NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 11; SWEDEN; TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

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• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200090023-1
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ONFIDENTIAL
1 /GS /TT
>weden
lay 1973
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
NFIDENTIAL
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This chapter was prepared for the NIS by the
Defense Intelligence Agency. It includes a contri-
bution on airfields from the Defense Mapping
Agency, Aerospace Center and a contribution on
the merchant marine from the Department of the
Navy. Research was substantially completed by
November 1972.
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SWEDEN
CONTENT'S
This General Survey supersedes the one dated ';ep-
temher 1967. ropies c;f which should �e. destroyed.
A. Appraisal 1
Excellent transportation and telecom facilities;
railway, as primary means of long- distance trans-
portation, increasing competition from highways;
improvement plans for till facilities.
B. Strategic mobility 2
Contributions of transportation and telecom sys-
tems in times of military emergencies.
C. Railroads 3
Mileage figures and characteristics; international
connections; equipment inventory and traffic sta-
tistics; tabulation of characteristics of selected rail
lines.
D. Highways 7
Highway system and administration; construction
and maintenance problems; vehicle registrations;
characteristics of significant highways.
CONFIDENTIAL
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Page
E. Inland waterways 10
Geographic pattern of the system; adequacy com.
parative to moderate importance; tabulation of
characteristics of principal waterways.
F. Po fs 12
Salient features, tabulation of descriptive details
on major ports,
G. Merchant marine 12
Cone of world's most modern, efficient, and well
maintained fleets, numbers of employees and
training opportunities.
Page
H. Civil air 20
Membership in Scandinavian Airlines Systeon;
composition of general aviation sector, inventory
of registered major aircraft; repair facilities.
1. Airfields 21
Characteristics of air facilities system; char.
acteristics of most important airfields,
J. Telecommunications 23
Salient features of modern system; international
facilities; development plans.
Glossary 25
FIGURES
Page
Fig, 1 Selected standard -gage rail lines
table) 4
Fig. 2 Swedish highways photos) 7
Fig. 3 Selected highways table) 9
Fig. 4 Characteristics of principal water-
ways table) 11
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Fig. 5 Container terminals photos) 13
Fig. 6 Major ports (table) 14
Fig. 7 Selected airfields table) 22
Fig. 8 Terrain and transportation
(gyp) follows 25
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Transportation and
Telecommunications
A. Appraisal (C)
Transportation and telecommunications (telecorn)
in Sweden are excellent, fully capable of meeting
economic needs and of supporting moderate to heavy
military operations, In proportion to the population,
the density of both systems is probably the highest in
i Europe. Geography and the broad dispersal of the
population have influenced the pattern of the
networks. Most of the major ports and by far the
greater portion of raiLoad, highway, and inland
waterway mileage are located in the south (Figure 8).
Except in the Kiruna iron ore area, the land in the
north, especially above, the Arctic Circle, is
considerably less developed. In most of the country the
cold winter climate affects transportation and
telecommunications, presenting problems in construe
tion, maintenance, and operation.
Railroads are the primary means of long-distance
Iransportation, but competition from highway
transport is continually increasing. Stockholm is the
focal point of the rail network, with lines radiating to
the larger ports and major cities. Three lines connect
Stockholm with the north, west, and south; another, a
connecting route, permits north -south traffic to avoid
the largest lakes without hating to make major east-
west diversions. Train -ferry connections are made with
Denmark, West Germanv, East Germany, and
Finland.
fpil*hway transport provides short -haul feeder
service to the railroads and is the country's leading
passenger carrier. In many sections of central and
northern Sweden, highways afford the only means of
transport; however, the network there is inadequate
because of the steady growth of traffic and the paucity
of alternative routes. Of the 1970 total freight traffic of
34 billion tun miles, highways accounted for 19 billion
ton miles. Highway transport handled about 98% of
all short -haul traffic, which accounted for 80% of the
total highway traffic. Principal commodities moved
were manufactured and semi manufactured goods and
agricultural products. Inland waterway transport
plays a significant role in the economy, Although
handling only 2% of the annual total freight tonnage
moved by the three modes, waterways account for
about 14% of the total ton miles.
Ocean transport is vital to Sweden's economy. More
than 160 ports are scattered along the lung coastline,
and the merchant fleet ranks high in deadweight
tonnage among the nations of the world. About 80%
of the merchant fleet is engaged in profitable trade
between foreign countries. The fleet carries nearly 30%
of the nation's international seaborne exports.
Civil aviation, supported by an extensive system of
excellent airfields, is becoming increasingly significant
to the expanding economy. The government views air
transport as a means of developing commerce,
tourism, and international g. ^d will. Sweden has 65
major aircraft registered.
Telecom facilities are among the best in the world
and satisfy the requirements of the public,
government, and private enterprise. 'Telephone is the
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most used service, but extensive telegraph and
broadcast services are also available. Domestic and
international communications are handle) by an
integrated system of cables, open -wire lines, and
radio -relay links. AM, FM, and TV services reach over
90% of the population. The principal telecom centers
are, Stockholm, Goteborg,' and Malmo.
Most transportation and telecommunications are
administered by the Ministry of Communications and
its subordinate agencies. Public and private ownership
of rail, highway, and waterway faciliJes exist side by
side. Most ports are owned by the municipalities in
which they are located; most telecom facilities are
government owned.
Several plans for the improvement of both
transportation and telecommunications are being
implemented. Railroads are being improved through
modernization of facilities and equipment, but no new
rail construction is envisioned. Highway development
is being implemented through a 15 -year road plan
(1970 -85). The plan calls for construction of almost
1,000 miles of limited access, four -lane divided
motorways, most of them in the Stockholm area, and
about 5,600 miles of two- and four -lane national
highways. Major maintenance is to be performed on
100,000 miles of state, municipal, anct private roads.
Facilities at all major ports are being continually
improved, and most of the significant airfields are
benefiting from a long -term modernization program,
which began in !950. Sweden is also improving its
already outstanding telecom system. A major project
underway is designed to reinforce substantially the
coaxial cable system and provide it with the world's
largest transmitting capacity.
B. Strategic mobility (C)
Sustained movement and resupply operations in
support of military forces in southern Sweden would
be accomplished over excellent transportation and
telecommunications systems. The high density and
quality of the area's rail network would facilitate
major operations. The most important highways-
between Oslo and Stockholm, 3torlien and Sundsvall,
and Halsingborg and Sundsvall via Jonkoping and
Stockholm --all have sufficient widths to handle two
lanes of resupply traffic. Inland waterways would be
useful in the movement of bulk cargos.
In the north and north- central parts of Sweden the
low density of the rail network, its lack of alternate
routes, and its high wAlnerability to interdiction and
'For diacritics on place names see the list of names on the apron
of the Termin and Transportation map and the map itself.
2
interruption would 1wrrnit only limited military
support. Above the 60th parallel the highway network
s incapable c,f supporting sustained movement
Ix-cause of the paucity of roads, severe damaging
effects of spring thaws, and low road and bridge
capacities.
Sweden's 162 usab'e airfields could assume varying
roles in support of military forces; however, only a few
fields are located ;n the north. The chief role of the air
force is defensive; consequently. very few airfields are
capable of supporting sustained operations of aircraft
heavier than medium or light bombers. The limited
quat:tily of fuel available is also an adverse factor.
Underground hangars have been constructed at a few
airfields. In the event of war or other national
emergency requiring augmentation of the Royal
Swedish Air Force's airlift capability, th,-, Swedish
registered transport aircraft and Swedish personnel of
the Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) could be
withdrawn from the consortium and used for military
purposes. The considerable government holdings in
I.Anjeflug AB would assure the ready transfer of the
company's aircraft to the military, and the aircraft of
the nonscheduled and other aviation enterprises could
be acquired by requisition.
All of Sweden's major ports and most of the minor
facilities are adaptable to w'..litary use. The merchant
fieet's 146 cargo -type ships (dry cargo, roll -on roll
off /container, roll -on roll -off /trailer, container, and
timber carries), which have a capacity r about
1,070,000 deadweight tons, have extensive potential
for short -haul (48 hours' steaming) troop -lift and
logistics support in nearseas operations. however. a
large number of these ships are employed in
crosstrades between foreign countries and might not
be readily available for military support operations.
About 30% of the units have booms of 40 tons or more
lift and hatches of more ihan 50 feet in length. With
expansion of the normal passenger capacity, the 12-
passenger and two- passenger /cargo ships would have
considerable potential for longer haul (more than 48
hours' steaming) troop transport. The 46 tankers,
which have an estimated capacity of 16,720,000 U.S.
barrels, could provide a moderate fleet oiler or other
military support capability for a short period.
The modern well integrated telecom system,
especially iii the south, would be of great value to
military users in large -scale operations. Major telecom
facilities are well protected and would be vulnerable
only to a highly concentrated sabotage effort. Most
intercity cables are buried, and numerous alternate
routes are available. Many telecom facilities arc
installed in bombproof shelters, and emergency power
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supplies are provided, To cut off intercity telecom
circuits with Stockholm, or any other major urban
area would regwre destruction of cables, radio- relav,
and broadcast facilities in a wide area surrounding the
city.
C. Railroads (C)
The rail network had decreased in s;ze in recent
,years as a result of the government policy of closing
unprofitable lines which do riot provide an important
service, Route mileage declined to 7,578 at the
beginning of 1971 from 10,3(X) in 1954. The Swedish
State Railroads (Staters fartvagar -SJ) owns and
operates 7,004 miles of standard -gage (4'8 line
and 165 miles of 3'6" and 2'11" narrow -gage line. Of
SJ's 4,373 route miles of electrified line, 723 are double
track. A short segment of Finnish 5'0" broad -gage line
extends into Sweden in the Haparanda region near the
border. The remaining 311 miles of standard -gage and
98 miles of 211" narrow -gage lines are privately
owned and, except for one branch line listed in
Figure 1, will not he covered in this study,
'The SJ, one of the largest industries in Scandinavia,
is an important carrier of international traffic
consisting mainly of machinery, ore, wood products,
construction material, and POL. The network has one
of the highest ratios of railroad mileage, to population
in the world (0.92 mile per 1,000 people), and is more
than adequate for the needs of the country.
The SJ serves major administrative aril populated
areas, industrial and mining centers, and all major
ports in Sweden. Although rail and highway transport
are competitive, intermodal operations are facilitated
by concentrating freight handling at 32 rail centers.
The SJ controls over 20% of all buses and has
subsidiary trucking lines. Container operations are
concentrated at the following locations: Stockholm,
Goteborg, Malmo, Orebro, and Sundsvall; Vasteras is
a site of future operations. Over 90,000 containers
were handled by SJ in 1970, and this figure is expected
to more than double by 1975. Heavy competition
from highway transport, particularly for short -haui
traffic (less than 60 miles), and from coastal shipping
has limited the growth of the rail share of the freight
market. However, the SJ continues to carry about 70%
of the long- distance freight traffic� Recently the
railroads have been successfir) in drawing` additional
timber traffic away from waterways. The continued
increase in private ownership of automobiles has
lessened the growth of rail passenger traffic.
The Swedish network is concentrated mainly in the
southern part of the country wh2rc most of the
irnpxrtant ports, population centers, and economic
activities are located. The sparsely populated and less
productive northern areas are linked by two north-
south main lines, which are c onnecte.a by several east
west lines. They far north is served by the strategic
Lulea- Narvik, Norway line.
The mountainous tcpogr and numerous
streams and lakes throughout the country require
extensive, tunneling and bridging. Be us also require
special construction tec hniques and maintenance.
Snowsheds and galleries in the north protect the lines
from drifting snow, falling rocks, and avalanches,
There are four ir.eernational rail connections with
the standard -gage Norwegi;.n system: two routes lead
to Oslo, one to 'Trondheim, and orre to Narvik. The
last is the most importanR n:venue- producing line in
the Swedish systern. A fift!i international connection is
made with Finland at 1aparanda where a short
segment of 5'0" broad -gage line parallels the
standard -gage line between Haparanda and 'Tornio,
Finland. Freight moving between the two systems
must be transloaded at Haparanda or Tornio. Regular
train -ferry service affords five additional international
connections: two with Denmark arid one each with
Finland, East Germany, and West Germany.
'The Swedish railroads, like those of France arid
West Germany, have high st andards of construction
and are well maintained. The SJ is a semiautonomous
agency under the Ministerof Communications. Policy
control is exercised by the Railroad Board headed by a
director general.
In 1970 the SJ employed 47,224 personnel, down
from 52,303 in 1966. Subsidiary companies employed
an additional 8,030 people, The gradual decline it
personnel strength is a reflection of higher wages as
well as increased efficiency and mechanization. There
is no shortage of skilled personnel. Intensive on -the-
job training programs are conducted at two main
centers: one at Stockholm for administrative training
and the other at Angelholm (with branches at
Revingehed /Harlosa and Ystad) for technical skills.
The railroads offer afterhours courses and sponsor
studies with independent institutions. A few highly
qualified individuals attend advanced courses in other
European countries and in the United States.
The principal classification yards are located at
Hallsberg, Stockholm, Mjolby, Bracke, Kristineharnn,
Lanvsele, Ange, Nassjo, Malmo, Borlange, Boden,
Goteborg, Riksgransen, Trelleborg, Gavle, and
Charlottenberg. The facilities at Borlange and
Hallsberg have automatic hump yards, and
automation of the Savenas yard near Goteborg is in
3
y
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FIGURE 1. Selected standard-gage rail lines (C)
(Unless noted, all lines are single track anti electrified; direction of maximum grade unknown except where noted;
maximum axleloads greaW than 22 dwi tons are noted under remarks; minimum length of passing #racks is
2,460 ft.)
MAXIMUM
INTZRVAi.
MINIMUM viwrwzzw
MAXIMUM RADIUS OW PASSIAG
TERMINAL!
GRA11r, CURVATURE TRACK:
REMARKS
Pere.-nr Fee! Miles
L ilea.- RiksgraLsen- Norway border.......
1.2 935 12.4
International connection with Ntrway. iron
269 miles
ore line to Narvik, Norway. Maximum
axleload limit, 27.5 Short tape,
Roden-Haparanda- Finland border........
1.6 1,273 1411)
Nonelectrified. International connection with
103 miles
Finland; transloading operations at Hapa-
randa and at Tornio, Finland, to Finnish
5'0 line. Following nonelectrified branch
lines having ear e general characteristics
extend from terminals on main Hne: Mor-
jarv-Ka!ix, 16 -_�Aes; Karungi-Overturnea,
29 miles.
Gallivare-Ostersund
1.2 1,273 21,7
Nonelectrified. Following branch lines having
464 miles
same general characteristics connect termi-
nals on main line with terminate on Baden
Stockholm line: Arvidsjaur. Jorn, 47 miles;
Stori,man-Hallmis, 109 miles; Hoting-
Toranio, 75 miles.
Boden-Bracke-Kilafors-Krylbo-Uppsala-
1.6 955 23.5
Double track. Stockholi --Uppsala, 41 miles.
Stockholm.
Following nonelectrified branch lines hav-
727 miles
ing same genera) characteristics extend
from terminals on main line: Alvabyn-
Pitea, 32 miles; Bastutrask-Skellef tea, 30
miles; Vannas-Umea, 20 miles; Mellanxel-
Orn3kaldsvik, 18 miles. Stockholm is Swed-
ish rail -ferry terminal for internp.tional
connection with Finland.
Bracke-Storlien- Norway border..........
v7 955 8.5
International connections with Norway.
145 miles
LangseleAludikovall-(' avle- U ppsala
1.5 0 1,432 8.5
329 miles
Brunflo-Krylbo
1.4 *955 16.7
Borlange-Krylbo, 46 route miles, electrified.
300 miles
Gavle- Hoi-lange-Kil-Goteborg.
1.6 974 12.9
Branch line having same general charac-
354 niflen
teristle,* Vanersborg-Stronistad, 112 route
miles. Mpximum awleload limit, 25 short
tons.
LaXL-Charlottenberg-Norway border.
1.0 819 7.3
International connection with Norway.
71 miles
Krylbo-Miolby
1.0 791 3.0
Double track. Hallaberg-Frovi, 31 miles.
157 miles
Stock holm--Laxa.-G oteborg
1.0 955 2.9
Double track. Stockholm is Swedish mil-
283 miles
ferry terminal for connection with Finland.
Sodertalie- Miolby -Malmo
1.f 1,910 18.6
Double track. Common trackage to Jarna
350 miles
with Stock hol m -Laxa--Gotaborg line. Foi-
lowing double track branch lines having
same general characteristics extend from
terminals on main lines: Ludvika-Oxelo-
sund, 170-mile private line; Nassjo-Oakar-
sham, 92-miles nortelectrified; Nashjo--
Kalmar, 104 -miles nonelectrified; Nassjo�-
Falkoping, 70- miles.
Footnotes at end of table.
4
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1 FIGURE 1. Selected standard -gage rail lines (C) (Continued)
MINIMUM
RADIUS or
CURVATURE
Feet
*1,000
Katrineholm- Norrkoping 1.0
30 miles
Meilerud- Kornsio, Norway 1.0
40 miles
na
3
i
1
i
n
a
a,
na Data not available.
*Estimated.
955
progress. The trend is to consolidate and modernize
yards which are adequate for present needs.
The approximately 3,100 railroad bridges have an
aggregate length of over 30 miles and generally are of
steel girder and reinforced concrete construction. The
longest, the Arsta Bridge, a 2,500 -foot double -track
steel structure with an arched -steel span and
reinforced concrete arches, crosses the Arstaviken
(lake) just south of Stockholm.
The 78 tunnels have an aggregate length of 11
miles. Many are cut through massive granite and
gneiss formations and do not require lining. Tunnels
on electrified sections, however, are generally lined
with concrete to reduce seepage. Most tunnels on
double -track lines are also double track. The recently
completed 1.3 -mile tunnel at Garda near Goteborg on
the Almedal �Boras line is now the longest in the
system. The plan to link Sweden to Denmark by rail
tunnel has been indefinitely postponed. In the north
are numerous snowsheds and avalanche galleries.
