NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 99; PHILIPPINES; MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

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H-
Philippines
December 1973
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
0.
CONFIDENTIAL
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merle is l-ele 141L ff'.0
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ado
t
CONTENTS
This chapter supersedes the geographic cover-
age in the General Survey dated October 1968.
A. Location and description
I
1. Topography
1
k
4
ado
t
CONTENTS
This chapter supersedes the geographic cover-
age in the General Survey dated October 1968.
A. Location and description
I
1. Topography
1
2. Climate
4
B. Military geogrrphic regions
6
1. Central Luzon Plain
6
2. Rugged Islands Complex
7
C. Strategic area
8
D. Internal routes
9
E. Approaches
1()
1. Sea
10
2 Air
1]
CoNwmr,N17AT.
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am In�rn TQran
FIGURES
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Page
Page
Fig. 1
Hills and mountains in northern
7 ig. 8
Village but photo)
4
Luzon photo)
2
Fig. 9
Climatic factors chart)
5
Fig. 2
The Mayon Volcano in south-
Fig. 10
Natural mve photo)
8
eastern Luzon (photo)
2
Fig. 3
Picturesque terraced ricefields (photo)
3
F 1g. 11
Leyte coastal plain photo)
8
Fig. 4
Flat, cultivated plain near
Fig. 12
Manila Bay Strategic Area (map)
9
Nasugbu, Luzon (photo)
3
Fig. 13
Manila modern area as viewed
Fig. 5
Wetland rice on Leyte photo)
3
from Hilton Hotel (p
Fig. 6
Aerial view of coconut groves
(photo)
3
Fig. 14
Manila, slum housing (photo)
9
Fig. 7
Typical Philippine rural village
Fig. 15
Military geographic factors
(photo)
4
(map) follows 12
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Military Geography
A. Location and description (U /OU)
The Philippines, an archipelago of approximately
7,100 islands, is located in the western Pacific near
important maritime routes in the South China Sea.
From Manila, the distance is about 600 nautical miles
to the mainland of the Peoples Republic of China,
1,300 nautical miles to Singapore, and less than 2,000
nautical miles to all other capitals of Southeast Asia.
The islands have a total land area of about 116,000
square miles, and extend generally north -south fer
approximately 1,000 miles.' The main island belt is
generally less than 250 miles wide. Luzon and
Mindanao, the two largest islands, total nearly 75% of
the land area; Palawan, Mindoro, and the largest
islands in the Visayan Islands group (Masbate, Samar,
Leyte, Bohol, Cebu, Negros, and Panay) comprise
nearly all of the remainder. The estimated population
was about 40.2 million in July 1973.
I. Topography
The country, besides being fragmented into
numerous islands, is a complex of mountains, hills,
and plains (see the Military Geographic Factors map,
Figure 15, at the end of the chapter). For the most
part, the larger islands are comprised of rugged,
sparsely- inhabited mountains and hills, flat to rolling,
and densely populated plains. The mountains and
hills �the dominant landforms �are oriented gener-
ally north -south (Figure 1); they consist of ridges and
spurs that divide the islands into isolated sections and
of volcanoes (Figure 2) that are also isolated clusters.
'Distances are in statute mile, unless nautical miles are
specifically stated.
Sharp crests or peaks and steep, moderately to severely
dissected slopes are common. Differences in elevation
between crests and adjacent valley bottoms range
from 500 feet in hills to more than 3,000 feet in
mountains. Mountain summits are from 2,000 to more
than 9,600 feet above sea level, and hilltops generally
range from 600 to 2,000 feet in elevation. Vegetation
in the highlands consists chiefly of dense broadleaf
evergreen forest and brush, grasses, and open stands of
pines. Small cultivated fields, mostly rice, corn, and
sugarcane, dot scattered valley and hill slopes, many
of which are terraced and irrigated (Figure 3). Most of
the streams are shallow and swift in the hills and
mountains. These streams flow in narrow gorges and
V- shaped valleys for much of their length before
emptying into the sea, and most are less than 50 feet
w*de and under 3.5 feet deep. Stream behavior is
en;itic; flash floods of short duration ma, occur after
heavy rains in any month. Most of the rugged hill and
mountain areas are sparsely settled. Villages are widely
spaced and connected mainly by trails. The few roads
are poorly maintained, and most have many sharp
curves, steep grades, low- capacity wooden bridges,
fords, and ferries.
The flat to rolling plains r;!! in size from small,
intermontane, valley floors and coastal flat- to
extensive, I:irgely uninterrupted areas, such as that in
central Luzon (Figure 4) and on Mindanao. On the
flat plains, interstrearn sectors are less than 100 feet
above adjacent stream bottoms; these are the prime
agricultural areas of the Philippines. Interfluves on the
rolling plains generally are between 100 and 500 feet
above the streams. Cultivated vegetation, mainly
wetland rice, and scattered gra.;sy areas, interspersed
with small areas of dense bamboo and bananas, are
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the predominant vegetation t on the plains
(Figure 5). Most streams are bordered hx narrow
hands of dense forest. Oil the larger islands. especially
[.uzon and Wndan,o, there are also large plantations
ohugarcane. tobacco, coconuts (Figure 6). abaca,
maguey, and pineapples. Although marshlands
comprise only a small part of the plains, there are
relatively large wet areas, especially on Mindanao,
and along a few of the larger rivers. Narrow bands of
mangrove fringe many of the coasts. Streams on the
plains are numerous. 'I'hcy generally are 250 to 500
feet wide, more than 3.5 feet deep, and meander
between low hanks or natural levees of sand or silt:
bottoms are chiefly sand and gravel. At times extensive
areas along the larger rivers are flooded to depths of
several feet. Although high- and loss -eater levels are
irregular, most streams have their maximum flow
between earl May and late October. In most of the
plains, the ground, mainly lateritic clay, is frequently
miry from early May through November. During the
remainder of the year it is predominantly firm. The
ground is soft in marshy areas and for much of the
time in rice paddies. The ricefields are inundated for 3
to 5 months of the year, I- hvicen mid -May and mid
December. I'he rural areas contain numerous closely
spaced villages (Figure 7) and towns, particularly
along the coasts and in the interior river valleys. The
settlements, consisting chiefly of clusters of thatch
roofed wood ar bamboo huts (Figure 8), are mostly
fringed by ricefields containing; numerous loss dikes,
levees, drainage ditches, and vanals.
'I'I:c larger urban centers, located along the coa. ,s,
are characterized by modern sections which have
broa.l, paved streets and multistory inasonry
buildings. 'They are corninonly surround. cl by densely
populated areas of closely spaced bamboo huts and
wood and scrap- inetal shacks. Streets in the slum areas
are generally narrow, winding, and unpaved. A sparse
network of narrow gravel, crushed- stone, and earth
roads, mostly in poor condition, connects most of the
set.!.::., nts. In general, only on the relatively broad
plain of central Luzon are the settlements ;inked by a
dense network of roads, some of which have Concrete,
bituminous, or bituminous treate surfaces. In places,
the pavements are potholed and broken. The roads
generally have slight grades and gentle curves and
numerous low- capacity bridges (mostly wooden),
fords, and ferries. The fey railroads are 3'6" gage and
in poor condition; except for an 8.5 -mile double -track
sector at Maeda, they are single trac All -ire located
on Luzon except for a line connecting Iloilo and
Roxas, on Panay.
