NATIONAL BASIC INTELLIGENCE FACTBOOK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP08-00534R000100020001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 297
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 29, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 1, 1979
• Content Type: REPORT

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National Secret
Foreign
Assessment
7r- Center
Secip-i!
e"
25X1
Se1 ret
National
Basic Intelligence
Factbook
July 1979
?Secret?
GC BIF 79-002
July 1979
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wG,. National ecret
Foreign 25X1
t.
'21'rYJ Assessment
Center
National
Basic Intelligence
Factbook
July 1979
The Factbook, a compilation of basic data on political
entities worldwide, is produced semiannually by the
Office of Geographic and Cartographic Research
with contributions provided by various components of
the Central intelligence Agency, the Defense intelli-
gence Agency, and the Department of State. Com-
ments, suggestions, and requests for additional copies
may be addressed to:
Office of Geographic and Cartographic Research
(Attn: Factbook)
Central intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
Secret
GC B/F 79-002
July 1979 .
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CONTENTS
Page
Abbreviations for International Organizations
Commodity Organizations xi
United Nations (U.N.): Structure and Related Agencies xii
?A?
Abu Dhabi (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
AFGHANISTAN 1
`Ajman (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
ALBANIA 2
ALGERIA 4
ANDORRA 5
ANGOLA 6
Anguilla (see ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS)
ANTIGUA 7
ARGENTINA 8
AUSTRALIA 10
AUSTRIA 12
Azores (see PORTUGAL)
?B?
BAHAMAS, THE 14
BAHRAIN 15
Balearic Islands (see SPAIN)
BANGLADESH 16
BARBADOS 17
BELGIUM 18
BELIZE 20
BENIN 22
BERMUDA 23
BHUTAN 24
BOLIVIA 25
Bophuthatswana (see SOUTH AFRICA)
BOTSWANA 27
BRAZIL 28
British Honduras (see BELIZE)
British Solomon Islands (see SOLOMON ISLANDS)
BRUNEI 30
BULGARIA 31
BURMA 33
BURUNDI 34
?C?
Cabinda (see ANGOLA)
Cambodia (see KAMPUCHEA)
CAMEROON 35
CANADA 37
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?C?
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Canary Islands (see SPAIN)
CAPE VERDE 39
CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE 40
Ceylon (see SRI LANKA)
CHAD 41
CHILE 42
CHINA 44
COLOMBIA 47
COMOROS 48
CONGO (Brazzaville) 49
Congo (Kinshasa) (see ZAIRE)
COOK ISLANDS 51
COSTA RICA 52
CUBA 53
CYPRUS 55
CZECHOSLOVAKIA 57
?D?
Dahomey (see BENIN)
DENMARK 59
DJIBOUTI (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) 61
DOMINICA 62
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 63
Dubai (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
?E?
ECUADOR 64
EGYPT 66
Ellice Islands (see TUVALU)
EL SALVADOR 67
EQUATORIAL GUINEA 69
ETHIOPIA 70
?F?
FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) 72
FAROE ISLANDS 73
Fernando Po (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA)
FIJI 74
FINLAND 75
FRANCE 77
FRENCH GUIANA 79
FRENCH POLYNESIA 81
French Territory of the Afars and Issas (see DJIBOUTI)
Fujairah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
?G?
GABON 81
GAMBIA, THE 83
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?G?
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
GHANA
GIBRALTAR
GILBERT ISLANDS
GREECE
GREENLAND
GRENADA
GUADELOUPE
GUATEMALA
GUINEA
GUINEA-BISSAU
Guinea, Portuguese (see GUINEA-BISSAU)
GUYANA
?H?
HAITI
HONDURAS
HONG KONG
HUNGARY
ICELAND
INDIA
INDONESIA
IRAN
IRAQ
IRELAND
ISRAEL
ITALY
IVORY COAST
JAMAICA
JAPAN
JORDAN
?K?
KAMPUCHEA (formerly Cambodia)
KENYA
KOREA, NORTH
KOREA, SOUTH
KUWAIT
?L?
LAOS
LEBANON
LESOTHO
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84
86
88
90
91
91
93
94
95
97
98
99
101
102
103
105
106
108
109
111
113
115
116
118
120
122
123
125
127
128
129
131
132
134
136
137
139
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?L?
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LIBERIA 140
LIBYA 142
LIECHTENSTEIN 144
LUXEMBOURG 145
MACAO 146
MADAGASCAR 147
Madeira Islands (see PORTUGAL)
Malagasy Republic (see MADAGASCAR)
MALAWI
149
MALAYSIA 150
MALDIVES 153
MALI 154
MALTA 155
MARTINIQUE 156
MAURITANIA 158
MAURITIUS 159
MEXICO 160
MONACO 162
MONGOLIA 163
MOROCCO 164
MOZAMBIQUE 166
?N?
NAMIBIA (South-West Africa) 167
NAURU 169
NEPAL 170
NETHERLANDS 171
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES 173
NEW CALEDONIA 175
NEW HEBRIDES 176
NEW ZEALAND 176
NICARAGUA 178
NIGER 180
NIGERIA 181
Northern Rhodesia (see ZAMBIA)
NORWAY 183
-0-
OMAN 184
PAKISTAN 186
PANAMA 187
?p?
PAPUA NEW GUINEA 189
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PARAGUAY 190
Pemba (see TANZANIA)
PERU 192
PHILIPPINES 194
POLAND 195
PORTUGAL 197
Portuguese Guinea (see GUINEA-BISSAU)
Portuguese Timor (see INDONESIA)
?Q?
QATAR 199
?R--
Ras al Khaimah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
REUNION 201
Rhodesia (see ZIMBABWE-RHODESIA)
Rio Muni (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA)
ROMANIA 202
RWANDA 203
?5?
ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS-ANGUILLA 205
ST. LUCIA 206
ST. VINCENT 207
SAN MARINO 208
SAO TOME and PRINCIPE 209
SAUDI ARABIA 210
SENEGAL 211
SEYCHELLES 213
Sharjah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
SIERRA LEONE 214
SINGAPORE 216
SOLOMON ISLANDS (formerly British Solomon Islands) 217
SOMALIA 218
SOUTH AFRICA 219
Southern Rhodesia (see ZIMBABWE-RHODESIA)
South-West Africa (see NAMIBIA)
SPAIN 221
Spanish Sahara (see WESTERN SAHARA)
SRI LANKA (formerly Ceylon) 224
SUDAN 225
SURINAME 227
SWAZILAND 228
SWEDEN 229
SWITZERLAND 231
SYRIA 233
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?T?
TAIWAN 234
Tanganyika (see TANZANIA)
TANZANIA 236
Tasmania (see AUSTRALIA)
THAILAND 238
TOGO 239
TONGA 241
Transkei (see SOUTH AFRICA)
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 242
TUNISIA 243
TURKEY 245
TUVALU (formerly Ellice Islands) 246
?U?
UGANDA 247
Umm al Qaiwain (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
U.S.S.R. 248
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Abu Dhabi, `Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah,
Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah, Umm al Qaiwain 251
United Arab Republic (see EGYPT)
UNITED KINGDOM 252
UNITED STATES 273
UPPER VOLTA 254
URUGUAY 255
Page
?V?