Rail ferries are very important links with other
Scandanavian countries and the rest of Europe and
very important transporter- of international traffic..
The SJ operates five ferries: the Trelleborg (capacity
34 two -axle freight cars), the Skane (capacity 39), the
MAXIMUM
INTERVAL
BETWEEN
PASSING
TRACKS It.SJMARKS
Atiles
6.2 Double track. 3 -mile section Goteborg -Al-
medal, common trackage with Goteborg
Malmo line; electrified, Varnamo -Karl-
skrona, 112- miles. Nonelectrified branch
lines having same general characteristics
Varnamo Jonkoping, 45- mile8; Karl
skrona Kristianstad, 81- miles.
6.2 Double track. 3 -mile section ,tcborg -Al-
nledal, common trackage with Goteborg
Karlskrona line. Train -ferry connections
with Denmark at Malmo; East and West
Gernarv, at Trelleborg. Branch lines hav-
ing same general characteristics Astorp
Halsingborg, 16- miles, where rail -ferry con-
nection is made with Denmark; Malmo
Kristianstad via Ystad, 71- miles.
2.9 Double track.
na 8.0 International connection with Norway.
Starke (capacity 21), and the Drottningen (capacity
20) connect Trelleborg and Sassnitz, Fast Germany.
The Drottningen also links Trelleborg with
Travemunde, west Germany, and Stockholm with
Naantali, Finland. The Malohus (capacity 12 two
axle freight cars) connects Malmo with Copenhagen,
Denmark. It is planned to add large new ferries to the
Sassnitz and Naantali routes. Denmark and East
Germany also operate rail ferries to Sweden.
Automatic block signaling has been installed on
most lines. Centralized traffic control (CTC) is in use
on 1,179 miles. Most CTC is found on the heavily
trafficked lines in the southern and central portions of
the country and on the Lulea� Narvik line in the north.
Plans call for 1,800 miles of CTC operated from 10
control centers. Administrative centers are linked by
an automatic telephone network. A selective
telephone network connects the stations, most of
which have telegraph. Because of the great demand
for complete data at all levels of operation, the
teleprinter network now has over 400 terminals. in the
past, radiocommunication was used chiefly in yard
operations. Full -scale test of radiocommunication
have been made on the Kiruna� Riksgransen line to
link stations, trains, and repair and maintenance
5
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MAXIMUM
TERMINALS
GRADE
Percent
Goteborg Varnamo- Karlskrona
1.0
219 miles
G oteborg- Malnio- Trelleborg
1.2
210 miles
MINIMUM
RADIUS or
CURVATURE
Feet
*1,000
Katrineholm- Norrkoping 1.0
30 miles
Meilerud- Kornsio, Norway 1.0
40 miles
na
3
i
1
i
n
a
a,
na Data not available.
*Estimated.
955
progress. The trend is to consolidate and modernize
yards which are adequate for present needs.
The approximately 3,100 railroad bridges have an
aggregate length of over 30 miles and generally are of
steel girder and reinforced concrete construction. The
longest, the Arsta Bridge, a 2,500 -foot double -track
steel structure with an arched -steel span and
reinforced concrete arches, crosses the Arstaviken
(lake) just south of Stockholm.
The 78 tunnels have an aggregate length of 11
miles. Many are cut through massive granite and
gneiss formations and do not require lining. Tunnels
on electrified sections, however, are generally lined
with concrete to reduce seepage. Most tunnels on
double -track lines are also double track. The recently
completed 1.3 -mile tunnel at Garda near Goteborg on
the Almedal �Boras line is now the longest in the
system. The plan to link Sweden to Denmark by rail
tunnel has been indefinitely postponed. In the north
are numerous snowsheds and avalanche galleries.
Rail ferries are very important links with other
Scandanavian countries and the rest of Europe and
very important transporter- of international traffic..
The SJ operates five ferries: the Trelleborg (capacity
34 two -axle freight cars), the Skane (capacity 39), the
MAXIMUM
INTERVAL
BETWEEN
PASSING
TRACKS It.SJMARKS
Atiles
6.2 Double track. 3 -mile section Goteborg -Al-
medal, common trackage with Goteborg
Malmo line; electrified, Varnamo -Karl-
skrona, 112- miles. Nonelectrified branch
lines having same general characteristics
Varnamo Jonkoping, 45- mile8; Karl
skrona Kristianstad, 81- miles.
6.2 Double track. 3 -mile section ,tcborg -Al-
nledal, common trackage with Goteborg
Karlskrona line. Train -ferry connections
with Denmark at Malmo; East and West
Gernarv, at Trelleborg. Branch lines hav-
ing same general characteristics Astorp
Halsingborg, 16- miles, where rail -ferry con-
nection is made with Denmark; Malmo
Kristianstad via Ystad, 71- miles.
2.9 Double track.
na 8.0 International connection with Norway.
Starke (capacity 21), and the Drottningen (capacity
20) connect Trelleborg and Sassnitz, Fast Germany.
The Drottningen also links Trelleborg with
Travemunde, west Germany, and Stockholm with
Naantali, Finland. The Malohus (capacity 12 two
axle freight cars) connects Malmo with Copenhagen,
Denmark. It is planned to add large new ferries to the
Sassnitz and Naantali routes. Denmark and East
Germany also operate rail ferries to Sweden.
Automatic block signaling has been installed on
most lines. Centralized traffic control (CTC) is in use
on 1,179 miles. Most CTC is found on the heavily
trafficked lines in the southern and central portions of
the country and on the Lulea� Narvik line in the north.
Plans call for 1,800 miles of CTC operated from 10
control centers. Administrative centers are linked by
an automatic telephone network. A selective
telephone network connects the stations, most of
which have telegraph. Because of the great demand
for complete data at all levels of operation, the
teleprinter network now has over 400 terminals. in the
past, radiocommunication was used chiefly in yard
operations. Full -scale test of radiocommunication
have been made on the Kiruna� Riksgransen line to
link stations, trains, and repair and maintenance
5
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crews. The Sj believes that the use of radios will
improve train control, increase safety, arid enhance
efficiency. If the tests are successful, radiocornniunica-
Uons are to be introduced bc'.wecn Stockholm and
Goteborg.
Electric power supplies traction for 95:'�. of the
freight traffic and 94 of total train miles, but only
62% of the total route mileage is electrified. In 1968
69 (the Sj fiscal year ends on 30 June) the Sj used over
1.24 billion kilowatt -hours of electricity. Sweden's
abundant hydroelectric power resources are sup-
plemented by thermal generating plants. Almost all of
the rail system operates on 15,000 volt 16 2/3 cycle
alternating c urrent which is drawn from the national
grid arid converted for rail operations at strate gically
located converter plants, most of which are
underground. About 65 miles of line in the Stockholm
area are operated on it 1,500 volt direct current
system. Crude oil, imported from the Soviet Union,
Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, arid Nigeria, is
refined domestically. 'rhe :,j used 9.8 million gallons
of fuel oil in 1968 -69.
'rhe supply of arid rolling stock is
adequate, and all egc`.prnent is maintained in
excellent condition.
The average car capacity increased from 24.6 short
tons in 1965 to 26 short toes in 1970. The replacement
of older locomotives with powerful new electric arid
diesel- electric: units has cop'' cued. rhe Sj has fifteen
9,750- horsepower electric units, among the most
powerful in the world, on the Lulea� Narvik line. Most
equipment has the sta:adard European hook- link -and-
screw couplers and side buffers; rail -car sets hive
automatic couplers, and the new high- capacity ora-
hopper cars used on the Lulea� Narvik line have
automatic center- buffer couplers. Mcst of the freight
cars (40,656) and about 25 of the passenger cars are
suitable for use in international traffic. Most of the
equipment has air brakes. All ucw equipment is
designed to accommodate automatic couplers.
At the beginning of 1970 the Sj equipment
inventory include(] the following:
Locomotives:
55.5
Diesel............................
0 654
Electric
882
Railcars electric and diesel)
565
Passenger cars
2 X 642
Baggage and mail cars
382
Box cars
13,425
Gondolas
1,831
Flat cars
24,751
Refrigerated /insulated
1,411
Special purpose, including tank cars
6,928
'438 are under 350 hp.
6
Two -axle freight cars predominate; however, the trend
is inere:.asingly toward high- capacity four -axle cars.
Most rail equipment is produced domestically, but
in sonic cases foreign conrlxrrtanls :ire used. Principal
domestic suppliers are ASEA (Allnianna Svenska
Llektriska Aktiebolaget), ASJ (Aktiebolaget Svenska
farnvagsverkstadema), KVAB (Kalmar Verkstad-
saktiebolag), arid Nohab. Limited quantities of rail
material are purchased abroad, chiefly from tiro
United Kingdom West Germany, and other
Scandinavian countries.
Standards of maintenance and repair are high.
Major repair shops and maintenance facilities are
located throughout the system: eight for electric
traction mine for diesel- c iectric traction, and 14 for
lolling stock. Construction acid maintenance
operations are highly mechanized. Equipment is
manned by a well- trained arid efficient work force.
Season frozen ground, frost heaves, avalanches,
washouts, snow, and extensive bogs create the greatest
problems for construction and maintenance.
'I'll(- Sj administration and the Swedish Government
are concentrating on improving and modernizing the
existing network. A hot -box detecl- ii system is being
extended, and automated safety equipment is bein
installed at grade crossings. An electronic car tracing
system and a centralized freight billing procedure are
in operation along with an electronic passenger
reservation systern. The sJ is experimenting with high-
speed passenger service and is improving its roadbed to
handle the increased speeds.
Operating procedures are efficient and affective.
There are no major, operating problems or interruption
factors other than heavy snowfall in the north. Exports
and imports constitute the principal traffic and are
carried in almost equal proportions. The major
products hauled are iron ore, wood products, iron and
steel, othcr ores, POL, cement, brick, food, machinery.
stone, gravel, lime, coal and cone, and grain. Iron ore
carried on the Lulea� Narvik line is the chief source of
freight revenue. Sj traffic statistics in fiscal years 1969
arid 1970, in millions, were as follows:
FY 69 FY 70
Passengers
55.5
57.8
Passenger -miles
2,894.7
2,937.5
Freight short tons)
64.5
66.1
Short- ton -miles
9,560.8
10,512.8
Total Sj receipts during FY71 were equivalent to
US$510.2 million, and operating expenditures of
$553.7 million produced a deficit of $43.5 million.
FY70 operations showed a slight profit.
The Swedish railroads use '1'- section rails 33 to 66
feet in length and ranging in weight from 55 to 101
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pounds per yard with 87 and 101 pounds per yard
predominating. About 125 stiles of ran is rcncwcd
each year, most of which is welded into 919 -foot
sections. In 1969 there were over 1,300 miles of
continuous welded rail; the longest single section seas
34 iniles long. Concrete tics now predominate over
treated pine tics. Clamp -type fastenings are used with
concrete tics; spring -type fasteoings, spikes, and tic
plates are used with wooden tics. Ballast consists of
gravel and brolwij stone.
D. Highways (C)
The (list rihut',oil of highways has been influenced
chiefly by the rigged terrain, severe clin.,atic
conditions, and popul"tiol factors. The basic higltsway
system is concentrated in the southern part of the
country, where it provides access to inaior urban areas,
industrial centers, agricultural areas, and rail terminals
and ports. Large lake areas have influenced to sunk
extent tit(' alignment of roads in the network. North of
latitude. 60 rugged terrain and long, severe winters,
during which travel is infeasible, account for the
paucity of roads. International Itigjlway connections
are nude with the adjacent countries of Norwav and
Finland.
The highway network totals 61,000 stiles, of which
14,500 are crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth,
and the retraining 16,500 *.nil ^s are surfaced with
bitumen, concrete, stone block, or cobblestone. The
policy is to surface roads with bitumen, and the Ilse of
cobblestone and concrete hats been redneed. Roads in
tit( south arc in fair to good condition: gravel and
earth roads (Figure 2) in the north are generally in
pour condition. Except for sonic sections of four -lane
divided highways, surface widths arc generally 18 to
26 feet. Roads are usually 20 to 24 feet wide near
urban areas; rural roads play be as narrow as i0 feet.
Shoulders, where they exist, normally are of earth and
are ill) toy feet in Nsidlh. Roads above the Arctic Circle
are narrow, but during uhc winter when they are
frozen they have greater supporting capacity and arc
wider because snow is plowed to the outside edge of
the shoulders. About 18(/ of the total network is open
to 10 -ton axle and 16 -ton tandem -axle weights. 'this is
true for 81 of the national routes and 34% of the
principal through routes. Axle and tandem -axle
weights on 949i of the country's total network are 8
and 12 tons, respectively.
About 67 of the 9,400 bridges on the highway
network arc: reinforced concrete, 18% are stone-
masonry, I I o are tinibcr, and 4% are of steel. The
reliance on concrete is due primarily to the low
maintenance rccluircincnls. Stonemasonry bridges are
largely conccr;rtted in the south; timber bridges,
almost all of which are on local roads in the north, are
gradually being replaced with concr ^te structures.
Bridges on national and provincial highways ;rc in
good condition. National routes have of the
bridges, and (j3cj arc oil �acts permitting 10 -loll axle
and 16 -tun tandem -axle weights.
'I'hc ,hrev international ferry crossings un the systcnt
provide r onncclions with Denmark. 'funnels are being
(viistrucled on national highways in order to improve
alignment and eliminate bottlenecks oil these routes.
One tunnel is on the national route betwccu Malmo
and the Norway border. The 'ringstad hulnel is a
1,883 -foot six -lane stroc!;irc under the Cottaly in the
vicinity of Goteborg.
FIGURE 2. Swedish highways (J /OU)
01
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Typical gravel road in northern Sweden
Four -lane divided highway exiting Stockholm
to the north toward Uppsala

The resi)(Mdbility for highway constrtrc�lic rr and
maintenance rf-sts with the National Road Adminis
roads, extensive bridge ecuslruc�tiun and rdcons!nrc
tration (NRA), an agency of the Ministry of
Pion. pavittg gravel road~, and improving alignment
Ili(! reducing bottlenecks
Comntunications. There are local adrttinistratiorts of
by building tunnels. A more
ambitious
the NRA in each of Swe;len's 25 regions. The larger
program schedt. ed for c�ornpletiore ill 198()
duds
cities n
ad urban areas ciu out their
primarily with ddvcluprnc'rtt in and around
and
own construction
a nd maintenance uctivitic: 111d dccivc' subsidies from
Stockholm, euvisiorrirtg a series of belt
the state for principal through
and connecting feeder roads to serve the train traffic
routes. About 4! of
the totid construction of rural roads is done
routes approaching fhe center of tie cit,
y
by
contractors, ntainitl oil bridges and surfacing, while
The Road I'la;ueinA Commission rep ort cstirnatdd
that by
lice: NRA performs all other work.
1985 automobile toobile registration would increase
Highway construuion, particularly in bridging,
front 2.2 million to 1 6 rnillia;,, or one auto per two
inhabitants. The new fur
*radireg, and draining, is difficult because� of the
extreme climate. Swedish highways
plan calls construction of'94-1
miler of limited- access four -land divided motorways
require constant
maintenance because of severe winters d heavy
and 5,592 miles of national roads (four -lane
an
traffic. Sudden spring thaws and resultant fl:mds.
undivided) an d primary through routes (two -lan d
main highways)
coupled with frozen subsoil, cause severe damage to
and m;tintenance of 60,000 miles of
surfaces and bases. Because optirnurn soil nw isture
state- cunh�olled highways and -10,000 miles of urban
content is rarely attained in most areas, soils
stre and private roads. Financing. most of w is
are
difficult to compact.
to come front the annual road budget, will I,, the
The average construction time fora highwav
major impediment to accomplishing the objectives of
project
is 2 years. Earthmoving is done during the winter;
the pl an Owar the next S years increases in automobil
surfacing, during the summer. In the northern two-
registration fees tnd gasoline taxer and to net L'5512
billion, which is to he
thirds of the country the many deeply incised valleys
earmarked for construction of
the
necessitate relativel high bridges with long spares.
9.11 miles of limited Ic�cdss four lane divided
Along the entire coast, bridges over
notorvays,
river estuaries and
to islands must be high enough to
Bottldnec�ks that restrict highway tr affic include
permit
uninterrupted waterway shipping. The many bogs red
narrow arid low capacity bridges, sharp curves and
lakes require large amounts of rock and grav,!l for
steep grades, ferries on some routes, and numerous
causeways, and it is sometimes teedf.ssary to remove
underpasses. Poorsurfaces, narrow roadways, and high
traffic volnrncrs
unstable subsoils to construct the causeways. North of
latitude
in and near the larger population
centers result in major restrictions
60� the terrain is characterized by more
rugged relief and high mountains
to traffic. Roads in
the north hecornc ineirtssahle during spring thaws.
along the border of
Norway. Because of the problems involved
State Motor 'Traffic Boards grant licenses to
in
combating 'hc effects of snow and ice, considerable
establish and operate motor transport services, and
long- distance bus
effort and expense is required to keep the roads open,
service is provided almost
exclusively by the Swedish
and snow fences are used extensively ill many regions,
State Railways, whose bus
Large quantities of sand are spread on icy roads each
routes serve most of the country. Cornrttercial freight
winter. Severe damaging effects ol' spring thaws can be
rates are published anmrally, but these rates are
general commodity
remedied only by extensive rebuilding. Unpaved roads
rates anc! may be negotiated
between trucke Tolls
often become soft a;ed, in many places, impassable,
Sweden produces ample
and shipper. and c Cher ancillary
charges incurred by the trucker are not inclu cicd in the
amounts of steel and cement
for construction and maintenance
negotiated rates and are borne b the shipper.
purposes but must
rely on imports for bitumen.
