deloupe; stations-4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2
shortwave, 1 coaxial submarine cable, 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Antigua and Barbuda Defense
Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police
Force (includes the Coast Guard)
Military manpower: NA
Defense expenditures: NA
Geography
Total area: 14,056,000 km2, includes
Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea,
Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Green-
land Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait,
Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and other tributary
water bodies
Comparative area: slightly more than 1 5
times the size of the US, smallest of the
world's four oceans (after Pacific Ocean,
Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean)
Coastline: 45,389 km
Climate: persistent cold and relatively nar-
row annual temperature ranges, winters
characterized by continuous darkness, cold
and stable weather conditions, and clear
skies, summers characterized by continu-
ous daylight, damp and foggy weather,
and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Terrain: central surface covered by a pe-
rennial drifting polar icepack which aver-
ages about 3 meters in thickness, although
pressure ridges may be three times that
size, clockwise drift pattern in the Beau-
fort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight line
movement from the New Siberian Islands
(USSR) to Denmark Strait (between
Greenland and Iceland), the ice pack is
surrounded by open seas during the sum-
mer, but more than doubles in size during
the winter and extends to the encircling
land masses, the ocean floor is about 50%
continental shelf (highest percentage of
any ocean) with the remainder a central
basin interrupted by three submarine
ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordil-
lera, and Lomonsov Ridge), maximum
depth is 4,665 meters in the Fram Basin
Natural resources: sand and gravel aggre-
gates, placer deposits, polymetallic nod-
ules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mam-
mals (seals, whales)
Environment: endangered marine species
include walruses and whales, ice islands
occasionally break away from northern
Ellesmere Island, icebergs calved from
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Arctic Ocean (continued)
western Greenland and extreme northeast-
ern Canada, maximum snow cover in
March or April about 20 to 50 centime-
ters over the frozen ocean and lasts about
10 months, permafrost in islands, virtually
icelocked from October to June, fragile
ecosystem slow to change and slow to re-
cover from disruptions or damage
Note: major chokepoint is the southern
Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pa-
cific Ocean via the Bering Strait), ships
subject to superstructure icing from Octo-
ber to May, strategic location between
North America and the USSR, shortest
marine link between the extremes of east-
ern and western USSR, floating research
stations operated by the US and USSR
Economy
Overview: Economic activity is limited to
the exploitation of natural resources, in-
cluding crude oil, natural gas, fishing, and
sealing
Communications
Ports: Churchill (Canada), Murmansk
(USSR), Prudhoe Bay (US)
Telecommunications: no submarine cables
Note: sparse network of air, ocean, river,
and land routes, the Northwest Passage
(North America) and Northern Sea Route
(Asia) are important waterways
Argentina
San Carlos
de Bardoche
1000 km
BUENOS AIRES
Mar del Plata
Viedma
South Atlantic
Ocean
omodoro Rniadavia
Ushualat.
See regional map IV
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Geography
Total area: 2,766,890 km2, land area
2,736,690 km2
Comparative area: slightly more than four
times the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 9,665 km total, Bolivia
832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km,
Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km
Coastline: 4,989 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea 200 nm (overflight and
navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)
Disputes: short section of the boundary
with Uruguay is in dispute; short section
of the boundary with Chile is indefinite,
claims British-administered Falkland Is-
lands (Islas Malvinas); claims
British-administered South Georgia and
the South Sandwich Islands, territorial
claim in Antarctica
Climate: mostly temperate, arid in south-
east, subantarctic in southwest
Terrain: rich plains of the Pampas in
northern half, flat to rolling plateau of
Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along
western border
Natural resources: fertile plains of the
pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore,
manganese, crude oil, uranium
Land use: 9% arable land; 4% permanent
crops, 52% meadows and pastures, 22%
forest and woodland, 13% other, includes
1% irrigated
Environment: Tucuman and Mendoza ar-
eas in Andes subject to earthquakes, pam-
peros are violent windstorms that can
strike Pampas and northeast, irrigated soil
degradation, desertification; air and water
pollution in Buenos Aires
Note: second-largest country in South
America (after Brazil); strategic location
relative to sea lanes between South Atlan-
tic and South Pacific Oceans (Strait of
Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Pas-
sage)
People
Population: 32,290,966 (July 1990),
growth rate 1 2% (1990)
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/
1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 32 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male,
74 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 8 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Argentine(s), adjec-
tive�Argentine
Ethnic divisions: 85% white, 15% mestizo,
Indian, or other nonwhite groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic
(less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant,
2% Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish (official), English, Ital-
ian, German, French
Literacy: 94%
Labor force: 10,900,000, 12% agriculture,
31% industry, 57% services (1985 est )
Organized labor: 3,000,000; 28% of labor
force
Government
Long-form name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Buenos Aires (tentative plans to
move to Viedma by 1990 indefinitely post-
poned)
Administrative divisions: 22 provinces (pro-
vincias, singular�provincia), 1 national
territory* (territorio nacional), and 1
district*� (distrito), Buenos Aires, Cata-
marca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Cor-
rientes, Distrito Federal**, Entre Rios,
Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja,
Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro,
Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del
Fuego and Antartida e Islas del Atlantico
Sur*, Tucuman
Independence: 9 July 1816 (from Spain)
Constitution: 1 May 1853
Legal system: mixture of US and West
European legal systems, has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 25 May
(1810)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral National
Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of
an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and
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a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
(Camera de Diputados)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte
Suprema)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Carlos Saul MENEM
(since 8 July 1989), Vice President
Eduardo DUHALDE (since 8 July 1989)
Political parties and leaders: Justicialist
Party (JP), Antonio Cafiero, Peronist um-
brella political organization, Radical Civic
Union (UCR), Raul Alfonsin, moderately
left of center, Union of the Democratic
Center (UCEDE), Alvaro Alsogaray, con-
servative party, Intransigent Party (PI),
Dr Oscar Alende, leftist party; several
provincial parties
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 14 May
1989 (next to be held May 1995);
results�Carlos Saul Menem was elected;
Chamber of Deputies�last held 14 May
1989 (next to be held May 1991);
results�JP 47%, UCR 30%, UDC 7%,
other 16%, seats�(254 total); JP 122,
UCR 93, UDC 11, other 28
Communists: some 70,000 members in
various party organizations, including a
small nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups:
Peronist-dominated labor movement, Gen-
eral Confederation of Labor (Peronist-
leaning umbrella labor organization), Ar-
gentine Industrial Union (manufacturers'
association), Argentine Rural Society
(large landowners' association), business
organizations, students, the Roman Cath-
olic Church, the Armed Forces
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB�
Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IO0C, ISO,
ITU, IWC�International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC�International Wheat
Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Guido Jose Maria DI TELLA, Chancery
at 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
Washington DC 20009; telephone 202)
939-6400 through 6403, there are Argen-
tine Consulates General in Houston, Mi-
ami, New Orleans, New York, San Fran-
cisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico), and
Consulates in Baltimore, Chicago, and
Los Angeles, US�Ambassador Terence
A TODMAN, Embassy at 4300 Colom-
bia, 1425 Buenos Aires (mailing address is
APO Miami 34034), telephone [54] (1)
774-7611 or 8811, 9911
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light
blue (top), white, and light blue, centered
in the white band is a radiant yellow sun
with a human face known as the Sun of
May
Economy
Overview: Argentina is rich in natural re-
sources, and has a highly literate popula-
tion, an export-oriented agricultural sec-
tor, and a diversified industrial base
Nevertheless, the economy has encoun-
tered major problems in recent years,
leading to a recession in 1988-89 Eco-
nomic growth slowed to 2 0% in 1987 and
to �1 8% in 1988, a sharp decline of
�5 5% has been estimated for 1989 A
widening public-sector deficit and a multi-
digit inflation rate has dominated the
economy over the past three years, reach-
ing about 5,000% in 1989 Since 1978,
Argentina's external debt has nearly dou-
bled to $60 billion, creating severe debt-
servicing difficulties and hurting the
country's creditworthiness with interna-
tional lenders
GNP: $72 0 billion, per capita $2,217, real
growth rate �5 5% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4,925%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 8 5% (1989 est )
Budget: revenues $11 5 billion, expendi-
tures $13 0 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $0 93 billion (1988)
Exports: $96 billion (f o b , 1989), com-
modities�meat, wheat, corn, oilseed,
hides, wool, partners�US 14%, USSR,
Italy, Brazil, Japan, Netherlands
Imports: $4 3 billion (c i f, 1989), com-
modities�machinery and equipment,
chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants,
agricultural products, partners�US 25%,
Brazil, FRG, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Neth-
erlands
External debt: $60 billion (December
1989)
Industrial production: growth rate �8%
(1989)
Electricity: 16,449,000 kW capacity,
46,590 million kWh produced, 1,460 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: food processing (especially
meat packing), motor vehicles, consumer
durables, textiles, chemicals and petro-
chemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP
(including fishing), produces abundant
food for both domestic consumption and
exports, among world's top five exporters
of grain and beef, principal crops�wheat,
corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets,
1987 fish catch estimated at 500,000 tons
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $1 0 billion, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $3 6 billion, Commu-
nist countries (1970-88), $718 million
Currency: austral (plural�australes), 1
austral (A) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: australes (A) per US$1-
1,930 (December 1989), 8 7526 (1988),
2 1443 (1987), 0 9430 (1986), 0 6018
(1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 34,172 km total (includes 169
km electrified), includes a mixture of
1 435-meter standard gauge, 1 676-meter
broad gauge, 1 000-meter gauge, and
0 750-meter gauge
Highways: 208,350 km total, 47,550 km
paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km im-
proved earth, 20,300 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil, 2,900 km
refined products, 9,918 km natural gas
Ports: Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Neco-
chea, Rio Gallegos, Rosario, Santa Fe
Merchant marine: 131 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 1,693,540 GRT/
2,707,079 DWT, includes 45 cargo, 6 re-
frigerated cargo, 6 container, 1 roll-on/
roll-off cargo, 1 railcar carrier, 48
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas,
18 bulk
Civil air: 54 major transport aircraft
Airports: 1,799 total, 1,617 usable, 132
with permanent-surface runways, 1 with
runways over 3,659 m, 30 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 335 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: extensive modern
system, 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 pub-
lic telephones), radio relay widely used,
stations-171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13
shortwave, 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth stations, domestic satellite network
has 40 stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the
Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force,
National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval
Prefecture, National Aeronautical Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
7,860,054, 6,372,189 fit for military ser-
vice, 277,144 reach military age (20) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 1 4% of GNP (1987)
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Aruba
(part of the Dutch realm)
Drulf
Caribbean
Sea
ORANJESTAD
Sint
Nit�leas
See regional map III
10 km
Geography
Total area: 193 km2, land area 193 km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 68 5 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone 12 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal
temperature variation
Terrain: flat with a few hills, scant vegeta-
tion
Natural resources: negligible, white sandy
beaches
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other
Environment: lies outside the Caribbean
hurricane belt
Note: 28 km north of Venezuela
People
Population: 62,656 (July 1990), growth
rate 0 2% (1990)
Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �8 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male,
80 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 8 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Aruban(s), adjective�
Aruban
Ethnic divisions: 80% mixed European/
Caribbean Indian
Religion: 82% Roman Catholic, 8% Prot-
estant, also small Hindu, Muslim, Confu-
cian, and Jewish minority
Language: Dutch (official), Papiamento (a
Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dia-
lect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: NA, but most employment is
in the tourist industry (1986)
Organized labor: Aruban Workers' Feder-
ation (FTA)
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: part of the Dutch realm�full au-
tonomy in internal affairs obtained in
1986 upon separation from the Nether-
lands Antilles
Capital: Oranjestad
Administrative divisions: none
(self-governing part of the Netherlands)
Independence: planned for 1996
Constitution: 1 January 1986
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law
system, with some English common law
influence
National holiday: Flag Day, 18 March
Executive branch: Dutch monarch, gover-
nor, prime minister, Council of Ministers
(cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
(Staten)
Judicial branch: Joint High Court of Jus-
tice
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen BEA-
TRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30
April 1980), represented by Governor
General Felipe B TROMP (since 1 Janu-
ary 1986),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Nelson ODUBER (since NA February
1989)
Political parties and leaders: Electoral
Movement Party (MEP), Nelson Oduber,
Aruban People's Party (AVP), Henny
Eman, National Democratic Action
(ADN), Pedro Charro Kelly, New Patri-
otic Party (PPN), Eddy Werlemen, Aru-
ban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny Nisbet,
Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo
Berlinski, Democratic Action 86 (AD'86),
Arturo Oduber, governing coalition in-
cludes the MEP, PPA, and ADN
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: Parliament�last held 6 Janu-
ary 1989 (next to be held by January
1993), results�percent of vote by party
NA, seats�(21 total) MEP 10, AVP 8,
ADN 1, PPN 1, PPA 1
Diplomatic representation: none
(self-governing part of the Netherlands)
Flag: blue with two narrow horizontal yel-
low stripes across the lower portion and a
red, four-pointed star outlined in white in
the upper hoist-side corner
Economy
Overview: Tourism is the mainstay of the
economy In 1985 the economy suffered a
severe blow when Exxon closed its
refinery, a major source of employment
and foreign exchange earnings Economic
collapse was prevented by soft loans from
the Dutch Government and by a booming
tourist industry Hotel capacity expanded
by 20% between 1985 and 1987 and is
projected to more than double by 1990
Unemployment has steadily declined from
about 20% in 1986 to about 3% in 1988
GDP: $620 million, per capita $10,000,
real growth rate 16 7% (1988 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (1988
est )
Unemployment rate: 3% (1988 est )
Budget: revenues $145 million, expendi-
tures $185 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $42 million (1988)
Exports: $47 5 million (f o b, 1988 est ),
commodities�mostly petroleum products,
partners�US 64%, EC
Imports: $296 0 million (c i f, 1988 est ),
commodities�food, consumer goods,
manufactures, partners�US 8%, EC
External debt: $81 million (1987)
Industrial production: growth rate �20%
(1984)
Electricity: 310,000 kW capacity, 945 mil-
lion kWh produced, 15,120 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
Industries: tourism, transshipment facili-
ties
Agriculture: poor quality soils and low
rainfall limit agricultural activity to the
cultivation of aloes
Aid: none
Currency: Aruban florin (plural�florins),
1 Aruban florin (Af ) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Aruban florins (Af ) per
US$1-1 7900 (fixed rate since 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Ports: Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas
Airfield: government-owned airport east of
Oranjestad
Telecommunications: generally adequate,
extensive interisland radio relay links,
72,168 telephones, stations-4 AM, 4
FM, 1 TV, 1 sea cable to St Maarten
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
Netherlands until 1996
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Ashmore and Cartier Islands
(territory of Australia)
20 km
q Ashmore Reef
est East Islet
Islet .N.,...Mtddlz......j
Islet
Indian Ocean
Cartier Island
See regional map X
gels
Geography
Total area: 5 km2, land area 5 km2. in-
cludes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and
East Islets) and Cartier Island
Comparative area: about 8 5 times the size
of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 74 1 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploration
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Climate: tropical
Terrain: low with sand and coral
Natural resources: fish
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other�grass and
sand
Environment: surrounded by shoals and
reefs, Ashmore Reef National Nature Re-
serve established in August 1983
Note: located in extreme eastern Indian
Ocean between Australia and Indonesia
320 km off the northwest coast of Austra-
lia
People
Population: no permanent inhabitants,
seasonal caretakers
Government
Long-form name: Territory of Ashmore
and Cartier Islands
Type: territory of Australia administered
by the Australian Ministry for Territories
and Local Government
Administrative divisions: none (territory of
Australia)
Legal system: relevant laws of the North-
ern Territory of Australia
Note: administered by the Australian
Minister for Arts, Sports, the Environ-
ment, Tourism, and Territories Graham
Richardson
Diplomatic representation: none (territory
of Australia)
Economy
Overview: no economic activity
Communications
Ports: none, offshore anchorage only
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of Aus-
tralia, periodic visits by the Royal Austra-
lian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force
Atlantic Ocean
Geography
Total area: 82,217,000 km2, includes Bal-
tic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis
Strait, Denmark Strait, Drake Passage,
Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea,
North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Weddell Sea,
and other tributary water bodies
Comparative area: slightly less than nine
times the size of the US, second-largest of
the world's four oceans (after the Pacific
Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean or
Arctic Ocean)
Coastline: 111,866 km
Climate: tropical cyclones (hurricanes) de-
velop off the coast of Africa near Cape
Verde and move westward into the Carib-
bean Sea, hurricanes can occur from May
to December, but are most frequent from
August to November
Terrain: surface usually covered with sea
ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and
Baltic Sea from October to June, clock-
wise warm water gyre (broad, circular sys-
tem of currents) in the north Atlantic,
counterclockwise warm water gyre in the
south Atlantic, the ocean floor is domi-
nated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rug-
ged north-south centerline for the entire
Atlantic basin, maximum depth is 8,605
meters in the Puerto Rico Trench
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish,
marine mammals (seals and whales), sand
and gravel aggregates, placer deposits,
polymetallic nodules, precious stones
Environment: endangered marine species
include the manatee, seals, sea lions, tur-
tles, and whales, municipal sludge pollu-
tion off eastern US, southern Brazil, and
eastern Argentina, oil pollution in Carib-
bean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Mara-
caibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea,
industrial waste and municipal sewage
pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and
Mediterranean Sea, icebergs common in
Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the
northwestern Atlantic from February to
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Atlantic Ocean (continued)
August and have been spotted as far south
as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands, ice-
bergs from Antarctica occur in the ex-
treme southern Atlantic
Note: ships subject to superstructure icing
in extreme north Atlantic from October to
May and extreme south Atlantic from
May to October, persistent fog can be a
hazard to shipping from May to Septem-
ber, major choke points include the Dar-
danelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the
Panama and Suez Canals, strategic straits
include the Dover Strait, Straits of Flor-
ida, Mona Passage, The Sound (Oresund),
and Windward Passage, north Atlantic
shipping lanes subject to icebergs from
February to August, the Equator divides
the Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlan-
tic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean
Economy
Overview: Economic activity is limited to
exploitation of natural resources, espe-
cially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The
Bahamas), and crude oil and natural gas
production (Caribbean Sea and North
Sea)
Communications
Ports: Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Al-
geria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona
(Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casa-
blanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Co-
penhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal),
Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (FRG), Hel-
sinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Is-
lands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lenin-
grad (USSR), Lisbon (Portugal), London
(UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo
(Uruguay), Montreal (Canada), Naples
(Italy), New Orleans (US), New York
(US), Oran (Algeria), Oslo (Norway), Pi-
raeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil),
Rotterdam (Netherlands), Stockholm
(Sweden)
Telecommunications: numerous submarine
cables with most between continental Eu-
rope and the UK, North America and the
UK, and in the Mediterranean, numerous
direct links across Atlantic via
INTELSAT satellite network
Note: Kid Canal and St Lawrence Sea-
way are two important waterways
Australia
Timor Sea
Indian
Ocean
Perth
Darvain
Alice Springs
�
Ore at
Australian
Bight
Indian Ocean
See regional map X
Coral Sea
Brisbane
Adelaide , ydney
CANBERRA
'llateepourne
Tasmania
Tasman
Sea
1000 km
Geography
Total area: 7,686,850 km', land area
7,617,930 km', includes Macquarie Island
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
the US
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 25,760 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica
(Australian Antarctic Territory)
Climate: generally arid to semiarid; tem-
perate in south and east, tropical in north
Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts,
fertile plain in southeast
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore,
copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tung-
sten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds,
natural gas, crude oil
Land use: 6% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 58% meadows and pastures,
14% forest and woodland, 22% other, in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: subject to severe droughts
and floods, cyclones along coast, limited
freshwater availability, irrigated soil deg-
radation, regular, tropical, invigorating,
sea breeze known as the doctor occurs
along west coast in summer, desertifica-
tion
Note: world's smallest continent but sixth-
largest country
People
Population: 16,923,478 (July 1990),
growth rate 1 3% (1990)
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 6 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
80 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 8 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Australian(s); adjec-
tive�Australian
Ethnic divisions: 95% Caucasian, 4%
Asian, 1% Aboriginal and other
Religion: 26 1% Anglican, 26 0% Roman
Catholic, 24 3% other Christian
Language: English, native languages
Literacy: 98 5%
Labor force: 7,700,000, 33 8% finance and
services, 22 3% public and community ser-
vices, 20 I% wholesale and retail trade,
16 2% manufacturing and industry, 6 1%
agriculture (1987)
Organized labor: 62% of labor force (1986)
Government
Long-form name: Commonwealth of Aus-
tralia
Type: federal parliamentary state
Capital: Canberra
Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2
territories*, Australian Capital Territory*,
New South Wales, Northern Territory*,
Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania,
Victoria, Western Australia
Dependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier
Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling)
Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island
and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island
Independence: 1 January 1901 (federation
of UK colonies)
Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective I Jan-
uary 1901
Legal system: based on English common
law, accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Australia Day (last
Monday in January), 29 January 1990
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor general, prime minister, deputy prime
minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Par-
liament consists of an upper house or Sen-
ate and a lower house or House of Repre-
sentatives
Judicial branch: High Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor General William
George HAYDEN (since NA February
1989),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Robert James Lee HAWKE (since 11
March 1983), Deputy Prime Minister
Paul KEATING (since 3 April 1990)
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Political parties and leaders:
government-Australian Labor Party, Ro-
bert Hawke, opposition-Liberal Party,
Andrew Peacock, National Party, Charles
Blunt, Australian Democratic Party, Ja-
nine Haines
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18
Elections: Senate-last held 11 July 1987
(next to be held by 12 May 1990),
results-Labor 43%, Liberal-National
42%, Australian Democrats 8%, indepen-
dents 2%, seats-(76 total), Labor 32,
Liberal-National 34, Australian Demo-
crats 7, independents 3,
House of Representatives-last held 24
March 1990 (next to be held by Novem-
ber 1993), results-Labor 39 7%, Liberal-
National 43%, Australian Democrats and
independents 111%, seats-(148 total)
Labor 78, Liberal-National 69, indepen-
dent 1
Communists: 4,000 members (est )
Other political or pressure groups: Austra-
lian Democratic Labor Party
(anti-Communist Labor Party splinter
group), Peace and Nuclear Disarmament
Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party splin-
ter group)
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS,
CCC, CIPEC (associate), Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, DAC, ESA, ESCAP,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IO0C, IPU,
IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-
International Whaling Commission,
IWC-International Wheat Council,
OECD, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Michael J COOK, Chancery at 1601
Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington
DC 20036, telephone [phone],
there are Australian Consulates General
in Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los
Angeles, New York, Pago Pago (Amer-
ican Samoa), and San Francisco, US-
Ambassador Melvin F SEMBLER, Moo-
nah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Austra-
lian Capital Territory 2600 (mailing ad-
dress is APO San Francisco 6404);
telephone [61] (62) 705000; there are US
Consulates General in Melbourne, Perth,
and Sydney, and a Consulate in Brisbane
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the
upper hoist-side quadrant and a large
seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side
quadrant, the remaining half is a repre-
sentation of the Southern Cross constella-
tion in white with one small five-pointed
star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars
Economy
Overview: Australia has a prosperous
Western-style capitalist economy, with a
per capita GNP comparable to levels in
industrialized West European countries
Rich in natural resources, Australia is a
major exporter of agricultural products,
minerals, metals, and fossil fuels Of the
top 25 exports, 21 are primary products,
so that, as happened during 1983-84, a
downturn in world commodity prices can
have a big impact on the economy The
government is pushing for increased ex-
ports of manufactured goods but competi-
tion in international markets will be se-
vere
GNP: $240 8 billion, per capita $14,300,
real growth rate 4 1% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8 0%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 6 0% (December
1989)
Budget: revenues $76 3 billion, expendi-
tures $69 1 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of NA (FY90 est )
Exports: $43 2 billion (f o b, FY89), com-
modities-wheat, barley, beef, lamb,
dairy products, wool, coal, iron ore, part-
ners-Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%,
South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, USSR
3%
Imports: $48 6 billion (c i f, FY89), com-
modities-manufactured raw materials,
capital equipment, consumer goods, part-
ners-US 22%, Japan 22%, UK 7%, FRG
6%, NZ 4% (1984)
External debt: $111 6 billion (September
1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 5 6%
(FY88)
Electricity: 38,000,000 kW capacity,
139,000 million kWh produced, 8,450
kWh per capita (1989)
Industries: mining, industrial and trans-
portation equipment, food processing,
chemicals, steel, motor vehicles
Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP and
37% of export revenues, world's largest
exporter of beef and wool, second-largest
for mutton, and among top wheat export-
ers, major crops-wheat, barley, sugar-
cane, fruit, livestock-cattle, sheep, poul-
try
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-87), $8 8 billion
Currency: Australian dollar (plural-dol-
lars), 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A)
per US$1-1 2784 (January 1990), 1 2618
(1989), 1 2752 (1988), 1 4267 (1987),
1 4905 (1986), 1 4269 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 40,478 km total, 7,970 km
1 600-meter gauge, 16,201 km
1 435-meter standard gauge, 16,307 km
1 067-meter gauge, 183 km dual gauge,
1,130 km electrified, government owned
(except for a few hundred kilometers of
privately owned track) (1985)
Highways: 837,872 km total, 243,750 km
paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone,
or stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km, mainly by
small, shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,500 km, refined
products, 500 km, natural gas, 5,600 km
Ports: Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Dar-
win, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Ho-
bart, Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne,
Sydney, Townsville
Merchant marine: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 2,300,049 GRT/3,493,802
DWT, includes 2 short-sea passenger, 7
cargo, 5 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off
cargo, 17 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
(POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 lique-
fied gas, 1 combination ore/oil, 1 livestock
carrier, 29 bulk
Civil air: around 150 major transport air-
craft
Airports: 564 total, 524 usable, 235 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 20 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 311 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
and domestic service, 8 7 million
telephones, stations-258 AM, 67 FM,
134 TV, submarine cables to New Zea-
land, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia,
domestic satellite service, satellite
stations-4 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6
Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Australian Navy, Austra-
lian Army, Royal Australian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,588,750, 4,009,127 fit for military ser-
vice, 136,042 reach military age (17) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: NA
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Austria
150 km
See region�I m�p V
Geography
Total area: 83,850 km2, land area 82,730
km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Maine
Land boundaries: 2,640 km total, Czecho-
slovakia 548 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy
430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Switzerland
164 km, FRG 784 km, Yugoslavia 311
km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Disputes: South Tyrol question with Italy
Climate: temperate, continental, cloudy,
cold winters with frequent rain in low-
lands and snow in mountains, cool sum-
mers with occasional showers
Terrain: mostly mountains with Alps in
west and south, mostly flat, with gentle
slopes along eastern and northern margins
Natural resources: iron ore, crude oil, tim-
ber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lig-
nite, copper, hydropower
Land use: 17% arable land, 1% permanent
crops, 24% meadows and pastures; 39%
forest and woodland, 19% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: because of steep slopes, poor
soils, and cold temperatures, population is
concentrated on eastern lowlands
Note: landlocked, strategic location at the
crossroads of central Europe with many
easily traversable Alpine passes and val-
leys, major river is the Danube
People
Population: 7,644,275 (July 1990), growth
rate 0 3% (1990)
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
80 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 5 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Austrian(s),
adjective�Austrian
Ethnic divisions: 99 4% German, 0 3%
Croatian, 0 2% Slovene, 0 1% other
Religion: 85% Roman Catholic, 6% Prot-
estant, 9% other
Language: German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 3,037,000, 56 4% services,
35 4% industry and crafts, 8 1% agricul-
ture and forestry, an estimated 200,000
Austrians are employed in other European
countries, foreign laborers in Austria
number 177,840, about 6% of labor force
(1988)
Organized labor: 1,672,820 members of
Austrian Trade Union Federation (1984)
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Administrative divisions: 9 states (bundes-
lander, singular�bundesland), Burgen-
land, Karnten, Niederosterreich,
Oberiasterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Ti-
rol, Vorarlberg, Wien
Independence: 12 November 1918 (from
Austro-Hungarian Empire)
Constitution: 1920, revised 1929
(reinstated 1945)
Legal system: civil law system with Ro-
man law origin, judicial review of legisla-
tive acts by a Constitutional Court, sepa-
rate administrative and civil/penal
supreme courts, has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 26 Octo-
ber (1955)
Executive branch: president, chancellor,
vice chancellor, Council of Ministers (cab-
inet)
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal As-
sembly (Bundesversammlung) consists of
an upper council or Federal Council (Bun-
desrat) and a lower council or National
Council (Nationalrat)
Judicial branch: Supreme Judicial Court
(Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and crimi-
nal cases, Administrative Court (Verwal-
tungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases,
Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgericht-
shop for constitutional cases
Leaders: Chief of State�President Kurt
WALDHEIM (since 8 July 1986),
Head of Government�Chancellor Franz
VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986), Vice
Chancellor Josef RIEGLER (since 19
May 1989)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist
Party of Austria (SPO), Franz Vramtzky,
chairman, Austrian People's Party (OVP),
Josef Riegler, chairman, Freedom Party
of Austria (FPO), Jorg.Haider, chairman,
Communist Party (KPO), Franz Muhri,
chairman, Green Alternative List (GAL),
Andreas Wabl, chairman
Suffrage: universal at age 19, compulsory
for presidential elections
Elections: President�last held 8 June
1986 (next to be held May 1992), results
of Second Ballot�Dr Kurt Waldheim
53 89%, Dr Kurt Steyrer 46 11%,
Federal Council�last held 23 November
1986 (next to be held November 1990),
results�percent of vote by party NA,
seats�(63 total) OVP 32, SPO 30, FPO
1,
National Council�last held 23 November
1986 (next to be held November 1990),
results�SPO 43 1%, OVP 41 3%, FPO
9 7%, GAL 4 8%, KPO 0 7%, other
0 32%, seats�(183 total) SPO 80, OVP
77, FPO 18, GAL 8
Communists: membership 15,000 est , ac-
tivists 7,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Federal
Chamber of Commerce and Industry,
Austrian Trade Union Federation (prima-
rily Socialist), three composite leagues of
the Austrian People's Party (OVP) repre-
senting business, labor, and farmers,
OVP-oriented League of Austrian Indus-
trialists, Roman Catholic Church, includ-
ing its chief lay organization, Catholic
Action
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe,
CCC, DAC, ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESA,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IDB�
Inter-American Development Bank,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, LEA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC�
International Wheat Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO, WSG, Austria is
neutral and is not a member of NATO or
the EC
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Friedrich HOESS, Embassy at 2343 Mas-
sachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC
20008, telephone [phone], there
are Austrian Consulates General in Chi-
cago, Los Angeles, and New York, US�
Ambassador Henry A GRUNWALD,
Embassy at Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091,
Vienna (mailing address is APO New
York 09108), telephone [43] (222) 31-55-
11, there is a US Consulate General in
Salzburg
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red
(top), white, and red
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The Bahamas
Economy
Overview: Austria boasts a prosperous and
stable capitalist economy with a sizable
proportion of nationalized industry and
extensive welfare benefits Thanks to an
excellent raw material endowment, a tech-
nically skilled labor force, and strong links
with West German industrial firms, Aus-
tria has successfully occupied specialized
niches in European industry and services
(tourism, banking) and produces almost
enough food to feed itself with only 8% of
the labor force in agriculture Living stan-
dards are roughly comparable with the
large industrial countries of Western Eu-
rope Problems for the 1990s include an
aging population and the struggle to keep
welfare benefits within budget capabilities
GDP: $103 2 billion, per capita $13,600,
real growth rate 4 2% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.7%
(1989)
Unemployment: 4 8% (1989)
Budget: revenues $34 2 billion; expendi-
tures $39 5 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of NA (1988)
Exports: $31 2 billion (f o b , 1989), com-
modities�machinery and equipment, iron
and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products,
chemicals, partners�FRG 35%, Italy
10%, Eastern Europe 9%, Switzerland 7%,
US 4%, OPEC 3%
Imports: $37 9 billion (c i f, 1989); com-
modities�petroleum, foodstuffs, machin-
ery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals,
textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals,
partners�FRG 44%, Italy 9%, Eastern
Europe 6%, Switzerland 5%, US 4%,
USSR 2%
External debt: $12 4 billion (December
1987)
Industrial production: growth rate 5 8%
(1989 est )
Electricity: 17,562,000 kW capacity,
49,290 million kWh produced, 6,500 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: foods, iron and steel, machines,
textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and
pulp, tourism, mining
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP (in-
cluding forestry), principal crops and ani-
mals�grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets,
sawn wood, cattle, pigs poultry, 80-90%
self-sufficient in food
Aid: donor�ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-87), $1 7 billion
Currency: Austrian schilling (plural�
schillings), 1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100
groschen
Exchange rates: Austrian schillings (S) per
US$1-11 907 (January 1990), 13 231
(1989), 12 348 (1988), 12 643 (1987),
15 267 (1986), 20 690 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 6,028 km total, 5,388 km gov-
ernment owned and 640 km privately
owned (1 435- and 1 000-meter gauge),
5,403 km 1 435-meter standard gauge of
which 3,051 km is electrified and 1,520
km is double tracked, 363 km 0 760-meter
narrow gauge of which 91 km is electri-
fied
Highways: 95,412 km total, 34,612 are
the primary network (including 1,012 km
of autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and
23,200 km of provincial roads), of this
number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800
km are unpaved, in addition, there are
60,800 km of communal roads (mostly
gravel, crushed stone, earth)
Inland waterways: 446 km
Ports: Vienna, Linz (river ports)
Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 209,311 GRT/366,401
DWT, includes 23 cargo, 1 container, 5
bulk
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km nat-
ural gas, 171 km refined products
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airports: 55 total, 54 usable, 19 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed and
efficient, 4,014,000 telephones, extensive
TV and radiobroadcast systems,
stations-6 AM, 21(544 repeaters) FM,
47 (867 repeaters) TV, satellite stations
operating in INTELSAT 1 Atlantic
Ocean earth station and 1 Indian Ocean
earth station and EUTELSAT systems
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Flying Division
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,970,189, 1,656,228 fit for military ser-
vice, 50,090 reach military age (19) annu-
ally
Defense expenditures: 1 1% of GDP, or
$1 1 billion (1989 est )
�
�1%
Freeport
�
NASSAU
Cay Sal Andros
Island
,
North
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional map III
200 km
Great Abaco
_ Alleuthera
. t Island
, . 9
Etema ta'24%, \
:ong Island
�
..) i
cz,
t
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Great Inagua
Geography
Total area: 13,940 km2, land area 10,070
km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Connecticut
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 3,542 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Climate: tropical marine, moderated by
warm waters of Gulf Stream
Terrain: long, flat coral formations with
some low rounded hills
Natural resources: salt, aragonite, timber
Land use: 1% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, NEGL% meadows and pas-
tures, 32% forest and woodland, 67%
other
Environment: subject to hurricanes and
other tropical storms that cause extensive
flood damage
Note: strategic location adjacent to US
and Cuba, extensive island chain
People
Population: 246,491 (July 1990), growth
rate 1 2% (1990)
Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male,
75 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 9 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Bahamian(s), adjec-
tive�Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 85% black, 15% white
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The Bahamas (continued)
Religion: Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%, Ro-
man Catholic 22%, smaller groups of
other Protestants, Greek Orthodox, and
Jews
Language: English, some Creole among
Haitian immigrants
Literacy: 95% (1986)
Labor force: 132,600, 30% government,
25% hotels and restaurants, 10% business
services, 5% agriculture (1986)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: The Commonwealth of
The Bahamas
Type: commonwealth
Capital: Nassau
Administrative divisions: 21 districts,
Abaco, Acklins Island, Andros Island,
Berry Islands, Biminis, Cat Island, Cay
Lobos, Crooked Island, Eleuthera, Exuma,
Grand Bahama, Harbour Island, Inagua,
Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, New
Providence, Ragged Island, Rum Cay,
San Salvador, Spanish Wells
Independence: 10 July 1973 (from UK)
Constitution: 10 July 1973
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
July (1973)
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor general, prime minister, deputy prime
minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
consists of an upper house or Senate and a
lower house or House of Assembly
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Acting Governor General Sir
Henry TAYLOR (since 26 June 1988),
Head of Government�Prime Minister Sir
Lynden Oscar PINDLING (since 16 Jan-
uary 1967)
Political parties and leaders: Progressive
Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden 0 Pind-
ling, Free National Movement (FNM),
Cecil Wallace-Whitfield
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: House of Assembly�last held
19 June 1987 (next to be held by June
1992), results�percent of vote by party
NA, seats�(49 total) PLP 31, FNM 16,
independents 2
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: Van-
guard Nationalist and Socialist Party
(VNSP), a small leftist party headed by
Lionel Carey, Trade Union Congress
(TUC), headed by Arlington Miller
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, CCC,
CDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDB�
Inter-American Development Bank, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Margaret E MCDONALD, Chancery at
Suite 865, 600 New Hampshire Avenue
NW, Washington DC 20037, telephone
[phone], there are Bahamian Con-
sulates General in Miami and New York,
US�Ambassador Chic HECHT, Em-
bassy at Mosmar Building, Queen Street,
Nassau (mailing address is P 0 Box N-
8197, Nassau), telephone [phone]
or 328-2206
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of
aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine
with a black equilateral triangle based on
the hoist side
Economy
Overview: The Bahamas is a stable,
middle-income developing nation whose
economy is based primarily on tourism
and offshore banking Tourism alone pro-
vides about 50% of GDP and directly or
indirectly employs about 50,000 people or
40% of the local work force The economy
has boomed in recent years, aided by a
steady annual increase in the number of
tourists The per capita GDP of over
$9,800 is one of the highest in the region
GDP: $2 4 billion, per capita $9,875, real
growth rate 2 0% (1988 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 1%
(1988)
Unemployment: 12% (1986)
Budget: revenues $555 million, expendi-
tures $702 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $138 million (1989 est )
Exports: $733 million (f o b , 1987), com-
modities�pharmaceuticals, cement, rum,
crawfish, partners�US 90%, UK 10%
Imports: $1 7 billion (c i f, 1987), com-
modities�foodstuffs, manufactured goods,
mineral fuels, partners�Iran 30%, Nige-
ria 20%, US 10%, EC 10%, Gabon 10%
External debt: $1 5 billion (September
1988)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 368,000 kW capacity, 857 mil-
lion kWh produced, 3,470 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: banking, tourism, cement, oil
refining and transshipment, salt produc-
tion, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spi-
ral weld, steel pipe
Agriculture: accounts for less than 5% of
GDP, dominated by small-scale producers,
principal products�citrus fruit, vegeta-
bles, poultry, large net importer of food
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-80), $42 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $344 million
Currency: Bahamian dollar (plural�dol-
lars), 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Bahamian dollar (B$) per
US$1-1 00 (fixed rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 2,400 km total, 1,350 km
paved, 1,050 km gravel
Ports: Freeport, Nassau
Merchant marine: 533 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 11,684,123 GRT/
19,574,532 DWT, includes 26 passenger,
15 short-sea passenger, 121 cargo, 40 roll-
on/roll-off cargo, 42 refrigerated cargo,
16 container, 6 car carrier, 123 petroleum,
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 lique-
fied gas, 19 combination ore/oil, 29 chem-
ical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 86 bulk,
3 combination bulk; note�a flag of conve-
nience registry
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airports: 59 total, 57 usable, 31 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 25 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
99,000 telephones in totally automatic sys-
tem, tropospheric scatter and submarine
cable links to Florida, stations-3 AM, 2
FM, 1 TV, 3 coaxial submarine cables,'
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bahamas Defense Force
(a coast guard element only), Royal Baha-
mas Police Force
Military manpower: NA
Defense expenditures: NA
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Bahrain
Persian Gulf
Al Mul)arraq
. MANAMA
�
Gulf of
Bahrain
See regional map VI
Mina Salmin
.K3
Sarah
Hawar Islands are
in dispute between
Bahrain and Qatar
10km
Geography
Total area: 620 km2, land area 620 km2
Comparative area: slightly less than 3 5
times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 161 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf not specific
Territorial sea 3 nm
Disputes: territorial dispute with Qatar
over the Hawar Islands
Climate: arid, mild, pleasant winters, very
hot, humid summers
Terrain: mostly low desert plain rising
gently to low central escarpment
Natural resources: oil, associated and no-
nassociated natural gas, fish
Land use: 2% arable land, 2% permanent
crops, 6% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 90% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: subsurface water sources
being rapidly depleted (requires develop-
ment of desalination facilities), dust
storms, desertification
Note: proximity to primary Middle East-
ern crude oil sources and strategic loca-
tion in Persian Gulf through which much
of Western world's crude oil must transit
to reach open ocean
People
Population: 520,186 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 2% (1990)
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 8 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male,
76 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 4 1 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Bahraini(s),
adjective�Bahraini
Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahraini, 13%
Asian, 10% other Arab, 8% Iranian, 6%
other
Religion: Muslim (70% Shea, 30% Sunni)
Language: Arabic (official), English also
widely spoken, Fars', Urdu
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 140,000, 42% of labor force
is Bahraini, 85% industry and commerce,
5% agriculture, 5% services, 3% govern-
ment (1982)
Organized labor: General Committee for
Bahrain Workers exists in only eight ma-
jor designated companies
Government
Long-form name: State of Bahrain
Type: traditional monarchy
Capital: Manama
Administrative divisions: 11 municipalities
(baladiyat, singular�baladiyah), Al Hadd,
Al Manamah, Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah,
Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash
Shamaliyah, Al Mubarraq, Ar Rifd` wa al
Mintaqah al Janabiyah, Jidd Hafs,
Madinat `Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Si-
trah
Independence: 15 August 1971 (from UK)
Constitution: 26 May 1973, effective 6
December 1973
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
English common law
National holiday: National Day, 16 De-
cember
Executive branch: amir, crown prince and
heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975
and legislative powers were assumed by
the Cabinet
Judicial branch: High Civil Appeals Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Amir `Isa bin
Salman Al KHALIFA (since 2 November
1961), Heir Apparent Hamad bin `Isa Al
KHALIFA (son of Amtr, born 28 January
1950),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Khalifa bin Salman Al KHALIFA, (since
19 January 1970)
Political parties and pressure groups: po-
litical parties prohibited, several small,
clandestine leftist and Shea fundamental-
ist groups are active
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
IDB�Islamic Development Bank, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Chan Muhammad AL-QUSAYBI, Chan-
cery at 3502 International Drive NW,
Washington DC 20008, telephone (202)
342-0741 or 342-0742, there is a Bahraini
Consulate General in New York, US�
Ambassador Dr Charles W HOSTLER,
Embassy at Shaikh Isa Road, Manama
(mailing address is P 0 26431, Manama,
or FPO New York 09526), telephone [973]
714151 through 714153
Flag: red with a white serrated band
(eight white points) on the hoist side
Economy
Overview: The oil price decline in recent
years has had an adverse impact on the
economy Petroleum production and pro-
cessing account for about 85% of export
receipts, 60% of government revenues, and
20% of GDP In 1986 soft oil-market con-
ditions led to a 5% drop in GDP, in sharp
contrast wit the 5% average annual
growth rate during the early 1980s The
slowdown in economic activity, however,
has helped to check the inflation of the
1970s The government's past economic
diversification efforts have moderated the
severity of the downturn but failed to
offset oil and gas revenue losses
GDP: $3 5 billion, per capita $7,550
(1987), real growth rate 0% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0 3%
(1988)
Unemployment: 8-10% (1989)
Budget: revenues $1,136 million, expendi-
tures $1,210 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $294 million (1987)
Exports: $24 billion (f o b , 1988 est ),
commodities�petroleum 80%, aluminum
7%, other 13%, partners�US, UAE, Ja-
pan, Singapore, Saudi Arabia
Imports: $2 5 billion (f o b, 1988 est ),
commodities�nonoil 59%, crude oil 41%,
partners�UK, Saudi Arabia, US, Japan
External debt: $1 1 billion (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate �3 1%
(1987)
Electricity: 1,652,000 kW capacity, 6,000
million kWh produced, 12,800 kWh per
capita (1989)
Industries: petroleum processing and re-
fining, aluminum smelting, offshore bank-
ing, ship repairing
Agriculture: including fishing, accounts for
less than 2% of GDP, not self-sufficient in
food production, heavily subsidized sector
produces fruit, vegetables, poultry, dairy
products, shrimp, and fish, fish catch
9,000 metric tons in 1987
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Bahrain (continued)
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-79), $24 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral Com-
mitments (1970-87), $28 million, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $9 8 billion
Currency: Bahraini dinar (plural�dinars),
1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils
Exchange rates: Bahraini dinars (BD) per
US$1-0 3760 (fixed rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 200 km bituminous surfaced,
including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi
Arabia opened in November 1986, NA
km natural surface tracks
Ports: Mina Salman, Mina al Manamah,
Sarah
Merchant marine: 1 cargo and 1 bulk
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 28,621 GRT/
44,137 DWT
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km, refined prod-
ucts, 16 km, natural gas, 32 km
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional telecommunications, adequate do-
mestic services, 98,000 telephones, sta-
tions-2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV, satellite earth
stations-1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT,
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARAB-
SAT, tropospheric scatter and microwave
to Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, submarine
cable to Qatar and UAE
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (Defense Force), Navy,
Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 183,580,
102,334 fit for military service
Defense expenditures: 5% of GDP, or
$194 million (1990 est )
Baker Island
(territory of the US)
300 m
North
See regional map X
Pacific Ocean
Geography
Total area: 1 4 km2, land area 1 4 km2
Comparative area: about 2 3 times the size
of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 4 8 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 m
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: equatorial, scant rainfall, con-
stant wind, burning sun
Terrain: low, nearly level coral island sur-
rounded by a narrow fringing reef
Natural resources: guano (deposits worked
until 1891)
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other
Environment: treeless, sparse and scattered
vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate
vines, and low growing shrubs, lacks fresh
water, primarily a nesting, roosting, and
foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds,
and marine wildlife
Note: remote location 2,575 km southwest
of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,
Just north of the Equator, about halfway
between Hawaii and Australia
People
Population: uninhabited
Note: American civilians evacuated in
1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks
during World War II; occupied by US
military during World War II, but aban-
doned after the war, public entry is by
special-use permit only and generally re-
stricted to scientists and educators; a cem-
etery and cemetery ruins located near the
middle of the west coast
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: unincorporated territory of the US
administered by the Fish and Wildlife
Service of the US Department of the Inte-
rior as part of the National Wildlife Ref-
uge system
Economy
Overview: no economic activity
Communications
Ports: none, offshore anchorage only, one
boat landing area along the the middle of
the west coast
Airports: 1 abandoned World War II run-
way of 1,665 m
Note: there is a day beacon near the mid-
dle of the west coast
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
US, visited annually by the US Coast
Guard
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Bangladesh
150 km
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Bay of Bengal
See regional map VIII
Geography
Total area: 144,000 km2, land area
133,910 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Wisconsin
Land boundaries: 4,246 km total; Burma
193 km, India 4,053 km
Coastline: 580 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 18 nm
Continental shelf up to outer limits of
continental margin
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: a portion of the boundary with
India is in dispute, water sharing problems
with upstream riparian India over the
Ganges
Climate: tropical; cool, dry winter (Oc-
tober to March), hot, humid summer
(March to June), cool, rainy monsoon
(June to October)
Terrain: mostly flat alluvial plain, hilly in
southeast
Natural resources: natural gas, uranium,
arable land, timber
Land use: 67% arable land; 2% permanent
crops, 4% meadows and pastures, 16%
forest and woodland, 11% other, includes
14% irrigated
Environment: vulnerable to droughts,
much of country routinely flooded during
summer monsoon season, overpopulation,
deforestation
Note: almost completely surrounded by
India
People
Population: 118,433,062 (July 1990),
growth rate 2 8% (1990)
Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 136 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male,
53 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Bangladeshi(s), adjec-
tive�Bangladesh
Ethnic divisions: 98% Bengali, 250,000
Bihans, and less than 1 million tnbals
Religion: 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu,
less than 1% Buddhist, Christian, and
other
Language: Bangla (official), English widely
used
Literacy: 29% (39% men, 18% women)
Labor force: 35,100,000, 74% agriculture,
15% services, 11% industry and
commerce, extensive export of labor to
Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, and Kuwait
(FY86)
Organized labor: 3% of labor force belongs
to 2,614 registered unions (1986 est )
Government
Long-form name: People's Republic of
Bangladesh
Type: republic
Capital: Dhaka
Administrative divisions: 64 districts (zilla-
gulo, singular�ztlla), Bagerhat,
Bandarban, Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Bor-
guna, BrahmanbAria, Chandpur, Chapai
Nawabganj, Chattagram, Chuadanga,
Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur,
Faridpur, Fern, Gaibandha, GAzipur,
GopAlgani, Hainan), Jaipurhat,
JamAlpur, Jessore, JhAlakati, Jhenaidah,
KhagrAchan, Khulna, Kishorgani,
KurTgram, Kushtia, Lalcsmipur, Lal-
monirhat, MAdAripur, MAgura,
Mamkgan), Meherpur, Moulavibazar,
Munshigam, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Na-
rail, NArAyanganj, Narsingdi, Nator, Ne-
trakona, NilphamAri, Noakhali, PAbna,
Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram,
Patualchali, Pirojpur, Rabari, Raishalu,
Rangpur, Satkhira, Shartyatpur, Sherpur,
Straigan), Sundmgan), Sylhet, Tanga'',
and Thakurgaon
Independence: 16 December 1971 (from
Pakistan, formerly East Pakistan)
Constitution: 4 November 1972, effective
16 December 1972, suspended following
coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 No-
vember 1986
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 26
March (1971)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, prime minister, three deputy prime
ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
(Jatiya Sangsad)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�President Hus-
sain Mohammad ERSHAD (since 11 De-
cember 1983, elected 15 October 1986),
Vice President Moudad AHMED (since
12 August 1989),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Qazt Zafar AHMED (since 12 August
1989)
Political parties and leaders: Jatiyo Party,
Hussain Mohammad Ershad, Bangladesh
Nationalist Party, Begum Ziaur Rahman,
Awami League, Sheikh Hasina Wazed,
United People's Party, Kazi Zafar
Ahmed, Democratic League, Khondakar
Mushtaque Ahmed, Muslim League,
Khan A Sabur, Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal
(National Socialist Party), M A Jahl,
Bangladesh Communist Party (pro-Soviet),
Saifuddin Ahmed Mantic,
Jamaat-E-Islami, Ali Khan
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 15 October
1986 (next to be held October 1991), re-
sults�President Hussain Mohammad Er-
shad received 83 5% of vote,
Parliament�last held 3 March 1988
(next to be held March 1993), results�
percent of vote by party NA, seats�(330
total, 300 elected and 30 seats reserved
for women) Jatiyo Party won 256 out of
300 seats
Communists: 5,000 members (1987 est )
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB�Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, NAM, OIC,
SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WFTU, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador A
H S Ataul KARIM, Chancery at 2201
Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington DC
20007, telephone [phone] through
8376, there is a Bangladesh Consulate
General in New York, US�Ambassador
Willard A DE PREE, Embassy at Diplo-
matic Enclave, Madam Avenue, Band-
hara Model Town, Dhaka (mailing ad-
dress is G P 0 Box 323, Ramna,
Dhaka); telephone [88] (2) 608170
Flag: green with a large red disk slightly
to the hoist side of center, green is the
traditional color of Islam
Economy
Overview: The economy is based on the
output of a narrow range of agricultural
products, such as jute, which is the main
cash crop and major source of export
earnings Bangladesh is hampered by a
relative lack of natural resources, a rapid
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Bangladesh (continued)
population growth of 2 8% a year and a
limited infrastructure, and it is highly vul-
nerable to natural disasters Despite these
constraints, real GDP averaged about
3 8% annually during 1985-88 One of the
poorest nations in the world, alleviation of
poverty remains the cornerstone of the
government's development strategy The
agricultural sector contributes over 50% to
GDP and 75% to exports, and employs
over 74% of the labor force Industry ac-
counts for about 10% of GDP
GDP: $20 6 billion, per capita $180, real
growth rate 2 1% (FY89 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8-10%
(FY89 est )
Unemployment rate: 30% (FY88 est )
Budget: revenues $1 8 billion, expenditures
$3 3 billion, including capital expenditures
of $1 7 billion (FY89)
Exports: $1 3 billion (f o b, FY89 est ),
commodities�jute, tea, leather, shrimp,
manufacturing, partners�US 25%, West-
ern Europe 22%, Middle East 9%, Japan
8%, Eastern Europe 7%
Imports: $3 1 billion (c i f, FY89 est ),
commodities�food, petroleum and other
energy, nonfood consumer goods, semipro-
cessed goods, and capital equipment, part-
ners�Western Europe 18%, Japan 14%,
Middle East 9%, US 8%
External debt: $10 4 billion (December
1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 5 4%
(FY89 est )
Electricity: 1,700,000 kW capacity, 4,900
million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: jute manufacturing, food pro-
cessing, cotton textiles, petroleum, urea
fertilizer
Agriculture: accounts for about 50% of
GDP and 74% of both employment and
exports, imports 10% of food grain
requirements, world's largest exporter of
jute, commercial products�jute, rice,
wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef,
milk, poultry, shortages include wheat,
vegetable oils and cotton, fish catch
778,000 metric tons in 1986
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-87), $3 2 billion, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1980-87), $9 5 billion, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $652 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $1 5 bil-
lion
Currency: taka (plural�taka), 1 taka (Tk)
= 100 paise
Exchange rates: taka (Tk) per US$1-
32 270 (January 1990), 32 270 (1989),
31 733 (1988), 30 950 (1987), 30 407
(1986), 27 995 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 2,892 km total (1986), 1,914
km 1 000 meter gauge, 978 km 1 676
meter broad gauge
Highways: 7,240 km total (1985), 3,840
km paved, 3,400 km unpaved
Inland waterways: 5,150-8,046 km naviga-
ble waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km
main cargo routes)
Ports: Chittagong, Chalna
Merchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 331,568 GRT/493,935
DWT, includes 38 cargo, 2 petroleum,
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 refrig-
erated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 3 bulk
Pipelines: 650 km natural gas
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airports: 16 total, 13 usable, 13 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radio communications and landline
service, fair domestic wire and microwave
service, fair broadcast service, 182,000
telephones, stations-9 AM, 6 FM, 11
TV, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT satellite
earth stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military forces�Bangladesh Rifles, Bang-
ladesh Ansars, Armed Police Reserve,
Coastal Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
28,110,802, 16,686,644 fit for military
service
Defense expenditures: 1 5% of GDP, or
$309 million (FY90 est )
Barbados
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Bathsheba
Caribbean
Sea
See regional map III
5 km
The Crane
Geography
Total area: 430 km2, land area 430 km2
Comparative area: slightly less than 2 5
times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 97 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical, rainy season (June to
October)
Terrain: relatively flat, rises gently to cen-
tral highland region
Natural resources: crude oil, fishing, natu-
ral gas
Land use: 77% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 9% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 14% other
Environment: subject to hurricanes (espe-
cially June to October)
Note: easternmost Caribbean island
People
Population: 262,688 (July 1990), growth
rate 06% (1990)
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �5 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
77 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 1 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Barbadian(s), adjec-
tive�Barbadian
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 16% mixed,
4% European
Religion: 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist,
4% Roman Catholic, 17% other, including
Moravian
Language: English
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Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 112,300, 37% services and
government, 22% commerce, 22% manu-
facturing and construction, 9% transporta-
tion, storage, communications, and finan-
cial institutions, 8% agriculture, 2%
utilities (1985 est )
Organized labor: 32% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Bridgetown
Administrative divisions: 11 parishes, Chr-
ist Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George,
Saint James, Saint John, Saint Joseph,
Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter,
Saint Philip, Saint Thomas, note�there
may a new city of Bridgetown
Independence: 30 November 1966 (from
UK)
Constitution: 30 November 1966
Legal system: English common law, no
judicial review of legislative acts
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
November (1966)
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor general, prime minister, deputy prime
minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
consists of an upper house or Senate and a
lower house or House of Assembly
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Judica-
ture
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor General Sir Hugh
SPRINGER (since 24 February 1984);
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2
June 1987)
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Labor Party (DLP), Erskine Sandiford,
Barbados Labor Party (BLP), Henry
Forde, National Democratic Party (NDP),
Richie Haynes
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: House of Assembly�last held
28 May 1986 (next to be held by May
1991), results�DLP 59 4%, BLP 40 6%,
seats�(27 total) DLP 24, BLP 3, note�a
split in the DLP in February 1989
resulted in the formation of the NDP,
changing the status of seats to DLP 20,
NDP 4, BLP 3
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Indus-
trial and General Workers Union, Bobby
Clarke, People's Progressive Movement,
Eric Sealy, Workers' Party of Barbados,
Dr George Belle
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IBRD, ICAO, IDB�Inter-American De-
velopment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO,
ITU, IWC�International Wheat Council,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Sir William DOUGLAS, Chancery at
2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington
DC 20008, telephone [phone]
through 9202, there is a Barbadian Con-
sulate General in New York and a Consu-
late in Los Angeles, US�Ambassador-
nominee G Philip HUGHES, Embassy at
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown
(mailing address is P 0 Box 302, Bridge-
town or FPO Miami 34054), telephone
[phone] through 4957
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue
(hoist side), yellow, and blue with the head
of a black trident centered on the gold
band, the trident head represents indepen-
dence and a break with the past (the colo-
nial coat of arms contained a complete
trident)
Economy
Overview: A per capita income of $5,250
gives Barbados the highest standard of
living of all the small island states of the
eastern Caribbean Historically, the econ-
omy was based on the cultivation of sug-
arcane and related activities In recent