VATICAN CITY 257
VENEZUELA 258
VIETNAM 259
WALLIS and FUTUNA 261
Walvis Bay (see SOUTH AFRICA)
WESTERN SAHARA (formerly Spanish Sahara) 262
WESTERN SAMOA 263
_y_
YEMEN (Aden) 264
YEMEN (Sana) 265
YUGOSLAVIA 266
?Z?
ZAIRE 268
ZAMBIA 270
Zanzibar (see TANZANIA)
ZIMBABWE-RHODESIA 271
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MAPS
I CANADA
II MIDDLE AMERICA
III SOUTH AMERICA
IV EUROPE
V THE MIDDLE EAST
VI AFRICA
VII U.S.S.R. and ASIA
VIII OCEANIA
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ABBREVIATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
AA PSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization
ADB Asian Development Bank
AFDB African Development Bank
ANZUS ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and the
United States
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council
BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
CACM Central American Common Market
CARICOM Caribbean Common Market
CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association
CEA() West African Economic Community
CEMA Council for Economic Mutual Assistance
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
Colombo Plan
. . . Council of Europe
DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
EAMA African States associated with the EEC
EC European Communities (EEC, ECSC, EURATOM)
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EEC European Economic Community (Common Market)
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIB European Investment Bank
ELDO European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization
EMA European Monetary Agreement
ENTENTE Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger, Upper
Volta, and Togo
ESRO European Space Research Organization
EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community
G-77 Group of 77
IADB Inter-American Defense Board
ICES International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
lEA International Energy Agency (Associated with OECD)
IHO International Hydrographic Organization
IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRC International Red Cross
LAFTA Latin American Free Trade Association
LICROSS League of Red Cross Societies
NAM Non-Aligned Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
OCAM Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
ODECA Organization of Central American States
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
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ABBREVIATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (Cont.)
SELA Latin American Economic System
UDEAC Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
UEAC Union of Central African States
WEU Western European Union
WPC World Peace Council
WTO World Tourism Organization
COMMODITY ORGANIZATIONS
AIOEC Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries
ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries
APC African Peanut (Groundnut) Council
ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association
CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers
IBA International Bauxite Association
ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee
ICCO International Cocoa Council
ICO International Coffee Organization
. . . International Lead and Zinc Study Group
100C International Olive Oil Council
ISO International Sugar Organization
ITC International Tin Council
IWC International Whaling Commission
IWC International Wheat Council
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
UPEB Union of Banana Exporting Countries
WSG International Wool Study Group
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UNITED NATIONS (U.N.): STRUCTURE AND RELA-TED AGENCIES
Principal Organs:
SC Security Council
GA General Assembly
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
TC Trusteeship Council
ICJ International Court of Justice
Secretariat
. . .
Operating Bodies:
UNCTAD U.N. Conference on Trade and Development
TDB Trade and Development Board
UNDP U.N. Development Program
UNICEF U.N. Children's Fund
UNIDO U.N. Industrial Development Organization
Regional Economic Commissions:
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America
ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Intergovernmental Agencies Related to the U.N.:
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IDA International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
ILO International Labor Organization
IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization
IMF (FUND) International Monetary Fund
ITU International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UPU Universal Postal Union
WFC World Food Council
WHO World Health Organization
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
Autonomous Organization Under the U.N.:
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
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Approximate Metric Conversions
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Symbol
When You Know Multiply by To Find
Symbol
Symbol
When You Know Multiply by To Find
Symbol
LENGTH
LENGTH
mm
millimeters
0.04
inches
in
in
inches
2.5 centimeters
cm
cm
centimeters
0.4
inches
in
ft
feet
30 centimeters
Cm
meters
3.3
feet
ft
yd
yards
0.9 meters
meters
1.1
yards
yd.
mi
miles
1.6 kilometers
km
km
kilometers
0.6
miles
mi
AREA
AREA
in2
square inches
6.5 square centimeterscm2
CO12
square centimeters
0.16
square inches
in2
f t2
square feet
0.09 square meters
m2
m2
square meters
1.2
square yards
yd2
yd2
square yards
0.8 square meters
m2
km2
square kilometers
0.4
square miles
mi2
mi2
square miles
2.6 square kilometers
km2
ha
hectares (10,000 m2)
2.5
acres
acres
0.4 hectares
ha
MASS (weight)
MASS (weight)
g
gram
0.035
ounces
OZ
oz
ounces
28 grams
kg
kilograms
2.2
pounds
lb
lb
pounds
0.45 kilograms
kg
tonnes (1000 kg)
1.1
short tons
short tons
0.9 tonnes
VOLUME
(2000 lb)
ml
milliliters
0.03
fluid ounces
fl oz
VOLUME
liters
2.1
pints
pt
tsp
teaspoons
5 milliliters
ml
liters
1.06
quarts
qt
Tbsp
tablespoons
15 milliliters
ml
liters
0.26
gallons
gal
fl oz
fluid ounces
30 milliliters
ml
m3
cubic meters
35
cubic feet
ft3
cups
0.24 liters
m3
cubic meters
1.3
cubic yards
yd3
pt
qt
gal
f t3
yd3
pints
quarts
gallons
cubic feet
cubic yards
0.47 liters
0.95 liters
3.8 liters
0.03 cubic meters
0.76 cubic meters
m3
m3
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Dates of Information: The information in this edition of the Factbook is current as of mid- to
late-April 1979 except as follows:
? Population estimates have been projected to 1 July 1979,
? Military manpower estimates are as of 1 January 1979, except for numbers of males
reaching military age, which are projected averages for the five-year period 1979-83.
Explanatory Notes:
Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough estimates. Figures
for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area under cultivation rather than the total
cutivable area.
Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal states are included only
when they differ from territorial sea limits.
GNP vs. GDP: For some countries GDP, rather than GNP, is shown. GDP is the total
market value of all goods and services produced within the domestic borders of a country
over a particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the income accruing
to domestic residents arising from investment abroad less income earned in the domestic
market accruing to foreigners abroad.
Money: All money figures are in U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated.
Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for U.S. fiscal year; all years are calendar years
unless otherwise indicated.
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AFGHANISTAN
AFGHANISTAN
are felerence map VII)
LAND
647,500 km2; 22% arable (12% cultivated, 10% pasture),
75% desert, waste, or urban, 3% forested
Land boundaries: 5,510 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,702,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Afghan(s); adjective?Afghan
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pushtuns, 25% Tajiks, 9% Uzbeks,
9% Hazaras; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks,
Turkmen, Kizelbashes, and others
Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shia Muslim, 1% other
Language: 50% Pushtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11%
Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 10%
thirty minor languages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); intich
bilingualism
Literacy: under 10%
Labor force: about 5.88 million (FY78 est.); 75%-80%
agriculture and animal husbandry, 20%-25% commerce,
small industry, services; massive shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Type: martial law
Capital: Kabfil
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces with centrally ap-
pointed governors
Legal system: not established; legal education at Uni-
versity of Kabul; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: leaders of the Communist People's Democratic
Party (PDPA) day-to-day policy decisions are made by the
political bureau of the party's central committee
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Government leaders: President of Republic, President of
the Revolutionary Council, and Secretary General of the
PDPA Nur Mohammad Taraki; First (Prime) Minister,
Secretary of the Central Committee, and Minister of Foreign
Affairs Hafizullah Amin
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Political parties and leaders: The People's Democratic
Party of Afghanistan is the sole legal political party
Communists: Parcham, a rival faction in the PDPA, is led
by exiled former Deputy Prime Minister Babrak Karmal; the
Sholaye-Jaweid is a much smaller pro-Peking group
Other political or pressure groups: the military supports
the government; tribal rebellion continues in several parts of
the country; widespread opposition on religious grounds
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.8 billion (FY78 est.), $130 per capita; real growth
rate about 3.7% (1970-78)
Agriculture: agriculture and animal husbandry account
for over 50% of GNP and occupy nearly 85% of the labor
force; main crops?wheat and other grains, cotton, fruits,
nuts; largely self-sufficient; food shortages?wheat, sugar,
tea
Major industries: cottage industries, food processing,
textiles, cement, coal mining
-Electric power: 360,000 kW capacity (1978); 756 million
kWh produced (1978), 50 kWh per capita
Exports: $340 million (f.o.b., FY78); fresh and dried
fruits, natural gas, karakul skins, carpets, hides, wool and
cotton
Imports: $410 million (f.o.b., FY78); non-metallic miner-
als, sugar, tires and tubes, textiles, tea, used clothing,
tobacco, transportation, and wheat
Major trade partners: exports?U.S.S.R., India, U.K.,
Pakistan, West Germany, Switzerland, U.S.; imports?Japan,
U.S.S.R., India, West Germany, U.K., U.S.