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FIGURE 1. Hills and mountains in northern Luzon. These
heavily forested highlands are thinly populated, but
the lower hill slopes and valley floors are intensively
cultivated. (U /OU)
FIGURE 2. The Mayon Volcano in southeastern Luzon.
This nearly perfect cone rises 8,000 feet above sea
level. (U /OU)

r
i
FIGURE 5. Wetland ricefields on Leyte (U /OU)
FIGURE 6. Aerial view of coconut groves in
Cotabato Valley, Mindanao (U /OU)
FIGURE 4. Flat, cultivated plain near Nasugbu, Luzon (U /OU)
t
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FIGURE 3. Picturesque !erraced ricefields
in northern Luzon highlands (UiOU)

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k. 4
2. Climate
1'hc cone ar} tut. a tropical Inaritirne climate,
Characterized by distinct wet anti dry srasuns at ntost
places� bill also b% remarkable� aniforruit% in other
aspects (f ignrc 91. The seasonal chartcler of Ibc
caclher. as shown by the rainfall distribution, is
largely determined by the degree of exposure it)
persistegt airstreams whirl ill, adu the conatn al
different tiole�s of (lie year. The northeast monsuun
;Ind (lie northeast trrdr aincls together dominate the
c�ircul�: Lion in beccniber through April, whereas the
suutbucst lrwusoa)" dumivatcs in JuIN Through
Scptc tuber. As a resell, the eastern Philippines receive
their maximum rainfall sllortl., before and during the
seasons of northeast fhl", but the western Philippines
1MVe their maximum rainfall tluring div south"est
monsoon. Highest mean nluntlik alnounts daring
these rltlty seasons are geucrulk between 10 and 30
inches. ExeM.' m the east. mininium runfall It most
pluccs occurs during Fcbrttan Ihroagb April, when
uuantbl% amounts are grneralk Icss than A inches.
Arai n l rainfall is abundant vverywhem. averaging
mainly belwvvri 60 ant] 120 inches. ,iitholivil In.111)
exposed sec�tious :escrlge over 160 inches. The rainfall
is normally ill the forn of showers and the heaviest
shocsers arc usuall% nssocialcd with thunderstorms,
which reach their pruk of Activity 5 to 1.3 days per
month during May through Octubcr. Occasional
torrential rains ire caused by llte tropieal cyclones that
frequent tliese isi;irxls. mainly ill July through
Dece�rnber; destructive floods often follow.
The location of the Philippines in tropical latitudes
and the surrounding warm tievailic watch produce
ralbrr consListerlt clinaalic� cieoeeot.. \icon daily
maxinrtlrn icitiperatares are generally bet-wren 6:3
and 7.5 throughout the year. Temperatures are
snmewhut lower in tin� Inonettaills. similarly, relative
liutnidity ranges (non 8.5% to !)5,r' ill tits morning to
about OK to 505 in the afternoon during ail nluittbt.
The combiriatrou of high temperatures and high
bmnidity is enervating, especially to those unaceos-
lonaed to such conditions. i:loudiness is fairly
extensive in all 11ronths. lavcr.3011" mostly between
$0% and 90%. and c�uitlolos clouds are the most
abullc] ilit tyie. \larch Ibrongh \lay is usually the
least cloudy Period. especially ist ar the west coast of
Loran. Visibilities are generaally adeetlrlte for must
activities; the greatest restrictions occarciuring periods
FIGURE S. Village but constructed with
wood and nipo palm thatch IU /OU1
1:' s
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i
01
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FIGURE 9. Temperature, humidity, precipitation,
tkurderstorms, and cloudiness (U /OU)
BASCO MANILA
30 30
25 25 I
20 I 20
15 IS
10 10
5 5
0 1FMAMJIASOND 0 IFMAMIIA SON.
1
SURIGAO 17LO
30 30
25 2 I
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 1FMAMI JASOND 0 1FMAM1 lASOND
BASCO MANILA
SURIGAO
120 12n
II I iII 120
100 100 I
BO Bp
i
w
60 60 ��������I��� t0 ����v,��
i I
AO 40 I 40 I
III
20 20
20
ol11I I oIII
1 FMAM1 IASUV --J II F MA MJJ JASON 0 J FMAM I
ELEV. 36 FT. ELEV. 49 FT. FLEV. 72 FT.
MALAYSALh: JOLO
120 120
II I
l I 100
80 gp
ABSOLUTE
60 60 ��e������� MFAN 11AILV M.C)(IM UM
I I MEAN UAIL'/ MIN Ih!UM
AO I A9SOLUTE MINIMUh1
20 20
0 011- I
1FMAMJJASON 1FMAMJIASON
FLEV. 2106 FT. ELEV. 43 FT.
TEMPERATURES �F)
MANILA SURIGAO 1 10L0
100 -T T -.0 lOp J
9 app
I III a21 110 P J BO I60 60 14D0 i t
40 I I I AO l I I I I I 401 i I I
I
II
20I I 20
1FMAM1 IASONDI MAMI IASONDJ 1FMA:AJ JASONDI
L__
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURS MST)
M EAN MONTHLY
PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
rvUMbtK OF DAYS
WITH THUNDERSTORMS
CIARK AB
MANILA
CEBU
30
SURIGAO
30
1100
BA
20
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I.
I4
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Y
20
10
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I'I I;I
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0]!FMAMJJASON
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1FMAMJJASON
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SURIGAO
I
JOLO
30
40
20
20
10
20
I
LJFMAM
0
JFMAMI
JASON
I
IIASON
M EAN MONTHLY
PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
rvUMbtK OF DAYS
WITH THUNDERSTORMS
mc." ILUUUINt55
AT S JECIFIED HOURS (LST)
5
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MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES;
MANILA
SURIGAO
1100
BA
i
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I.
I4
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Y
100
80
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14 I
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1FMAMIJASONDI
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loo
MALAYBALAV
100 7-1-
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AT S JECIFIED HOURS (LST)
5
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MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES;

l 1111.w1l1&ff.
of heavy rainshowers and when clouds enshroud the
higher mountains. Surface winds are usually light
except during thunderstorms or tropical cyclones.
Sonic typhoon winds have buffeted the islands with
speeds in excess of 100 knots.
B. Military geographic regions (C)
The Philippines is divided into two military
geographic regions �the Central Luzon Plain and the
Rugged Islands Complex (Figure 15). The combina-
tion of environmental conditions within each region
would have a relatively uniform effect on military
operations, but there would be marked differences
between regions.