years, however, the economy has diversi-
fied into manufacturing and tourism The
tourist industry is now a major employer
of the labor force and a primary source of
foreign exchange A high unemployment
rate of about 19% in 1988 remains one of
the most serious economic problems facing
the country
GDP: $1 3 billion, per capita $5,250 (1988
est ), real growth rate 3 7% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 7%
(1988)
Unemployment: 18 6% (1988)
Budget: revenues $476 million, expendi-
tures $543 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $94 million (FY86)
Exports: $173 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�sugar and molasses, electrical
components, clothing, rum, machinery and
transport equipment, partners US 30%,
CARICOM, UK, Puerto Rico, Canada
Imports: $582 million (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�foodstuffs, consumer durables,
raw materials, crude oil, partners�US
34%, CARICOM, Japan, UK, Canada
External debt: $635 million (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate �5 4%
(1987 est )
Electricity: 132,000 kW capacity, 460 mil-
lion kWh produced, 1,780 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: tourism, sugar, light manufac-
turing, component assembly for export
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP,
major cash crop is sugarcane, other
crops�vegetables and cotton, not self-
sufficient in food
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-84), $14 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $144 million
Currency: Barbadian dollars (plural�dol-
lars); 1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100
cents
Exchange rates: Barbadian dollars (Bds$)
per US$1-2 0113 (fixed rate)
Fiscal year: 1 April-3I March
Communications
Highways: 1,570 km total, 1,475 km
paved, 95 km gravel and earth
Ports: Bridgetown
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 3,200 GRT/7,338
DWT
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic
telephone system with 89,000 telephones,
tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad and
St Lucia, stations-3 AM, 2 FM, 2 (1 is
pay) TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Barbados Defense Force, Royal
Barbados Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 67,677,
47,566 fit for military service, no conscrip-
tion
Defense expenditures: 0 6% of GDP (1986)
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Bassas da India
(French possession)
3 km
reels
Mozambique
Channel
eels
reefs
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: undetermined
Comparative area: undetermined
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 35 2 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: claimed by Madagascar
Climate: tropical
Terrain: a volcanic rock 2 4 m high
Natural resources: none
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland; 100% other (rock)
Environment: surrounded by reefs; subject
to periodic cyclones
Note: navigational hazard since it is usu-
ally under water during high tide, located
in southern Mozambique Channel about
halfway between Africa and Madagascar
People
Population: uninhabited
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: French possession administered by
Commissioner of the Republic Daniel
CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
Economy
Overview: no economic activity
Communications
Ports: none, offshore anchorage only
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of
France
Belgium
50 km
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 30,510 km2; land area 30,230
km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Maryland
Land boundaries: 1,385 km total, France
620 km, Luxembourg 148 km, Nether-
lands 450 km, FRG 167 km
Coastline: 64 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf not specific
Exclusive fishing zone equidistant line
with neighbors (extends about 68 km
from coast)
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: temperate, mild winters, cool
summers, rainy, humid, cloudy
Terrain: flat coastal plains in northwest,
central rolling hills, rugged mountains of
Ardennes Forest in southeast
Natural resources: coal, natural gas
Land use: 24% arable land, 1% permanent
crops, 20% meadows and pastures, 21%
forest and woodland, 34% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: air and water pollution
Note: majority of West European capitals
within 1,000 km of Brussels, crossroads of
Western Europe, Brussels is the seat of
the EC
People
Population: 9,909,285 (July 1990), growth
rate 0 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
80 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 6 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Belgian(s), adjective�
Belgian
Ethnic divisions: 55% Fleming, 33% Wal-
loon, 12% mixed or other
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, remainder
Protestant or other
Language: 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32%
French, 1% German; 11% legally bilin-
gual, divided along ethnic lines
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4,000,000, 58% services, 37%
industry, 5% agriculture (1987)
Organized labor: 70% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces
(French�provinces, singular�province,
Flemish�provincien, singular�provincie),
Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege,
Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur,
Oost-Vlaanderen, West-Vlaanderen
Independence: 4 October 1830 (from the
Netherlands)
Constitution: 7 February 1831, last revised
8-9 August 1980, the government is in the
process of revising the Constitution, with
the aim of federalizing the Belgian state
Legal system: civil law system influenced
by English constitutional theory, judicial
review of legislative acts, accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 21 July
(ascension of King Leopold to the throne
in 1831)
Executive branch: monarch, prime minis-
ter, five deputy prime ministers, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
consists of an upper chamber or Senate
(Flemish�Senaat, French�Senat) and a
lower chamber or Chamber of Represen-
tatives (Flemish�Kamer van Volksverte-
genwoordigers, French�Chambre des Re-
presentants)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice
(Flemish�Hof van Cassatie, French�
Cour de Cassation)
Leaders: Chief of State�King BAUD-
OUIN I (since 17 July 1951), Heir Appar-
ent Prince ALBERT of Liege (brother of
the King, born 6 June 1934),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Wilfried MARTENS, (since April 1979,
with a 10-month interruption in 1981)
Political parties and leaders: Flemish So-
cial Christian (CVP), Herman van Rom-
puy, president, Walloon Social Christian
(PSC), Gerard Deprez, president, Flemish
Socialist (SP), Frank Vandenbroucke,
president, Walloon Socialist (PS), Guy
Spitaels, president, Flemish Liberal
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(PVV), Guy Verhofstadt, president, Wal-
loon Liberal (PRL), Antoine Duquesne,
president, Francophone Democratic Front
(FDF), Georges Clerfayt, president, Volk-
sum (VU), Jaak Gabriels, president,
Communist Party (PCB), Louis van Geyt,
president, Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel Dil-
len, other minor parties
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18
Elections: Senate-last held 13 December
1987 (next to be held December 1991),
results-CVP 19 2%, PS 15 7%, SP
147%, PVV 11 3%, PRL 93%, VU 8 1%,
PSC 78%, ECOLO-AGALEV 77%, VB
2 0%, VDF 1 3%, other 1 96%, seats-
(106 total) CVP 22, PS 20, SP 17, PRL
12, PVV 11, PSC 9, VU 8,
ECOLO-AGALEV 5, VB 1, FDF 1,
Chamber of Representatives-last held 13
December 1987 (next to be held Decem-
ber 1991), results-CVP 19 45%, PS
1566%, SP 1488%, PVV 11 55%, PRL
941%, PSC 8 01%, VU 8 05%, ECOLO-
AGALEV 7 05%, VB 1 90%, FDF 1 16%,
other 2 88%, seats-(212 total) CVP 43,
PS 40, SP 32, PVV 25, PRL 23, PSC 19,
VU 16, ECOLO-AGALEV 9, FDF 3, VB
2
Communists: under 5,000 members (De-
cember 1985 est )
Other political or pressure groups: Chris-
tian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federa-
tion of Belgian Industries, numerous other
associations representing bankers, manu-
facturers, middle-class artisans, and the
legal and medical professions, various or-
ganizations represent the cultural interests
of Flanders and Wallonia, various peace
groups such as the Flemish Action Com-
mittee Against Nuclear Weapons and Pax
Christi
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, CCC,
Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE,
ECOSOC, EIB, EMS, ESA, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO,
IDA, IDB-Inter-American Development
Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (ob-
server), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Herman DEHENNIN, Chancery at 3330
Garfield Street NW, Washington DC
20008, telephone [phone], there
are Belgian Consulates General in At-
lanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
and New York, US-Ambassador Mayn-
ard W GLITMAN, Embassy at 27 Bou-
levard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels
(mailing address is APO New York
09667), telephone [32] (2) 513-3830; there
is a US Consulate General in Antwerp
Flag: three equal vertical bands of black
(hoist side), yellow, and red, the design
was based on the flag of France
Economy
Overview: This small private-enterprise
economy has capitalized on its central
geographic location, highly developed
transport network, and diversified indus-
trial and commercial base Industry is
concentrated mainly in the populous
Flemish area in the north, although the
government is encouraging reinvestment
in the southern region of Walloon With
few natural resources Belgium must im-
port essential raw materials, making its
economy closely dependent on the state of
world markets In 1988 over 70% of trade
was with other EC countries During the
period 1986-88 the economy profited from
falling oil prices and a lower dollar, which
helped to improve the terms of trade Real
GDP grew by an average of 3 5% in 1986-
89, up from 1 5% in 1985 However, a
large budget deficit and 10% unemploy-
ment cast a shadow on the economy
GDP: $136 0 billion, per capita $13,700,
real growth rate 4 5% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3 6%
(1989 est )
Unemployment rate: 9 7% est (1989 est )
Budget: revenues $45 0 billion, expendi-
tures $55 3 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of NA (1989)
Exports: $100 3 billion (f o b , 1989)
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union,
commodities-iron and steel, transporta-
tion equipment, tractors, diamonds, petro-
leum products, partners-EC 74%, US
5%, Communist countries 2% (1988)
Imports: $100 1 billion (c 1 f, 1989)
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union,
commodities-fuels, grains, chemicals,
foodstuffs, partners-EC 72%, US 5%,
oil-exporting less developed countries 4%,
Communist countries 3% (1988)
External debt: $27 5 billion (1988)
Industrial production: growth rate 6 4%
(1988)
Electricity: 17,325,000 kW capacity,
62,780 million kWh produced, 6,350 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: engineering and metal prod-
ucts, processed food and beverages, chemi-
cals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petro-
leum, coal
Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP, em-
phasis on livestock production-beef, veal,
pork, milk, major crops are sugar beets,
fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, and
tobacco, net importer of farm products
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-87), $4 3 billion
Currency: Belgian franc (plural-francs), 1
Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Belgian francs (BF) per
US$1-35 468 (January 1990), 39 404
(1989), 36 768 (1988), 37 334 (1987),
44 672 (1986), 59 378 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Belgian National Railways
(SNCB) operates 3,667 km 1 435-meter
standard gauge, government owned, 2,563
km double track, 1,978 km electrified, 191
km 1 000-meter gauge, government owned
and operated
Highways: 103,396 km total, 1,317 km
limited access, divided autoroute, 11,717
km national highway, 1,362 km provincial
road, about 38,000 km paved and 51,000
km unpaved rural roads
Inland waterways: 2,043 km (1,528 km in
regular commercial use)
Ports: Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende,
Zeebrugge, 1 secondary, and 1 minor
maritime, 11 inland
Merchant marine: 67 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 1,854,898 GRT/3,071,637
DWT, includes 1 short-sea passenger, 10
cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 6 container, 7
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/
oil, 9 chemical tanker, 13 bulk, 6 combi-
nation bulk
Pipelines: refined products 1,167 km,
crude 161 km, natural gas 3,300 km
Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
Airports: 42 total, 42 usable, 24 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international telephone and telegraph
facilities, 4,560,000 telephones, stations-
8 AM, 19 FM (41 relays), 25 TV (10
relays), 5 submarine cables, satellite earth
stations operating in INTELSAT 3 Atlan-
tic Ocean and EUTELSAT systems
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower males 15-49,
2,512,681, 2,114,701 fit for military ser-
vice; 66,758 reach military age (19) annu-
ally
Defense expenditures: 2 7% of GDP, or
$3 7 billion (1989 est )
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Belize
75 km
Belize City
BELMOPAN
Punta Gorda
See regional map Iii
1
'Caribbean
Sea
Geography
Total area: 22,960 km2, land area 22,800
km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Massachusetts
Land boundaries: 516 km total, Guate-
mala 266 km, Mexico 250 km
Coastline: 386 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea 3 nm
Disputes: claimed by Guatemala, but
boundary negotiations are under way
Climate: tropical, very hot and humid,
rainy season (May to February)
Terrain: flat, swampy coastal plain, low
mountains in south
Natural resources: arable land potential,
timber, fish
Land use: 2% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 2% meadows and pastures,
44% forest and woodland, 52% other, in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: frequent devastating hurri-
canes (September to December) and
coastal flooding (especially in south), de-
forestation
Note: national capital moved 80 km in-
land from Belize City to Belmopan be-
cause of hurricanes, only country in Cen-
tral America without a coastline on the
North Pacific Ocean
People
Population: 219,737 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 7% (1990)
Birth rate: 38 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 35 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male,
72 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 4 8 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Belizean(s),
adjective�Belizean
Ethnic divisions: 39 7% Creole, 33 1%
Mestizo, 9 5% Maya, 7 6% Ganfuna,
2 1% East Indian, 8 0% other
Religion: 60% Roman Catholic, 40% Prot-
estant (Anglican, Seventh-Day Adventist,
Methodist, Baptist, Jehovah's Witnesses,
Mennonite)
Language: English (official), Spanish,
Maya, Ganfuna (Carib)
Literacy: 93% (est )
Labor force: 51,500, 30 0% agriculture,
16 0% services, 15 4% government, 11 2%
commerce, 10 3% manufacturing, shortage
of skilled labor and all types of technical
personnel (1985)
Organized labor: 30% of labor force, 11
unions currently active
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: parliamentary
Capital: Belmopan
Administrative divisions: 6 districts, Belize,
Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann
Creek, Toledo
Independence: 21 September 1981 (from
UK, formerly British Honduras)
Constitution: 21 September 1981
Legal system: English law
National holiday: Independence Day, 21
September
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor general, prime minister, deputy prime
minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral National
Assembly consists of an upper house or
Senate and a lower house or House of
Representatives
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor General Dame Elmira
Minita GORDON (since 21 September
1981),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September
1989)
Political parties and leaders: People's
United Party (PUP), George Price, Floren-
cio Mann, Said Musa, United Democratic
Party (UDP), Manuel Esquivel, Curl
Thompson, Dean Barrow, Belize Popular
Party (BPP), Louis Sylvestre
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: National Assembly�last held 4
September 1989 (next to be held Septem-
ber 1994), results�percent of vote by
party NA, seats�(28 total) PUP 15 seats,
UDP 13 seats, note�in January 1990 one
member expelled from UDP joined PUP,
making the seat count 16 PUP, UDP 12
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Society
for the Promotion of Education and Re-
search (SPEAR) headed by former PUP
minister, United Workers Front
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, CDB,
Commonwealth, FAO, GATT, IBRD,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, G-77, ISO,
ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Edward A LAING, Chancery at Suite
2J, 3400 International Drive NW, Wash-
ington DC 20008, telephone (202) 363-
4505, US�Ambassador Robert G RICH,
Jr, Embassy at Gabourel Lane and Hut-
son Street, Belize City (mailing address is
P 0 Box 286, Belize City), telephone
[501] 77161 through 77163
Flag: blue with a narrow red stripe along
the top and the bottom edges, centered is
a large white disk bearing the coat of
arms, the coat of arms features a shield
flanked by two workers with a mahogany
tree at the top and the related motto SUB
UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the
Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encir-
cled by a green garland
Economy
Overview: The economy is based primarily
on agriculture and merchandising Agri-
culture accounts for more than 30% of
GDP and provides 75% of export earnings,
while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for
almost 40% of hard currency earnings
The US, Belize's main trading partner, is
assisting in efforts to reduce dependency
on sugar with an agricultural diversifica-
tion program In 1987 the drop in income
from sugar sales to the US because of
quota reductions was almost totally offset
by higher world prices for sugar
GDP: $225 6 million, per capita $1,285,
real growth rate 6% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1 5%
(1988)
Unemployment rate: 14% (1988 est )
Budget: revenues $94 6 million, expendi-
tures $74 3 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $33 9 million (1988 est )
Exports: $120 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�sugar, clothing, seafood, molas-
ses, citrus, wood and wood products, part-
ners�US 47%, UK, Trinidad and
Tobago, Canada (1987)
Imports: $176 million (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�machinery and transportation
equipment, food, manufactured goods, fu-
els, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
partners�US 55%, UK, Netherlands
Antilles, Mexico (1987)
External debt: $140 million (December
1988)
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Benin
Industrial production: growth rate 6%
(1988)
Electricity: 34,000 kW capacity, 88 mil-
lion kWh produced, 500 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: sugar refining, clothing, timber
and forest products, furniture, rum, soap,
beverages, cigarettes, tourism
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP (in-
cluding fish and forestry), commercial
crops include sugarcane, bananas, coca,
citrus fruits, expanding output of lumber
and cultured shrimp, net importer of basic
foods
Illicit drugs: an illicit producer of cannabis
for the international drug trade, eradica-
tion program cut marijuana production
from 200 metric tons in 1987 to 66 metric
tons in 1989, transshipment point for co-
caine
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $94 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $194 million
Currency: Belizean dollar (plural�dol-
lars), 1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Belizean dollars (Bz$) per
US$1-2 00 (fixed rate)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 2,575 km total, 340 km paved,
1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved earth,
and 310 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 825 km river network
used by shallow-draft craft, seasonally
navigable
Ports: Belize City, Belize City Southwest
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airports: 38 total, 30 usable, 4 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 2,439 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 8,650 telephones,
above-average system based on radio re-
lay, stations-6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1
shortwave, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: British Forces Belize, Belize
Defense Force, Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 50,988,
30,502 fit for military service, 2,500 reach
military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: 2 0% of GDP, or
$4 6 million (1989 est )
150km
.Nalitingou
P Ok0u.
Aborney.
t
Cotono
Bight of Benin
See regional map VII
alanville
PORTO-NOVO
Geography
Total area: 112,620 km2, land area
110,620 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Pennsylvania
Land boundaries: 1,989 km total, Burkina
306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km,
Togo 644 km
Coastline: 121 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea 200 nm
Climate: tropical, hot, humid in south, se-
miarid in north
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plain,
some hills and low mountains
Natural resources: small offshore oil de-
posits, limestone, marble, timber
Land use: 12% arable land, 4% permanent
crops, 4% meadows and pastures, 35%
forest and woodland, 45% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan
wind may affect north in winter, defores-
tation, desertification
Note: recent droughts have severely af-
fected marginal agriculture in north, no
natural harbors
People
Population: 4,673,964 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 3% (1990)
Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/
1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 121 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male,
52 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Beninese (sing, p1),
adjective�Beninese
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic
groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), 5,500 Europeans
Religion: 70% indigenous beliefs, 15%
Muslim, 15% Christian
Language: French (official), Fon and Yo-
ruba most common vernaculars in south,
at least six major tribal languages in
north
Literacy: 25 9%
Labor force: 1,900,000 (1987), 60% agri-
culture, 38% transport, commerce, and
public services, less than 2% industry,
49% of population of working age (1985)
Organized labor: about 75% of wage earn-
ers
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Benin
Type: dropped Marxism-Leninism Decem-
ber 1989, democratic reforms adopted
February 1990, transition to multiparty
system by 1991 planned
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de
facto)
Administrative divisions: 6 provinces, Ata-
kora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Ouerne,
Zou
Independence: 1 August 1960 (from
France, formerly Dahomey)
Constitution: 23 May 1977 (nullified 1
March 1990), new constitution to be
drafted by April 1990
Legal system: based on French civil law
and customary law, has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 30 No-
vember (1975)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Revolutionary Assembly (Assemblee Na-
tionale Revolutionnaire) dissolved 1
March 1990 and replaced by a
24-member interim High Council of the
Republic during the transition period
Judicial branch: Central People's Court
(Cour Central Populaire)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Mathieu KEREKOU
(since 27 October 1972)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
(PRPB), President Mathieu Kerekou,
chairman of the Central Committee
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held July 1989
(next to be held July 1994), results�Presi-
dent Mathieu Kerekou was reelected by
the National Revolutionary Assembly,
National Revolutionary Assembly�dis-
solved 1 March 1990 and replaced by a
24-member interim High Council of the
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Benin (continued)
Republic with legislative elections for new
institutions planned for February 1991
Communists: dropped Marxism-Leninism
December 1989
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO, EAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, Niger River
Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Theophile NATA, Chancery at 2737 Ca-
thedral Avenue NW, Washington DC
20008, telephone [phone], US�
Ambassador Harriet ISOM, Embassy at
Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou
(mailing address is B P 2012, Cotonou),
telephone [229] 30-06-50
Flag: green with a red five-pointed star in
the upper hoist-side corner
Economy
Overview: Benin is one of the least devel-
oped countries in the world because of
limited natural resources and a poorly de-
veloped infrastructure Agriculture ac-
counts for almost 45% of GDP, employs
about 60% of the labor force, and gener-
ates a major share of foreign exchange
earnings The industrial sector contributes
only about 15% to GDP and employs 2%
of the work force. Persistently low prices
in recent years have limited hard currency
earnings from Benin's major exports of
agricultural products and crude oil
GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $335, real
growth rate 1 8% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 3%
(1988)
Unemployment: NA
Budget: revenues $168 million, expendi-
tures $317 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $97 million (1989)
Exports: $226 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�crude oil, cotton, palm prod-
ucts, cocoa, partners�FRG 36%, France
16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 7%
Imports: $413 million (f o b , 1988); com-
modities�foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco,
petroleum products, intermediate goods,
capital goods, light consumer goods, part-
ners�France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Ja-
pan 7%, Italy 6%, US 5%
External debt: $1 0 billion (December
1989 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate �0.7%
(1988)
Electricity: 28,000 kW capacity, 24 mil-
lion kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: palm oil and palm kernel oil
processing, textiles, beverages, petroleum
Agriculture: small farms produce 90% of
agricultural output, production is domi-
nated by food crops�corn, sorghum, cas-
sava, beans, and rice; cash crops include
cotton, palm oil, and peanuts, poultry and
livestock output has not kept up with con-
sumption
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $41 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $1 0 billion, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-88), $101 million
Currency: Communaute Financiere Afri-
caine franc (plural�francs), I CFA franc
(CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere
Africame francs (CFAF) per US$1-
287 99 (January 1990), 319 01 (1989),
297 85 (1988), 300 54 (1987), 346.30
(1986), 449 26 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 578 km, all 1 000-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 5,050 km total; 920 km paved,
2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth
Inland waterways: navigable along small
sections, important only locally
Ports: Cotonou
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000
GRT or over) of 2,999 GRT/4,407 DWT
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airports: 6 total, 5 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 2,439 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire, submarine cable, and radio relay,
16,200 telephones, stations-2 AM, 2
FM, 1 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
satellite earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
2,015,206, of the 950,921 males 15-49,
486,620 are fit for military service, of the
1,064,285 females 15-49, 537,049 are fit
for military service, about 55,550 males
and 53,663 females reach military age
(18) annually; both sexes are liable for
military service
Defense expenditures: 1 7% of GDP, or
$28 9 million (1988 est )
Bermuda
(dependent territory of the UK)
5 km
Saint George
North Atlantic Ocean
omerset
teat I
SoundDiro.o
....�
North Atlantic Ocean
See regional map II
Geography
Total area: 50 km2, land area 50 km2
Comparative area: about 0 3 times the size
of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 103 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: subtropical, mild, humid, gales,
strong winds common in winter
Terrain: low hills separated by fertile de-
pressions
Natural resources: limestone, pleasant cli-
mate fostering tourism
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures, 20%
forest and woodland; 80% other
Environment: ample rainfall, but no rivers
or freshwater lakes, consists of about 360
small coral islands
Note: 1,050 km east of North Carolina,
some reclaimed land leased by US Gov-
ernment
People
Population: 58,337 (July 1990), growth
rate 1 5% (1990)
Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �6 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male,
78 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Bermudian(s), adjec-
tive�Bermudian
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Ethnic divisions: 61% black, 39% white
and other
Religion: 37% Anglican, 14% Roman
Catholic, 10% African Methodist Episco-
pal (Zion), 6% Methodist, 5% Seventh-
Day Adventist, 28% other
Language: English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 32,000, 25% clerical, 22%
services, 21% laborers, 13% professional
and technical, 10% administrative and
managerial, 7% sales, 2% agriculture and
fishing (1984)
Organized labor: 8,573 members (1985),
largest union is Bermuda Industrial Union
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Hamilton
Administrative divisions: 9 parishes and 2
municipalities*, Devonshire, Hamilton,
Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint
George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smiths,
Southampton, Warwick
Independence: none (dependent territory of
the UK)
Constitution: 8 June 1968
Legal system: English law
National holiday: Bermuda Day, 22 May
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor, deputy governor, premier, deputy pre-
mier, Executive Council (cabinet)
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
consists of an upper house or Senate and a
lower house or House of Assembly
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor Sir Desmond LAN-
GLEY (since NA October 1988),
Head of Government�Premier John Wil-
liam David SWAN (since NA January
1982)
Political parties and leaders: United Ber-
muda Party (UBP), John W D Swan,
Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Frederick
Wade, National Liberal Party (NLP), Gil-
bert Darrell
Suffrage: universal at age 21
Elections: House of Assembly�last held
9 February 1989 (next to be held by Feb-
ruary 1994), results�percent of vote by
party NA, seats�(40 total) UBP 23, PLP
15, NLP 1, other 1
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Ber-
muda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by
Ottiwell Simmons
Member of: INTERPOL, WHO
Diplomatic representation: as a dependent
territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests
in the US are represented by the UK,
US�Consul General James M MEDAS,
Consulate General at Vallis Building, Par-
la-Ville Road (off Front Street West), Ha-
milton (mailing address is P 0 Box 325,
Hamilton, or FPO New York 09560), tele-
phone [phone]
Flag: red with the flag of the UK in the
upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermu-
dian coat of arms (white and blue shield
with a red lion holding a scrolled shield
showing the sinking of the ship Sea Ven-
ture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the
outer half of the flag
Economy
Overview: Bermuda enjoys one of the
highest per capita incomes in the world,
having successfully exploited its location
by providing luxury tourist facilities and
financial services The tourist industry at-
tracts more than 90% of its business from
North America The industrial sector is
small, and agriculture is severely limited
by a lack of suitable land About 80% of
food needs are imported
GDP: $1 3 billion, per capita $23,000, real
growth rate 2 0% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 8%
(1988)
Unemployment: 20% (1988)
Budget: revenues $280 million, expendi-
tures $279 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $34 million (FY89 est )
Exports: $23 million (fob ,1985), com-
modities�semitropical produce, light
manufactures, partners�US 25%, Italy
25%, UK 14%, Canada 5%, other 31%
Imports: $402 million (c.i f, 1985), com-
modities�fuel, foodstuffs, machinery,
partners�US 58%, Netherlands Antilles
9%, UK 8%, Canada 6%, Japan 5%, other
14%
External debt: NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 134,000 kW capacity, 446 mil-
lion kWh produced, 7,680 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: tourism, finance, structural
concrete products, paints, pharmaceuti-
cals, ship repairing
Agriculture: accounts for less than 1% of
GDP, most basic foods must be imported,
produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits,
flowers, dairy products
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $267 million
Currency: Bermudian dollar (plural�dol-
lars); 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100
cents
Exchange rates: Bermudian dollar (Bd$)
per US$1-1 0000 (fixed rate)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 210 km public roads, all paved
(about 400 km of private roads)
Ports: Freeport, Hamilton, St George
Merchant marine: 93 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 4,163,947 GRT/7,744,319
DWT, includes 2 short-sea passenger, 10
cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 5 container,
10 roll-on/roll-off, 27 petroleum, oils, and
lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical
tanker, 1 combination ore/oil, 10 liquefied
gas, 20 bulk, note�a flag of convenience
registry
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern with fully
automatic telephone system, 46,290 tele-
phones, stations-5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV, 3
submarine cables, 2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth stations
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
UK
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Bhutan
75 km
See regional map VIII
Geography
Total area: 47,000 km2 land area 47,000
km2
Comparative area: slightly more than half
the size of Indiana
Land boundaries: 1,075 km total, China
470 km, India 605 km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Climate: varies; tropical in southern
plains, cool winters and hot summers in
central valleys, severe winters and cool
summers in Himalayas
Terrain: mostly mountainous with some
fertile valleys and savanna
Natural resources: timber, hydropower,
gypsum, calcium carbide
Land use: 2% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 5% meadows and pastures,
70% forest and woodland, 23% other
Environment: violent storms coming down
from the Himalayas were the source of
the country name which translates as
Land of the Thunder Dragon
Note: landlocked, strategic location be-
tween China and India, controls several
key Himalayan mountain passes
People
Population: 1,565,969 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 0% (1990)
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 137 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male,
48 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5 0 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Bhutanese (sing, p1),
adjective�Bhutanese
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhote, 25% ethnic
Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant
tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25%
Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hindu-
ism
Language: Bhotes speak various Tibetan
dialects�most widely spoken dialect is
Dzongkha (official), Nepalese speak vari-
ous Nepalese dialects
Literacy: 5%
Labor force: NA, 95% agriculture, 1%
industry and commerce, massive lack of
skilled labor (1983)
Organized labor: not permitted
Government
Long-form name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy, special treaty relation-
ship with India
Capital: Thimphu
Administrative divisions: 3 regions and 1
division*, Central Bhutan, Eastern Bhu-
tan, Southern Bhutan*, Western Bhutan,
note�there may now be 18 districts
(dzong, singular and plural) named Bum-
thang, Chhukha, Chuang, Daga, Geyleg-
phug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pema-
gatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup
Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thim-
phu, Tongsa, Wangdiphodrang
Independence: 8 August 1949 (from India)
Constitution: no written constitution or bill
of rights
Legal system: based on Indian law and
English common law, has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day (Ugyen
Wangchuck became first hereditary king),
17 December (1907)
Executive branch: monarch, chairman of
the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advi-
sory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of
the Council of Ministers, Council of Min-
isters (Lhengye Shungtsog)
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly (Tshogdu)
Judicial branch: High Court
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�King Jigme Singye WANG-
CHUCK (since 24 July 1972)
Political parties: no legal parties
Suffrage: each family has one vote in
village-level elections
Elections: no national elections
Communists: no overt Communist pres-
ence
Other political or pressure groups: Bud-
dhist clergy, Indian merchant community,
ethnic Nepalese organizations
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD,
IMF, NAM, SAARC, UNESCO, UPU,
UN, WHO
Diplomatic representation: no formal dip-
lomatic relations, although informal con-
tact is maintained between the Bhutanese
and US Embassies in New Delhi (India),
the Bhutanese mission to the UN in New
York has consular jurisdiction in the US
Flag: divided diagonally from the lower
hoist side corner, the upper triangle is or-
ange and the lower triangle is red, cen-
tered along the dividing line is a large
black and white dragon facing away from
the hoist side
Economy
Overview: The economy is based on agri-
culture and forestry, which provide the
main livelihood for 90% of the population
and account for about 50% of GDP One
of the world's least developed countries,
rugged mountains dominate and make the
building of roads and other infrastructure
difficult and expensive Bhutan's hydro-
power potential and its attraction for tour-
ists are its most important natural
resources
GDP: $273 million, per capita $199, real
growth rate 6 3% (1988 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1989
est )
Unemployment: NA
Budget: revenues $99 million, expenditures
$128 million, including capital expendi-
tures of $65 million (FY89 est )
Exports: $70 9 million (f o b, FY89), com-
modities�cardamon, gypsum, timber,
handicrafts, cement, fruit, partners�India
93%
Imports: $138 3 million (c i f, FY89 est ),
commodities�fuel and lubricants, grain,
machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics,
partners�India 67%
External debt: $70 1 million (FY89 est )
Industrial production: growth rate
�12 4% (1988 est )
Electricity: 353,000 kW capacity, 2,000
million kWh produced, 1,300 kWh per
capita (1989)
Industries: cement, chemical products,
mining, distilling, food processing, handi-
crafts
Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP,
based on subsistence farming and animal
husbandry, self-sufficient in food except
for foodgrains, other production�rice,
corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy, and
eggs
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-
87), $85 8 million, OPEC bilateral aid
(1979-89), $11 million
Currency: ngultrum (plural�ngultrum), 1
ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum, note�
Indian currency is also legal tender
Exchange rates: ngultrum (Nu) per
US$1-16 965 (January 1990), 16 226
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Bolivia
(1989), 13 917 (1988), 12 962 (1987),
12 611 (1986), 12 369 (1985), note�the
Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the
Indian rupee
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Highways: 1,304 km total, 418 km sur-
faced, 515 km improved, 371 km unim-
proved earth
Civil air: 1 jet, 2 prop
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 2,439 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: inadequate, 1,890
telephones (1985), 15,000 radio receivers
(1987 est ), 85 TV sets (1985), stations-
20 AM, no FM, no TV
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bhutan Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 389,142;
208,231 fit for military service, 17,203
reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: NA
See regional map IV
Geography
Total area: 1,098,580 km2, land area
1,084,390 km2
Comparative area: slightly less than three
times the size of Montana
Land boundaries: 6,743 km total, Argen-
tina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861
km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Disputes: has wanted a sovereign corridor
to the South Pacific Ocean since the Ata-
cama area was lost to Chile in 1884, dis-
pute with Chile over Rio Lauca water
rights
Climate: varies with altitude, humid and
tropical to cold and semiarid
Terrain: high plateau, hills, lowland plains
Natural resources: tin, natural gas, crude
oil, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron
ore, lead, gold, timber
Land use: 3% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 25% meadows and pastures,
52% forest and woodland, 20% other, in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: cold, thin air of high plateau
is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion,
overgrazing, soil erosion, desertification
Note: landlocked, shares control of Lago
Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake,
with Peru
People
Population: 6,706,854 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 35 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �1 migrant/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 125 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male,
56 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 4 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Bolivian(s), adjective
Bolivian
Ethnic divisions: 30% Quechua, 25% Ay-
mara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, active
Protestant minority, especially Evangelical
Methodist
Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Ay-
mara (all official)
Literacy: 63%
Labor force: 1,700,000, 50% agriculture,
26% services and utilities, 10% manufac-
turing, 4% mining, 10% other (1983)
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concen-
trated in mining, industry, construction,
and transportation, mostly organized un-
der Bolivian Workers' Central (COB) la-
bor federation
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic
Capital: La Paz (seat of government), Su-
cre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)
Administrative divisions: 9 departments
(departamentos, singular�departamento),
Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, El Beni, La
Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz,
Tarija
Independence: 6 August 1825 (from Spain)
Constitution: 2 February 1967
Legal system: based on Spanish law and
Code Napoleon, has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
August (1825)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral National
Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of
an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and
a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
(Camara de Diputados)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte
Suprema)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Jaime PAZ Zamora
(since 6 August 1989), Vice President Luis
OSSIO Sanjines (since 6 August 1989)
Political parties and leaders: Movement of
the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime Paz
Zamora; Nationalist Democratic Action
(ADN), Hugo Banzer Suarez, Nationalist
Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Gon-
zalo Sanchez de Lozada, United Left (IU),
coalition of leftist parties which includes
Free Bolivia Movement (MBL), led by
Antonio Aranibar, Patriotic National
Convergency Axis (EJE-P) led by Walter
Delgadillo, and Bolivian Communist Party
(PCB) led by Humberto Ramirez, Con-
science of the Fatherland (CONDEPA),
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Bolivia (continued)
Carlos Palenque Aviles, Revolutionary
Vanguard-9th of April (VR-9), Carlos
Serrate Reich
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18 (married) or 21 (single)
Elections: President-last held 7 May
1989 (next to be held May 1993),
results-Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada
(MNR) 23%, Hugo Banzer Suarez (ADN)
22%, Jaime Paz Zamora (MIR) 19%, no
candidate received a majority of the popu-
lar vote, Jaime Paz Zamora (MIR) formed
a coalition with Hugo Banzer (ADN);
with ADN support Paz Zamora won the
congressional runoff election on 4 August
and was inaugurated on 6 August,
Senate-last held 7 May 1989 (next to be
held May 1993), results-percent of vote
NA, seats (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 8,
MIR 8, CONDEPA 2,
Chamber of Deputies-last held 7 May
1989 (next to be held May 1993),
results-percent of vote by party NA,
seats (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 38, MIR
30, IU 10, CONDEPA 9, VR-9 3
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB-
Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, LAIA,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Jorge CRESPO, Chancery at 3014 Mas-
sachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC
20008, telephone [phone] through
4412, there are Bolivian Consulates Gen-
eral in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New Orleans, New York, and San Franci-
sco, US-Ambassador Robert
GELBARD, Embassy at Banco Popular
del Peru Building, corner of Calles Mer-
cado y Colon, La Paz (mailing address is
P. 0 Box 425, La Paz, or APO Miami
34032), telephone [591] (2) 350251 or
350120
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red
(top), yellow, and green with the coat of
arms centered on the yellow band, similar
to the flag of Ghana, which has a large
black five-pointed star centered in the yel-
low band
Economy
Overview: The Bolivian economy steadily
deteriorated between 1980 and 1985 as La
Paz financed growing budget deficits by
expanding the money supply and inflation
spiraled-peaking at 11,700% An austere
orthodox economic program adopted by
newly elected President Paz Estenssoro in
1985, however, succeeded in reducing in-
flation to between 10% and 20% annually
during 1987 and 1989, eventually restart-
ing economic growth President Paz Za-
mora has pledged to retain the economic
policies of the previous government in or-
der to keep inflation down and continue
the growth begun under his predecessor
Nevertheless, Bolivia continues to be one
of the poorest countries in Latin America,
and it remains vulnerable to price fluctua-
tions for its limited exports-mainly min-
erals and natural gas Moreover, for many
farmers, who constitute half of the
country's work force, the main cash crop
is coca, which is sold for cocaine process-
ing
GNP: $4 6 billion, per capita $660, real
growth rate 2 8% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15 5%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 20 7% (1988)
Budget: revenues $2,867 million, expendi-
tures $2,867 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $663 million (1987)
Exports: $634 million (f o b , 1989), com-
modities-metals 45%, natural gas 32%,
coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton, timber,
and illicit drugs, partners-US 23%, Ar-
gentina
Imports: $786 million (c i f, 1989), com-
modities-food, petroleum, consumer
goods, capital goods, partners-US 15%
External debt: $5 7 billion (December
1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 8 1%
(1987)
Electricity: 817,000 kW capacity, 1,728
million kWh produced, 260 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
Industries: mining, smelting, petroleum,
food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts,
clothing, illicit drug industry reportedly
produces the largest revenues
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP (in-
cluding forestry and fisheries), principal
commodities-coffee, coca, cotton, corn,
sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber,
self-sufficient in food
Illicit drugs: world's second-largest pro-
ducer of coca (after Peru) with an esti-
mated 54,000 hectares under cultivation,
government considers all but 12,000 hect-
ares illicit and subject to eradication, in-
termediate coca products and cocaine ex-
ported to or through Colombia and Brazil
to the US and other international drug
markets
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $909 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $1.4 billion,
Communist countries (1970-88), $340 mil-
lion
Currency: boliviano (plural-bolivianos), 1
boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: bolivianos ($B) per
US$1-2 6917 (1989), 2 3502 (1988),
2 0549 (1987), 1 9220 (1986), 0 4400
(1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,675 km total, 3,643 km
1 000-meter gauge and 32 km
0 760-meter gauge, all government owned,
single track
Highways: 38,836 km total, 1,300 km
paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km im-
proved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 10,000 km of commer-
cially navigable waterways
Pipelines: crude oil 1,800 km, refined
products 580 km, natural gas 1,495 km
Ports: none, maritime outlets are Arica
and Antofagasta in Chile and Matarani in
Peru
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 14,051 GRT/
22,155 DWT, note-1 is owned by the
Bolivian Navy
Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft
Airports: 636 total, 551 usable, 9 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 110 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: radio relay system
being expanded, improved international
services, 144,300 telephones, stations-
129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 shortwave, 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy,
Bolivian Air Force (literally, the Army of
the Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the
Air Force of the Nation)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,629,154, 1,060,187 fit for military ser-
vice, 70,528 reach military age (19) annu-
ally
Defense expenditures: 3% of GNP (1987)
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Botswana
..................ve"..lrkasane
phanzt
,�......
.hiamuno
Maun
200 km
fianchrto
Aerows
03ABORONE
Tshabong Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 600,370 kM2, land area
585,370 km'
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Texas
Land boundaries: 4,013 km total, Namibia
1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimba-
bwe 813 km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Disputes: short section of the boundary
with Namibia is indefinite, quadripoint
with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is
in disagreement
Climate: semiarid, warm winters and hot
summers
Terrain: predominately flat to gently roll-
ing tableland, Kalahari Desert in south-
west
Natural resources: diamonds, copper,
nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron
ore, silver, natural gas
Land use: 2% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 75% meadows and pastures, 2%
forest and woodland, 21% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: rains in early 1988 broke six
years of drought that had severely
affected the important cattle industry;
overgrazing, desertification
Note: landlocked, very long boundary with
South Africa
People
Population: 1,224,527 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 8% (1990)
Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 43 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 58 years male,
64 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 4 8 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun and adjective�Mots-
wana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Ethnic divisions: 95% Batswana, about 4%
Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi, about
1% white
Religion: 50% indigenous beliefs, 50%
Christian
Language: English (official), Setswana
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 400,000, 163,000 formal sec-
tor employees, most others are engaged in
cattle raising and subsistence agriculture
(1988 est ), 19,000 are employed in various
mines in South Africa (1988)
Organized labor: 19 trade unions
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic
Capital: Gaborone
Administrative divisions: 10 districts, Cen-
tral, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng,
Kweneng, Ngamiland, North-East, South-
East, Southern, note�in addition, there
may now be 4 town councils named Fran-
cistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Pikwe
Independence: 30 September 1966 (from
UK, formerly Bechuanaland)
Constitution: March 1965, effective 30
September 1966
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and local customary law, judicial review
limited to matters of interpretation, has
not accepted compulsory ICJ Jurisdiction
National holiday: Botswana Day, 30 Sep-
tember (1966)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
consists of an upper house or House of
Chiefs and a lower house or National As-
sembly
Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Ap-
peal
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Quett K J MASIRE
(since 13 July 1980), Vice President Peter
S MMUSI (since 3 January 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Botswana
Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire,
Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth
Koma, Botswana People's Party (BPP),
Knight Mame, Botswana Independence
Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho, Botswana
Progressive Union (BPU), Daniel Kwele
Suffrage: universal at age 21
Elections: President�last held 7 October
1989 (next to be held October 1994), re-
sults�President Quett K J Masire was
reelected by the National Assembly,
National Assembly�last held 7 October
1989 (next to be held October 1994), re-
sults�percent of vote by party NA,
seats�(34 total, 30 elected) BDP 31, BNF
3
Communists: no known Communist orga-
nization, Koma of BNF has long history
of Communist contacts
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU,
Southern African Customs Union,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE, Chancery
at Suite 404, 4301 Connecticut Avenue
NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
[phone] or 4991, US�Ambassador
(vacant), Deputy Chief of Mission Johnnie
CARSON, Embassy at Botswana Road,
Gaborone (mailing address is P 0 Box
90, Gaborone), telephone [267] 353982
through 353984
Flag: light blue with a horizontal white-
edged black stripe in the center
Economy
Overview: The economy has historically
been based on cattle raising and crops
Agriculture today provides a livelihood for
over 80% of the population, but produces
only about 50% of food needs and contrib-
utes a small 5% to GDP The driving
force behind the rapid economic growth of
the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining
industry This sector, mostly on the
strength of diamonds, has gone from gen-
erating 25% of GDP in 1980 to over 50%
in 1988 No other sector has experienced
such growth, especially not that of the
agricultural sector, which is plagued by
erratic rainfall and poor soils The unem-
ployment rate remains a problem at 25%
A scarce resource base limits diversifica-
tion into labor-intensive industries
GDP: $1 87 billion, per capita $1,600, real
growth rate 8 4% (FY88)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11 45%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 25% (1987)
Budget: revenues $1,235 million, expendi-
tures $1,080 million, including capital ex-
penditures of NA (FY90 est )
Exports: Si 3 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�diamonds 88%, copper and
nickel 5%, meat 4%, cattle, animal prod-
ucts, partners�Switzerland, US, UK,
other EC-associated members of Southern
African Customs Union
Imports: $1 1 billion (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�foodstuffs, vehicles, textiles,
petroleum products,
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Botswana (continued)
partners�Switzerland, US, UK, other
EC-associated members of Southern Afri-
can Customs Union
External debt: $700 million (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate 16 8%
(FY86)
Electricity: 217,000 kW capacity, 630 mil-
lion kWh produced, 510 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: livestock processing, mining of
diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda
ash, potash, tourism
Agriculture: accounts for only 5% of GDP,
subsistence farming predominates, cattle
raising supports 50% of the population,
must import large share of food needs
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $242 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $1 6 billion,
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $24 mil-
lion
Currency: pula (plural�pula), 1 pula (P)
= 100 thebe
Exchange rates: pula (P) per US$1-
1 8734 (January 1990), 2 0125 (1989),
1 8159 (1988), 1 6779 (1987), 1 8678
(1986), 1 8882 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 712 km 1 0 67-meter gauge
Highways: 11,514 km total, 1,600 km
paved, 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel,
5,177 km improved earth, 3,037 km unim-
proved earth
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airports: 99 total, 87 usable, 8 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: the small system is a
combination of open-wire lines, radio relay
links, and a few radiocommunication sta-
tions, 17,900 telephones, stations-2 AM,
3 FM, no TV, 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Wing, Botswana Po-
lice
Military manpower: males 15-49, 249,480,
131,304 fit for military service, 14,363
reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: 2 2% of GNP (1987)
Bouvet Island
(territory of Norway)
2 km
South Atlantic Ocean
See regional map XII
Geography
Total area: 58 km2, land area 58 km2
Comparative area: about 0 3 times the size
of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 29 6 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 10 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 4 nm
Climate: antarctic
Terrain: volcanic, maximum elevation about
800 meters, coast is mostly inacessible
Natural resources: none
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other
Environment: covered by glacial ice
Note: located in the South Atlantic Ocean
2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of
Good Hope, South Africa
People
Population: uninhabited
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: territory of Norway
Economy
Overview: no economic activity
Communications
Ports: none, offshore anchorage only
Telecommunications: automatic meteoro-
logical station
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of Nor-
way
Brazil
Mangus
�
North Atlantic
Ocean
Bele'm
So Lure
Rio Once� Recife
Salve
RRAS(LtA
BeicipiRciconte
Rio de Janeiro
rOrisini4
Boundary representation is Sao Paulo
nmnecessaolyaomomative
1000 km
See regional map IV
South Atlantic
Ocean
POrto Alegre
Geography
Total area: 8,511,965 km2, land area
8,456,510 km2, includes Arquipelago de
Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas,
Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and
Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
the US
Land boundaries: 14,691 km total, Argen-
tina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colom-
bia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km,
Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km,
Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uru-
guay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
Coastline: 7,491 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 200 nm
Disputes: short section of the boundary with
Paraguay Oust west of Guaira Falls on the
Rio Parana) is in dispute, two short sections
of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute
(Arroyo de la Invernada area of the Rio
Quarai and the islands at the confluence of
the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay), claims a
Zone of Interest in Antarctica
Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in
south
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in
north, some plains, hills, mountains, and
narrow coastal belt
Natural resources: iron ore, manganese,
bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin,
hydropower, gold, platinum, crude oil,
timber
Land use: 7% arable land, 1% permanent
crops, 19% meadows and pastures, 67%
forest and woodland, 6% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recurrent droughts in north-
east, floods and frost in south, deforesta-
tion in Amazon basin, air and water pollu-
tion in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo
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Note: largest country in South America,
shares common boundaries with every
South American country except Chile and
Ecuador
People
Population: 152,505,077 (July 1990),
growth rate 1 9% (1990)
Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 69 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male,
68 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 1 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun-Brazilian(s), adjec-
tive-Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, Ger-
man, Japanese, black, Amerindian, 55%
white, 38% mixed, 6% black, I% other
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic (nominal)
Language: Portuguese (official), Spanish,
English, French
Literacy: 76%
Labor force: 57,000,000 (1989 est ), 42%
services, 31% agriculture, 27% industry
Organized labor: 13,000,000 dues paying
members (1989 est )
Government
Long-form name: Federative Republic of
Brazil
Type: federal republic
Capital: Brasilia
Administrative divisions: 24 states (estados,
singular-estado), 2 territories*
(territorios, singular-territorio), and 1
federal district** (distrito federal), Acre,
Alagoas, Amapa*, Amazonas, Bahia,
Ceara, Distrito Federal**, Espirito Santo,
Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato
Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para,
Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio
de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio
Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima*,
Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, To-
cantins, note-the territories of Amapa
and Roraima will become states on 15
March 1991
Independence: 7 September 1822 (from
Portugal)
Constitution: 5 October 1988
Legal system: based on Latin codes, has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 7
September (1822)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral National
Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of
an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and
a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
(Camara dos Deputados)
Judicial branch: Supreme Federal Tribu-
nal
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment-President Fernando Affonso
COLLOR de Mello (since 15 March
1990), Vice President Itamar FRANCO
(since 15 March 1990)
Political parties and leaders: National Re-
construction Party (PRN), Daniel Tou-
mho, president, Brazilian Democratic
Movement Party (PMDB), Ulysses Gui-
maraes, president, Liberal Front Party
(PFL), Hugo Napoleao, president, Work-
ers' Party (PT), Luis Ignacio (Lula) da
Silva, president, Brazilian Labor Party
(PTB), Luiz Gonzaga de Paiva Muniz,
president, Democratic Labor Party (PDT),
Doutel de Andrade, president, Democratic
Social Party (PDS), Jarbas Passannho,
president; Brazilian Social Democracy
Party (PSDB), Mario Covas, president,
Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), Sa-
lomao Malina, secretary general, Commu-
nist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), Joao Ama-
zonas, president
Suffrage: voluntary at age 16, compulsory
between ages 18 and 70, voluntary at age
70
Elections: President-last held 15 Novem-
ber 1989, with runoff on 17 December
1989 (next to be held November 1994),
results-Fernando Collor de Mello 53%,
Luis Inacio da Silva 47%, first free, direct
presidential election since 1960,
Senate-last held 15 November 1986
(next to be held 3 October 1990), results-
PMDB 60%, PFL 21%, PDS 8%, PDT
3%, others 8%, seats-(66 total) PMDB
43, PFL 15, PDS 6, PDT 2, others 6,
note-as of 1990 Senate has 75 seats,
Chamber of Deputies-last held 15 No-
vember 1986 (next to be held 3 October
1990), results-PMDB 53%, PFL 23%,
PDS 7%, PDT 5%, other 12%, seats-(495
total) PMDB 258, PFL 114, PDS 33,
PDT 24, others 58, note-as of 1990
Chamber of Deputies has 570 seats
Communists: about 30,000
Other political or pressure groups: left
wing of the Catholic Church and labor
unions allied to leftist Worker's Party are
critical of government's social and eco-
nomic policies
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT',
Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB-Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Marcilio Marques MOREIRA, Chancery
at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington DC 20008, telephone (202)
745-2700, there are Brazilian Consulates
General in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles,
Miami, New Orleans, and New York, and
Consulates in Dallas, Houston, and San
Francisco, US-Ambassador Richard
MELTON, Embassy at Avenida das No-
coes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal
(mailing address is APO Miami 34030),
telephone [55] (6) 321-7272, there are US
Consulates General in Rio de Janeiro and
Sao Paulo, and Consulates in Porto Ale-
gre and Recife
Flag: green with a large yellow diamond
in the center bearing a blue celestial globe
with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for
each state) arranged in the same pattern
as the night sky over Brazil, the globe has
a white equatorial band with the motto
ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and
Progress)
Economy
Overview: The economy, a mixture of pri-
vate enterprises of all sizes and extensive
government intervention, experienced
enormous difficulties in the late 1980s,
notably declining real growth, runaway
inflation, foreign debt obligations of more
than $100 billion, and uncertain economic
policy Government intervention includes
trade and investment restrictions, wage/
price controls, interest and exchange rate
controls, and extensive tariff barriers
Ownership of major industrial facilities is
divided among private interests, the gov-
ernment, and multinational companies
Ownership in agriculture likewise is var-
ied, with the government intervening in
the politically sensitive issues involving
large landowners and the masses of poor
peasants In consultation with the IMF,
the Brazilian Government has initiated
several programs over the last few years
to ameliorate the stagnation and foreign
debt problems None of these has given
more than temporary relief The strategy
of the new Collor government is to
increase the pace of privatization, encour-
age foreign trade and investment, and es-
tablish a more realistic exchange rate
One long-run strength is the existence of
vast natural resources
GDP: $377 billion, per capita $2,500, real
growth rate 3% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,765%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 2 5% (December
1989)
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Brazil (continued)
Budget: revenues $27 8 billion, expendi-
tures $40 1 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $8 8 billion (1986)
Exports: $34 2 billion (1989 est ), com-
modities�coffee, metallurgical products,
chemical products, foodstuffs, iron ore,
automobiles and parts, partners�US
28%, EC 26%, Latin America 11%, Japan
6% (1987)
Imports: $18 0 billion (1989 est ); com-
modities�crude oil, capital goods, chemi-
cal products, foodstuffs, coal, partners�
Middle East and Africa 24%, EC 22%,
US 21%, Latin America 12%, Japan 6%
(1987)
External debt: $109 billion (December
1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 3 2%
(1989 est )
Electricity: 52,865,000 kW capacity,
202,280 million kWh produced, 1,340
kWh per capita (1989)
Industries: textiles and other consumer
goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber,
iron ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto
parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin
Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP;
world's largest producer and exporter of
coffee and orange juice concentrate and
second-largest exporter of soybeans, other
products�rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa,
beef, self-sufficient in food, except for
wheat
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis
and coca, mostly for domestic consump-
tion, government has an active eradication
program to control cannabis and coca cul-
tivation
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $2 5 billion, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $9 5 billion, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $1 3 bil-
lion
Currency: novo cruzado (plural�novos
cruzados); 1 novo cruzado (NCr$) = 100
centavos
Exchange rates: novos cruzados (NCr$)
per US$1-2 83392 (1989), 0 26238
(1988), 0 03923 (1987), 0 01366 (1986),
0 00620 (1985), note� 25 tourist/parallel
rate (December 1989)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 29,694 km total, 25,268 km
1 000-meter gauge, 4,339 km 1 600-meter
gauge, 74 km mixed 1 600-1 000-meter
gauge, 13 km 0 760-meter gauge, 2,308
km electrified
Highways: 1,448,000 km total, 48,000 km
paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km, refined
products, 3,804 km, natural gas, 1,095 km
Ports: Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus,
Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de
Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos
Merchant marine: 271 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 5,855,708 GRT/
9,909,097 DWT, includes 2 passenger-
cargo, 68 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 12
container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 56 petroleum,
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 15
chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 14 com-
bination ore/oil, 82 bulk, 2 combination
bulk
Civil air: 176 major transport aircraft
Airports: 3,774 total, 3,106 usable, 386
with permanent-surface runways, 2 with
runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways
2,240-3,659 m, 503 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system, exten-
sive radio relay facilities; 9 86 million tele-
phones, stations-1,223 AM, no FM, 112
TV, 151 shortwave, 3 coaxial submarine
cables 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth stations with total of 3 antennas, 64
domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Bra-
zil, Brazilian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
39,620,936, 26,752,307 fit for military
service; 1,617,378 reach military age (18)
annually
Defense expenditures: 0 6% of GDP, or
$2 3 billion (1989 est )
British Indian Ocean Territory
(dependent territory of the UK)
75 km
-"Salomon Islands
Peros Elanho;
Chagos
Archipelago
Eagle Islands
Egmont Islands
Indian Ocean
.VIego Garcla
See regional map I
Geography
Total area: 60 km2, land area 60 km2
Comparative area: about 0 3 times the size
of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 698 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea 3 nm
Disputes: Diego Garcia is claimed by
Mauritius
Climate: tropical marine, hot, humid,
moderated by trade winds
Terrain: flat and low (up to 4 meters in
elevation)
Natural resources: coconuts, fish
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland; 100% other
Environment: archipelago of 2,300 islands
Note: Diego Garcia, largest and southern-
most island, occupies strategic location in
central Indian Ocean
People
Population: no permanent civilian popula-
tion, formerly about 3,000 islanders
Ethnic divisions: civilian inhabitants,
known as the Ibis, evacuated to Mauritius
before construction of UK and US defense
facilities
Government
Long-form name: British Indian Ocean
Territory (no short-form name); abbrevi-
ated BIOT
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: none
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952),
Head of Government�Commissioner R
EDIS (since NA 1988), Administrator
Robin CROMPTON (since NA 1988),
note�both officials reside in the UK
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British Virgin Islands
(dependent territory of the UK)
Diplomatic representation: none (depen-
dent territory of the UK)
Flag: the flag of the UK is used
Economy
Overview: All economic activity is concen-
trated on the largest island of Diego Gar-
cia, where joint UK-US defense facilities
are located Construction projects and var-
ious services needed to support the mili-
tary installations are done by military and
contract employees from the UK and US
There are no industrial or agricultural
activities on the islands
Electricity: provided by the US military
Communications
Highways: short stretch of paved road be-
tween port and airfield on Diego Garcia
Ports: Diego Garcia
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface run-
ways over 3,659 m on Diego Garcia
Telecommunications: minimal facilities,
stations (operated by the US Navy)-1
AM, 1 FM, 1 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
UK
1 0 km
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Jost
Van
An'reT;:Fa
.6.