In January 1970 the 2,319,815 motor vehicles
Because of rapid increases in traffic and a decline in
registered in Sweden consisted of 2,193,635 passenger
highway financing, the Ministry oI Communication
cars aril 156,180 trucks and buses. Sweden is a
significant
began an extensive review of the Twenty Year Road
producer of automobiles, btrt, because the
variety of domestic limited,
Platt (1958 -77), and established the Road Plannin
Commission to undertake the
modals is about two thirds
r vehicle t
review. The result was a
new Fifteen Year Road Plan (1970 -85) adopted in
sou c es of i st c (termunv and Etc
1969. The new plan incorporates the maior
United Kingdom.
provisions
of the old plan, which emphasized widening
Figure 3 lists characteristics of the most significant
existing
highwa
8
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FIGURE 3. Selected highways (C)
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SHOULDER
ORIGIN AND DESTINATION
DISTANCE.
avurACK TYPE
SURPACE Wllrrll
WIDTH
RKMAEKS
Miles
Feel
lialsingborg to Finland border at Haparanda
1,066
I
Undulating to hilly terrain. Fair to good condition.
via Jonkoping, Stockholm, Ornskoldsvik.
Mile 0 to Mile 617
617
Bitumi. ous................
18 to 26
0 to 6
First 25 miles exiting Stockholm two 25 -ft. roadways.
Mile 617 to Mile 732
115
....do....................
20 to 30
na
Billy terrain; width includes lanes for slow- moving
traffic.
Mile 732 to Mile 1,066
334
(travel, some bituminous.....
16 to 23
na
Odeshvg to Finland border at Karesuando via
1,074
Bituminous, concrete, gravel,
15 to 23
0 to 5
Hilly to mountainous terrain; some sharp curves and
Orebro, Ostersund, Stensele.
cobblestone,
steep grades. Fair to good condition.
Malmo to Norway border via Halsingborg,
380
Bituminous, concrete, some
17 to 26
na
Undulating to hiLy terrain. (food condition.
Goteborg.
cobblestone.
Malmo to Norrkoping via Kristianstad, Karl-
371
Undulating terrain. (food condition.
skrona, Kalmar.
Mile 0 to Mile 136
136
Bituminous, concrete.......
17 to 26
na
Mile 136 to Mile 371
235
Bituminous, cobblestone,
17 to 2:3
0 to 8
gravel.
Norway border to Stockholm via Arjang,
289
Bituminous
20 to 32
0 to 13
Undulating to hilly terrain. Fair to good condition. Some
Orebro, Vasteras.
stretches tree lined; some being widened.
Norway border at Storlien to Sundsvall via
360
....do
2 at 18 to 20
na
Mountainous terre:ir. Good condition. Resurfacing near
Ostersund.
ing completion Mile 0-Mile 236.
na Data not available.
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E. Inland waterways (C)
A system of inland waterways has been maintained
since the 17th century when a canal was completed
between Malaren and Ilialmaren lakes in southeast
ern Sweden. Today the waterways total 1,275 miles,
including the navigable channels through the four
main lakes: Malaren, Vanern, Vattern, and
1 lijalmaren. By 1945, road a.rd rail transport had
caused the waterways to decline in importance; r -nce
1945, however, some canals have made a comeback
i and again play some part in providing low -eost
transportation for bulk and general cargos. Freight
carried on inlar:d waterways in 1970 amounted to 7.6
million short tons, 300,000 tuns less than in 1969, and
about 90% of this tonnage traveled on two canals, the
"Trollhatte Kanal and the Sodertalje Kanal. Principal
cargos are ore, lumber, coal, cement, metals, arid
petroleum products. The waterway system is
considered adequate for n requirements.
The inland waterways form two basic networks
extending generally cast -west in the southern third of
the country and providing access to soutbern Sweden
as well as a cross peninsula route from the Baltic Sea to
the Kattegat. The many rivers in the northern part of
the coi!ntrv, unsuitable for navigation, are used
extensively for rafting timber to sawmills on the Baltic.
Development of a waterway system has been relatively
easy because nearly 10% of the country's area is
covered by lakes. The Dalslands Kanal, leading
northwestward out of Vanern, connects with the
Norwegian canal systern to provide the only
international connection on the Swedish waterways.
Most inland waterways are limited to craft of from
150 to 300 tons. Exceptions are the 52 -mile Trollhatte
Kanal, the 180 -mile main channel of the Malaren
Hjalmaren system, and the 13- rrriie Sodertalje Kanal,
which can accommodate vessels of 2,200 tons, 3.000
tons, and 4,000 tons, respectively. Other principal
waterways are the Gota Kanal from the Baltic Sea to
Vanern, the Dalslands Kanal system in western
Sweden, the Saffle Kanal system, arid the routes
through the four major lakes. The Gota Kanal is the
longest waterway, and the Trollhatte Kanal carries the
greatest tonnage. The water -level difference on the
Trollhatte Kanal between Vanern and Goteborg is 144
feet.
The major impediment to navigation ;s ice, which
either delays or halts traffic on ;an average of 3 or 4
months each winter. Icebreakers, norma."y used on the
most important routes, alleviate the situation
somewhat. Spring floods also occasionally interrupt
the normal flow of traffic. Frequent locks and bridges
on some waterways impede traffic arid increase transit
times.
Numerous structures of various types have been
built on the waterways, including at least 23 dams,
El
165) locks, and 258 bridges. Most of the lucks are more
than 100 years old and cannot accommodate craft of
greater than 3O0 tons capacity. Most bridges are
highway structures with movable spans of the swing or
bascule type. 'Twenty of the dams, built for the
generation of electricity, are bypasse with land or
natural channels equipped with hicks.
There are at least I00 ports of varying sizes acid
impo tanee along the waterways. Goteborg aril
Stockholm are the largest, arid, although primarily
maritime ports, they also handle an impressive
amount of inland waterway traffic. Other important
waterway ports are Karlstad, Vasteras, Linkoping,
Sodertalje, acid Trollhattan, Each of these serves
largely as a transshipment ;;,,int and bus from 3,(x)0 to
5,000 linear feet of wharfage suitable for alongside
berthing of waterway craft; each has adequate
handling, storage, arid clearance facilities. Sodertalje
and Vasteras have important storage facilities for
petroleum products.
The inland w aterway fleet in 1969 numbered about
'725 vessels, ranging in sire from small barges to
coaster -type vessels and having a total cargo capacity
of about 220,00 short tons. It is estimated that some
300 of the 725 -es,ols are for inland waterm ay use only
and range in capacity from 100 to 300 tons, The fleet
is generally adequate for present needs and is well
maintained. More Jun half the fleet is over 30 years
old.
Swedish waterways are owned and operated by the
national government, by municipalities, arid by
private companies. The government agency respon-
sible for most of the waterways, both state owned and
private, is the Board of Shipping and Navigation of
the Ministry of Communications. Tl_. Trollhatte arid
Saffle Kan..als, both state owned, are controlled by the
State Power Board of the Ministry of Finance and
Economy; portions of these waterways are used for
generating electricity. The Gota, Dalslands, arid Kinda
Kanals are the best known of the privately owned
waterways.
Some new waterway construction is in progress and
more is planned. Extensive improvements to the
Trollhatte Kanal have begun, and the first phase of
the project involves widening the Karls Grav section.
Total cost is to approximate US$10 million, and work
is to Lc completed by late 1974. The canal is to be
navigable by 3,01W ton vessels, compared with its
present 1,500-ton limitation. The Swedish Govern-
ment has recently approved a program to provide for
deepening the shipping channels in Malaren lake by
4.2 feet to insure a channel depth of 22.3 feet from the
Sodertalje lock to Stockholm and to the important
inland port of Vasteras.:;ompletion of the project will
require 3 years.
Characteristics of the principal w aterways are listed
in Figure 4.
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FIGURE 4. Characteristics of principal waterways (r)
(Measurements in feet)
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CHANNEL
CHARACTERISTICS
CONTROLIANG
UNDERBRIDGE
CLr-ARANCX8
Safe
CONTROLLING LOCK
NAME, TYPE, NAVIGABLE Lt;NGTII
Width
draft
DIMENKION8
Horizontal
Vertical
REMARKS
Trollhatte Kanal; natural, dredged, canalized sections of Gotaalv
82
15.1
Length:
295.........
i
Unlimited.
6 locks.
(river); land-cut canals, lake channels. 62 miles.
Width:
45
Depth over sill:
18
Gota Kanal; lake channels connected by land-cut canals. 11 i.7
65
9.0
Length:
114.3.......
23.6
58 locks.
miles.
Width:
25
Depth over sill:
9.7
Kind& Kanal; canalized river sections, land-cut canals, lake chan-
15
4.8
Length:
95.5.......
22.9
do
15 locks.
nels. 50.6 miles.
Width:
15.8
Depth over sill:
5.3
Dalslands Kanal; lake chann-As interconnected by straits, land-cut
13.6
5.5
Length:
97.4.......
13.8
09
22 locks.
canals. 74.6 miles.
Width:
13.6
Depth over sill:
5.9
Saffle Kanal; improved river, short land-cut canals, connecting
50
11.8
Length:
105_
30
Unlimited.......
Only lock is at Saffle.
streanis. 58,2 miles.
Width:
23.4
Depth over sill:
9.8
Milare-i�Hjalmaren systeni; series of lakes connected by land-cut
25
6.4
Length:
67.3.......
23.3
47.6............
47 locks.
canals or cantilized streams. 540 miles.
Width:
17.5
Depth over sill:
5.8
Sodertalje Kanal; lake channel, land-cut canal, canalized stream.
80
18
Length:
443..
65.6
Unlimited
One lock.
13 miles.
Width:
65,6
Depth over sill:
24.6
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F. Ports (C)
Sweden has mare than 160 ports ranging in size
from small landing places owned by industrial firms to
some of the largest and most modern maritime
facilities in the world. The seaports, most of which art-
in the southern half of the country, are valuable
centers for importing coal and petroleum products and
are outlets for the wood products, pulp, and
manufactured commodities shipped throughout the
world.
The ports are scattered along the shore from the
northernmost part of the G ulf of Bothnia on the cast
coast to the upper reaches of the Skagerrak on the
west. Swedish ports on the northern part of the Gulf of
Bothnia are often icebound from 4 to 6 months each
year. The four largest are in the southern third of the
country On the w est coast are Goteborg, Malmo, and
Halsingborg, and on the east coast is Stockholm
(Figure 5), about 30 miles inland from the Sea.
Most ports are owned by the munici in which
they are located. Eac;i operates under the dire -etion of
a harbor or port captain who in turn is supervised by a
harbor or port authority responsible to the city council.
Goteborg, M,!mo, and Stockholm have free ports,
which are municipally owned but are operated by a
separate company affiliated with the municipal
governmen'. A few ports such as Limhamn, Lulea,
and Oxelosund are pri aiely owned and operated by
large industrial firms.
Sweden has 17 major and about 150 r&ior ports.
The largest ports� Goteborg, Stockholm, Malmo, and
Halsingborg �are well maintained and well equipped
with modern, efficient handling facilities (including
roll on, roll off capabilities) and are completely
adequate for normal requirements. The remaining
major ports are also well equipped for cargo transfer
and are adequate for all normal requirements.
The ports continue to expand at a significant pace,
with present port development concentrated on thr
larger ports. At Halsingborg an additional area of over
6 acres and having a quay length of 985 feet is to be
developed near the Ocean Basin. Plans are heing
formulated at Malmo for further land reclamation for
the development of industrial sites and additional
berthing facilities. Goteborg's second largest harbor
project, Alvsborg, is under construction at a site
immediately to the west of the Skandia Harbor. 1'hc
area is scheduled for completion in 1975. Long -range
plans exist for tb development of a new and larger
petroleum facility about 3 miles west of the present
Torshamn site.
Details of major ports are tabulated in Figure 6.
12
G. Merchant marine (C)
The Swedish merchant fleet is one of the most
modern, efficient, and well maintained of the
traditional maritime nations and serves major trade
routes throughout the world. About 804E of the fleet's
tonnage is employed either exclusively or primarily in
trade between foreign countrie The considerable
amount of net earnings in foreign exchange derived
from this trade, which was equivalent to t1S8368
million in 1970, makes in important contribution to
Sweden's balance of payments. During the last few
years the fleet has c,rried no more than 30% of the
country's total volun)e of international seaborne
e xports. Because of tine importance to the economy of
the tramp operations, there is little interest by the
government and shipowners in carrying a larger
portion of Sweden's international trade.
In February 1972 the fleet consisted of 352 ships of
l,(K)0 gross register tons (g.r.t.) and over, totaling
4.641,218 g.r.t. and 7,138,988 deadweight tons
(d.w.t.), as fellows:
TYPE Ntrrtrr G.R.T. M.T.
Tanker 46 1,371,333 _,100,280
Tanker /ore carrier 23 826,521 1,429,944
Bulk cargo 52 728,732 1,118,788
Dry cargo 128 806,457 1,038,675
Car /bulk carrier 11 194,398 286,789
Refrigerator 28 200,170 204,566
Chemical carrier 15 127,653 202,070
Timber carrier 7 78,165 112,080
Passenger 12 116,941 28,087
Passenger /cargo 2 14,198 15,800
Other specialized carriers* 28 176,650 201,909
�3 wine tankers; 2 roll -on ;oil- ships; 3 con-
tainer ships; 6 roll -on roll- off /container ships; 9 liquefied
gas tankers; 1 cement, 1 asphalt and 3 car carriers.
About 14 (189 ships) of the total fleet deadweight
ionnage is of less than 10,000 d.w.t.; 14 (73 ships),
bct%vecn 10,000 and 19,999 d.w.t.; 4W' (76 ships),
between 20,000 aria 1)9,999 d.%v.t.; and 275 (14 ships),
more than 100,0 0 d.%y.l. The largest ships are two
tankers and one tai ker /ore carrier, each of more than
200,000 d.w.t. Or the fleet deadweight tonnage, 76%
is less than 10 years old, 15% is between 10 and 14
years old, and 9% is 15 years or older. A total of 74
ships have service speeds of 18 knots and over (29 dry
cargo, 27 refrigerator, 10 passenger, four roll -on roll
off /container, three container, and one bulk cargo);
218 have service speeds of 14 to 17 knots; and 60 ship
have speeds of less than 14 knots. A total of 330 ships
are diesel powered, and 22 have oil -fired boilers.
The merchant fleet is controlled by 48 private
beneficial owners (entities which take the profit or loss
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

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FIGURE 6. Major ports (C)
NAME; LOCATION;
ESTIMATED MILITARY
PORT CAPACITY*
ACTIVITIES
Gavle I Ranks fifth in maritime traffic; serves one of
60 17 largest and richest industrial areas. Principal
26,500 shipments--c-e, wood products, paper, paper
pulp, iron goods. Principal receipts �POL,
coal and coke, iron goods, clays, cement.
Goteborg............ Largest Swedish port, Scandinavian center for
57 �42'N., 11 �57'E. containerized cargo (Figure 5); handles gen-
78,000 eral cargo, POL, grain, coal, lumber, passen-
gers. Principal Swedish shipbuilding center; 4
large ,yards; 4 graving docks, largest 1,253 ft.
long; 11 shipbuilding ways, largest 700 ft. long;
7 floating drydocks, lifting capacity of largess,,
30,000 tons.
Halmstad........... Major industry of port is handling lumber.
56 �40 12 �51% ?rincipal receipts -coal, coke, chemicals,
12,100 machinery, pig iron, cement. Principal ship-
ments-- lumber and wood products, flour,
steel goods. Shipyard has 2 marine railways;
slip I has hauling capacity of 500 tons; slip 2,
1,000 tons.
HARBOR
Natural, well- sheltered eatuarial 'harbor comprising
mouth of Gavlean (river) and head of Gavlebukten
(bay). Water area, 850 ac es; depths, 13 to 34 ft.;
12 miles from open waters of Gulf of Bothnia.
Fairway limitations N. approach channel about 5
miles long; dredged depth, 26 ft.; minimum width,
200 ft.; S. approach channel about 5 miles long;
narrow; controlling depth, 14 1 /2 ft.
N
Improved river harbor consisting of outer harbor with
1 basin and inner harbor comprising 7 -mile stretch
of Gotaalv with 6 tidal basins. Good natural
protection.
Fairway limitationu� Approach from Kattegat
(strait) to Vinga (island) free and clear; Vinga to
Knippelholmen channel b miles long; controlling
depth, 49 ft. Knippelholmen to entrance to
Gotaalv channel 2 miles long; controlling depth,
40 ft. Channel in Gotaalv; controlling depth, 33 ft.
to Stigberg Quay, 31 ft. to Free Port Basin, 19 ft.
to head of harbor. Least width of channels, 600 ft.
Alvsborg Bridge just inside Gotaalv has 143 -ft.
vertical clearance; Hisingbron, draw bridge near
head of Gotaalv, has 57 -ft. horizontal clearance
through draw span. Channel to Torshanln Petro-
leum Terminal; controlling depth, 63 ft. for tankers
up to 250,000 d.w.t. Depths leading to berths
exceed depths in berths.
Consists of 1 1 4 -mile breakwater protected section of
the Nis.9an; includes 2 basins, 1 a new POL basin
E. of river entrance and secand a ferry turning
basin on W. side of entrance; general depths of
21 to 26 ft.
Fairway limitations� Approach from Kattegat to
Halmstad free and clear; dredged channel about '/2
mile long, 180 ft. wide; controlling dept}, 26 ft.
BERTHS
Alongside- -For 6 standard, 6 small ocean -type
cargo vessels; 2 standard, 65 small coaster -type
cargo vessels; 17 lighters; I large, 1 standard
ocean -type tanker.; 1 standard coaster -type
tanker.