1. Central Luzon Plain
The region is generall- well suited for ground
operations except for it period of 3 to 5 months
between mid -May and mid December when ricefields
are flooded and streams are highest. Movement would
be fairly easy on the main roads, but sustained heavv
traffic would cause rapid deterioration. During and
after rains, movement would be slowed in places by
miry and slippery surfaces, washouts, and flooding. In
addition, the many narrow wooden bridges, ferries,
and fords are rotential bottlenecks. Conditions for
offroad dispersal re generally good only in the areas
where roads art riot bordered by wetland ricefields.
During dry periods cross country movement would be
fairly easy in most of the region. 'Throughout the
region during the southwest monsoon and in areas
exposed to the northeast monsoon, movement would
be severely slowed or precluded by boggy ground and,
at times, by extensive flooding. Obstacles to
movement in local areas are steep -sided ravines, deep,
soft bottomed streams, permanently soft ground,
dikes, irrigation canals, and drainage ditches.
Construction of new roads would be moderately easy
in most places when the ground is dry. Roads could be
built with long tangents and gentle curves, and only
light grading and clearing would be required;
however, numerous culverts and bridges (runny with
raised approaches) would have to be constructed. At
times, construction would be severely hindered or even
halted f or short periods by soft ground and flooding.
Concealment front air and ground observation would
b;� limited mainly to urban areas, patches of
mangrove, clumps of bamboo, at narrow hands of
dense forest along streams. 'Tho grassy areas and
sugarcane fields afford good concealment from ground
observation seasonally. (:over front flat trajectory fire
would be afforded in many places by dikes and banks
of drainage ditches and canals in ricefields,
streambanks, and some road and railroad embank-
ments; masonry structures in the larger cities provide
the best available cover. There are extensive potential
billeting and storage facilities in the larger towns and
cities. In most places, there are many sites suitable for
the construction of bunkers; in the flat low -lying areas,
construction would be hindered by a high water table,
and sealing would be required to prevent seepage.
There are few sites suited for tunnel -type installations
because of inadequate relief.
Conditions are favorable for airborne and airmobile
operations throughout most of the region and there are
numerous potential airdrop zones and sites for
helicopter landings. The ricefields are poorly suited
between mid -May and mid December, but during the
remainder of the year they are excellent sites.
Approaches to many sites would he partly restricted by
nearby mountains and hills. There are four large and
at least five smaller airfields that could be used for the
landing of assault -type aircraft. Although new
airfields could be constructed on the rolling plains
with only minor amounts of earth moving and
clearing, the orientation of runways would be
restricted in places by streams and the air approaches
would be restricted by nearby mountains and hills.
Many sites with unrestricted approaches are available
on the flat plains, but foundations are poor and
subgrades would have to be raised to i,rotect against
flooding.
The region is favorable for amphibious operations.
The long curving shores are predominantly sand,
except along the northern part of Manila Bay where
the shore is muddy and overgrown with mangrove.
(lose behind the sandy shores, or for short distances
inland, meandering rivers and streams, lagoons,
marshes arid swamps obstruct movement in many
places. Approaches are restricted to Lingaven Gulf or
Manila Bay and are lightly obstructed by scattered
dangers, mainly shoals and wrecks. High surf on the
south shore of Lingaven Gulf is most prevalent, about
20% of the time, during the northeast monsoon. In
Manila Bay, high surf is most prevalent-about 10% of
the time- during the southwest monsoon. Outside the
gulf and the bay, heavy sea and swell occur most often
during the northeast monsoon. Tides are mixed; the
diurnal range ;s 2.5 feet in Lingayen Gulf and 3 to 3.5
feet in Manila Bay. Exits from the beaches are
predominantly cross country or by tracks to all
weather roads several hundred yards to several miles
inland.
Conditions for irregular force operations range from
unsuited to fair throughout the Central Luzon Plain.
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Concealment generally is poor from both air and
ground observation on this intensively cultivated
flatland; however, some limited possibilities exist year
round in small forests and built -up areas and
seasonally in tall grasses and sugarcane fields. Small
3 groups could move cross country throughout the year,
but they would be slowed frequently by miry ground,
deep streams, and widespread flooding. Water, which
is generally biologically contaminated, and food are
available to irregular forces. "tropical and other
diseases, water buffalo, crocodiles, snakes, rodents,
mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, ticks, centipedes, ants,
scorpions, and spiders are hazards to operations.
2. Rugged Islands Complex
This region, which includes the remainder of Luzon
and all of the other islands in the archipelago, is
predominantly poorly suited for conventional ground
operations.
Onroad movement would be confined to Nvidely
spaced roads on the larger islands; in many places,
movement would he slowed by sharp curves, steep
grades, narrow wooden bridge:, and, during or after
rains, by miry and slippery surfaces, washouts, and
landslides. In addition, the roads would require
extensive maintenance to sustain heavy traffic.
Offroad dispersal would be very difficult or even
precluded on steep and precipitous slopes in most
places. The construction of new roads would require
much cut, fill, and blasting, as well as numerous short
tangents, sharp curves, and steep grades in the hills
and mountains. Frequent periods of soft ground after
heavy rains could severely hinder or halt construction
throughout the region. Only the better drained parts
of the :oastal and interior plains are suited for road
construction. Cross- country movement generally
would he slow and arduous, and would be possible
only by foot troops in most of the region. Only in
i widely scattered areas of drycrop enitivati,n,
grasslands, plantations, and, during the dry season, in
ricepaddies, are conditions fair for cross country
I vehicular movement. Fair to excellent concealment
a
front air
in(] ground observation would be afforded by
r dense forests in nlan} places. Concealment
opportunities are very limited however, in prime
forests at high elevations, in recently culover areas,
and on many of the cultivated plains. Most grassy
areas and plantations afford good concealment from
ground observation, but the blades of the grass
generally are tough and sharp. Good cover front flat-
I trajectory fire would he afforded by surface
irregularities (Figure. 4) mainlv in the ulottntains and
t hills. In general, there is it lack of suitable billeting and
storage facilities. There are many suitable sites for
tunnel -type installations in the hills and mountains
(Figure. 10) and some sites for hunkers on the well
drained parts of the plains.
The region is poorly suited for airborne and
an-mobile operations. Sites suitable for airdrops or
helicopter landings are limited mostly to cultivated or
grassy clearings and some beaches. 'There are only
three large airfields in the region, but many of the
islands contain at least one airfield that can
accommodate assault -type aircraft. Because of the
predominance of dense vegetation, surface ir-
regularities, and wet ground, potentially suitable: sites
for airfield construction are limited to the better
drained parts of the plains.
Conditions are generally unfavorabI. for amphibi-
ous operations. Large -scale amphibious operations
would be precluded along hilly and mountainous
coasts by steep terrait; that generally rises abruptly
froth the sea. Along the coast ;ll plains, long irregular
shores front on narrow flatlands bordered by nearby
rugged terrain (Figure 1 1). These flat coastal areas are
compartmentalized by steep hills and mountains
rising from the shoreline, and conllnotll% contain
bands of mangrove and numerous river mouths.
