3. MKNAOMI

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-01773R000100170001-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 8, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 26, 1963
• Content Type: MISC

Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/02/08: CIA-RDPO1-01773R000100170001-5
^
that no damage was done to individuals who volunteer for the experi-
ments."' Overseas interrogations utilizing a combination of sodium
pentothal and hypnosis after physical and psychiatric examinations of
the subjects were also part of ARTICHOKE.
The Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI), which studied scientific
advances by hostile powers, initiall led BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE
efforts. In 1952, overall responsibility for ARTICHOKE was trans-
ferred from OSI to the Inspection and Security Office (I&SO), pre-
decessor to the present Office of Security. The CIA's Technical Serv-
ices and Medical Staffs were to be called upon as needed; OSI would
retain liaison function with other government agencies." The change
in leadership from an intelligence unit to an operating unit appar-
ently reflected a change in emphasis; from the study of actions by
hostile powers to the use, both for offensive and defensive purposes,
of special interrogation techniques-primarily hypnosis and truth
serums.
Representatives. from each Agency unit involved in ARTICHOKE
met almost monthly to discuss their progress. These discussions in-
cluded the planning of overseas interrogations' as well. as further
experimentation in the U.S.
. Information about project ARTICHOKE after the fall of 1953
is scarce. The CIA maintains that the project ended in 1956, but evi-
dence suggests that Office of Security and Office of Medical Services
use of "special interrogation" techniques continued for several years
thereafter.
3. MKNAOMI
MKNAOMI was another major CIA program in this area. In 1967,
the CIA summarized the purposes of MKNAOMI:
(a) To provide for a covert support base to meet clandes-
tine operational requirements.
(b) To stockpile severely incapacitating and lethal ma-
terials for the specific use of TSD [Technical Services Di-
vision].
(c) To maintain in operational readiness special and unique
items for the dissemination of biological and chemical ma-
terials.
(d) To provide for the required surveillance, testing, up-
grading, and evaluation of materials and items in order to
assure absence of defects and complete predictability of re-
sults to be expected under operational conditions.?
Under an agreement reached with the Army in 1952, the Special
Operations Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick was to assist CIA in
developing, testing, and maintaining biological agents and delivery
`Memorandum from Robert Taylor, O/DD/P to the Assistant Deputy (In-
spection and Security) and Chief of the Medical Staff, 3/22/52.
Memorandum from H. Marshall Chadwell, Assistant Director. Scientific Intel-
ligence, to the Deputy Director/Plana (DDP) "Prniect ARTICHOKE," 8/29/52.
' "Progress Report, Project ARTICHOKE." 1/12/53.
"Memorandum from Chief, TSD/Biological Branch to Chief. TSD "MKNAOMI :
Funding. nhiectivos, nnrl AcemmT1lIahn+Pnt9," 10/18/R7. p. 1. Fnr a fuller descrip-
tion of MKNAOMI and the relationship between CIA and SOD. see p. 360 if.
systems. By this agreement, CIA acquired the knowledge, skill, and
facilities of the Army to develop biological weapons suited for CIA
use.
SOD developed darts coated with biological agents and pills con-
taining several different biological agents which could remain potent
for weeks or months. SOD also developed a special gun for firing
darts coated with a chemical which could allow CIA agents to incapaci-
tate a guard dog, enter an installation secretly, and return the dog to
consciousness when leaving. SOD scientists were unable to develop
a similar incapacitant for humans. SOD also physically transferred
to CIA personnel biological agents in "bulk" form, and delivery
devices, including some containing biological agents.
In addition to the CIA's interest in biological weapons for use
against humans, it also asked SOD to study use of biological agents
against crops and animals. In its 1967 memorandum, the NA stated :
Three methods and systems for carrying out a covert attack
against crops and causing severe crop loss have been devel-
oped and evaluated under field conditions. This was accom-
plished in anticipation of a requirement which was later
developed but was subsequently scrubbed just prior to put-
ting into action.s?
MKNAOMI was terminated in 1970. On November 25, 1969, Presi-
dent Nixon renounced the use of any form of biological weapons that
kill or incapacitate and ordered the disposal of existing stocks of bac-
teriological weapons. On February 14, 1970, the President clarified the
extent of his earlier order and indicated that toxins-chemicals that
are not living organisms but are produced by living organisms-were
considered biological weapons subject to his previous directive and
were to be destroyed. Although instructed to relinquish control of
material held for the CIA by SOD, a CIA scientist acquired approxi-
mately 11 grams of shellfish toxin from SOD personnel at Fort De-
trick which were stored in a little-used CIA laboratory where it went
undetected for five years.10
4. MKULTRA
MKULTRA was the principal CIA program involving the research
and development of chemical and biological agents. It was "con-
cerned with the research and development of chemical, biological, and
radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine oper-
ations to control human behavior." 11
In January 1973, MKULTRA records were destroyed by Technical
Services Division personnel actint* on the verbal orders of Dr. Sidney
Gottlieb, Chief of TSD. Dr. Gottlieb has testified, and former Direc-
tor Helms has confirmed, that in ordering the records destroyed, Dr.
Gottlieb was carrying out the verbal order of then DCI Helms.
MKULTRA began with a proposal from the Assistant Deputy
Director for Plans, Richard Helms, to the DCI, outlining a special
- Ibid. p. 2.