13 �
Si=
CS
ci. ROAD To wN
0 C1N3
Tortola
See
See regional map III
..5'
i,
Virgin
Gorda
Caribbean Sea
Geography
Total area: 150 km2; land area 150 km2
Comparative area: about 0 8 times the size
of Washington, DC
Coastline: 80 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Climate: subtropical, humid, temperatures
moderated by trade winds
Terrain: coral islands relatively flat, volca-
nic Islands steep, hilly
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: 20% arable land, 7% permanent
crops, 33% meadows and pastures, 7%
forest and woodland; 33% other
Environment: subject to hurricanes and
tropical storms from July to October
Note: strong ties to nearby US Virgin Is-
lands and Puerto Rico
People
Population: 12,258 (July 1990), growth
rate 1 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �3 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male,
77 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 2 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�British Virgin Island-
er(s), adjective�British Virgin Islander
Ethnic divisions: over 90% black, remain-
der of white and Asian origin
Religion: majority Methodist, others in-
clude Anglican, Church of God, Seventh-
Day Adventist, Baptist, and Roman Cath-
olic
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4,911 (1980)
Organized labor: NA
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Road Town
Administrative divisions: none (dependent
territory of the UK)
Independence: none (dependent territory of
the UK)
Constitution: 1 June 1977
Legal system: English law
National holiday: Territory Day, 1 July
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor, chief minister, Executive Council
(cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative
Council
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Su-
preme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor John Mark Ambrose
HERDMAN (since NA 1986),
Head of Government�Chief Minister H
Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986)
Political parties and leaders: United Party
(UP), Conrad Maduro, Virgin Islands
Party (VIP), H Lavity Stoutt, Indepen-
dent People's Movement (IPM), Cyril B
Romney
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: Legislative Council�last held
30 September 1986 (next to be held by
September 1991), results�percent of vote
by party NA, seats�(9 total) UP 2, VIP
5, IPM 2
Communists: probably none
Member of: Commonwealth
Diplomatic representation: none (depen-
dent territory of the UK)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the
upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin
Islander coat of arms centered in the
outer half of the flag, the coat of arms
depicts a woman flanked on either side by
a vertical column of six oil lamps above a
scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE
(Be Watchful)
Economy
Overview: The economy is highly depen-
dent on the tourist industry, which gener-
ates about 21% of the national income In
1985 the government offered offshore reg-
istration to companies wishing to incorpo-
rate in the islands, and, in consequence,
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British Virgin Islands (continued)
incorporation fees generated about $2 mil-
lion in 1987 Livestock raising is the most
significant agricultural activity The is-
lands' crops, limited by poor soils, are un-
able to meet food requirements
GDP: $106 7 million, per capita $8,900,
real growth rate 2 5% (1987)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1 7% (Jan-
uary 1987)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $26 2 million, expendi-
tures $25 4 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $NA (1988 est )
Exports: $2 3 million (f o b, 1985), com-
modities�rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand,
fruits, animals, partners�Virgin Islands
(US), Puerto Rico, US
Imports: $72 0 million (c 1 f, 1985), com-
modities�building materials, automo-
biles, foodstuffs, machinery, partners�
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US
External debt: $4 5 million (1985)
Industrial production: growth rate �4 0%
(1985)
Electricity: 13,500 kW capacity, 59 mil-
lion kWh produced, 4,870 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: tourism, light industry, con-
struction, rum, concrete block, offshore
financial center
Agriculture: livestock (including poultry),
fish, fruit, vegetables
Aid: NA
Currency: US currency is used
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: I April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 106 km motorable roads (1983)
Ports: Road Town
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways less than
1,220 m
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones,
worldwide external telephone service, sub-
marine cable communication links to Ber-
muda, stations-1 AM, no FM, 1 TV
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
UK
Brunei
25 km
South China
Sea
Kuala
Belam
See regional map IX
BANDAR
SERI BEGAWAN
*
Muara
e=i
Brunel Bay
Geography
Total area: 5,770 kin2, land area 5,270
km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Delaware
Land boundary: 381 km with Malaysia
Coastline: 161 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: may wish to purchase the Ma-
laysian salient that divides the country
Climate: tropical, hot, humid, rainy
Terrain: flat coastal plain rises to moun-
tains in east, hilly lowland in west
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas,
timber
Land use: 1% arable land, 1% permanent
crops, 1% meadows and pastures, 79%
forest and woodland, 18% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: typhoons, earthquakes, and
severe flooding are rare
Note: close to vital sea lanes through
South China Sea linking Indian and Pa-
cific Oceans, two parts physically sepa-
rated by Malaysia, almost an enclave of
Malaysia
People
Population: 372,108 (July 1990), growth
rate 7 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 23 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 52 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male,
77 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 9 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Bruneian(s), adiec-
tive�Bruneian
Ethnic divisions: 64% Malay, 20% Chi-
nese, 16% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (official), 8% Chris-
tian, 32% Buddhist and indigenous beliefs
Language: Malay (official), English, and
Chinese
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 89,000 (includes members of
the Army), 33% of labor force is foreign
(1988), 50 4% production of oil, natural
gas, and construction, 47 6% trade, ser-
vices, and other, 2 0% agriculture, for-
estry, and fishing (1984)
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: Negara Brunei Darussa-
lam
Type: constitutional sultanate
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
Administrative divisions: 4 districts
(daerah-daerah, singular�daerah), Belait,
Brunei and Muara, Temburong, Tutong
Independence: 1 January 1984 (from UK)
Constitution: 29 September 1959 (some
provisions suspended under a State of
Emergency since December 1962, others
since independence on 1 January 1984)
Legal system: based on Islamic law
National holiday: National Day, 23 Feb-
ruary (1984)
Executive branch: sultan, prime minister,
Council of Cabinet Ministers
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative
Council (Mailis Masyuarat Megeri)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�Sultan and Prime Minister Sir
Muda HASSANAL BOLKIAH Mu'iz-
zaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967)
Political parties and leaders: Brunei Na-
tional United Party (inactive), Anak Hasa-
nuddin, chairman, Brunei National Demo-
cratic Party (the first legal political party
and now banned) Abdul Latif bin Abdul
Hamid, chairman
Suffrage: none
Elections: Legislative Council�last held
in March 1962, in 1970 the Council was
changed to an appointive body by decree
of the sultan and no elections are planned
Communists: probably none
Member of: ASEAN, ESCAP (associate
member), IMO, INTERPOL, OIC, UN
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Dato Paduka Ham MOHAMED SUNI
bin Hap Idris, Chancery at 2600 Virginia
Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; tele-
phone [phone], US�Ambassador
Christopher H PHILLIPS, Embassy at
Teck Guan Plaza (corner of Jalan McAr-
thur), Bandar Seri Begawan (mailing ad-
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Bulgaria
dress is P 0 Box 2991, Bandar Seri Be-
gawan), telephone [673] (2) 29670
Flag: yellow with two diagonal bands of
white (top, almost double width) and black
starting from the upper hoist side, the na-
tional emblem in red is superimposed at
the center, the emblem includes a
swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged col-
umn within an upturned crescent above a
scroll and flanked by two upraised hands
Economy
Overview: The economy is a mixture of
foreign and domestic entrepreneurship,
government regulation and welfare mea-
sures, and village tradition It is almost
totally supported by exports of crude oil
and natural gas, with revenues from the
petroleum sector accounting for more than
70% of GDP Per capita GDP of $9,600 is
among the highest in the Third World,
and substantial income from overseas in-
vestment supplements domestic produc-
tion The government provides for all
medical services and subsidizes food and
housing
GDP: $3 3 billion, per capita $9,600, real
growth rate 2 5% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2 5%
(1989 est )
Unemployment: 2 5%, shortage of skilled
labor (1989 est )
Budget: revenues $1 2 billion (1987); ex-
penditures $1 6 billion, including capital
expenditures of NA (1989 est )
Exports: $207 billion (f o b , 1987), com-
modities�crude oil, liquefied natural gas,
petroleum products, partners�Japan 55%
(1986)
Imports: $800 million (c i f, 1987), corn-
modtties�machmery and transport equip-
ment, manufactured goods, food, bever-
ages, tobacco, consumer goods, part ners�
Singapore 31%, US 20%, Japan 6% (1986)
External debt: none
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 310,000 kW capacity, 890 mil-
lion kWh produced, 2,580 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: petroleum, liquefied natural
gas, construction
Agriculture: imports about 80% of its food
needs, principal crops and livestock in-
clude rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes,
and pigs
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-87), $20 6 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $143 7 million
Currency: Bruneian dollar (plural�dol-
lars), 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Bruneian dollars (B$) per
US$1-1.8895 (January 1990), 1 9503
(1989), 2 0124 (1988), 2 1060 (1987),
2 1774 (1986), 2 2002 (1985), note�the
Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singa-
pore dollar
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 13 km 0 610-meter narrow-
gauge private line
Highways: 1,090 km total, 370 km paved
(bituminous treated) and another 52 km
under construction, 720 km gravel or
unimproved
Inland waterways: 209 km, navigable by
craft drawing less than 1 2 meters
Ports: Kuala Belait, Muara
Merchant marine: 7 liquefied gas carriers
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/
340,635 DWT
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km, refined prod-
ucts, 418 km, natural gas, 920 km
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (3
Boeing 757-200, 1 Boeing 737-200)
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
way over 3,659 m, 1 with runway 1,406 m
Telecommunications: service throughout
country is adequate for present needs, in-
ternational service good to adjacent Ma-
laysia, radiobroadcast coverage good,
33,000 telephones (1987), stations-4 AM/
FM, 1 TV, 74,000 radio receivers (1987),
satellite earth stations-1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean
INTELSAT
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Brunei Armed Forces,
including air wing, navy, and ground
forces, British Gurkha Battalion, Royal
Brunei Police, Gurkha Reserve Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 104,398,
60,242 fit for military service, 3,106 reach
military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: $197 6 million, 17%
of central government budget (FY86)
125 km
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 110,910 km2, land area
110,550 km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Tennessee
Land boundaries: 1,881 km total, Greece
494 km, Romania 608 km, Turkey 240
km, Yugoslavia 539 km
Coastline: 354 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: Macedonia question with Greece
and Yugoslavia
Climate: temperate, cold, damp winters,
hot, dry summers
Terrain: mostly mountains with lowlands
in north and south
Natural resources: bauxite, copper, lead,
zinc, coal, timber, arable land
Land use: 34% arable land, 3% permanent
crops, 18% meadows and pastures, 35%
forest and woodland, 10% other, includes
11% irrigated
Environment: subject to earthquakes, land-
slides, deforestation, air pollution
Note: strategic location near Turkish
Straits, controls key land routes from Eu-
rope to Middle East and Asia
People
Population: 8,933,544 (July 1990), growth
rate �0 3% (1990)
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �4 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male,
76 years female (1990)
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Bulgaria (continued)
Total fertility rate: 1 9 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun-Bulgarian(s), adjec-
tive-Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions: 85 3% Bulgarian, 8 5%
Turk, 2 6% Gypsy, 2 5% Macedonian,
0 3% Armenian, 0 2% Russian, 0 6% other
Religion: religious background of popula-
tion is 85% Bulgarian Orthodox, 13%
Muslim, 0 8% Jewish, 0 7% Roman Cath-
olic, 0 5% Protestant, Gregorian-Arme-
nian, and other
Language: Bulgarian, secondary languages
closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Literacy: 95% (est )
Labor force: 4,300,000, 33% industry,
20% agriculture, 47% other (1987)
Organized labor: all workers are members
of the Central Council of Trade Unions
(CCTU), Pod Krepa (Support), an inde-
pendent trade union, legally registered in
January 1990
Government
Long-form name: People's Republic of
Bulgaria
Type: Communist state, but democratic
elections planned for 1990
Capital: Sofia
Administrative divisions: 8 provinces
(oblasti, singular-oblast) and 1 city*
(grad), Burgas, Grad Sofiya*, Khaskovo,
Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad,
Sofiya, Varna
Independence: 22 September 1908 (from
Ottoman Empire)
Constitution: 16 May 1971, effective 18
May 1971
Legal system: based on civil law system,
with Soviet law influence, judicial review
of legislative acts in the State Council;
has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the So-
cialist Revolution in Bulgaria, 9 Septem-
ber (1944)
Executive branch: president, chairman of
the Council of Ministers, four deputy
chairmen of the Council of Ministers,
Council of Ministers
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly (Narodno Sobranyie)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State-President Petur
Toshev MLADENOV (chairman of the
State Council since 11 November 1989,
became president on 3 April 1990 when
the State Council was abolished),
Head of Government-Chairman of the
Council of Ministers Andrey LUKANOV
(since 3 February 1990), Deputy Chair-
man of the Council of Ministers Chudo-
mir Asenov ALEKSANDROV (since 8
February 1990), Deputy Chairman of the
Council of Ministers Belcho Antonov
BELCHEV (since 8 February 1990), Dep-
uty Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Konstantin Dimitrov KOSEV (since 8
February 1990), Deputy Chairman of the
Council of Ministers Nora Krachunova
ANANIEVA (since 8 February 1990)
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian
Communist Party (BKP), Aleksandur Li-
by, chairman, Bulgarian National Agrar-
ian Union (BZNS), Angel Angelov Dimi-
troy, secretary of Permanent Board,
Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, Petur
Dentlieu, Green Party, Christian Demo-
crats, Radical Democratic Party, others
forming
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18
Elections: Chairman of the State Coun-
cil-last held 17 June 1986 (next to be
held May 1990), results-Todor Zhivkov
reelected but was replaced by Petur
Toshev Mladenov on 11 November 1989,
National Assembly-last held 8 June
1986 (next to be held May 1990);
results-percent of vote by party NA,
seats-(400 total) BKP 276, BZNS 99,
others 25
Communists: 932,055 party members
(April 1986)
Other political or pressure groups: Union
of Democratic Forces (umbrella organiza-
tion for opposition groups), Ecoglenost,
Podkrepa Independent Trade Union, Fa-
therland Front, Communist Youth Union,
Central Council of Trade Unions, Na-
tional Committee for Defense of Peace,
Union of Fighters Against Fascism and
Capitalism, Committee of Bulgarian
Women, All-National Committee for
Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship, Union of
Democratic Forces, a coalition of about a
dozen dissident groups, numerous regional
and national interest groups with various
agendas
Member of: CCC, CEMA, FAO, IAEA,
IBEC, ICAO, ILO, ILZSG, IMO, IPU,
ITC, ITU, IWC-International Wheat
Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw
Pact WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Velichko Filipov VELICHKOV, Chancery
at 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington DC
20008, telephone [phone], US-
Ambassador Sol POLANSKY, Embassy
at 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard,
Sofia (mailing address is APO New York
09213); telephone [359] (2) 88-48-01
through 05
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of
white (top), green, and red with the na-
tional emblem on the hoist side of the
white stripe, the emblem contains a ram-
pant lion within a wreath of wheat ears
below a red five-pointed star and above a
ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgar-
ian state established) and 1944 (liberation
from Nazi control)
Economy
Overview: Growth in the sluggish Bulgar-
ian economy fell to the 2% annual level in
the 1980s, and by 1989 Sofia's foreign
debt had skyrocketed to $10 billion-giv
ing a debt service ratio of more than 40%
of hard currency earnings The
post-Zhivkov regime faces major problems
of renovating an aging industrial plant,
keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding tech-
nological developments, investing in addi-
tional energy capacity (the portion of elec-
tric power from nuclear energy reached
37% in 1988), and motivating workers, in
part by giving them a share in the earn-
ings of their enterprises A major decree
of January 1989 summarized and
extended the government's economic re-
structuring efforts, which include a partial
decentralization of controls over produc-
tion decisions and foreign trade The new
regime promises more extensive reforms
and eventually a market economy But the
ruling group cannot (so far) bring itself to
give up ultimate control over economic
affairs exercised through the vertical Party/
ministerial command structure Reforms
have not led to improved economic perfor-
mance, in particular the provision of more
and better consumer goods A further
blow to the economy was the exodus of
310,000 ethnic Turks in mid-1989, which
caused temporary shortages of skilled la-
bor in glassware, aluminum, and other
industrial plants and in tobacco fields
GNP: $51 2 billion, per capita $5,710, real
growth rate -0 1% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $26 billion, expenditures
$28 billion, including capital expenditures
of $NA billion (1988)
Exports: $20 3 billion (f o b, 1988), com-
modities-machinery and equipment
60 5%, agricultural products 14 7%, man-
ufactured consumer goods 10 6%, fuels,
minerals, raw materials, and metals 8 5%,
other 5 7%, partners-Socialist countries
82 5% (USSR 61%, GDR 5 5%, Czecho-
slovakia 4 9%), developed countries 6 8%
(FRG 1 2%, Greece 1 0%), less developed
countries 10 7% (Libya 3 5%, Iraq 2 9%)
Imports: $21 0 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities-fuels, minerals, and raw mate-
rials 45 2%, machinery and equipment
39 8%, manufactured consumer goods
4 6%, agricultural products 3 8%, other
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Burkina
6 6%, partners�Socialist countries 80 5%
(USSR 57 5%, GDR 5 7%), developed
countries 151% (FRG 4 8%, Austria
1 6%), less developed countries 4 4%
(Libya 1 0%, Brazil 0 9%)
External debt: $10 billion (1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 0 9%
(1988)
Electricity: 11,500,000 kW capacity,
45,000 million kWh produced, 5,000 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: food processing, machine and
metal building, electronics, chemicals
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP,
climate and soil conditions support live-
stock raising and the growing of various
grain crops, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits and
tobacco, more than one-third of the arable
land devoted to grain, world's
fourth-largest tobacco exporter, surplus
food producer
Aid: donor�$1 6 billion in bilateral aid to
non-Communist less developed countries
(1956-88)
Currency: lev (plural�leva), 1 lev (Lv) =
100 stotinki
Exchange rates: leva (Lv) per US$1-0 84
(1989), 082 (1988), 0 90 (1987), 095
(1986), 1 03(1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,294 km total, all government
owned (1986), 4,049 km 1 435-meter stan-
dard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge, 908
km double track, 2,342 km electrified
Highways: 37,397 km total, 33,352 km
hard surface (including 228 km superhigh-
ways), 4,045 km earth roads (1986)
Inland waterways: 470 km (1986)
Pipelines: crude, 193 km, refined product,
418 km, natural gas, 1,400 km (1986)
Ports: Burgas, Varna, Varna West, river
ports are Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the
Danube
Merchant marine: 108 ships (1,000 GRT
and over) totaling 1,240,204 GRT/
1,872,723 DWT, includes 2 short-sea pas-
senger, 32 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-
cargo training, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 16
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
tanker, 2 railcar carriers, 48 bulk
Civil air: 65 major transport aircraft
Airports: 380 total, 380 usable, about 120
with permanent-surface runways, 20 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: stations-15 AM, 16
FM, 13 TV, 1 Soviet TV relay, 2,100,000
TV sets, 2,100,000 radio receivers, at least
1 satellite earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Bulgarian People's Army, Fron-
tier Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces,
Bulgarian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,177,404, 1,823,111 fit for military ser-
vice, 66,744 reach military age (19) annu-
ally
Defense expenditures: 1 6051 billion leva
(1989); note�conversion of the military
budget into US dollars using the official
administratively set exchange rate would
produce misleading results
200 km
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 274,200 km2, land area
273,800 km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Colorado
Land boundaries: 3,192 km total, Benin
306 km, Ghana 548 km, Ivory Coast 584
km, Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo
126 km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Disputes: the disputed international
boundary between Burkina and Mali was
submitted to the International Court of
Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ
issued its final ruling in December 1986,
which both sides agreed to accept, Burk-
ina and Mali are proceeding with bound-
ary demarcation, including the tripoint
with Niger
Climate: tropical, warm, dry winters, hot,
wet summers
Terrain: mostly flat to dissected, undulat-
ing plains, hills in west and southeast
Natural resources: manganese, limestone,
marble, small deposits of gold, antimony,
copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates,
zinc, silver
Land use: 10% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 37% meadows and pastures,
26% forest and woodland, 27% other, in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recent droughts and deserti-
fication severely affecting marginal agri-
cultural activities, population distribution,
economy, overgrazing, deforestation
Note: landlocked
People
Population: 9,077,828 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 17 deaths/I,000 population
(1990)
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Burkina (continued)
Net migration rate: �3 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 121 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male,
52 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 7 2 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Burktnabe, adjective�
Burkinabe
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes, prin-
cipal tribe is Mossi (about 2 5 million),
other important groups are Gurunsi, Se-
nufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, about
25% Muslim, 10% Christian (mainly Ro-
man Catholic)
Language: French (official), tribal
languages belong to Sudanic family, spo-
ken by 90% of the population
Literacy: 13 2%
Labor force: 3,300,000 residents, 30,000
are wage earners, 82% agriculture, 13%
industry, 5% commerce, services, and gov-
ernment, 20% of male labor force
migrates annually to neighboring coun-
tries for seasonal employment (1984); 44%
of population of working age (1985)
Organized labor: four principal trade
union groups represent less than 1% of
population
Government
Long-form name: Burkina Faso
Type: military, established by coup on 4
August 1983
Capital: Ouagadougou
Administrative divisions: 30 provinces,
Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou,
Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, Gnagna,
Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou,
Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, Mouhoun, Na-
mentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan,
Passore, Poni, Sanguie, Sanmatenga,
Sem, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Ya-
tenga, Zoundweogo
Independence: 5 August 1960 (from
France, formerly Upper Volta)
Constitution: none, constitution of 27 No-
vember 1977 was abolished following coup
of 25 November 1980
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law
National holiday: Anniversary of the Rev-
olution, 4 August (1983)
Executive branch: chairman of the Popular
Front, Council of Ministers
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dis-
solved on 25 November 1980
Judicial branch: Appeals Court
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�Chairman of the Popular Front
Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15
October 1987)
Political parties and leaders: all political
parties banned following November 1980
coup
Suffrage: none
Elections: the National Assembly was dis-
solved 25 November 1980 and no elections
are scheduled
Communists: small Communist party front
group, some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: com-
mittees for the defense of the revolution,
watchdog/political action groups through-
out the country in both organizations and
communities
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO,
EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), Entente,
FAO, GATT, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB�Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, Ni-
ger River Commission, OAU, OCAM,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Paul Desire KABORE, Chancery at 2340
Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington
DC 20008, telephone [phone] or
6895, US�Ambassador David H
SHINN, Embassy at Avenue Raoul Folle-
rau, Ouagadougou (mailing address is B
P 35, Ouagadougou); telephone [226] 30-
67-23 through 25
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red
(top) and green with a yellow five-pointed
star in the center, uses the popular pan-
African colors of Ethiopia
Economy
Overview: One of the poorest countries in
the world, Burkina has a high population
density, few natural resources, and rela-
tively infertile soil Economic development
is hindered by a poor communications net-
work within a landlocked country Agri-
culture provides about 40% of GDP and is
entirely of a subsistence nature Industry,
dominated by unprofitable government-
controlled corporations, accounted for 13%
of GDP in 1985
GDP: $1 43 billion, per capita $170, real
growth rate 7 7% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 3%
(1988)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $422 million, expendi-
tures $516 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $25 million (1987)
Exports: $249 million (f.o b, 1988), com-
modities�oilseeds, cotton, live animals,
gold, partners�EC 42% (France 30%,
other 12%), Taiwan 17%, Ivory Coast 15%
(1985)
Imports: $591 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�grain, dairy products, petro-
leum, machinery, partners�EC 37%
(France 23%, other 14%), Africa 31%, US
15% (1985)
External debt: $969 million (December
1988)
Industrial production: growth rate 7 1%
(1985)
Electricity: 121,000 kW capacity, 320 mil-
lion kWh produced, 37 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: agricultural processing plants,
brewery, cement, and brick plants, a few
other small consumer goods enterprises
Agriculture: cash crops�peanuts, shea
nuts, sesame, cotton, food crops�
sorghum, millet, corn, rice, livestock, not
self-sufficient in food grains
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $271 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $2 5 billion,
Communist countries (1970-88), $94 mil-
lion
Currency: Communaute Financiere Afri-
came franc (plural�francs), 1 CFA franc
(CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per
US$1-284 55 (January 1990), 319 01
(1989), 297 85 (1988), 300 54 (1987),
346 30 (1986), 449 26 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 620 km total, 520 km Ouaga-
dougou to Ivory Coast border and 100 km
Ouagadougou to Kaya, all 1 00-meter
gauge and single track
Highways: 16,500 km total, 1,300 km
paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km
unimproved (1985)
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airports: 50 total, 43 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: all services only fair,
radio relay, wire, and radio communica-
tion stations in use, 13,900 telephones,
stations-2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,775,143, 904,552 fit for military service,
no conscription
Defense expenditures: 3 1% of GDP (1987)
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Burma
500 km
Akyab
(Sittwe)
Bay of
Bengal
� Sityitkyini
R A RIGOO
Tavoy
Andaman
Sea
See regional map VIII and IX
Geography
Total area: 678,500 km2, land area
657,740 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Texas
Land boundaries: 5,876 km total, Bangla-
desh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India
1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800
km
Coastline: 1,930 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Continental shelf edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical monsoon, cloudy, rainy,
hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon,
June to September), less cloudy, scant
rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humid-
ity during winter (northeast monsoon, De-
cember to April)
Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep,
rugged highlands
Natural resources: crude oil, timber, tin,
antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead,
coal, some marble, limestone, precious
stones, natural gas
Land use: 15% arable land; 1% permanent
crops, 1% meadows and pastures, 49%
forest and woodland, 34% other, includes
2% irrigated
Environment: subject to destructive earth-
quakes and cyclones, flooding and land-
slides common during rainy season (June
to September), deforestation
Note: strategic location near major Indian
Ocean shipping lanes
People
Population: 41,277,389 (July 1990),
growth rate 2 0% (1990)
Birth rate: 33 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 97 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male,
56 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 4 2 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Burmese, adjective�
Burmese
Ethnic divisions: 68% Burman, 9% Shan,
7% Karen, 4% Rakhine, 3% Chinese, 2%
Mon, 2% Indian, 5% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% animist be-
liefs, Muslim, Christian, or other
Language: Burmese, minority ethnic
groups have their own languages
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 16,036,000, 65 2% agricul-
ture, 14 3% industry, 10 1% trade, 6 3%
government, 4 1% other (FY89 est )
Organized labor: Workers' Asiayone (asso-
ciation), 1,800,000 members, and Peas-
ants' Asiayone, 7,600,000 members
Government
Long-form name: Union of Burma, note�
the local official name is Pyidaungzu
Myanma Naingngandaw which has been
translated as Union of Myanma or Union
of Myanmar
Type: military government
Capital: Rangoon (sometimes translated as
Yangon)
Administrative divisions: 7 divisions* (yin-
mya, singular�yin) and 7 states (pyine-
mya, singular�pyine); Chin State,
Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State,
Kayah State, Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon
State, Pegu*, Rakhine State, Rangoon*,
Sagaing*, Shan State, Tenasserim*
Independence: 4 January 1948 (from UK)
Constitution: 3 January 1974 (suspended
since 18 September 1988)
Legal system: martial law in effect
throughout most of the country, has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
January (1948)
Executive branch: chairman of the State
Law and Order Restoration Council, State
Law and Order Restoration Council
Legislative branch: unicameral People's
Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved
after the coup of 18 September 1988
Judicial branch: Council of People's Jus-
tices was abolished after the coup of 18
September 1988
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�Chairman of the State Law and
Order Restoration Council and Prime
Minister Gen SAW MAUNG (since 18
September 1988)
Political parties and leaders: National
League for Democracy, U Tin Oo and
Aung San Suu Kyi, League for Democ-
racy and Peace, U Nu, National Unity
Party (promilitary), over 100 other parties
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People's Assembly�last held
6-20 October 1985, but dissolved after the
coup of 18 September 1988, next sched-
uled 27 May 1990), results�percent of
vote by party NA, seats�(NA total) num-
ber of seats by party NA
Communists: several hundred, est , prima-
rily as an insurgent group on the north-
east frontier
Other political or pressure groups: Kachin
Independence Army, Karen National
Union, several Shan factions (all insurgent
groups), Burmese Communist Party (BCP)
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador U
MY0 AUNG, Chancery at 2300 S Street
NW, Washington DC 20008, telephone
[phone] through 9046, there is a
Burmese Consulate General in New York,
US�Ambassador Burton LEVIN, Em-
bassy at 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon
(mailing address is G P 0 Box 521,
Rangoon or Box B, APO San Francisco
96346), telephone 82055 or 82181
Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the up-
per hoist-side corner bearing, all in white,
14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel
containing a stalk of rice, the 14 stars rep-
resent the 14 administrative divisions
Economy
Overview: Burma is one of the poorest
countries in Asia, with a per capita GDP
of about $280 The government reports
negligible growth for FY88 The nation
has been unable to achieve any significant
improvement in export earnings because
of falling prices for many of its major
commodity exports For rice, traditionally
the most Important export, the drop in
world prices has been accompanied by
shrinking markets and a smaller volume
of sales In 1985 teak replaced rice as the
largest export and continues to hold this
position The economy is heavily depen-
dent on the agricultural sector, which gen-
erates about 40% of GDP and provides
employment for more than 65% of the
work force
GDP: $11 0 billion, per capita $280, real
growth rate 0 2% (FY88 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 22 6%
(FY89 est )
Unemployment rate: 10 4% in urban areas
(FY87)
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Burma (continued)
Budget: revenues $4 9 billion, expenditures
$5 0 billion, including capital expenditures
of $0 7 billion (FY89 est )
Exports: $311 million (f o b, FY88 est )
commodities�teak, rice, oilseed, metals,
rubber, gems, partners�Southeast Asia,
India, China, EC, Africa
Imports: $536 million (c i f, FY88 est )
commodities�machinery, transport
equipment, chemicals, food products, part-
ners�Japan, EC, CEMA, China, South-
east Asia
External debt: $5 6 billion (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate �1 5%
(FY88)
Electricity: 950,000 kW capacity, 2,900
million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: agricultural processing, textiles
and footwear, wood and wood products,
petroleum refining, mining of copper, tin,
tungsten, iron, construction materials,
pharmaceuticals, fertilizer
Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of
GDP (including fish and forestry), self-
sufficient in food, principal crops�paddy
rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses,
world's largest stand of hardwood trees,
rice and teak account for 55% of export
revenues, 1985 fish catch of 644 million
metric tons
Illicit drugs: world's largest illicit producer
of opium poppy and minor producer of
cannabis for the international drug trade,
opium production is on the increase as
growers respond to the collapse of
Rangoon's antinarcotic programs
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $158 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $3 8 billion,
Communist countries (1970-88), $424 mil-
lion
Currency: kyat (plural�kyats); 1 kyat (K)
= 100 pyas
Exchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1-
6 5188 (January 1990), 6 7049 (1989),
6 3945 (1988), 6 6535 (1987), 7 3304
(1986), 8 4749 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 3,991 km total, all government
owned, 3,878 km 1 000-meter gauge, 113
km narrow-gauge industrial lines, 362 km
double track
Highways: 27,000 km total, 3,200 km bi-
tuminous, 17,700 km improved earth or
gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 12,800 km, 3,200 km
navigable by large commercial vessels
Pipelines: crude, 1,343 km, natural gas,
330 km
Ports: Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein
Merchant marine: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 595,814 GRT/955,924
DWT, includes 3 passenger-cargo, 15
cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 vehicle carrier,
1 container, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubri-
cants (POL) tanker, 5 chemical, 16 bulk
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft (in-
cluding 3 helicopters)
Airports: 88 total, 81 usable, 29 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 37 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: meets minimum re-
quirements for local and intercity service,
international service is good, radiobroad-
cast coverage is limited to the most popu-
lous areas, 53,000 telephones (1986), sta-
tions-2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (1985), 1
Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
20,294,848, of the 10,135,886 males 15-
49, 5,438,196 are fit for military service,
of the 10,158,962 females 15-49,
5,437,518 are fit for military service,
434,200 males and 423,435 females reach
military age (18) annually, both sexes are
liable for military service
Defense expenditures: $315 0 million,
21 0% of central government budget
(FY88)
Burundi
Lake
Tanganyika
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 27,830 km2, land area 25,650
km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Maryland
Land boundaries: 974 km total, Rwanda
290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Climate: temperate, warm, occasional frost
in uplands
Terrain: mostly rolling to hilly highland,
some plains
Natural resources: nickel, uranium, rare
earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum
(not yet exploited), vanadium
Land use: 43% arable land, 8% permanent
crops, 35% meadows and pastures, 2%
forest and woodland, 12% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: soil exhaustion, soil erosion,
deforestation
Note: landlocked, straddles crest of the
Nile-Congo watershed
People
Population: 5,645,997 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 2% (1990)
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 1 1 1 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male,
54 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 7 0 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Burundian(s), adjec-
tive�Burundi
Ethnic divisions: Africans-85% Hutu
(Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), 1% Twa
(Pygmy); other Africans include about
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70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and
Zairians, non-Africans include about
3,000 Europeans and 2,000 South Asians
Religion: about 67% Christian (62% Ro-
man Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32% indige-
nous beliefs, 1% Muslim
Language: Kirundi and French (official),
Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in
the Bujumbura area)
Literacy: 33 8%
Labor force: 1,900,000 (1983 est ), 93.0%
agriculture, 4 0% government, 1 5% indus-
try and commerce, 1 5% services, 52% of
population of working age (1985)
Organized labor: sole group is the Union
of Burundi Workers (UTB), by charter,
membership is extended to all Burundi
workers (informally), figures denoting ac-
tive membership unobtainable
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic
Capital: Bujumbura
Administrative divisions: 15 provinces, Bu-
banza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, CI-
bitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo,
Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi,
Rutana, Ruyigi
Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN
trusteeship under Belgian administration)
Constitution: 20 November 1981,
suspended following the coup of 3 Sep-
tember 1987
Legal system: based on German and Bel-
gian civil codes and customary law, has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
July (1962)
Executive branch: president, Military
Committee for National Salvation, prime
minister, Council of Ministers
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dis-
solved following the coup of 3 September
1987
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour
Supreme)
Leaders: Chief of State�President Pierre
BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987),
Head of Government Prime Minister
Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October
1988)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
National Party of Unity and Progress
(UPRONA), a Tutsi-led party, Libere Ba-
rarunyeretse, coordinator of the National
Permanent Secretariat
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
Elections: National Assembly�dissolved
after the coup of 3 September 1987, no
elections are planned
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, EAMA,
ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Julien KAVAKURE, Chancery at Suite
212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Wash-
ington DC 20007, telephone (202) 342-
2574, US�Ambassador Cynthia Shep-
herd PERRY, Embassy at Avenue du
Zaire, Bujumbura (mailing address is B
P 1720, Bujumbura), telephone 234-54
through 56
Flag: divided by a white diagonal cross
into red panels (top and bottom) and green
panels (hoist side and outer side) with a
white disk superimposed at the center
bearing three red six-pointed stars out-
lined in green arranged in a triangular
design (one star above, two stars below)
Economy
Overview: A landlocked, resource-poor
country in an early stage of economic de-
velopment, Burundi is predominately agri-
cultural with only a few basic industries
Its economic health is dependent on the
coffee crop, which accounts for an average
90% of foreign exchange earnings each
year The ability to pay for imports there-
fore continues to rest largely on the vagar-
ies of the climate and the international
coffee market
GDP: $1 3 billion, per capita $255, real
growth rate 2 8% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 4%
(1988 est )
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $213 million, expendi-
tures $292 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $131 million (1988 est )
Exports: $128 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�coffee 88%, tea, hides and
skins, partners�EC 83%, US 5%, Asia
2%
Imports: $204 million (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�capital goods 31%, petroleum
products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods,
partners�EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3%
External debt: $795 million (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: real growth rate
51% (1986)
Electricity: 51,000 kW capacity, 105 mil-
lion kWh produced, 19 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: light consumer goods such as
blankets, shoes, soap, assembly of imports,
public works construction, food processing
Agriculture: accounts for 60% of GDP;
90% of population dependent on subsis-
tence farming, marginally self-sufficient in
food production, cash crops�coffee, cot-
ton, tea, food crops�corn, sorghum, sweet
potatoes, bananas, manioc, livestock�
meat, milk, hides, and skins
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $68 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $10 billion, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-88), $175 million
Currency: Burundi franc (plural�francs),
1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Burundi francs (FBu) per
US$1-176 20 (January 1990), 158 67
(1989), 140 40 (1988), 123 56 (1987),
114 17 (1986), 120 69 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 5,900 km total, 400 km paved,
2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km im-
proved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika
Ports: Bujumbura (lake port) connects to
transportation systems of Tanzania and
Zaire
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airports: 8 total, 7 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, none with runways 1,220
to 2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of
wire, radiocommunications, and
low-capacity radio relay links, 8,000 tele-
phones, stations-2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1
Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (includes naval and air
units), paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,230,559, 642,927 fit for military service,
61,418 reach military age (16) annually
Defense expenditures: 3 1% of GDP (1987)
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Cambodia
B
125 km
% Ka
Gulf of
Ti;alland
See regional map IX
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Geography
Total area: 181,040 km2, land area
176,520 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Oklahoma
Land boundaries: 2,572 km total, Laos
541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228
km
Coastline: 443 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Continental shelf 200 nm
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: offshore islands and three sec-
tions of the boundary with Vietnam are in
dispute, maritime boundary with Vietnam
not defined, occupied by Vietnam on 25
December 1978
Climate: tropical, rainy, monsoon season
(May to October), dry season (December
to March), little seasonal temperature
variation
Terrain: mostly low, flat plains, mountains
in southwest and north
Natural resources: timber, gemstones,
some iron ore, manganese, phosphates,
hydropower potential
Land use: 16% arable land; 1% permanent
crops, 3% meadows and pastures, 76%
forest and woodland, 4% other, includes
1% irrigated
Environment: a land of paddies and forests
dominated by Mekong River and Tonle
Sap
Note: buffer between Thailand and Viet-
nam
People
Population: 6,991,107 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 2% (1990)
Birth rate: 39 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 128 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 47 years male,
50 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 4 5 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Cambodian(s), adjec-
tive�Cambodian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer
(Cambodian), 5% Chinese, 5% other mi-
norities
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5%
other
Language: Khmer (official), French
Literacy: 48%
Labor force: 2 5-3 0 million, 80% agricul-
ture (1988 est )
Organized labor: Kampuchea Federation
of Trade Unions (FSC); under government
control
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: disputed between the Coalition Gov-
ernment of Democratic Kampuchea
(CGDK) led by Prince NORODOM SI-
HANOUK and the People's Republic of
Kampuchea (PRK) led by HENG SAM-
RIN
Capital: Phnom Penh
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces
(khet, singular and plural) and 1 autono-
mous municipality* (rottatheanei, singular
and plural), Batdambang, Kampong
Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong
Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal,
Ka& Kong, Kracheh, Mandell Kin, Ph-
num Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey
Veng, Rotanolun, Siemreab-Otdar
Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Ring,
Takev, note�there may be a new prov-
ince of Banteay Meanchey and Siemreab-
Otdar Meanchey may have been divided
into two provinces named Siemreab and
Otdar Meanchey
Independence: 9 November 1953 (from
France)
Constitution: 27 June 1981
National holidays: CGDK�Independence
Day, 17 April (1975), PRK�Liberation
Day, 7 January (1979)
Executive branch: CGDK�president,
prime minister, PRK�chairman of the
Council of State, Council of State, chair-
man of the Council of Ministers, Council
of Ministers
Legislative branch: CGDK�none, PRK�
unicameral National Assembly
Judicial branch: CGDK�none, PRK�
Supreme People's Court
Leaders: Chief of State�CGDK�Presi-
dent Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK
(since NA July 1982), PRK�Chairman of
the Council of State HENG SAMRIN
(since 27 June 1981),
Head of Government�CGDK�Prime
Minister SON SANN (since NA July
1982), PRK�Chairman of the Council of
Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January
1985)
Political parties and leaders: CGDK�
three resistance groups including Demo-
cratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the
Khmer Rouge) under Khieu Samphan,
Khmer People's National Liberation Front
(KPNLF) under Son Sann, and National
United Front for an Independent, Neutral,
Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia
(FUNCINPEC) under Prince Norodom
Sihanouk, PRK�Kampuchean People's
Revolutionary Party (KPRP) led by Heng
Samnn
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: CGDK�none,
PRK�National Assembly�last held 1
May 1981, in February 1986 the Assem-
bly voted to extend its term for five years
(next to be held by March 1990), results�
KPRP is the only party, seats�(123 total)
KPRP 123
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, Mekong
Committee (inactive), NAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO for CGDK, none for PRK
Diplomatic representation: none
Flag: CGDK�red with the yellow silhou-
ette of a stylized three-towered temple
representing Angkor Wat in the center,
Non-Communists�three horizontal bands
of blue, red (double width), and blue with
a white stylized temple representing Ang-
kor Wat centered on the red band,
PRK�red with the yellow silhouette of a
stylized five-towered temple representing
Angkor Wat in the center
Economy
Overview: Cambodia is a desperately poor
country whose economic development has
been stymied by deadly political
infighting The economy is based on agri-
culture and related industries Over the
past decade Cambodia has been slowly
recovering from its near destruction by
war and political upheaval It still
remains, however, one of the world's poor-
est countries, with an estimated per capita
GDP of about $130 The food situation is
precarious, during the 1980s famine has
been averted only through international
relief In 1986 the production level of rice,
the staple food crop, was able to meet
only 80% of domestic needs The biggest
success of the nation's recovery program
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Cameroon
has been in new rubber plantings and in
fishing Industry, other than rice process-
ing, is almost nonexistent Foreign trade is
primarily with the USSR and Vietnam
Statistical data on the economy continues
to be sparse and unreliable
GDP: $890 million, per capita $130, real
growth rate 0% (1989 est )
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $NA, expenditures $NA,
including capital expenditures of $NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Exports: $32 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�natural rubber, rice, pepper,
wood, partners�Vietnam, USSR, Eastern
Europe, Japan, India
Imports: $147 million (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�international food aid, fuels,
consumer goods, partners�Vietnam,
USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India
External debt: $600 million (1989)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 126,000 kW capacity, 150 mil-
lion kWh produced, 21 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and
wood products, rubber, cement, gem min-
ing
Agriculture: mainly subsistence farming
except for rubber plantations, main
crops�rice, rubber, corn, food
shortages�rice, meat, vegetables, dairy
products, sugar, flour
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $719 million, Western (non-
US) countries (1970-85), $270 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $950 mil-
lion
Currency: rid l (plural�rids), 1 riel (CR) =
100 sen
Exchange rates: riels (CR) per US$1-218
(November 1989) 100 00 (1987), 30 00
(1986), 7 00 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 612 km 1 000-meter gauge,
government owned
Highways: 13,351 km total, 2,622 km bi-
tuminous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel,
or improved earth, 3,624 km unimproved
earth, some roads in disrepair
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all
year to craft drawing 0 6 meters, 282 km
navigable to craft drawing 1 8 meters
Ports: Kfimpong Salim, Phnom Penh
Airports: 22 total, 9 usable, 6 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service barely ade-
quate for government requirements and
virtually nonexistent for general public,
international service limited to Vietnam
and other adjacent countries, stations-1
AM, no FM, 1 TV
Defense Forces
Branches: PRK�People's Republic of
Kampuchea Armed Forces, Communist
resistance forces�National Army of
Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge),
non-Communist resistance forces�Siha-
noulust National Army (ANS) and Khmer
People's National Liberation Front
(KPNLF)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,857,129; 1,025,456 fit for military ser-
vice, 61,649 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Defense expenditures: NA
300 km
Lake
Chad
Nftwoua
.61efounsaM
Nkongisambet* -
Crtairata
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 475,440 km2, land area
469,440 km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
California
Land boundaries: 4,591 km total, Central
African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094
km, Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea
189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690
km
Coastline: 402 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf not specific
Territorial sea 50 nm
Disputes: exact locations of the
Chad-Niger-Nigeria and Cameroon-Chad-
Nigeria tripoints in Lake Chad have not
been determined, so the boundary has not
been demarcated and border incidents
have resulted, Nigerian proposals to re-
open maritime boundary negotiations and
redemarcate the entire land boundary
have been rejected by Cameroon
Climate: varies with terrain from tropical
along coast to semiarid and hot in north
Terrain: diverse with coastal plain in
southwest, dissected plateau in center,
mountains in west, plains in north
Natural resources: crude oil, bauxite, iron
ore, timber, hydropower potential
Land use: 13% arable land, 2% permanent
crops, 18% meadows and pastures, 54%
forest and woodland, 13% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recent volcanic activity with
release of poisonous gases, deforestation,
overgrazing, desertification
Note: sometimes referred to as the hinge
of Africa
People
Population: 11,092,470 (July 1990),
growth rate 2 7% (1990)
Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population
(1990)
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Cameroon (continued)
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 120 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 49 years male,
53 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Cameroonian(s), adjec-
tive�Cameroonian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 tribes of widely
differing background, 31% Cameroon
Highlanders, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11%
Kirdi, 10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern
Bantu, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 13% other
African, less than 1% non-African
Religion: 51% indigenous beliefs, 33%
Christian, 16% Muslim
Language: English and French (official),
24 major African language groups
Literacy: 56 2%
Labor force: NA, 74 4% agriculture,
11 4% industry and transport, 14 2% other
services (1983); 50% of population of
working age (15-64 years) (1985)
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor
force
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Cameroon
Type: unitary republic, one-party presi-
dential regime
Capital: Yaounde
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces,
Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord,
Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud,
Sud-Ouest
Independence: 1 January 1960 (from UN
trusteeship under French administration,
formerly French Cameroon)
Constitution: 20 May 1972
Legal system: based on French civil law
system, with common law influence, has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 20 May
(1972)
Executive branch: president, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment President Paul BIYA (since 6
November 1982)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
(RDPC), Paul Biya, president
Suffrage: universal at age 21
Elections: President�last held 24 April
1988 (next to be held April 1993),
results�President Paul Blya reelected
without opposition,
National Assembly�last held 24 April
1988 (next to be held April 1993),
results�RDPC is the only party, seats�
(180 total) RDPC 180
Communists: no Communist party or sig-
nificant number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Came-
roon People's Union (UPC), remains an
illegal group with its factional leaders in
exile
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, EAMA,
ECA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IDB�Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission,
NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU,
OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Paul POND!, Chancery at 2349 Massa-
chusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC
20008, telephone [phone] through
8794; US�Ambassador Frances COOK,
Embassy at Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde
(mailing address is B P 817, Yaounde),
telephone [237] 234014; there is a US
Consulate General in Douala
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green
(hoist side), red, and yellow with a yellow
five-pointed star centered in the red band,
uses the popular pan-African colors of
Ethiopia
Economy
Overview: Over the past decade the econ-
omy has registered a remarkable perfor-
mance because of the development of an
offshore oil industry Real GDP growth
annually averaged 10% from 1978 to
1985 In 1986 Cameroon had one of the
highest levels of income per capita in trop-
ical Africa, with oil revenues picking up
the slack as growth in other sectors soft-
ened Because of the sharp drop in oil
prices, however, the economy is now expe-
riencing serious budgetary difficulties and
balance-of-payments disequalibrium Oil
reserves currently being exploited will be
depleted in the early 1990s, so ways must
be found to boost agricultural and indus-
trial exports in the medium term The
Sixth Cameroon Development Plan (1986-
91) stresses balanced development and
designates agriculture as the basis of the
country's economic future.