Aid: economic?(1970-77), U.S. $175.2 million commit-
ted; U.S.S.R. (1970-77), $569.9 million; Eastern Europe
(1970-77), $28 million; China (1970-77), $48.5 million;
OPEC (1974-78), $899 million; military?U.S. (FY 70/77),
$1.6 million; U.S.S.R. (1970-77), $320 million; Eastern
Europe (1970-77), $11 million
Budget: current expenditures $158 million, capital
expenditures $163 million for FY76
Monetary conversion rate: 45 Afghanis=US$1 (official,
early June 1978)
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 0.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gage,
government-owned spur of 'Soviet line
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AFGHANISTAN/ALBANIA
Highways: 21,115 km total (1977); 2,960 km paved, 3,910
km gravel, 8,735 km improved earth, and 5,780 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200 km; steamers
use Amu Darya
Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Shen Khan
Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 37 total, 36 usable; 9 with permanent-surface
runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and
radiobroadcast services; television to be introduced by 1979;
35,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, no TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3.4 million; 1.8
million fit for military service; about 153,000 reach military
age (22) annually
Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost exclusively
the U.S.S.R.
Military budget: estimated expenditures for fiscal year
ending 31 March 1978, about $60.7 million; approximately
8.3% of central government budget
ALBANIA
LAND
28,749 km2; 19% arable, 24% other agricultural, 43%
forested, 14% other
Land boundaries: 716 km
2
July 1979
Mediterranean Sea
(See reference map. IV)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm
Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island)
PEOPLE
Population: 2,626,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Albanian(s); adjective?Albanian
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian, remaining 4% are
Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgarians
Religion: 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox, 10%
Roman Catholic; observances prohibited; Albania claims to
be the world's first atheist state
Language: Albanian, Greek
Literacy: about 70%; no reliable current statistics avail-
able, but probably greatly improved
Labor force: 911,000 (1969); 60.5% agriculture, 17.9%
industry, 21.6% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tirane
Political subdivisions: 27 rethet (districts), including
capital, 200 localities, 2,600 villages
Legal system: based on constitution adopted in 1976;
judicial review of legislative acts only in the Presidium of the
People's Assembly, which is not a true court; legal education
at State University of Tirane; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 November
Branches: People's Assembly, Council of Ministers,
judiciary
Government leaders: Chairman of Council of Ministers,
Mehmet Shehu; Chairman, Presidium of the People's
Assembly, Haxhi Lleshi (Chief of State)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
SECRET
A
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July 1979 SECRET
ALBANIA
Elections: national elections theoretically held every 4
years; last elections 6 November 1978; 99.99% of electorate
voted
Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers Party
only; First Secretary, Enver Hoxha
Communists: 101,500 party members (November 1976)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, IPU, ITU, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO; has not participated in CEMA
since rift with U.S.S.R. in 1961; officially withdrew from
Warsaw Pact 13 September 1968
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.2 billion in 1972 (at 1970 prices), $520 per capita
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops?corn, wheat,
tobacco, sugar beets, cotton; food shortages?wheat; caloric
intake, 2,100 calories per day per capita (1961/62)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles and
clothing, lumber, and extractive industries
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and equipment, wheat
Electric power: 750,000 kW capacity (1978); 2.2 billion
kWh produced (1978), 850 kWh per capita
Exports: $162 million (1977 est.); 1964 trade-55%
minerals, metals, fuels; 23% foodstuffs (including cigarettes);
17% agricultural materials (except foods); 5% consumer
goods
Imports: $190.1 million (1977); 1964 trade-50% machin-
ery, equipment, and spare parts; 16% minerals, metals, fuels,
construction materials; 16% foodstuffs; 7% consumer goods;
7% fertilizers, other chemicals, rubber; 4% agricultural
materials (except foodstuffs)
Major trade partners: $352.1 million; China, which
replaced Soviet Union as Albania's major trade partner after
the 1961 Albanian-Soviet break, has withdrawn all of its aid
from Albania; 1977 est. trade-38% China, 30% East
European Communist countries, 32% non-Communist coun-
tries
Aid: Albania claims to have drawn $1.3 billion in Chinese
economic aid since 1960
Monetary conversion rate: 5 leks=US$1 (commercial);
12.5 leks=US$1 (noncommercial)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which
is reported for consumption year 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 277 km standard gage (1.435 m), single track,
government-owned (1975)
Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved, 1,609 km
crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093 km improved or
unimproved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake
Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1979)
SECRET
Freight carried: rail-2.8 million metric tons, 180 million
metric ton/km (1971); highways-39 million metric tons,
900 million metric ton/km (1971)
Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979)
Merchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
51,677 GRT, 73,791 DWT; includes 10 cargo
Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined products, 65 km;
natural gas, 64 km
Civil air: no civil airline
Airfields: 11 total; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 5
with runways 2,500-3,499 m, 6 with runways 1,000-2,499 m,
1 heliport
Telecommunications: least developed of any European
Communist country; serves only basic needs of government
with very limited service to public; limited coverage by
radio and wired broadcasts; 8 AM stations, 173,000 receivers;
1 TV station, 4,000 receivers; 13,000 telephones
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 665,000; 551,000 fit for
military service; 31,000 reach military age (19) annually
Personnel: (estimated) ground forces 25,000; naval forces
3,200; air and air defense forces 12,600; paramilitary forces
12,500
Personnel in
reserve (not on active duty): estimated
round forces 180,000, naval forces 6,000, air force unknown
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ALGERIA
(See reference map VI
ALGERIA
LAND
2,460,500 km2; 3% cultivated, 16% pasture and meadows,
1% forested, 80% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 6,260 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,183 km
PEOPLE
Population: 18,249,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Algerian(s); adjective?Algerian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berbers, less than 1%
Europeans
Religion: 99% Muslim, 1% Christian and Hebrew
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Literacy: 25% (5% Arabic, 9% French, 11% both)
Labor force: 4.0 million; 50% agriculture, 20% industry,
25% other (military, police, civil service, transportation
workers, teachers, merchants, construction workers); at least
20% of urban labor unemployed
Organized labor: 25% of labor force claimed; General
Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is the only labor
organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation
Front
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Political subdivisions: 31 Wilayas (departments or
provinces)
Legal system: based on French and Islamic law, with
socialist principles; new constitution adopted by referendum
November 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc
4
July 1979
Constitutional Council composed of various public officials,
including several Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court
divided into 4 chambers; legal education at Universities of
Algiers, Oran, and Constantine; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 1 November
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislature
reconvened in March 1977; judiciary
Government leader: President, Col. Chadhi Bendjedid,
elected 7 February 1979 as successor to deceased President
Boumediene
Suffrage: universal over age 19
Elections (latest): presidential 7 February 1979; depart-
mental assemblies 2 June 1974; local assemblies 30 March
1975; legislative elections held 25 February 1977
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Front
(FLN), Secretary General Chadhi Bendjedid; party coordi-
nator, Mohamed Yahiaoui
Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party illegal (banned
1962)
Member of: AFDI3, AIOEC , Arab League, ASSIMER,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO,
IMF, 100C, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OPEC, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $21.8 billion (1978 est.), $1,235 per capita; in real
terms, 8.8% growth in 1977
Agriculture: main crops?wheat, barley, grapes, citrus
fruits
Major industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas,
mining, petrochemical, electrical, and automotive plants
under construction
Electric power: 1,700,000 kW capacity (1978); 4.5 billion
kWh produced (1978), 250 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); 90% hydrocarbons,
also wine, citrus fruit, iron ore, vegetables; U.S. took 56.2%
of Algerian crude oil, supplanting France as Algeria's leading
trade partner
Imports: $6.9 billion (c.i.f., 1978); major items?capital
goods 35%, semi-finished goods 38%, foodstuffs 25%; from
France 23%, U.S. 9%
Aid: economic?(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$2,900 million; U.S. $442.1 million; Communist countries,
$1,021.2 million; military?(1970-77) Communist countries,
$1,350 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 DA=US$0.24
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3;950 km total; 2,690 km standard gage (1.435
m), 1,140 km 1.055-meter gage, 120 km meter gage (1.000
m); 302 km electrified; 193 km double track
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July 1979
ALGERIA/ANDORRA
Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km concrete or
bituminous, 33,340 km gravel, crushed stone, unimproved
earth
Ports: 9 major, 8 minor
Merchant marine: 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
1,274,204 GRT, 1,905,008 DWT; includes 5 passenger, 23
cargo, 3 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 14 tanker, 6
liquefied gas, 9 bulk, 11 specialized carrier
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,983 km; refined products, 298 km;
natural gas, 2,398 km
Civil air: 33 major transport aircraft including 3 leased in
Airfields: 184 total, 171 usable; 55 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 89 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and interna-
tional service in the north, sparse in the south; Atlantic and
Indian Ocean satellite stations plus domestic satellite system
with 14 stations; 266,000 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 18
AM and 32 TV stations; 5 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,720,000; 2,224,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually 193,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $600 million; 5% of central government budget
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ANDORRA
(See 'derma map
LAND
466 km'
Land boundaries: 105 km
SECRET
PEOPLE
Population: 29,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1976)
Nationality: noun?Andorran(s); adjective?Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 30% Andorrans, 61%
Spanish, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan, many also speak some French and
Castilian
Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds and farmers
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Andorra; Valls &Andorra (Catalan)
Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of
President of France and Spanish Bishop of Seo de Urgel,
who are represented locally by officials called verguers
Capital: Andorra
Political subdivisions: 6 districts?Andorra la Vella", Saint
Julia de Loria, Encamp, Canillo, La Massana, and Ordino
Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes;
Plan of Reform adopted 1866 serves as constitution; no
judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislature (General Council) consisting of 24
members with one-half elected every 2 years for 4-year
term; executive?syndic (manager) and a deputy sub-syndic
chosen by General Council for 3-year terms; judiciary
chosen by coprinces who appoint 2 civil judges, a judge of
appeals, and 2 Batles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the
Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan, France, or to the
Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain
Suffrage: males of 21 or over who are third generation
Andorrans vote for General Council members; same right
granted to women in April 1970
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ANDORRA/ANGOLA
Elections: half of General Council chosen every 2 years,
last election December 1977
Political parties and leaders: traditionally no political
parties but only partisans for particular independent
candidates for the General Council, on the basis of
competence, personality and orientation toward Spain or
France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972;
first formal political party?Andorran Democratic Associ-
ation?formed in November 1976
Communists: negligible
Member of: UNESCO
ECONOMY
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco,
rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetables (less than 4% of
land is arable)
Major industries: tourism, sheep, timber, tobacco, and
smuggling
Shortages: food
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1978); 100 million
kWh produced (1978), 3,448 kWh per capita; power is
mainly exported to Spain . and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 96 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international circuits to Spain and
France; 2 AM stations, 1 FM, 1 TV station; about 3,900
telephones (14.3 per 100 popl.)
DEFENSE FORCES
Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and France are
responsible for protection as needed
ANGOLA
LAND
1,245,790 km2; 1% cultivated, 44% forested, 22% meadows
and pastures, 33% other (including fallow)
Land boundaries: 5,070 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20 nm
Coastline: 1,600 km
PEOPLE
Population: Angola (including Cabinda), 6,606,000 (July
1979), does not take into account emigration from Angola,
average annual growth rate 2.4% (current); Cabinda,
106,000 (July 1979), average annual growth rate 3.3% (12-60
to 12-70)
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Cabinda
Oanda
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference map VI)
Nationality: noun?Angolan(s); adjective?Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 93% African, 5% European, 1% mestizo
Religion: about 84% animist, 12% Roman Catholic, 4%
Protestant
Language: Portuguese (official), many native dialects
Literacy: 10-15%
Labor force: 2.6 million economically active (1964);
531,000 wage workers (1967)
Organized labor: approx. 65,000 (1967)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Republic of Angola
Type: republic; achieved independence from Portugal in
November 1975; constitution promulgated 1975; govern-
ment formed after civil war which ended in early 1976
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 17 provinces including the coastal
exclave of Cabinda
Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese civil law
system and customary law; being modified along "socialist"
model
National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November
Branches: the official party is the supreme political
institution
Government leaders: Dr. Agostinho Neto, President
Suffrage: to be determined
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement for the
Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led
by Agostinho Neto, only legal party; National Front for the
Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), defeated in civil
war, carrying out insurgencies
Member of: G-77, ILO, NAM, OAU, U.N., UNICEF,
WHO
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July 1979
ANGOLA/ ANTIGUA
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.66 billion (1978 est.), $412 per capita, 6.1% real
growth (1970-72); real GDP growth has declined by at least
15% since independence; 5% drop in 1978
Agriculture: cash crops?coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar,
manioc, and tobacco; food crops?cassava, corn, vegetables,
plantains, bananas, and other local foodstuffs; largely
self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 153,580 metric tons (1975); exports $53.0
million; imports $5.6 million (1973)
Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds), fish processing,
brewing, tobacco, sugar processing, textiles, cement, food
processing plants, building construction
Electric power: 525,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.3 billion
kWh produced (1977), 210 kWh per capita
Exports: est. $900 million (f.o.b., 1977); oil, coffee,
diamonds, sisal, fish and fish products, iron ore, timber, corn,
and cotton; exports down sharply 1975-77
Imports: est. $720 million (f.o.b., 1977); capital equip-
ment (machinery and electrical equipment), wines, bulk iron
and ironwork, steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts,
textiles and clothing, medicines; military deliveries partially
offset drop in imports in 1975-77
Major trade partners: Cuba, U.S.S.R., Portugal, and U.S.