Approaches to the numerous short beaches of sand or
of sand mixed with gravel, cobble, and coral are
commonly obstructed by islets, shoals, and coral reefs.
High surf occurs on many of the coasts, especially
where the shores are exposed to the northeast
monsoon. At times, the seas are rough and the swell is
moderate to heavy. Maximum tides are diurnal and
range froth about 2 to 6.5 feet. Along sonic of the
Visayan Islands, rough seas combined with strong
crosscurrents and riptides make landings extremely
dangerous. In many places, flat nearshore bottoms
consisting of coral rock and mud would hamper
landings. Exits are generally cross country to roads
paralleling (c�onitnonly less than it mile inland) tl,e
coasts. Movement would be hindered in many places
by ricefields, streams, ravines, and marshy areas.
Conditions for irregular force operations range from
good to unsuited. Areas of dense forests and rugged
terrain inhibit large conventional force operations but
provide good opportunities for the cover and
concealment of small groups on most of the islands.
Movement generally would he slowed by steep slopes
or dense forests in the hills and mountains and by
sharpbladed grasses, deep streams, flooding, large
marshes, and swamps along the coasts and large
streams. Water and fond can he obtained in most
areas, but the water commonly is hiologic:dly
contaminated near populated places. The fund
sonrces include mainly crops in or near scattered
H
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-Irmo me In c.
machinery, automobile parts, textiles, telecom-
munications equipment, small arms lilt! structural
and sheet metal products.
The major shipyard in the country, at Mariveles,
has drydocking facilities, considerable covered storage,
and petroleum storage for 270,000 barrels. A naval
shipyard with facilities for drydocking and small boat
construction is at Cavite; neurbv, is a former U.S.
naval air station that is used jointly by the Philippine
military commands. The large U.S., naval base on the
shore of Subic Bay maintains drydocking facilities,
seaplane and naval air stations, an underground
ordnance and ammunition depot, and extensive
covered and petroleum storage facilities.
FIGURE 11. Leyte coastal plain
backed by mountains (U/OU)
settlements and fish in local streams or coastal waters.
The high incidence of disease and presence of inset`.
vectors and dangerous animals, including reptiles, are
co0inuons hazards to operations.
C. Strategic area (C)
The Manila Bay Strategic Area (sec thn map at the
end of the chapter ind I igure 12), located on the
broad central Luzon plain, has a total population of
about S million and includes Manila (population
1,475,000) (Figures 13 and 14) and Quezon
(population 837,000). Metrolerlitan Manila, is the
hub of the country's government, commerce, industry,
and telecommunications. The In,: government
agencies are in Manila; onl the subordinate ones are
in Quezon, the capitol. Manila International airfield
and the port at Manila are the primary points of entry
for the country. The� country's four petroleum
refineries, with a combined daily throughput capacity
of 272,000 barrels, and over half of the country's other
industries are in the strategic area. The important
items produced within the area include agricultural
Rural areas within the strategic area contain the
most extensive ricefields in the country, a dense
transportation net, two large military airfields �Clark
and Basa Air Bases, U.S. and Philippine respectively,
and most of the am installations.
In addition to the M anila Bay Strategic Area, there
are four other important areas:
N AME AND POPULA-
TION 1973) SICNIFICA SCE
Davao, 435,000 Important port interisland, inter-
national), major industrial and
supply city for southern Mindanao.
POL storage capacity 295,000
barrels.
Cebu, 384,600 Important port for the Visayan Is-
lands. Ship repair and dry docking
facilities. Petroleum storage capac-
ity 989,000 barrels. Large air base
on nearby Mactan Island.
Iligan, 115,800 Second largest industrial center; in-
cludes a steel mill and fertilizer,
cement, and chemical plants.
Iloilo, 232,500 Important port. Main distribution
center for nearby islands. Ship
repair facilities. Petrol storage
capacity, 203,000 barrels.
I
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FIGURE 10. Natural caves like this one in eastern
Mindanao are common in the Philippine highlands DPW

APO,
ISLAND
p Santa
Cruz
i
Nasugbu San
o Pablo
Taal
o' Lipa o
uC
u n Batangas
120'30' 121'30'
Road
NM::3 Landing beach
larlac b- x6o
L CZabanatur- Railroad
L y cSS Airfield
Clark y L 0Gapan W Seaplane base
Air Swamp
Base
Crrlpn Rice
B o' G
Base Qr rldo L 0 10 20
Statute miles ir
IIANH:1 anila �Q EZON
M
ATAAN
P N`NSUWA imay /agora
Marivele o eq t'
Cavite r rt
CORRe"GID01
FIGURE 12. Manila Bay Strategic Area (C)
V. Internal routes (C)
The internal routes provide the easiest avenues of
movement between the areas hest suited for
amphibious landings and Manila (Figure la). The
internal route from the landing area on Lingayen Gulf
FIGURE 13. Manila, modern area as viewed from the
to Manila traverses flat to rolling plains, w}lieli
Hilton Hotel (C)
contain numerous closely spaced villages, ricefields,
and streams. This route contains a two- to three -lane
road, which is mostly bituminous- treated, but has
concrete and gravel sections; it is in generally fair
condition. A single -track T6" -gage railroad in poor
condition generally parallels the road. Although
conditions for movement on the road are mostly fair,
traffic W0111d be slolved ill places by rough, broken
r
surfaces and large potholes. In addition, narrow
wooden bridges at several stream crossings are
r
Potential hottienecks. Offroad o'speral of vehicles
w0111d he easy it, nlost place, from about mid-
December to early Mav; locally, high crnhankntents
and dense vegetation preclude dispersal. During the
remainder of the year, extensive inuudatioll of
ricefields and fretluent periods f soft ground wollld FIGURE 14. Manila, slum housing (C)
seriously hamper dispersal. Cross country movement
in most places would he hampered by watercourses,
losv (likes, drainage ditches, and canals, and would be
precluded when the ricefields are inundated and
extremely difficult where the ground is soft.
The rou.'o from the l:,nding area northwest of Subic
Bay extends to San Fernando, where it connects to the
route from the Lingayen Gulf. This internal route
crosses rolling plains covered by gr ^ss and brush in the
western part and flat plains containing numerous
ricefields in the eastern part; near the center, the route
traverses small areas of densely forested hills. The
route contains a one- to two -lane bituminous- treated
or gravel road %yhich has short concrete sections, and a
short section of single track 3'6" -gage railroad in poor
condition. The road is generally in fair condition, but
sections of the surface are broken and cracked. In
addition, there are many sharp cures in the areas of
Y
y .w
9
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rolling plains and hills, and, in places, the road could
he easily controlled by forces occupying the adjacent
ridges. Potential bottlenecks exist at sevetel stream
crossings, where there are low- capacity wooden
bridges. In most places, conditions are fairly favorable
for offroad dispersal and cross country movement, but
during the southwest monsoon, vehicles would he
frequently hampered by miry ground and flooding,
particularly near San Fernando. Steep slopes severely,
restrict offroad dispersal and cross country movement
in the hills; on the plains, ricefields, with numerous
(likes, drainage ditches, and canals, are obstacles.