GDP: $12 9 billion, per capita $955, real
growth rate �8 6% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8 6%
(FY88)
Unemployment rate: 7% (1985)
Budget: revenues $2 17 billion, expendi-
tures $2 17 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $833 million (FY88)
Exports: $20 billion (f o b , 1988); com-
modtttes�petroleum products 56%,
coffee, cocoa, timber, manufactures, part-
ners�EC (particularly the Netherlands)
about 50%, US 3%
Imports: $2 3 billion (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�machines and electrical equip-
ment, transport equipment, chemical prod-
ucts, consumer goods, partners�France
42%, Japan 7%, US 4%
External debt: $4 9 billion (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate �6 4%
(FY87)
Electricity: 752,000 kW capacity, 2,940
million kWh produced, 270 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
Industries: crude oil products, small alu-
minum plant, food processing, light con-
sumer goods industries, sawmills
Agriculture: the agriculture and forestry
sectors provide employment for the major-
ity of the population, contributing nearly
25% to GDP and providing a high degree
of self-sufficiency in staple foods, commer-
cial and food crops include coffee, cocoa,
timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed,
grains, livestock, root starches
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $400 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $3 9 billion,
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $120 mil-
lion
Currency: Communaute Financiere Afri-
came franc (plural�francs), 1 CFA franc
(CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere
Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1-
287 99 (January 1990), 319 01 (1989),
297 85 (1988), 300 54 (1987), 346 30
(1986), 449 26 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,003 km total, 858 km 1 000-
meter gauge, 145 km 0 600-meter gauge
Highways: about 65,000 km total, includes
2,682 km bituminous, 30,000 km unim-
proved earth, 32,318 km gravel, earth,
and improved earth
Inland waterways: 2,090 km, of decreasing
importance
Ports: Douala
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/
33,509 DWT
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airports: 61 total, 54 usable, 10 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system of open
wire, cable, troposcatter, and radio relay,
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Canada
26,000 telephones, stations-10 AM, 1
FM, 1 TV, 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,553,867, 1,286,831 fit for military ser-
vice, 121,773 reach military age (18) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 1 7% of GDP, or
$219 million (1990 est )
1200 km
Arctic Ocean
Baffin
.� Bay
whstetiorse
Churchill
Davis
Strait
VanCeuetir Celgery
Wutr.aPeg uebec
Montreal
Ir.
Lake Superior
Lake Huron
See regional map II
Labrador
Sea
Halifax
TTAWA
oronto
Geography
Total area: 9,976,140 km2; land area
9,220,970 km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than US
Land boundaries: 8,893 km with US (in-
cludes 2,477 km with Alaska)
Coastline: 243,791 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: maritime boundary disputes
with France (St Pierre and Miquelon) and
US
Climate: varies from temperate in south to
subarctic and arctic in north
Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in
west and lowlands in southeast
Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper,
gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver,
fish, timber, wildlife, coal, crude oil, natu-
ral gas
Land use: 5% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 3% meadows and pastures,
35% forest and woodland, 57% other, in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: 80% of population concen-
trated within 160 km of US border, con-
tinuous permafrost in north a serious ob-
stacle to development
Note: second-largest country in world
(after USSR), strategic location between
USSR and US via north polar route
People
Population: 26,538,229 (July 1990),
growth rate 1 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male,
81 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Canadian(s), adjec-
tive�Canadian
Ethnic divisions: 40% British Isles origin,
27% French origin, 20% other European,
1 5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo
Religion: 46% Roman Catholic, 16%
United Church, 10% Anglican
Language: English and French (both offi-
cial)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 13,380,000, services 75%,
manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, con-
struction 3%, other 4% (1988)
Organized labor: 30 6% of labor force,
39 6% of nonagricultural paid workers
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: confederation with parliamentary
democracy
Capital: Ottawa
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and
2 territories*, Alberta, British Columbia,
Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfound-
land, Northwest Territories*, Nova Sco-
tia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Que-
bec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*
Independence: 1 July 1867 (from UK)
Constitution: amended British North
America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17
April 1982, charter of rights and unwrit-
ten customs
Legal system: based on English common
law, except in Quebec, where civil law
system based on French law prevails, ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ Jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July
(1867)
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor general, prime minister, deputy prime
minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
consists of an upper house or Senate and a
lower house or House of Commons
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor General Raymond
John HNATSHYN (since 29 January
1990),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
(Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since 4
September 1984), Deputy Prime Minister
Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since
NA June 1986)
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Canada (continued)
Political parties and leaders: Progressive
Conservative, Brian Mulroney, Liberal,
John Turner, New Democratic, Audrey
McLaughlin
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: House of Commons�last held
21 November 1988 (next to be held by
November 1993), results�Progressive
Conservative 43 0%, Liberal 32%, New
Democratic Party 20%, other 5%, seats�
(295 total) Progressive Conservative 170,
Liberal 82, New Democratic Party 43
Communists: 3,000
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, DAC, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDB�Inter-American Development Bank,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC�
International Whaling Commission,
IWC�International Wheat Council,
NATO, OAS, OECD, PAHO, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Derek BURNEY, Chancery at 1746 Mas-
sachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC
20036, telephone [phone], there
are Canadian Consulates General in At-
lanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleve-
land, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minne-
apolis, New York, Philadelphia, San
Francisco, and Seattle, US�Ambassador
Edward N NEY, Embassy at 100 Wel-
lington Street, KIP 5T1, Ottawa (mailing
address is P 0 Box 5000, Ogdensburg,
NY 13669), telephone [phone],
there are US Consulates General in Cal-
gary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto,
and Vancouver
Flag: three vertical bands of red (hoist
side), white (double width, square), and
red with a red maple leaf centered in the
white band
Economy
Overview: As an affluent, high-tech indus-
trial society, Canada today closely resem-
bles the US in per capita output, market-
oriented economic system, and pattern of
production Since World War lithe im-
pressive growth of the manufacturing,
mining, and service sectors has
transformed the nation from a largely ru-
ral economy into one primarily industrial
and urban In the 1980s Canada regis-
tered one of the highest rates of growth
among the OECD nations, averaging
about 4% With its great natural
resources, skilled labor force, and modern
capital plant, Canada has excellent eco-
nomic prospects
GDP: $513 6 billion, per capita $19,600,
real growth rate 2 9% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5 0%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 7 5% (1989)
Budget: revenues $79 2 billion, expendi-
tures $1020 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $1 8 billion (FY88 est )
Exports: $127 2 billion (f o b , 1989), com-
modities�newsprint, wood pulp, timber,
grain, crude petroleum, natural gas, fer-
rous and nonferrous ores, motor vehicles,
partners�US, Japan, UK, FRG, other
EC, USSR
Imports: $116 5 billion (c i f, 1989), com-
modities�processed foods, beverages,
crude petroleum, chemicals, industrial ma-
chinery, motor vehicles, durable consumer
goods, electronic computers, partners�
US, Japan, UK, FRG, other EC, Taiwan,
South Korea, Mexico
External debt: $247 billion (1987)
Industrial production: growth rate 2 3%
(1989)
Electricity: 103,746,000 kW capacity,
472,580 million kWh produced, 17,960
kWh per capita (1989)
Industries: processed and unprocessed
minerals, food products, wood and paper
products, transportation equipment, chem-
icals, fish products, petroleum and natural
gas
Agriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP, one
of the world's major producers and ex-
porters of grain (wheat and barley), key
source of US agricultural imports; large
forest resources cover 35% of total land
area, commercial fisheries provide annual
catch of 1 5 million metric tons, of which
75% is exported
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis
for the domestic drug market
Aid: donor�ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-87), $2 2 billion
Currency: Canadian dollar (plural�dol-
lars), 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100
cents
Exchange rates: Canadian dollars (Can$)
per US$1-1 1714 (January 1990), 1 1840
(1989), 1 2307 (1988), 1 3260 (1987),
1 3895 (1986), 1 3655 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 80,095 km total, 79,917 km
1.435-meter standard gauge (includes 129
km electrified), 178 km 0915-meter nar-
row gauge (mostly unused), two major
transcontinental freight railway systems�
Canadian National (government owned)
and Canadian Pacific Railway, passenger
service�VIA (government operated)
Highways: 884,272 km total, 712,936 km
surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km
earth
Inland waterways: 3,000 km, including St
Lawrence Seaway
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and
refined, natural gas, 74,980 km
Ports: Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint
John (New Brunswick), St John's (New-
foundland), Toronto, Vancouver
Merchant marine: 78 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 555,749 GRT/774,914
DWT, includes 1 passenger, 5 short-sea
passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 12 cargo, 2
railcar carrier, I refrigerated cargo, 8 roll-
on/roll-off, 1 container, 29 petroleum, oils,
and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 chemical
tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 10 bulk,
note�does not include ships used exclu-
sively in the Great Lakes ships
Civil air: 636 major transport aircraft, Air
Canada is the major carrier
Airports: 1,359 total, 1,117 usable, 442
with permanent-surface runways, 4 with
runways over 3,659 m, 30 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 322 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent service pro-
vided by modern media, 18 0 million tele-
phones, stations-900 AM, 29 FM, 53
(1,400 repeaters) TV, 5 coaxial submarine
cables, over 300 satellite earth stations
operating in INTELSAT (including 4 At-
lantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and
domestic systems
Defense Forces
Branches: Mobile Command, Maritime
Command, Air Command, Communica-
tions Command, Canadian Forces Europe,
Training Commands
Military manpower: males 15-49,
7,174,119, 6,251,492 fit for military ser-
vice, 187,894 reach military age (17) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 2 0% of GDP, or
$10 billion (1989 est )
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Cape Verde
c)Santo Ante�
Mindelo
.5`,�
csSanta
So Luria
Vicente ' c
e/?t0
Sio
IVicolee
Boa Vista
75 km
North Atlantic Ocean
Sotavento
pas do
()Fog�
Stavac3
See regional map VII
Sal
�Maio
PRAIA
Sae Two
Geography
Total area: 4,030 km2, land area 4,030
km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Rhode Island
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 965 km
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: temperate, warm, dry, summer
precipitation very erratic
Terrain: steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic
Natural resources: salt, basalt rock, pozzo-
lana, limestone, kaolin, fish
Land use: 9% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 6% meadows and pastures,
NEGL% forest and woodland, 85% other;
includes 1% irrigated
Environment: subject to prolonged
droughts, harmattan wind can obscure
visibility, volcanically and seismically ac-
tive, deforestation, overgrazing
Note: strategic location 500 km from Af-
rican coast near major north-south sea
routes, important communications station,
important sea and air refueling site
People
Population: 374,984 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 0% (1990)
Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �8 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 65 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male,
63 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 6 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Cape Verdean(s), ad-
jective�Cape Verdean
Ethnic divisions: about 71% Creole (mu-
latto), 28% African, 1% European
Religion: Roman Catholicism fused with
indigenous beliefs
Language: Portuguese and Cnoulo, a
blend of Portuguese and West African
words
Literacy: 48% (1986)
Labor force: 102,000 (1985 est ), 57% ag-
riculture (mostly subsistence), 29% ser-
vices, 14% industry (1981), 51% of popula-
tion of working age (1985)
Organized labor: Trade Unions of Cape
Verde Unity Center (UNTC-CS) closely
associated with ruling party
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Cape Verde
Type: republic
Capital: Praia
Administrative divisions: 12 districts (con-
celhos, singular�concelho), Boa Vista,
Brava, Fogo, Maio, Paul, Praia, Ribeira
Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Sao Nico-
lau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal, there may be 2
new districts named Porto Novo and
Santa Cruz
Independence: 5 July 1975 (from Portugal)
Constitution: 7 September 1980, amended
12 February 1981 and December 1988
National holiday: Independence Day, 5
July (1975)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, deputy minister, Council of Ministers
(cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral National
People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional
Popular)
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Jus-
tice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia)
Leaders: Chief of State�President
Aristides Maria PEREIRA (since 5 July
1975),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Pedro Verona Rodrigues PIRES, (since 5
July 1975), Deputy Minister Aguinaldo
Liboa RAMOS (since NA February 1990)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
African Party for Independence of Cape
Verde (PAICV), Aristides Maria Pereira,
secretary general
Suffrage: universal at age 15
Elections: President�last held 13 January
1986 (next to be held January 1991), re-
sults�President Aristides Maria Pereira
(PAICV) was reelected without opposition,
National People's Assembly�last held 7
December 1985 (next to be held Decem-
ber 1990), results�PAICV is the only
party; seats�(83 total) PAICV 83
Communists: a few Communists and some
sympathizers
Member of: ACP, AfDB, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Jose Luis FERNANDES LOPES, Chan-
cery at 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington DC 20007, telephone (202)
965-6820, there is a Cape Verdean Consu-
late General in Boston, US�Ambassador
Terry McNAMARA, Embassy at Rua
Hojl Ya Yenna 81, Praia (mailing address
is C P 201, Praia), telephone [238] 614-
363 or 253
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow
(top) and green with a vertical red band
on the hoist side, in the upper portion of
the red band is a black five-pointed star
framed by two corn stalks and a yellow
clam shell, uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia, similar to the flag of
Guinea-Bissau which is longer and has an
unadorned black star centered in the red
band
Economy
Overview: Cape Verde's low per capita
GDP reflects a poor natural resource base,
a 17-year drought, and a high birth rate
The economy is service oriented, with
commerce, transport, and public services
accounting for 60% of GDP during the
period 1984-86 Although nearly 70% of
the population lives in rural areas, agricul-
ture's share of GDP is only 16%, the
fishing and manufacturing sectors are 4%
each About 90% of food must be
imported The fishing potential of the is-
lands is not fully exploited (the fish
catch�mostly lobster and tuna�came to
only 10,000 tons in 1985) Cape Verde
annually runs a high trade deficit,
financed by remittances from emigrants,
cash grants, food aid, and foreign loans
GDP: $158 million, per capita $494, real
growth rate 6 1% (1987)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3 8%
(1987)
Unemployment rate: 25% (1988)
Budget: revenues $80 million, expenditures
$87 million, including capital expenditures
of $45 million (1988 est )
Exports: $8 9 million (f o b, 1987), com-
modities�fish, bananas, salt, partners�
Portugal, Angola, Algeria, Belgium/
Luxembourg, Italy
Imports: $124 million (ci f, 1987), com-
modities�petroleum, foodstuffs, consumer
goods, industrial products, partners�Por-
tugal, Netherlands, Spain, France, US,
FRG
External debt: $140 million (December
1988)
55
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Cape Verde (continued)
Industrial production: growth rate 0%
(1986 est )
Electricity: 14,000 kW capacity, 18 mil-
lion kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industry: fish processing, salt mining,
clothing factories, ship repair
Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP,
largely subsistence farming, bananas are
the only export crop, other crops�corn,
beans, sweet potatoes, coffee, growth po-
tential of agricultural sector limited by
poor soils and limited rainfall; annual food
imports required, fish catch provides for
both domestic consumption and small ex-
ports
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY75-88), $83 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $540 million, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-88), $36 million
Currency: Cape Verdean escudo (plural�
escudos), 1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc)
= 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Cape Verdean escudos
(CVEsc) per US$1-72 31 (February
1990), 74 86 (December 1989), 72 01
(1988), 725 (1987), 76 56 (1986), 85 38
(1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Ports: Mindelo and Praia
Merchant marine: 5 cargo ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 9,308 GRT/16,172
DWT
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable, 4 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland radio re-
lay system, high-frequency radio to main-
land Portugal and Guinea-Bissau, 1,740
telephones, stations-5 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV,
2 coaxial submarine cables, 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARP), Army, Navy, and Air
Force are separate components of FARP
Military manpower: males 15-49, 68,776,
40,731 fit for military service
Defense expenditures: 11 8% of GDP
(1981)
Cayman Islands
(dependent territory of the UK)
50 km
Caribbean Sea
Cayman
Br.ac2
Little
Cayman
Izezr:snd Cayman
GEORGE TOWN
Caribbean Sea
See regional map III
Geography
Total area: 260 km2, land area 260 km2
Comparative area: slightly less than 1 5
times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 160 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Climate: tropical marine, warm, rainy
summers (May to October) and cool, rela-
tively dry winters (November to April)
Terrain: low-lying limestone base
surrounded by coral reefs
Natural resources: fish, climate and
beaches that foster tourism
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 8% meadows and pastures, 23%
forest and woodland, 69% other
Environment: within the Caribbean hurri-
cane belt
Note: important location between Cuba
and Central America
People
Population: 26,356 (July 1990), growth
rate 4 3% (1990)
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 33 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male,
80 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 5 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Caymanian(s), adjec-
tive�Caymanian
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed, 20% white,
20% black, 20% expatriates of various eth-
nic groups
Religion: United Church (Presbyterian
and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist,
Roman Catholic, Church of God, other
Protestant denominations
Language: English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 8,061, 18 7% service workers,
18 6% clerical, 12 5% construction, 6 7%
finance and investment, 5 9% directors
and business managers (1979)
Organized labor: Global Seaman's Union,
Cayman All Trade Union
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: George Town
Administrative divisions: 12 districts; Bod-
den Town, Creek, East End, George
Town, Jacksons, North Side, Prospect,
South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West
Bay, West End
Independence: none (dependent territory of
the UK)
Legal system: British common law and
local statutes
Constitution: 1959, revised 1972
National holiday: Constitution Day (first
Monday in July), 3 July 1989
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor, Executive Council (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative
Assembly
Judicial branch: Grand Court, Cayman
Islands Court of Appeal
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor Alan James SCOTT
(since NA 1987),
Head of Government�Governor and
President of the Executive Council Alan
James SCOTT (since NA 1987)
Political parties and leaders: no formal
political parties
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: Legislative Assembly�last held
NA November 1988 (next to be held No-
vember 1992), results�percent of vote
NA, seats�(15 total, 12 elected)
Communists: none
Member of: Commonwealth
Diplomatic representation: as a dependent
territory of the UK, Caymanian interests
in the US are represented by the UK,
US�none
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the
upper hoist-side quadrant and the Cayma-
nian coat of arms on a white disk centered
on the outer half of the flag, the coat of
arms includes a pineapple and turtle
above a shield with three stars
(representing the three islands) and a
scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE
HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE
SEAS
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Central African Republic
Economy
Overview: The economy depends heavily
on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of ex-
port earnings) and offshore financial ser-
vices, with the tourist industry aimed at
the luxury market and catering mainly to
visitors from North America About 90%
of the islands' food and consumer goods
needs must be imported The Caymanians
enjoy one of the highest standards of liv-
ing in the region
GDP: $238 million, per capita $10,000
(1989 est ), real growth rate 12% (1987
est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2 4%
(1986)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $46 2 million, expendi-
tures $47 0 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $9 1 million (1986)
Exports: $2 2 million (f o b , 1986 est ),
commodities�turtle products, manufac-
tured consumer goods, partners�mostly
US
Imports: $134 million (ci f, 1986 est ),
commodities�foodstuffs, manufactured
goods, partners�US, Trinidad and To-
bago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan
External debt: $15 million (1986)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 59,000 kW capacity, 213 mil-
lion kWh produced, 8,960 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: tourism, banking, insurance
and finance, real estate and construction
Agriculture: minor production of vegeta-
bles, fruit, livestock, turtle farming
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-87), $26 7 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $32 2 million
Currency: Caymanian dollar (plural�dol-
lars), 1 Caymanian dollar (C1$) = 100
cents
Exchange rates: Caymanian dollars (C1$)
per US$1-0 835 (fixed rate)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 160 km of main roads
Ports: George Town, Cayman Brac
Merchant marine: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 355,055 GRT/576,622
DWT, includes 1 passenger-cargo, 8
cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 petro-
leum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1
chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 1
liquefied gas carrier, 8 bulk, note�a flag
of convenience registry
Airports: 3 total, 3 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 2,439 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 35,000 telephones,
telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial
cable and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth station to link islands and access
international services, stations-2 AM, 1
FM, no TV
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
UK
400 km
Bangassou
See regional map II
Geography
Total area: 622,980 km2, land area
622,980 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Texas
Land boundaries: 5,203 km total, Came-
roon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467
km, Sudan 1,165 km, Zaire 1,577 km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Climate: tropical, hot, dry winters, mild to
hot, wet summers
Terrain: vast, flat to rolling, monotonous
plateau, scattered hills in northeast and
southwest
Natural resources: diamonds, uranium,
timber, gold, oil
Land use: 3% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 5% meadows and pastures,
64% forest and woodland, 28% other
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan
winds affect northern areas, poaching has
diminished reputation as one of last great
wildlife refuges, desertification
Note: landlocked, almost the precise cen-
ter of Africa
People
Population: 2,877,365 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 6% (1990)
Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 141 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 45 years male,
48 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5 6 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Central A frican(s),
adjective�Central African
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Central African Republic
(continued)
Ethnic divisions: about 80 ethnic groups,
the majority of which have related ethnic
and linguistic characteristics, 34% Baya,
27% Banda, 10% Sara, 21% Mandjia, 4%
Mboum, 4% M'Baka, 6,500 Europeans, of
whom 3,600 are French
Religion: 24% indigenous beliefs, 25%
Protestant, 25% Roman Catholic, 15%
Muslim, 11% other, animistic beliefs and
practices strongly influence the Christian
majority
Language: French (official), Sangho (lingua
franca and national language), Arabic,
Hunsa, Swahili
Literacy: 40 2%
Labor force: 775,413 (1986 est), 85% ag-
riculture, 9% commerce and services, 3%
industry, 3% government, about 64,000
salaried workers, 55% of population of
working age (1985)
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: Central African Repub-
lic (no short-form name), abbreviated
CAR
Type: republic, one-party presidential re-
gime since 1986
Capital: Bangui
Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures
(prefectures, singular�prefecture) and 2
economic prefectures* (prefectures econo-
miques, singular�prefecture economique),
Bamingui-Bangoran, Basse-Kotto,
Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto, Haute-Sangha,
Haut-Mbomou, Kerno-Gribingui, Lobaye,
Mbomou, Nana-Mambere,
Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-
Pend& Sangha*, Vakaga, note�there
may be a new autonomous commune of
Bangui
Independence: 13 August 1960 (from
France, formerly Central African Empire)
Constitution: 21 November 1986
Legal system: based on French law
National holiday: National Day (procla-
mation of the republic), 1 December
(1958)
Executive branch: president, Council of
Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress
consists of an upper house or Economic
and Regional Council (Conseil
Economique et Regional) and a lower
house or National Assembly (Assemblee
Nationale)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour
Supreme)
Leaders: chid of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Andre-Dieudonne
KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
Centrafrican Democrtic Rally Party
(RDC), Andre-Dieudonne Kolingba
Suffrage: universal at age 21
Elections: President�last held 21 Novem-
ber 1986 (next to be held November
1993), results�President Kolingba was
reelected without opposition,
National Assembly�last held 31 July
1987 (next to be held July 1992), results�
RDC is the only party, seats�(total) RDC
52
Communists: small number of Communist
sympathizers
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Confer-
ence of East and Central African States,
EAMA, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET,
Chancery at 1618 22nd Street NW,
Washington DC 20008, telephone (202)
483-7800 or 7801, US�Ambassador Da-
niel H SIMPSON, Embassy at Avenue
du President David Dacko, Bangui
(mailing address is B P 924, Bangui),
telephone 61-02-00 or 61-25-78, 61-43-33
Flag: four equal horizontal bands of blue
(top), white, green, and yellow with a ver-
tical red band in center, there is a yellow
five-pointed star on the hoist side of the
blue band
Economy
Overview: The Central African Republic
(CAR) is one of the poorest countries in
Africa, with a per capita income of
roughly $450 in 1988 Subsistence agri-
culture, including forestry, is the back-
bone of the economy, with over 70% of
the population living in the countryside In
1988 the agricultural sector generated
about 40% of GDP, mining and manufac-
turing 14%, utilities and construction 4%,
and services 41% Agricultural products
accounted for about 60% of export earn-
ings and the diamond industry for 30%
Important constraints to economic devel-
opment include the CAR's landlocked po-
sition, a poor transportation infrastruc-
ture, and a weak human resource base
Multilateral and bilateral development
assistance plays a major role in providing
capital for new investment
GDP: $1 27 billion, per capita $453, real
growth rate 2 0% (1988 est)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): �4 2%
(1988 est)
Unemployment rate: 30% in Bangui (1988
est )
Budget: revenues $132 million, current
expenditures $305 million, including capi-
tal expenditures of $NA million (1989
est )
Exports: $138 million (f o b , 1988 est),
commodities�diamonds, cotton, coffee,
timber, tobacco, partners�France, Bel-
gium, Italy, Japan, US
Imports: $285 million (c i f, 1988 est),
commodities�food, textiles, petroleum
products, machinery, electrical equipment,
motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuti-
cals, consumer goods, industrial products,
partners�France, other EC, Japan, Alge-
ria, Yugoslavia
External debt: $660 million (December
1989)
Industrial production: I 9% (1987 est)
Electricity: 35,000 kW capacity, 84 mil-
lion kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: sawmills, breweries, diamond
mining, textiles, footwear, assembly of
bicycles and motorcycles
Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP,
self-sufficient in food production except
for grain, commercial crops�cotton,
coffee, tobacco, timber, food crops�ma-
nioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $44 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $1 3 billion, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-88), $38 million
Currency: Communaute Financiere Afri-
caine franc (plural�francs), 1 CFA franc
(CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere
Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1-
287 99 (January 1990), 319 01 (1989),
297 85 (1988), 300 54 (1987), 346 30
(1986), 449 26 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 22,000 km total, 458 km bitu-
minous, 10,542 km improved earth,
11,000 unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km, traditional
trade carried on by means of
shallow-draft dugouts, Oubangui is the
most important river
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airports: 66 total, 49 usable, 4 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
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Chad
Telecommunications: fair system, network
relies primarily on radio relay links, with
low-capacity, low-powered radiocommuni-
cation also used, 6,000 telephones, sta-
tions-1 AM, 1 FM, I TV, 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 642,207,
335,863 fit for military service
Defense expenditures: 1 8% of GDP, or
$23 million (1989 est )
lava-tames
,
A beivhes'
Lae Chad
N'DJAMENA
Borgar
.Sarh
tu,mdou
See regional map VII
400 km
Geography
Total area: 1,284,000 km2, land area
1,259,200 km2
Comparative area: slightly more than
three times the size of California
Land boundaries: 5,968 km total, Came-
roon 1,094 km, Central African Republic
1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175
km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Disputes: Libya claims and occupies a
small portion of the Aozou Strip in far
north, exact locations of the Chad-Niger-
Nigeria and Cameroon-Chad-Nigeria in-
points in Lake Chad have not been deter-
mined�since the boundary has not been
demarcated, border incidents have
resulted
Climate: tropical in south, desert in north
Terrain: broad, arid plains in center,
desert in north, mountains in northwest,
lowlands in south
Natural resources: small quantities of
crude oil (unexploited but exploration be-
ginning), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish
(Lake Chad)
Land use: 2% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 36% meadows and pastures,
11% forest and woodland, 51% other, in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan
winds occur in north, drought and deserti-
fication adversely affecting south, subject
to plagues of locusts
Note: landlocked, Lake Chad is the most
significant water body in the Sahel
People
Population: 5,017,431 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 42 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 22 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/
1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 136 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 38 years male,
40 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5 3 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Chadian(s),
adjective�Chadian
Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic
groups, most of whom are Muslims
(Arabs, Toubou, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa,
Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba)
in the north and center and non-Muslims
(Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Mou-
dang, Mousse', Massa) in the south, some
150,000 nonindigenous, of whom 1,000
are French
Religion: 44% Muslim, 33% Christian,
23% indigenous beliefs, animism
Language: French and Arabic (official),
Sara and Sango in south, more than 100
different languages and dialects are spo-
ken
Literacy: 25 3%
Labor force: NA, 85% agriculture (en-
gaged in unpaid subsistence farming,
herding, and fishing)
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor
force
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic
Capital: N'Diamena
Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures
(prefectures, singular�prefecture), Batha,
Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibestt, Chart-
Baguirmi, Gu8ra, Kanem, Lac, Logone
Occidental, Logone Oriental,
Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Sa-
lamat, Tandjile
Independence: 11 August 1960 (from
France)
Constitution: 22 December 1989
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and Chadian customary law, has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day (founding
of the Third Republic), 7 June (1982)
Executive branch: president, Council of
Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Consultative Council (Conseil National
Consultatif)
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Hissein HABRE
(since 19 June 1982)
Political parties and leaders: National
Union for Independence and Revolution
(UNIR) established June 1984 with Habre
as President, numerous dissident groups
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Chad (continued)
(most significant opponents have returned
to the government since mid-1986)
Suffrage: universal at age NA
Elections: President�last held 10 Decem-
ber 1989 (next to be held December
1996), results�President Habre was re-
elected without opposition
Communists: no front organizations or un-
derground party, probably a few Commu-
nists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: NA
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO, Confer-
ence of East and Central African States,
EAMA, ECA, EC (associate), FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDB�Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, OIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Mahamat Ali ADOUM, Chancery at
2002 R Steet NW, Washington DC
20009, telephone [phone], US�
Ambassador (vacant), Charg�'Affaires,
Julius WALKER, Embassy at Avenue
Felix Eboue, N'Djamena (mailing address
is B P 413, N'Djamena), telephone [235]
(51) 32-69 or 35-13, 28-62, 23-29, 32-29,
30-94, 28-47
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue
(hoist side), yellow, and red, similar to the
flag of Andorra which has a national coat
of arms featuring a quartered shield cen-
tered in the yellow band, also similar to
the flag of Romania which has a national
coat of arms featuring a mountain land-
scape centered in the yellow band; design
was based on the flag of France
Economy
Overview: The climate, geographic loca-
tion, and lack of infrastructure and natu-
ral resources potential make Chad one of
the most underdeveloped countries in the
world Its economy is slowly recovering
from the ravaging effects of prolonged
civil war, conflict with Libya, drought,
and food shortages In 1986 real GDP
returned to its 1977 level, with cotton, the
major cash crop, accounting for 43% of
exports Over 80% of the work force is
employed in subsistence farming and
fishing Industry is based almost entirely
on the processing of agricultural products,
including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle
Chad is still highly dependent on foreign
aid, with its economy in trouble and many
regions suffering from shortages
GDP: $902 million, per capita $190, real
growth rate 7 0% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): �3 0%
(1987)
Unemployment rate: NA
Budget: revenues $61 million, expenditures
$85 million, including capital expenditures
of NA (1988 est )
Exports: $432 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�cotton 43%, cattle 35%, textiles
5%, fish, partners�France, Nigeria, Ca-
meroon
Imports: $214 million (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�machinery and transportation
equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, pe-
troleum products 13%, foodstuffs 9%,
partners�US, France
External debt: $360 million (December
1989)
Industrial production: growth rate �7 0%
(1986)
Electricity: 38,000 kW capacity, 70 mil-
lion kWh produced, 14 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: cotton textile mills, slaughter-
houses, brewery, natron (sodium carbon-
ate)
Agriculture: accounts for 45% of GDP,
largely subsistence farming, cotton most
important cash crop, food crops include
sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes,
manioc, livestock�cattle, sheep, goats,
camels, self-sufficient in food in years of
adequate rainfall
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $178 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $1 2 billion,
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $71 mil-
lion
Currency: Communaute Financiere Afri-
came franc (plural�francs), 1 CFA franc
(CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere
Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1-
287 99 (January 1990), 319 01 (1989),
297 85 (1988), 300 54 (1987), 346 30
(1986), 449 26 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 31,322 km total, 32 km bitumi-
nous, 7,300 km gravel and laterite, re-
mainder unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,000 km navigable
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airports: 71 total, 55 usable, 4 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 24 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of radio-
communication stations for intercity links,
5,000 telephones, stations-3 AM, 1 FM,
limited TV service, many facilities are
inoperative, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,163,312, 603,923 fit for military service,
50,255 reach military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures: 3 5% of GDP (1987)
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Chile
Arica
Antofagasta
South
Pacific
'
Ocean
ConcepciOn
La Serena
Puerto Montt
Easter and Sala y
Gomez islands are
not shown
Punta Arenas
See regional map I%
1000 km
SANTIAGO
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Geography
Total area: 756,950 km2, land area
748,800 km2, includes Isla de Pascua
(Easter Island) and Isla Sala y G6mez
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
twice the size of Montana
Land boundaries: 6,171 km total, Argen-
tina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160
km
Coastline: 6,435 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Continental shelf 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: short section of the southern
boundary with Argentina is indefinite, Bo-
livia has wanted a sovereign corridor to
the South Pacific Ocean since the Ata-
cama area was lost to Chile in 1884, dis-
pute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water
rights, territorial claim in Antarctica
(Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially
overlaps Argentine claim
Climate: temperate, desert in north, cool
and damp in south
Terrain: low coastal mountains, fertile
central valley, rugged Andes in east
Natural resources: copper, timber, iron
ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybde-
num
Land use: 7% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 16% meadows and pastures,
21% forest and woodland, 56% other, in-
cludes 2% irrigated
Environment: subject to severe
earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami,
Atacama Desert one of world's driest re-
gions, desertification
Note: strategic location relative to sea
lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
(Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel,
Drake Passage)
People
Population: 13,082,842 (July 1990),
growth rate 1 6% (1990)
Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male,
77 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 5 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Chilean(s), adjective�
Chilean
Ethnic divisions: 95% European and
European-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Prot-
estant, and small Jewish population
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 94%
Labor force: 3,840,000, 38 6% services
(including 12% government), 31 3% indus-
try and commerce, 15 9% agriculture, for-
estry, and fishing, 8 7% mining, 4 4% con-
struction (1985)
Organized labor: 10% of labor force (1989)
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Administrative divisions: 13 regions (re-
giones, singular�region), Aisen del Gen-
eral Carlos Ibifiez del Campo, Antofa-
gasta, Araucania, Atacama, Biobio,
Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo
O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y An-
tartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropoli-
tana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso
Independence: 18 September 1810 (from
Spain)
Constitution: 11 September 1980, effective
11 March 1981, amended 30 July 1989
Legal system: based on Code of 1857 de-
rived from Spanish law and subsequent
codes influenced by French and Austrian
law, judicial review of legislative acts in
the Supreme Court, has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
September (1810)
Executive branch: president, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral National
Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting
of an upper house or Senate and a lower
house or Chamber of Deputies
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte
Suprema)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Patricio AYLWIN
(since 11 March 1990)
Political parties and leaders: National
Renovation (RN), Sergio Jarpa, president,
Radical Party (PR), Enrique Silva
Cimma, Social Democratic Party (PSD),
Eugenio Velasco, Christian Democratic
Party (PDC), Andres Zaldivar, Party for
Democracy, Ricardo Lagos, Socialist
Party, Clodomiro Almeyda, other parties
are Movement of United Popular Action
(MAPU), Victor Barrueto, Christian Left
(IC), Luis Matra, Communist Party of
Chile (PCCh), Volodia Teitelboim, Move-
ment of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) is
splintered, no single leader, several leftist
and far left parties formed a new coalition
in November 1988 with Luis Matra as
president, the 17-party Concertation of
Parties for Democracy backed Patncio
Aylwin's presidential candidacy in Decem-
ber 1989
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18
Elections: President�last held 14 Decem-
ber 1989 (next to be held December 1993
or January 1994), results�Patncio Ayl-
win 55 2%, Hernan Buchi 29 4%, other
15 4%,
Senate�last held 14 December 1989
(next to be held December 1993 or Janu-
ary 1994), seats�(47 total, 38 elected)
17-party Concertation of Parties for De-
mocracy 22,
Chamber of Deputies�last held 14 De-
cember 1989 (next to be held December
1993 or January 1994), seats�(120 total)
Concertation of Parties for Democracy 69
Communists: 120,000 when PCCh was
legal in 1973, 50,000 (est ) active militants
Other political or pressure groups: revital-
ized university student federations at all
major universities dominated by opposition
political groups, labor�United Labor
Central (CUT) includes trade unionists
from the country's five-largest labor con-
federations, Roman Catholic Church
Member of: CCC, CIPEC, ECOSOC,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB�Inter-American De-
velopment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Octavio ERRAZURIZ, Chancery at 1732
Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington
DC 20036, telephone [phone],
there are Chilean Consulates General in
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New York, and San Francisco, US�Am-
bassador Charles A GILLESPIE, Jr,
Embassy at Codina Building, 1343
Agustinas, Santiago (mailing address is
APO Miami 34033), telephone [56] (2)
710133 or 710190, 710326, 710375
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Chile (continued)
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white
(top) and red, there is a blue square the
same height as the white band at the
hoist-side end of the white band, the
square bears a white five-pointed star in
the center, design was based on the US
flag
Economy
Overview: In 1989 the economy grew at
the rate of 9 9%, reflecting substantial
growth in industry, agriculture, and con-
struction Copper accounts for nearly 50%
of export revenues, Chile's economic well-
being thus remains highly dependent on
international copper prices Unemploy-
ment and inflation rates have declined
from their peaks in 1982 to 5 3% and
21 4%, respectively, in 1989 The major
long-term economic problem is how to
sustain growth in the face of political un-
certainties
GDP: $25 3 billion, per capita $1,970, real
growth rate 9 9% (1989)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21 4%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 5 3% (1989)
Budget: revenues $4 9 billion, expenditures
$5 1 billion, including capital expenditures
of $0 6 billion (1986)
Exports: $7 0 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�copper 48%, industrial products
33%, molybdenum, iron ore, wood pulp,
fishmeal, fruits, partners�EC 34%, US
22%, Japan 10%, Brazil 7%
Imports: $4 7 billion (Lo b, 1988), com-
modities�petroleum, wheat, capital
goods, spare parts, raw materials, part-
ners�EC 23%, US 20%, Japan 10%, Bra-
zil 9%
External debt: $16 3 billion (December
1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 7 4%
(1989)
Electricity: 4,044,000 kW capacity,
17,710 million kWh produced, 1,380 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: copper, other minerals, food-
stuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood
and wood products
Agriculture: accounts for about 8% of
GDP (including fishing and forestry), ma-
jor exporter of fruit, fish, and timber prod-
ucts, major crops�wheat, corn, grapes,
beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous
fruit, livestock products�beef, poultry,
wool, self-sufficient in most foods, 1986
fish catch of 5 6 million metric tons net
agricultural importer
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $521 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $1 3 billion,
Communist countries (1970-88), $386 mil-
lion
Currency: Chilean peso (plural�pesos), 1
Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Chilean pesos (Ch$) per
US$1-296 68 (January 1990), 267 16
(1989), 245 05 (1988), 219 54 (1987),
193 02 (1986), 161 08 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 8,613 km total, 4,257 km
1 676-meter gauge, 135 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 4,221 km 1 000-meter
gauge, electrification, 1,578 km 1 676-
meter gauge, 76 km 1 000-meter gauge
Highways: 79,025 km total, 9,913 km
paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km im-
proved and unimproved earth (1984)
Inland waterways: 725 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km, refined prod-
ucts, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km
Ports: Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto
Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San
Antonio, Talcahuano, Arica
Merchant marine: 35 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 498,354 GRT/804,809
DWT, includes 13 cargo, 1 refrigerated
cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petro-
leum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1
chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 3 combi-
nation ore/oil, 10 bulk, note�in addition,
1 naval tanker and 1 military transport
are sometimes used commercially
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airports: 392 total, 352 usable, 49 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 11 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 57 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telephone
system based on extensive radio relay fa-
cilities, 768,000 telephones, stations-159
AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 shortwave, satel-
lite stations-2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT and 3 domestic
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Nation, National
Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabi-
neros of Chile
Military manpower: males 15-49,
3,491,854, 2,610,048 fit for military ser-
vice, 118,569 reach military age (19) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 4 0% of GDP (1987)
China
(also see separate Taiwan entry)
1200 km
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Oror710
..-indian
---1. clam
Chinese
line of
control
Lanaban.
.1-haa0 -
See regional map VIII
Ctranggn
*
SEUthiG
Tianlin
Van
�
Shanghai
'Wuhan
Suangzhou
Hainan
Duo
East
China
Sea
Q
Taiwan
South China
Sea
Geography
Total area: 9,596,960 km2, land area
9,326,410 km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than the
US
Land boundaries: 23,213 34 km total, Af-
ghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma
2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380
km, North Korea 1,416 km, Laos 423 km,
Macau 0 34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km,
Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, USSR
7,520 km, Vietnam 1,281 km
Coastline: 14,500 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: boundary with India; bilateral
negotiations are under way to resolve four
disputed sections of the boundary with the
USSR (Pamir, Argun, Amur, and Khaba-
rovsk areas), a short section of the bound-
ary with North Korea is indefinite, Hong
Kong is scheduled to become a Special
Administrative Region in 1997, Portu-
guese territory of Macau is scheduled to
become a Special Administrative Region
in 1999, sporadic border clashes with
Vietnam; involved in a complex dispute
over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia,
Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam, mari-
time boundary dispute with Vietnam in
the Gulf of Tonkin, Paracel Islands occu-
pied by China, but claimed by Vietnam
and Taiwan, claims Japanese-administered
Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands)
Climate: extremely diverse, tropical in
south to subarctic in north
Terrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus,
deserts in west, plains, deltas, and hills in
east
Natural resources: coal, iron ore, crude oil,
mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manga-
nese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite,
aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's
largest hydropower potential
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Land use: 10% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 31% meadows and pastures,
14% forest and woodland, 45% other, in-
cludes 5% irrigated
Environment: frequent typhoons (about five
times per year along southern and eastern
coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earth-
quakes, deforestation, soil erosion, indus-
trial pollution, water pollution, desertifica-
tion
Note: world's third-largest country (after
USSR and Canada)
People
Population: 1,118,162,727 (July 1990),
growth rate 1 4% (1990)
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 34 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male,
69 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 3 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Chinese (sing, p1),
adjective�Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 93 3% Han Chinese,
6 7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan,
Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean,
and other nationalities
Religion: officially atheist, but tradition-
ally pragmatic and eclectic, most impor-
tant elements of religion are Confucian-
ism, Taoism, and Buddhism, about 2-3%
Muslim, 1% Christian
Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua)
or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dia-
lect), also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shang-
hainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan
(Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka
dialects, and minority languages (see eth-
nic divisions)
Literacy: over 75%
Labor force: 513,000,000, 611% agricul-
ture and forestry, 25 2% industry and
commerce, 4 6% construction and mining,
4 5% social services, 4 6% other (1986 est )
Organized labor: All-China Federation of
Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the lead-
ership of the Chinese Communist Party,
membership over 80 million or about 65%
of the urban work force (1985)
Government
Long-form name: People's Republic of
China, abbreviated PRC
Type: Communist Party-led state
Capital: Beijing
Administrative divisions: 23 provinces
(sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous
regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and
3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plu-
ral), Anhui, Beijing**, Fujian, Gansu,
Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan,
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hu-
nan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi,
Shandong, Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan,
Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan,
Zhejiang, note�China considers Taiwan
its 23rd province
Independence: unification under the Qin
(Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC, Qing (Ch'ing or
Manchu) Dynasty replaced by the Repub-
lic on 12 February 1912, People's Repub-
lic established 1 October 1949
Constitution: 4 December 1982
Legal system: a complex amalgam of cus-
tom and statute, largely criminal law, ru-
dimentary civil code in effect since 1 Jan-
uary 1987, new legal codes in effect since
1 January 1980, continuing efforts are
being made to improve civil, administra-
tive, criminal, and commercial law
National holiday: National Day, 1 Octo-
ber (1949)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, premier, three vice premiers, State
Council, Central Military Commission (de
facto)
Legislative branch: unicameral National
People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Dal-
biao Dahui)
Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment (de facto)�DENG Xiaoping
(since mid-1977),
Chief of State�President YANG Shang-
kun (since 8 April 1988), Vice President
WANG Zhen (since 8 April 1988),
Head of Government�Premier LI Peng
(Acting Premier since 24 November 1987,
Premier since 9 April 1988), Vice Premier
YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979), Vice Pre-
mier TIAN Jiyun (since 20 June 1983),
Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April
1988)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Jiang
Zemin, general secretary of the Central
Committee
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 8 April
1988 (next to be held March 1993), Yang
Shangkun was elected by the Seventh Na-
tional People's Congress,
National People's Congress�last held
NA March 1988 (next to be held March
1993), results�CCP is the only party,
seats�(2,970 total) CCP 2,970 (indirectly
elected)
Communists: about 45,000,000 party
members (1986)
Other political or pressure groups: such
meaningful opposition as exists consists of
loose coalitions, usually within the party
and government organization, that vary by
issue
Member of: ADB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
ZHU Qizhen, Chancery at 2300 Connect-
icut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008,
telephone [phone] through 2502,
there are Chinese Consulates General in
Chicago, Houston, New York, and San
Francisco, US�Ambassador James R
LILLEY, Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3,
Beijing (mailing address is FPO San Fran-
cisco 96655), telephone [86] (1) 532-3831,
there are US Consulates General in
Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and
Shenyang
Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed
star and four smaller yellow five-pointed
stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward
the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-
side corner
Economy
Overview: Beginning in late 1978 the Chi-
nese leadership has been trying to move
the economy from the sluggish Soviet-
style centrally planned economy to a more
productive and flexible economy with mar-
ket elements�but still within the frame-
work of monolithic Communist control To
this end the authorities have switched to a
system of household responsibility in agri-
culture in place of the old collectivization,
increased the authority of local officials
and plant managers in industry, permitted
a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in
services and light manufacturing, and
opened the foreign economic sector to in-
creased trade and joint ventures The most
gratifying result has been a strong spurt
in production, particularly in agriculture
in the early 1980s Otherwise, the leader-
ship has often experienced in its hybrid
system the worst results of socialism (bu-
reaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of
capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up
inflation) Beijing thus has periodically
backtracked, retightening central controls
at intervals and thereby undermining the
credibility of the reform process Open
inflation and excess demand continue to
plague the economy, and political repres-
sion, following the crackdown at Tianan-
men in mid-1989, has curtailed tourism,
foreign aid, and new investment by for-
eign firms Popular resistance and changes
in central policy have weakened China's
population control program, which is es-
sential to the nation's long-term economic
viability
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China (continued)
GNP: $NA, per capita $NA, real growth
rate 4% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 19 5%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 3 0% in urban areas
(1989)
Budget: revenues $NA, expenditures $NA,
including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $52 5 billion (f o b , 1989), com-
modities�manufactured goods, agricul-
tural products, oilseeds, grain (rice and
corn), oil, minerals, partners�Hong Kong,
US, Japan, USSR, Singapore, FRG
(1989)
Imports: $59 1 billion (c 1 f, 1989), com-
modities�grain (mostly wheat), chemical
fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials,
machinery, equipment, partners�Hong
Kong, Japan, US, FRG, USSR (1989)
External debt: $51 billion (1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate 8 0%
(1989)
Electricity: 110,000,000 kW capacity,
560,000 million kWh produced, 500 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: iron, steel, coal, machine build-
ing, armaments, textiles, petroleum
Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GNP,
among the world's largest producers of
rice, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, mil-
let, barley, and pork, commercial crops
include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds,
produces variety of livestock products, ba-
sically self-sufficient in food, fish catch of
8 million metric tons in 1986
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-87), $220 7 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $111 billion
Currency: yuan (plural�yuan), 1 yuan (V)
= 10 jiao
Exchange rates: yuan (V) per US$1-
4 7221 (January 1990), 3 7651 (1989),
3 7221 (1988), 3 7221 (1987), 3 4528
(1986), 2 9367 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: total about 54,000 km common
carrier lines, 53,400 km 1 435-meter stan-
dard gauge, 600 km 1 000-meter gauge,
all single track except 11,200 km double
track on standard-gauge lines, 6,500 km
electrified, 10,000 km industrial lines
(gauges range from 0 762 to 1 067 meters)
Highways: about 980,000 km all types
roads, 162,000 km paved roads, 617,200
km gravel/improved earth roads, 200,800
km unimproved natural earth roads and
tracks
Inland waterways: 138,600 km, about
109,800 km navigable
Pipelines: crude, 6,500 km, refined prod-
ucts, 1,100 km, natural gas, 6,200 km
Ports: Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu,
Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai,
Xingang, Zhanjiang, Ningbo
Merchant marine: 1,373 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 13,303,685 GRT/
20,092,833 DWT, includes 25 passenger,
41 short-sea passenger, 17
passenger-cargo, 7 cargo/training, 766
cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 65 container,
17 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction
barge carriers, 173 petroleum, oils, and
lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical
tanker, 237 bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 liq-
uefied gas, note�China beneficially owns
an additional 175 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling approximately 5,380,415
DWT that operate under the registry of
Panama, UK, Hong Kong, Liberia, and
Malta
Airports: 330 total, 330 usable, 260 with
permanent-surface runways, fewer than 10
with runways over 3,500 m, 90 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 200 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic and inter-
national services are increasingly available
for private use, unevenly distributed inter-
nal system serves principal cities, indus-
trial centers, and most townships;
11,000,000 telephones (December 1989),
stations-274 AM, unknown FM, 202
(2,050 relays) TV, more than 215 million
radio receivers, 75 million TVs, satellite
earth stations-4 Pacific Ocean
INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT, and 55 domestic
Defense Forces
Branches: Chinese People's Liberation
Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including
Marines), CPLA Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
330,353,665, 184,515,412 fit for military
service, 11,594,366 reach military age (18)
annually
Defense expenditures: $5 28 billion (1988)
Christmas Island
(territory of Australia)
5 km
Indian Ocean
THE SETTLEMENT
reef
Indian Ocean
See regional map I X
Geography
Total area: 135 km2, land area 135 km2
Comparative area: about 0 8 times the size
of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 138 9 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Climate: tropical, heat and humidity mod-
erated by trade winds
Terrain: steep cliffs along coast rise
abruptly to central plateau
Natural resources: phosphate
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other
Environment: almost completely
surrounded by a reef
Note: located along major sea lanes of
Indian Ocean
People
Population: 2,278 (July 1990), growth rate
00% (1990)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male,
NA years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: NA children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Christmas Islander(s),
adjective�Christmas Island
Ethnic divisions: 61% Chinese, 25% Ma-
lay, 11% European, 3% other, no indige-
nous population
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Clipperton Island
(French possession)
Religion: NA
Language: English
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NA, all workers are employ-
ees of the Phosphate Mining Company of
Christmas Island, Ltd
Organized labor: NA
Government
Long-form name: Territory of Christmas
Island
Type: territory of Australia
Capital: The Settlement
Administrative divisions: none (territory of
Australia)
Independence: none (territory of Australia)
Constitution: Christmas Island Act of
1958
Legal system: under the authority of the
governor general of Australia
National holiday: NA
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor general of Australia, administrator,
Advisory Council (cabinet)
Legislative branch: none
Judicial branch: none
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952),
Head of Government�Administrator A
D TAYLOR (since NA)
Communists: none
Diplomatic representation: none (territory
of Australia)
Flag: the flag of Australia is used
Economy
Overview: Phosphate mining is the only
significant economic activity, but in No-
vember 1987 the Australian Government
announced that the mine would be closed
because of labor unrest Plans are under
way to build a casino and hotel to develop
tourism
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA, real growth
rate NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: 0%
Budget: revenues $NA, expenditures $NA,
including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $NA, commodities�phosphate,
partners�Australia, NZ
Imports: $NA, commodities�NA, part-
ners�NA
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 11,000 kW capacity, 38 mil-
lion kWh produced, 16,680 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
Industries: phosphate extraction (near de-
pletion)
Agriculture: NA
Aid: none
Currency: Australian dollar (plural�dol-
lars), 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A)
per US$1-1 2784 (January 1990), 1 2618
(1989), 1 2752 (1988), 1 4267 (1987),
1 4905 (1986), 1 4269 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Ports: Flying Fish Cove
Airports: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4,000 radios (1982)
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of Aus-
tralia
2 km
North
Pacific
Ocean
See regional map I
Geography
Total area: undetermined
Comparative area: undetermined
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 11 1 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical
Terrain: coral atoll
Natural resources: none
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other (coral)
Environment: reef about 8 km in circum-
ference
Note: located 1,120 km southwest of Mex-
ico in the North Pacific Ocean
People
Population: uninhabited
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: French possession administered by
High Commissioner of the Republic Jean
MONTPEZAT, resident in French Poly-
nesia
Economy
Overview: no economic activity
Communications
Ports: none, offshore anchorage only
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of
France
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Cocos (Keeling) Islands
(territory of Australia)
10 km
South
Keeling
Islands
n North Keeling
`4 Island
Indian
Ocean
Hoirsiabnuizh
island
Direction Island
reels) reefs
Home Island
See regional map IX
West
Island
reels
South Island
Geography
Total area: 14 km2, land area 14 km2,
main islands are West Island and Home
Island
Comparative area: about 24 times the size
of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 42 6 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Climate: pleasant, modified by the south-
east trade winds for about nine months of
the year; moderate rainfall
Terrain: flat, low-lying coral atolls
Natural resources: fish
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other
Environment: two coral atolls thickly cov-
ered with coconut palms and other vegeta-
tion
Note: located 1,070 km southwest of Su-
matra (Indonesia) in the Indian Ocean
about halfway between Australia and Sri
Lanka
People
Population: 670 (July 1990), growth rate
2 1% (1990)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male,
NA years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: NA children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Cocos Islander(s), ad-
jective�Cocos Islander(s)
Ethnic divisions: mostly Europeans on
West Island and Cocos Malays on Home
Island
Religion: NA
Language: English
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NA
Organized labor: none
Government
Long-form name: Territory of Cocos
(Keeling) Islands
Type: territory of Australia
Capital: West Island
Administrative divisions: none (territory of
Australia)
Independence: none (territory of Australia)
Constitution: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act
of 1955
Legal system: based upon the laws of Aus-
tralia and local laws
National holiday: NA
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor general of Australia, administrator,
chairman of the Islands Council
Legislative branch: unicameral Islands
Council
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952);
Head of Government�Administrator D
LAWRIE (since NA 1989), Chairman of
the Islands Council Parson Bin YAPAT
(since NA)
Suffrage: NA
Elections: NA
Diplomatic representation: none (territory
of Australia)
Flag: the flag of Australia is used
Economy
Overview: Grown throughout the islands,
coconuts are the sole cash crop Copra
and fresh coconuts are the major export
earners Small local gardens and fishing
contribute to the food supply, but addi-
tional food and most other necessities
must be imported from Australia
GNP: $NA, per capita $NA, real growth
rate NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment: NA
Budget: revenues $NA, expenditures $NA,
including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $NA, commodities�copra, part-
ners�Australia
Imports: $NA, commodities�foodstuffs,
partners�Australia
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: NA kW capacity, NA million
kWh produced, NA kWh per capita
Industries: copra products
Agriculture: gardens provide vegetables,
bananas, pawpaws, coconuts
Aid: none
Currency: Australian dollar (plural�dol
lars), 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A)
per US$1-1 2784 (January 1990), 1 2618
(1989), 1 2752 (1988), 1 4267 (1987),
1 4905 (1986), 1 4269 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Ports: none, lagoon anchorage only
Airports: 1 airfield with permanent-sur-
face runway, 2,440-3,659 m, airport on
West Island is a link in service between
Australia and South Africa
Telecommunications: 250 radios (1985),
linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile
communications via satellite with Austra-
lia, stations-1 AM, no FM, no TV
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of Aus-
tralia
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Colombia
North
Pacific
Ocean
Caribbean
Sea
Barranquilla
Cartagena
Cticuta
.Medeflin
BOGOTA
*
Buenaventura
'Cali
17asto
Providencia Malpelo and
San Andres islands are
not shown
See regional map III and IV
Mitii
400 km
Leticia
Puertoare
c
.