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$215 million; Communist countries (1976 and 77), $29
million; U.S. (1970-77), $14.3 million; military?Communist
countries (1976 and 77), $386 million
Budget: (1975) balanced at about $740 million by former
Portuguese administration; budget not yet published by new
government
Monetary conversion rate: 40.643 escudos=US$1 as of
November 1977
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,108 km total; 2,798 km 1.067-meter gage,
310 km 0.600-meter gage
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface
treatment, 28,723 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved
earth, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,220 km navigable
Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Mocamedes), 15 minor
Merchant marine: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
29,600 GRT, 42,100 DWT; includes 7 cargo, 1 tanker
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km c
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased in
Airfields: 524 total, 503 usable; 27 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 8 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 97 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of wire and radio-relay;
troposcatter/radio relay system under construction; HF used
extensively for military/Cuban links; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station; 32,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 14
AM, 5 FM, and 1 TV station
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DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,608,000; 806,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually, 62,000
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Supply: dependent on foreign sources, especially U.S.S.R.;
some equipment left by the Portuguese
ANTIGUA
(See reference map II)
LAND
280 km2; 54% arable, 5% pasture, 14% forested, 9% unused
but potentially productive, 18% wasteland and built on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 153 km
PEOPLE
Population: 74,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.3% (7-70 to 7-77)
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ANTIGUA/ ARGENTINA
Nationality: noun?Antiguan(s); adjective?Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African Negro
Religion: Church of England (predominant), other
Protestant sects, and some Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 80%
Organized labor: 18,000, 20% unemployment
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Antigua
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy
as a British -Associated State"
Capital: St. Johns
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 dependencies (Bar-
buda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English law; British Caribbean
Court of Appeal has exclusive original jurisdiction and an
appellate jurisdiction, consists of Chief Justice and 5 justices
Branches: legislative, 21-member popularly elected
House of Representatives; executive, Prime Minister and
Cabinet
Government leaders: Premier Vere C. Bird, Sr.; Deputy
Premier Lester Bird; Governor Sir Wilfred Ebenezer Jacobs
Suffrage: universal suffrage age 18 and over
Elections: every 5 years; last general election 11 February
1976
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP),
Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird; Progressive Labor Movement
(PLM), George Herbert Walter; Antigua People's Party
(APP), J. Rowan Henry
Voting strength: 1976 election?House of Representative
seats?ALP 10, PLM 5, independent 1, tie 1
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Afro-Caribbean
Liberation Movement (ACLM), a small black nationalist
group led by Timothy Hector; Antigua Freedom Fighters
(AFF), a small black radical group, leaders unknown
Member of: CARICOM, ISO
ECONOMY
GDP: $52 million (1977 est.), $720 per capita; 2.0% real
growth
Agriculture: main crop, cotton
Major industries: oil refining, tourism
Shortages: electric power
Electric power: 31,200 kW capacity (1977); 60 million
kWh produced (1977), 780 kWh per capita
Exports: $22 million (f.o.b., 1975); petroleum products,
cotton
Imports: $54 million (c.i.f., 1975); crude oil, food, clothing
Major trade partners: 30% U.K., 25% U.S., 18%
Commonwealth Caribbean countries (1975)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im
(1970-76) from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $13.9 million;
no military aid
8
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Budget: (current) revenues, $12 million; current expendi-
tures, $15 million (1977/78)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dol-
lars=US$1 (July 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April-30 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 78 km narrow gage (0.760 m), employed
almost exclusively for handling cane
Highways: 380 km total; 240 km main, 140 km secondary
Ports: 1 major (St. Johns), 1 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with asphalt runway 2,745 m
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 3,500
telephones (4.9 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter links with
Tortola and St. Lucia; 3 AM stations, 2 FM stations, and I
TV station; 1 coaxial submarine cable
ARGENTINA
LAND
2,771,300 km2; 57% agricultural (11% crops, improved
pasture and fallow, 46% natural grazing land), 25% forested,
18% mountain, urban, or waste
Land boundaries: 9,414 km
WATER?
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (continen-
tal shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 4,989 km
PEOPLE
Population: 26,829,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Argentine(s); adjective?Argentine
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white, 15% Mestizo,
Indian, or other nonwhite groups
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ARGENTINA
(See reference mep III)
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20%
practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 85% (90% in Buenos Aires)
Labor force: 10 million; 19% agriculture, 25% manufac-
turing, 20% services, 11% commerce, 6% transport and
communications, 19% other; 2.2% estimated unemployment
(1977)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic; under military rule since 1976
Capital: Buenos Aires
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district (Federal
(:apital), and 1 territory
Legal system: based on Spanish and French civil codes;
constitution adopted 1853 partially superseded in 1966 by
the Statute of the Revolution which takes precedence over
the constitution when the two are in conflict, further
changes may be made by new government; judicial review
of legislative acts; legal education at University of Buenos
Aires and other public and private universities; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May
Branches: presidency; national judiciary
Government leader: President, Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Jorge
Rafael Videla, chosen by the three-man Junta that took
power on 24 March 1976
Government structure: The President and the Junta,
composed of the chiefs of the three armed services, retain
supreme authority; active duty or retired officers fill all but
two cabinet posts and administer all provincial and many
local governments; in addition, the military now oversee the
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nation's principal labor confederation and unions, as well as
other civilian pressure groups; Congress has been disbanded
and all political activity suspended; a nine-man Legislative
Council, composed of senior officers, advises the junta on
lawmaking
Political parties: a number of civilian political groupings
remain potentially influential, despite the suspension of all
partisan activity; these include Justicialist Party (Peronist
coalition that formerly governed) and the Radical Civic
Union, center-left party providing the chief civilian
opposition to the Peronists; the Moscow-oriented Communist
Party remains legal, but extreme leftist splinter groups have
been outlawed
Communists: some 70,000 members in various party
organizations, including a stnall nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-dominated
labor movement, General Economic Confederation (Peron-
ist-leaning association of small businessmen), Argentine
Industrial Union (manufacturer's association), Argentine
Rural Society (large landowner's association), business
organizations, students, and the Catholic Church
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADI3, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB, JFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
100C, ISO, ITU, IWC?International Whaling Commis-
IWC?International Wheat Council, LAFTA, NAM,
OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO,
WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $51 billion (1978), $1,925 per capita; 73%
consumption, 21% investment, 6% net foreign demand
(1978); real GDP growth rate 1978, ?4.1%
Agriculture: main products?cereals, oilseeds, livestock
products; Argentina is a major world exporter of temperate
zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 281,727 metric tons (1976); exports $42
million (1976 est.)