'rhe internal route leading from the landing area on
Balayan Bay to Manila traverses mostly rolling,
cultivated plains. The route contains it one- to three
lane bituminous- treated road which has a few
concrete and gravel sections and is in fair to good
condition; between L,ipa and Manila there is a single
track 3'6" -gage railroad in poor condition. Numerous
narrow wooden bridges are potential bottlenecks.
Nest of Batangas, on -road movement would be
slowed by numerous ravines, streams, some areas of
steep slopes, coconut plantations. .-aid ricefields.
E. Approaches
The unfortified coasts of the Philippine islands have
an overall length of about 14,000 miles. The highly
irregular coastline is inaccessible in many places
because of shoals, fringing reefs, rocky headlands, and
islets. The Philippines claims as national internal
caters without regard to specific distances from any
coast, all areas enclosed within baselines joining
outermost islands and as territorial waters those areas
between these baselines and the 1898, 1900, and 1930
treaty limits. The United Stales recognizes only 3
nautical miles from the shore as the Philippine
territorial limits. (U /OU)
1. Sea (C)
Offshore approaches are generally clear to Luzon
and Mindanao; ;+vwherc, they ar r restricted by islets,
reefs, and rocks to narrow channels between numerous
small islands. Nearshore approaches are obstructed by
islets, shoals, fringim, reefs, and, in places, shipwrecks
and fishtraps. In addition, there arc strong
crosseurrents, riptides, and eddies in places. Nearshore
bottom materials consist of sand, anal, and coral, and
slopes are predorninaudy gentle to mild. On coasts
fully exposed to the northeast monsoon, surf 4 feet or
higher occurs about 709 of the lime in December,
Januarv, and Febntarv; on coasts exposed to the
southwest monsoons, surf 4 feet or higher occurs about
I 10
i
J
30% of the time in June, July, and August and 10 1 1i of
the time in December, January, and February. Tides
are diurnal and range from about 2 to 6.5 feet; the
highest are along the Visayan Islands and the lowest
along western Luzon. Calm to slight seas and
predominantly low swell occur in most places during
the southwest monsoon. During the northeast
monsoon, however, seas of 5 feet or more are relatively
common, reaching it flequency of 28� i. of the time in
February off eastern and northern Luzon; moderate
swell (6 to 12 feet) occurs as much as 11 of the time
in many places. In addition, infrequent periods (less
than 4% of the time) of heavy swell (over 12 feet) also
occur during the northeast monsoon. At times weather
conditions are hazardous. Heavy rains and typhoons,
most common during the southwu.t monsoon, would
seriously hinder or preclude amphibious operations.
Gales are relatively common during the northeast
monsoon, particularly off eastern Luzon.
Along the coasts are hundreds of beaches. Most of
these are separated from each other by rocky
headlands, peninsalas, and high cliffs. Mary of the
beaches are further fragmented by river mouths,
sandpits, lagoons, mangrove swamps, and piers. The
beaches, consisting chiefly of sand, or sand mixed wit�
gravel, cobble, and coral, are generally steep in the
high -water zone and flat in the low -water zone. They
are firm when wet and soft when drv. Exits to nearby
roads paralleling the coasts are mainly across narrow
coastal plains, which in many places contain
ricefields, streams, ravines, and marshy areas. In most
places, cross country movement into the interior
would he severely restricted short distances inland by
rugged hills and mountains. The areas best suited for
amphibious landings are on the coasts of Lingayen
Gulf, northwest of Subic Bay, and Balayan Bay.
The landing area oil the coast of Lingayen Gulf (s.c
the Military Geographic Factors map at the end of the
chapter) contains four beaches. Approaches are
generally clear except off the southern part, where
there is it broad shoal offshore and boulders nearshore.
Nearshore bottom slopes are generally too flat for dry-
ramp landings of IST's. Bottom materials are chiefly
mud. The tidal range, diurnal, is 2.5 feet. Surf 4 feet or
higher occurs most often of the time) on the 3
northern beaches in June, July, and August and most
often (201/ of the thoe) on the southern beach in
October and November. The beaches, ranging from 3
to about 11 miles in length, are from 5 to 60 yards
wide at high water and 15 to 100 yards at low water.
The beaches are sandy, firm in wetted areas, and soft
where (Irv; gradients are geiVie to steep. Terrain
behind the beaches consists of a narrow, flat plain
0
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C
I
'rr
ti
k
crossed by many small streams; interstream areas
contain numerous ricefields. Exits are predominantly
cross country to a bituminous- treated and gravel road
and a railroad paralleling the coast, generally less than
a mile inland. Cross country movement would be
restricted in places by streams too deep to ford,
ricefields, fishpands, saltpans, mangrove swamps, and
marshy areas.
The landing area northwest of Subic Bay contains
three beaches (see the map at the end of the chapter).
Off -shore approaches are clear except for a shoal off
the northern part and a small island off the southern
part. Nearshore approaches are clear except for some
sandbars off the southern part of the landing area and
a few shoals. Nearshore bottom materials consist
primarily of swirl and mud and in most places bottom
slopes are steep ei .ough to permit dryramp LST
landings. The tidal range diurnal, is 3 feet. Surf 4 feet
or higher can be expected 'to occur 31% of the time
during jute through August. The beaches, ranging
from about 1 to 16 miles in length, are 5 to 130 vards
wide at high water and 20 to 160 yards at low water.
All arc composed of sand, which is firm when wet and
soft when dry. Gradients are moderate to steep.
Terrain behind the beaches consists of a flat plain (1 to
8 miles wide) containing numerous ricefields. Exits are
chiefly cross country to a nearby bituminous- treated
road 50 yards to 2 miles inland. Cross country
movement would be restricted by ricefields, stream
channels, and narrow lagoons.
The Balayan Bay landing area contains three
beaches (see the map at the end of the chapter and
Figure 9). Offshore and nearshore approaches are
generally clear; however, shoals, submerged rocks, and
fringing reefs flank the extremities. In places,
nearshore bottom slopes permit dry -ramp LST
landings; bottom materials are mud or sand and coral.
The tidal range diurnal is 3,7 feet. Surf 4 feet or
higher occurs 10% to 15% of the time during the
southwest monsoon and infrequently during the
remainder of the year. The beaches, about 1, 2, and 9
miles long respectively are broken in places by stream
mouths. Beach widths range from 15 to 30 vards at
high water to 30 to 75 yards at low water. These sandv
beaches are firm when wet and soft when (Irv.