Geography
Total area: 1,138,910 km2, land area
1,038,700 km2, includes Isla de Malpelo,
Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serra-
nilla Bank
Comparative area: slightly less than three
times the size of Montana
Land boundaries: 7,408 km total, Brazil
1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225
km, Peru 2,900, Venezuela 2,050 km
Coastline: 3,208 km total (1,448 km North
Pacific Ocean, 1,760 Caribbean Sea)
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf not specified
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with
Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela, terri-
torial dispute with Nicaragua over Archi-
pelago de San Andres y Providencia and
Quita Sueno Bank
Climate: tropical along coast and eastern
plains, cooler in highlands
Terrain: mixture of flat coastal lowlands,
plains in east, central highlands, some
high mountains
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas,
coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emer-
alds
Land use: 4% arable land, 2% permanent
crops, 29% meadows and pastures, 49%
forest and woodland, 16% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: highlands subject to volcanic
eruptions; deforestation, soil damage from
overuse of pesticides, periodic droughts
Note: only South American country with
coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean
and Caribbean Sea
People
Population: 33,076,188 (July 1990),
growth rate 2 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/
1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male,
73 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 9 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Colombian(s), adjec-
tive�Colombian
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% white,
14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed black-
Indian, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 88% (1987 est ), Indians about
40%
Labor force: 11,000,000 (1986), 53% ser-
vices, 26% agriculture, 21% industry
(1981)
Organized labor: 1,400,000 members
(1987), about 12% of labor force, the
Communist-backed Unitary Workers Cen-
tral or CUT is the largest labor organiza-
tion, with about 725,000 members (in-
cluding all affiliate unions)
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic, executive branch domi-
nates government structure
Capital: Bogota
Administrative divisions: 23 departments
(departamentos, singular�departamento),
5 commissariats* (comisarias, singular�
comisaria), and 4 intendancies** (inten-
dencias, singular�mtendencia),
Amazonas*, Antioquia, Arauca**, At-
lantico, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta,
Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choc&
Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia*,
Guaviare*, Huila, La Guajira, Magda-
lena, Meta, Nartiio, Norte de Santander,
Putumayo**, Quindio, Risaralda, San An-
dres y Providencia**, Santander, Sucre,
Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*,
Vichada*, note�there may be a new spe-
cial district (distrito especial) named Bo-
gota
Independence: 20 July 1810 (from Spain)
Constitution: 4 August 1886, with amend-
ments codified in 1946 and 1968
Legal system: based on Spanish law, judi-
cial review of legislative acts in the Su-
preme Court, accepts compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 20
July (1810)
Executive branch: president, presidential
designate, cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress
(Congreso) consists of an upper chamber
or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber
or Chamber of Representatives (Camara
de Representantes)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice
(Corte Suprema de Justica)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Virgilio BARCO
Vargas (since 7 August 1986, term ends
August 1990), Presidential Designate
Victor MOSQUERA Chaux (since 13 Oc-
tober 1986)
Political parties and leaders: Liberal
Party�Virgilio Barco Vargas, Alfonso
Lopez Michelson, Julio Cesar Turbay,
Cesar Gaviria is the Liberal Party presi-
dential candidate, Conservative Party�
Misael Pastrana Borrero, Alvaro Gomez
Hurtado, Rodrigo Lloredo, Conservative
Party presidential candidate, Patriotic
Union (UP), is a legal political party
formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of
Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Com-
munist Party (PCC), Bernardo Jaramillo
Ossa is the UP presidential candidate
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 25 May
1986 (next to be held 27 May 1990), re-
sults�VH.010 Barco Vargas 59%, Alvaro
Gomez Hurtado 36%, Jaime Pardo Leal
4% (assassinated in October 1987), others
1%,
Senate�last held 11 March 1990 (next to
be held March 1994), results�percent of
vote by party NA, seats�(114 total) Lib-
eral 68, Conservative 45, UP 1,
House of Representatives last held 11
March 1990 (next to be held March
1994), results�percent of vote by party
NA, seats�(199 total) Liberal 107, Con-
servative 82, UP 10
Communists: 18,000 members (est ), in-
cluding Communist Party Youth Organi-
zation (JUCO)
Other political or pressure groups: Colom-
bian Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto
Vieira White, Communist Party/Marxist-
Leninist (PCC/ML), Chinese-line Com-
munist Party, Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia (FARC), National
Liberation Army (ELN), People's Libera-
tion Army (EPL), 19th of April Movement
(M-19)
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of
Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB�Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, LAIA,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Victor MOSQUERA, Chancery at 2118
Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008,
telephone [phone], there are
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Colombia (continued)
Colombian Consulates General in Chi-
cago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans,
New York, San Francisco, and San Juan
(Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Atlanta,
Boston, Detroit, Ft Lauderdale, Los
Angeles, San Diego, and Tampa, US�
Ambassador Thomas E McNAMARA,
Embassy at Calle 38, No 8-61, Bogota
(mailing address is APO Miami 34038),
telephone [57] (1) 285-1300 or 1688, there
is a US Consulate in Barranquilla
Flag: three horizontal bands of yellow
(top, double-width), blue, and red, similar
to the flag of Ecuador which is longer and
bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms super-
imposed in the center
Economy
Overview: Economic activity has slowed
gradually since 1986, but growth rates
remain high by Latin American
standards Conservative economic policies
have encouraged investment and kept in-
flation and unemployment under 30% and
10%, respectively The rapid development
of oil, coal, and other nontraditional in-
dustries over the past four years has
helped to offset the decline in coffee
prices�Colombia's major export The col-
lapse of the International Coffee Agree-
ment in the summer of 1989, a trouble-
some rural insurgency, and drug-related
violence dampen prospects for future
growth
GDP: $354 billion, per capita $1,110, real
growth rate 3 7% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% (1989
est )
Unemployment rate: 9 0% (1989 est )
Budget: revenues $4 39 billion, current
expenditures $3 93 billion, capital expen-
ditures $1 03 billion (1989 est )
Exports: $576 billion (f o b , 1989 est ),
commodities�coffee 30%, petroleum
24%, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers,
partners�US 36%, EC 21%, Japan 5%,
Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3%
Imports: $5 02 billion (c i f, 1989 est ),
commodities�industrial equipment,
transportation equipment, foodstuffs,
chemicals, paper products, partners�US
34%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%,
Japan 3%
External debt: $17 5 billion (1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 2 0%
(1989 est )
Electricity: 9,250,000 kW capacity,
35,364 million kWh produced, 1,110 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: textiles, food processing, oil,
clothing and footwear, beverages, chemi-
cals, metal products, cement, mining�
gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver,
salt
Agriculture: accounts for 22% of GDP,
crops make up two-thirds and livestock
one-third of agricultural output, climate
and soils permit a wide variety of crops,
such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugar-
cane, cocoa beans, oilseeds, vegetables,
forest products and shrimp farming are
becoming more important
Illicit drugs: major illicit producer of can-
nabis and coca for the international drug
trade, key supplier of marijuana and co-
caine to the US and other international
drug markets, drug production and traf-
ficking accounts for an estimated 4% of
GDP and 28% of foreign exchange earn-
ings
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $1 6 billion, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $2 9 billion, Commu-
nist countries (1970-88), $399 million
Currency: Colombian peso (plural�pesos),
1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Colombian pesos (Col$)
per US$1-439 68 (January 1990), 382 57
(1989), 299 17 (1988), 242 61 (1987),
194 26 (1986), 142 31 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,563 km, all 0 914-meter
gauge, single track
Highways: 75,450 km total, 9,350 km
paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel sur-
faces
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable
by river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km, refined
products, 1,350 km, natural gas, 830 km,
natural gas liquids, 125 km
Ports: Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Carta-
gena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta,
Tumaco
Merchant marine: 34 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 334,854 GRT/487,438
DWT, includes 23 cargo, 1 chemical
tanker, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
(POL) tanker, 9 bulk
Civil air: 106 major transport aircraft
Airports: 673 total, 622 usable, 66 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 10 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 124 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide radio re-
lay system, 1,890,000 telephones,
stations-413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28
shortwave 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth stations with 2 antennas and 11 do-
mestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: armed forces include Police (Po-
licia Nacional) and military�Army (Ejer-
cito Nacional), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea
de Colombia), Navy (Armada Nacional)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
8,768,072, 5,953,729 fit for military ser-
vice, 354,742 reach military age (18) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 1 9% of GDP, or
$700 million (1990 est )
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Comoros
MORONI
Njazrdia
Mutsamudu
(:-Inboni
Mwah ...,
Mozambique
Channel
See regional map VII
50 km
Indian Ocean
Nzwani
Domoni
Geography
Total area: 2,170 km2, land area 2,170
km2
Comparative area: slightly more than 12
times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 340 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: claims French-administered Ma-
yotte
Climate: tropical marine, rainy season
(November to May)
Terrain: volcanic islands, interiors vary
from steep mountains to low hills
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: 35% arable land, 8% permanent
crops, 7% meadows and pastures, 16%
forest and woodland, 34% other
Environment: soil degradation and erosion,
deforestation, cyclones possible during
rainy season
Note: important location at northern end
of Mozambique Channel
People
Population: 460,188 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 5% (1990)
Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 89 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male,
58 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 7 0 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Comoran(s), adjec-
tive�Comoran
Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa,
Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Religion: 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman
Catholic
Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dia-
lect), Malagasy, French
Literacy: 15%
Labor force: 140,000 (1982), 80% agricul-
ture, 3% government, 51% of population
of working age (1985)
Organized labor: NA
Government
Long-form name: Federal Islamic Repub-
lic of the Comoros
Type: independent republic
Capital: Moroni
Administrative divisions: 3 islands, An-
jouan, Grande Comore, Moheli, note�
there may also be 4 municipalities named
Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and Mutsa-
mudu
Independence: 6 July 1975 (from France)
Constitution: 1 October 1978, amended
October 1982 and January 1985
Legal system: French and Muslim law in
a new consolidated code
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
July (1975)
Executive branch: president, Council of
Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral Federal
Assembly (Assemblee Federale)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour
Supreme)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Said Mohamed DJO-
HAR (since 11 March 1990)
Political parties: Comoran Union for
Progress (Udzima), Said Mohamed Djo-
har, president, National Union for De-
mocracy (UNDC), Mohamed Taki
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 11 March
1990 (next to be held March 1996), re-
sults�Said Mohamed Djohar (Udzima)
55%, Mohamed Taki Abdulkarim
(UNDC) 45%,
Federal Assembly�last held 22 March
1987 (next to be held March 1992), re-
sults�percent of vote by party NA,
seats�(42 total) Udzima 42
Member of: ACP, AfDB, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, IDA, IDB�Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM,
OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Amini Ali MOUMIN, Chancery (tempo-
rary) at the Comoran Permanent Mission
to the UN, 336 East 45th Street, 2nd
Floor, New York, NY 10017, telephone
[phone], US�Ambassador Ho-
ward K WALKER, resides in Antanana-
rivo (Madagascar), Embassy at address
NA, Moroni (mailing address B P 1318,
Moroni), telephone 73-12-03
Flag: green with a white crescent placed
diagonally (closed side of the crescent
points to the upper hoist-side corner of the
flag), there are four white five-pointed
stars placed in a line between the points of
the crescent, the crescent, stars, and color
green are traditional symbols of Islam, the
four stars represent the four main islands
of the archipelago�Mwali, Njazidja, Nz-
wani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial
collectivity of France, but claimed by the
Comoros)
Economy
Overview: One of the world's poorest coun-
tries, Comoros is made up of several is-
lands that have poor transportation links,
a young and rapidly increasing population,
and few natural resources The low educa-
tional level of the labor force contributes
to a low level of economic activity, high
unemployment, and a heavy dependence
on foreign technical assistance Agricul-
ture, including fishing and forestry, is the
leading sector of the economy It contrib-
utes about 40% to GDP, employs 80% of
the labor force, and provides most of the
exports The country is not self-sufficient
in food production, and rice, the main sta-
ple, accounts for 90% of imports During
the period 1982-86 the industrial sector
grew at an annual average rate of 5 3%,
but its contribution to GDP was less than
4% in 1986 Despite major investment in
the tourist industry, which accounts for
about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated
since 1983
GDP: $207 million, per capita $475, real
growth rate 0 1% (1988 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8 3%
(1986)
Unemployment rate: over 16% (1988 est )
Budget: revenues $75 2 million, expendi-
tures $77 9 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $4 8 million (1988 est )
Exports: $12 million (f o b , 1987), com-
modities�vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, co-
pra, partners�US 53%, France 41%, Af-
rica 4%, FRG 2%
Imports: $52 million (c i f, 1987), com-
modities�rice and other foodstuffs, ce-
ment, petroleum products, consumer
goods, partners�Europe 62% (France
22%, other 40%), Africa 5%, Pakistan,
China
External debt: $238 million (December
1988)
Industrial production: growth rate 3 4%
(1988 est )
Electricity: 16,000 kW capacity, 24 mil-
lion kWh produced, 55 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: perfume distillation
Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP,
most of population works in subsistence
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Comoros (continued)
agriculture and fishing, plantations pro-
duce cash crops for export�vanilla,
cloves, perfume essences, and copra, prin-
cipal food crops coconuts, bananas, cas-
sava, world's leading producer of essence
of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and second-
largest producer of vanilla, large net food
importer
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-1m
(FY80-88), $9 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $371 million, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-88), $18 million
Currency: Comoran franc (plural�francs),
1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Comoran francs (CF) per
US$1-287 99 (January 1990), 319 01
(1989), 297 85 (1988), 300 54 (1987),
346 30 (1986), 449 26 (1985), note�linked
to the French franc at 50 to 1 French
franc
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 750 km total, about 210 km
bituminous, remainder crushed stone or
gravel
Ports: Mutsamudu, Moroni
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable, 4 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of ra-
dio relay and high-frequency radio com-
munication stations for interisland and
external communications to Madagascar
and Reunion, over 1,800 telephones, sta-
tions-2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Presidential Guard, Gen-
darmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 97,504;
58,274 fit for military service
Defense expenditures: 3% of GDP (1981)
Congo
200 km
pwpodo
Ojtienba
Loithomo SRAZZAVILLE
Gulf of �
r
Guinea - �into -
alt.ci,
Noire
See regional map Vii
Geography
Total area: 342,000 km2, land area
341,500 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Montana
Land boundaries: 5,504 km total, Angola
201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central Afri-
can Republic 467 km, Gabon 1,903 km,
Zaire 2,410 km
Coastline: 169 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea 200 nm
Disputes: long section with Zaire along
the Congo River is indefinite (no division
of the river or its islands has been made)
Climate: tropical, rainy season (March to
June), dry season (June to October), con-
stantly high temperatures and humidity,
particularly enervating climate astride the
Equator
Terrain: coastal plain, southern basin, cen-
tral plateau, northern basin
Natural resources: petroleum, timber, pot-
ash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phos-
phates, natural gas
Land use: 2% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 29% meadows and pastures,
62% forest and woodland, 7% other
Environment: deforestation, about 70% of
the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe
Noire, or along the railroad between them
People
Population: 2,242,274 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 0% (1990)
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male,
55 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5 8 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Congolese (sing, p1),
adjective�Congolese or Congo
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups
divided into some 75 tribes, almost all
Bantu, most important ethnic groups are
Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%)
and M'Bocht (12%) in the north, Teke
(17%) in the center, about 8,500 Europe-
ans, mostly French
Religion: 50% Christian, 48% animist, 2%
Muslim
Language: French (official), many African
languages with Lingala and Kikongo most
widely used
Literacy: 62 9%
Labor force: 79,100 wage earners, 75%
agriculture, 25% commerce, Industry, and
government, 51% of population of working
age, 40% of population economically ac-
tive (1985)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force (1979
est )
Government
Long-form name: People's Republic of the
Congo
Type: people's republic
Capital: Brazzaville
Administrative divisions: 9 regions (regions,
singular�region), Bouenza, Cuvette,
Koutlou, L8koumou, Ltkouala, Nian, Pla-
teaux, Pool, Sangha, note�there may be
a new capital district of Brazzaville
Independence: 15 August 1960 (from
France, formerly Congo/Brazzaville)
Constitution: 8 July 1979
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law
National holiday: National Day, 15 Au-
gust (1960)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral People's
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale
Populaire)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour
Supreme)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Denis
SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February
1979), Prime Minister Alphonse POATY-
SOUCHLATY (since 6 August 1989)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
Congolese Labor Party (PCT), President
Denis Sassou-Nguesso, leader
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 26-31 July
1989 (next to be held July 1993), results�
President Sassou-Nguesso unanimously
reelected leader of the PCT by the Party
Congress, which automatically makes him
president,
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People's National Assembly�last held 24
September 1989 (next to be held 1993),
results�PCT is the only party, seats�
(153 total) single list of candidates nomi-
nated by the PCT
Communists: unknown number of Com-
munists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union
of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC),
Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC),
Revolutionary Union of Congolese
Women (URFC), General Union of Con-
golese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Confer-
ence of East and Central African States,
EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-
77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAU, UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Benjamin BOUNKOULOU, Chancery at
4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington
DC 20011, telephone [phone],
US�Ambassador Leonard G SHURT-
LEFF, Embassy at Avenue Amilcar Ca-
bral, Brazzaville (mailing address is B P
1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO New
York 09662-0006), telephone 83-20-70 or
83-26-24
Flag: red with the national emblem in the
upper hoist-side corner, the emblem in-
cludes a yellow five-pointed star above a
crossed hoe and hammer (like the hammer
and sickle design) in yellow, flanked by
two curved green palm branches, uses the
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy
Overview: Oil has supplanted forestry as
the mainstay of the economy, providing
about two-thirds of government revenues
and exports In the early 1980s rapidly
rising oil revenues enabled Congo to fi-
nance large-scale development projects
with growth averaging 5% annually, one
of the highest rates in Africa The world
decline in oil prices, however, has forced
the government to launch an austerity
program to cope with declining receipts
and mounting foreign debts
GDP: $2 2 billion, per capita $1,000; real
growth rate �3% (1988 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1 5%
(1988)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $382 million, expendi-
tures $575 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $118 million (1988)
Exports: $912 million (f o b , 1987), com-
modities�crude petroleum 72%, lumber,
plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds,
partners�US, France, other EC
Imports: $4944 million (c 1 f, 1987), com-
modities�foodstuffs, consumer goods,
intermediate manufactures, capital equip-
ment, partners�France, Italy, other EC,
US, FRG, Spain, Japan, Brazil
External debt: $4 5 billion (December
1988)
Industrial production: growth rate �5 9%
(1987)
Electricity: 133,000 kW capacity, 300 mil-
lion kWh produced, 130 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: crude oil, cement, sawmills,
brewery, sugar mill, palm oil, soap, ciga-
rettes
Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GDP (in-
cluding fishing and forestry), cassava ac-
counts for 90% of food output, other
crops�rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables,
cash crops include coffee and cocoa, forest
products important export earner, imports
over 90% of food needs
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $56 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $2 1 billion, OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-88), $338 million
Currency: Communaute Financiere Afri-
came franc (plural�francs), 1 CFA franc
(CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere
Africame francs (CFAF) per US$1-
287 99 (January 1990), 319 01 (1989),
297 85 (1988), 300 54 (1987), 346 30
(1986), 449 26 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 797 km, 1 067-meter gauge,
single track (includes 285 km that are pri-
vately owned)
Highways: 12,000 km total, 560 km bitu-
minous surface treated, 850 km gravel,
laterite, 5,350 km improved earth, 5,240
km unimproved roads
Inland waterways: the Congo and Ubangi
(Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of
commercially navigable water transport,
the rest are used for local traffic only
Pipelines: crude oil 25 km
Ports: Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazza-
ville (river port)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airports: 51 total, 46 usable, 5 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: services adequate for
government use, primary network is com-
posed of radio relay routes and coaxial
cables, key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-
Noire, and Loubomo, 18,100 telephones,
stations-3 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV, 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military National People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 492,419,
250,478 fit for military service, 23,622
reach military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures: 4 6% of GDP (1987)
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Cook Islands
(free association with New Zealand)
Pukapuka
Rakahanga
Manihiki
Nassau
Island
:SUWarrOW
South Pacific Ocean
Palmerston
400 km
See regional map X
Attutaki
Takutea
Rarotonga
�Penrhyn
Manuae
Mitiaro
.Mauke
�*AVAR UA
Mangaia
Geography
Total area: 240 km2, land area 240 km2
Comparative area: slightly less than 1 5
times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 120 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or edge
of continental margin
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical, moderated by trade
winds
Terrain: low coral atolls in north, volcanic,
hilly islands in south
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: 4% arable land, 22% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 74% other
Environment: subject to typhoons from
November to March
Note: located 4,500 km south of Hawaii
in the South Pacific Ocean
People
Population: 18,187 (July 1990), growth
rate 0 5% (1990)
Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �10 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male,
72 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 5 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Cook Islander(s), ad-
jective�Cook Islander
Ethnic divisions: 81 3% Polynesian (full
blood), 7 7% Polynesian and European,
7 7% Polynesian and other, 2 4% Euro-
pean, 0 9% other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace
members of Cook Islands Christian
Church
Language: English
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: 5,810, agriculture 29%, gov-
ernment 27%, services 25%, industry 15%,
and other 4% (1981)
Organized labor: NA
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: self-governing in free association
with New Zealand, Cook Islands fully
responsible for internal affairs, New Zea-
land retains responsibility for external af-
fairs, in consultation with the Cook Is-
lands
Capital: Avarua
Administrative divisions: none
Independence: became self-governing in
free association with New Zealand on 4
August 1965 and has the right at any
time to move to full independence by uni-
lateral action
Constitution: 4 August 1965
National holiday: NA
Executive branch: British monarch, repre-
sentative of the UK, representative of
New Zealand, prime minister, deputy
prime minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament,
note�the unicameral House of Arikis
(chiefs) advises on traditional matters, but
has no legislative powers
Judicial branch: High Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), Repre-
sentative of the UK Sir Tangaroa
TANGAROA (since NA), Representative
of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK (since
NA),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Geoffrey HENRY (since NA February
1989), Deputy Prime Minister Inatio
AKARURU (since NA)
Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands
Party, Geoffrey Henry, Democratic Tumu
Party, Vincent Ingram, Democratic Party,
Dr Vincent Pupuke Robati, Cook Islands
Labor Party, Rena Jonassen, Cook Islands
People's Party, Sadaraka Sadaraka
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
Elections: Parliament�last held 19 Janu-
ary 1989 (next to be held by January
1994), results�percent of vote by party
NA; seats�(24 total) Cook Islands Party
12, Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition
coalition (including Democratic Party) 9,
Independent 1
Member of: ADB, ESCAP (associate
member), IDA, IFC, IMF, SPF
Diplomatic representation: none
(self-governing in free association with
New Zealand)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the
upper hoist-side quadrant and a large cir-
cle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for
every island) centered in the outer half of
the flag
Economy
Overview: Agriculture provides the eco-
nomic base The major export earners are
fruit, copra, and clothing Manufacturing
activities are limited to a fruit-processing
plant and several clothing factories Eco-
nomic development is hindered by the iso-
lation of the islands from foreign markets
and a lack of natural resources and good
transportation links A large trade deficit
is annually made up for by remittances
from emigrants and from foreign aid
Current economic development plans call
for exploiting the tourism potential and
expanding the fishing industry
GDP: $40 0 million, per capita $2,200
(1988 est ), real growth rate 5 3% (1986-88
est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8 0%
(1988)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $33 8 million, expendi-
tures $34 4 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $NA (1990 est )
Exports: $40 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�copra, fresh and canned fruit,
clothing, partners�NZ 80%, Japan
Imports: $38 7 million (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, tim-
ber, partners�NZ 49%, Japan, Australia,
US
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 4,800 kW capacity, 15 million
kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: fruit processing, tourism
Agriculture: export crops�copra, citrus
fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas, sub-
sistence crops�yams, taro
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-
89), $128 million
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural�
dollars), 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) =
100 cents
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars
(NZ$) per US$1-1 6581 (January 1990),
1 6708
(1989),
1 5244
(1988),
1 6886
(1987),
1 9088
(1986),
2 0064
(1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km
paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved
earth, 33 km unimproved earth
Ports: Avatiu
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
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Coral Sea Islands
(territory of Australia)
Airports: 7 total, 5 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 2,439 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: stations-2 AM, no
FM, no TV, 10,000 radio receivers, 2,052
telephones, 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
earth station
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of New
Zealand
0
400 km
Bougeaeinfville
Reef
OWillis Islets
Coringa
el MReelleisfh*
Islets
� a
See regional map X
Lihou Reef
0
Coral Sea
Frederick Reefs
Wreck Reef
Cato Island
Geography
Total area: undetermined, includes numer-
ous small islands and reefs scattered over
a sea area of about 1 million km2, with
Willis Islets the most important
Comparative area: undetermined
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 3,095 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Climate: tropical
Terrain: sand and coral reefs and islands
(or cays)
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other, mostly
grass or scrub cover, Lihou Reef Reserve
and Coringa-Herald Reserve were
declared National Nature Reserves on 3
August 1982
Environment: subject to occasional tropical
cyclones; no permanent fresh water, im-
portant nesting area for birds and turtles
Note: the islands are located just off the
northeast coast of Australia in the Coral
Sea
People
Population: 3 meteorologists
Government
Long-form name: Coral Sea Islands Terri-
tory
Type: territory of Australia administered
by the Minister for Arts, Sport, the Envi-
ronment, Tourism, and Territories Gra-
ham Richardson
Flag: the flag of Australia is used
Economy
Overview: no economic activity
Communications
Ports: none, offshore anchorages only
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of Aus-
tralia, visited regularly by the Royal Aus-
tralian Navy, Australia has control over
the activities of visitors
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Costa Rica
100 km
Cabo Gramas
a Dios
Caribbean
Sea
Puoterettas
SRN JOSE
North Pacific Oc'ean
Isla del Coco
is not shown
See reponal map III
*San tsuiro
Puerto
Union
Go fib)
Geography
Total area: 51,100 km2, land area 50,660
km2, includes Isla del Coco
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
West Virginia
Land boundaries: 639 km total, Nicaragua
309 km, Panama 330 km
Coastline: 1,290 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 nm
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical, dry season (December to
April), rainy season (May to November)
Terrain: coastal plains separated by rug-
ged mountains
Natural resources: hydropower potential
Land use: 6% arable land, 7% permanent
crops, 45% meadows and pastures, 34%
forest and woodland, 8% other, includes
1% irrigated
Environment: subject to occasional earth-
quakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast,
frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of
rainy season, active volcanoes, deforesta-
tion, soil erosion
People
Population: 3,032,795 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 6% (1990)
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male,
79 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 3 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Costa Rican(s), adjec-
tive�Costa Rican
Ethnic divisions: 96% white (including
mestizo), 2% black, 1% Indian, 1% Chi-
nese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official), English spo-
ken around Puerto Limon
Literacy: 93%
Labor force: 868,300, industry and com-
merce 35 1%, government and services
33%, agriculture 27%, other 4 9% (1985
est )
Organized labor: 15 1% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: democratic republic
Capital: San Jose
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces (pro-
vincias, singular�provincia), Alajuela,
Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, LimOn,
Puntarenas, San Jose
Independence: 15 September 1821 (from
Spain)
Constitution: 9 November 1949
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law
system, judicial review of legislative acts
in the Supreme Court, has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September (1821)
Executive branch: president, two vice pres-
idents, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative
Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte
Suprema)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Rafael Angel CAL-
DERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990),
First Vice President German SERRANO
Pinto (since 8 May 1990), Second Vice
President Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since
8 May 1990)
Political parties and leaders: National
Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel
Castillo, Social Christian Unity Party
(PUSC), Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier,
Marxist Popular Vanguard Party (PVP),
Humberto Vargas Carbonell; New Repub-
lic Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick
Ardon, Progressive Party (PP), Javier
Solis, People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC),
Lenin Chacon Vargas, Radical Demo-
cratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose Echeverria
Brealey
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18
Elections: President�last held 4 February
1990 (next to be held February 1994), re-
sults�Rafael Calderon Fournier 51%,
Carlos Manuel Castillo 47%,
Legislative Assembly�last held 4 Febru-
ary 1990 (next to be held February 1994),
results�percent of vote by party NA,
seats�(57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/
PPC 1, regional parties 2
Communists: 7,500 members and sympa-
thizers
Other political or pressure groups: Costa
Rican Confederation of Democratic
Workers (CCTD, Liberation Party affil-
iate), Confederated Union of Workers
(CUT, Communist Party affiliate), Au-
thentic Confederation of Democratic
Workers (CATD, Communist Party affil-
iate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, Na-
tional Association for Economic Develop-
ment (ANFE), Free Costa Rica
Movement (MCRL, rightwing militants),
National Association of Educators
(ANDE)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB�
Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
IWC�International Wheat Council,
OAS, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Danilo JIMENEZ, Chancery at Suite
211, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW,
Washington DC 20009, telephone (202)
234-2945 through 2947, there are Costa
Rican Consulates General at Albuquer-
que, Boston, Houston, Los Angeles, Mi-
ami, New Orleans, New York, San Anto-
nio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan
(Puerto Rico), and Tampa, and Consulates
in Austin, Buffalo, Honolulu, and Raleigh,
US�Ambassador (vacant), Embassy at
Pavas Road, San Jose (mailing address is
APO Miami 34020), telephone [506] 33-
11-55
Flag: five horizontal bands of blue (top),
white, red (double width), white, and blue
with the coat of arms in a white disk on
the hoist side of the red band
Economy
Overview: In 1988 the economy grew at a
3 8% rate, a drop from the 5 1% of the
previous year Gains in agricultural pro-
duction (on the strength of good coffee
and banana crops) and in construction,
were partially offset by declines in the
rates of growth for the industry and com-
merce sectors In 1988 consumer prices
rose by nearly 21% followed by a 10% rise
in 1989 Unemployment is officially re-
ported at about 6%, but much underem-
ployment remains External debt, on a per
capita basis, is among the world's highest
GDP: $4 7 billion, per capita $1,630, real
growth rate 3 8% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 5 5% (March 1989)
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Cuba
Budget: revenues $719 million, expendi-
tures $808 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $103 million (1988)
Exports: $1 3 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar,
partners�US 75%, FRG, Guatemala,
Netherlands, UK, Japan
Imports: $1 4 billion (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�petroleum, machinery, con-
sumer durables, chemicals, fertilizer, food-
stuffs, partners�US 35%, Japan,
Guatemala, FRG
External debt: $4 5 billion (1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 2 1%
(1988)
Electricity: 909,000 kW capacity, 2,928
million kWh produced, 990 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
Industries: food processing, textiles and
clothing, construction materials, fertilizer
Agriculture: accounts for 20-25% of GDP
and 70% of exports, cash commodities�
coffee, beef, bananas, sugar, other food
crops include corn, rice, beans, potatotes,
normally self-sufficient in food except for
grain, depletion of forest resources result-
ing in lower timber output
Illicit drugs: illicit production of cannabis
on small scattered plots, transshipment
country for cocaine from South America
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $1 3 billion, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $706 million, Com-
munist countries (1971-88), $27 million
Currency: Costa Rican colon (plural�
colones), 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100
centimos
Exchange rates: Costa Rican colones (C)
per US$1-84 689 (January 1990), 81 504
(1989), 75 805 (1988), 62 776 (1987),
55 986 (1986), 50 453 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 950 km total, all 1 067-meter
gauge, 260 km electrified
Highways: 15,400 km total, 7,030 km
paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: about 730 km, season-
ally navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 176 km
Ports: Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito,
Mom, Puntarenas
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 4,279 GRT/6,602
DWT
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airports: 193 total, 177 usable, 25 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good domestic
telephone service, 292,000 telephones, con-
nection into Central American Microwave
System, stations-71 AM, no FM, 18 TV,
13 shortwave, 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance
Guard, note�Constitution prohibits
armed forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 785,429,
530,986 fit for military service, 31,899
reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: 06% of GDP (1987)
Straits
of Florida
HAVANA
Pinar
del Rio
0 , , Clenfue
Isla de la
Juventud
Caribbean Sea
See regional map III
300 km
North Atlantic
Ocean
0
anbago U S
de Cuba Naval
Base
Geography
Total area: 110,860 km2, land area
110,860 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Pennsylvania
Land boundary: 29 1 km with US Naval
Base at Guantanamo, note�Guantanamo
is leased and as such remains part of
Cuba
Coastline: 3,735 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: US Naval Base at Guantanamo
is leased to US and only mutual agree-
ment or US abandonment of the area can
terminate the lease
Climate: tropical, moderated by trade
winds, dry season (November to April),
rainy season (May to October)
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains with
rugged hills and mountains in the south-
east
Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore,
copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica
Land use: 23% arable land, 6% permanent
crops, 23% meadows and pastures, 17%
forest and woodland, 31% other, includes
10% irrigated
Environment: averages one hurricane every
other year
Note: largest country in Caribbean, 145
km south of Florida
People
Population: 10,620,099 (July 1990),
growth rate 1 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �1 migrant/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
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Cuba (continued)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
78 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 9 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Cuban(s), adjective�
Cuban
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white,
11% black, 1% Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman
Catholic before Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 98 5%
Labor force: 3,400,000 in state sector;
30% services and government, 22% indus-
try, 20% agriculture, 11% commerce, 10%
construction, 7% transportation and com-
munications (1988), economically active
population 4,500,000 (1987)
Organized labor: Workers Central Union
of Cuba (CTC), only labor federation ap-
proved by government, 2,910,000 mem-
bers, the CTC is an umbrella organization
composed of 17 member unions
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Cuba
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (pro-
vincias, singular�provincia) and 1 special
municipality* (municipio especial), Cama-
guey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad
de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo,
Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Ha-
bana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del
Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba,
Villa Clara
Independence: 20 May 1902 (from Spain
10 December 1898, administered by the
US from 1898 to 1902)
Constitution: 24 February 1976
Legal system: based on Spanish and
American law, with large elements of
Communist legal theory; does not accept
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 Janu-
ary (1959)
Executive branch: president of the Council
of State, first vice president of the Council
of State, Council of State, president of the
Council of Ministers, first vice president
of the Council of Ministers, Council of
Ministers
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly of the People's Power (Asam-
blea Nacional del Poder Popular)
Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President of the Council of
State and President of the Council of
Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became
Prime Minister in January 1959 and Pres-
ident since 2 December 1976), First Vice
President of the Council of State and
First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen Raul CASTRO Ruz (since
2 December 1976)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel
Castro Ruz, first secretary
Suffrage: universal at age 16
Elections: National Assembly of the Peo-
ple's Power�last held NA December
1986 (next to be held December 1991),
results�PCC is the only party, seats�
(510 total) PCC 510 (indirectly elected)
Communists: about 600,000 full and can-
didate members
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB (nonparticipant), IAEA,
IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, ICO, IHO, ILO,
IMO, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC�Interna-
tonal Wheat Council, NAM, OAS (non-
participant), PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Diplomatic representation: none, protect-
ing power in the US is Czechoslovakia�
Cuban Interests Section, Counselor Jose
Antonio Arbesu FRAGA, 2630 and 2639
16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009,
telephone [phone] or 8519, 8520,
8609, 8610, US�protecting power in
Cuba is Switzerland�US Interests Sec-
tion, Principal Officer John J TAYLOR,
Calzada entre L y M, Vedado Seccion,
Havana, telephone 320551 or 320543
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of blue
(top and bottom) alternating with white, a
red equilateral triangle based on the hoist
side bears a white five-pointed star in the
center
Economy
Overview: The Soviet-style economy, cen-
trally planned and largely state owned, is
highly dependent on the agricultural sec-
tor and foreign trade Sugar provides
about 75% of export revenues and is
mostly exported to the USSR and other
CEMA countries The economy has stag-
nated since 1985 under a program that
has deemphasized material incentives in
the workplace, abolished farmers' informal
produce markets, and raised prices of
government-supplied goods and services
Castro has complained that the ongoing
CEMA reform process has interfered with
the regular flow of goods to Cuba Re-
cently the government has been trying to
increase trade with Latin America and
China Cuba has had difficulty servicing
its foreign debt since 1982 The govern-
ment currently is encouraging foreign in-
vestment in tourist facilities Other invest-
ment priorities include sugar, basic foods,
and nickel The annual $4 billion Soviet
subsidy, a main prop to Cuba's threadbare
economy, may be cut in view of the
USSR's mounting economic problems
GNP: $20 9 billion, per capita $2,000, real
growth rate �1% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment: 6% overall, 10% for
women (1989)
Budget: revenues $11 7 billion, expendi-
tures $13 5 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $NA (1989 est )
Exports: $5 5 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�sugar, nickel, shellfish, citrus,
tobacco, coffee, partners�USSR 67%,
GDR 6%, China 4% (1988)
Imports: $7 6 billion (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�capital goods, industrial raw
materials, food, petroleum, partners�
USSR 71%, other Communist countries
15% (1988)
External debt: $6 8 billion (convertible
currency, July 1989)
Industrial production: 3% (1988)
Electricity: 3,991,000 kW capacity,
14,972 million kWh produced, 1,425 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: sugar milling, petroleum re-
fining, food and tobacco processing, tex-
tiles, chemicals, paper and wood products,
metals (particularly nickel), cement, fertil-
izers, consumer goods, agricultural ma-
chinery
Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GNP
(including fishing and forestry), key com-
mercial crops�sugarcane, tobacco, and
citrus fruits, other products�coffee, rice,
potatoes, meat, beans, world's largest
sugar exporter, not self-sufficient in food
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-
87), $657 5 million; Communist countries
(1970-88), $13 5 billion
Currency: Cuban peso (plural�pesos), 1
Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Cuban pesos (Cu$) per
US$1-1 0000 (linked to the US dollar)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 14,925 km total, Cuban Na-
tional Railways operates 5,295 km of
1 435-meter gauge track, 199 km electri-
fied, 9,630 km of sugar plantation lines of
0 914-1 435-meter gauge
Highways: about 21,000 km total, 9,000
km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth
surfaced
Inland waterways: 240 km
Ports: Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Ma-
tanzas, Santiago de Cuba, 7 secondary, 35
minor
Merchant marine: 91 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 701,418 GRT/1,014,014
DWT, includes 62 cargo, 7 refrigerated
cargo, 3 cargo/training, 10 petroleum,
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chem-
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Cyprus
ical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 6 bulk, note�
Cuba beneficially owns an additional 34
ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling
475,864 DWT under the registry of Pan-
ama, Cyprus, and Malta
Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
Airports: 197 total, 168 usable, 72 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: stations-150 AM, 5
FM, 58 TV, 1,530,000 TV sets, 2,140,000
radio receivers, 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces
(Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air
and Air Defense Force), Ministry of Inte-
rior Special Troops, Border Guard Troops,
Territorial Militia Troops, Youth Labor
Army
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
6,027,131, of the 3,024,385 males 15-49,
1,897,175 are fit for military service, of
the 3,002,746 females 15-49, 1,879,471
are fit for military service, 96,319 males
and 92,765 females reach military age
(17) annually
Defense expenditures: about 6% of GNP,
or $1 2- $1 4 billion (1989 est )
50 km
Mediterranean Sea
United Nations
Buffer Zone
Rizokerpaso
Kyrenia
Tur 4 Cyprinf-
sr/most-6,-0W seem.
N MOSIA1
POItE fr 00.�
Area confect-fed-IT Cyprus
G....mont fere** ate.)
�P spiv*
�
Ewa opi
�
Famagusta
Larnaca
asilikos
Limassol
Mediterranean Sea
See regional map VI
Geography
Total area: 9,250 km2, land area 9,240
km2
Comparative area: about 0 7 times the size
of Connecticut
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 648 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: 1974 hostilities divided the is-
land into two de facto autonomous ar-
eas�a Greek area controlled by the Cyp-
riot Government (60% of the island's land
area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of
the island) that are separated by a narrow
UN buffer zone, in addition, there are two
UK sovereign base areas (about 5% of the
island's land area)
Climate: temperate, Mediterranean with
hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters
Terrain: central plain with mountains to
north and south
Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbes-
tos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay
earth pigment
Land use: 40% arable land, 7% permanent
crops, 10% meadows and pastures, 18%
forest and woodland, 25% other, includes
10% irrigated (most irrigated lands are in
the Turkish-Cypriot area of the island)
Environment: moderate earthquake activ-
ity, water resource problems (no natural
reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in
rainfall, and most potable resources con-
centrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area)
People
Population: 707,776 (July 1990), growth
rate 1 0% (1990)
Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
78 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 4 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Cypriot(s), adjective�
Cypriot
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek, 18% Turkish,
4% other
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox, 18% Mus-
lim, 4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic,
and other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy: 99% (est )
Labor force: Greek area-251,406, 42%
services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture,
Turkish area�NA (1986)
Organized labor: 156,000 (1985 est )
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic, a disaggregation of the
two ethnic communities inhabiting the
island began after the outbreak of com-
munal strife in 1963, this separation was
further solidified following the Turkish
invasion of the island in July 1974, which
gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control
in the north, Greek Cypriots control the
only internationally recognized govern-
ment, on 15 November 1983 Turkish
Cypriot President Rauf Denktash declared
independence and the formation of a
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,
which has been recognized only by Tur-
key, both sides publicly call for the resolu-
tion of intercommunal differences and cre-
ation of a new federal system of
government
Capital: Nicosia
Administrative divisions: 6 districts, Fama-
gusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nico-
sia, Paphos
Independence: 16 August 1960 (from UK)
Constitution: 16 August 1960, negotiations
to create the basis for a new or revised
constitution to govern the island and to
better relations between Greek and Turk-
ish Cypriots have been held intermittently,
in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their
own Constitution and governing bodies
within the Turkish Federated State of Cy-
prus, which was renamed the Turkish Re-
public of Northern Cyprus in 1983, a new
Constitution for the Turkish area passed
by referendum in May 1985
Legal system: based on common law, with
civil law modifications
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
October
Executive branch: president, Council of
Ministers (cabinet), note�there is a presi-
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Cyprus (continued)
dent, prime minister, and Council of Min-
isters (cabinet) in the Turkish area
Legislative branch: unicameral House of
Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon),
note-there is a unicameral Assembly of
the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the
Turkish area
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, note-
there is also a Supreme Court in the
Turkish area
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment-President George VASSILIOU
(since February 1988), note-Rauf R DE-
NKTAS was proclaimed President of the
Turkish area on 13 February 1975
Political parties and leaders: Greek Cyp-
riot-Progressive Party of the Working
People (AKEL, Communist Party), Dimi-
trios Christotias, Democratic Rally
(DESY), Glafkos Clerides, Democratic
Party (DEKO), Spyros Kyprianou, United
Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK),
Vassos Lyssarides,
Turkish area-National Unity Party
(NUP), Dervis Eroglu, Communal Libera-
tion Party (CLP), Ismail Bozkurt, Repub-
lican Turkish Party (RTP), Ozker Ozgur,
New Birth Party (NBP), Aytac
Besheshler; New Cyprus savey (NCP),
Alpay Durduran
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President-last held 14 Febru-
ary and 21 February 1988 (next to be held
February 1993), results-George Vassiliou
52%, Glafkos Clerides 48%,
House of Representatives-last held 8
December 1985 (next to be held Decem-
ber 1990), results-Democratic Rally
33 56%, Democratic Party 27 65%, AKEL
27 43%, EDEK 11 07%, seats-(56 total)
Democratic Rally 19, Democratic Party
16, AKEL (Communist) 15, EDEK 6,
Turkish Area President-last held 9
June 1985 (next to be held June 1990),
results-Rauf Denktash 70%,
Turkish Area Legislative Assembly-last
held 23 June 1985 (next to be held June
1990), results-percent of vote by party
NA, seats-(50 total) National Unity
Party (conservative) 24, Republican Turk-
ish Party (Communist) 12, Communal
Liberation Party (center-right) 10, New
Birth Party 4
Communists: about 12,000
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Youth Organization (EDON,
Communist controlled), Union of Cyprus
Farmers (EKA, Communist controlled),
Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK, pro-West),
Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO;
Communist controlled), Confederation of
Cypriot Workers (SEK, pro-West), Feder-
ation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions
(Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolution-
ary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)
Member of: CCC, Commonwealth, Coun-
cil of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO, Turkish Federated State of Cy-
prus-OIC (observer)
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Michael E SHERIFIS, Chancery at 2211
R Street NW, Washington DC 20008,
telephone [phone], there is a Cyp-
riot Consulate General in New York,
US-(vacant), Embassy at the corner of
Therissos Street and Dositheos Street, Ni-
cosia (mailing address is FPO New York
09530), telephone [357] (2) 465151
Flag: white with a copper-colored silhou-
ette of the island (the name Cyprus is de-
rived from the Greek word for copper)
above two green crossed olive branches in
the center of the flag, the branches sym-
bolize the hope for peace and reconcilia-
tion between the Greek and Turkish com-
munities
Economy
Overview: These data are for the area con-
trolled by the Republic of Cyprus (infor-
mation on the northern Turkish-Cypriot
area is sparse) The economy is small, di-
versified, and prosperous Industry con-
tributes about 28% to GDP and employs
35% of the labor force, while the service
sector contributes about 55% to GDP and
employs 40% of the labor force Rapid
growth in exports of agricultural and
manufactured products and in tourism
have played important roles in the average
6% rise in GDP in recent years While
this growth put considerable pressure on
prices and the balance of payments, the
inflation rate has remained low and the
balance-of-payments deficit manageable
GDP: $4 2 billion, per capita $6,100, real
growth rate 6 9% (1988 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3 9%
(1989 est )
Unemployment rate: 2 8% (1988)
Budget: revenues $1 2 billion, expenditures
$1 4 billion, including capital expenditures
of $178 million (1989 est )
Exports: $767 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities-citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine,
cement, clothing and shoes, partners-
Middle East and North Africa 37%, UK
27%, other EC 11%, US 2%
Imports: $1 9 billion (c i f, 1988), com-
modities-consumer goods 23%, petro-
leum and lubricants 12%, food and feed
grains, machinery, partners-EC 60%,
Middle East and North Africa 7%, US
4%
External debt: $2 8 billion (1988)
Industrial production: growth rate 6 5%
(1988)
Electricity: 620,000 kW capacity, 1,770
million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per
capita (1989)
Industries: mining (iron pyrites, gypsum,
asbestos), manufactured products-bever-
ages, footwear, clothing, and cement-are
principally for local consumption
Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP and
employs 22% of labor force, major
crops-potatoes, vegetables, barley,
grapes, olives, and citrus fruits, vegetables
and fruit provide 25% of export revenues
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $272 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $223 million,
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $24 mil-
lion
Currency: Cypriot pound (plural-pounds)
and in Turkish area, Turkish lira
(plural-bras), 1 Cypriot pound (EC) =
100 cents and 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100
kurus
Exchange rates: Cypriot pounds (IC) per
US$1-0 4854 (January 1990), 0 4933
(1989), 0 4663 (1988), 0 4807 (1987),
0 5167 (1986), 0 6095 (1985), in Turkish
area, Turkish bras (TL) per US$1-
2,314 7 (November 1989), 1,422 3 (1988),
857 2 (1987), 674 5 (1986), 522 0 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 10,780 km total; 5,170 km bi-
tuminous surface treated, 5,610 km
gravel, crushed stone, and earth
Ports: Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Li-
massol, Paphos
Merchant marine: 1,100 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 18,093,340 GRT/
32,148,550 DWT, includes 1 passenger,
12 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo,
434 cargo, 61 refrigerated cargo, 18 roll-
on/roll-off cargo, 40 container, 94 petro-
leum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1
specialized cargo, 3 liquefied gas, 13
chemical tanker, 29 combination ore/oil,
341 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 48 combina-
tion bulk carrier, note-a flag of conve-
nience registry, Cuba owns at least 20 of
these ships and Yugoslavia owns 1
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airports: 13 total, 13 usable, 10 with
permanent-surface runways; none with
runways over 3,659 m, 7 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
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Czechoslovakia
Telecommunications: excellent in the area
controlled by the Cypriot Government
(Greek area), moderately good in the
Turkish-Cypriot administered area,
210,000 telephones, stations-13 AM, 7 (7
repeaters) FM, 2 (40 repeaters) TV, tropo-
spheric scatter circuits to Greece and Tur-
key, 3 submarine coaxial cables, satellite
earth stations�INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, and EUTEL-
SAT systems
Defense Forces
Branches: Cyprus National Guard, Turk-
ish area�Turkish Cypriot Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 180,946,
125,044 fit for military service, 5,083
reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: 2% of GDP, or $84
million (1990 est )
200 km
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 127,870 km2, land area
125,460 km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
New York State
Land boundaries: 3,446 km total, Austria
548 km, GDR 459 km, Hungary 676 km,
Poland 1,309 km, USSR 98 km, FRG 356
km
Coastline: none�landlocked
Maritime claims: none�landlocked
Disputes: Nagymaros Dam dispute with
Hungary
Climate: temperate, cool summers, cold,
cloudy, humid winters
Terrain: mixture of hills and mountains
separated by plains and basins
Natural resources: coal, timber, lignite,
uranium, magnesite, iron ore, copper, zinc
Land use: 40% arable land, 1% permanent
crops; 13% meadows and pastures, 37%
forest and woodland, 9% other, includes
1% irrigated
Environment: infrequent earthquakes, acid
rain, water pollution, air pollution
Note: landlocked, strategically located
astride some of oldest and most significant
land routes in Europe, Moravian Gate is a
traditional military corridor between the
North European Plain and the Danube in
central Europe
People
Population: 15,683,234 (July 1990),
growth rate 0 3% (1990)
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/
1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male,
76 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 0 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Czechoslovak(s), adjec-
tive�Czechoslovak
Ethnic divisions: 64 3% Czech, 30 5% Slo-
vak, 3 8% Hungarian, 0 4% German, 0 4%
Polish, 0 3% Ukrainian, 0 1% Russian,
0 2% other (Jewish, Gypsy)
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Prot-
estant, 2% Orthodox, 28% other
Language: Czech and Slovak (official),
Hungarian
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 8,200,000 (1987), 36 9% in-
dustry, 12 3% agriculture, 50 8% construc-
tion, communications, and other (1982)
Organized labor: Revolutionary Trade
Union Movement (ROH), formerly
regime-controlled, other industry-specific
strike committees, new independent trade
unions forming
Government
Long-form name: Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic, abbreviated CSSR, note�on 23
March 1990 the name was changed to
Czechosovak Federative Republic, because
of Slovak concerns about their status in
the Federation, the Federal Assembly ap-
proved the name Czech and Slovak Feder-
ative Republic on 20 April 1990
Type: in transition from Communist state
to republic
Capital: Prague
Administrative divisions: 2 socialist repub-
lics (socialisticke republiky, singular�
socialisticka republika), Ceska
Socialisticka Republika, Slovenska Socia-
listicka Republika
Independence: 18 October 1918 (from
Austro-Hungarian Empire)
Constitution: 11 July 1960, amended in
1968 and 1970, new constitution under
review (1 January 1990)
Legal system: civil law system based on
Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by
Communist legal theory, no judicial re-
view of legislative acts, has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Holiday of the
Republic (Anniversary of the Liberation),
9 May (1945)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal As-
sembly (Federalni Shroma2d6n1) consists
of an upper house or House of Nations
(Snemovna Nasodu) and a lower house or
House of the People (Snemovna Lidu)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�President Vaclav
HAVEL (since 28 December 1989),
Head of Government�Premier Marian
CALFA (since 10 December 1989), First
Deputy Premier Valtr KOMAREK (since
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Czechoslovakia (continued)
7 December 1989), Jan
CARNOGURSKY (since 7 December
1989)
Political parties and leaders: Civic Forum,
since December 1989 leading political
force, loose coalition of former opposition-
ists headed by President Vaclav Havel,
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
(KSC), Ladislav Adamec, chairman (since
20 December 1989), KSC toppled from
power in November 1989 by massive anti-
regime demonstrations, minority role in
coalition government since 10 December
1989
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 22 May
1985 (next to be held 8 June 1990, will be
a free election), results�Gustav Husak
was reelected without opposition,
Federal Assembly�last held 23 and 24
May 1986 (next to be held 8 June 1990,
will be a free election), results�KSC was
the only party, seats�(350 total) KSC
350
Communists: 1 71 million party members
(April 1988) and falling
Other political groups: Czechoslovak So-
cialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party,
Slovak Freedom Party, Slovak Revival
Party, Christian Democratic Party, more
than 40 political groups are expected to
field candidates for the 8 June 1990 elec-
tion
Member of: CCC, CEMA, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ICO, ILO, 1LZSG,
IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Rita KLIMOVA, Chancery at 3900 Lin-
nean Avenue NW, Washington DC
20008, telephone [phone] or 6316,
US�Ambassador Shirley Temple
BLACK, Embassy at Trziste 15-12548,
Prague (mailing address is APO New
York 09213), telephone [42] (2) 53 6641
through 6649
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white
(top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle
based on the hoist side
Economy
Overview: Czechoslovakia is highly indus-
trialized and has a well-educated and
skilled labor force Its industry, transport,
energy sources, banking, and most other
means of production are state owned The
country is deficient, however, in energy
and many raw materials Moreover, its
aging capital plant lags well behind West
European standards Industry contributes
over 50% to GNP and construction 10%
About 95% of agricultural land is in col-
lectives or state farms The centrally
planned economy has been tightly linked
in trade (80%) to the USSR and Eastern
Europe Growth has been sluggish, aver-
aging less than 2% in the period 1982-89
GNP per capita ranks next to the GDR as
the highest in the Communist countries
As in the rest of Eastern Europe, the
sweeping political changes of 1989 have
been disrupting normal channels of supply
and compounding the government's eco-
nomic problems Czechoslovakia is begin-
ning the difficult transition from a com-
mand to a market economy
GNP: $123 2 billion, per capita $7,878,
real growth rate 1 0% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1 5%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 09% (1987)
Budget: revenues $22 4 billion, expendi-
tures $21 9 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $3 7 billion (1986 state bud-
get)
Exports: $24 5 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�machinery and equipment
58 5%, industrial consumer goods 15 2%,
fuels, minerals, and metals 10 6%, agricul-
tural and forestry products 6 1%, other
products 15 2%, partners�USSR, GDR,
Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Aus-
tria, Bulgaria, Romania, US
Imports: $23 5 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�machinery and equipment
41 6%, fuels, minerals, and metals 32 2%,
agricultural and forestry products 11 5%,
industrial consumer goods 6 7%, other
products 8 0%; partners�USSR, GDR,
Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Aus-
tria, Bulgaria, Romania, US
External debt: $7 4 billion, hard currency
indebtedness (1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 2 1%
(1988)
Electricity: 22,955,000 kW capacity,
85,000 million kWh produced, 5,410 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: iron and steel, machinery and
equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor ve-
hicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics,
wood, paper products, footwear
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP
(includes forestry), largely self-sufficient in
food production, diversified crop and live-
stock production, including grains, pota-
toes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle,
and poultry; exporter of forest products
Aid: donor�$4 2 billion in bilateral aid to
non-Communist less developed countries
(1954-88)
Currency: koruna (plural�koruny), 1 ko-
runa (K) = 100 halal].