Major industries: food processing (especially meatpack-
ing), motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals,
printing, and metallurgy
Crude steel: 2.8 million metric tons produced (1978), 105 ,
kg per capita
Electric power: 9.16 million kW capacity (1977); 29
billion kWh produced (1978), 1,095 kWh per capita
Exports: $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1978); meat, corn, wheat,
wool, hides, oilseeds
Imports: $4.0 billion (c.i.f., 1978); machinery, fuel and
lubricating oils, iron and steel, intermediate industrial
products
Major trade partners (1977): exports-10% Netherlands,
8% Brazil, 8% Italy, 7% U.S., 5% Japan; imports-19% U.S.,
10% FRG, 9% Japan, 9% Brazil
Aid: (FY70-76) economic?from U.S. $248 million; from
other Western countries $797 million; from Communist
countries $458 million; military?from U.S. $137 million
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SECRET July 1979
ARGENTINA/ AUSTRALIA
Budget: (1978) 920,500 billion pesos=$17 billion at.
exchange rate of 1 May 1978
Monetary conversion rate: 1,206 pesos=US$1 (I May
1979)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 39,738 km total; 3,086 km standard gage (1.435
in), 22,788 km broad gage (1.676 m), 13,461 km meter gage
(1.000 in), 403 km 0.750-meter gage
Highways: 207,300 km total, of which 43,900 km paved,
39,500 km gravel, 104,000 km improved earth, 19,900 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable
Ports: 7 major, 21 minor
Merchant marine: 213 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
2,075,110 GRT, 3,110,118 DWT; includes 5 passenger, 98
cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, I beach landing cargo ship, 70
tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 27 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil, 7
specialized carrier;
Pipelines: 4,090 kin crude oil; 2,200 kin refined products;
8,172 km natural gas
Civil air: 48 major transport aircraft including 2 leased in
Airfields: 2,393 total, 2,124 usable; 97 with permanent-
surface runways; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 310 with
runways 1,220-2,4:39 in
Telecommunications: extensive modern system; tele-
phone network has 2.54 million sets (9.8 per 100 popl.), radio
relay widely used, 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean
antennas; 160 AM, 12 FM, and 64 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,535,000; 5,299,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually about 226,000
10
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, $1,478 million; about 15% of total central
government budget
AUSTRALIA
Nee reference map VIII)
25X1
LAND
7,692,300 km2; 6% arable, 58% pasture, 2% forested, 34%
other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12
nm; prawn and crayfish on continental shelf)
Coastline: about 25,760 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,400,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.1% (current)
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SECRET
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July 1979
AUSTRALIA
Nationality: noun?Australian(s); adjective?Australian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian and aborigine
Religion: 98% Christian
Language: English
Literacy: 98.5%
Labor force: 6.3 million; 14% agriculture, 32% industry,
37% services, 15% commerce, 2% other; 6% unemployment
Organized labor: 44% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Commonwealth of Australia
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II as sovereign
or head of state
Capital: Canberra
Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territories (Austra-
lian Capital Territory (Canberra) and Northern Territory)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
adopted 1900; High Court has jurisdiction over cases
involving interpretation of the constitution; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 26 January
Branches: Parliament (House of Representatives and
Senate); Prime Minister and Cabinet responsible to House;
independent judiciary
Government leaders: Governor General Sir Zelman
Cowen; Prime Minister J. Malcolm Fraser
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held at 3-year intervals, or sooner if Parliament
is dissolved by Prime Minister; last election December 1977
Political parties and leaders: Government?Liberal
Party (Malcolm Fraser) and National Country Party
(Douglas Anthony); opposition?Labour Party (William J.
Hayden)
Voting strength (1977 Parliamentary election): lower
house: Liberal-Country Coalition, 86 seats; Labour Party, 38
seats; Senate: Liberal Country Coalition, 35 seats; Labour, 26
seats; Democrats, 2 seats; Independents, 1 seat
Communists: 5,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Democratic Labour
Party (anti-Communist Labour Party splinter group)
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CIPEC (associate),
Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, DAC, ELDO, ESCAP,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IO0C, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
IWC?International Whaling Commission, IWC?Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $109.9 billion (1978), $7,720 per capita; 60% private
consumption, 16% government current expenditure, 24%
investment (1975); 1% real average annual growth (1975-78)
SECRET
SECRET
Agriculture: large areas devoted to livestock grazing; 60%
of area used for crops is planted in wheat; major products?
wool, livestock, wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-sufficient in
food; caloric intake, 3,300 calories per day per capita
Fishing: catch 113,961 metric tons (1976); exports $94.5
million (FY75), imports $86.2 million (FY75)
Major industries: mining, industrial and transportation
equipment, food processing, chemicals
Crude steel: 7.8 million metric tons produced (FY76), 570
kg per capita
Electric power: 23,505,000 kW capacity (1978); 87.9
billion kWh produced (1978), 5,900 kWh per capita
Exports: $14.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); principal products
(1977)-44% agricultural products, 14% metalliferous ores,
13% wool, 12% coal
Imports: $14.3 billion (c.i.f., 1978); principal products
(1977)-41% manufactured raw materials, 28% capital
equipment, 25% consumer goods
Major trade partners: (1978) exports-34% Japan, 12%
U.S., 5% New Zealand, 4% U.K.; imports-19% U.S., 11%
U.K., 21% Japan
Aid: economic?Australian aid abroad $3.6 billion
(FY65-79); $455 million (FY79), 51% for Papua New Guinea
Budget: expenditures, A$28.8 billion; receipts A$26.1
billion (FY79)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.87 Australian dollar=US$1
(A$1=US$1.15), December 1978
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 40,636 km total (1978); 9,197 km 1.60-meter
gage, 13,394 km standard gage (1.435 m), 18,045 km
1.067-meter gage; 800 km electrified (June 1962); govern-
ment-owned (except for few hundred kilometers of privately
owned track)
Highways: 837,872 km total (1978); 207,650 km paved,
205,454 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface,
424,768 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-
draft craft
Ports: 12 major, numerous minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 740 km; refined products, 340 km;
natural gas, 6,947 km
Civil air: around 150 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,617 total, 1,559 usable; 201 with permanent-
surface runways, 2 with runways over 3,660 m; 17 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 626 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
11
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SECRET
AUSTRALIA/AUSTRIA
Telecommunications: very good international and do-
mestic service; 5.5 (39.5 per 100 popl.) million telephones;
204 AM stations, 5 FM stations, 112 TV stations and 66
repeaters; 3 earth satellite stations; submarine cables to New
Zealand, New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and
Guam
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,795,000; 3,360,000 fit
for military service; 136,000 reach military age (17) annually
AUSTRIA
LAND
83,916 km2; 20% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures,
15% waste or urban, 38% forested, 1% inland water
Land boundaries: 2,582 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,498,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate ?0.1% (1-77 to 7-78)
12
-fl
FEDERAL
REPUBLIC
OF GERMANY
July 1979
(See reference map IV)
Nationality: noun?Austrian(s); adjective?Austrian
Ethnic divisions: 98.1% German, 0.7% Croatian, 0.3%
Slovene, 0.9% other
Religion: 85% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 8% none or
other
Language: German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2,757,700 (1978); 18% agriculture and
forestry, 49% industry and crafts, 18% trade and communi-
cations, 7% professions, 6% public service, 2% other; 2.1%
registered unemployed; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are
employed in other European countries; foreign laborers in
Austria number 176,710
Organized labor: about two-thirds of wage and salary
workers (1971)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna.