Foreshore gradients arc mostly steep, making
movement of vehicles from the beaches difficult. A
flat plain, about a mile wide and traversed by small
strearns, is immediately behind the beaches;
interstream areas contain numerous ricefields,
sugarcane fields, and vegetable plots. Exits are by
tracks or cross country to a bituminous treated road
that is generally less than 2 miles inland. Cross
country movement would be hindered by ricefields
and stream channels, and, during the southwest
monsoon, by miry ground and flooding.
2. Air (U /OU)
Air approach es to the Philippine Islands are
predominantly over the waters of the surrounding
Philippine, South China, Sulu and Celebes Seas,
although approaches from the north include southern
Taiwan and those from the southwest include
northeastern Borneo. In both places rugged terrain
with scattered peaks of more than 8,000 feet above sea
level are common. The highest elevation on Taiwan
and approximately 200 nautical miles north of tine
northernmost island 1 the Philippines is about 12,000
feet. On Borneo, the highest elevation, about 13,450
feet, is approximately 110 nau,* ;cal miles from Balabac
Island in the Philippines. In general, weather
conditions in all approaches are poorest in May
through October, when the intern opical convergence
zone and southwest monsoon affect the approach
zones. Thunderstorms are the most frequent hazard at
this time, occurring on 10 to 20 days per month in
Borneo an,-! mostly 5 to 15 days monthly elsewhere in
the approaches. Ti-,y are often accompanied by severe
turbulence, and icing may be encountered above
about 16,000 feet, the average height of the freezing
level. Turbulence and icing hazards may also be
present in convective cloudiness, which is most
common during this period. Some convective clouds
may extend vertically to 50,000 feet or more. Mean
cloudiness generally ranges from 50% to 85 with the
greatest amounts over the land areas.
Weather conditions are somewhat improved in
November through March or April in all approaches,
primarily because of reduced thunderstorm activity.
The thunderstorms normally number from less than 3
days monthiv in the north to 5 to 10 days per month in
Borneo. Mean cloudiness continues the same pattern
in amount and distribution daring this period but
vertical development is quite often limited. The,
freezing level remains near 16,000 feet in the south,
but lowers to 11,000 or 12,000 feet in the northern
approaches.
The single, most dangerous hazard to flight
operations is the migration of tropical cyclones
through the approaches mainly north of 11 �N.
r l'he discussion zone for air approaches extends approximately
2W nautical miles beyond the coasts of the outermost islands.

17 ME =1 111I-a-JJ III J/.{_ q gun Ieu II:Trff.MMMMr.w_JMI JIY WIII II I WA f4 III I IVJI III I C III I I I IA
4
CONFIDENTIAL
i
i
I I
Although these storms may occur in almost any Upper winds are light to moderate all vear in the
rlmrith, they are most frequent in July through southern approaches and during June through I
December and are generally accompanied by strong November in the northern approaches. In December
winds, extensive multilayered cloudiness, severe through May in the north, strong westerlies prevail
turbulence, the threat of severe icing, heavy rainfall, between 30,000 and 65,000 feet, with mean speeds
and extremely poor visibility conditions. They should greater than 50 knots. Strongest mean speeds, 75 to 85
be avoided in all cases, especia'l'ly those-of typhoon knots, are present over and near Taiwan at about
intensity (winds about 66 knots). 40,000 feet in December through February.
0
12

-Irmo me In c.
Places and features referred to or, !alas General Survey (u /ou)
COORDINATES
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e 'N
'E.
Agno slrni
16 02
120 08
Agus (strm)
8 Il
124 12
Agusan strm)
9 00
125 31
Agusan del Sur (prov)
8 30
125 50
Albay Gulf (gulf)
13 10
124 00
Ampayon (popl)
8 58
125 36
Angat stun
14 53
120 46
Angeles (poet)
15 09
120 35
Antipolo (popl)
14 35
121 10
Antique (prov)
11 10
122 05
Arayat, Mount (mtn)
15 12
120 45
Bacolod (popl)
10 40
122 57
I3agacay (popl)
11 49
125 14
Baguio popl)
16 25
120 36
Balabac Island isl
7 57
117 01
Balayan Bay (b y)
13 53
120 17
Baler popl
15 �16
121 34
Baler Bay (bay)
15 50
121 35
Baliwasan (pop!)
(i 55
122 03
Basilan popl)
6 42
121 58
Basilan Island (ivl)
(i :m
122 03
Basilan Strait (str)
6 49
122 05
Bataan (prop)
I... 14 40
120 25
Batangas (popt)
13 �iL
121 03
Batangas Bay (bay).....................
13 43
121 00
Bauan (popi)
13 48
121 01
Bauang (popl)
10 :31
120 20
Benguet (prov).............
16 30
120 40
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'N.
'E.
Luzon isl
16 00
121 00
Maets.n Island (isl)
10 18
123 58
Makati popl)
14 34
121 02
Malolos (popl)
14 51
120 49
Mandaluyong (popl)
14 38
121 03
Manila popl)
14 35
121 00
Manila Bay ((�alt)
14 30
120 45
Marawi (popl)
8 01
124 18
Maria Cristina Fails (falls)
8 11
124 12
Mariveles (popl)
1426
120 29
Masbate (isl)
12 15
123 30
Mayon Volcano (nit)
13 15
123 41
Mindanao (siren)
7 07
124 24
Mindanao U81)
8 00
125 00
Mindoro (isl)
12 50
121 05
Mindoro Occidental(prov)
13 00
120 55
Mountain (prop)
17 05
121 10
Muntinglupa (popl)
14 23
121 03
Naga popl
1:3 37
12:3 11
Nasugbu (popl)
1.1 05
120 38
Nnvotas (port)
14 39
120 57
Negros isl
10 00
123 00
Negros Occidental (prov)
10 25
123 00
Nueva Feija (prop)
15 :35
121 CO
Olongapo (popl)
14 50
120 16
Paete pop l)
14 23
121 29
Pakiputan Strait. (str)
7 07
125 40
Palawan (isl)
5' 30
118 30
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120
BA TAN
Basco j-, ISLANDS
's
Luzon Strait
i
s BABUYAN
l ISLANDS
1
MeyrairaPOint., Claria Chann
Escarpada Point
,APafll l?
c�I ued r
r
Vigan Z J
Narvacan
'E.
C h n a
,3 t7 c3
Cape Calavite
ty
soac 7,
Ir
Bondoc
n
i j
Pomt
San Fernando
r. t rTVn �.,mM.t,,z.w+.mmyaW,ms7:vs IN
Bolina
Cape BDIlnaO
T r ,y3 Cape
t
San flderonso
CENTRAL
Baler
LUZON PLAIN a
(ALL OTHER AREAS ARE r E RALQ Ca ny,4n
RUGGED ISLANDS COMPLEXI Iba %'C ON 1
A EY)Q) a r c Luzon
J1t.
ra t t
I
p f3
@;vP14inAndo`
66 r
'J
JJJ a3,"1 POLILLO
alolOe "'t'u GLANDS
Olon g a 1131 `th
t t:_ Jomalig
g Manile f ^^^444 Island
Mariveles J
Santo C06% o ante t 5 a
',H."