Exchange rates: koruny (Ks) per US$1-
17 00 (March 1990), 10 00 (1989), 5 63
(1988), 543 (1987), 595 (1986), 6 79
(1985), 6 65 (1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 13,116 km total, 12,868 km
1 435-meter standard gauge, 102 km
1 524-meter broad gauge, 146 km 0 750-
and 0 760-meter narrow gauge, 2,854 km
double track, 3,530 km electrified, govern-
ment owned (1986)
Highways: 73,805 km total, including 489
km superhighway (1986)
Inland waterways: 475 km (1986), the Elbe
(Labe) is the principal river
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km, refined
products, 1,500 km, natural gas, 8,000 km
Ports: maritime outlets are in Poland
(Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Yugoslavia
(Rijeka, Koper), FRG (Hamburg), GDR
(Rostock); principal river ports are Prague
on the Vltava, DUin on the Elbe (Labe),
Komarno on the Danube, Bratislava on
the Danube
Merchant marine: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 208,471 GRT/ 308,072
DWT, includes 15 cargo, 6 bulk
Civil air: 40 major transport aircraft
Airports: 158 total, 158 usable, 40 with
permanent-surface runways, 19 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 37 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: stations-58 AM, 16
FM, 45 TV, 14 Soviet TV relays,
4,360,000 TV sets, 4,208,538 radio receiv-
ers, at least 1 satellite earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army,
Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense
Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,019,311, 3,076,735 fit for military ser-
vice; 137,733 reach military age (18) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 28 4 billion koruny,
7% of total budget (1989), note�conver-
sion of the military budget into US dollars
using the official administratively set ex-
change rate would produce misleading
results
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Denmark
Skagerrak
Skagen
�C?
11aorg
See regional map V
100 km
Faroe Islands and
Greenland are separate
entries
Kattegat
COPENHAGEN
Spoliand
Bornholm
(A,10r)
Falster
Baltic
Sea
Geography
Total area: 43,070 km2, land area 42,370
km2, includes the island of Bornholm in
the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropoli-
tan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Is-
lands and Greenland
Comparative area: slightly more than
twice the size of Massachusetts
Land boundaries: 68 km with FRG
Coastline: 3,379 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 4 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute
involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK
(Ireland and the UK have signed a bound-
ary agreement in the Rockall area), Den-
mark has challenged Norway's maritime
claims between Greenland and Jan Mayen
Climate: temperate, humid and overcast,
mild, windy winters and cool summers
Terrain: low and flat to gently rolling
plains
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas,
fish, salt, limestone
Land use: 61% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops, 6% meadows and pastures,
12% forest and woodland, 21% other, in-
cludes 9% irrigated
Environment: air and water pollution
Note: controls Danish Straits linking Bal-
tic and North Seas
People
Population: 5,131,217 (July 1990), growth
rate NEGL% (1990)
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/
1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
79 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 6 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Dane(s), adjective�
Danish
Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo,
Faroese, German
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1%
other
Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic
(an Eskimo dialect), small
German-speaking minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2,760,000, 51% services, 34%
industry, 8% government, 7% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing (1988)
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Administrative divisions: metropolitan
Denmark-14 counties (.amter, singular�
amt) and 1 city* (stad), Arhus, Bornholm,
Frederilcsborg, Fyn, Kobenhavn, Nordjyl-
land, Ribe, Ringkobing, Roskilde, Son-
derjylland, Staden Kobenhavn*,
Storstrom, Vejle, Vestsjaelland, Viborg,
note�see separate entries for the Faroe
Islands and Greenland which are part of
the Danish realm and self-governing ad-
ministrative divisions
Independence: became a constitutional
monarchy in 1849
Constitution: 5 June 1953
Legal system: civil law system, judicial
review of legislative acts, accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen,
16 April (1940)
Executive branch: monarch, heir apparent,
prime minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
(Folketing)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen MAR-
GRETHE II (since January 1972), Heir
Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, el-
der son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September
1982)
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic, Svend Auken, Liberal, Uffe
Ellemann-Jensen, Conservative, Poul Sch-
luter, Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Pe-
tersen, Socialist People's, Gert Petersen,
Communist, Ole Sohn, Left Socialist, Eli-
zabeth Brun Olesen, Center Democratic,
Mimi Stilling Jakobsen, Christian Peo-
ple's, Flemming Kofoed-Svendsen, Justice,
Poul Gerhard Kristiansen, Progress Party,
Aage Brusgaard, Socialist Workers Party,
leader NA, Communist Workers' Party
(KAP), Common Course, Preben Moller
Hansen, Green Party, Inger Borlehmann
Suffrage: universal at age 21
Elections: Parliament�last held 10 May
1988 (next to be held by May 1992), re-
sults�Social Democratic 29 9%, Conser-
vative 19 3%, Socialist People's 13 0%,
Liberal 11 8%, Radical Liberal 9 0%,
Center Democratic 5 6%, Christian Peo-
ple's 2 0%, Common Course 2 7%, other
6 7%, seats�(175 total, includes 2 from
Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands)
Social Democratic 55, Conservative 35,
Socialist People's 24, Liberal 22, Progress
16, Radical Liberal 10, Center Demo-
cratic 9, Christian People's 4
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Eu-
rope, DAC, EC, EMS, ESA, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB, Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,
ITC, ITU, IWC�International Wheat
Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Peter Pedersen DYVIG, Chancery at
3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washing-
ton DC 20008, telephone [phone],
there are Danish Consulates General at
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New
York, US�Ambassador Keith L
BROWN, Embassy at Dag Hammarsk-
jolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen 0
(mailing address is APO New York
09170), telephone [45] (31) 42 31 44
Flag: red with a white cross that extends
to the edges of the flag, the vertical part
of the cross is shifted to the hoist side and
that design element of the Dannebrog
(Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by
the other Nordic countries of Finland,
Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
Economy
Overview: This modern economy features
high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-
scale and corporate industry, extensive
government welfare measures, comfortable
living standards, and high dependence on
foreign trade Growth in output, however,
has been sluggish in 1987-89, and unem-
ployment in early 1989 stood at 9 6% of
the labor force The government is trying
to revitalize growth in preparation for the
economic integration of Europe in 1992
GDP: $73 7 billion, per capita $14,300,
real growth rate 1 4% (1989 est )
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Denmark (continued)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 25%
(1989 est )
Unemployment rate: 9 6% (1989)
Budget: revenues $34 billion, expenditures
$34 billion, including capital expenditures
of $19 billion (1988)
Exports: $27 7 billion (f o b , 1989 est ),
commodities�meat and meat products,
dairy products, transport equipment, fish,
chemicals, industrial machinery,
partners�US 6 0%, FRG, Norway, Swe-
den, UK, other EC, Japan
Imports: $26 4 billion (c i f, 1989 est ),
commodities�petroleum, machinery and
equipment, chemicals, grain and
foodstuffs, textiles, paper; partners�US
7 0%, FRG, Netherlands, Sweden, UK,
other EC
External debt: $41 1 billion (1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate 0 9%
(1988)
Electricity: 11,215,000 kW capacity,
30,910 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: food processing, machinery and
equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical
products, electronics, construction, furni-
ture, and other wood products
Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GNP and
employs 1 8% of labor force (includes
fishing), farm products account for nearly
16% of export revenues, principal prod-
ucts�meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape,
sugar beets, fish, self-sufficient in food
production
Aid: donor�ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-87) $4 8 billion
Currency: Danish krone (plural�kroner),
1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore
Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per
US$1-6 560 (January 1990), 7 310
(1989), 6 732 (1988), 6 840 (1987), 8 091
(1986), 10 596 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,675 km 1 435-meter standard
gauge, Danish State Railways (DSB) oper-
ate 2,025 km (1,999 km rail line and 121
km rail ferry services), 188 km electrified,
730 km double tracked, 650 km of
standard-gauge lines are privately owned
and operated
Highways: 66,482 km total, 64,551 km
concrete, bitumen, or stone block, 1,931
km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 110 km, refined prod-
ucts, 57.8 km, natural gas, 700 km
Ports: Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esb-
jerg, Fredericia, numerous secondary and
minor ports
Merchant marine: 252 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 4,498,611 GRT/
6,711,011 DWT, includes 12 short-sea
passenger, 82 cargo, 15 refrigerated cargo,
28 container, 36 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1
railcar carrier, 37 petroleum, oils, and lu-
bricants (POL) tanker, 13 chemical
tanker, 12 liquefied gas, 4 livestock car-
rier, 12 bulk, note�Denmark has created
a captive register called the Danish Inter-
national Ship Register (DIS) as its own
internal register, DIS ships do not have to
meet Danish manning regulations, and
they amount to a flag of convenience
within the Danish register, by the end of
1990, most Danish flag ships will belong
to the DIS
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
Airports: 130 total, 114 usable, 27 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 9 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent telephone,
telegraph, and broadcast services,
4,237,000 telephones, stations-2 AM, 15
(39 repeaters) FM, 27 (25 repeaters) TV
stations; 7 submarine coaxial cables, 1
satellite earth station operating in
INTELSAT, 4 Atlantic Ocean, EUTEL-
SAT, and domestic systems
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal
Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,368,013, 1,180,865 fit for military ser-
vice, 37,228 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Defense expenditures: 2 1% of GDP, or
$1 5 billion (1989 est )
Djibouti
50 km
Golfed:Tadjoura
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 22,000 km2, land area 21,980
km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Massachusetts
Land boundaries: 517 km total, Ethiopia
459 km, Somalia 58 km
Coastline: 314 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: possible claim by Somalia based
on unification of ethnic Somalis
Climate: desert, torrid, dry
Terrain: coastal plain and plateau sepa-
rated by central mountains
Natural resources: geothermal areas
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 9% meadows and pastures,
NEGL% forest and woodland, 91% other
Environment: vast wasteland
Note: strategic location near world's busi-
est shipping lanes and close to Arabian
oilfields, terminus of rail traffic into Ethio-
pia
People
Population: 337,386 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 6% (1990)
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 17 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 119 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 46 years male,
49 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 6 4 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Djiboutian(s), adjec-
tive�Djiboutian
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Ethnic divisions: 60% Somali (Issa); 35%
Afar, 5% French, Arab, Ethiopian, and
Italian
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: French (official), Arabic, So-
mali, and Afar widely used
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: NA, but a small number of
semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000
railway workers, 52% of population of
working age (1983)
Organized labor: 3,000 railway workers
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Djibouti
Type: republic
Capital: Djibouti
Administrative divisions: 5 districts (cer-
cies, singular�cercle), 'Ali Sahih, Dikful,
Djibouti, Obock, Tadjoura
Independence: 27 June 1977 (from France;
formerly French Territory of the Afars
and Issas)
Constitution: partial constitution ratified
January 1981 by the Chamber of Depu-
ties
Legal system: based on French civil law
system, traditional practices, and Islamic
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
June (1977)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, Council of Ministers
Legislative branch: Chamber of Deputies
(Chambre des Deputes)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour
Supreme)
Leaders: Chief of State�President Has-
san GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June
1977),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Barkat GOURAD Hamadou (since 30
September 1978)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan
Gouled Aptidon
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
Elections: President�last held 24 April
1987 (next to be held April 1993),
results�President Hassan Gouled Apti-
don was reelected without opposition,
Chamber of Deputies�last held 24 April
1987 (next to be held April 1992);
results�RPP is the only party; seats�(65
total) RPP 65
Communists: NA
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Arab League,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB�
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Roble OLHAYE, Chancery (temporary)
at the Djiboutian Permanent Mission to
the UN, 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite
4011, New York, NY 10017, telephone
[phone], US�Ambassador Robert
S BARRETT IV, Embassy at Villa Pla-
teau du Serpent Boulevard, Marechal
Joffre, Djibouti (mailing address is B P
185, Djibouti), telephone [253] 35-38-49 or
35-39-95, 35-29-16, 35-29-17
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of light
blue (top) and light green with a white
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
bearing a red five-pointed star in the cen-
ter
Economy
Overview: The economy is based on service
activities connected with the country's
strategic location and status as a free
trade zone Djibouti provides services as
both a transit port for the region and an
international transshipment and refueling
center It has few natural resources and
little industry The nation is, therefore,
heavily dependent on foreign assistance to
help support its balance of payments and
to finance development projects An unem-
ployment rate of over 50% continues to be
a major problem
GNP: $333 million, $1,070 per capita,
real growth rate �0 7% (1986)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8 0%
(1987)
Unemployment rate: over 50% (1987)
Budget: revenues $117 million, expendi-
tures $163 billion, including capital expen-
ditures of $52 million (1987 est )
Exports: $128 million (f o b , 1986), com-
modities�hides and skins, coffee (in tran-
sit), partners�Middle East 50%, Africa
43%, Western Europe 7%
Imports: $198 million (f o b , 1986), com-
modities�foods, beverages, transport
equipment, chemicals, petroleum products;
partners�EC 36%, Africa 21%, Bahrain
14%, Asia 12%, US 2%
External debt: $250 million (December
1988)
Industrial production: growth rate �1 6%
(1986)
Electricity: 110,000 kW capacity, 190 mil-
lion kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: limited to a few small-scale
enterprises, such as dairy products and
mineral-water bottling
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP,
scanty rainfall limits crop production to
mostly fruit and vegetables, half of popu-
lation pastoral nomads herding goats,
sheep, and camels, Imports bulk of food
needs
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY78-88), $36 million, Western (non-US)
countries, including ODA and OOF bilat-
eral commitments (1970-87), $962 million,
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 mil-
lion; Communist countries (1970-88), $35
million
Currency: Djiboutian franc (plural�
francs), 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: Djiboutian francs (DF)
per USS1-177 721 (fixed rate since 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad
extends for 97 km through Djibouti
Highways: 2,900 km total, 280 km bitumi-
nous surface, 2,620 km improved or unim-
proved earth (1982)
Ports: Djibouti
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airports: 12 total, 9 usable, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of urban
facilities in Djibouti and radio relay sta-
tions at outlying places, 7,300 telephones,
stations-2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV, 1 Indian
Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1
ARABSAT, 1 submarine cable to Saudi
Arabia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military National Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 88,132,
51,260 fit for military service
Defense expenditures: $29 9 million, 23%
of central government budget (1986)
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Dominica
Caribbean
Sea
See regional map III
10km
Caribbean
Sea
Geography
Total area: 750 km2, land area 750 km2
Comparative area: slightly more than four
times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 148 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast
trade winds, heavy rainfall
Terrain: rugged mountains of volcanic ori-
gin
Natural resources: timber
Land use: 9% arable land, 13% permanent
crops, 3% meadows and pastures, 41%
forest and woodland, 34% other
Environment: flash floods a constant haz-
ard, occasional hurricanes
Note: located 550 km southeast of Puerto
Rico in the Caribbean Sea
People
Population: 84,854 (July 1990), growth
rate 1 7% (1990)
Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �4 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
79 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 6 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Dominican(s), adjec-
tive�Dominican
Ethnic divisions: mostly black, some Carib
Indians
Religion: 80% Roman Catholic, Anglican,
Methodist
Language: English (official), French patois
widely spoken
Literacy: 80% (est )
Labor force: 25,000, 40% agriculture, 32%
industry and commerce, 28% services
(1984)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: Commonwealth of Do-
minica
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Roseau
Administrative divisions: 10 parishes, Saint
Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint
John, Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint
Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint
Peter
Independence: 3 November 1978 (from
UK)
Constitution: 3 November 1978
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 3
November (1978)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral House of
Assembly (includes 9 appointed senators
and 21 elected representatives)
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Su-
preme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�President Sir
Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since
19 December 1983),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
(Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July
1980)
Political parties and leaders: Dominica
Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia
Charles, Labor Party of Dominica (LPD,
a leftist-dominated coalition), Michael
Douglas; United Workers Party (UWP),
Edison James
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 20 Decem-
ber 1988 (next to be held December
1993), the president is elected by the
House of Assembly,
House of Assembly�last held 1 July
1985 (next to be held July 1990), results�
percent of vote by party NA; seats�(21
total) DFP 17, LPD 4
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Domi-
nica Liberation Movement (DLM), a
small leftist group
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, Common-
wealth, FAO, GATT (de facto), G-77,
IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: there is no
Chancery in the US; US�no official pres-
ence since the Ambassador resides in
Bridgetown (Barbados), but travels fre-
quently to Dominica
Flag: green with a centered cross of three
equal bands�the vertical part is yellow
(hoist side), black, and white�the hori-
zontal part is yellow (top), black, and
white, superimposed in the center of the
cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou par-
rot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars
edged in yellow, the 10 stars represent the
10 administrative divisions (parishes)
Economy
Overview: The economy is dependent on
agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable
to climatic conditions Agriculture
accounts for about 30% of GDP and em-
ploys 40% of the labor force Principal
products include bananas, coconuts, citrus,
and root crops In 1988 the economy
achieved a 5 6% growth in real GDP on
the strength of a boost in construction,
higher agricultural production, and
growth of the small manufacturing sector
based on soap and garment industries
The tourist Industry remains undeveloped
because of a rugged coastline and the lack
of an international-class airport
GDP: $137 million, per capita $1,408, real
growth rate 5 6% (1988 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 9%
(1987)
Unemployment rate: 10% (1989 est )
Budget: revenues $60 million, expenditures
$52 million, including capital expenditures
of $18 million (FY88)
Exports: $46 million (f o b , 1987), com-
modities�bananas, coconuts, grapefruit,
soap, galvanized sheets, partners�UK
72%, Jamaica 10%, OECS 6%, US 3%,
other 9%
Imports: $66 0 million (c t f, 1987), com-
modities�food, oils and fats, chemicals,
fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods,
machinery and equipment, partners�US
23%, UK 18%, CARICOM 15%, OECS
15%, Japan 5%, Canada 3%, other 21%
External debt: $63 6 million (December
1987)
Industrial production: growth rate 5 9% in
manufacturing (1987)
Electricity: 7,000 kW capacity, 16 million
kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: agricultural processing, tour-
ism, soap and other coconut-based prod-
ucts, cigars, pumice mining
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP,
principal crops�bananas, citrus fruit, co-
conuts, root crops, bananas provide the
bulk of export earnings, forestry and fish-
eries potential not exploited
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Dominican Republic
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-
87), $109 million
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural�
dollars), 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars
(EC$) per US$1-2 70 (fixed rate since
1976)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Highways: 750 km total, 370 km paved,
380 km gravel and earth
Ports: Roseau, Portsmouth
Civil air: NA
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 2,439 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in
fully automatic network, VHF and UHF
link to St Lucia, new SHF links to Mar-
tinique and Guadeloupe, stations-3 AM,
2 FM, I cable TV
Defense Forces
Branches: Commonwealth of Dominica
Police Force
Military manpower: NA
Defense expenditures: NA
North Atlantic Ocean
Monui
Cristo
.Sentoego
Hispaniola �1:. Vegs
.E145 eaa ' saNT0
Logo eon widia DOMINGO
ain
Barahona
Pedernales
0
Puerto Plata
100km
Bahia de Samana
Milne%
San Pedro.
de Macoria
Caribbean Sea
See regional map GI
Geography
Total area: 48,730 km2, land area 48,380
km2
Comparative area: slightly more than
twice the size of New Hampshire
Land boundary 275 km with Haiti
Coastline: 1,288 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Continental shelf outer edge of conti-
nental margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 6 nm
Climate: tropical maritime, little seasonal
temperature variation
Terrain: rugged highlands and mountains
with fertile valleys interspersed
Natural resources: nickel, bauxite, gold,
silver
Land use: 23% arable land, 7% permanent
crops; 43% meadows and pastures, 13%
forest and woodland, 14% other, includes
4% irrigated
Environment: subject to occasional hurri-
canes (July to October), deforestation
Note: shares island of Hispaniola with
Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern
two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)
People
Population: 7,240,793 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 0% (1990)
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �1 migrant/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 62 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male,
69 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 2 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Dominican(s), adjec-
tive�Dominican
Ethnic divisions: 73% mixed, 16% white,
11% black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 74%
Labor force: 2,300,000-2,600,000, 49%
agriculture, 33% services, 18% industry
(1986)
Organized labor: 12% of labor force (1989
est )
Government
Long-form name: Dominican Republic (no
short-form name)
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Administrative divisions: 29 provinces (pro-
vincias, singular�provincia) and 1
district* (distrito), Azua, Baoruco, Bara-
bona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*,
Duarte, Elias Pi�a, El Seibo, Espaillat,
Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagra-
cia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria Trini-
dad Sanchez, Monsefior Nouel, Monte
Cristi, Monte Plata, Pedernales, Peravia,
Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samand, Sanchez
Ramirez, San Cristobal, San Juan, San
Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago
Rodriguez, Valverde
Independence: 27 February 1844 (from
Haiti)
Constitution: 28 November 1966
Legal system: based on French civil codes
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
February (1844)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral National
Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of
an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and
lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
(Camara de Diputados)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte
Suprema)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Joaquin BALAGUER
Ricardo (since 16 August 1986), Vice
President Carlos A MORALES Troncoso
(since 16 August 1986)
Political parties and leaders:
Major parties�Social Christian Reform-
ist Party (PRSC), Joaquin Balaguer Ri-
cardo, Dominican Revolutionary Party
(PRD), which fractured in May 1989 with
the understanding that leading rivals Ja-
cobo Majluta and Jose Francisco Pefia
G6mez would run separately for president
at the head of the Independent Revolu-
tionary Party (PR!) and the Social Demo-
cratic Institutional Bloc (BIS),
respectively, and try to reconstitute the
PRD after the election, Dominican Liber-
ation Party (PLD), Juan Bosch Gavin�,
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Dominican Republic (continued)
Minor parties-National Veterans and
Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene Beau-
chanps Javier, The Structure (LE), Andres
Van Der Horst, Democratic Quisqueyan
Party (PQD), Elias Wessin Chavez, Con-
stitutional Action Party (PAC), Luis Ar-
zeno Rodriguez, National Progressive
Force (FNP), Marino Vint= Castillo,
Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio
Delgado Bogaert, Dominican Communist
Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde, Anti-
Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan
Rodriguez, in 1983 several leftist parties,
Including the PCD, joined to form the Do-
minican Leftist Front (FID), however,
they still retain individual party structures
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18 or if married, members of the armed
forces and police cannot vote
Elections: President-last held 16 May
1986 (next to be held May 1990);
results-Joaquin Balaguer (PRSC) 41 8%,
Jacobo Majluta (PRD) 39 7%, Juan Bosch
Gaviilo (PLD) 18 5%,
Senate-last held 16 May 1986 (next to
be held May 1990), results-percent of
vote by party NA, seats-(30 total) PRSC
21, PRD 7, PLD 2,
Chamber of Deputies-last held 16 May
1986 (next to be held May 1990),
results-PRSC 40 6%, PRD 33 5%, PLD
18 3%, LE 5 3%, other 2 3%, seats-(120
total) PRSC 56, PRD 48, PLD 16
Communists: an estimated 8,000 to 10,000
members in several legal and illegal fac-
tions, effectiveness limited by ideological
differences and organizational inadequa-
cies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, 100C, IRC,
ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Carlos A MORALES Troncoso (serves
concurrently as Vice President), Chancery
at 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington DC
20008, telephone [phone], there
are Dominican Consulates General in Bos-
ton, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez
(Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, New
York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto
Rico), and Consulates in Charlotte Amalie
(Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, Jack-
sonville, Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce
(Puerto Rico), and San Francisco, US-
Ambassador Paul D TAYLOR, Embassy
at the corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Pen-
son and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo
Domingo (mailing address is APO Miami
34041-0008), telephone [809] 541-2171
Flag: a centered white cross that extends
to the edges, divides the flag into four
rectangles-the top ones are blue (hoist
side) and red, the bottom ones are red
(hoist side) and blue, a small coat of arms
is at the center of the cross
Economy
Overview: The economy is largely depen-
dent on the agricultural sector, which em-
ploys 50% of the labor force and provides
about half of export revenues The princi-
pal commercial crop is sugarcane,
followed by coffee, cocoa, and tobacco
Industry is based on the processing of ag-
ricultural products, durable consumer
goods, minerals, and chemicals Rapid
growth of free trade zones has established
a significant expansion of manufacturing
for export, especially wearing apparel
Over the past decade tourism has also in-
creased in importance and is a significant
earner of foreign exchange and a source
of new jobs Unemployment is officially
reported at about 25%, but underemploy-
ment may be much higher
GDP: $5 1 billion, per capita $790, real
growth rate 0 5% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 57 6%
(1988)
Unemployment rate: 25% (1988)
Budget: revenues $413 million, expendi-
tures $522 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $218 million (1988)
Exports: $711 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities-sugar, coffee, cocoa, gold, fer-
ronickel; partners-US, Including Puerto
Rico, 74%
Imports: $1 8 billion (c i f, 1988), com-
modities-foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton
and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuti-
cals, partners-US, including Puerto
Rico, 37% (1985)
External debt: $3 6 billion (1989) est
Industrial production: growth rate 30%
(1987 est )
Electricity: 1,376,000 kW capacity; 4,000
million kWh produced, 560 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
Industries: tourism, sugar processing, fer-
ronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement,
tobacco
Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and
employs 49% of labor force, sugarcane
most important commercial crop, followed
by coffee, cotton, and cocoa, food crops-
rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas, ani-
mal output-cattle, hogs, dairy products,
meat, eggs, not self-sufficient in food
Aid: US commitments, Including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $1 1 billion, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $529 million
Currency: Dominican peso (plural-pesos),
1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Dominican pesos per
US$1-6 3400 (January 1990), 6 3400
(1989), 6 1125 (1988), 3 8448 (1987),
2 9043 (1986), 3 1126(1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,655 km total in numerous
segments, 4 different gauges from 0 558 m
to 1 435 m
Highways: 12,000 km total, 5,800 km
paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved
earth, 600 km unimproved
Pipelines: crude oil, 96 km, refined prod-
ucts, 8 km
Ports: Santo Domingo, Hatna, San Pedro
de Macons, Puerto Plata
Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 23,335 GRT/
40,297 DWT
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airports: 44 total, 30 usable, 14 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: relatively efficient
domestic system based on islandwide radio
relay network, 190,000 telephones, sta-
tions-120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6 short-
wave, 1 coaxial submarine cable, 1 Atlan-
tic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,912,101, 1,210,172 fit for military ser-
vice, 80,290 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Defense expenditures: 1 2% of GDP, or
$61 million (1989 est )
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Ecuador
150 ken
Pacihc
Ocean
Golfo -.---
de 0
Guayaquil
See regional map I'.
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Islands not shown in true
geographical position
I'd ,
300 km
Galapagos Islands
Geography
Total area: 283,560 km2, land area
276,840 km2, includes Galapagos Islands
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Nevada
Land boundaries: 2,010 km total, Colom-
bia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km
Coastline: 2,237 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 m
Territorial sea 200 nm
Disputes: two sections of the boundary
with Peru are in dispute
Climate: tropical along coast becoming
cooler inland
Terrain: coastal plain (Costa),
inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra),
and flat to rolling eastern jungle (Oriente)
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, timber
Land use: 6% arable land, 3% permanent
crops, 17% meadows and pastures, 51%
forest and woodland, 23% other, includes
2% irrigated
Environment: subject to frequent earth-
quakes, landslides, volcanic activity, defor-
estation, desertification, soil erosion, peri-
odic droughts
Note: Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active
volcano in world
People
Population: 10,506,668 (July 1990),
growth rate 2 3% (1990)
Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 61 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male,
68 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 8 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun-Ecuadorian(s), adjec-
tive-Ecuadorian
Ethnic divisions: 55% mestizo (mixed In-
dian and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10%
Spanish, 10% black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official), Indian lan-
guages, especially Quechua
Literacy: 85% (1981)
Labor force: 2,800,000, 35% agriculture,
21% manufacturing, 16% commerce, 28%
services and other activities (1982)
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor
force
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Ecuador
Type: republic
Capital: Quito
Administrative divisions: 21 provinces (pro-
vincias, singular-provincia), Azuay,
Bolivar, Cafiar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Co-
topaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos,
Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios,
Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo,
Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungura-
hua, Zamora-Chinchipe
Independence: 24 May 1822 (from Spain,
Battle of Pichincha)
Constitution: 10 August 1979
Legal system: based on civil law system,
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
August (1809, independence of Quito)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber
of Representatives (Camara de Represen-
tantes)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte
Suprema)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment-President Rodrigo BORJA Ce-
vallos (since 10 August 1988), Vice Presi-
dent Luis PARODI Valverde (since 10
August 1988)
Political parties and leaders: Right to cen-
ter parties-Social Christian Party (PSC),
Camillo Ponce, president, Conservative
Party (PC), Jose Teran Varea, director,
Radical Liberal Party (PLR), Blasco Pe-
fiaherrera, director,
Centrist parties-Concentration of Popu-
lar Forces (CFP), Averroes Bucaram Sa-
xida, director, Radical Alfarist Front
(FRA), Cecilia Calderon de Castro,
leader, People, Change, and Democracy
(PCD), Aquiles Rigail Santistevan, direc-
tor, Revolutionary Nationalist Party
(PNR), Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy,
leader,
Center-left parties-Democratic Left (ID),
President Rodrigo Borja, leader, Roldosist
Party of Ecuador (PRE), Abdala Buca-
ram, director, Popular Democracy (DP),
Vladimiro Alvarez, leader, Christian
Democratic (CD), Julio Cesar Trujillo,
Democratic Party (PD), Francisco Huerta
Montalvo, leader,
Far-left parties-Broad Leftist Front
(FADI), Rene Mauge Mosquera, director,
Socialist Party (PSE), Victor Granda
Aguilar, secretary general, Democratic
Popular Movement (MPD), Jaime Hur-
tado Gonzalez, leader, Ecuadorian Na-
tional Liberation (LN), Alfredo Castillo,
Popular Revolutionary Action Party
(APRE), Lt Gen Frank Vargas Pazzos,
leader
Suffrage: universal at age 18, compulsory
for literate persons ages 18-65, optional
for other eligible voters
Elections: President-first round held 31
January 1988 and second round on 8 May
1988 (next first round to be held January
1992 and second round May 1992), re-
sults-Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (ID) 54%,
Abdala Bucaram Ortiz (PRE) 46%,
Chamber of Representatives-last held 31
January 1988 (next to be held June 1990),
results-ID 42%, PSC 11%, PRE 11%,
DP 9%, others 27%, seats-(71 total) ID
30, PRE 8, PSC 8, DP 7, CFP 6, PSE 4,
FADI 2, MPD 2, FRA 2, PCE 1, PLR 1,
note-with the addition of the new prov-
ince of Sucumbios there will be 72 seats
in the August 1990 election
Communists: Communist Party of Ecua-
dor (PCE, pro-Moscow), Rene Mauge
Mosquera, secretary general, 5,000 mem-
bers, Communist Party of Ecuador/
Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), 3,000
members, Socialist Party of Ecuador
(PSE, pro-Cuba), 5,000 members (est ),
National Liberation Party (PLN, Commu-
nist), 5,000 members (est )
Member of: Andean Pact, ECOSOC,
FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IDB-Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IRC, ITU, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPEC,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Jaime MONCAYO, Chancery at 2535
15th Street NW, Washington DC 20009,
telephone [phone], there are Ecua-
dorian Consulates General in Chicago,
Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Or-
leans, New York, and San Francisco, and
a Consulate in San Diego, US-
Ambassador-designate Paul C
LAMBERT, Embassy at Avenida Patna
120, on the corner of Avenida 12 de Octu-
bre, Quito (mailing address is P 0 Box
538, Quito, or APO Miami 34039), tele-
phone [593] (2) 562-890, there is a US
Consulate General in Guayaquil
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Ecuador (continued)
Flag: three horizontal bands of yellow
(top, double width), blue, and red with the
coat of arms superimposed at the center of
the flag, similar to the flag of Colombia
which is shorter and does not bear a coat
of arms
Economy
Overview: Ecuador continues to recover
from a 1986 drop in international oil
prices and a major earthquake in 1987
that interrupted oil exports for six months
and forced Ecuador to suspend foreign
debt payments In 1988-89 oil exports re-
covered�accounting for nearly half of
Ecuador's total export revenues�and
Quito resumed full interest payments on
its official debt, and partial payments on
its commercial debt The Bona adminis-
tration has pursued austere economic poli-
cies that have helped reduce inflation and
restore international reserves Ecuador
was granted an IMF standby agreement
worth $135 million in 1989, and Quito
will seek to reschedule its foreign com-
mercial debt in 1990
GDP: $9 8 billion, per capita $935, real
growth rate 0 5% (1989)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 54%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 14 3% (1988)
Budget: revenues $2 2 billion, expenditures
$2 7 billion, including capital expenditures
of $601 million (1988 est )
Exports: $2 2 billion (f o b, 1988), com-
modities�petroleum 47%, coffee,
bananas, cocoa products, shrimp, fish
products, partners�US 58%, Latin Amer-
ica, Caribbean, EC countries
Imports: $1 6 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�transport equipment, vehicles,
machinery, chemical, petroleum,
partners�US 28%, Latin America, Car-
ibbean, EC, Japan
External debt: $10 9 billion (1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 0 7%
(1988)
Electricity: 1,953,000 kW capacity, 5,725
million kWh produced, 560 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
Industries: food processing, textiles, chemi-
cals, fishing, timber, petroleum
Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and
35% of labor force (including fishing and
forestry), leading producer and exporter of
bananas and balsawood, other exports�
coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop produc-
tion�rice, potatoes, manioc, plantains,
sugarcane; livestock sector�cattle, sheep,
hogs, beef, pork, dairy products, net im-
porter of foodgrain, dairy products, and
sugar
Illicit drugs: relatively small producer of
coca following the successful eradication
campaign of 1985-87, significant transit
country, however, for derivatives of coca
originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $457 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $1 4 billion,
Communist countries (1970-88), $64 mil-
lion
Currency: sucre (plural�sucres), 1 sucre
(S/) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: sucres (S/) per US$1-
526 35
(1989),
301 61
(1988), 170 46
(1987),
122 78
(1986),
69 56 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 965 km total, all 1 067-meter-
gauge single track
Highways: 28,000 km total, 3,600 km
paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved
earth, 7,000 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,500 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km, refined prod-
ucts, 1,358 km
Ports: Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar,
Esmeraldas
Merchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 340,446 GRT/492,670
DWT, includes 1 passenger, 7 cargo, 17
refrigerated cargo, 2 container, 1 roll-on/
roll-off cargo, 16 petroleum, oils, and lu-
bricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker,
1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft
Airports: 179 total, 178 usable, 43 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
generally adequate; 318,000 telephones,
stations-272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39
shortwave, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Ecuadorean Army (Ejerctto
Ecuatoriano), Ecuadorean Air Force
(Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana), Ecuadorean
Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,635,543, 1,786,068 fit for military ser-
vice, 114,976 reach military age (20) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 1% of GDP, or
$100 million (1988 est )
Egypt
Mediterranean
Sea
Alexandria
Mars
Maput
Tanta* Said
CAI Elia
inven
200 km
Damietta
Sharrn ash
Shaykh
Red
See
Aswan
Al SAJnyit.
A svdt
�
Be' Sailijah
Al Khiniah. JADLOT
Lake Nasser
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map VI and VII
Geography
Total area: 1,001,450 km2, land area
995,450 km2
Comparative area: slightly more than
three times the size of New Mexico
Land boundaries: 2,689 km total, Gaza
Strip 11, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km,
Sudan 1,273 km
Coastline: 2,450 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone undefined
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: Administrative Boundary and
international boundary with Sudan
Climate: desert, hot, dry summers with
moderate winters
Terrain: vast desert plateau interrupted by
Nile valley and delta
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas,
iron ore, phosphates, manganese, lime-
stone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
Land use: 3% arable land, 2% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures;
NEGL% forest and woodland, 95% other,
includes 5% irrigated
Environment: Nile is only perennial water
source, increasing soil salinization below
Aswan High Dam, hot, driving windstorm
called khamsin occurs in spring, water
pollution, desertification
Note: controls Sinai Peninsula, only land
bridge between Africa and remainder of
Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal,
shortest sea link between Indian Ocean
and Mediterranean, size and juxtaposition
to Israel establish its major role in Middle
Eastern geopolitics
People
Population: 54,705,746 (July 1990),
growth rate 2 5% (1990)
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Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/
1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 90 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male,
61 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 4 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Egyptian(s), adjec-
tive�Egyptian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic
stock, 10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim
(mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and
other
Language: Arabic (official), English and
French widely understood by educated
classes
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 15,000,000 (1989 est ), 36%
government, public sector enterprises, and
armed forces, 34% agriculture, 20% pri-
vately owned service and manufacturing
enterprises (1984), shortage of skilled la-
bor, 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad,
mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states
(1988 est )
Organized labor: 2,500,000 (est )
Government
Long-form name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic
Capital: Cairo
Administrative divisions: 26 governorates
(mubdfazat, singular�muhdfazah), Ad
Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Abmar, Al
Bubayrah, Al Fayylim, Al Gharbiyah, Al
Iskandariyah, Al Ismalliyah, Al Jizah, Al
Mingfiyah, Al Minya, Al Qdhirah, Al
Qalyfibiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash
Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut,
Bani Suwayf, Bar Said, Dumyat, Janfib
Sind', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matrab, Qind,
Shamal Sind', Scald.)
Independence: 28 February 1922 (from
UK), formerly United Arab Republic
Constitution: 11 September 1971
Legal system: based on English common
law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes,
judicial review by Supreme Court and
Council of State (oversees validity of ad-
ministrative decisions), accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Anniversary of the Rev-
olution, 23 July (1952)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral People's
Assembly (Wills al-Sha'ab), note�there
is an Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)
that functions in a consultative role
Judicial branch: Supreme Constitutional
Court
Leaders: Chief of State�President Mo-
hammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made
acting President on 6 October 1981 upon
the assassination of President Sadat and
sworn in as President on 14 October
1981),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12
November 1986)
Political parties and leaders: formation of
political parties must be approved by gov-
ernment, National Democratic Party
(NDP), President Mohammed Hosni Mu-
barak, leader, is the dominant party, legal
opposition parties are Socialist Liberal
Party (SLP), Kamal Murad, Socialist La-
bor Party, Ibrahim Shukn, National Pro-
gressive Unionist Grouping, Khalid
Muhyi-al-Din, Umma Party, Ahmad al-
Sabahi, and New Wafd Party (NWP),
Fu'ad Siraj al-Din
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18
Elections: President�last held 5 October
1987 (next to be held October 1993); re-
sults�President Hosni Mubarek was re-
elected,
People's Assembly�last held 6 April
1987 (next to be held April 1992),
results�NDP 69 3%, Socialist Labor
Party Coalition 17%, NWP 10 9%;
seats�(458 total, 448 elected)�NDP 346,
Socialist Labor Party Coalition 60, Labor-
Liberal-Muslim Brotherhood Alliance 60
(37 belong to the Muslim Brotherhood),
NWP 36, Independents 7,
Advisory Council (Mafia al-Shura)�last
held October 1986 (next to be held Octo-
ber 1992), results�percent of vote by
party NA, seats�(210 total, 140 elected)
Communists: about 500 party members
Other political or pressure groups: Islamic
groups are illegal, but the largest one, the
Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the
government and recently gained a sizable
presence in the new People's Assembly,
trade unions and professional associations
are officially sanctioned
Member of: ACC, AfDB, Arab League,
CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB�Islamic Devel-
opment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
100C, 1PU, IRC, ITU, IWC�Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC,
OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO,
Egypt was suspended from Arab League
and OAPEC in April 1979 and readmit-
ted in May 1989
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador El
Sayed Abdel Raouf EL REEDY, Chan-
cery at 2310 Decatur Place NW, Wash-
ington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-
5400, there are Egyptian Consulates
General in Chicago, Houston, New York,
and San Francisco, US�Ambassador
Frank G WISNER, Embassy at 5 Shasta
Latin America, Garden City, Cairo
(mailing address is FPO New York
09527), telephone [20] [2] 355-7371, there
is a US Consulate General in Alexandria
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red
(top), white, and black with the national
emblem (a shield superimposed on a
golden eagle facing the hoist side above a
scroll bearing the name of the country in
Arabic) centered in the white band, simi-
lar to the flags of the YAR which has one
star, Syria which has two stars, and Iraq
which has three stars�all green and five-
pointed in a horizontal line centered in the
white band
Economy
Overview: Egypt has one of the largest
public sectors of all the Third World
economies, most industrial plants being
owned by the government Overregulation
holds back technical modernization and
foreign Investment Even so, the economy
grew rapidly during the late 1970s and
early 1980s, but in 1986 the collapse of
world oil prices and an increasingly heavy
burden of debt servicing led Egypt to be-
gin negotiations with the IMF for
balance-of-payments support As part of
the 1987 agreement with the IMF, the
government agreed to institute a reform
program to reduce inflation, promote eco-
nomic growth, and improve its external
position The reforms have been slow in
coming, however, and the economy has
been largely stagnant for the past three
years With 1 million people being added
every eight months to Egypt's population,
urban growth exerts enormous pressure on
the 5% of the total land area available for
agriculture
GDP: $38 3 billion, per capita $700, real
growth rate I 0% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1989
est )
Unemployment rate: 15% (1989 est )
Budget: revenues $7 billion, expenditures
$11 5 billion, including capital expendi-
tures of $4 billion (FY89 est )
Exports: $2 55 billion (f o b , 1989), com-
modities�raw cotton, crude and refined
petroleum, cotton yarn, textiles,
partners�US, EC, Japan, Eastern Europe
Imports: $10 1 billion (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�foods, machinery and equip-
ment, fertilizers, wood products, durable
consumer goods, capital goods, partners�
US, EC, Japan, Eastern Europe
External debt: $45 billion (December
1989)
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Egypt (continued)
Industrial production: growth rate 2-4%
(1989 est )
Electricity: 11,273,000 kW capacity,
42,500 million kWh produced, 780 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: textiles, food processing, tour-
ism, chemicals, petroleum, construction,
cement, metals
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GNP
and employs more than one-third of labor
force, dependent on irrigation water from
the Nile, world's fifth-largest cotton ex-
porter, other crops produced include rice,
corn, wheat, beans, fruit, vegetables, not
self-sufficient in food, livestock�cattle,
water buffalo, sheep, and goats, annual
fish catch about 140,000 metric tons
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $14 7 billion, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $7 8 billion,
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2 9 billion,
Communist countries (1970-88), $24 bil-
lion
Currency: Egyptian pound (plural�
pounds), 1 Egyptian pound (E) = 100 pias-
ters
Exchange rates: Egyptian pounds (E) per
US$1-2 5790 (January 1990), 2 5171
(1989), 2 2128 (1988), 1 5015 (1987),
1 3503 (1986), 1 3010 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 5,110 km total, 4,763 km
1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km
0 750-meter gauge, 951 km double track,
25 km electrified
Highways: 51,925 km total, 17,900 km
paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500 km Im-
proved earth, 18,025 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 3,500 km (including the
Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Wa-
terway, and numerous smaller canals in
the delta), Suez Canal, 193 5 km long (in-
cluding approaches), used by oceangoing
vessels drawing up to 16 1 meters of water
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,171 km, refined
products, 596 km, natural gas, 460 km
Ports: Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur
Safajah, Damietta
Merchant marine: 142 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 1,141,799 GRT/
1,754,181 DWT, includes 1 passenger, 7
short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 88
cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 13 roll-on/
roll-off cargo, 14 petroleum, oils, and lu-
bricants (POL) tanker, 15 bulk
Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft
Airports: 97 total, 87 usable, 67 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 46 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is large but
still inadequate for needs, principal cen-
ters are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Man*arah,
Ismailia, and Tanta, intercity connections
by coaxial cable and microwave, extensive
upgrading in progress, 600,000 telephones
(est ), stations-25 AM, 5 FM, 47 TV,
satellite earth stations-1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 4 subma-
rine coaxial cables, tropospheric scatter to
Sudan, radio relay to Libya (may not be
operational), new radio relay to Jordan
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air
Defense Command
Military manpower: males 15-49,
13,271,942, 8,642,075 fit for military ser-
vice, 547,084 reach military age (20) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 7 2% of GDP, or
$2 8 billion (FY90 est )
El Salvador
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
etiolate:1 ngo
e
Santa Area
Acajutla
La Libertad
75 km
�SAN SALVADOR
'Sim Vicente
San Miguel'
Le Union
S
North Pacific Ocean
See regtonal map III
Geography
Total area: 21,040 km2, land area 20,720
km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Massachusetts
Land boundaries: 545 km total, Guate-
mala 203 km, Honduras 342 km
Coastline: 307 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea 200 nm (overflight and
navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)
Disputes: several sections of the boundary
with Honduras are in dispute
Climate: tropical, rainy season (May to
October), dry season (November to April)
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow
coastal belt and central plateau
Natural resources: hydropower and geo-
thermal power, crude oil
Land use: 27% arable land, 8% permanent
crops, 29% meadows and pastures, 6%
forest and woodland, 30% other, includes
5% irrigated
Environment: The Land of Volcanoes; sub-
ject to frequent and sometimes very de-
structive earthquakes, deforestation, soil
erosion, water pollution
Note: smallest Central American country
and only one without a coastline on Carib-
bean Sea
People
Population: 5,309,865 (July 1990), growth
rate 20% (1990)
Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �7 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 49 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male,
68 years female (1990)
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Total fertility rate: 4 1 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Salvadoran(s), adjec-
tive�Salvadoran
Ethnic divisions: 89% mestizo, 10% In-
dian, 1% white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic,
with activity by Protestant groups
throughout the country
Language: Spanish, Nahua (among some
Indians)
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 1,700,000 (1982 est ); 40%
agriculture, 16% commerce, 15% manu-
facturing, 13% government, 9% financial
services, 6% transportation, shortage of
skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled
labor, but manpower training programs
improving situation (1984 est )
Organized labor: 15% total labor force,
10% agricultural labor force, 7% urban
labor force (1987 est )
Government
Long-form name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Administrative divisions: 14 departments
(departamentos, singular�departamento),
Ahuachapan, Cabanas, Chalatenango,
Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La
Union, Morazan, San Miguel, San Salva-
dor, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate,
Usulutan
Independence: 15 September 1821 (from
Spain)
Constitution: 20 December 1983
Legal system: based on civil and Roman
law, with traces of common law, judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court, accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September (1821)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative
Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte
Suprema)
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�President Alfredo CRISTIANI
(since 1 June 1989), Vice President Jose
Francisco MERINO (since 1 June 1989)
Political parties and leaders: National Re-
publican Alliance (ARENA), Armando
Calderon Sol, Christian Democratic Party
(PDC), Jose Antonio Morales Erlich, Na-
tional Conciliation Party (PCN), Ciro
Cruz Zepeda, Democratic Action (AD),
Ricardo Gonzalez Camacho, Salvadoran
Authentic Institutional Party (PAISA),
Roberto Escobar Garcia, Patna Libre
(PL), Hugo Barrera, Authentic Christian
Movement (MAC), Julio Rey Prendes;
Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Franci-
sco Quifionez, Democratic Convergence
(CD), a coalition composed of the Social
Democratic Party (PSD), Mario Rene
Roldan, the National Revolutionary
Movement (MNR), Guillermo Ungo, and
the Popular Social Christian Movement
(MPSC), Ruben Zamora
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 19 March
1989 (next to be held March 1994), re-
sults�Alfredo Cristiani (ARENA) 53 8%,
Fidel Chavez Mena (PDC) 36 6%, other
9 6%,
Legislative Assembly�last held 20 March
1988 (next to be held March 1991), re-
sults�percent of vote by party NA,
seats�(60 total) ARENA 32, MAC 13,
PDC 9, PCN 6
Other political or pressure groups:
Leftist revolutionary movement�Fara-
bundo Marti National Liberation Front
(FMLN), leadership body of the insur-
gency; Popular Liberation Forces (FPL),
Armed Forces of National Resistance
(FARN), People's Revolutionary Army
(ERP), Salvadoran Communist Party/
Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL),
and Central American Workers' Revolu-
tionary Party (PRTC)/Popular Liberation
Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARLP),
Militant front organizations�Revolution-
ary Coordinator of Masses (CRM, alli-
ance of front groups), Popular Revolution-
ary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action
Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues of 28
February (LP-28), National Democratic
Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation
Movement (MLP), Revolutionary Demo-
cratic Front (FDR), coalition of CRM and
Democratic Front (FD), FD consists of
moderate leftist groups�Independent
Movement of Professionals and Techni-
cians of El Salvador (MIPTES), National
Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and
Popular Social Christian Movement
(MPSC),
Extreme rightist vigilante organizations�
Anti-Communist Army (ESA), Maxim-
hano Hernandez Brigade, Organization
for Liberation From Communism (OLC),
Labor organizations�Federation of Con-
struction and Transport Workers Unions
(FESINCONSTRANS), independent, Sal-
vadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant
association, Unitary Federation of Salva-
doran Unions (FUSS), leftist, National
Federation of Salvadoran Workers (FE-
NASTRAS), leftist, Democratic Workers
Central (CTD), moderate, General Con-
federation of Workers (CGT), moderate,
Popular Democratic Unity (UPD), moder-
ate labor coalition which includes FESIN-
CONSTRANS, and other democratic la-
bor organizations, National Unity of
Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist, Na-
tonal Union of Workers and Peasants
(UNOC), moderate labor coalition of dem-
ocratic labor organizations,
Business organizations�National Associ-
ation of Private Enterprise (ANEP), con-
servative, Productive Alliance (AP), con-
servative, National Federation of
Salvadoran Small Businessmen
(FENAPES), conservative
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB�Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC�
International Wheat Council, OAS,
ODECA, PA HO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA, Chancery
at 2308 California Street NW, Washing-
ton DC 20008, telephone [phone]
through 3482, there are Salvadoran Con-
sulates General in Houston, Los Angeles,
Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San
Francisco, US�Ambassador William G
WALKER, Embassy at 25 Avenida Norte
No 1230, San Salvador (mailing address
is APO Miami 34023), telephone [503]
26-7100
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue
(top), white, and blue with the national
coat of arms centered in the white band,
the coat of arms features a round emblem
encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE
EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA
CENTRAL, similar to the flag of Nicara-
gua which has a different coat of arms
centered in the white band�it features a
triangle encircled by the words REPU-
BLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and
AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom,
also similar to the flag of Honduras which
has five blue stars arranged in an X pat-
tern centered in the white band
Economy
Overview: The economy experienced a
modest recovery during the period 1983-
86, after a sharp decline in the early
1980s Real GDP grew by 1 5% a year on
the strength of value added by the manu-
facturing and service sectors In 1987 the
economy expanded by 2 5% as agricul-
tural output recovered from the 1986
drought The agricultural sector accounts
for 25% of GDP, employs about 40% of
the labor force, and contributes about
66% to total exports Coffee is the major
commercial crop, contributing 60% to ex-
port earnings The manufacturing sector,
based largely on food and beverage pro-
cessing, accounts for 17% of GDP and
16% of employment Economic losses due
to guerrilla sabotage total more than $2 0
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El Salvador (continued)
billion since 1979 The costs of maintain-
ing a large military seriously constrain the
government's ability to provide essential
social services
GDP: $5 5 billion, per capita $1,020
(1988), real growth rate 09% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16 8%
(September 1989)
Unemployment rate: 10% (1989)
Budget: revenues $688 million, expendi-
tures $725 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $112 million (1988)
Exports: $497 million (f o b , 1989), com-
modities�coffee 60%, sugar, cotton,
shrimp, partners�US 49%, FRG 24%,
Guatemala 7%, Costa Rica 4%, Japan 4%
Imports: $1 1 billion (c.i f, 1989), com-
modities�petroleum products, consumer
goods, foodstuffs, machinery, construction
materials, fertilizer, partners�US 40%,
Guatemala 12%, Venezuela 7%, Mexico
7%, FRG 5%, Japan 4%
External debt: $1 7 billion (December
1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 2 9%
(1989)
Electricity: 669,000 kW capacity; 1,813
million kWh produced, 350 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
Industries: food processing, textiles, cloth-
ing, petroleum products, cement
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and
40% of labor force (including fishing and
forestry), coffee most important commer-
cial crop, other products�sugarcane,
corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy
products, shrimp, not self-sufficient in food
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $2 4 billion, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $353 million
Currency: Salvadoran colon (plural�colo-
nes), 1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 cen-
tavos
Exchange rates: Salvadoran colones (C)
per US$1-5 0000 (fixed rate since 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 602 km 0 914-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 10,000 km total, 1,500 km
paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Rio Lempa partially
navigable
Ports: Acajutla, Cutuco
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airports: 125 total, 84 usable, 6 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk
radio relay system, connection into Cen-
tral American Microwave System,
116,000 telephones, stations-77 AM, no
FM, 5 TV, 2 shortwave, 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Na-
tional Guard, National Police, Treasury
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,180,751, 754,350 fit for military service,
68,805 reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: 4% of GDP, or
$220 million (1990 est )
Equatorial Guinea
Bioko
Gulf of Guinea
Island not
shown in true
geographical
position
,
Annobon
See regional map VII
75 km
� -
MO MUM
Mbni
Acalayong
Geography
Total area: 28,050 km2, land area 28,050
km2
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Maryland
Land boundaries: 539 km total, Cameroon
189 km, Gabon 350 km
Coastline: 296 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with
Gabon
Climate: tropical, always hot, humid
Terrain: coastal plains rise to interior hills,
islands are volcanic
Natural resources: timber, crude oil, small
unexploited deposits of gold, manganese,
uranium
Land use: 8% arable land, 4% permanent
crops, 4% meadows and pastures, 51%
forest and woodland, 33% other
Environment: subject to violent windstorms
Note: insular and continental regions
rather widely separated
People
Population: 368,935 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 6% (1990)
Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 118 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male,
52 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 5 5 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Equatorial Guinean(s)
or Equatoguinean(s), adjective�Equato-
rial Guinean or Equatoguinean
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Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of
Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos,
Rio Muni, primarily Fang, less than 1,000
Europeans, mostly Spanish
Religion: natives all nominally Christian
and predominantly Roman Catholic, some
pagan practices retained
Language: Spanish (official), pidgin En-
glish, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 172,000 (1986 est ), 66% ag-
riculture, 23% services, 11% industry
(1980), labor shortages on plantations,
58% of population of working age (1985)
Organized labor: no formal trade unions
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Equatorial
Guinea
Type: republic
Capital: Malabo
Administrative divisions: 2 provinces (pro-
vincias, singular�provincia), Bioko, Rio
Muni; note�there may now be 6 prov-
inces named Bioko Norte, Bioko Sur,
Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele
Nzas
Independence: 12 October 1968 (from
Spain, formerly Spanish Guinea)
Constitution: 15 August 1982
Legal system: in transition, partly based
on Spanish civil law and tribal custom
National holiday: Independence Day, 12
October (1968)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, deputy prime minister, Council of
Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber
of People's Representatives (Camara de
Representantes del Pueblo)
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal
Leaders: Chief of State�President Brig
Gen Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA
MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Cnstino SERICHE Bioko Malabo (since
15 August 1982), Deputy Prime Minister
Isidoro Eyi Monsuy Andeme (since 15
August 1989)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea
(PDEG), Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, party
leader
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
Elections: President�last held 25 June
1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996), re-
sults�President Brig Gen Obiang
Nguema Mbasogo was reelected without
opposition,
Chamber of Deputies�last held 10 July
1988 (next to be held 10 July 1993), re-
sults�PDEG is the only party, seats�(41
total) PDEG 41
Communists: no significant number but
some sympathizers
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Conference of
East and Central African States, ECA,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Damaso OBIANG NDONG, Chancery at
801 Second Avenue, Suite 1403, New
York, NY 10017, telephone (212) 599-
1523, US�Ambassador Chester E
NORRIS, Jr, Embassy at Calle de Los
Mimstros, Malabo (mailing address is P
0 Box 597, Malabo); telephone 2406 or
2507
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of
green (top), white, and red with a blue
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
and the coat of arms centered in the white
band, the coat of arms has six yellow six-
pointed stars (representing the mainland
and five offshore islands) above a gray
shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below
which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD,
PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)
Economy
Overview: The economy, destroyed during
the regime of former President Macias
Nguema, is now based on agriculture, for-
estry, and fishing, which account for about
60% of GNP and nearly all exports Sub-
sistence agriculture predominates, with
cocoa, coffee, and wood products providing
income, foreign exchange, and government
revenues There is little industry Com-
merce accounts for about 10% of GNP,
and the construction, public works, and
service sectors for about 34% Undevel-
oped natural resources include titanium,
iron ore, manganese, uranium, and allu-
vial gold Oil exploration is taking place
under concessions offered to US, French,
and Spanish firms
GNP: $103 million, per capita $293, real
growth rate NA% (1987)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): �6 0%
(1988 est )
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $23 million, expenditures
$31 million, including capital expenditures
of NA (1988)
Exports: $30 million (f o b , 1988 est ),
commodities�coffee, timber, cocoa beans,
partners�Spain 44%, FRG 19%, Italy
12%, Netherlands 11% (1987)
Imports: $50 million (c i f, 1988 est ),
commodities�petroleum, food, beverages,
clothing, machinery, partners�Spain
34%, Italy 16%, France 14%, Netherlands
8% (1987)
External debt: $191 million (December
1988)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity, 60 mil-
lion kWh produced, 170 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: fishing, sawmilling
Agriculture: cash crops�timber and coffee
from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko, food
crops�rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil
palm nuts, manioc, livestock
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-!m
(FY81-88), $11 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $100 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-88), $55 million
Currency: Communaute Financiere Afri-
came franc (plural�francs), 1 CFA franc
(CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere
Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1-
287 99 (January 1990), 319 01 (1989),
297 85 (1988), 300 54 (1987), 346 30
(1986), 449 26 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: Rio Muni-1,024 km, Bioko-
216 km
Ports: Malabo, Bata
Merchant marine: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 6,413 GRT/6,699 DWT,
includes 1 cargo and 1 passenger-cargo
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airports: 4 total, 3 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system with
adequate government services, interna-
tional communications from Bata and
Malabo to African and European coun-
tries, 2,000 telephones, stations-2 AM,
no FM, 1 TV, 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, and possibly Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 77,363,
39,174 fit for military service
Defense expenditures: 11% of GNP (FY81
est )
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Ethiopia
400 km
Red Sea
PArtslwa a. Boundary representation is
;filmier%
.0f:ono!.