Political subdivisions: 9 states (Laender) including the
capital
Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin;
constitution adopted 1920, repromulgated in 1945; judicial
review of legislative acts by a Constitutional Court; separate
administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; legal educa-
tion at Universities of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg,
and Linz; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 26 October
Branches: bicameral parliament, directly elected Presi-
dent whose functions are largely representational, independ-
ent federal judiciary
Government leaders: President Rudolf Kirchschlaeger,
Chancellor Bruno Kreisky leads a one-party .Socialist
government
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory for presiden-
tial elections
SECRET
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July 1979
AUSTRIA
Elections: presidential, every 6 years (next 1980);
parliamentary, every 4 years (next 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of Austria
(SP0e), Bruno Kreisky, Chairman; Austrian People's Party
(0eVP), Josef Taus, Chairman; Liberal Party (FP0e),
Alexander Gotz, Chairman; Communist Party, Franz Muhri,
Chairman
Voting strength (1975 election): 50.6% SP0e, 42.7%
OeVP, 5.3% FP0e, 1.2% Communist
Communists: membership 25,000 est.; activists
7,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of
Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation
(primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian
People's Party (0eVP) representing business, labor, and
farmers; the OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrial-
ists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay
organization, Catholic Action
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, ECE, EFTA,
EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, ITU, IWC?International Wheat Coun-
cil, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $58 billion (1978), $7,725 per capita; 58.4% private
consumption, 16.2% public consumption, 27.0% investment,
1.7% stock building (1977); ?3.3% net foreign balance; 1978
real GNP growth rate, 1.5%
Agriculture: livestock, cereals, potatoes, sugar beets; 84%
self-sufficient; caloric intake 3,230 calories per day per
capita (1969-70)
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, machinery,
textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and pulp
Crude steel: 4.3 million metric tons produced (1978), 577
kg per capita (1978)
Electric power: 11,700,000 kW capacity (1978); 39 billion
kWh produced (1978), 5,195 kWh per capita
Exports: $13.4 billion (1978); iron and steel products,
machinery and equipment, lumber, textiles, paper products,
chemicals
Imports: $17.0 billion (1978); machinery and equipment,
chemicals, textiles and clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: (1977) 35.9% West Germany, 8.9%
Italy, 6.4% Switzerland, 3.9% U.K., 3.1% U.S.; 76.8% OECD,
59.0 EC; 11.4% Communist countries
Aid: (1970-77) bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA
and 00F), $474 million
Budget: expenditures, $18.3 billion; revenues, $14.8
billion; deficit, $3.5 billion (1978)
Monetary conversion rate: 14.52 shillings=US$1, 1978
average
Fiscal year: calendar year
SECRET
SECRET
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 6,517 km total; 5.877 km government-owned;
5,397 km standard gage (1.435 m) of which 2,730 km
electrified and 1,333 km double tracked; 480 km narrow
gage (0.760 m) of which 91 km electrified; 640 km privately
owned (1.435- and 1.000-meter gage)
Highways: approximately 33,600 km total national
classified network, including 10,400 km federal and 23,200
km provincial roads; about 20,800 km paved (bituminous,
concrete, stone block) and 12,800 km unpaved (gravel,
crushed stone, stabilized soil); additional 60,800 km commu-
nal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth)
Inland waterways: 427 km
Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)
Merchant marine: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
79,486 GRT, 121,781 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 2 container,
2 bulk
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km natural gas; 171 km
refined products
Civil air: 18 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 50 total, 49 usable; 15 with permanent-surface
runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient;
extensive TV and radiobroadcast systems with 160 AM, 190
FM, and 350 TV stations; 1 Comsat station U/C; 2.28 million
telephones (29.9 per 100 popl.)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,778,000; 1,506,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually about 60,000
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Supply: produces some small arms and ammunition,
trucks, and tank destroyers; current sources of other items
are the U.S., Western Europe, Sweden, and the Communist
countries
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $859 million; about 3.8% of the federal budget
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SECRET
THE BAHAMAS
UNITED .
STATES
CUBA
Caribbean Sea
. Atlantic Ocean
THE
BAHAMAS
)
, HAITL
DOMINICAN C
REPUBLIC
(See reference map III
THE BAHAMAS
LAND
11,396 km'; 1% cultivated, 29% forested, 70% built on,
wasteland, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence Is. 76 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 233,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.8% (7-76 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun?Bahamian (sing., pl.); adjective?
Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 80% Negro, 10% white, 10% mixed
Religion: Baptists 29%, Church of England 23%, Roman
Catholic 23%, smaller groups of other Protestant, Greek
Orthodox, and Jews
Language: English
Labor force: 84,228 (1976), 25% organized; 25% unem-
ployment (1977)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: The Commonwealth of The Bahamas
Type: independent commonwealth since July 1973,
recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island)
Legal system: based on English law
National holiday: Independence Day, 10 July
Branches: bicameral legislature (appointed Senate,
elected House); executive (Prime Minister and cabinet);
judiciary
Government leaders: Prime Minister Lynden 0.
Pindling; Acting Governor General Gerald C. Cash
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registered voters (July
1977) 73,309
14
July 1979
Elections: House of Assembly (19 July 1977); next
election due constitutionally in 5 years
Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party
(PLP), predominantly black, Lynden 0. Pindling; Bahamian
Democratic Party (BDP), Henry Bostwick; Free National
Movement (FNM), Cecil Wallace-Whitfield
Voting strength (1977 election): PLP (55%) 30 seats, BDP
(27%) 6 seats, FNM (15%) 2 seats, others (3%) 0 seats
Communists: none known
Member of: CDB, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, U.N., WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $758 million (at market prices, 1977), $3,510 per
capita; real growth rate 1977, 3.5%
Agriculture: food importer, main crops?fish, fruits,
vegetables
Major industries: tourism, cement, oil refining, lumber,
salt production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral
weld, and steel pipe
Electric power: 250,000 kW capacity (1977); 680 million
kWh produced (1977), 3,150 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1977); fuel oil, pharmaceuti-
cals, cement, rum
Imports: $2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1977); crude oil, foodstuffs,
manufactured goods
Major trade partners: non-oil exports?U.S. 41%, U.K.