Anchorage for large number of all sizes of vessels
in outer harbor; well sheltered in depths of 30
to 50 ft. over good holding ground of mud and
clay.
Alongside- -For 15 large, 39 standard and, 39
small ocean -type cargo vessels; 24 standard, 38
small conster-tvpe cargo vessels; 46 lighters; 9
large, 6 standard, 1 small ocean.-type tankers; 5
standard coaster -type tankers; 3 tank barges;
11 medium (SS, MSO, MSC), 20 small (PT)
naval vessels.
Fixed mooring �For 1 large, 4 standard, I small
ocean -type cargo vessels.
Anchorage- -For large numbers of all sizes of
vessels in W. and S. approaches to Goteborg in
depths of 24 to 96 ft. over good holding ground
of clay; fair protection except from WSW.
Alongside- -For 6 standard and 5 small ocean
type cargo vessels, 3 lighters; 17 small coaster
type, 2 small ocean -type tankers.
Anchorage -None in harbor except for small
craft; exposed S. through W. anchorage in
open roadstead provides large number of berths
for vessels of all sizes in Laholmsbukten in
depths of 22 1 /2 to 36 ft., sand over clay bottom,
good holding ground.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

Halsingborg.........
Sweden's third most active seaport after Gote-
56 0 03'N., 12�42'E.
borg and Stockholm. Principal receipts- -food-
22A00
stuffs, refined POI. products, chemicals,
metals, grain, fertilizers, motor vehicles, coal.
Principal shipments foodstuffs, chemicals,
rubber products, wood, paper, glass and glass-
ware, machinery, motor vehicles. 1 medium, 3
small shipyards; I end launching shipbuilding
way 330 ft. long; 2 graving docks, lengths on
floor 367 and 289 ft. Sma!1 shipyards in harbor
at Rea builds wooden hulled fishing and pleas-
ure craft and coasters; 1 slipway and 2 marine
railways, hauling capacities up to 850 tons;
yards in poor condition.
Kalmar
Area served by port is agricultural and highly
56 �40 1 N., 16 �22%
developed industrially. Principal shipments-
15,000
lumber, wood pulp, paper, grain, flour,
matches. Principal receipts �coal, coke, POL,
machinery, chemicals. 1 shipyard (Kalmar
Shipyard) builds coaster -type vessels up to
3,000 d.w.t.; 2 end launching shipbuilding
ways; 1 floating drydock, lifting capacity of
3,000 d.w.t.; I marine railway, hauling capac-
ity of 800 tons.
Karlshantn..........
Important industries: vegetable -oil and con
56 14
centrated -food factory, granite quarry. Prin-
8,200
cipal shipments� lumbrr, granite, vegetable
oils. Principal receipts �corn, cotton, copper,
cement, copra, soybeans, POL.
Karlskrona.......... Important naval base; numerous industries.
56�10'N., 15 �36'E. Principal shipments lumber, fish, paper
9,000 pulp. Principal imports- -coal, coke, oil, clay,
fertilizer, cement, grain. 1 large shipyard
(Karlskronavarvet AB) builds and repairs gen-
eral -cargo ships and special vessels but special-
izes in building, repairing, converting naval
vessels; 1 side -haul marine railway with haul-
ing capacity of 200 tons; 7 graving docks, larg-
est 600 ft. Has principal naval operating base.
Footnote at end of table.
Artificial harbor consisting of 4 breakwater- protected
divisions extending 4 miles along shore of The
Sound; total water area, 173 acres: general depths,
16 to 36 ft.
Fairway limitations Approach through The Sound
deep and unobstructed; controlling entrance widths
to 4 breakwater protected divisions, 295, 350, 260,
80 ft.; controlling entrance depths, 33, 39, 34, 16
ft.; depths leading to berths exceed or equal depths
in berths.
Well- protected artificial harbor_ on W. shore of Kal-
marsund consisting of inner harbor having water
area of about 80 acres and depths of I1 to 21 ft.,
and outer harbor having depth of 26 ft.
Fairway limitations� Approach to Kalmar is through
Kalmarsund from N. or S.; controlling depth
through strait is 26 ft. and minimum width of fair-
way is 260 ft. En!.ance channel to inner harbor,
which branches off main fairway, is 1,500 ft. long,
150 ft, wide, 21 1 /m ft. deep; depths leading to berths
in inner harbor exceed depths in berths.
Well- protected natural harbor consisting of water
area of about 60 acres having depths of 13 to 36 ft.
Fairway limitations Dredged channel from outer
harbor has least width of 200 ft., controlling depth
of 36 ft.
Well- protected natural harbor; facilities located on
several islands surrounding city of Karlskrona.
Harbor has general depths of 7 to 29 ft.
Fairway limitations Channel from Kungsholmen to
harbor entrance about 3 miles long, 500 ft. wide,
65 ft. deep; dredged approach channel to wharves
I mile lorg, 300 ft. wide, has controlling depth
of 26 ft.
Alongside -For 6 large, 17 standard, 5 small
ocean -type cargo vessels; 1 standard, 21 small
coaster -type cargo vessels; V lighters; 2 large,
I small ocean -type tankers.
Anchorage -For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes in roadstead of Raa harbor in depths 42 to
58 ft., over clay i.ottom, protected from channel
currents in SW. swells, and :n Halsingborg
roadstead 1 /2 mile SW. of Normhammen (North
Harbor), depths 42 to 96 ft., over good holding
ground, open to channel currents s ad swells.
Alongside'- -For 12 small ocean -type cargo vessels;
4 standard, 17 small coaster -type cargo vessels;
20 lighters; 1 small ocean -type tanker.
Anchorage �For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes in roadstead NE. of harbor or SE. of
Grimskar (island), both well protected in
depths of 24 to 36 ft., clay bottorn.
Alongside- -For 3 standard, 9 sne: ;l ocean -type
cargo vessels; 5 small coaster-t3 pe cargo ves-
sels; 7 lighters; 1 large ocean -type tanker.
Anchorage- -For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes in outer harbor in depths of 26 to 40 ft..
well sheltered, over good holding ground of
mud and clay.
Alongside �For 2 standard, 6 small ocean -type
cargo vessels; 5 standard, 4 small coaster-type
cargo vessels; 4 lighters; 1 standard coaster
type tanker; 5 medium -size (DI-, DE) naval
vessels.
Anchorage- -For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes in depths of 45 to 78 ft. in outer roadstead;
well sheltered over good holding ground of mud
and clay.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

FIGURE 6. Major ports (C) (Contilvj0d)
NAME; LOCATION;
ESTIMATED Mn.rrAHy
PORT CAPACITY*
ACTIVITIES
Landskrona..........
Local industrial activities: shipbuilding, fertilizer
55 12 0 50'E.
P� duction, metal wcrks. Principal receipts-
14,000
Volkswagens, molasseb, metal plates, chemi-
cals used in fertilizer production. Principal
shipments� fertilizer, grain. 1 large shipyard
(The Sound) builds vessels up to 110,000 d.w.t.
and repairs general -cargo ships, freighters,
refrigerated -cargo vessels, passenger ships;
3 shipbuilding ways, 500, 620, 950 ft. long; 1
floating drydock, lifting capacity 2,500 tons;
1 graving dock, length on floor 630 ft.
Lulea
One of world's largest and most modern ore
65-351N.,22-091E.
harbors. Principal shipments �iron ore, pig
10,500
iron, lumber. Principal receipts �coal, coke,
POL, fertilizer, cement. 1 small yard capable
of minor repair for small ships.
Malmo Important commercial and industrial center.
55 37'N., 13 00'E. Principal receipts --POL, coal and coke, iron,
50,000 tobacco, automobiles, general cargo. Principal
shipments �iron, wood, chemicals, fertilizers,
general cargo. 1 large shipyards (Kockums
Shipyard), 1 small yard. Kocku ns Shipyard,
one of largest in country, builds and repairs
general -cargo vessels, bulk carriers, tankers,
naval vessels, diesel engines, steam turbines,
steam boilers; 1 side launching, 4 end- launch-
ing shipbuilding ways 250. 571,1, 903, 710, 520
ft. long; 4 graving do -ks, lengths on floor 195,
525, 623, 1,329 ft. Smh'l shipyard at Limhamn
has several slipways cal able of minor repairs.
HARBOR
Well- sheltered, natural deep -water harbor formal
between mainland and off -lying islands and shoal
area; about 7,500 ft, long, 200 to 500 ft. wide,
depths of 22 to 29 ft.
Fairway limitations Approach t:irough The Sound
deep and clear of dangers. Entrance and bsrbor
fairways natural; least width of 200 ft., controlling
depth of 36 ft. Berths rether than fairways leading
to them limit size of vessels that can be accom-
modated in harbor.
Natural deepwater harbor consisting of 2 uivisions
extending about 5 miles NW.-SE,; water area of
about 5,000 acres, general depths of 8 to 39 ft.
Fairway limitations� Dredge-.t channel from Finn
klippan through Svartosund 8 miles long, 245 -ft.
least width, 40-ft- controlling depth. Channel from
Germundofjarden through Tjuvholmssundet about
5 miles long, 200 ft. wide, 29 1 /2 ft. deep. Bascule
bridge allowing 100 -ft. fairway width crosses chan-
nel between N. and S. harbor division.
Artificial coastal breakwater protected harbor hav-
ing numerous basins; divided into two components,
Malmo harbor and Limhamn harbor.
Fairway limitations -3 fairways to Malmo harbor
from open roadstead: northernmost fairway to
new oi, harbor 330 ft. wide and has 36 /s -ft. control-
ling depth; main fairway 3&) ft. wide and has 30 -ft.
controlling depth; S. fairway 260 ft. wide and has
19 /2-it. controlling depth. 3 fairways to Limhamn
harbor: N. fairway 0 outer POL berth 340 ft.
wide and has 34 -ft. controlling depth; fairway to
central harbor has 7 ,54t. minimum width and 26-
ft. controlling depth; fairway to S. harbor has 200
ft. minimum width and 16 -ft. controlling depth.
Depths leading to berths exceed depths in berths.
Bi:$THa
Alongside- -For 9 standard, 8 small ocean -type
cargo vessels; 7 standard, and 6 small coaster
type cargo vessels; 6 lighters.
Anchorage-- -For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes 2 /t miles WNW. of harbor entrance, well
sheltered in depths of 36 ft. over good holding
ground of sand and clay.
Alongside �For 2 large, 7 standard, 9 small
ocean -type cargo vessels; I standard, 5 small
coaster -type cargo vessels; 9 lighters; I large, 1
small ocean -type tankers.
Anchorage -For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes in Germundofjarden in depths of 40 to 65
ft. o� good holding ground of mud and clay.
Alongside �For 4 large, 41 standard, 24 small
ocean -type cargo vessels; 18 standard, 10 small
coaster -type cargo vessels; 41 lighters; 3 large,
2 small ocean -type tankers; 4 standard cowder-
type tankers.
Anchorage �For numerous vessels Of all sizes in
roadstead N., NW., and SE. of Malmo harbor
in depths of 39 to 45 ft. over stiff clay bottom;
well protected except from SW.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

Norrkoping........
58 16
17,200
Oxelosund...........
58 17
6,500
Distribution center of one of Sweden's major
industrial areas. Local industrial activities:
plants involving metals, textiles, raper, elec-
trical equipment, rubber, chemicals, ship re-
pair. Principal shipments� fertilizer, ore,
grain, lumber. Principal receipts �coal, coke,
POL, fertilizer, phosphate. 1 small shipyard
capable of most floating repairs on large ves-
sels and complete repairs on vessels up to
3,000 d.w.t.; marine railway has 3,000 -ton
hauling capacity.
Second most important ore shipping port in
Sweden after Lulea. Principal receipts --oil,
coal, coke, scrap iron, limestone, automobiles.
Principal shipments- -iron ore, timber, paper,
tractors. Small engineering firm in rear of
quay No. 1, performs minor repairs.
Well protected natural harbor at head of Braviken
(bay), 30 miles from Baltic Sea. Consists of Outer
Harbor, a cove. 3 miles long, 2 miles wide, and hav-
ing central depths of 12 to 50 ft., and 2 -mile
stretch of Motala Strom (river) having general
depths of 16 to 26 ft.
Fair %vy limitations Dredged channel through Outer
Harbor 2 miles long and having 200 -ft. least
width, ana z, ft. controlling depth; dredged chan-
nel in entrance via Lindokaualen 1 1 /4 miles loug,
200 -ft. wide, has 2d -ft. controlling depth.
Well sheltered natural harbor formed between 2
peninsulas and several off -lying islands; water
area about 80 acres. Steel -mill quay lies in partly
sheltered roadstead, about 2 miles NE. of main
harbor. Depths in main harbor, 18 to 66 ft.; in
roadstead, 18 to 48 ft., bottom of mud and clay.
Main entrance to harbor has controlling depth of 72
ft. in fairway. Depths leading to berths exceed
depths at berths.
Alongside- -Fur 5 standard, 18 small ocean -type
cargo vessels; 21 small coaster -type cargo ves-
sels; 5 lighters; 1 standard, 1 small ocean -type,
2 standard coaster -type tankers.
Anchorage �For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes in well sheltered Outer Harbor in dep +.:s
of 46 to 65 ft.; clay bottom.
Stockholm........... Capita! and second largest port. Principal ship
59 18 03'E. ments� paper, paper pulp, timber, machines,
71,000 metals. Principal receipts �oil, coal, metals,
chemicals, machinery, agricultural produce,
lumber. Shipyards- -Port has 2 large and 2
small 4hipyards. Finnboda Shipyard, on S.
side of channel to Strommen (bay), builds
and repairs general -cargo ships up to 15,000
d.w.t.; 2 shipbuilding ways largest 490 ft.)
and 4 floating drydocks (largest 478 ft. and
has lifting capacity of 8,200 long tons). Former
naval ship repair activities transferred to new
underground naval base and ship- repair com-
plex nn island of Musko. Ekensberg Shipyard,
at W. end of Grondal, builds and repairs
general -cargo ships up to 13,000 d.w.t.; 3
shipbuilding ways (largest 440 ft.), 2 floating
drydocks (largest 364 ft. and has lifting cape
ity of 3,300 long tons), and 2 marine railways
(largest has hauling capacity of 750 long tons).
2 small shipyards build and repair small
coasters, tugs, pleasure craft; 2 shipbuilding
ways (175 and 180 ft.), 1 marine railway
(hauling capacity of 800 long tons` 3 floating
drydocks (largest 131 ft. has lifting capacity
of 1,000 long tons).
Footnote at end of table.
Natural irregularly shaped well protected harbor oc-
cupying position partly on sea and partly on
Malaren; consists of 2 arms of sea, smaller arm off
I of larger arms, and several basins; total water
area of about 3,600 acres; general depths range
from 10 to 38 ft.
Fairway limitations �Three approaches provide
access to porn: E approach, Sando Channel,
shortest and most direct (36 nautical miles); con-
trolling depth 36 ft. N. approach Soderarm (55
nautical miles); controlling depth 33 ft. S. channel
(77 nattical miles); controlling depth 29 1 /2 ft.
Depths leading to berths exceed depths in berths.
Alongside -For 2 large, 2 standard, 1 small ocean
type cargo vessels; 3 standard, 2 small coaster
type cargo vessels; 9 lighters; 1 large ocean -type
tanker.
Fixed mooring �For 1 small ocean -type cargo
vessel in depth of 36 ft.
Anchorage �For numerous vessels of all sizes S.
and SE. of port in depths of 42 to 72 ft.; good
holding ground of mud and clay. Good protec-
tion except from E. through S.
Alongside -For 8 large, 19 standard, 48 small
ocean -type cargo vessels; 11 standard, 67 small
coaster -type cargo vessels, 33 lighters; I large
ocean -type, 1 standard coaster -type tanker; 1
representative sound- and river -type. tank
barge; 11 medium -size (MSO. MSC), 45 small
(PT) naval vessels.
Anchorage �For unlimited number of vessels of
all sizes in open roadstead in depths of 48 to
270 ft. over clay, good holding ground.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

FIGURE 6. Major ports (C) (Continued)
NAME; LOCATION;
ESTIMATED MILITARY
PORT CAPACITY* ACTIVITIES
Sundsvall............ Largest timber products, industry in N. Sweden.
62 17 Principal shipments lumber, pulp, paper,
25,000 tar. Principal receipts �coal, POL, salt, food-
stuffs, alcohol. 1 medium shipyard, largest
dry locking facility is graving dock 541 ft. long.
Trelleborg........... Surrounded by densely populated, highly devel-
55 13�09'E. oped agricultural area. Principal shipments
6,500 farm products, rubber goods, general cargo.
Principal receipts automobiles, fertilizers,
oil, coal, coke.
Uddevalla...........
Principal importance derived from timber trade
58 11
and ancillary products. Principal receipts
9,100
coal, coke, grain, linseed, cotton, iron, ore, salt,
POL. Principal shipments� woodpulp, paper,
granite, stone, oats, barrels, general cargo.
Port used as refuge for vessels during severe
weather. Uddevalla Shipyard has 4 building
ways (largest 985 ft. long) and 591 -ft. floating
drydock having 10,800- long -ton lifting capac-
ity. Yard's activities include building super-
tankers and main diesel engines and all types
of repairs.
Vasteras
Largest lake harbor in Sweden. Principal ship
59 16 �33'E.
ments �POL, ore, lumber, machines, grain,
7,500
general cargo. Principal receipts cement and
sand, petroleum, metals, scrap iron, chemicals,
fertilizers.
HARBOR
Large well- protected natural harbor with 4 main
divisions: Sundsvallfjarden, length 2 miles width
1 mile, depths 33 -75 ft.; Klingerfjarden, length 5
miles, width to 3 miles, depths 30 -150 ft..; 1 mile
stretch of Alnosundet, width 1 /2 1 mile, depths 30-
150 `t.; mouth of Ljuugan (river), length 2 1 /2
miles, width 1 /2 -2 miles, depths 30 -160 ft.