9refra Hiry
Dube
not necessarily authoritative
Oise Dewe
�
ADDIS* �
ABABA Hirer
seb
a �
See regional map VII
Awnea Demo
Dole
Ode
Geography
Total area: 1,221,900 km2, land area
1,101,000 km2
Comparative area: slightly less than twice
the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 5,141 km total, Djibouti
459 km, Kenya 861 km, Somalia 1,600
km, Sudan 2,221 km
Coastline: 1,094 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: southern half of the boundary
with Somalia is a Provisional Administra-
tive Line, possible claim by Somalia based
on unification of ethnic Somalis, territorial
dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden,
separatist movement in Eritrea, antigo-
vernment insurgencies in Tigray and other
areas
Climate: tropical monsoon with wide
topographic-induced variation, prone to
extended droughts
Terrain: high plateau with central moun-
tain range divided by Great Rift Valley
Natural resources: small reserves of gold,
platinum, copper, potash
Land use: 12% arable land, 1% permanent
crops, 41% meadows and pastures, 24%
forest and woodland, 22% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: geologically active Great
Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, deforestation, overgraz-
ing, soil erosion; desertification, frequent
droughts, famine
Note: strategic geopolitical position along
world's busiest shipping lanes and close to
Arabian oilfields, major resettlement
project ongoing in rural areas will signifi-
cantly alter population distribution and
settlement patterns over the next several
decades
People
Population: 51,666,622 (July 1990),
growth rate 3 5% (1990)
Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 116 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 49 years male,
52 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 7 0 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Ethiopian(s), adjec-
tive�Ethiopian
Ethnic divisions: 40% Oromo, 32% Am-
hara and Tigrean, 9% Sidamo, 6%
Shankella, 6% Somali, 4% Afar, 2% Gur-
age, 1% other
Religion: 40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethio-
pian Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic (official), Tigrinya,
Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign
language taught in schools)
Literacy: 55 2%
Labor force: 18,000,000, 80% agriculture
and animal husbandry, 12% government
and services, 8% industry and construction
(1985)
Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade
Union formed by the government in Janu-
ary 1977 to represent 273,000 registered
trade union members
Government
Long-form name: People's Democratic Re-
public of Ethiopia
Type: Communist state
Capital: Addis Ababa
Administrative divisions: 14 administrative
regions (plural�NA, singular�kifie
hager), Arsi, Bale, Eritrea,_Gamo Gofa,
Gojam, Gonder, Harerge, Ilubabor, Kefa,
Shewa, Sidamo, Tigray, Welega, Web,
note�the administrative structure may be
changing to 25 administrative regions
(astedader akababiwach, singular�aste-
dader akababee) and 5 autonomous
regions* (rasgez akababiwach, singular�
rasgez akababee), Addis Ababa, Arsi,
Aseb*, Asosa, Bale, Borena, Dire Dawa*,
East Gojam, East Harerge, Eritrea*,
Gambela, Gamo Gofa, Ilubabor, Kefa,
Metekel, Nazaret, North Gonder, North
Shewa, North Web, Ogaden*, Omo,
Sidamo, South Gonder, South Shewa,
South Web, Tigray*, Welega, West Go-
jam, West Harerge, West Shewa
Independence: oldest independent country
in Africa and one of the oldest in the
world�at least 2,000 years
Constitution: 12 September 1987
Legal system: complex structure with civil,
Islamic, common, and customary law in-
fluences, has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: National Revolution
Day, 12 September (1974)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, Council of State prime minister, five
deputy prime ministers, Council of Minis-
ters
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly (Shengo)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�President
MENGISTU Haile-Mariam (Chairman
from 11 September 1977 until becoming
President on 10 September 1987), Vice
President FISSEHA Desta (since 10 Sep-
tember 1987),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
(Acting) and Deputy Prime Minister
HAILU Yimenu (since 7 November 1989,
Deputy Prime Minister WOLLE Chekol
(since 21 November 1989), Deputy Prime
Minister ALEMU Abebe (since 10 Sep-
tember 1987), Deputy Prime Minister
TESFAYE Dinka (since 10 September
1987), Deputy Prime Minister ASHA-
GRE Yigletu (since 21 November 1989)
Political parties and leaders: only party�
Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE),
Mengistu Haile-Mariam, secretary gen-
eral
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President�last held 10 Sep-
tember 1987 (next to be held September
1992), results�National Assembly elected
President Mengistu Haile-Mariam,
National Assembly�last held 14 June
1987 (next to be held June 1992),
results�WPE is the only party, seats�
(835 total) WPE 835
Other political or pressure groups: impor-
tant dissident groups include Eritrean
People's Liberation Front (EPLF) in Eri-
trea, Tigrean People's Liberation Front
(TPLF) and Ethiopian Peoples Democratic
Movement in Tigray, Web, and border
regions, Oromo Liberation Front in We-
lega and Harerge regions
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Counselor,
Charg�'Affaires ad interim GIRMA
Amare, Chancery at 2134 Kalorama
Road NW, Washington DC 20008, tele-
phone [phone] or 2282, US�
Charg�'Affaires Robert G HOUDEK,
Embassy at Entoto Street, Addis Ababa
(mailing address is P0 Box 1014, Addis
Ababa), telephone [phone]
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Europa Island
(French possession)
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of
green (top), yellow, and red, Ethiopia is
the oldest independent country in Africa
and the colors of her flag were so often
adopted by other African countries upon
independence that they became known as
the pan-African colors
Economy
Overview: Ethiopia is one of the poorest
and least developed countries in Africa
Its economy is based on subsistence agri-
culture, which accounts for about 45% of
GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total
employment, coffee generates over 60% of
export earnings The manufacturing sector
is heavily dependent on inputs from the
agricultural sector The economy is cen-
trally planned, and over 90% of
large-scale industry is state run Favorable
agricultural weather largely explains the
4 5% growth in output in FY89
GDP: $66 billion, per capita $130, real
growth rate 4 5% (FY89 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9 6%
(FY89)
Unemployment rate: NA, shortage of
skilled manpower
Budget: revenues $1 4 billion, expenditures
$1 9 billion, including capital expenditures
of $0 7 billion (FY87)
Exports: $418 million (f o b , FY88), com-
modities�coffee 60%, hides, partners�
US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, PDRY,
France, Italy
Imports: $1 1 billion (c i f, FY88), coin-
moditzes�food, fuels, capital goods, part-
ners�USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK,
US, France
External debt: $2 6 billion (1988)
Industrial production: growth rate �0 2%
(FY88 est )
Electricity: 330,000 kW capacity, 700 mil-
lion kWh produced, 14 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: cement, textiles, food process-
ing, oil refinery
Agriculture: accounts for 45% of GDP and
is the most important sector of the econ-
omy even though frequent droughts, poor
cultivation practices, and state economic
policies keep farm output low, famines not
uncommon, export crops of coffee and oil-
seeds grown partly on state farms, esti-
mated 50% of agricultural production at
subsistence level, principal crops and live-
stock�cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, po-
tatoes, sugarcane, vegetables, hides and
skins, cattle, sheep, goats
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $471 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $2 6 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $2 0 bil-
lion
Currency: birr (plural�birr), 1 birr (Br) =
100 cents
Exchange rates: birr (Br) per US$1-
2 0700 (fixed rate)
Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July
Communications
Railroads: 988 km total, 681 km 1 000-
meter gauge, 307 km 0 950-meter gauge
(nonoperational)
Highways: 44,300 km total, 3,650 km bi-
tuminous, 9,650 km gravel, 3,000 km im-
proved earth, 28,000 km unimproved
earth
Ports: Aseb, Mitsiwa
Merchant marine: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 71,837 GRT/92,067 DWT,
includes 10 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off cargo,
1 livestock carrier, 2 petroleum, oils, and
lubricants (POL) tanker
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
Airports: 152 total, 111 usable, 9 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 10 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 51 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: open-wire and radio
relay system adequate for government use,
open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti, radio
relay to Kenya and Djibouti, stations-4
AM, no FM, 1 TV, 45,000 TV sets,
3,300,000 radios, 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air
Defense
Military manpower: males 15-49,
11,438,616, 5,922,555 fit for military ser-
vice, 589,231 reach military age (18) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 8 5% of GDP (1988)
Mozambique
Channel
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 28 km', land area 28 km'
Comparative area: about 0 2 times the size
of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 22 2 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: claimed by Madagascar
Climate: tropical
Terrain: NA
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: NA% arable land, NA% perma-
nent crops, NA% meadows and pastures,
NA% forest and woodland, NA% other,
heavily wooded
Environment: wildlife sanctuary
Note: located in the Mozambique Channel
340 km west of Madagascar
People
Population: uninhabited
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: French possession administered by
Commissioner of the Republic Daniel
CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
Economy
Overview: no economic activity
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Europa Island (continued)
Communications
Airports: 1 with runway 1,220 to 2,439 m
Ports: none, offshore anchorage only
Telecommunications: 1 meteorological sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of
France
Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas)
(dependent territory of the UK)
50 km
South Atlantic Ocean
West
Falkland
Administered by U K
claimed by Argentina
See regional map II,
East Falkland
Scotle See
Geography
Total area: 12,170 km2, land area 12,170
km2, includes the two main islands of East
and West Falkland and about 200 small
islands
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Connecticut
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 1,288 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 100 meter depth
Exclusive fishing zone 150 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: administered by the UK,
claimed by Argentina
Climate: cold marine, strong westerly
winds, cloudy, humid, rain occurs on more
than half of days in year, occasional snow
all year, except in January and February,
but does not accumulate
Terrain: rocky, hilly, mountainous with
some boggy, undulating plains
Natural resources: fish and wildlife
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 99% meadows and pastures, 0%
forest and woodland, 1% other
Environment: poor soil fertility and a short
growing season
Note: deeply indented coast provides good
natural harbors
People
Population: 1,958 (July 1990), growth rate
0 5% (1990)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male,
NA years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: NA children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Falkland Islander(s),
adjective�Falkland Island
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: primarily Anglican, Roman
Catholic, and United Free Church, Evan-
gelist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lu-
theran, Seventh-Day Adventist
Language: English
Literacy: NA%, but compulsory education
up to age 15
Labor force: 1,100 (est ), about 95% in
agriculture, mostly sheepherding
Organized labor: Falkland Islands General
Employees Union, 400 members
Government
Long-form name: Colony of the Falkland
Islands
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Stanley
Administrative divisions: none (dependent
territory of the UK)
Independence: none (dependent territory of
the UK)
Constitution: 3 October 1985
Legal system: English common law
National holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June
(1982)
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor, Executive Council
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative
Council
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952),
Head of Government�Governor William
Hugh FULLERTON (since NA 1988)
Political parties: NA
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: Legislative Council�last held 3
October 1985 (next to be held October
1990), results�percent of vote by party
NA, seats�(10 total, 8 elected) number of
seats by party NA
Diplomatic representation: none (depen-
dent territory of the UK)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the
upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falk-
land Island coat of arms in a white disk
centered on the outer half of the flag, the
coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep
raising is the major economic activity)
above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew
discovered the islands) with a scroll at the
bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE
RIGHT
Economy
Overview: The economy is based on sheep
farming, which directly or indirectly em-
ploys most of the work force A few dairy
herds are kept to meet domestic consump-
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Faroe Islands
(part of the Danish realm)
tion of milk and milk products, and crops
grown are primarily those for providing
winter fodder Major sources of income
are from the export of high-grade wool to
the UK and the sale of stamps and coins
Rich stocks of fish in the surrounding wa-
ters are not presently exploited by the is-
landers, but development plans called for
the islands to have six trawlers by 1989
In 1987 the government began to sell
fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operat-
ing within the Falklands exclusive fishing
zone These license fees amount to more
than $25 million per year To encourage
tourism, the Falkland Islands Develop-
ment Corporation has built three lodges
for visitors who are attracted by the abun-
dant wildlife and trout fishing
GNP: $NA, per capita $NA, real growth
rate NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: 0%
Budget: revenues $11 million, expenditures
$11 8 million, including capital expendi-
tures of $1 2 million (FY87)
Exports: at least $14 7 million, commodi-
ties�wool, hides and skins, and other,
partners�UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987
est )
Imports: at least $13 9 million, commodi-
ties�food, clothing, fuels, and machinery,
partners�UK, Netherlands Antilles (Cu-
racao), Japan (1987 est )
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 9,200 kW capacity, 17 million
kWh produced, 8,700 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: wool processing
Agriculture: predominantly sheep farming,
small dairy herds and fodder crops
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-
87), $102 million
Currency: Falkland pound (plural�
pounds), 1 Falkland pound (I F) = 100
pence
Exchange rates: Falkland pound (IF) per
US$1-0 6055 (January 1990), 0 6099
(1989), 0 5614 (1988), 0 6102 (1987),
0 6817 (1986), 0 7714 (1985), note�the
Falkland pound is at par with the British
pound
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80
km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth
Ports: Port Stanley
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airports: 5 total, 5 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, none with runways 1,220
to 2,439 m
Telecommunications: government-operated
radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio
networks provide effective service to al-
most all points on both islands, 590 tele-
phones, stations-2 AM, 3 FM, no TV, 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
with links through London to other coun-
tries
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
UK
25 km
Streymoy
Myking.P.
Vaga
North
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional map V
CP
Svinoy
Bordhoy
TORSHAVN
Skiivoy
b
%Sudhuroy
Sandoy
Norwegian
Sea
Geography
Total area: 1,400 km2, land area 1,400
km2
Comparative area: slightly less than eight
times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 764 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 4 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Climate: mild winters, cool summers, usu-
ally overcast, foggy, windy
Terrain: rugged, rocky, some low peaks,
cliffs along most of coast
Natural resources: fish
Land use: 2% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 98% other
Environment: precipitous terrain limits
habitation to small coastal lowlands, ar-
chipelago of 18 inhabited islands and a
few uninhabited islets
Note: strategically located along impor-
tant sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic
about midway between Iceland and Shet-
land Islands
People
Population: 47,715 (July 1990), growth
rate 09% (1990)
Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male,
81 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 2 children born/
woman (1990)
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Faroe Islands (continued)
Nationality: noun�Faroese (sing, pi),
adjective�Faroese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Scandina-
vian population
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Faroese (derived from Old
Norse), Danish
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 17,585, largely engaged in
fishing, manufacturing, transportation,
and commerce
Organized labor: NA
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: part of the Danish realm,
self-governing overseas administrative di-
vision of Denmark
Capital: Torshavn
Administrative divisions: none (self-gov-
erning overseas administrative division of
Denmark)
Independence: part of the Danish realm,
self-governing overseas administrative di-
vision of Denmark
Constitution: Danish
Legal system: Danish
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen,
16 April (1940)
Executive branch: Danish monarch, high
commissioner, prime minister, deputy
prime minister, Cabinet (LandsstS,ri)
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
(Logting)
Judicial branch: none
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen MAR-
GRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), rep-
resented by High Commissioner Bent
KLINTE (since NA),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Jogvan SUNDSTEIN (since 17 January
1989)
Political parties and leaders: four-party
ruling coalition�People's Party, Jogvan
Sundstein, Republican Party, Signer Han-
sen, Progressive and Fishing Industry
Party combined with the Christian Peo-
ple's Party (CPP-PFIP), Home Rule
Party, Hilmar Kass, opposition�Social
Democratic Party, Atli P Dam, Coopera-
tion Coalition Party, Pauli Ellefsen,
Progress Party
Suffrage: universal at age 20
Elections: Parliament�last held 8 No-
vember 1988 (next to be held November
1992), results�percent of vote by party
NA, seats�(32 total) three-party coalition
21 (People's Party 8, Cooperation Coali-
tion Party 7, Republican Party 6), Social
Democrat 7, CPP-PFIP 2, Home Rule 2
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Nordic Council
Diplomatic representation: none
(self-governing overseas administrative
division of Denmark)
Flag: white with a red cross outlined in
blue that extends to the edges of the flag,
the vertical part of the cross is shifted to
the hoist side in the style of the Danne-
brog (Danish flag)
Economy
Overview: The Faroese enjoy the high
standard of living characteristic of the
Danish and other Scandinavian econo-
mies Fishing is the dominant economic
activity It employs over 25% of the labor
force, accounts for about 25% of GDP,
and contributes over 80% to export reve-
nues A handicraft industry employs about
20% of the labor force Because of cool
summers agricultural activities are limited
to raising sheep and to potato and vegeta-
ble cultivation There is a labor shortage,
and immigrant workers accounted for 5%
of the work force in 1989 Denmark annu-
ally subsidizes the economy, perhaps on
the order of 15% of GDP
GDP: $662 million, per capita $14,000,
real growth rate 3% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2 0%
(1988)
Unemployment rate: labor shortage
Budget: revenues $176 million, expendi-
tures $176 million, including capital ex-
penditures of NA (FY86)
Exports: $267 million (f o b , 1986), com-
modities�fish and fish products 86%, ani-
mal feedstuffs, transport equipment, part-
ners�Denmark 18%, US 14%, FRG,
France, UK, Canada
Imports: $363 million (c i f, 1986), com-
modities�machinery and transport equip-
ment 38%, food and livestock 11%, fuels
10%, manufactures 10%, chemicals 5%,
partners Denmark 46%, FRG, Norway,
Japan, UK
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 80,000 kW capacity, 280 mil-
lion kWh produced, 5,910 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: fishing, shipbuilding, handi-
crafts
Agriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP and
employs 27% of labor force, principal
crops�potatoes and vegetables,
livestock�sheep, annual fish catch about
360,000 metric tons
Aid: none
Currency: Danish krone (plural�kroner),
1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore
Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per
US$1-6 560 (January 1990), 7 310
(1989), 6 732 (1988), 6 840 (1987), 8 091
(1986), 10 596 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 200 km
Ports: Torshavn, Tvoroyri, 8 minor
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 17,249 GRT/11,887 DWT,
includes 1 short-sea passenger, 2 cargo, 2
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo,
note�a subset of the Danish register
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface run-
way 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
communications, fair domestic facilities,
27,900 telephones, stations�I AM, 3 (10
repeaters) FM, 3 (29 repeaters) TV, 3 co-
axial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of Den-
mark
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Fiji
� Rotuma
South Pacific Ocean
-
Vanua Levu
' 49 Taveum
.,,. .
Viti LevuLA. uvIA a
Kandavu
Ceva I Re
See regional map X
200 km
Geography
Total area: 18,270 km2, land area 18,270
km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
New Jersey
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 1,129 km
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine, only slight sea-
sonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic ori-
gin
Natural resources: timber, fish, gold, cop-
per, offshore oil potential
Land use: 8% arable land, 5% permanent
crops, 3% meadows and pastures; 65%
forest and woodland, 19% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: subject to hurricanes from
November to January; includes 332 is-
lands of which approximately 110 are in-
habited
Note: located 2,500 km north of New
Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean
People
Population: 759,567 (July 1990), growth
rate 1 5% (1990)
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �7 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male,
70 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 3 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Fijian(s), adjective�
Fijian
Ethnic divisions: 49% Indian, 46% Fijian,
5% European, other Pacific Islanders,
overseas Chinese, and others
Religion: Fijians are mainly Christian,
Indians are Hindu with a Muslim minor-
ity
Language: English (official), Fijian, Hin-
dustani
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 176,000, 60% subsistence
agriculture, 40% wage earners (1979)
Organized labor: about 45,000 employees
belong to some 46 trade unions, which are
organized along lines of work and ethnic
origin (1983)
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Fiji
Type: military coup leader Major General
Sitiveni Rabuka formally declared Fiji a
republic on 6 October 1987
Capital: Suva
Administrative divisions: 4 divisions and 1
dependency*, Central, Eastern, Northern,
Rotuma*, Western
Independence: 10 October 1970 (from UK)
Constitution: 10 October 1970 (suspended
1 October 1987), note�a new constitution
was proposed on 23 September 1988 and
awaits final approval
Legal system: based on British system
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
October (1970)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, Cabinet
Legislative branch: the bicameral Parlia-
ment, consisting of an upper house or Sen-
ate and a lower house or House of Repre-
sentatives, was dissolved following the
coup of 14 May 1987, the proposed con-
stitution of NA September 1988 provides
for a bicameral Parliament
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�President Ratu
Sir Penata Kanatabatu GANILAU (since
5 December 1987),
Head of Government�Prime Minister
Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 5 De-
cember 1987), note�Ratu Sir Kamisese
Mara served as prime minister from 10
October 1970 until the 5-11 April 1987
election, after a second coup led by Major
General Sitiveni Rabuka on 25 September
1987, Ratu Mara was reappointed as
prime minister
Political parties and leaders: Alliance, pri-
marily Fijian, Ratu Mara, National Fed-
eration, primarily Indian, Siddiq Koya,
Western United Front, Fijian, Ratu Osea
Gavidi, Fiji Labor Party, Adi Kuini Bava-
dra, coalition of the National Federation
Party and the Fiji Labor Party, Adi Kuini
Vuikaba Bavadra
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Communists: some
Member of: ACP, ADB, Colombo Plan,
EC (associate), ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU,
SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation: Counselor
(Commercial), Vice Consul, Charg�'Af-
faires ad interim Abdul H YUSUF,
Chancery at Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007,
telephone [phone], there is a Fijian
Consulate in New York, US�Ambassa-
dor Leonard ROCHWARGER, Embassy
at 31 Loftus Street, Suva (mailing address
is P 0 Box 218, Suva), telephone [679]
314-466 or 314-069
Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in
the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fi-
jian shield centered on the outer half of
the flag, the shield depicts a yellow lion
above a white field quartered by the cross
of St George featuring stalks of sugar-
cane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white
dove
Economy
Overview: Fiji's economy is primarily agri-
cultural, with a large subsistence sector
Sugar exports are a major source of for-
eign exchange and sugar processing ac-
counts for one-third of industrial output
Industry, including sugar milling, contrib-
utes 10% to GDP Fiji traditionally earned
considerable sums of hard currency from
the 250,000 tourists who visited each year
In 1987, however, after two military
coups, the economy went into decline
GDP dropped by 7 8% in 1987 and by
another 2 5% in 1988, political uncertainly
created a drop in tourism, and the worst
drought of the century caused sugar pro-
duction to fall sharply In contrast, sugar
and tourism turned in strong
performances in 1989, and the economy
rebounded vigorously
GDP: $1 32 billion, per capita $1,750, real
growth rate 12 5% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11 8%
(1988)
Unemployment rate: 11% (1988)
Budget: revenues $260 million, expendi-
tures $233 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $47 million (1988)
Exports: $312 million (f o b , 1988), com-
modities�sugar 49%, copra, processed
fish, lumber, partners�UK 45%, Austra-
lia 21%, US 47%
Imports: $454 million (c i f, 1988), com-
modities�food 15%, petroleum products,
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Fiji (continued)
machinery, consumer goods, partners�
US 4 8%, NZ, Australia, Japan
External debt: $398 million (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate �15%
(1988 est )
Electricity: 215,000 kW capacity, 330 mil-
lion kWh produced, 440 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: sugar, copra, tourism, gold,
silver, fishing, clothing, lumber, small cot-
tage industries
Agriculture: principal cash crop is sugar-
cane, coconuts, cassava, rice, sweet pota-
toes, and bananas, small livestock sector
includes cattle, pigs, horses, and goats
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-
87), $677 million
Currency: Fijian dollar (plural�dollars), 1
Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Fijian dollars (F$) per
US$1-1 4950 (January 1990), 1 4833
(1989), 1 4303 (1988), 1 2439 (1987),
1 1329 (1986), 1 1536 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 644 km 0 610-meter narrow
gauge, belonging to the government-owned
Fiji Sugar Corporation
Highways: 3,300 km total (1984)-390 km
paved, 1,200 km bituminous-surface treat-
ment, 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or
stabilized soil surface, 420 unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 203 km, 122 km navi-
gable by motorized craft and 200-metric-
ton barges
Ports: Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, Suva
Merchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 42,872 GRT/49,795 DWT,
includes 1 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
2 container, 2 liquefied gas, 1 petroleum,
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chem-
ical tanker
Civil air: 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft
Airports: 26 total, 24 usable, 2 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern local, interis-
land, and international (wire/radio inte-
grated) public and special-purpose tele-
phone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities,
regional radio center; important COM-
PAC cable link between US-Canada and
New Zealand-Australia, 53,228
telephones, stations-7 AM, 1 FM, no
TV, 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth
station
Defense Forces
Branches: integrated ground and naval
forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 194,433,
107,317 fit for military service, 7,864
reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: 2 5% of GDP (1988)
Finland
Gulf of
Bothnia
Vaasa
Aland
Islands
d
See regional map v"
Repo...anions
OuEv
ttOpi0
�
Joansuu
.Tarsgsere
urku Kink
HELSINKI
300 km
Geography
Total area: 337,030 km', land area
305,470 km'
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Montana
Land boundaries: 2,578 km total, Norway
729 km, Sweden 536 km, USSR 1,313 km
Coastline: 1,126 km excluding islands and
coastal indentations
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 6 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 12 nm
Territorial sea 4 nm
Climate: cold temperate, potentially sub-
arctic, but comparatively mild because of
moderating influence of the North Atlan-
tic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than
60,000 lakes
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains
interspersed with lakes and low hills
Natural resources: timber, copper, zinc,
iron ore, silver
Land use: 8% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, NEGL% meadows and pastures,
76% forest and woodland; 16% other, in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: permanently wet ground
covers about 30% of land, population con-
centrated on small southwestern coastal
plain
Note: long boundary with USSR, Helsinki
is northernmost national capital on Euro-
pean continent
People
Population: 4,977,325 (July 1990), growth
rate 0 3% (1990)
Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/
1,000 population (1990)
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Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male,
80 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun-Finn(s), adjective-
Finnish
Ethnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp,
Gypsy, Tatar
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1 2%
Eastern Orthodox, 1 8% other
Language: 93 5% Finnish, 6 3% Swedish
(both official), small Lapp- and Russian-
speaking minorities
Literacy: almost 100%
Labor force: 2,556,000, 33 1% services,
22 9% mining and manufacturing, 13 8%
commerce, 10 3% agriculture, forestry,
and fishing, 7 2% construction, 7 1%
transportation and communications (1989
est )
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (laa-
nit, singular-laani), Ahvenanmaa, Hame,
Keski-Suomi, Kuopio, Kymi, Lapp', Mik-
keli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori,
Uusimaa, Vaasa
Independence: 6 December 1917 (from
Soviet Union)
Constitution: 17 July 1919
Legal system: civil law system based on
Swedish law, Supreme Court may request
legislation interpreting or modifying laws,
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
December (1917)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, deputy prime minister, Council of
State (Valtioneuvosto)
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament
(Eduskunta)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Korkein
Oikeus)
Leaders: Chief of State-President
Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January
1982),
Head of Government-Prime Minister
Harri HOLKERI (since 30 April 1987);
Deputy Prime Minister Pertti PAASIO
(since NA January 1989)
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party, Perth Paasio, Center Party,
Paavo Vayrynen, People's Democratic
League (majority Communist front), Reijo
Kakela, National Coalition (Conservative)
Party, Ilkka Suommen, Liberal People's
Party, Kyosti Lallukka, Swedish People's
Party, Christoffer Taxell, Rural Party,
leader NA
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President-last held 31
January-1 February and 15 February
1988 (next to be held January 1994), re-
sults-Mauno Kotvisto 48%, Paavo
Vayrynen 20%, Ham Holkeri 18%,
Parliament-last held 15-16 March 1987
(next to be held March 1991), results-
Social Democratic 24 3%, National Coali-
tion (Conservative) 23 9%, Center-Liberal
People's 18 6%, People's Democratic
League 9 4%, Rural 6 3%, Swedish Peo-
ple's 5 3%, Democratic Alternative 4 3%,
Green League 4 0%, Finnish Christian
League 2 6%, Finnish Pensioners 1 2%,
Constitutional Rightist 0 1%, seats-(200
total) Social Democratic 56, National Co-
alition (Conservative) 53, Center-Liberal
People's 40, People's Democratic League
16, Swedish People's 13, Rural 9, Finnish
Christian League 5, Democratic Alterna-
tive 4, Green League 4
Communists: 28,000 registered members,
an additional 45,000 persons belong to
People's Democratic League
Other political or pressure groups: Finnish
Communist Party (majority Communist
faction), Jarmo Wahlstrom, Finnish Com-
munist Party-Unity (minority faction),
Esko-Juhani Tennila, Democratic Alterna-
tive (minority Communist front), Kristnna
Halkola, Finnish Christian League, Esko
Almgren, Constitutional Rightist Party,
Finnish Pensioners Party, Green League,
Heidi Hautala, Communist Workers
Party, Timo Landenmaki
Member of: ADB, CCC, CEMA (special
cooperation agreement), DAC, EC (free
trade agreement), EFTA, ESA (associate),
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB-Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, Nor-
dic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Jukka VALTASAARI, Chancery at 3216
New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington
DC 20016, telephone [phone];
there are Finnish Consulates General in
Los Angeles and New York, and Consu-
lates in Chicago and Houston, US-Am-
bassador John G WEIN MANN, Em-
bassy at Itainen Puistotie 14ASF-00140,
Helsinki (mailing address is APO New
York 09664), telephone [358] (0) 171931
Flag: white with a blue cross that extends
to the edges of the flag, the vertical part
of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in
the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
Economy
Overview: Finland has a highly industrial-
ized, largely free market economy, with
per capita output nearly three-fourths the
US figure Its main economic force is the
manufacturing sector-principally the
wood, metals, and engineering industries
Trade is important, with the export or
goods representing about 25% of GNP
Except for timber and several minerals,
Finland depends on imported raw materi-
als, energy, and some components of man-
ufactured goods Because of the climate,
agricultural development is limited to
maintaining self-sufficiency in basic com-
modities Economic prospects are gener-
ally bright, the main shadow being the
increasing pressures on wages and prices
GDP: $744 billion, per capita $15,000,
real growth rate 4 6% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6 5%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 3 4% (1989)
Budget: revenues $28 3 billion, expendi-
tures $28 1 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $NA billion (1988 est )
Exports: $222 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities-timber, paper and pulp, ships,
machinery, clothing and footwear, part-
ners-EC 44 2% (UK 13 0%, FRG
108%), USSR 14 9%, Sweden 14 1%, US
58%
Imports: $22 0 billion (c i f, 1988), com-
modities-foodstuffs, petroleum and pe-
troleum products, chemicals, transport
equipment, iron and steel, machinery, tex-
tile yarn and fabrics, fodder grains, part-
ners-EC 43 5% (FRG 16 9%, UK 6 8%),
Sweden 13 3%, USSR 12 1%, US 6 3%
External debt: $5 3 billion (1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 4 3%
(1989)
Electricity: 13,324,000 kW capacity,
49,330 million kWh produced, 9,940 kWh
per capita (1989)
Industries: metal manufacturing and ship-
building, forestry and wood processing
(pulp, paper), copper refining, foodstuffs,
textiles, clothing
Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GNP (in-
cluding forestry), livestock production, es-
pecially dairy cattle, predominates, for-
estry is an important export earner and a
secondary occupation for the rural popula-
tion, main crops-cereals, sugar beets,
potatoes, 85% self-sufficient, but short of
food and fodder grains, annual fish catch
about 160,000 metric tons
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-87), $1 7 billion
Currency: markka (plural-markkaa), 1
markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia
Exchange rates: markkaa (FMk) per
US$1-4 0022 (January 1990), 4 2912
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Finland (continued)
(1989), 4 1828 (1988), 4 3956 (1987),
5 0695 (1986), 6 1979 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,924 km total, Finnish State
Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km
1 524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are
multiple track and 1,445 km are electri-
fied
Highways: about 103,000 km total, in-
cluding 35,000 km paved (bituminous,
concrete, bituminous-treated surface) and
38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel,
gravel, earth), additional 30,000 km of
private (state-subsidized) roads
Inland waterways: 6,675 km total
(including Saimaa Canal), 3,700 km suit-
able for steamers
Pipelines: natural gas, 580 km
Ports: Helsinki, Oulu, Pon, Rauma,
Turku, 6 secondary, numerous minor ports
Merchant marine: 82 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 737,811 GRT/764,695
DWT, includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea
passenger, 18 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo,
24 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 petroleum,
oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 chem-
ical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 bulk, 1 com-
bination bulk
Civil air: 39 major transport
Airports: 160 total, 157 usable, 56 with
permanent-surface runways; none with
runways over 3,659 m, 23 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good service from
cable and radio relay network, 3,140,000
telephones; stations-4 AM, 42 (101 re-
lays) FM, 79 (195 relays) TV, 2 submarine
cables, satellite service via Swedish earth
stations, satellite earth stations-2 Atlan-
tic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,312,941, 1,091,416 fit for military ser-
vice, 32,288 reach military age (17) annu-
ally
Defense expenditures: 1 5% of GDP (1989
est )
France
English Channel
Brest
Bay of
Biscay
Lille
PARIS*
Nantes
Larnooes
300 km
NetriAr *
Strasbourg
a arlicans
Dijon a
Lyon.
.8ortlesus
Grenoble.
Toulouse
Perpignan.
See regional map V
Nice
Marseille
Corsica
Mediterranean
Sea
Geography
Total area: 547,030 km2, land area
545,630 km2, includes Corsica and the
rest of metropolitan France, but excludes
the overseas administrative divisions
Comparative area: slightly more than
twice the size of Colorado
Land boundaries: 2,892 4 km total, An-
dorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, FRG 451
km, Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km,
Monaco 4 4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzer-
land 573 km
Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644
km)
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12-24 nm
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with
Canada (St Pierre and Miquelon), Mada-
gascar claims Bassas da India, Europa
Island, Glonoso Islands, Juan de Nova
Island, and Tromelin Island, Comoros
claims Mayotte, Mauritius claims Trome-
lin Island, Seychelles claims Tromelin Is-
land, Suriname claims part of French Gu-
iana, territorial claim in Antarctica
(Adelie Land)
Climate: generally cool winters and mild
summers, but mild winters and hot sum-
mers along the Mediterranean
Terrain: mostly flat plains or gently rolling
hills in north and west, remainder is
mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south,
Alps in east
Natural resources: coal, iron ore, bauxite,
fish, timber, zinc, potash
Land use: 32% arable land, 2% permanent
crops, 23% meadows and pastures, 27%
forest and woodland, 16% other; includes
2% irrigated
Environment: most of large urban areas
and industrial centers in Rhone, Garonne,
Seine, or Loire River basins, occasional
warm tropical wind known as mistral
Note: largest West European nation
People
Population: 56,358,331 (July 1990),
growth rate 0 4% (1990)
Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
82 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 8 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Frenchman(men),
Frenchwoman(women), adjective�French
Ethnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with
Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochi-
nese, and Basque minorities
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 2% Prot-
estant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North Af-
rican workers), 6% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population),
rapidly declining regional dialects (Pro-
vencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Cata-
lan, Basque, Flemish)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 24,170,000, 61 5% services,
31 3% industry, 7 3% agriculture (1987)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force (est )
Government
Long-form name: French Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Paris
Administrative divisions: metropolitan
France-22 regions (regions, singular�
region), Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne,
Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne,
Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse,
Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-
dc-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limou-
sin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-
de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie,
Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote
d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes, note�the 22 re-
gions are subdivided into 96 departments,
see separate entries for the overseas de-
partments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe,
Martinique, Reunion) and the territorial
collectivities (Mayotte, St Pierre and Mi-
quelon)
Dependent areas: Bassas da India, Clip-
perton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic
Lands, Glonoso Islands, Juan de Nova
Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island,
Wallis and Futuna
Independence: unified by Clovis in 486,
First Republic proclaimed in 1792
Constitution: 28 September 1958,
amended concerning election of president
in 1962
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Legal system: civil law system with indige-
nous concepts, review of administrative
but not legislative acts
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille,
14 July (1789)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
(Parlement) consists of an upper house or
Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Na-
tional Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour
de Cassation)
Leaders: Chief of State-President Fran-
cois MITTERRAND (since 21 May
1981),
Head of Government-Prime Minister
Michel ROCARD (since 10 March 1988)
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the
Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques
Chirac, Union for French Democracy
(UDF, federation of PR, CDS, and RAD),
Valery Giscard d'Estaing, Republicans
(PR), Francois Leotard, Center for Social
Democrats (CDS), Pierre Mehaignerie,
Radical (RAD), Yves Gallard, Socialist
Party (PS), Pierre Mauroy, Left Radical
Movement (MRG), Yves Collin, Commu-
nist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais, Na-
tional Front (FN), Jean-Marie Le Pen
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: President-last held 8 May
1988 (next to be held May 1995),
results-Second Ballot Francois Mitter-
rand 54%, Jacques Chirac 46%,
Senate-last held 24 September 1989
(next to be held September 1992),
results-percent of vote by party NA,
seats-(321 total, 296 metropolitan
France, 13 for overseas departments and
territories, and 12 for French nationals
abroad) RPR 93, UDF 143 (PR 53, CDS
65, RAD 25), PS 64, PCF 16, indepen-
dents 2, unknown 3,
National Assembly-last held 5 and 12
June 1988 (next to be held June 1993),
results-Second Ballot PS-MRG 48 7%,
RPR 23 1%, UDF 21%, PCF 3 4%, other
3 8%, seats-(577 total) PS 275, RPR
132, UDF 90, UDC 40, PCF 25, indepen-
dents 15
Communists: 700,000 claimed but proba-
bly closer to 150,000, Communist voters,
2 8 million in 1988 election
Other political or pressure groups:
Communist-controlled labor union (Confe-
deration Generale du Travail) nearly 2 4
million members (claimed),
Socialist-leaning labor union (Confedera-
tion Francaise Democratique du Travail
or CFDT) about 800,000 members est ,
independent labor union (Force Ouvriere)
about 1,000,000 members est , indepen-
dent white-collar union (Confederation
Generale des Cadres) 340,000 members
(claimed), National Council of French
Employers (Conseil National du Patronat
Francais-CNPF or Patronat)
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Eu-
rope, DAC, EC, EIB, EMA, EMS, ESA,
ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, 100C,
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-Inter-
national Whaling Commission, NATO
(signatory), OAS (observer), OECD, SPC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Jacques ANDREANI, Chancery at 4101
Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC
20007, telephone [phone], there
are French Consulates General in Boston,
Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles,
New Orleans, Miami, New York, San
Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico),
US-Ambassador Walter J P CURLEY,
Embassy at 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382
Paris Cedex 08 (mailing address is APO
New York 09777), telephone [33] (1) 42-
96-12-02 or 42-61-80-75, there are US
Consulates General in Bordeaux, Lyon,
Marseille, and Strasbourg
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue
(hoist side), white, and red, known as the
French Tricouleur (Tricolor), the design
and colors have been the basis for a num-
ber of other flags, including those of Bel-
gium, Chad, Ireland, Ivory Coast, and
Luxembourg, the official flag for all
French dependent areas
Economy
Overview: One of the world's most devel-
oped economies, France has substantial
agricultural resources and a highly diver-
sified modern industrial sector Large
tracts of fertile land, the application of
modern technology, and subsidies have
combined to make it the leading agricul-
tural producer in Western Europe France
is largely self-sufficient in agricultural
products and is a major exporter of wheat
and dairy products The industrial sector
generates about one-third of GDP and
employs about one-third of the work force
During the period 1982-86 economic
growth was sluggish, averaging only 1 4%
annually This trend was reversed by late
1987, however, with a strong expansion of
consumer demand, followed by a surge in
investment The economy has had diffi-
culty generating enough jobs for new en-
trants into the labor force, resulting in a
high unemployment rate, but the upward
trend in growth recently pushed the job-
less rate below 10% The steadily advanc-
ing economic integration within the Euro-
pean Community is a major force
affecting the fortunes of the various eco-
nomic sectors
GDP: $819 6 billion, per capita $14,600,
real growth rate 3 4% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3 5%
(1989 est )
Unemployment rate: 9 7% (1989 est )
Budget: revenues $197 0 billion, expendi-
tures $213 4 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $NA (1989 est )
Exports: $183 1 billion (f o b , 1989 est ),
commodities-machinery and transporta-
tion equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, ag-
ricultural products, iron and steel prod-
ucts, textiles and clothing, partners-FRG
15 8%, Italy 12 2%, UK 9 8%, Belgium-
Luxembourg 8 9%, Netherlands 8 7%, US
6 7%, Spain 5 6%, Japan 1 8%, USSR
1 3% (1989 est )
Imports: $194 5 billion (c i f, 1989 est ),
commodities-crude oil, machinery and
equipment, agricultural products, chemi-
cals, iron and steel products, partners-
FRG 194%, Italy 11 5%, Belgium-Lux-
embourg 9 2%, US 7 7%, UK 7 2%, Neth-
erlands 5 2%, Spain 4 4%, Japan 4 1%,
USSR 2 1% (1989 est )
External debt: $59 3 billion (December
1987)
Industrial production: growth rate 4 4%
(1989 est )
Electricity: 109,972,000 kW capacity,
403,570 million kWh produced, 7,210
kWh per capita (1989)
Industries: steel, machinery, chemicals,
automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, elec-
tronics, mining, textiles, food processing,
and tourism
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GNP (in-
cluding fishing and forestry), one of the
world's top five wheat producers, other
principal products-beef, dairy products,
cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes,
self-sufficient for most temperate-zone
foods, shortages include fats and oils and
tropical produce, but overall net exporter
of farm products, fish catch of 850,000
metric tons ranks among world's top 20
countries and is all used domestically
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-87), $59 8 billion
Currency: French franc (plural-francs), 1
French franc (F) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per
US$1-5 7598 (January 1990), 6 3801
(1989), 5 9569 (1988), 6 0107 (1987),
6.9261 (1986), 8 9852 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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France (continued)
Communications
Railroads: French National Railways
(SNCF) operates 34,568 km 1 435-meter
standard gauge, 11,674 km electrified,
15,132 km double or multiple track, 2,138
km of various gauges (1 000-meter to
1 440-meter), privately owned and oper-
ated
Highways: 1,551,400 km total, 33,400 km
national highway, 347,000 km departmen-
tal highway, 421,000 km community
roads, 750,000 km rural roads, 5,401 km
of controlled-access divided autoroutes,
about 803,000 km paved
Inland waterways: 14,932 km, 6,969 km
heavily traveled
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,059 km, refined
products, 4,487 km, natural gas, 24,746
km
Ports: maritime�Bordeaux, Boulogne,
Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-Sur-
Mer, Le Havre, Marseille, Nantes,
Rouen, Sete, Toulon, inland-42
Merchant marine: 153 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 3,671,645 GRT/
5,950,785 DWT, includes 10 short-sea
passenger, 19 cargo, 19 container, 1 mul-
tifunction large-load carrier, 30 roll-on/
roll-off cargo, 37 petroleum, oils, and lu-
bricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical tanker,
6 liquefied gas, 4 specialized tanker, 17
bulk, 1 combination bulk, note�France
also maintains a captive register for
French-owned ships in the Kerguelen Is-
lands (French Southern and Antarctic
Lands) and French Polynesia
Civil air: 355 major transport aircraft
(1982)
Airports: 470 total, 460 usable, 204 with
permanent-surface runways, 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 133 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed sys-
tem provides satisfactory telephone, tele-
graph, radio and TV broadcast services,
39,110,000 telephones, stations-42 AM,
138 (777 relays) FM, 215 TV (8,900
relays), 25 submarine coaxial cables, com-
munication satellite earth stations operat-
ing in INTELSAT, 3 Atlantic Ocean and
2 Indian Ocean, EUTELSAT, MARI-
SAT, and domestic systems
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Na-
tional Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,285,904, 12,042,731 fit for military
service, 409,544 reach military age (18)
annually
Defense expenditures: 3 8% of GDP, or
$31 1 billion (1989 est )
French Guiana
(overseas department of France)
See regional map IV
North 100 km
Atlantic
Ocean
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Geography
Total area: 91,000 km2, land area 89,150
km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Indiana
Land boundaries: 1,183 km total, Brazil
673 km, Suriname 510 km
Coastline: 378 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: Suriname claims area between
Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both
headwaters of the Lawa)
Climate: tropical, hot, humid, little sea-
sonal temperature variation
Terrain: low-lying coastal plains rising to
hills and small mountains
Natural resources: bauxite, timber, gold
(widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish
Land use: NEGL% arable land, NEGL%
permanent crops, NEGL% meadows and
pastures, 82% forest and woodland, 18%
other
Environment: mostly an unsettled wilder-
ness
People
Population: 97,781 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 4% (1990)
Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 10 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male,
76 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 8 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�French Guianese
(sing, p1), adjective�French Guiana
Ethnic divisions: 66% black or mulatto,
12% Caucasian, 12% East Indian, Chi-
nese, Amerindian, 10% other
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: 23,265, 60 6% services, gov-
ernment, and commerce, 21 2% industry,
18 2% agriculture (1980)
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: Department of Guiana
Type: overseas department of France
Capital: Cayenne
Administrative divisions: none (overseas
department of France)
Independence: none (overseas department
of France)
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French
Constitution)
Legal system: French legal system
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille,
14 July (1789)
Executive branch: French president, com-
missioner of the republic
Legislative branch: unicameral General
Council and a unicameral Regional Coun-
cil
Judicial branch: highest local court is the
Court of Appeals based in Martinique
with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guade-
loupe, and French Guiana
Leaders: Chief of State�President Fran-
cois MITTERRAND (since 21 May
1981),
Head of Government�Commissioner of
the Republic Jean-Pierre LACROIX
(since NA August 1988)
Political parties and leaders: Guianese So-
cialist Party (PSG), Gerard Holder, Rally
for the Republic (RPR), Paulin Brune,
Guyanese Democratic Action (ADG),
Andre Lecante, Union for French Democ-
racy (UDF), Claude Ho A Chuck, Na-
tional Front, Guy Malon, Popular and
National Party of Guiana (PNPG),
Claude Robo, National Anti-Colonist
Guianese Party (PANGA), Michel Kapel
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: Regional Council�last held 16
March 1986 (next to be held March
1991), results�PSG 43%, RPR 27 7%,
ADG 122%, UDF 89%, FN 37%,
PNPG 1 4%, others 3 1%, seats�(31 to-
tal) PSG 15, RPR 9, ADG 4, UDF 3,
French Senate�last held 24 September
1989 (next to be held September 1992),
results�percent of vote by party NA,
seats�(1 total) PSG 1,
French National Assembly�last held 24
September 1989 (next to be held Septem-
ber 1992), results�percent of vote by
party NA, seats�(2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1
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French Polynesia
(overseas territory of France)
Communists: Communist party member-
ship negligible
Member of: WFTU
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas
department of France the interests of
French Guiana are represented in the US
by France
Flag: the flag of France is used
Economy
Overview: The economy is tied closely to
that of France through subsidies and im-
ports Besides the French space center at
Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most
important economic activities, with ex-
ports of fish and fish products (mostly
shrimp) accounting for about two-thirds of
total revenue in 1985 The large reserves
of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited,
support an expanding sawmill industry
that provides sawn logs for export Culti-
vation of crops�rice, cassava, bananas,
and sugarcane�are limited to the coastal
area, where the population is largely con-
centrated French Guiana is heavily de-
pendent on imports of food and energy
Unemployment is a serious problem, par-
ticularly among younger workers, with an
unemployment rate of 15%
GDP: $210 million, per capita $3,230, real
growth rate NA% (1982)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 1%
(1987)
Unemployment rate: 15% (1987)
Budget: revenues $735 million, expendi-
tures $735 million, including capital ex-
penditures of NA (1987)
Exports: $370 million (f o b , 1986), com-
modities�shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood
essence, partners�US 41%, Japan 18%,
France 9% (1984)
Imports: $297 7 million (c i f, 1986), com-
modities�food (grains, processed meat),
other consumer goods, producer goods,
petroleum, partners�France 55%, Trini-
dad and Tobago 13%, US 3% (1984)
External debt: $1 2 billion (1988)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 92,000 kW capacity, 185 mil-
lion kWh produced, 1,950 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: construction, shrimp process-
ing, forestry products, rum, gold mining
Agriculture: some vegetables for local con-
sumption, rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, ba-
nanas, sugar
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-
87), $1 1 billion
Currency: French franc (plural�francs), 1
French franc (F) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per
US$1-5 7598 (January 1990), 6 3801
(1989), 5 9569 (1988), 6 0107 (1987),
6 9261 (1986), 8 9852 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 680 km total, 510 km paved,
170 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by
small oceangoing vessels and river and
coastal steamers, 3,300 km possibly navi-
gable by native craft
Ports: Cayenne
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airports: 11 total, 11 usable, 5 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair open wire and
radio relay system, 18,100 telephones, sta-
tions-5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV, 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49 27,866,
18,430 fit for military service
Note: defense is the responsibility of
France
lies ..