Dael
OT 7
7 1
Nasugbu 03 blo
t Calai,a
Lmoen N c
an
LUBANG a ngas
ISLANDS"
alSa so
r
Marinduy
Cape Calavite
r y. 4 Calapen
g t
soac 7,
Ir
Bondoc
nmburao'
i j
Pomt
...m,.n..�.,..+...nv......e..
r. t rTVn �.,mM.t,,z.w+.mmyaW,ms7:vs IN
wimmm ry
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Confidential
12
PLAINS
Difference in elevation between tops and bottoms of adjacent topographic
features. generally less than 500 feet. Slopes are from less than 2% to 10
HILLS
i
BA TAN
o Difference in elevation between tops and bottoms of adjacent topographic
Basc�+ ISLANDS j features. generally between 500 feet and 2,000 feet. Most slopes are
between 10% and 30
G.
MOUNTAINS
Luzon t f 8 I t Difference in elevation between tops and bottoms of adjacent topographic
r features. generally more than 2,000 feet. Most slopes are more than 30
J scrr Military Geographic Region boundary
Strategic area
A BABUYAN
ISLANDS
ti Internal route
raire Point... Claveria uyn Channe a Amphibious landing area
fv Oscar ada Point
.Aparri P 7_;;A Approach
Major stream (More than 500 feet wide and 3.5 feet deep year round)
r a T Evergreen broadleaf forest
ued
Mangrove or marsh
a
Spot heights,in feet
1
a La gi w a \Y;f i dglanan 0 5 100 150
a
Statuto n41os
r h 0 50 100 150
t. "Q r y f 'F t iorneters
t San lidelonso
Baler
ON1F' Ca na An p h i p p n e
m) n
Luzon
ep11n
Q P,OLILLO
r 0LANDS
S p I!) 11 /Omalig
1.18n11e Y Island C
n f J
t
h ti r ant y 1 i rron J
rU71 -9 }j
Jbu 70 a s iJ Dael
L S b10 Cafuoa n Y'1 I Pandan
Lucartit tir
ef>;ngas Xatanduanes
l30 r`
d.
F i .enjfeo' Itge Island
Marinduque
Celapan Boac` 3 C:u17 vsac
j Bondoc Point Lept t r�r ;;.r.!
Ei """"".�'�.+.s..,':.,..x./r, smaaxvw:1 1i' 3A' tKO (ACS;YtAakr.Frv7r..vn>ppts
.1�' 1 'dV'r' >a`+cca^n+ Mme^. a�:v rmrrmuesvcwsuczrxxrsrq;cn45W
kh
j
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J2
Confid6
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I' T a ,3a$T J n 1 .et..wr'R
Bohol
0 I,U
124 10
Pampnnga (xirm).............
I4 47
120 39
Hontoc pop$)..........................
17 05
120 58
PamPangn (Prop).......................
15 04
120 40
Runyan (popf)
6 07
125 19
Pandacan (part of Manila)
I4 36
121 00
Buk!dnbn (prop)
8 00
125 t)0
Panay isA
11 15
122 30
Bulacan (prnr)
15 410
321 05
Paaay (popl)
14 33
121 00
BnWnn popf)....
8 5.1
12.5 35
Pas.'ry (Riaal) (popl)...
14 33
121 00
Cahanr..rnn (pops
15 29
120 58
Pang (sirm)...............
14 36
120 58
j Cadix 1H1ara
10 57
133 18
Pero Point (Ft).......................
11 58
124 20
Cagayan tgirnr)
19 22
121 37
Poro Island fief)...
16 06
120 06
Cagayan de Oro (popl)
8 'J9
124 39
Port San Virenle (paps.................
18 30
122 09
Cagayan Valley (rat)
17 30
J21 45
Pulupandan (popl)
10 31
122 48
Calamba (popt)
1.1 13
121 to
Quexon (paps..,...,.,.................
14 38
121 00
Caloocan (popl)
1.1 38
121 03
Itisal prop
14 35
121 10
Cnmalig (papa
13 11
123 39
Rixal 1scr, Posay)..
14 33
121 00
Carrtarinea Norte (prop)
14 10
122 45
ltosarin (papa.........................
14 25
120 51
Cnnlubnng (pnpJ)
1.1 15
131 OS
Itoxas Paps...........................
It 35
122 �15
Capix (prop)
11 24
122 34
Samar Us[)
12 (10
125 00
Carmen (papt)
IS 01
120 32
San Carlos (pops
10 30
123 25
CaslBuran (pop[)........
16 17
122 07
San Fernando (popt)
15 01
120 41
Catubig (sirm)
12 34
125 01
San Fernando (pops)....................
16 37
120 19
Cavite popt)
14 29
120 55
San Fernando Point (pt)................
16 38
12n 17
Cavite prop)
14 15
120 50
Sangley Point (pi)
1.1 30
120 55
Cavite Peninsula (pen)
14 26
J20 53
San 3one (papa.........................
15 �18
I21 00
Cebu popl
10 13
123 5.
San Juan (popl)
1.1 35
121 0 7
Cehu fed
10 20
1 23 13
San Junnico Strait (sir)................
11 20
124 5S
Central Luxon Valley (pin).
15 30
120 40
San Pablo (popl)...
14 04
121 19
Cotregidur Inland (isi)
14 23
120 35
San Pedro Bay (lxrlf)....................
11 it
125 05
Cotabato (pop[)
7 13
124 IS
Santo Domingo (popf)
14 14
121 0:3
Cotabato (prop)
7 00
121 40
Sipalay popl)
0 45
122 24
Cuartrro (pnpl)
I1 21
122 40
Sorsogon (papl)
12 58
124 00
Cubi Point (pt)
14 U
1 t6
Spratly l`land (ixa.....................
8 39
ill 35
Dagupan (poet)........................
16 03
120 20
Subic Bay (hay)........................
14 4 5
120 13
Danno (popl)
10 32
124 02
Sulu (prop).
5 30
120 30
Dad Pop
I1 24
122 41
Sulu Archipeingo (iels)
6 00
121 00
1)3inga inopl)
13 01)
127 4J
Summit (pops.........................
11 06
122 38
Davao (pops...
7 IS
125 25
Surigao poet)
9 45
125 30
L Davao del ?Torte (prop)
7 30
120 (10
Surigno del Norte (prop)
9 40
125 3S
Davao Gulf (gutn
0 40
125 55
Tabangaa (poPl).......
13 42
121 05
6 45
125 M
Taal Yakr)...........
i3 53
121 M
Damagoetti ..1.�
9 1S
123 1S
Taal, Slount ("rin)
1-1 00
121 00
Dumarao (pop[)
It 16
123 41
Tacloban (popt)
11 15
125 00
Florld (pops)
14 59
120 31
Torinc (pops).......
15 29
120 35
Gapan pop[)
15 19
12(I 57
Tarlac prnr
15 30
120 :10
General'Sontos (Rajah Ruapan)..........