Fairway limitations Approach channels to all har-
bor divisions and wharves have 33 -1t. controlling
depth and 1 .12 -1 mile minimum width except
Alnosundet where minimum channel width is 230
ft. and there is a 13 -ft. vertical clearance beneath
Alno bridge. Depths leading to berths exceed
depths in berths.
Artificial harbor formed by 2 breakwaters; total
water area of about 37 acres; depths range from 9
to 26 ft.
Fairway limitations Dredged channel from Trelie-
borg Roads has over 1 -mile length, 300 -ft. width,
and controlling depth of 28 ft.; 280 -ft. distance
between breakwaters; depths leading to berths
exceed depths in berths.
Situated around mouth of Bavean, river emptying
into Byfjorden. Harbor consists of Kasenbukter.,
just outside and N. of mouth of Bavean, and small
bay immediately W. of entrance to Kasenbukten.
Fairway limitations� `three chanaels lead into Ud-
devalla, most important, the S. channel, has 36 -ft.
controlling depth and 262 -ft. least width.
Well- protected lake harbor convering area of about 1
square mile; general depths of 14 to 21 ft.
Fairway limitations Channel from Sodertalje has
about 50 -!Wile length and 21 -ft. controlling depth;
lock at Sodertalje has 442.9 -ft. length, 65.6 -ft.
width, 24.6 -ft, depth.
n F.ItT' B
Alongside -Far 2 large, 10 standard, 14 small
ocean -type cargo vessels; 13 standard, 18 small
coaster -type cargo vessels; 23 iighters; 1 large,
1 small ocean -type, 3 roaster -type tankers.
Anchorage -For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes in Sundsvallsfja� den in depths of 33 to 75
ft. over mud and clay bottom; in Sundsvall
sbukten in depths of 30 to 96 ft. over mud and
clay bottom; in Klingerfjarden in depths of 45
to 150 ft. over sand and clay bottom, good hold-
ing ground; Sundsvallsbukten open SL. to
NE.; Klingerfjarden exposed to SE.
Alongside -For 7 standard, 3 small ocean -type
cargo vessels; 4 lighters; 1 standard ocean -type
tanker.
Anchorage- -For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes in Trelleborg Roads in depths of 23 to 46
ft. over clay and sand.
Alongside� For I large, 7 standard, 4 small ocean
type cargo vessels; 4 standard, 2 small coaster
type cargo vessels; 13 lighters; 2 large, 1 small
ocean -type and 2 standard coaster -type tankers.
Anchorage �For numerous vessels of all sizes
over good holding ground of clay.
.Alongside -For 1 I small ocean -type cargo vessels;
5 small coaster -type cargo vessels; 6 lighters; I
standard coaster -type tanker.
Anchorage- -For large numbers of vessels of all
sizes well protected in Vasteras harbor in
depths of 36 to 52 ft. over good holding ;;oc
of mud and clay.
*The estimated military port capacity is the maximuni amount of general cargo expressed in long tons -that can be unloaded onto the wharves and cleared from the wnarf aprons
during a period of one 24 -hour day (20 effective cargo working hours). The estimate is based on the static cargo- transfer facilities of the port Existing at the time the estimate is prepared
anal, is designed for comparison rather than for operational purposes; it cannot be projected beyond a single day by straight multiplication.
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1
i
k
Q
from operations). Eleven domestic and one foreign
owner, each having more than 100,000 d.w.t.,
together control about 859i of the total fleet
deadweight tonnage (23u ships). The larger of these
owners are as follows:
OWNER
SHIPS
D.W.T.
Axel Brostrom Son, Goteborg
63
1,382,546
Satenrederierna, Stockholm
43
1,282,170
Granges A /B, Stockholm
19
71.5,680
Malmros Rederi A /B, Trelleborg
9
584,440
Axel Axelson Johnson, Stockholm
32
496,695
M. Bergman, Kungsbacka
4
401,500
Total
170
4,863,021
The only foreign owner is Stove Shipping, Oslo, which
controls eight ships aggregating 162,300 d.w.t. A few
owners control many ships, but most of the shipowners
have from one to three ships.
In order to compete more effectively with "flag -of-
convenience" fleets and those of other traditional
maritime nations, Swedish shipowners have concen-
trated on structural and technical modernization of
their fleets. Rapid changes in structure have been
nec- 6 tated by the demands of shippers arid by
technical innovations for adaptation to international
shipping standards. In addition to fleet moderni-
zation, some shipowners have been engaged in reor-
ganizing their shipping enterprises, either through
merging one or more Swedish shipping companies or
entering into cooperative agreements with foreign -flag
shipping interests for more productive operations.
Since 1967, Swedish shipowners have concentrated
on selling and scrapping a large amount of
noncompetitive tonnage and replacing it with more
efficient used or new units and have added to their
fleets highly specialized units especially designed for
employment on new trade routes.
Most of the fleet is engaged in liner (scheduled)
service and has experienced continuous increases in
operating costs. During 1970, shipowners' costs were
estimated to have risen by 30 largely the result of
increased wages, cargo handling, and bunkering
(fuel). In an effort to offset one of the highest crew
wage rates among the world's merchant fleets,
Swedish owners have concentrated on redacing
workload and replacing manpower aboard ship by
automation and technical improvements, as well as
disposing of less productive ships requiring large crews.
In October 1971, Swedish shipowners had on order
for delivery through 1975 a total of 86 new ships
aggregating about 4,859,300 d.w.t. About 93% of this
tonnage comprised 25 tankers, including seven units
each of more than 230,000 d.w.t.; 10 tanker /ore and
tanker /ore /hulk carriers ranging between 100,000 and
270,000 d.w.t.; and 12 bulk -cargo ships between
2.;,400 and 115,000 d.w.t. About 67% of the total
deadweight tonnage on order was placed in domestic
shipyards and the remainder in shipyards in East
Germany, Finland, France, the Netherhinds, Norway,
Spain, the Soviet Union, West Germany, and
Yugoslavia.
In addition to ships of 1,000 g.r.t. and over, there
are several hujidred smaller merchant ships employed
in coastal operations and in trade with neighboring
countries bordering the Baltic Sea. Included in this
trade are about 70 tankers ranging bet%%ecn 100 and
999 g.r.t., totaling about 26,000 g.r.t., and an
undetermined number of dry cargo, passenger, and
ferry units. Included in Sweden's ferry fleet are 31
car /passenger ferries of 1,000 g.r.t. and over, totaling
about 92,000 g.r.t., which are emploved between
Swedish ports and between Swedish and other
northern European ports. The oceangoing fishing fleet
consists of about 100 vessels between 100 and 499
g.r.t., totaling 16,500 g.r.t.
Merchant- marine functions are administered by the
Ministry of Communications through the Department
of Shipping and Board of Shipping. Sweden is it
member of the Intergovernmental Maritime
Consultative Organization (IMCO) and is party to the
following IMCO conventions: Safety of Life at Sea,
1948 arid 1960: Prevention of Collisions at Sea, 1960;
Oil Pollution, 1954 and 1962; Facilitation of
International Maritime Traffic, 1965; and Load
Lines, 1966.
The basic philosophy underlying the nation's
maritime policy is one of freedom of competition on
the seas. However, Swedish shipowners engaged in
trade between foreign countries are faced with
in ,-rearing hardships caused by flag- discrimination
practices of foreign governments. As a measure to
counter such discrimination against Swedish ships, the
government prohibits Swedish shipping interests from
the chartering of or transport by ships registered in the
discriminating countries. Except for this prohibition,
the government police toward merchant shipping is
nonrestrictive and nondiscriminatory: there is no
significant intervention in operations of the shipping
industry.
In keeping with the government's policy of
noninterference and the shipowners' preference for
free enterprise, no direct subsidization is provided for
fleet development or operations in international trade.
Indirect assistance to shipowners is primarily in the
form of tax benefits. Shipowners are not taxed on
earnings derived from the sale of ships providing such
earnings are used for acquiring new ships, owners are
19
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also permitted to transfer profits to a tax -free fund for
equalizing market fluctuations in the business evele.
Another form of assistance to shipowners is the
provision of state- guarantee.: loans for new -ship
i construction.
In mid -1970, about 16,000 ,eafa ring personnel were
employed aboard Swedish -r erchant ships of 300 g.r.t.
and over, including 6,000 foreign nationals. For many
years the demand for workers ashore in highly
industrialized Sweden has made it difficult to recruit
native seafaring personnel. The large number of aliens
employed on Swedish ships is attributed not only to
the shortage of Swedish personnel but to superior wage
ra tes.
Government- sponsored merchant marine schools
provide training for officer cadets who must complete
a period of practical shipboard experience prior to
completing a variety of excellent courses. Swedish
seamen are not required to have previous training and
experience for unskilled jobs but are trained aboard
ship. Swedish shipowners generally believe that
quality rather than quantity is more important to
manning their ships and thus are placing more
emphasis on individual specialized and theoretical
training to increase a seaman's competence for more
qualified work.
Because of negotiation rather than imposition of
law, there is an excellent relationship between
shipowners and the Swedish maritime unions. Much
shipowner success in reducing the number of
employees is attributable to the understanding
attitude and support of the maritime unions and
organizations. Crew reduction has been accomplished
primarily by introducing very specialized shore
training, by improved planning and organization of
work aboard ship, and by considerable changes made
in manning structure.
H. Civil air (C)
Sweden's domestic civil aviation policies �arc
designed to promote a balanced expansion of its
internal air services in order to accommodate the
growth in demand generated by the nation's
expanding economy. These internal air links are
especially significant to the northern areas where
surface transportation is adversely affected by winter
conditions. Because of its membership in the
Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) consortium with
Denmark and Norway, Sweden pursues international
aviation policies that are close!y integrated with these
two nations. These policies are aimed toward
expanding SAS' worldwide services while insuring that
the company remains the dominant carrier within
Scandinavia.
20
As a result of the success of these policies, Sweden
has excellent domestic and international scheduled
passenger service Two Swedish airlines serve 23
domestic points; daily high frequency service links the
major population centers.
SAS is the larger of the scheduled airlines and is the
only one providing both domestic and international
services. The Swedish participant in the SAS
consortium is Aktiebolagel Aerotransport, a nori-
operating holding company owned ?ointl by the
government and private interests. SAS set es 26 cities
in Scandinavia, including seven in Sweden, and flies
scheduled services worldwide to 90 cities in 46
countries. SAS operates through the U.S.S.R. from
Stockholm via Moscow and Tash!:ent to the Far East.
Flight operations are conducted with a fleet of 74
aircraft composed of two Boeing 747B's, six Douglas
DC- 8 -63's, five Doughis DC-8 -62's, three Douglas
DC- 8- 62F's, 24 Douglas DC- 9 -40's, two Douglas DC-
9- 30F's, 10 Douglas DC- 9 -20's, 13 Aerospatiale
Caravelles, and nine Convair 440/340*s. 'Thirty of
there aircraft are registered in Sweden; the remaining
are registered in Denmark and Norwav in accordance
with the SAS consortium agreement. The SAS system
employs about 14,300, in three countries, including
1,160 pilots, 80 navigators, and 3,700 maintenance
and overhaul personnel.
SAS owns 30% of Thai International, Thailand's
international flag carrier, and has a 251 interest in
Gronlandsfly A/S (Greenlandair), which provides
domestic service within Greenland and performs
coastal ice patrols, With its subsidiary, Scanair, SAS
has entered the growin vacation charter market, and
with another subsidiary, Linjeflug AB (LIN), SAS
controls the Swedish domestic airline market. LIN
serves 22 towns and cities in Sweden with a fleet of
four Aerospatiale N -262's and 16 Comvaii CV
440/340's.
The general aviation sector of the Swedish civil
aviation establishment is comprised of a large number
of charter cargo and passenger and airwork
companies. It is the fastest growing component of
aviation because of the popularity of private flying
and the necessity for developing specialized aviation
enterprises to support the expansion of the domestic
economy. For example, about 400 to 500 students per
year are trained and receive private licenses, and the
number of civil aircraft registered in Sweden is just
under 1,000. Sweden has 19 operating charter
companies; the largest of these are Scanair and
Sterling Airways. Five large airwork companies
perform various tasks such as aerial ambulance and
mapping operations. Finally, some 130 gliding and
flying clubs are active throughout the country.
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The following 72 civil aircraft of at least 20,00
pounds gross weight are registered in Sweden:
4 Aerospatiale N -262 1 Douglas DC -8-55
4 Aerospatiale Caravelle III 2 Douglas DC -8 -62
5 BAC Viscount 700D 1 Douglas DC -8 -62F
1 Boeing 747B 3 Douglas DC -8 -63
2 Boeing 727 -100 10 Douglas DC -9 -40
I Boeing 'r27 -100C 1 Douglas DC -9 -30F
23 Convair 44 0/340......... 4 Douglas DC -9 -20
1 Dassault Falcon 20 I Douglas DC -3
2 Douglas DC -6B 3 Lockheed L -188 Electra,
Three S%vedish- registered DC -8 -30 aircraft are
leased to Thai International.
Most Swedish transport pilots receive their initial
flight training during their military service. The most
complete training facility is SAS's flight simulator
equipped base at Stockholm where the airline
conducts aircraft conversion training, transport- rating
courses, and routine training to maintain flight crew
proficiency. In addition, 12 specialized flight schools
offer training for helicopter licenses and flight
engineer and airline transport ratings. Regular primary
flight training courses are also offered.
The nation's most complete maintenance facilities
are those of SAS at Stockholm. Airframe and engine
overhauls for all versions of the DC -8 aircraft used by
SAS are accomplished here. SAS maintenance centers
in Norway and Denmark handle DC -9 and Caravelle
repair work. Twenty other civil aircraft maintenance
organizations carry out various types of aircraft,
powerplant, and aircraft component overhaul. The
largest of these are FFV Forende Fabdksverken, AB
Svenska Flygverkstaderna, aid Ostermans Aero AB.
The Swedish Board of Civil Aviation administers
Sweden's civil aviation affairs. Sweden is a member of
the International Civil Aviation Organization �ICAO
and is a party to the major multilateral conventions
and agreements governing international air transpor-
tation. The government has entered into air transport
agreements or arrangements with some 90 other
countries. SAS is a member of the International Air
Transport Association� IATA aril has operating
agreements with Swissair and KLM covering
maintenance and training arrangements for its Boeing
74713's and newly ordered Douglas DC -10's.
I. Airfields' (C)
The air facilities system of Sweden (including the
island of Gotland) consists of 16 usable airfields, 27
sites, and nine seaplane stations. Of the usable
airfields, 29 are primarily military but open to civil
'For detailed information on individual air facilities in Sweden
see Volume 12, Airfields and Seaplane Stations of the World,
published by the Aeronautical Chart and Information Center for
the Defense Intelligence Agency.
1 traffic. One airfield is used jointly. All of the major
civil airfields and most of the permanent Royal
S%vedish Air Force Lases are located in the south,
primarily in the Stockholm area and the central
lowlands to the west and southwest. The remaining
airfields are widely- dispersed, and only a few
permanent military bases are located in the sparsely
populated northern regions.
Sweden's airfields and navigational and landing
aids comprise an efficient and well- integrated system
entirely adequate to support domestic and interna-
tional air traffic. Arlanda, the principal international
airfield, is capable of handling the heaviest aircraft in
use. Arlanda and Bromma have extensive logistic
support capability, all types of cargo- handling
equipment, and extensive parking facilities. Bromma,
originally developed as the main international traffic
terminal, is used primarily for domestic flights and as
an alternate airfield for Arlanda. Excellent
maintenance facilities are available, and the airfield is
capable of supporting two squadrons of B -57 aircraft.
7'he runways at the remaining international airfields
of Torslanda, Visbv, and Sundsvall /flarnosand are
constructed to withstand sustained operations of
aircraft, and Bulltofta can support C -124 aircraft. The
airfields of Kungsangen, Skelleftea, Umea, Karlstad,
Ornskoldsvik, Kiruna, Jonkoping, and Sandviken are
capable of handling aircraft up to and including the
C -130. I Iultsfred and Gunnarn are good operational
airfields. Halmstad has an excellent weight- bearing
ca,mcity. A new international airfield, under
construction at Sturup, about 12 miles east southeast
of Malmo, is to be the second largest airfield in
Sweden and is to replace Bulltofta as Malmo's
international airfield.
Eighty -six airfields have hard surfaced runways,
most in good condition. About 7 'i, have the weight
bearing capacity to accommodate light -cargo and
troop carrier aircraft; nearl all have taxiways and
most have aprons. About 25% to 30% have airline
operations. Many of the 76 natural- surface airfields
are used by aeroclubs; others are maintained a.
emergency landing grounds or auxiliary fields for the
air force. The 27 sites are unusable in their present
condition. Only oncr of the nine seaplane stations is
active.
Sweden intends to equip and maintain airports of
entry to meet future demands of international traffic.
A modernization program begun in 1950 to meet the
increasing demands of high -speed aircraft is
continuing. At this time budgetary limitations make
prospects for major expansion remote. The military
airfield system seems adequate to handle needs into
the 1980'x.
Figure 7 lists characteristics of the most important
airfields.
21
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FIGURE 7. Selected airfields (C)
NAME AND LOCATION
LONGEST RUNWAY;
SURFACE; DIMENSIONS;
ELEVATION ABOVE
SEA LEVEL
LARGEST AIRCRAFT
ESWL* NORMALLY SUPPORTED REMARKS
22
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Feet
rounds
Arlanda
Concrete............
71,500
Boeing 747..........
Civil. International airfield. Avgas, jet
59 17 56 1 E.
10,827 x 148
fuel available.