Marquises .
South Pacific Ocean
,...,
Makatea , _
Society'
PAPEETE .
-1�
Islands Taint,
lies
Tubuai
See regional mai, �
Rapa
Archtpeldes
Tuai.notu
500 km
Geography
Total area: 3,941 km2, land area 3,660
km2
Comparative area: slightly less than one-
third the size of Connecticut
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 2,525 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical, but moderate
Terrain: mixture of rugged high islands
and low islands with reefs
Natural resources: timber, fish, cobalt
Land use: 1% arable land, 19% permanent
crops, 5% meadows and pastures, 31%
forest and woodland, 44% other
Environment: occasional cyclonic storm in
January, includes five archipelagoes
Note: Makatea is one of three great phos-
phate rock islands in the Pacific (others
are Banaba or Ocean Island in Kiribati
and Nauru)
People
Population: 190,181 (July 1990), growth
rate 2 5% (1990)
Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male,
71 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3 9 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�French Polynesian(s),
adjective�French Polynesian
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12%
Chinese, 6% local French, 4% metropoli-
tan French
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French Polynesia (continued)
Religion: mainly Christian, 55% Protes-
tant, 32% Roman Catholic
Language: French (official), Tahitian
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: 57,863 employed (1983)
Organized labor: NA
Government
Long-form name: Territory of French
Polynesia
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Papeete
Administrative divisions: none (overseas
territory of France)
Independence: none (overseas territory of
France)
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French
Constitution)
Legal system: based on French system
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille,
14 July (1789)
Executive branch: French president, high
commissioner of the republic, president of
the Council of Ministers, vice president of
the Council of Ministers, Council of Min-
isters
Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial
Assembly
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal
Leaders: Chief of State-President Fran-
cois MITTERRAND (since 21 May
1981), High Commissioner of the Repub-
lic Jean MONTPEZAT (since NA No-
vember 1987),
Head of Government-President of the
Council of Ministers Alexandre LEON-
TIEFF (since 9 December 1987), Vice
President of the Council of Ministers
Georges KELLY (since 9 December 1987)
Political parties and leaders: Tahoeraa
Huiraatira (Gaullist), Gaston Flosse, Pupu
Here Al'a, Jean Juventin, Front de Libe-
ration, Oscar Temaru, Al'a Api, Emile
Vernaudon, Ia Mana Te Nunaa, Jacques
Drollet, Pupu Taina, Michel Law, Toati-
raa Polynesia, Arthur Chung; Te E'a Apt,
Francis Sanford
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: Territorial Assembly-last held
16 March 1986 (next to be held March
1991), results-percent of vote by party
NA, seats-(41 total) Tahoeraa Huiraa-
tira 24, Amultahlraa Mo Porinesia 6,
Pupu Here Ma 4, Ia Mana 3, Front de
Liberation 2, other 2,
French Senate-last held 24 September
1989 (next to be held September 1992),
results-percent of vote by party NA,
seats-(1 total) Democrats for Progress 1,
French National Assembly last held 5 and
12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993),
results-percent of vote by party NA,
seats-(2 total) Rally for the Republic 1,
Al'a Api 1
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas
territory of France, French Polynesian
interests are represented in the US by
France
Flag: the flag of France is used
Economy
Overview: Since 1962, when France sta-
tioned military personnel in the region,
French Polynesia has changed from a sub-
sistence economy to one in which a high
proportion of the work force is either em-
ployed by the military or supports the
tourist industry Tourism accounts for
about 20% of GDP and is a primary
source of hard currency earnings
GDP: $2 24 billion, per capita $6,400, real
growth rate NA% (1986)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1 2%
(1987)
Unemployment rate: 8% (1986 est )
Budget: revenues $431, expenditures $418,
including capital expenditures of $NA
(1986)
Exports: $75 million (f o b , 1987), com-
modities-coconut products 79%, mother-
of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat, part-
ners-France 44%, US 21%
Imports: $767 million (c 1 f, 1986), com-
modities-fuels, foodstuffs, equipment,
partners-France 50%, US 16%, New
Zealand 6%
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 72,000 kW capacity, 265 mil-
lion kWh produced, 1,350 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: tourism, pearls, agricultural
processing, handicrafts
Agriculture: coconut and vanilla planta-
tions, vegetables and fruit, poultry, beef,
dairy products
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-
87), $3 6 billion
Currency: Comptoirs Francais du Pact-
fique franc (plural-francs), 1 CFP franc
(CFPF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du
Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1-
104 71 (January 1990), 115 99 (1989),
108 30 (1988), 109 27 (1987), 125 92
(1986), 163 35 (1985), note-linked at the
rate of 18 18 to the French franc
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 600 km (1982)
Ports: Papeete, Bora-bora
Merchant marine: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 2,732 GRT/4,191 DWT,
includes 1 cargo, I refrigerated cargo,
note-a subset of the French register
Civil air: about 6 major transport aircraft
Airports: 43 total, 41 usable, 23 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 33,200 telephones,
84,000 radio receivers, 26,400 TV sets,
stations-5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV, 1 Pacific
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Note: defense is responsibility of France
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French Southern and
Antarctic Lands
(overseas territory of France)
700 km
Indian
Ocean
hes Crozet
� �
See regional map I
he Amsterdam �
lie Saint-Paul.'
lies Kerguelen
C7
Geography
Total area: 7,751 km2, land area 7,781
km2, includes Ile Amsterd4m, Ile Saint-
Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Crozet, ex-
cludes claim not recognized by the US of
about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica known
as Terre Adelie
Comparative area: slightly less than 1 5
times the size of Delaware
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 1,232 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploration
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: claim in Antarctica (Terre
Adelte) not recognized by the US
Climate: antarctic
Terrain: volcanic
Natural resources: fish, crayfish
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other
Environment: Ile Amsterdam and Ile
Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes
Note: located in the southern Indian
Ocean about equidistant between Africa,
Antarctica, and Australia
People
Population: 210 (July 1990), growth rate
0 00% (1990), mostly researchers
Government
Long-form name: Territory of the French
Southern and Antarctic Lands
Type: overseas territory of France gov-
erned by High Administrator Claude
CORBIER (since NA 1988)
Flag: the flag of France is used
Economy
Overview: Economic activity is limited to
servicing meteorological and geophysical
research stations and French and other
fishing fleets The fishing catches landed
on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are ex-
ported to France and Reunion
Communications
Ports: none, offshore anchorage only
Merchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 217,203 GRT/348,632
DWT, includes 2 cargo, 3 refrigerated
cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
(POL) tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 2 bulk,
note�a subset of the French register
Telecommunications: NA
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of
France
Gabon
150 km
!Via kaki:*
REVILLEwndo
�
PorviGentit .tombanirte
)1auila
Gulf of !titan()
Guinea
See regional map VII
Jikooarri
aoKOula�Moutem
Franceville.
Geography
Total area: 267,670 km2, land area
257,670 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Colorado
Land boundaries: 2,551 km total, Came-
roon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial
Guinea 350 km
Coastline: 885 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: maritime boundary with Equato-
rial Guinea
Climate: tropical, always hot, humid
Terrain: narrow coastal plain, hilly inte-
rior, savanna in east and south
Natural resources: crude oil, manganese,
uranium, gold, timber, iron ore
Land use: 1% arable land, 1% permanent
crops, 18% meadows and pastures, 78%
forest and woodland, 2% other
Environment: deforestation
People
Population: 1,068,240 (July 1990), growth
rate 0 8% (1990)
Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 15 deaths/I,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �6 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 106 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male,
56 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 4 0 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Gabonese (sing, p1),
adjective�Gabonese
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes,
including four major tribal groupings
(Fang, Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke), about
100,000 expatriate Africans and Europe-
ans, including 27,000 French
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Gabon (continued)
Religion: 55-75% Christian, less than 1%
Muslim, remainder animist
Language: French (official), Fang, Myene,
Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabt
Literacy: 61 6%
Labor force: 120,000 salaried, 65 0% agri-
culture, 30 0% industry and commerce,
2 5% services, 2 5% government, 58% of
population of working age (1983)
Organized labor: there are 38,000 mem-
bers of the national trade union, the Ga-
bonese Trade Union Confederation
(COSYGA)
Government
Long-form name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic, one-party presidential re-
gime since 1964
Capital: Libreville
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces,
Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue,
Ngounie, Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo,
Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-
Ntem
Independence: 17 August 1960 (from
France)
Constitution: 21 February 1961, revised
15 April 1975
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law, judicial review
of legislative acts in Constitutional Cham-
ber of the Supreme Court, compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
National holiday: Renovation Day (Gabo-
nese Democratic Party established), 12
March (1968)
Executive branch: president, prime minis-
ter, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly (Assemble Nationale)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour
Supreme)
Leaders: Chief of State-President El
Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December
1967),
Head of Government-Prime Minister
Leon MEBIAME (since 16 April 1975)
Political parties and leaders: only party-
Gabonese Social Democratic Rally
(RSDG), El Hadj Omar Bongo, president,
formerly Gabonese Democratic Party
(PDG), which was dissolved in February
1990
Suffrage: universal at age 21
Elections: President-last held on 9 No-
vember 1986 (next to be held November
1993), results-President Omar BONGO
was reelected without opposition;
National Assembly-last held on 17 Feb-
ruary 1985 (next to be held by February
1992), results-PDG was the only party,
seats-(120 total, 1 1 I elected) PDG 1 1 1
Communists: no organized party, probably
some Communist sympathizers
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Confer-
ence of East and Central African States,
EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCO,
ICO, IDA, IDB-Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Jean Robert ODZAGA, Chancery at
2034 20th Street NW, Washington DC
20009, telephone [phone], US-
Ambassador Keith L WAUCHOPE, Em-
bassy at Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville
(mailing address is B P 4000, Libreville),
telephone 762003 or 762004, 761337,
721348, 740248
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of
green (top), yellow, and blue
Economy
Overview: The economy, dependent on
timber and manganese until the early
1970s, is now dominated by the oil sector
During the period 1981-85 oil accounted
for about 46% of GDP, 83% of export
earnings, and 65% of government revenues
on average The high oil prices of the
early 1980s contributed to a substantial
increase in per capita income, stimulated
domestic demand, reinforced migration
from rural to urban areas, and raised the
level of real wages to among the highest
in Sub-Saharan Africa The three-year
slide of Gabon's economy, which began
with falling oil prices in 1985, stabilized
in 1989 because of a near doubling of oil
prices over their 1988 lows The agricul-
tural and industrial sectors are relatively
underdeveloped, accounting for only 8%
and 10%, respectively, of GDP in 1986
GDP: $3 2 billion, per capita $3,200, real
growth rate 0% (1989)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1989)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $927 million, expendi-
tures $1 2 billion, including capital expen-
ditures of $33 million (1988)
Exports: $1 14 billion (f o b , 1989 est ),
commodities-crude oil 70%, manganese
11%, wood 12%, uranium 6%, partners-
France 53%, US 22%, FRG, Japan
Imports: $0 76 billion (c i f, 1989), com-
modities-foodstuffs, chemical products,
petroleum products, construction materi-
als, manufactures, machinery, partners-
France 48%, US 2 6%, FRG, Japan, UK
External debt: $2 0 billion (October 1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 1 7%
(1986)
Electricity: 310,000 kW capacity, 980 mil-
lion kWh produced, 920 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: sawmills, petroleum, food and
beverages, mining of Increasing impor-
tance (especially manganese and uranium)
Agriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP (In-
cluding fishing and forestry), cash crops-
cocoa, coffee, palm oil, livestock not devel-
oped, importer of food, small fishing oper-
ations provide a catch of about 20,000
metric tons, okoume (a tropical softwood)
is the most important timber product
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $64 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral corn-
mitments (1970-87), $1 7 billion, Commu-
nist countries (1970-88), $27 million
Currency: Communaute Financiere Afri-
came franc (plural-francs), 1 CFA franc
(CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere
Africame francs (CFAF) per USS1-
287 99 (January 1990), 319 01 (1989),
297 85 (1988), 300 54 (1987), 346 30
(1986), 449 26 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 649 km 1 437-meter standard-
gauge single track (Transgabonese Rail-
road)
Highways: 7,500 km total, 560 km paved,
960 km laterite, 5,980 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km perennially
navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km, refined prod-
ucts, 14 km
Ports: Owendo, Port-Gentil, Libreville
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 18,563 GRT/
25,330 DWT
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Airports: 79 total, 68 usable, 10 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
open-wire, radio relay, tropospheric scatter
links and radiocommunication stations,
13,800 telephones, stations-6 AM, 6
FM, 8 TV, satellite earth stations-2 At-
lantic Ocean INTELSAT and 12 domes-
tic satellite
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 266,110,
133,158 fit for military service, 9,282
reach military age (20) annually
Defense expenditures: 3 2% of GDP, or
$102 million (1990 est )
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The Gambia
75 km
North
Atlantic
Ocean
I
Manse Konka
rNeorgetown
* ttrona u
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 11,300 lcrn2, land area 10,000
km2
Comparative area: slightly more than
twice the size of Delaware
Land boundary: 740 km with Senegal
Coastline: 80 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 18 nm
Continental shelf not specific
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: short section of boundary with
Senegal is indefinite
Climate: tropical, hot, rainy season (June
to November), cooler, dry season
(November to May)
Terrain: flood plain of the Gambia River
flanked by some low hills
Natural resources: fish
Land use: 16% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 9% meadows and pastures, 20%
forest and woodland, 55% other, includes
3% irrigated
Environment: deforestation
Note: almost an enclave of Senegal, small-
est country on the continent of Africa
People
Population: 848,147 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 18 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 140 deaths/1,000
live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 46 years male,
50 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 6 5 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun-Gamblan(s), adjec-
tive-Gambian
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42% Man-
dinka, 18% Fula, 16% Wolof, 10% Jola,
9% Serahuli, 4% other), 1% non-Gambian
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% Christian, 1%
indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official), Mandinka,
Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
Literacy: 25 1%
Labor force: 400,000 (1986 est ), 75 0%
agriculture, 18 9% industry, commerce,
and services, 6 1% government, 55% popu-
lation of working age (1983)
Organized labor: 25-30% of wage labor
force
Government
Long-form name: Republic of The Gam-
bia
Type: republic
Capital: Banjul
Administrative divisions: 5 divisions and 1
city*, Banjul*, Lower River, MacCarthy
Island, North Bank, Upper River, West-
ern
Independence: 18 February 1965 (from
UK), The Gambia and Senegal signed an
agreement on 12 December 1981 (effective
1 February 1982) that called for the cre-
ation of a loose confederation to be known
as Senegambia, but the agreement was
dissolved on 30 September 1989
Constitution: 24 April 1970
Legal system: based on a composite of En-
glish common law, Koranic law, and cus-
tomary law, accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
February (1965)
Executive branch: president, vice presi-
dent, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral House of
Representatives
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment-President Alhaji Sir Dawda
Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970),
Vice President Bakary Bunja DARBO
(since 12 May 1982)
Political parties and leaders: People's Pro-
gressive Party (PPP), Dawda K Jawara,
secretary general, National Convention
Party (NCP), Sheriff Dibba, Gambian
People's Party (GPP), Assan Musa Ca-
mara, United Party (UP), People's Demo-
cratic Organization of Independence and
Socialism (PDOIS)
Suffrage: universal at age 21
Elections: President-last held on 11
March 1987 (next to be held March
1992), results-Sir Dawda Jawara (PPP)
611%, Sherif Mustapha Dibba (NCP)
25 2%, Assan Musa Camara (GPP) 13 7%,
House of Representatives-last held on 11
March 1987 (next to be held by March
1992), results-PPP 56 6%, NCP 27 6%,
GPP 14 7%, PDOIS 1%, seats-(43 total,
36 elected) PPP 31, NCP 5
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, Common-
wealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IMF, IMO, IRC, ITU, NAM,
OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Ousman A SALLAH, Chancery at Suite
720, 1030 15th Street NW, Washington
DC 20005, telephone [phone] or
842-1359, US-Ambassador (vacant), Em-
bassy at Pipeline Road (Kairaba Avenue),
Fajara, Banjul (mailing address is P M
B No 19, Banjul), telephone Serrekunda
[220] 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red
(top), blue with white edges, and green
Economy
Overview: The Gambia has no important
mineral or other natural resources and has
a limited agricultural base It is one of the
world's poorest countries with a per capita
income of about $250 About 75% of the
population is engaged in crop production
and livestock raising, which contributes
about 30% to GDP Small-scale manufac-
turing activity-processing peanuts, fish,
and hides-accounts for less than 10% of
GDP Tourism is a growing industry The
Gambia imports about 33% of its food, all
fuel, and most manufactured goods Ex-
ports are concentrated on peanut products
(over 75% of total value)
GDP: $195 million, per capita $250, real
growth rate 4 6% (FY89 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8 0%
(FY89 est )
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $75 million, expenditures
$67 million, including capital expenditures
of $21 million (FY89)
Exports: $133 million (f o b , FY89), com-
modities-peanuts and peanut products,
fish, cotton lint, palm kernels, partners-
Ghana 49%, Europe 27%, Japan 12%, US
1% (1986)
Imports: $105 million (c i f, FY89), com-
modities-foodstuffs, manufactures, raw
materials, fuel, machinery and transport
equipment, partners-Europe 55% (EC
39%, other 16%), Asia 20%, US 11%, Se-
negal 4% (1986)
External debt: $330 million (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate 7 3%
(FY88)
Electricity: 29,000 kW capacity, 64 mil-
lion kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: peanut processing, tourism,
beverages, agricultural machinery assem-
bly, woodworking, metalworking, clothing
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP and
employs about 75% of the population, im-
ports one-third of food requirements, ma-
jor export crop is peanuts, the principal
crops-millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cas-
sava, palm kernels; livestock-cattle,
sheep, and goats, forestry and fishing re-
sources not fully exploited
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $84 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral coin-
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The Gambia (continued)
Gaza Strip
mttments (1970-87), $422 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-88), $39 million
Currency: dalasi (plural�dalasi), 1 dalasi
(D) = 100 bututs
Exchange rates: dalasi (D) per US$1-
8 3232 (December 1989), 7 5846 (1989),
6 7086 (1988), 7 0744 (1987), 6 9380
(1986), 3 8939 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Highways: 3,083 km total, 431 km paved,
501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 kin
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 400 km
Ports: Banjul
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airports: I with permanent-surface run-
way 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate network of
radio relay and wire, 3,500 telephones,
stations-3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, paramilitary Gendarme-
rie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 182,308,
92,001 fit for military service
Defense expenditures: NA
10km
Mediterranean
Sea
Israeli occupied-
status to be determined
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map VI
Note: The war between Israel and the
Arab states in June 1967 ended with Is-
rael in control of the West Bank and the
Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan
Heights As stated in the 1978 Camp Da-
vid Accords and reaffirmed by President
Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initia-
tive, the final status of the West Bank and
the Gaza Strip, their relationship with
their neighbors, and a peace treaty be-
tween Israel and Jordan are to be negoti-
ated among the concerned parties Camp
David further specifies that these negotia-
tions will resolve the respective bound-
aries Pending the completion of this pro-
cess, it is US policy that the final status of
the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has
yet to be determined In the view of the
US, the term West Bank describes all of
the area west of the Jordan under Jorda-
nian administration before the 1967 Arab-
Israeli war With respect to negotiations
envisaged in the framework agreement,
however, it is US policy that a distinction
must be made between Jerusalem and the
rest of the West Bank because of the
city's special status and circumstances
Therefore, a negotiated solution for the
final status of Jerusalem could be different
in character from that of the rest of the
West Bank
Geography
Total area: 380km2, land area 380 km2
Comparative area: slightly more than
twice the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 62 km total, Egypt 11
km, Israel 51 km
Coastline: 40 km
Maritime claims: Israeli occupied with
status to be determined
Disputes: Israeli occupied with status to
be determined
Climate: temperate, mild winters, dry and
warm to hot summers
Terrain: flat to rolling, sand and dune cov-
ered coastal plain
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: 13% arable land, 32% perma-
nent crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0%
forest and woodland, 55% other
Environment: desertification
Note: there are 18 Jewish settlements in
the Gaza Strip
People
Population: 615,575 (July 1990), growth
rate 3 2% (1990); in addition, there are
2,500 Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip
Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �7 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 55 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male,
66 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 7 0 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: NA
Ethnic divisions: 99 8% Palestinian Arab
and other, 0 2% Jewish
Religion: 99% Muslim (predominantly
Sunni), 0 7% Christian, 0 3% Jewish
Language: Arabic, Israeli settlers speak
Hebrew, English widely understood
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: (excluding Israeli Jewish set-
tlers) 32 0% small industry, commerce and
business, 24 4% construction, 25 5% ser-
vice and other, and 18 1% agriculture
(1984)
Organized labor: NA
Government
Long-form name: none
Note: The Gaza Strip is currently gov-
erned by Israeli military authorities and
Israeli civil administration It is US policy
that the final status of the Gaza Strip will
be determined by negotiations among the
concerned parties These negotiations will
determine how this area is to be governed
Economy
Overview: Nearly half of the labor force of
the Gaza Strip is employed across the bor-
der by Israeli industrial, construction, and
agricultural enterprises, with worker
transfer funds accounting for 40% of
GNP in 1989 The once dominant agricul-
tural sector now contributes only 13% to
GNP, about the same as that of the con-
struction sector, and industry accounts for
7% Gaza depends upon Israel for 90% of
its imports and as a market for 80% of its
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German Democratic Republic
(East Germany)
exports Unrest in the territory in 1988-89
(inttfadah) has raised unemployment and
substantially lowered the incomes of the
population
GNP: $380 million, per capita $650, real
growth rate NA% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $36 6 million, expendi-
tures $32 0 million, including capital ex-
penditures of NA (1986)
Exports: $88 million, commodities�cit-
rus, partners�Israel, Egypt (1989 est.)
Imports: $260 million, commodities�
food, consumer goods, construction mate-
rials, partners�Israel, Egypt (1989 est.)
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: power supplied by Israel
Industries: generally small family busi-
nesses that produce cement, textiles, soap,
olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl
souvenirs, the Israelis have established
some small-scale modern industries in an
industrial center
Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits,
vegetables, beef, dairy products
Aid: none
Currency: new Israeli shekel (plural�
shekels), 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100
new agorot
Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS)
per US$1-1 9450 (January 1990), 1 9164
(1989), 1 5989 (1988), 1 5946 (1987),
1 4878 (1986), 1 1788 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-March 31
Communications
Railroads: one line, abandoned and in dis-
repair, but trackage remains
Highways: small, poorly developed indige-
nous road network
Ports: facilities for small boats to service
Gaza
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface run-
way less than 1,220 m
Telecommunications: stations�no AM, no
FM, no TV
Defense Forces
Branches: NA
Military manpower: NA
Defense expenditures: NA
Mecklenburger '
Bucht I
- *
Schvitaititt
The final borders of
Germany have not
been established �
I
See regional maps'
VI
Baltic Sea
. Sassrutz
I
tralsund
1
1
Schwedt
huttenstadt
100km
Geography
Total area: 108,330 km2, land area
105,980 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Tennessee
Land boundaries: 2,296 km total, Czecho-
slovakia 459 km, Poland 456 km, FRG
1,381 km
Coastline: 901 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: it is US policy that the final
borders of Germany have not been estab-
lished, the US is seeking to settle the
property claims of US nationals against
the GDR
Climate: temperate, cloudy, cold winters
with frequent rain and snow, cool, wet
summers
Terrain: mostly flat plain with hills and
mountains in south
Natural resources: lignite, potash, ura-
nium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel
Land use: 45% arable land, 3% permanent
crops, 12% meadows and pastures, 28%
forest and woodland, 12% other, includes
2% irrigated
Environment: significant deforestation in
mountains caused by air pollution and
acid rain
Note: strategic location on North Euro-
pean Plain and near the entrance to the
Baltic Sea, West Berlin is an enclave
(about 116 km by air or 176 km by road
from FRG)
People
Population: 16,307,170 (July 1990),
growth rate �0 6% (1990)
Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �6 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male,
77 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 7 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�German(s), adjective�
German
Ethnic divisions: 99 7% German, 0 3%
Slavic and other
Religion: 47% Protestant, 7% Roman
Catholic, 46% unaffiliated or other, less
than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of
Roman Catholics active participants
Language: German
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 8,960,000, 37 5% industry,
21 1% services, 10 8% agriculture and for-
estry, 10 3% commerce, 7 4% transport
and communications, 6 6% construction,
3 1% handicrafts, 3 2% other (1987)
Organized labor: 87 7% of labor force
Government
Long-form name: German Democratic
Republic, abbreviated GDR
Type: Communist state
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recog-
nized by France, UK, and US, which to-
gether with the USSR have special rights
and responsibilities in Berlin)
Administrative divisions: 14 districts (be-
zirke, singular�bezirk), Cottbus, Dresden,
Erfurt, Frankfurt, Gera, Halle,
Karl-Marx-Stadt, Leipzig, Magdeburg,
Neubrandenburg, Potsdam, Rostock,
Schwerin, Suhl
Independence: self-government proclaimed
7 October 1949, with permission of the
Soviet authorities
Constitution: 9 April 1968, amended 7
October 1974
Legal system: civil law system modified by
Communist legal theory, no judicial re-
view of legislative acts, has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Foundation of the Ger-
man Democratic Republic, 7 October
(1949)
Executive branch: Council of State abol-
ished on 5 April 1990, post of president to
be created, chairman of the Council of
Ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral People's
Chamber (Volkskammer)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State�Acting President
of the People's Chamber Sabine
BERGMANN-POHL (since 5 April
1990),
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German Democratic Republic
(East Germany) (continued)
Head of Government-Chairman of the
Council of Ministers Lothar DE MAI-
ZIERE (since 12 April 1990), Deputy
Chairman Peter-Michael DIESTEL (since
16 April 1990)
Political parties and leaders: Alliance for
Germany-Christian Democratic Union
(CDU), Lothar de Maiziere, chairman,
German Social Union (DSU),
Hans-Wilhelm Ebeling, chairman, and
Democratic Awakening (DA), Rainer Ep-
pelmann, chairman,
Social Democratic Party of Germany
(SPD), Markus Meckel, acting chairman,
Party for Democratic Socialism (PDS,
former Communist), Gregor Gysi, chair-
man,
League of Free Democrats (BFD)-Liber-
als, Rainer Ortleb, chairman; Free Demo-
cratic Party (FDP), Bruno Menzel, chair-
man, and German Forum Party (DFP),
Juergen Schmieder, chairman,
Alliance '90-New Forum, Baerbel Boh-
ley, Jens Reich, Sebastian Pflugbeil,
spokespersons, Democracy Now, Konrad
Weiss, spokesperson, and United Left,
Herbert Misslitz, spokesperson,
Greens Party (GP), Vera Wollenberger,
spokesperson,
Democratic Peasants' Party (DBD), Guen-
ther Maleuda, chairman
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People's Chamber-last held on
18 March 1990 (next to be held March
NA), results-Alliance for Germany-
CDU 409%, DSU 63%, DA 09%, SPD
21 8, BFD 5 3%, SPD 21 8%, PDS 163%,
Alliance 90 2 9%, DBD 2 2%, GP 2 0%,
NDPD 0 4%, others 1 0%; seats-(400
total, including 66 from East Berlin) Alli-
ance for Germany-CDU 164, DSU 25,
DA 4, SPD 87, BFD 21, PDS 65, Alli-
ance 90 12, DBD 9, GP 8, NDPD 2, oth-
ers 3
Communists: 500,000 to 700,000 party
members (1990)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, IBEC, ICES,
ILO, IMO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Dr Gerhard HERDER, Chancery at
1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Wash-
ington DC 20036, telephone (202) 232-
3134, US-Ambassador Richard C
BARKLEY, Embassy at 1080 Berlin,
Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 4-5, East
Berlin (mailing address is Box E, APO
New York 09742), telephone [37] (2) 220-
2741
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of
black (top), red, and yellow with the coat
of arms centered, the coat of arms con-
tains, in yellow, a hammer and compass
encircled by a wreath of grain with a
black, red, and gold ribbon at the bottom,
similar to the flag of the FRG which does
not have a coat of arms
Economy
Overview: The GDR is moving rapidly
away from its centrally planned economy
As the 1990s begin, economic integration
with West Germany appears Inevitable,
beginning with the establishment of a
common currency The opening of the
border with the FRG in late 1989 and the
continuing emigration of hundreds of
thousands of skilled workers had brought
growth to a standstill by yearend 1989
Features of the old economic regime that
will quickly change (a) the collectivization
of 95% of East German farms, (b) state
ownership of nearly all transportation fa-
cilities, industrial plants, foreign trade or-
ganizations, and financial institutions, (c)
the 65% share in trade of the USSR and
other CEMA countries, and (d) the de-
tailed control over economic details exer-
cised by Party and state Once integrated
into the thriving West German economy,
the area will have to stem the outflow of
workers and renovate the obsolescent In-
dustrial base After an initial readjust-
ment period, living standards and quality
of output will steadily rise toward West
German levels
GNP: $159 5 billion, per capita $9,679,
real growth rate 1 2% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $123 5 billion, expendi-
tures $123 2 billion, including capital ex-
penditures of $33 billion (1986)
Exports: $307 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities-machinery and transport equip-
ment 47%, fuels and metals 16%, con-
sumer goods 16%, chemical products and
building materials 13%, semimanufac-
tured goods and processed foodstuffs 8%,
partners-USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland,
FRG, Hungary, Bulgaria, Switzerland,
Romania
Imports: $31 0 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities-fuels and metals 40%, machin-
ery and transport equipment 29%, chemi-
cal products and building materials 9%,
partners-CEMA countries 65%, non-
Communist 33%, other 2%
External debt: $20 6 billion (1989)
Industrial production: growth rate 2 7%
(1989 est )
Electricity: (including East Berlin)
24,585,000 kW capacity, 122,500 million
kWh produced, 7,390 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: metal fabrication, chemicals,
brown coal, shipbuilding, machine build-
ing, food and beverages, textiles, petro-
leum
Agriculture: accounts for about 10% of
GNP (including fishing and forestry), prin-
cipal crops-wheat, rye, barley, potatoes,
sugar beets, fruit, livestock products In-
clude pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and
skins, net importer of food, fish catch of
193,600 metric tons in 1987
Aid: donor-$4 0 billion extended bilater-
ally to non-Communist less developed
countries (1956-88)
Currency: GDR mark (plural-marks), 1
GDR mark (M) = 100 pfennige
Exchange rates: GDR marks (M) per
US$1-3 01 (1988), 3 00 (1987), 3 30
(1986), 3 70 (1985), 3 64 (1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 14,005 km total, 13,730 km
1 435-meter standard gauge, 275 km
1 000-meter or other narrow gauge, 3,830
(est ) km 1 435-meter double-track stan-
dard gauge, 2,754 km overhead electrified
(1986)
Highways: 124,615 km total, 47,214 km
concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which
1,913 km are autobahn and limited access
roads, 11,261 are trunk roads, and 34,040
are regional roads, 77,401 municipal roads
(1985)
Inland waterways: 2,319 km (1986)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,301 km, refined
products, 500 km, natural gas, 2,150 km
(1988)
Ports: Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sass-
nitz, river ports are East Berlin, Riesa,
Magdeburg, and Etsenhuttenstadt on the
Elbe or Oder Rivers and connecting ca-
nals
Merchant marine: 145 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 1,349,537 GRT/
1,733,089 DWT, includes 1 passenger, 89
cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/
roll-off cargo, 16 container, 1 multifunc-
tion large-load carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 1
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas
tanker, 16 bulk
Civil air: 45 major transport aircraft
Airports: 190 total, 190 usable, 70 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
way over 3,659 m, 45 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: stations-23 AM, 17
FM, 21 TV, 15 Soviet TV relays,
6,181,860 TV sets, 6,700,000 radio receiv-
ers, at least I satellite earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: National People's Army, Border
Troops, Air and Air Defense Command,
People's Navy
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
7,944,305, of the 4,045,396 males 15-49,
3,243,970 are fit for military service,
91,579 reach military age (18) annually, of
the 3,898,909 females 15-49, 3,117,847
are fit for military service, 85,892 reach
military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures: 16 2 billion marks,
5 4% of total budget (1989), note-conver-
sion of the military budget into US dollars
using the official administratively set ex-
change rate would produce misleading
results
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Germany, Federal Republic of
(West Germany)
200 km
North Sea
.Brerne
annoyer.
Kiel
Bay
burg
Berlin
�
The final borders of
Germany have not
been established
nkfun Nurnberg
.ptAitigart
Munich
FrEnburtr
See regional maps
Geography
Total area: 248,580 km2, land area
244,280 km2, includes West Berlin
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Oregon
Land boundaries: 4,256 km total, Austria
784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czechoslovakia
356 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km,
GDR 1,381 km, Luxembourg 138 km,
Netherlands 577 km, Switzerland 334 km
Coastline: 1,488 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm (extends, at one
point, to 16 nm in the Helgoldnder
Bucht)
Disputes: it is US policy that the final
borders of Germany have not been estab-
lished
Climate: temperate and marine, cool,
cloudy, wet winters and summers, occa-
sional warm, tropical foehn wind; high
relative humidity
Terrain: lowlands in north, uplands in cen-
ter, Bavarian Alps in south
Natural resources: iron ore, coal, potash,
timber
Land use: 30% arable land, 1% permanent
crops, 19% meadows and pastures, 30%
forest and woodland, 20% other, includes
1% irrigated
Environment: air and water pollution
Note: West Berlin is an exclave (about
116 km by air or 176 km by road from
FRG)
People
Population: 62,168,200 (July 1990),
growth rate 0 5% (1990)
Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 pop-
ulation (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male,
81 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 1 4 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�German(s), adjective�
German
Ethnic divisions: primarily German, Dan-
ish minority
Religion: 45% Roman Catholic, 44% Prot-
estant, 11% other
Language: German
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 27,790,000, 41 6% industry,
35 4% services and other, 18 2% trade and
transport, 4 8% agriculture (1987)
Organized labor: 9,300,000 total,
7,760,000 in German Trade Union Feder-
ation (DGB), union membership consti-
tutes about 40% of union-eligible labor
force, 34% of total labor force, and 35%
of wage and salary earners (1986)
Government
Long-form name: Federal Republic of
Germany, abbreviated FRG
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bonn
Administrative divisions: 10 states (lander,
singular�land), Baden-Wdrttemberg,
Bayern, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Nie-
dersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen,
Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Schleswig-
Holstein
Constitution: 23 May 1949, provisional
constitution known as Basic Law
Legal system: civil law system with indige-
nous concepts, judicial review of legisla-
tive acts in the Federal Constitutional
Court, has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: NA
Executive branch: president, chancellor,
Cabinet
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
(Parlament) consists of an upper chamber
or Federal Assembly (Bundesrat) and a
lower chamber or National Assembly
(Bundestag)
Judicial branch: Federal Constitutional
Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)
Leaders: Chief of State�President Dr
Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1
July 1984),
Head of Government�Chancellor Dr
Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982)
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut Kohl,
Christian Social Union (CSU), Theo Wai-
gel; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Otto
Lambsdorff, Social Democratic Party
(SPD), Hans-Jochen Vogel, National
Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Muss-
gnug, Republikaner, Franz Schoerhuber,
Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies,
Green Party�Realos faction, Joschka Fis-
cher, Green Party�Fundis faction, Jutta
Ditfurth
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: National Assembly�last held
25 January 1987 (next to be held by 18
January 1991), results�SPD 37 0%, CDU
34 5%, CSU 9 8%, FDP 9 1%, Green
Party 8 2%, others 1 4%, seats�(497 to-
tal, 22 are elected by the West Berlin
House of Representatives and have limited
voting rights) SPD 186, CDU 174, CSU
49, FDP 46, Green Party 42
Communists: about 40,000 members and
supporters
Other political or pressure groups: expel-
lee, refugee, and veterans groups
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Eu-
rope, DAC, EC, EIB, EMS, ESA, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB�Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Jeurgen RUHFUS, Chancery at 4645
Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC
20007, telephone [phone], there
are FRG Consulates General in Atlanta,
Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los
Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and New
York, and Consulates in Miami and New
Orleans, US�Ambassador Vernon WAL-
TERS, Embassy at Deichmanns Avenue,
5300 Bonn 2 (mailing address is APO
New York 09080), telephone 49 (228)
3391, there are US Consulates General in
Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, and Stutt-
gart
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of
black (top), red, and yellow, similar to the
flag of the GDR which has a coat of arms
in the center
Economy
Overview: West Germany, a major eco-
nomic power and a leading exporter, has a
highly urbanized and skilled population
that enjoys excellent living standards and
comprehensive social welfare benefits The
FRG is poor in natural resources, coal
being the most important mineral The
FRG's comparative advantage lies in the
technologically advanced production
stages Thus manufacturing and services
dominate economic activity, and raw ma-
terials and semimanufactures constitute a
large proportion of imports In 1988 man-
ufacturing accounted for 35% of GDP,
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Germany, Federal Republic of
(West Germany) (continued)
with other sectors contributing lesser
amounts The major economic problem in
1989 is persistent unemployment of over
8% The FRG is well poised to take ad-
vantage of the increasing economic inte-
gration of the European Community The
dramatic opening of the boundary with
East Germany in late 1989 poses new eco-
nomic challenges that could tax even this
powerful economy
GDP: $945 7 billion, per capita $15,300,
real growth rate 4 3% (1989 est )
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3 0%
(1989)
Unemployment rate: 8 4% (1989)
Budget: revenues $539 billion, expendi-
tures $563 billion, including capital expen-
ditures of $11 5 billion (1988)
Exports: $3234 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities-manufactures 86 6% (including
machines and machine tools, chemicals,
motor vehicles, iron and steel products),
agricultural products 4 9%, raw materials
2 3%, fuels 1 3%, partners-EC 52 7%
(France 12%, Netherlands 9%, Italy 9%,
UK 9%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7%), other
West Europe 18%, US 10%, Eastern Eu-
rope 4%, OPEC 3% (1987)
Imports: $2506 billion (f o b , 1988), com-
modities-manufactures 68 5%, agricul-
tural products 12 0%, fuels 9 7%, raw ma-
terials 7 1%, partners-EC 52 7% (France
12%, Netherlands 11%, Italy 10%, UK
7%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7%), other
West Europe 15%, US 6%, Japan 6%,
Eastern Europe 5%, OPEC 3% (1987)
External debt: $500 million (June 1988)
Industrial production: growth rate 3 3%
(1988)
Electricity: (including West Berlin)
110,075,000 kW capacity, 452,390 million
kWh produced, 7,420 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: among world's largest produc-
ers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals,
machinery, ships, vehicles, and machine
tools, electronics, food and beverages
Agriculture: accounts for about 2% of
GDP (including fishing and forestry), di-
versified crop and livestock farming; prin-
cipal crops and livestock include potatoes,
wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage,
cattle, pigs, poultry, net importer of food,
fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-87), $60.0 billion
Currency: deutsche mark (plural-marks),
1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige
Exchange rates: deutsche marks (DM) per
US$1-1 6918 (January 1990), 1 8800
(1989), 1 7562 (1988), 1 7974 (1987),
2 1715 (1986), 2 9440 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 31,443 km total, 27,421 km
government owned, 1 435-meter standard
gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501
km electrified), 4,022 km nongovernment
owned, including 3,598 km 1 435-meter
standard gauge (214 km electrified) and
424 km 1 000-meter gauge (186 km elec-
trified)
Highways: 466,305 km total, 169,568 km
primary, includes 6,435 km autobahn,
32,460 km national highways (Bundes-
strassen), 65,425 km state highways (Lan-
desstrassen), 65,248 km county roads
(Kreisstrassen), 296,737 km of secondary
communal roads (Gemeindestrassen)
Inland waterways: 5,222 km, of which al-
most 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-
metric ton capacity or larger, major rivers
include the Rhine and Elbe, Kiel Canal is
an important connection between the Bal-
tic Sea and the North Sea
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,343 km, refined
products, 3,446 km, natural gas, 95,414
km
Ports: maritime-Bremerhaven, Brunsbut-
tel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen, Ham-
burg, Kiel, Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, in-
land-27 major
Merchant marine: 422 ships (1,000 GRT
or over) totaling 3,436,568 GRT/
4,297,520 DWT, includes 2 passenger, 7
short-sea passenger, 218 cargo, 4 refriger-
ated cargo, 95 container, 20 roll-on/roll-
off cargo, 2 railcar carrier, 7 barge car-
rier, 2 multifunction large-load carrier, 12
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
tanker, 21 chemical tanker, 15 liquefied
gas, 5 combination ore/oil, 13 combina-
tion bulk
Civil air: 194 major transport aircraft
Airports: 466 total, 457 usable, 240 with
permanent-surface runways, 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 41 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 55 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
modern telecommunication service to all
parts of the country, fully adequate in all
respects, 40,300,000 telephones, stations-
87 AM, 205 (376 relays) FM, 300 (6,400
relays) TV, 6 submarine coaxial cables,
satellite earth stations operating in
INTELSAT (12 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian
Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic
systems
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
16,006,352, 13,883,536 fit for military
service, 326,666 reach military age (18)
annually
Defense expenditures: 2 9% of GDP (1989
est )
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Ghana
See regional map VII
Tema
Gulf of Guinea
akorach
150 km
Geography
Total area: 238,540 km2, land area
230,020 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Oregon
Land boundaries: 2,093 km total, Burkina
548 km, Ivory Coast 668 km, Togo 877
km
Coastline: 539 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 24 nm
Continental shelf 200 nm
Exclusive economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Climate: tropical, warm and comparatively
dry along southeast coast, hot and humid
in southwest, hot and dry in north
Terrain: mostly low plains with dissected
plateau in south-central area
Natural resources: gold, timber, industrial
diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rub-
ber
Land use: 5% arable land, 7% permanent
crops, 15% meadows and pastures, 37%
forest and woodland, 36% other, includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recent drought in north se-
verely affecting marginal agricultural ac-
tivities, deforestation, overgrazing, soil
erosion, dry, northeasterly harmattan wind
(January to March)
Note: Lake Volta is world's largest artifi-
cial lake
People
Population: 15,165,243 (July 1990),
growth rate 3 2% (1990)
Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �1 migrant/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 89 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male,
56 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 6 4 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Ghanaian(s), adjec-
tive�Ghanaian
Ethnic divisions: 99 8% black African
(major tribes-44% Akan, 16% Moshi-
Dagomba, 13% Ewe, 8% Ga), 0 2% Euro-
pean and other
Religion: 38% indigenous beliefs, 30%
Muslim, 24% Christian, 8% other
Language: English (official), African lan-
guages include Akan, Moshi-Dagomba,
Ewe, and Ga
Literacy: 53 2%
Labor force: 3,700,000, 54 7% agriculture
and fishing, 18 7% industry, 15 2% sales
and clerical, 7 7% services, transportation,
and communications, 3 7% professional,
48% of population of working age (1983)
Organized labor: 467,000 (about 13% of
labor force)
Government
Long-form name: Republic of Ghana
Type: military
Capital: Accra
Administrative divisions: 10 regions,
Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern,
Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East,
Upper West, Volta, Western
Independence: 6 March 1957 (from UK,
formerly Gold Coast)
Constitution: 24 September 1979,
suspended 31 December 1981
Legal system: based on English common
law and customary law, has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
March (1957)
Executive branch: chairman of the Provi-
sional National Defense Council (PNDC),
PNDC, Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral National
Assembly dissolved after 31 December
1981 coup, and legislative powers were
assumed by the Provisional National De-
fense Council
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Gov-
ernment�Chairman of the Provisional
National Defense Council Flt Lt (Ret )
Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 31 De-
cember 1981)
Political parties and leaders: none, politi-
cal parties outlawed after 31 December
1981 coup
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Communists: a small number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Common-
wealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO,
ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador
Eric K OTOO, Chancery at 2460 16th
Street NW, Washington DC 20009, tele-
phone [phone], there is a Ghanaian
Consulate General in New York, US�
Ambassador Raymond C EWING, Em-
bassy at Ring Road East, East of Dan-
quah Circle, Accra (mailing address is P
0 Box 194, Accra), telephone 775347
through 775349
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red
(top), yellow, and green with a large black
five-pointed star centered in the gold
band, uses the popular pan-African colors
of Ethiopia, similar to the flag of Bolivia
which has a coat of arms centered in the
yellow band
Economy
Overview: Supported by substantial inter-
national assistance, Ghana has been im-
plementing a steady economic rebuilding
program since 1983 Good harvests in
1988 featured the 6% growth in GNP
Moves toward privatization and relaxation
of government controls continued in 1988-
89, although at a slower-than-expected
pace In 1988 service on the $2 8 billion
debt was equivalent to 75% of export
earnings As Ghana obtains concessional
loans and pays off high-interest debt, how-
ever, debt service is expected to fall below
30% of export earnings in the early 1990s
The economic rebuilding program has
both helped and harmed the manufactur-
ing sector, for example, by improving the
supply of raw materials and by increasing
competition from imports The long-term
outlook is favorable provided that the po-
litical structure can endure the slow pace
at which living standards are improving
and can manage the problems stemming
from excessive population growth
GNP: $5 2 billion, per capita $400, real
growth rate 6% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 32 7%
(1988)
Unemployment rate: 26% (April 1987)
Budget: revenues $769 million, expendi-
tures $749 million, including capital ex-
penditures of $179 million (1988 est )
Exports: $977 million (f o b, 1987), com-
modities cocoa 60%, timber, gold, tuna,
bauxite, and aluminum, partners�US
23%, UK, other EC
Imports: $988 million (c i f, 1987), com-
modities�petroleum 16%, consumer
goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital
equipment, partners�US 10%, UK, FRG,
France, Japan, South Korea, GDR
External debt: $3 0 billion (December
1989 est )
Industrial production: growth rate 0 5% in
manufacturing (1987)
Electricity: 1,172,000 kW capacity, 4,110
million kWh produced, 280 kWh per cap-
ita (1989)
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Ghana (continued)
Industries: mining, lumbering, light manu-
facturing, fishing, aluminum, food process-
ing
Agriculture: accounts for more than 50%
of GDP (including fishing and forestry),
the major cash crop is cocoa, other princi-
pal crops�rice, coffee, cassava, peanuts,
corn, shea nuts, timber, normally
self-sufficient in food
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis
for the international drug trade
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-88), $424 million, Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $1 9 billion,
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million,
Communist countries (1970-88), $84 mil-
lion
Currency: cedi (plural�cedis), 1 cedi (C)
= 100 pesewas
Exchange rates: cedis (C) per US$1-
301 68 (December 1989), 270 00 (1989),
202 35 (1988), 153 73 (1987), 89 20 (1986),
54 37 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 953 km, all 1 067-meter gauge,
32 km double track, railroads undergoing
major renovation
Highways: 28,300 km total, 6,000 km con-
crete or bituminous surface, 22,300 km
gravel, laterite, and improved earth sur-
faces
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and
Tano Rivers provide 155 km of perennial
navigation for launches and lighters, Lake
Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and
feeder waterways
Pipelines: none
Ports: Tema, Takoradi
Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 52,016 GRT/
66,627 DWT
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airports: 10 total, 9 usable, 5 with
permanent-surface runways, none with
runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor to fair system
of open-wire and cable, radio relay links,
38,000 telephones, stations-6 AM, no
FM, 9 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
earth station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Palace Guard, paramilitary Peo-
ple's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49,
3,437,300, 1,927,817 fit for military ser-
vice, 167,778 reach military age (18) an-
nually
Defense expenditures: 0 9% of GNP (1987)
Gibraltar
(dependent territory of the UK)
1 km
Gibraltar
Lighthouse
Mediterranean
Bay al Gibraltar Sea
Fortress
headquarters
Strait of Gibraltar
See regional map V
Lighthouse
Geography
Total area: 6 5 km2, land area 6 5 km2
Comparative area: about 11 times the size
of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 1 2 km with Spain
Coastline: 12 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone 3 nm
Territorial sea 3 nm
Disputes: source of occasional friction be-
tween Spain and the UK
Climate: Mediterranean with mild winters
and warm summers
Terrain: a narrow coastal lowland borders
The Rock
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other
Environment: natural freshwater sources
are meager so large water catchments
(concrete or natural rock) collect rain wa-
ter
Note: strategic location on Strait of Gi-
braltar that links the North Atlantic
Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
People
Population: 29,572 (July 1990), growth
rate 0 1% (1990)
Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population
(1990)
Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population
(1990)
Net migration rate: �8 migrants/1,000
population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live
births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male,
78 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 2 4 children born/
woman (1990)
Nationality: noun�Gibraltarian, adjec-
tive�Gibraltar
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English,
Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, 8%
Church of England, 2 25% Jewish
Language: English and Spanish are pri-
mary languages, Italian, Portuguese, and
Russian also spoken, English used in the
schools and for official purposes
Literacy: 99% (est )
Labor force: about 14,800 (including non-
Gibraltar laborers), UK military establish-
ments and civil government employ nearly
50% of the labor force
Organized labor: over 6,000
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Gibraltar
Administrative divisions: none (colony of
the UK)
Independence: none (colony of the UK)
Constitution: 30 May 1969
Legal system: English law
National holiday: Commonwealth Day
(second Monday of March), 12 March
1990
Executive branch: British monarch, gover-
nor, chief minister, Gibraltar Council,
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch: unicameral House of
Assembly
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of
Appeal
Leaders: Chief of State�Queen ELIZA-
BETH II (since 6 February 1952), repre-
sented by Governor and Commander in
Chief Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter
TERRY (since NA 1985),
Head of Government�Chief Minister Joe
BOSSANO (since NA March 1988)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist La-
bor Party (SL), Joe Bossano, Gibraltar
Labor Party/Association for the Advance-
ment of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR),
Adolfo Canepa, Independent Democratic
Party, Joe Pitaluga
Suffrage: universal at age 18, plus other
UK subjects resident six months or more
Elections: House of Assembly last held
on 24 March 1988 (next to be held March
1992), results�percent of vote by party
NA, seats�(18 total, 15 elected) SL 8,
GCL/AACR 7
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: House-
wives Association, Chamber of
Commerce, Gibraltar Representatives Or-
ganization
Diplomatic representation: none (colony of
the UK)
Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top,
double-width) and red with a
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Glorioso Islands
(French possession)
three-towered red castle in the center of
the white band, hanging from the castle
gate is a gold key centered in the red
band
Economy
Overview: The economy depends heavily
on British defense expenditures, revenue
from tourists, fees for services to shipping,
and revenues from banking and finance
activities Because more than 70% of the
economy is in the public sector, changes in
government spending have a major impact
on the level of employment Construction
workers are particularly affected when
government expenditures are cut
GNP: $129 million, per capita $4,450,
real growth rate NA% (FY85)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4 4%
(1986)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $105 million, expendi-
tures $104 million, including capital ex-
penditures of NA (FY87)
Exports: $62 2 million (1985), commodi-
ties�(principally reexports) petroleum
75%, beverages and tobacco 12%, manu-
factured goods 8%, partners�UK, Mo-
rocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US,
FRG
Imports: $147 million (1985), commodi-
ties�manufactured goods, fuels, and
foodstuffs, partners�UK, Morocco, Por-
tugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: 46,000 kW capacity, 200 mil-
lion kWh produced, 6,770 kWh per capita
(1989)
Industries: tourism, banking and finance,
construction, commerce, support to large
UK naval and air bases, transit trade and
supply depot in the port, light manufac-
turing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, min-
eral waters, candy, beer, and canned fish
Agriculture: NA
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-87), $0 8 million, Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral com-
mitments (1970-87), $162 5 million
Currency: Gibraltar pound (plural�
pounds), 1 Gibraltar pound (G) = 100
pence
Exchange rates: Gibraltar pounds (MG)
per US$1-0 6055 (January 1990), 0 6099
(1989), 0 5614 (1988), 0 6102 (1987),
0 6817 (1986), 0 7714 (1985), note�the
Gibraltar pound is at par with the British
pound
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1 000-meter-gauge system in
dockyard area only
Highways: 50 km, mostly good bitumen
and concrete
Ports: Gibraltar
Merchant marine: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 2,126,060 GRT/4,189,948
DWT, includes 10 cargo, 2 refrigerated
cargo, 1 container, 16 petroleum, oils, and
lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical
tanker 1 combination oil/ore, 1 liquefied
gas, 13 bulk, note�a flag of convenience
registry
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface run-
way 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radiocommunication facilities, auto-
matic telephone system with 10,500 tele-
phones, stations-1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV, 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the
UK
re4:71.. Rock
South
See regional map VII
3 k m
Wreck
Rock
.��,........
qlle du Lys
reefs
reefs
weather IN
station .. ....,`
lie ) Verte
Rocks
Glorieuse Indian
Ocean
Geography
Total area: 5 km2, land area 5 km2, in-
cludes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte
Rocks, Wreck Rock, and South Rock
Comparative area: about 8 5 times the size
of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: none
Coastline: 35 2 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone 12 nm
Continental shelf 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone 200 nm
Territorial sea 12 nm
Disputes: claimed by Madagascar
Climate: tropical
Terrain: undetermined
Natural resources: guano, coconuts
Land use: 0% arable land, 0% permanent
crops, 0% meadows and pastures, 0% for-
est and woodland, 100% other�lush vege-
tation and coconut palms
Environment: subject to periodic cyclones
Note: located in the Indian Ocean just
north of the Mozambique Channel be-
tween Africa and Madagascar
People
Population: uninhabited
Government
Long-form name: none
Type: French possession administered by
Commissioner of the Republic Daniel
CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion
117
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Glorioso Islands (continued)
Economy
Overview: no economic activity
Communications
Airports: 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Ports: none, offshore anchorage only
Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of
France
Greece
150 km
Corfu
Ionian
Sea
Pelopo
Mediterranean Sea
See regional map V
L nnos
Lesvos
Ea Aegean Sea
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Approved for Release: 2020/08/12 006554432