0 07
125 1!
Cnwltawi Island (idt)
5 10
;2 QO
Gnimaran Island (W)
10 35
132 37
Toledo popl)
10 23
123 38
Guimaras Strait (sir)
10 30
122 44
'Condo (part of 3fanifa)...........
14 .17
120 a'8
Iligan (pnpl)
8 14
124 14
Tugucgnrno (popl)
17 37
121 44
Iligan Bay (bay)
8 25
124 05
Valenxucla (popt). I
14 42
F 58
[locos .forte (prop)
18 10
120 45
ViKaynn Islands (ixf.a)...................
It 00
133 30
Ilocos Sur (prop)
17 20
120 35
7,,nntbales (prnr)..................
15 2
121) 70
Iloilo (PnPI)...........
10 �12
122 34
7smbonnga (paps?............
ti 5 -i
1 2
12. 0.1
Iloilo strm
10 42
122 35
7atnbonnitu del Sur (prnr.).........
7 30
122 25
I1000 $trait (sir)
t0 43
122 36
xalihn pops)
11 43
122 22
Selected Wrfields
Widga- Apayao (prop)
17 15
121 15
Laguna (prop)..........
14 11)
!21 20
Bacolod
i0 39
12 2 58
I:anuo del Norte (prnr)
8 to
12 55
Baguio,
13 23
120 37
j7-
,7 lAnao del Sur (prnr)
7 S5
124 20
Hasa A13...
J4 59
120 29
]A Pax (tarp!)
10 43
122 34
Cagayan de Oro...
8 2
124 37
Larne Peninsula (pen)
14 18
122 39
Clark Ali.
15 11
120 33
IA 'Trinidad (popl)
10 28
120 :35
Cubi Point N.M
la 48
120 16
Lebak popt
0 32
1 2.1 03
f) 7. Bomnatdrx._.
11 14
mi 02
IeKasPI (paps)
13 08
123 44
Davao...
08
125 39
I.epatrtp (pops)
it; S2
IJ 46
Fernando AB...
13 57
121 07
Leyte is
10 50
124 50
Iloilo......
10 43
12 33
I (paps
13 14
123 32
g......
Lacer
18 11
120 32
Litany (pops)
1.1 34
120 36
\1aet: n International..
10 t9
123 59
I.ingayen Guir (pain
10 I.5
12 (I I 1
\lanils Inieraatioual..........
I4 31
121 01
Lisa: fporl)
!3 57
121 10
Sungley' Point NH...
1.1 3(1
120 S+
Lubang Island (ice[).....
13 46
120 it
7amhoanga.....
6 35
12 3 (I -I
J2
Confid6
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090004 -2

j 0 1 @1- WE@ 1 e 5
Mindoeo S i b u v 9 1, Burias
Island
ada
-Romblon Island
0 kRcmblon
Mansalay j
11juyan
Busuanga Island
I sland
Alcantara
Mand
CALAMIAN I Tablas a.n
Island
GROUP P 4 x.1
Balud j,
Culion SEMIRARA Ma,
Island 4 .ufion, Reservation ISLANDS
Linapacan
Libro Island o X u
Point Z_
CLlasii
D o' stancia
cuart a
Panay
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ISLANDS sum
P ot n a
cu yo i"
San Jose
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liollo
d
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Island
Panay, C arlo
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CAGAYAN Sipalay, 1,
ISLANDS
r I
I U
Cape Buliluyan
v
Island
Balabac
Island
Bata S t r a w
Cagayan Sulu
Ku,dat6 Island
1
Basilan Island
PANGUTARAN
GROUP
\ISLANDS ;e'JOLO GROUP
Ranau
A LIS
K
0 Sandakan 1A1
GROUP
Kin
ease on)
TAPUL
M a l a y s i a GROUP
ti TA WI TA WI
GROUP t\011-
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GROUP
r. L
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I Indonesia o
Tagolo
Point
C e I e b e s
Confidential 71385
No Foreign Dissern
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200090004-2

asrlatat,rnr^_�r`9 w_ IaratlavatalawnanLtatanrtRr
611-0 S i h u y a n Burias
a Island
4� t t Rnnblon Island 8ulan
oRomblon Matnog
'`i Tfcaa Ilan
Icaniara !C f Mansalay Sibu �an Js!and
e Is /and 2 asbate �Catai i Samar
.'Tablas Mandao M .26Lj p
Island Baludw n ar` albeyog 1
SEMIRARA` Masbate t aft
iervation ISLANDS Ibajay rr� Placer j, T=
o CI %cl ,.S Calbalogan
Kahbo i
Visavan Bibran
(2oxas
Sea Island j `Eorongan
Culasi i p fstancia V y AN
C rt
Panay r a i Daan tayan j C` a D >;1 TatJobeT':_ -I
917 1 u, ra Talisay 3
'C Guivan
UYO
ISLANDS Sum 5 G.- Bado Orm 1 F rd c
Pot x ,C! A C La_yte SungiPoint
t Cuyot' San Jose a St JL/Y J Gulf Hompnhon
de Ceb u
G B CiolAd ._Baba
f: nollo Island
y Y Leyte
Island Camotns
gGuimaras. fu n 29
Island y Sea I i ..,Dinagat
La Garlo Lapu�Lapu s
Panay o.
a n
Island
Gulf Negros
Kabankalan (y tfih gan Inabanga
Cauayan Taarcen' Siargao
,v Point l lsland
I Panaon
Island
Sipalay,�/ Suriga0
CAGAYAN J a ara
ISLANDS. ',8ar y l BOf70I ,7 '8ucesGrandelsiond
Bayawan a;
J a
Dumag uete a Mambajao
L i V r 3 }Camiguin f
Island 1, Tandag
Siquijor
Island
Tagolo
Point iii J t "t
5 %t DapAan
Dipolog C' an
u18 de r0
Sindaflgan Iligan rJ w4bal u i 2 r
a
gaga l J `i ,t jJ'J }y p, �f Mindanao
J R r 7
r qo alubig
y n ambulian f y i s aCaraga
t
ri `1 Omtenga Point
Cotaba o j
Island r �y. i I
LKdaO p .v.i' t .v,va s0 f{= vrr--'
Baltwas O O G j D I 9 gf =tie2 ,rZ .i
Q
Zamboanga
Cl N n "trait r d c..
t 7.3 Digos Davao 1
1 J rw l4 Gulf'jii;
J` Basilan Island t ti Wits
Cape San
t t J' Gneral Agustin
?'JOLO GROUP 1
SAMALES
GROUP
TAPUL
J "GROUP GO
PaG`QE C, e l e b e s
S a a
)SARANGANI
ISLANDS
Names and boundary representation
174 are not necessarily aufbanre >ve
Pulau Miangas
(Indonesia)
PUl.AU PULAU NANUSA
t (Indonesia)
',Pulau Karakelong
(Indonesia)
No Foreign Dissem
Military Geographic Factors Figure 15
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090004 -2