N. of Stockholm
123
Bromma
Asphalt.............
48,494
DC-- 7...............
Civil. International airfield. Avgas, jet
59 �21 17
6,617 x 197
fuel available. Mainly feeder traffic.
NW. of Stockholm
48
Bulltofta
Asphalt.............
48,494
DC- 7...............
Civil. International airfield. Avgas, jet
55 13
6,234 x 197
fuel available.
E. of Malmo
19
Froson
Asphalt.............
59,893
C-124...............
Military. Avgas, jet -fuel storage under
63 �12 14 �30
7,546 x 131
ground.
NW. of Ostersund
1,233
Halmstad
Concrete............
51,102
C- 97................
Military. Avgas, jet -fuel storage under
56 12
7,546 x 131
ground. Excellent weight- bearing ca-
83
pacity.
Hultsfred
Asphalt.............
17,034
C- 131...............
Military. Avgas, jet fuel available. Good
57 �36 15 �50%
6,562 x 131
operational field.
368
Jonkoping
Asphalt.............
17,034
Convair 440.........
Civil. Serves industrial area. Avgas
57 �46 14 �05
5,938 x 148
available.
739
Kallax
Asphalt.............
59,893
C- 124...............
Military. Avgas, jet fuel underground.
65 �33 22'08
7,218 x 148
Strategic location.
S. of Lulea
55
Kalmar
Asphalt.............
28,160
C- 54................
Military. Avgas, jet fuel underground.
56 16
7,546 x 125
21
Karlstad
Asphalt.............
17,034
L;onvair 440.........
Civil. Avgas available. Good operational
59 13 �28
4,593 x 148
airfield.
152
Kiruna
Asphalt.............
48,494
DC- 7...............
Civil. Avgas available. Northernmost
67 20 �21%
6,562 x 148
airfield in Sweden.
1,507
Kungsangen
Concrete............
35,500
C- 130...............
Military. Avgas, jet fuel available.
58 *36'N., 16
5,577 x 148
I?,. of Norrkoping
17
Ornskoldsvik
Asphalt.............
17,034
Convair 440.........
Civil. Avgas available. Good operational
63 18
4,921 x 148
field.
351
Ronneby
Concrete............
17,034
C- 131...............
Military. Avgas, jet fuel available.
56 15
7,546 x 131
191
Uandviken
Asphalt.............
35,500
C- 130...............
Joint. Avgas, jet fuel available. Good
60 �36 16 �57
6,562 x 148
weight bearing capacity.
222
Skelleftea
Asphalt.............
17,034
Convair 440.........
Civil. Avgas available. Good operational
64 21
4,921 x 148
field.
153
Sundsvall Harnosand.....
Asphalt.
17,034
....do..............
Civil. International airfield. Avgas, jet
62 17
5,249 x 197
fuel available.
13
Toralanda
Asphalt.............
80,160
Super Constellation...
Civil. International airfield. Avgas, jet
57 11
6,329 x 197
fuel available. Limited fuel storage
W. of Goteborg
27
capacity.
Footnote at end of table.
22
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FIGURE 7. Selected airfields (C) (Continued)
NAME AND LOCATION
Umea
63 �48'N., 20 �17'E.
Visby
57 �39'N., 18
LONGEST RUNWAY;
SURFACE; DIMENSIONS;
ELEVATION ABOVE LARGEST AIRCRAFT
SEA LEVEL ESWL NORMALLY SUPPORTED
REMARKS
Feel founds
Asphalt 17,034 Convair 440......... Civil. Avgas available. Good operational
5,249 x 148 field.
148
Asphalt 60,160 duper Constellation... Joint. International airfield. Avgas, jet
6,562 x 197 fuel available.
167
*Equivalent Single -Wheel Loading: Capacity of an airfield runway to sustain the weight of any multiple wheel landing -gear
aircraft in terms of the single -wheel equivalent.
J. Telecommunications (C)
The telecommunication (telecom) systems in
Sweden are modern and among the most highly
developed in the world. Domestic and international
telephone, telegraph, telex, facsimile, data transmis-
sion, and radio and television (TV) broadcast services
meet all of the public, government, industrial, and
military requirements. Facilities are available
throughout Sweden, but the networks are denser in the
more populous southern half of the country. Key
telecom centers are in Stockholm, Goteborg, Malmo,
Karlstad, and Sundsvall. Sweden ranks second to the
United States in numbers of telephones and TV
receive) sets per capita and leads all European
countries in the number of radiobroadeast receivers.
Most telecom facilities are government owned and
operated. The Swedish Telecommunication Adminis-
tration (Televerket �STA), a government -owned
commercial enterprise under the jurisdiction of the
Ministry of Communications, is responsible for
telecom operations. The Swedish parliament I( gislates
on policies regarding the services to be provided, but
the STA controls and operates most of the facilities in
the public telecom system and performs ad-
ministration and planning functions. The most
significant commercial telecom enterprise is the
Swedish Broadcasting Corporation (Sveriges Radio
AB �SBC), operating under government concession.
The SBC operates radio and TV studios and prepares
most radio and TV programs, but several other
commercial firms also operate TV studios and prepare
programs for the SBC. Public utilities, private
railroads, taxicab companies, and manufacturers are
among the commercial organizations that operate
private telecom facilities.
Domestic systems incluth en -wire lines, cry ial
and multiconductor cables, and radio -relay links. I he
main long- distance network is comprised of coaxial
and multiconductor cables for telephone, telegraph,
telex, and data transmission. The major cable lines
extend from Malmo, in the south, to Kiruna, in the
north, and from Stockholm, in the east, to Goteborg,
in the west. The cable routes are commonly paralleled
by radio -relay links used primarily for radiobroadeast
and TV programs, but telephone channels also are
available on the main routes. Traffic handling
capacity of the entire system is greatly increased by the
use of carrier and automatic switching equipment;
computer controlled exchanges are in use in the
national long distance network. Sweden has about 58
telephones per 100 population; all of the 4,636,000
telephones are connected to automatic exchanges.
Conventional telegraph traffic includes about 9,300
teleprinters of which 8.000 are of the dial type
connected to the automatic teletypewriter exchange
service, and 1,300 are full -time fixed connections
outside the automatic telex network.
international telecom facilities consist of telephone,
telegraph, telex, facsimile, data transmission,
radiobroadeast, and TV services. Circuits are provided
by radiocommunication stations, radio -relay links,
landlines, submarine cables, and it satellite ground
station. Radiocommunication facilities, controlled
from Stockholm, provide direct high frequency (HF)
circuits between Sweden and all major world centers.
Radio -relay links provide circuits to Denmark,
Finland, and Norway. International landlines, a
continuation of domestic networks, link Sweden with
Norway and Finland. Ten submarine cables providing
direct channels for telephone, telegraph, and telex
circuits, as well as radio and TV broadcast programs,
extend to Denmark, West Germany, East Germany,
Finland, and the United Kingdon. As it Iu Mber of the
Scaudinavi-m Telecommunicativol Satellite t otmcil
(Teh afr! ilradl Sweden operates joit%0 %with
23
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Denmark and Norway a satellite ground station at
Tanum, north of Goteborg. The station employs :34
permanent telephone circuits with the United States
and Canada; additional equipment in the near future
is to enable the station to establish connections with
South America, Africa, and the Middle East.
Occasional TV programs are being exchanged in both
directions with the United States and Canada.
Government agencies and commercial firms operate
special telecom systems, generally not available for
public services. The STA provides wire lines, most of
the radio equipment, and controls the use of special
purpose radio stations. The Civil Air Administration
and the air force operate aeronautical radio stations
for air traffic control and navigation. The navy has
radio stations for ship -to -shore service. The Swedish
Stuie Railways also operates an extensive telephone
and telegraph service. Civil Defense units use about
500 fixed and 5,000 mobile very- high frequenc
(VHF) radio stations; police, fire brigades, in(']
municipal governments also use these facilities.
Radio, TV, and wired broadcast networks are well
developed, and programs in at least one medium are
available to most of the population. Forty -two AM
radiobroadcast stations have 73 transmitters ranging
in capacity from 60 watts (w.) to 600 kilowatts (kw.).
With the exception of two 100 -kw. international
transmitters at Horby, in southern Sweden, all AM
stations broadcast on low and medium frequencies.
Principal studios are in the Stockholm broadcasting
center, where all national programs are organized and
distributed. FM service consists of 85 stations having
over 230 transmitters. The effective radiated power of
FM transmitters ranges from less than 30 w. to 60 kw.
There are about 5 million radiobroadcast receivers, a
density of nearly 65 per 100 population. "The TV
network consists of 196 stations, providing service to
about 99% of the population. All but two stations
broadcast on channels in the VHF band; the two
exceptions broadcast on the UHF band. Effective
radiated power of transmitters ranges from I w. to
1,000 kw. TV telecasts in black and white and color
are programed in two national channels. 'There are
over 2.7 million TV receivers, of which 460,000 are
color sets. Sweden has the highest TV receiver density
in Europe, 31 per 100 inhabitants.
Topography and climate affect the installation,
operation, and m aintenance of telecom facilities.
Many rivers and lakes, a long, irregular coastline, and
mountainous regions influence the choice of
equipment used for long distance circuits. 13tidng IN
winter, open -wire lines are subject to damage by
accumulation of ice and sleet, and maintenance is
hampered by deep snow. The aurora borealis produces
24
electrical and magnetic disturbances that affect
telecom operations.
The Swedish electronic and telecom equipnurnt
manufacturing industry is advanced in all phases of
technology and fulfills most public and military
requirements. The industry, however, relies heavily of]
imported components, particularly of military
electronics (60% and some industrial and profes-
sional equipment. The latter consists of semiconduc-
tors, integrated circuits, printed circuit hoards, and
microelectronic components. Imports originate mainly
from the United States, West Germany, the United
Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Denmark. The I..M.
Ericsson 'I'clephone Conij)an% ma itufactures most
telephones, telegraph teleprinters, and carrier
equipment; a subsidiary produces coaxial cables.
Standard Radio arid 'Telephone AB, it subsidiary of
International 'Telephone and 'Telegraph Corporation,
produces ele ctronic telephone and telegraph
equipneni. A newly formed compan ASEA -LME
Automation, conpose'd of ASEA, Sweden's leading
electronic manufacturer, and the Ericsson Telephone
Company, produces computer -based equipment used
in the telecom industry. Facilities for electronic
resea and development are excellent; training
facilities in electronics and engineering are available
at private jud government institutes and universities.
Development plans include completion of
automation of the long distance telephone network
With computer controlled telephone exchanges
equipped with all electronic switching; systems. In
early 1972 this new system, consisting of 16,000
channels and serving about 12,000 subscribers in the
Stockholm area. was beir doubled. Upon its
completion, about 755c of these subscribers will he
able to dial directly to most European cou- tsiovs.
During 1972 -73, a number of experimental video-
phone sets are to he installed in public telephone
booths for calls between Stockholm, Goteborg, and
Malmo, but widespread use of videophones among
private individuals is not antic ipated at present. Work
begar, in early 1972 on reinforcing the 12 megahertz
system of coaxial cables, providing 2,700 telephone
channels, with a new 60- megahertz 10,800 channel
system having the largest transmitting capacity in the
world. The first 400 kilometers of this system, between
Vasteras and Goteborg, is to have twin cables and a
total of 21,600 telephone channels. Further expansion
of the radio -relay network for radiobroadcast and TV
program distribution is also planned. Expanded use of
the satellite ground st ation at Tanum is to increase the
number of telephone. circuits to the United States,
Canada, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East
and the number of TV programs gr d with the
110�d States and Canada.
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CONFZAENTIAL
Glossary (ulou)
ABB RE."IAITON S WFMISS E NGLiSH
LIN Linleflyg AB ...........I
SAS Scandinavian Airlines System
SBC SR Sveri es Radio AB
R Swedish Broadcasting Corporation
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STA Sveriges Televerket Swedish) Telecommunication Admin-
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1
Places and features referred to in this General Survey
COOR UI N AT ES
COO NFU/ I N AT EB
=CO3
0 I Iti
0 IF.
0 IN.
0 IF
0
Aapua........
66 51
23 R2
Karesuando
68 27
22 29
Siffle.........
59 0
Abisko
68 20
18 51
Karlsborg
65 48
23 17
Sliffle Kanal (canal)
59 C
Avesta I
59 14
18 05
Karlshurnn.......
56 10
14 51
S altsjobaden
59 1
Almedal (rr sta)
57 41
12 00
Karlskrona
56 10
15 35
.'fmnitz, E. Germany....................
54
Aln6sundet (channel)
62 24
17 23
Karlstad
59 22
13 30
Save....
57
Alvsborg
57 40
11 52
Kar ung%.
66 03
23 57
Sivoniis (sec. of Goteborg).................
57
Alvkarleby
60 34
17 27
Kat rineho lm............................
59 00
16 12
Simpvarp
57 i
Alvsbyn (sec. of Goteborg)
65 40
21 00
Kattegat strait
57 00
11 00
Skagerrak strait)
57 4
A nge
63 27
14 03
Kemi, Finland
65 44
24 34
Skine region
55
Angelholm
56 15
12 51
Kil.....
59 30
13 19
Skalstugan (farms)......................
63
Angermaniilvr.n (strm)
62 48
17 56
Kilafors.
61 14
16 34
Skara..........
Arendal (sec. of Goteborg)
57 42
11 50
Kimstad
58 32
15 58
Skarbolllen (sec. of Stockholm)
59 1
Arjiing
39 23
12 08
Kinda Kanal (canal).....................
58 17
15 42
Skelleftea
64 4
Arsta (sec. of Stockholm)
59 18
18 03
Kiruna..
67 51
20 13
Skiivde
i8
Arstaviken (lake)
59 18
18 02
Klingerfjarden (bay)
62 29
17 26
86dertalje
9 1
Arvidsjaur
65 35
19 10
Knippelholmen (isls).....................
57 41
11 49
S6dertftlje Kanal (canal)..................
59 1
Astorp
56 08
12 57
Kongsvinger, Norway
60 12
12 00
Solna...
59 S
Avesta
60 09
16 12
Kopparberg
59 52
14 59
Sound, The (sound)
55
Baltic Sea (sea)
56 00
18 00
Kornsje, Norway........................
58 57
11 39
Stensel e.
65
Barsebiiek (estate)
55 46
12 57
Kristianstad
56 02
1.1 08
Stenungsu lid............................
58
Bastutrisk
64 47
20 02
Kristineham n...........................
59 20
14 07
Stockholm
59
BaveRn strm
58 21
11 55
Kryl bo..
60 08
16 13
Storlien rrsla).........................
63
Herga farm
59 05
IS 08
Kubikenborg (sec of Sandsoall)............
62 23
17 21
Stora man
65 t
Billingen (upland)
58 24
13 45
Kungsbacka
57 29
12 04
Striingnits................
59
Boden
65 50
21 42
Kungsholmen (isl)
56 06
15 35
Strissa..
59
Boris
57 43
12 55
Kungsangen
59 29
17 45
Strum men (bay)
59
Borhinge
60 29
15 25
Kvarn (faun)
58 38
15 18
Str6mg tad
58
Borensberg
58 34
15 17
Laholmsbukten (bay)
56 35
12 50
Studsvik
U
Bothnia. Gulf of (gulf)
63 00
20 00
Laisvall.
66 08
17 10
Sundbyherg
59
Briicke
62 43
15 27
Landskrona
55 52
12 50
Sundsvall...............................
62
Briviken inlet)
58 38
16 32
Landsort
58 45
17 52
Sundsvallsbukten (bay)
62
Brofjorden (fiord)
58 22
li 26
Lau gsele
63 31
17 49
Sundsvallsfjiirden (bay)
62
Brunflo
63 05
14 49
Lapland region)........................
68 0025
00
Svappavaara
67 i
Charlottenberg
59 53
12 17
Laxi........
58 59
14 37
Svartosund (narrows)
65
Copenhagen, Denmark
55 40
12 35
Leksunds- Noret.........................
60 44
14 50
Titby (xer. of Stockholm)..................
50
Dalarna region
61 01
It 04
Leningrad, U.S.S.R......................
59 55
30 15
Tanu m..
58
Dalarb
59 08
18 24
Lidingb.
59 22
18 08
ringstad (sec.rf Goteborg)................
57
Dalslands Kanal (canal)
58 51
12 2.1
Lim ham n
55 35
12 54
'rjuyholmssundet (narrows)...............
65
Domnarvet (sec. of Rorldnge)
60 30
15 27
Link6ping
58 25
15 37
Tornio, Finland
65 f
Enk6ping
59 38
17 04
Ljungan strcn
62 10
17 23
Torsmo.
61 1
Ful k6ping
58 10
13 31
1, 6v6..
56 59
16 28
Travemiinde, W. Germany...............
53 f
Farsta (sec. of Stockholm)
:i9 l:i
18 00
Ladvika.
60 09
15 11
T relleborg
I 55
Finnklippan (Isl)
65 29
22 .15
LUlei
65 :34
22 10
rronhiitte Kanal (canal)
57 4
Forsmo
63 16
17 12
Lu) ehIv
65 35
22 03
Trollhiittan
58 1
Forsmark
60 22
18 09
Lund.........
55 42
13 11
'Trondheim, N orwa......................
63
Fredrikstad, Norway
59 13
10 57
Luossavaara (ml)........................
67 52
20 1.1
Trosu...
58
Fr6vi
59 08
14 52
Lycksele...............................
64 36
18 40
Uddevalla
58
Gullivare
67 08
20 42
Lysekil..
58 16
11 26
UIvsunda (sec. of Stockholm)
59
Girds
57 35
12 06
alaren lake)
:i9 :30
17 12
U mei...
63 i
Gavle
60 40
17 10
Malm berget
67 10
20 40
U meid v.
63
Gavlein strm)
60 40
17 09
Malmo..