70 Senate Select Committee, 9/16/75, Hearings, Vo. 1.
"Memorandum from the CIA Inspector General to the Director, 7/26/63.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/02/08: CIA-RDPO1-01773R000100170001-5
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/02/08: CIA-RDPO1-01773R000100170001-5
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/02/08: CIA-RDPO1-01773R000100170001-5
"observe the behavior of unwitting persons being questioned after
having been given a drug." 8? There is no evidence that Subproject
Number 3 was terminated even though these officers were unequivo-
cally aware of the dangers of the surreptitious administration of LSD
and the necessity of obtaining informed consent and providing medical
safeguards. Subproject Number 3, in fact, used methods which showed
even less concern than did the OLSON experiment for the safety and
security of the participants. Yet the evidence indicates the project
continued until 1963.61
In the project, the individual conducting the test might make
initial contact with a prospective subject selected at random in a bar.
He would then invite the person to a "safehouse" where the test drug
was administered to the subject through drink or in food. CIA per-
sonnel might debrief the individual conducting the test, or observe
the test by using a one-way mirror and tape recorder in an adjoining
room.
Prior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects.
There was also, obviously, no medical prescreening. In addition, the
tests were conducted by individuals who were not qualified scientific
observers. There were no medical personnel on hand either to admin-
ister the drugs or to observe their effects, and no follow-up was con-
ducted on the test subjects.
As the Inspector General noted in 1963:
A significant limitation on the effectiveness of such testing is
the infeasibility of performing scientific observation of re-
sults. The [individuals conducting the test] are not qualified
scientific observers. Their subjects are seldom accessible be-
yond the first hours of the test. The testing may be useful in
perfecting delivery techniques, and in identifying surface
characteristics of onset, reaction, attribution, and side-effect.?
This was particularly troublesome as in a
number of instances, . . . the test subject has become ill for
hours or days, including hospitalization in at least one case,
and the agent could only follow up by guarded inquiry
after the test subject's return to normal life. Possible sickness
and attendant economic loss are inherent contingent effects
of the testing. 63
Paradoxically, greater care seems to have been taken for the safety
of foreign nationals against whom LSD was used abroad. In several
cases medical examinations were performed prior to the use of LSD.64
? Memorandum to Inspector General from Chief, Inspection and Review, on
Subproject #3 of MKULTRA, 2/10/54.
? IG Report on MKULTRA, 1963.
"Ibid., p. 12.
?Ibid. According to the IG's survey in 1963, physicians associated with
MKULTRA could be made available In an emergency.
" The Technical Services Division which was responsible for the operational
use of LSD abroad took the position that "no physical examination of the subject
is required prior to administration of [LSD] by TSS trained personnel. A physi-
Moreover, the administration abroad was marked by constant obser-
vation made possible because the material was being used against
prisoners of foreign intelligence or security organizations. Finally,
during certain of the LSD interrogations abroad, local physicians
were on call, though these physicians had had no experience with LSD
and would not be told that hallucinogens had been administered 6'
The CIA's project involving the surreptitious administration of
LSD to unwitting human subjects in the United States was finally
halted in 1963, as a result of its discovery during the course of an
Inspector General survey of the Technical Services Division. When
the Inspector General learned of the project, he spoke to the Deputy
Director for Plans, who agreed that the Director should be briefed.
The DDP made it clear that the DCI and his Deputy were generally
familiar with MKULTRA. He indicated, however, that he. was not
sure it was necessary to brief the DDCI at that point.
On May 24,1963, the DDP advised the Inspector General that he had
briefed the Director on the MKULTRA program and in particular
had covered the question of the surreptitious administration of LSD
to unwitting human subjects. According to the Inspector General, the
DDP said that "the Director indicated no disagreement and therefore
the `testing' will continue." as
One copy of an "Eyes Only" draft report on MKULTRA was
prepared by the Inspector General who recommended the termination
of the surreptitious administration project. The project was suspended
following the Inspector General's report.
On December 17, 1963, Deputy Director for Plans Helms wrote a
memo to the DDCI, who with the Inspector General and the Executive
Director-Comptroller had opposed the covert testing. He noted two
aspects of the problem : (1) "for over a decade the Clandestine Serv-
ices has had the mission of maintaining a capability for influencing
human behavior;" and (2) "testing arrangements in furtherance of
this mission should be as operationally realistic and yet as controllable
as possible." Helms argued that the individuals must be "unwitting"
as this was "the only realistic method of maintaining the capability,
considering the intended operational use of materials to influence
human behavior as the operational targets will certainly be unwitting.
Should the subjects of the testing not be unwitting, the program would
only be "pro forma" resulting in a "false sense of accomplishment and
readiness." 87 Helms continued :
clan need not be present. There is no danger medically in the use of this material
as handled by TSS trained personnel." The Office of Medical Services had taken
the position that LSD was "medically dangerous." Both the Office of Security
and the Office of Medical Services argued that LSD "should not be administered
unless preceded by a medical examination ... and should be administered only
by or in the presence of a physician who had studied it and Its effect." (Memo-
randum from James Angleton, Chief, Counterintelligence Staff to Chief of Oper-
ations, 12/12/57, pp. 1-2.
? Physicians might be called with the hope that they would make a diagnosis
of mental breakdown which would be useful in discrediting the individual who
was the subject of the CIA interest.
" Memorandum for the Record prepared by the Inspector General, 5/15/63, p. 1.
Ibid., p. 2.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/02/08: CIA-RDPO1-01773R000100170001-5
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/02/08: CIA-RDPO1-01773R000100170001-5
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