55 36
13 00
Uppsala.
59
Gdvlebukten (bay,!
60 42
17 20
Malmshitt
59 25
15 30
Viiddii..
59
Germunddfjiirden (bate)
65 29
22 13
M iirsta
59 :37
17 51
Viillingby (sec. of Sleckholm...............
59 i
G6ta Kanal (canal)
58 50
13 58
Marviken (coee).........................
60 07
1S 49
Viillinge( farm)..........................
59
Gbtai;ly strm)
57 42
11 52
Mellansel...............................
63 26
18 19
Viinern lake
58
Uoteborg
57 43
11 58
Mel lerud
58 42
12 28
Viinersborg
58
Gotland isl l
57 :30
18 33
;1lidsomniarkransen (sec. of Stockholm).....
59 18
18 00
Vannas.................................
63
G riingesberg
60 05
14 59
NIj6Ihy..
:i8 19
15 08
Varberg.
57 1
Granha mnsfjarden (sound)
59 43
19 09
Nlo, Norway
66 19
14 10
Varnamo
57
Grimskiir isl)
56 31)
16 22
Morjiiry.
66 04
22 4:3
Viisteris.
59
Gripsholm (castle)
59 15
17 13
Motala Strum (slrm).....................
is :iti
144 Ott)
Viisterg6tiand (region)
58 1
Gr6ndal (sec. of Stockholm)
59 19
18 00
5luskii isl
51) 00
14 h;
Viistervik...............................
56
Gulf of Bothnia (gulf)
63 00
20 00
!1lygingen hay)
50 00
14k r
Vitstra Fi6lunda (sec. of Gotchorg) 57
Hagernhs
59 27
I8 08
Nuantali, Finland.......................
60 27
22 U2
Viixj6...
56
flagfors
60 02
1:3 42
Niissjb.................
57 39
14 41
Vaxhohnsfastning (fort)..................
59
Halland region
57 01
12 42
Narvik, Norway
68 26
17 25
Viatern (l ake)...........................
58
Iiillniis
64 19
19 38
Niisbypaxk
59 26
18 06
Vidscl
65 J
l lallsberg
59 04
15 07
Nissan sirm
56 40
12 51
Vietas...
67
Halmstad
56 39
12 50
Norrk6ping
58 36
16 11
Vinga isl
57
Hiilsingborg
56 0:3
12 42
NorLh Sea (sea)
56 00
03 00
Ystad...
55
Haparanda
65 50
24 10
Norwegian Sea (sea)
70 00
05 00
Ilarhisa
55 4:3
1:3 :32
Nyk6ping
58 45
17 00
Selected airfields
lhirnosiind
62 38
17 fib
Nyniisha m..............................
58 54
17 57
Arbuula.
59
Missicholm
56 01)
13 46
Udeshiig.
58 14
14 39
Bromma
59
Ilisingnn (Isla
57 46
11 53
Oland isl
56 45
16 3S
Bulltofta
55
11jidi nren (lake)
59 15
15 .15
Orebro..
59 17
15 13
Froson..
63
116rb
55 51
1:3 39
(Srnsk6ldsvik (rrsta).....................
63 17
1S �12
Halmstad
56
Horsfj6rden (bay)
59 0.1
16 10
Oskarshamn
57 16
16 26
liults fred
57
Noting
64 07
18 10
Oslo, Norway
59 55
10 115
J onkoping
59
H udiksvall
61 44
17 07
O gtersund
6:3 11
14 30
Kallax
65
Indalsiilven (stun)
62 31
17 27
Ov ertornei
(16 23
2:3 �10
Kalmar.
56
1imtland (rgyiur.)
63 21)
it 01
1;, 1. 1i� uud
58 40
17 06)
Kurlstud
39
Jiirna
59 0(3
l7 3d
Pite: i...
65 '20
21 30
Kiruna..
67
Johannelund (sce. of Lin.koping)........... 58 25
15 :37
Rii (sec. of Hdlsingbory)
56 00
12 4.1
Kungsangen
58
J6nk6ping
57 47
14 11
Itid (farm)
57 24
11 56
Ornskoldsvik
63
Jonsered
57 45
12 10
Ribn isl
58 09
11 24
Ronneby
56
J6rn
65 04
20 02
Revingehed
55 43
13 29
Sandviken
60
Jungfrufjarden (bay)
59 09
27 07
Riksgransen
68 23
18 06
Skelleftea....................
A
Kaitum
67 33
18 38
Ringhals point).........................
57 15
1 05
Sundsvall Harnosand...
Kalix
65 51
23 08
Ritsemjokkitan (resort)
67 43
17 28
Torslanda.................
Kalmar
56 40
16 22
Romeleisen (hills)
55 34
1:3 33
Umea.....................
al 16
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1
Places and features referred to in this General Survey
COORDINATtiS
COOnDINATF.S
COORDINATES
o 'N.
'E.
,.N, .E.
'N.
'E.
66 51
23 32
Kaesuando
till 27
)�2 )c
:..1
Sixfflr.
r r
68 20
18 51
tharlsborg
65 48
23 17
Sitffle Kanal (cans!';...........
59 07
12 55
59 14
18 05
Karlsham n.............................
56 10
?4 51
Saltsjobaden
59 17
18 18
sta) 57 41
12 00
Karl skrona
56 10
15 35
Saesnitz, E. Germany....................
54 31
13 39
(channel) 62 24
17 23
Karlstad
59 22
13 30
Siive
57 48
11 55
57 40
it 52
Karungi.
66 03
23 57
SAvenas(sec.of Gdleborg)
57 43
12 02
60 34
17 27
Katrineholm.
59 00
16 l'2
SIm pvarp
57 25
16 40
C. of Goteborg)- 65 40
21 00
Kattegat strait
57 00
11 00
Skagerrak (strait
57 45
09 00
63 27
14 03
Kemi, Finland
65 44
24 34
Skitne region
55 59
13 30
56 15
12 51
Kit.....
59 30
13 19
Skaistu an
g (farms)
63 35
12 16
ven (slrm) 62 48
17 55
Kila fors.
61 14
16 34
Skara...
58 22
13 25
of Goteborg) 57 42
11 50
Kimstad
58 32
15 58
Skhrhulmen (sec. of Stockholm)
59 17
17 53
I............ 59 23
12 08
Kinda Kanal (canal).....................
58 17
15 42
Skellef tea
64 46
20 57
J Stockholm) 59 18
18 03
Kiruna..
67 51
20 13
Skovde..
58 24
13 54`
;lake) 59 IS
18 02
Klingerfjarden (bay)
62 29
17 26
86dertiilje
59 12
17 37
65 35
19 10
Knippelholmen (isls)
57 41
11 49
Sodertiilje Kanal (canal)
59 12
17 38
56 08
12 57
Kongsvinger, Norway....................
60 12
12 00
Solna...
59 22
18 01
60 09
16 12
Kopparberg
59 52
14 59
Sound,'rhe (sound)
55 50
12 40
wa) 56 00
18 00
Kornsjo, Norway
58 57
11 39
Stensele.
65 05
17 10
slate) 55 46
12 57
Kristianstad
56 02
1.1 08
Stenungsund
58 05
11 49
I............. 64 47
20 02
Kristineham n...........................
59 20
14 07
Stockholm
59 LU
18 03
58 21
11 55
Krylbo......
60 08
16 13
Storlien trrsta
63 19
12 06
...........I 59
18 08
Kubikenborg (sec of Sundsvall)
62 23
17 21
Story man
65 06
17 06
(land) 58 24
13 45
Kungsbacka
57 29
12 04
Strangnas..............................
59 23
02
I I 65 50
21 4'2
Kungsholmen (isl).......................
56 06
15 35
StrAssa..
59 45
l5 13
57 43
12 55
K ungsiingen
59 29
17 45
Strom men (bay).........................
59 19
18 05
60 29
15 25
K vale farm
58 38
15 1S
St. rbmstad
58 56
11 10
58 34
15 17
Laholmsbukten (bay)
56 35
12 50
St udsvik
58 46
17 2:3
If of (gulf) 63 00
20 00
Laisvall
66 08
17 10
Sundbvberg
59 22
17 58
62 43
15 27
Landskrona
55 52
12 50
Sundsvall....................
6223
17 18
let) 5S 38
16 32
Landsort
58 45
17 52
Sundsvatlsbukten (buy'...................
62 20
17 35
(lord) 58 22
11 26
Langsele
83 31
17 49
Sundsval)sfjiirden (bay)
62 23
17 21
53 05
14 49
Lapland region) 68 00
25 00
Svappavaara
67 39
21 04
irg 59 53
12 17
Laxit...............
58 59
14 37
Svartosund (narrows)
65 33
22 13
,Denmark 55 40
12 35
Leksands- Noret.........................
60 44
14 59
Tiib (scc.(f Stockholm
59 30
18 03
ion) 61 Ol
14 04
Leningrad, U.S.S.R......................
59 55
30 15
Tanu m.. ...........I...................
5S 43
11 20
I 59 08
18 24
Lidingu.
59 22
18 08
Tingstad (see. of Giifehurg)................
57 44
11 59
'tnal (canal) 58 51
12 24
Lim ha m n....
55 35
12 54
Tjuvholmssundet (narrows)...............
65 32
22 11
;cc. of Borla nge) 60 30
15 27
Link6ping..............
.5 8 25
15 :37
Tornio, Finland
65 51
24 08
59 38
17 04
Ljungan kstrnt) 1��
62 19
17 2:3
lbrsm o.
61 12
14 59
58 10
1:3 :31
L6vii
56 59
16 28
Travemiinde. W. Gertnany...............
53 58
10 52
if Stockholm) 59 15
1s 0:5
Ludvika.
60 09
15 11
Trelleborg
55 22
13 10
(isl) 65 29
22 45
LuleA
65 34
22 10
TrollhAtte Kanal (r�nnal)
57 43
11 58
63 16
17 12
I. ulei ilv.
65 35
22 03
T rollhiittan
58 16
12 18
60 22
18 09
Lund...
55 42
13 11
Trondheim, Norwa
63 25
10 25
Norway 59 13
10 57
Luossavaara (mt)
67 52
20 14
Crosa
I.... 5S 54
17 33
59 08
14 52
Lycksele
64 :36
18 40
U ddevalla
58 21
it :5.5
67 08
20 42
Lysekil..
58 1(i
11 26
i'Ivsunda (see. of Stockholm)
59 20
17 58
..........I 57 35
12 06
Dlidaren lake)
:i9 :30
17 12
mea..................................
(13 50
20 15
60 40
17 10
\'calm berget
67 10
20 40
Uineiily.
63 47
20 16
o) 60 40
17 09
M ahni;..
:55 :36
13 00
Uppsala
59 52
17 :38
(bay) 60 42
17 20
\Ialms lint
58 25
15 30
V A(16
59 59
18 49
rden (bay) 65 29
22 13
Wirsta..
50 :37
17 51
Viillingb} (set-. of Stockholm)..............
59 22
17 52
canal) 58 50
13 58
\larviken rove)
60 07
18 49
Vidlinge farm)..........................
59 16
17 42
t) 57 42
11 52
Alellansel
63 26
18 19
Viinern lake
5,1 55
I3 30
57 13
11 58
M ellerud.....................
.58 42
12 28
Viinersborg
58 22
13 19
I 57 30
18 33
'N4idso m markransen (,see. of Stockholm).....
59 18
18 00
Viinnas..
83 55
lA 45
60 0:5
1.1 59
N1jbiby..
58 19
1:5 08
Varberg.
57 06
12 15
Lrden (sound) 59 43
19 09
M o, Norway
6(i 14
14 ?rJ I
Viirnamo
57 it
14 02
56 39
16 22
M orjArv.
fill 04
22 43
Viisteriis
59 37
16 3:3
Istle) 59 15
17 13
biotala Striim (strm)
Ss 3ti
16 00
Viistergiitland (region)
58 01
1:3 03
Of Stockholm). 59 19
18 00
Muskii (isl)..
59 00
18 06
Viislervik.��
56 15
14 24
da (gulf) 63 00
20 00
Nlysingen (bay)
59 00
18 15
Viistra Fr6lunda (see. of Gotcborg).........
57 39
11 5'2
59 27
18 08
Naantali, Finland.......................
60 27
22 02
Viixjii...
5t1 53
14 49
60 02
13 42
Niissj6..
57 39
14 41
Vaxhoimsfiistning (fort)
59 24
18 21
m) 57 01
12 42
Narvik, N'orway...........
68 26
17 25
VAttern U ake)
58 24
14 3
64 19
19 38
Nasbypark
59 26
18 06
Vidsel.........
85 51
20 31
59 04
15 07
Nissan strm
511 40
12 51
Vietas.
67 30
18 25
.........I 56 31)
12 50
Norrk6ping
58 36
16 11
Vinga isl
57 38
11 36
I 56 03
12 42
North Sea (sea)
5(i 00
03 00
1 sty d...
55 25
13
65 50
24 10
Norwegian Sea (sea)
70 00
05 00
�19
55 43
13 32
N yk6ping
ris 45
17 00
Selected airfields
I 62 38
17 56
Nyniisham
58 54
17 57
A rlanda.
59 40
17 56
56 09
13 46
Odeshiig.
58 14
14 39
taro m ma
59 21
17 57
-5 4t3
11 :i3
Oland isl
;It; �I:i
16) 3s
13ulitofta.......
55 30
13 04
kc) 541 15
15 .15
Orebro.
59 17
15 1:3
Froson
(13 12
14 30
55 51
1:3 39
Ornsk6ldsvik (rrsta)
63 17
IS 42
Halmstad
56 41
12 49
!ay)....................... 59 04
in 10
Oskarshanin
57 16
16 26
11� Ilts frcd
57 36
15 :51)
64 07
18 10
0810, Norway
59 :55
10 45
Jonkoping I.........
59 .16
1.1 05
.........I 61 41
17 07
Ostersund
63 11
14 39
K allax
65 33
22 08
Irm) 62 31
17 27
Overtornell
66 2:3
23 40
Kalmar.
56 4I
10 17
on) 63 26
14 04
0 sv168und
:58 40
17 06
Karlstad
:59 22
1 :3 28
59 06
17 3.
lteit
1
ti r 20
21 30
Kiruna.........................
67 44)
201
cc. of Link6ping)........... 58 25
15 3r
RAA (sec. of lliilsingborg)
511 00
12 4.1
Kungsangen.....
58 :35
16 15
.i7 47
1.1 11
1146 farm
57 24
11 :'ill
Orns koldsvik
113 25
Id ill
.17 43
12 10
Ryon t8l
58 ()tl
11 24
H onneby........
5(1 ll3
15 16
65 04
20 02
Revingehed
55 4:3
13 29
Sandviken��
110 :36
16 57
(bay) 59 09
27 07
Riksgransen
68 2:3
18 06
Skell eftea
(14 38
21 05
i: 67 33
18 38
Ringhals point)
57 15
12 05
Sundsvall l Iarnosand...................
62 32
17 27
65 51
50 40
23 08
16 22
Ritsem jokWan (resort)..................
RomeleAsen (hills
67 43
55 34
17 28
13 33
Torslanda.. 57 42
Untea.. 63 48
11 47
20 17
und) 56 40
16 25
Rbnnskiir (rr stop)
64 40
21 16
Visby...
57 39
18 20
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

NATES
o
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1
.N
o PE
c 0 N
'h'.
Aapua
fill 51
23 32
Kan�suandu
6S 27
22 29
Saffle.....
Abisko
68 20
18 51
Karlsborg
65 48
23 17
Siiffle Kanal "zanal)...........
gesta
59 14
18 05
Karlahamn
56 10
14 51
Salts j6baden
Almecial (rr sta)
57 41
12 00
Kuriskrona
56 10
15 3,5
Sassnitz, R. Germany....................
Aln6sundet (channel)
62 24
17 23
Karlstad
59 22
13 W
Save...................
Alvsborg
57 40
11 152
Karungi
66 03
23 57
Savenas(see.of Goteborg).................
Alvkarleb
60 34
17 27
Katrineholm.........
59 00
16 12
Sim va
Alvsb n (sec. of Gotehor
65 40
21 00
Kattegat strait
57 00
11 00
Skagerrak strait)
ra nge
63 27
14 03
Kemi, Finland
65 44
24 34
Skane region
Angelholm
56 15
12 51
Kil.........
59 30
13 19
Skalstugan (farms)......................
AngermaniUven (strm)
62 48
17 56
Kilafors................................
61 14
16 34
Skara...
Arendal (sec. of Gotebory)
57 42
11 50
Kimstad
58 32
15 58
Skarholmen (sec. of Stockholm)
Arjang
59 23
12 08
Kinda Kanal (canah........
58 17
15 4'2
Skelleftea.............
Arsta (sec. of Stockholm)
59 18
18 03
Kiruna.................
67 51
20 13
Sk6vde..
Arstaviken (lake)
59 18
18 02
Elingerfjarden (bay)
62 29
17 26
S odertidje
Arvidsjaur
65 35
19 10
Knippelholmen (is1R).....................
57 41
11 49
%dertiilje Kanal (canal)..................
Astorp
..6 08
12 57
Kongsvinger, Norway....................
60 i2
12 00
Solna...
Avesta
60 09
i6 12
Kopparbarg
59 52
14 59
Sound, The (sound)
Baltic Sea (sea)
56 00
18 00
Kornsjo, Norwa
58 57
11 39
Stensele.
Barseback (estam
55 46
12 57
Kristianstad
56 02
14 08
Stenungsund
Bastutrask
64 47
20 02
Kristipehamn
59 20
14 07
Stockholm
Biivetln str .c)
58 21
11 55
Krylbo..
60 08
16 13
Storlien (rr sta).........................
Berga jarm
59 04
1E 08
Kubikenbor8 (Pr.; of Seendanall)
62 23
17 21
St. oraman
Billingen (upland)
58 24
13 45
Kungsbacka
57 29
12 04
Strangnas
Beden
65 50
21 42
Kungsholmen (ist).......................
56 06
15 35
Stricsa
Berl s
57 43
12 55
K ungsangen.
59 29
17 45
Strommen (bay)
Boriange
60 29
15 25
Kvarn arm)...........................
58 38
15 18
Str6mstad
iorensherg
58 34
15 17
Lahoimsbukten (bay)
56 35
12 50
Studsvik
Bothnia, Gulf of(,qulf)
63 00
20 00
Laisvall.
6f. 08
17 1C
Sundbyberg
Bracke
62 43
15 27
Landskrona
55 52
12 50
Sundsvall
Briviken inlet)
58 38
16 32
Landsort
5 15
17 52
Sundsvillsbukten (bay)
Brofjorden (fiord)
58 22
11 26
Langsele
63 31
17 49
Sundm .Usfjarden (bay)..................
Brunflo
63 05
14 49
Lapland region)
68 00
25 00
Svappav tiara
Charlottenberg
59 53
12 17
LaxA....
58 59
14 37
1 Svartosund (narrou7s)
Copenhagen. Denmark
55 40
12 35
Leksa.nds -Noret
60 44
14 59
Taby (sec. of Stockholm)..................
Dalarna region
61 Ol
14 04
Leningrad, U.S.S.R......................
Fd 55
30 15
Tanum..
Dalar6
59 U8
18 24
Lidingb.
59 22
18 08
Tingstad (sec. of Goteborg)................
Dalslands Kanal (canal)
58 51
12 '24
Limhamn
55 35
12 54
i Tjuvholmssundet (narrows)...............
Domnarvet (sec. of Borldaye)
60 30
15 27
Link: iping
58 25
15 37
Tornio, Finland 1
E nkoping
59 38
17 03
Ljungan Sean;..........................
lit 19
17 23
I' orsme I.............. 1
Falk6 ping
58 10
13 :31
Liivb....
56 59
16 28
Travemiinde, W. Germany............... 1
Farsta (sec. of Stockholm)
59 15
IS 05
Lud: ika.
60 09
15 11
Trelieborg
Finnklippan (ist)
65 29
22 45
Luleh...
65 34
22 10
Trollhiitte Kanal (canal)
Forsm o
63 16
17 12
Lulealv................
65 35
22 0:3
Trollhattan J
Forsmark
60 22
18 09
Lund.......
55 42
13 it
Trondheim. Norway.....................
Fredrikstad, Norway
59 13
10 57
Luossavaam (mt)........................
67 52
20 1.4
Tro8s
Frbvi
59 08
14 52
Lycksele....
64 36
48 'Io
Uddevalla....... J
G- 11livare
67 09
20 42
1 Lysekil..................
58 16
11 26
Ulvsunda (sce. of Stockholm)
Girds,
57 35
1_' 06
NUlaren lake
59 30
17 12
U meA... ..............................I I
Giivle
60 40
17 10
M alm berget..........
I
20 M
I U mealy. I
Gavleb.n strnr
60 40
17 09
Malmb...............
:36
1:4 n0
Uppsala. J
Giivlebukten (bay)
60 42
17 20
Ma1,; sliitt.............
is ;;i
0
Viiddii
Germundiifjiirden (bay)
65 29
22 1:3
Miirsta.........
59 :37
I; ,il
Vidlingb tP of Stockholm) J
GUR Kanal (canal)
58 50
13 58
Marviken (core).........................
60 07
18 49
Vidlinge jarm) J
Giitadily atrm)
57 �12
11 52
lellansel
63 26
18 19
Vitnern take
Goteborg
57 43
11 58
Meilerud
58 42
12 2S
Vanersborg
Gotland isl
57 30
18 3%
\1 idsom mark ransen (see. of Stockholm)..... :5!1 1S
18 00
Viinniis...................... I
G ningesherg
60 05
14 51'
\l ji4by..
58 19
15 08
Varberg.
Granhamnsfjarden (sound)
59 43
19 09
Mo, Norway
66 19
1.4 10
i 1' iirnamo J
Grimskar (isl)
56 39
16 22
Morjiirv.
66 04
22 4:3
ViisterAs.....
Gripsholm (castle)
59 15
17 13
Motvla Str6m (strm).....................
iS 3S
16 00
I ViistergUland (region)...................
Gr6ndal (sec. of Slockholin)
59 19
18 00
Muskii (tsh.......................
59 011
18 06
Viistervik
Gulf of Bothnia (gulf)
63 00
20 9A
Mysingen (bay)
59 00
18 15
Viistra Fr6lunda (sec. of Goieborg).........
Iiagerniis
59 27
l8 08
N anntali, Finland.......................
60 27
22 02
Vaxjii
Hag( ors
60 02
13 42
Ni� vsjii.
57 39
1.1 41
Vaxholmsfiistning (fort)... 7
Ilalland region
57 01
12 42
Narvik, Norway
68 26
1725
Vattern lake
Milini is
64 19
19 38
Niisbypark
59 26
18 06
Vidsel... i
Hallsberg
59 04
15 07
Nissan sirm)..
56 40
12 51
Vietas... 1
Halmstad
56 39
12 50
Norrk6ping
58 36
i6 11
Vinga isl
thilsingborg
56 0:3
12 42
North Sea (sea)
56 00
03 01)
Ystad... J
Haparanda
65 50
24 10
Norwegian Sea (sca)
70 00
05 00
Ilarl6sa
55 43
13 32
N yk6ping
58 45
17 00
Selected airfields
Hiirnosand
62 38
17 56
N ynasha m.......................
58 54
17 57
Arlanda.
lhissleholm
M 09
13 46
O deshiig.
58 14
14 39
Brom ma 1
Hisingcn isl
57 �16
11 5:3
Oland tR l
513 -15
16 38
Bulltofta
lijAinaren !take)
:i9 15
15 45
Orebro..
59 17
15 13
Froson..
llbrby
55 51
13 39
Ornskiildsvik (rr sto)
63 17
IS 42
Hal mstad
Horsfjimlen (bay)
59 04
16 1(I
Oskarshamn
57 16
16 26
llul tefred
H oting
64 07
18 10
Oslo, Norway.
59 55
10 45
Ionkoping
Iludiksvall
61 �14
17 07
1st. ersund
6:3 11
14 :39
Kaliax.. 1
Indalsialven (slrm)
62 :31
17 27
tivettorneil
66 23
2:3 40
Kalmar.
.161ntland (region)
63 26
14 04
Oseibsund
58 40
17 06
KarNtad
Jiirna
59 06
17 34
I' tte( 1..................................
65 20
21 30
Kiruna..
.Johan nelund (sec. of Linkoping)...........
58 25
15 37
RAh (sec. of 1161singborg)
56 00
12 44
Kungsangen
16nk6ping I
57 47
14 11
M16 farm
57 24
11 56
Ornskoldsvik E
Jonsered
57 45
12 10
RAbn fist).
58 09
11 24
Ronneby
16rn I.....................
65 04
20 02
Revingehed
55 �13
13 29
Sandviken f
den,gfmfj-cr F.nu`
c
,'1 OJ
11;
27
Riksgriinse-n
(i5 -13,
IS 06
kelicf tea t
Kaitum
67 3:3
18 38
Ringhals point)
57 15
1 05
Sundsvall Ilarnosand E
Kalix
65 51
23 08
RitsemjokkAtan (resort)
67 43
17 28
Torslanda................ f
Kalmar
56 40
16 22
RomeleAsen (hills)
55 34
13 33
U ni ca. E
Kalmarsund (sound)
50 �16
16 25 11
I3iinnskiir (rr stop)
64 40
21 16
Visbv
o
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

'N.
'F..
66 51
23 32
68 20
18 51
59 14
18 05
9ta).........................
57 41
12 00
channel)
62 24
17 23
57 40
11 52
...............1
60 34
17 27
of G6teborg)
65 40
21 00
63 27
14 03
56 15
12 51
Fen (strm)
62 48
17 56
of Gdiebory)
57 42
11 50
59 23
12 08
'Stockholm)
59 18
18 03
Geke)
59 18
18 02
65 35
19 10
56 08
12 57
60 09
16 12
ea)
56 00
18 00
state)
55 46
12 57
14 07
64 4720
02
58 21
11 55
17 21
Storaman
65 06
land)
58 24
13 45
...........I
65 50
21 42
...........I
57 -13
12 55
60 29
15 25
58 34
15 17
f of (gulf)
63 00
20 00
62 43
15 27
let)
58 38
16 32
ford)
58 22
11 26
63 05
14 49
rg
59 53
12 17
Denmark
55 40
12 35
ion)
61 01
1.1 04
is 08
59 08
18 24
mal (canal)
58 51
12 24
sec. of Borldnge)
60 30
15 27
59 38
17 04
58 10
13 31
if Stockholm)
.59 155
18 05
(isl)
6.5 29
22 455
63 16
17 12
60 22
18 09
Norway
59 13
10 57
59 08
14 tit
67 08
20 42
57 35
12 06
I
60 40
17 10
n).
60 40
17 09
(bay)
60 42
17 20
,rden (bay)
65 29
22 1:3
:canal)
58 50
1:3 58
v.)
57 42
11 52
57 4:3
11 58
57 30
18 33
60 05
14 59
arden (sound)
59 43
19 09
i)
56 39
16 22
asile').......................
59 15
17 13
of Stockholm).
59 19
18 00
nia (gulf)
63 00
20 00
I.....
59 27
18 08
............I
60 02
13 42
'on)
57 01
12 42
64 19
19 :38
59 04
15 07
56 39
12 50
56 03
12 42
65 50
24 10
55 43
13 32
62 38
17 56
56 00
13 46
1
57 �16
11 5:3
akr)
59 15
15 15
55 51
1:3 39
;bay)
59 04
16 10
.........I
64 07
18 10
61 44
17 07
Win)
62 31
17 27
lion)
63 26
14 04
.i9 06
17 :3.1
(sec. of Link6ping)
58 25
15 37
57 47
14 11
57 45
12 10
135 04
20 02
in (bay)
59 09
27 07
67 33
18 38
I
65 51
23 08
56 40
16 22
(sound).
50 40
16 25
IN
Karesuando 68 27
Karlsborg 65 48
Karlshamn 56 10
Karlskrona 56 10
Karlstad 59 22
Karungi 66 03
Katrineholm 59 00
Kattegat strait 57 00
Kemi, Fin land 65 44
Kil..... 59 30
Kilafors 61 14
Kimstad 58 32
Kinda Kanal (canal) 58 17
Kiruna 67 51
Klingerfjiirden (bay) 62 29
Knippelholmen (isls) 57 41
Kongsvinger, Norway 60 12
K opparberg 59 52
Kornsjo, Norway 58 57
Kristianstad 56 02
Kristinehamn 59 20
Krylbo 60 08
Kubikenborg (nee Rr.Sundsvall)............ 62 23
Kungsbacka 57 29
Kungsholmen (isl) 56 06
Kungsiingen 59 29
Kvarn (rarm 58 38
Laholmsbukten (bay) 56 35
Laisvall 66 08
Landskrona 55 52
Landsort 58 45
Langsele 63 31
Lapland region) 68 00
Laxd 58 59
Leksands- Nortt 60 44
Leningrad, U.S.S.R 59 55
Lidingd 59 22
Limham n 55 35
Link6ping 58 25
Ljungan (sty-tit) 62 19
Lbvii 56 59
Ludvika 60 09
Luleh 65 34
Lul eitly 65 35
Lund 55 4.2
Luossavaara (int) 67 52
Lycksele 64 36
Lysekil 58 iti
Miilaren (lake) .59 30
Mali nberget 67 10
M alm6 55 36
M almshitt 58 25
Miirsta 59 :37
M arviken (cove) 60 07
Melly. nsel 63 26
Mellcrud 58 :12
Midsomtnarkransen (sec. of Stockholm)..... 59 18
y 58 19
Mo, Norway 66 19
M orjRry 66 04
Motala Str6m etrm) 58 :i8
Muskii li4) 59 00
M ysingen (bay) 59 00
Naantali, Finland 60 27
Ni issjii 57 39
Narvik. Norway 6 8 26
Niisbypark 59 20
Nissan (strm) 56 40
Norrkdping 58 36
North Sea (sea) 513 00
Norwegian Sea (sea)..................... 70 00
N yk6ping 58 45
N m 58 54
O desh6g 58 14
Oland Usti) :i6 45
Orebro 59 17
Ornsk6ldsvik (rr sla) 6:3 17
0skarsham n 57 16
0810, Norway 51) Sri
Os tersund 6:3 11
Overtornetl (16 23
OxvI iisund 58 -10
Piteii (15 20
Rho (sec, of lfiilsingborg) 56 00
RA8 farm 57 24
RA6n (isl) .58 09
Revingehed 55 �1:3
Riksgriinsen (18 2:1
Ringhals( paint) 57 15
ititsemjokkAtan (resort) 67 43
h )melehsen (hills) 55 34
Ronnskiir (rr stop) 64 40
o IE
22 29
Siiffle
59 08
23 17
Siiffle Kanal (canal)
59 07
14 51
Saltsj6baden
59 17
15 35
Sassnitz, E. Germany
54 31
13 30
Siivc
57 48
23 57
Shvenas (sec. of GMeburg)............
57 43
16 12
Sim pvarp
57 25
11 00
Skagerrak strait)
57 45
24 34
SkAne( region
55 59
1:3 19
Skalstugan (farms)
63 35
16 34
Skara
58 22
15 58
SkArholmen (sec. of Stockholm)
59 17
15 42
Skelleftea
64 46
20 13
Skbvde
17 26
Sbdertidje
59 12
11 49
S6dertiilje Kanal (canal)
59 12
12 00
Solna
59 22
14 59
Sound, The (sound)
55 50
11 39
Stensele
65 05
14 08
Stenungsund
58 05
14 07
Stockhol m
59 20
16 13
Storlien (rr sta)
63 19
17 21
Storaman
65 06
12 04
Striingniis
59 2:3
15 35
Strhssa
59 45
17 45
Str6m men (bay)
59 19
15 18
Str6rnstad
58 56
12 50
Studsvik
58 46
17 10
Sundbyberg
59 22
12 50
Sundsvall..........
17 52
Sundsvallshukten (bay)
62 20
17 49
Sundsvallsfjiirden (bay
62 23
25 00
Svappavaara
67 39
14 37
Svartosund (narrows)
65 33
14 59
niby (scc. of Stockholm)
30
30 15
Tanu m
58 43
is 08
Tingstad (sec. of GiVebory)
57 44
12 54
Tjuvholmssundet (narrows)
65 :32
15 37
Tornio, Fin land
65 51
17 23
T orsmo
61 12
iti 28
Trovemiinde, W. Germany
53 58
15 It
T relleborg
55 22
22 10
Trollhiitte Kanal (canal).
57 43
22 03
Trollhiittan
58 16
13 11
Trondheim. Norway
63 25
20 1.1
Tros a I........
58 54
18 40
Uddevalla
58 21
11 26
Uh'sunda (sex. of Stockholm)
59 20
17 12
U m etl
63 50
20 40
meiily
63 47
13 00
h ppsala
59 52
15 30
Viiddii
59 59
17 51
Vidlingby (ser. of Stockholm,
59 2
18 49
Viillinge farm)
59 16
18 19
Viinern (l ake)
58 55
12 28
Viinersborg
58 22
18 00
Viinniis
63 55
15 08
Varberg
57 06
14 10
Viirnamo
57 it
22 4:3
Viistenis
59 37
it; 00
Viisterg66land (region).
58 01
18 06
VAittervik
56 15
18 15
Viistra Fr6lunda (sec. of Giilebory)
.57 39
22 02
Vii0 b
56 5:3
14 41
Vaxholinsfiistning (fort)
59 24
17 25
Viittern (lake)
58 21
18 06
Vidsei
65 51
12 51
Vietas
67 30
i6 11
Vinga isl
57 38
03 00
1' sta
55 2:i
05 00
17 00
Selected airfields
17 57
Arlanda
.M 40
14 39
Bro m ma
59 21
1(1 :38
liulltofta
55 36
15 1:3
Froson
63 1
18 42
Halmstad
56 �11
I(3 20
Hultsfrvd
57 36
10 45
.lonkoping
59 40
111 :39
Kallax
lib :33
23 40
Kalmar.
56 �11
17 0(3
Karlstad
51) 22
21 :30
Kiruna
(17 49
12 44
Knngsangen
58 35
it 56
Ornskoldsvik
63 25
11 24
Ronneby
56 16
13 29
Sandviken
60 :iti
18 06
Skelleftea
(34 38
12 05
Sundsvall Harnusand
112 32
17 28
Torslanda
57 42
13 :33
U mea
63 48
21 16
Visby
57 39
I
'E.
1'2 56
12 55
18 18
13 39
11 55
12 02
16 40
09 00
13 30
12 16
13 25
17 53
20 57
13 50
17 37
17 38
18 01
12 40
17 10
11 49
18 03
12 06
17 06
17 02
15 13
18 05
11 10
17 23
17 58
17 1S
17 35
17 '21
21 04
22 13
18 03
11 20
11 59
22 11
24 08
14 58
10 52
13 10
11 58
12 18
10 25
17 33
11 55
17 .58
20 15
20 16
17 38
18 49
17 52
17 42
13 30
12 19
19 45
12 15
14 0'2
16 33
13 0:3
14 24
11 52
14 49
18 21
14 36
20 :31
18 '25
11 3(i
1:3 �19
17 11
17 57
13 04
14 30
12 49
Iii 50
1.1 0.5
22 08
16 l7
13 28
20 21
16 15
18 59
15 I(3
1 6 57
21 05
17 27
11 �17
20 17
18 '26
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200090023 -1
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