12%, Canada 3%; non-oil imports?U.S. 73%, U.K. 13%,
Canada 2% (1973)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(1970-76) from U.S. $34.3 million; from other Western
countries, $136.6 million; no military aid
Budget: (1978 projected), revenues, $186 million; expend-
itures, $199 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian dollar
(B$1)= 1)S$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,350 km total; 1,350 km paved, 2,000 km
gravel
Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor
Merchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
56,282 GRT, 79,206 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 1 tanker, 1
bulk, 1 passenger, 1 roll-on/roll-off; a flag of convenience
registry
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 54 total, 51 usable; 25 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
SECRET
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July 1979
THE BAHAMAS/BAHRAIN
Telecommunications: telecom facilities highly developed,
including 58,000 telephones (27.5 per 100 popl.) in totally
automatic system; tropospheric scatter link with Florida; 3
AM, 2 FM stations and 1 TV station; 3 coaxial submarine
cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Local security forces: Bahamas Defense Force, 100 (only
a naval element, not a legal entity yet), 2 fast patrol boats
(PCF), 8 patorl boats (PB); Royal Bahamas Police Force,
1,110; reserve police force, 200; prison guards, 140
BAHRAIN
(See reference men VI
LAND
596 km2 plus group of 32 smaller islands; 5% cultivated,
negligible forested area, remainder desert, waste, or urban
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km
PEOPLE
Population: 365,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 4.5% (current)
Nationality: noun?Bahraini(s); adjective?Bahraini
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 7% Iranian, Pakistani, and
Indian, 3% others
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic, English also widely spoken
Literacy: about 40%
Labor force: 100,000 (1978)
SECRET
SECRET
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Bahrain
Type: traditional monarchy; independence declared in
1971
Capital: Manama
Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common
law; constitution went into effect December 1973
National holiday: 16 December
Branches: Amir rules with help of a cabinet led by Prime
Minister; a National Assembly, made up of cabinet and 30
directly elected members, was formed in early 1974; Amir 25X1
dissolved assembly in August 1975 and suspended the25X1
constitutional provision for election of the assembly
Government leader: Amir ibn Salman Al Khalifa
Political parties and pressure groups: political parties
prohibited; no significant pressure groups although numer-
ous small clandestine groups are active
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IMF, NAM, OAPEC, U.N., UNESCO, WHO
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ECONOMY
GDP: $1.7 billion (1977 est.), annual growth rate 8.8% in
GDP, $5,000 per capita, dominated by oil industry; 1977
average daily crude oil production, 56,000 bbls (oil expected
to last 15 years if no new discoveries are made); 1975
nonassociated natural gas production, 102 billion ft2;
government oil revenues for 1977 are estimated at $470
million
Agriculture: produces dates, alfalfa, vegetables; dairy and
poultry farming; fishing; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum refining, aluminum smelt-
ing, boatbuilding, shrimp fishing, pearls and sailmaking on a
small scale; major development projects include flourmill,
and ISA town; OAPEC dry dock to be built by 1977
Electric power: 700,000 kW capacity (1978); 2.5 billion
kWh produced (1978), 8,650 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1978); non-oil exports.
(including reexports), $396.8 million (1978); oil exports, $1.5
billion (1978)
Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1977)
Major trade partners: Saudi Arabia, U.K., U.S., Japan,
EC
Aid: economic?OPEC (1974-77), $415 million, U.S.
(1970-77), $2 million; other Western (non-U.S.) (1970-77), $7
million
? Budget: (1977) $291 million current expenditure, $357
million capital
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahrain dinar=US$2.58
(1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
15
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BAHRAIN/BANGLADESH
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 93 km bituminous surfaced; undetermined
mileage of natural surface tracks
Ports: I major (Bahrain)
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship of 1,600 GET, 2,600
DWT
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined products, 16 km;
natural gas, 32 km
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 1 with runway 1,220-
2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: excellent international telecom-
munications; limited domestic services; 31,000 telephones
(11.6 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV station, 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station; tropospheric scatter and microwave
to Qatar and United Arab Emirates
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 64,000; fit for military
service, 37,000
Supply: from several West European countries, especially
France and U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978; $42.8 million, 6% of central government budget
BANGLADESH
LAND
142,500 km2; 66% arable (including cultivated and
fallow), 18% not available for cultivation, 16% forested
Land boundaries: 2,535 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm; fishing 200
nm
Coastline: 580 km
PEOPLE
Population: 88,092,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun--Bangladeshi(s); adjective?Bangla-
desh
16
July 1979
(See reference map VII)
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Bengali; fewer than 1
million -Biharis- and fewer than 1 million tribals
Religion: about 83% Muslim, 16% Hindu; less than 1%
Buddhist and other
Language: Bengali
Literacy: about 25%
Labor force: over 20 million; extensive export of labor to
U.A.E., Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, and Oman; over 75% of labor
force is in agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Republic of Bangladesh
Type: independent republic since December 1971; Gov-
ernment of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman overthrown
in August 1975; two other coups followed; following 4 years
of martial law rule presidential elections were held in June
1978 and a new parliament was elected in February 1979
Capital: Dacca
Political subdivisions: 19 districts, 413 thanas (counties),
4,053 unions (village groupings)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
adopted December 1972; amended January 1975 to more
authoritarian presidential system, changed by proclamation
in April 1977 to reflect Islamic character of nation; President
has promised a new constitution will be written in 1979
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 March
Branches: constitution provides for unicameral legisla-
ture, strong president; independent judiciary
Government leader: President, Lt. Gen. Ziaur Rahman
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Second Parliament (House of the Nation)
elected in February 1979; elections every 5 years; President
elected June 3, 1978
Communists: 2,500 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: 18 political parties
legalized by government as of October 1978, student groups,
bands of former guerrillas
SECRET
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July 1979
BANGLADESH/BARBADOS
Member of: ADB, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organi-
zation, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IMF, ILO, NAM, U.N.,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $7.4 billion est. (FY78, current prices), $88 per
capita; real growth, 7.4% (FY78)
Agriculture: large subsistence farming, heavily dependent
on monsoon rainfall; main crops are jute and rice;
shortages?grain, cotton, and oilseeds
Fishing: catch 821,000 metric tons (FY76)
Major industries: jute manufactures, food processing and
cotton textiles
Electric power: 975,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.6 billion
kWh produced (1978), 20 kWh per capita
Exports: $498 million (FY78); raw and manufactured jute,
leather, tea
Imports: $1,349 million (FY78 est.); foodgrains, fuels, raw
cotton, fertilizer, manufactured products
Major trade partners: exports?U.S. 14%, U.K. 13%;
imports?Japan 22%, U.S. 10% (FY77)
Aid: economic?FY78 est. disbursements, $797 million, of
which foodgrain aid, $190 million; (1970-77) commitments:
U.S.S.R., $261 million; Eastern Europe, $157 million; OPEC
bilateral, $578 million; U.S., $1,199 million; military?
(1970-77) commitments: U.S.S.R., $73 million
Budget: (FY78 est.) domestic revenues, $823 million;
expenditures, $1,578 million
Monetary conversion rate: 15.52 taka=US$1 (February
1979)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,909 km total (1977); 1,910 km meter gage
(1.000 m), 964 km broad gage (1.676 m), 35 km narrow gage
(0.762 m), 300 km double track; government-owned
Highways: 44,930 km total; 4,044 km paved, 2,022 km
gravel, 38,864 km earth
Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers navigate
main waterways
Ports: 1 major, Chittagong; 5 minor
Pipelines: 150 km natural gas
Merchant marine: 25 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
229,614 GRT, 339,146 DWT, includes 20 cargo, 2 tanker, 1
bulk, 1 passenger, and 1 ore/oil carrier
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 23 total, 16 usable; 18 with permanent surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate international radiocom-
munications and landline service; fair domestic wire and
SECRET
SECRET
microwave service; fair broadcast service; 100,000 (est.)
telephones (0.1 per 100 pool.); 8 AM, 1 FM, 3 TV stations,
and 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 18,237,000; 10,498,000
fit for military service
Personnel: army 65,000, navy 4,000, air force 2,000 est.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1978,
$145.0 million; about 8.8% of the central government budget
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BARBADOS
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
PUERTO
RICO RICO
Caribbeah Sea
-
a
0
a
Atlantic
Ocean
BARBADOS
VENEZUELA
(Sea reference map II)
LAND
430 km2; 60% cropped, 10% permanent meadows, 30%
built on, waste, other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic
including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 97 km
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SECRET July 1979
BARBADOS/BELGIUM
PEOPLE
Population: 273,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.2% (1-68 to 1-78)
Nationality: noun?Barbadian(s); adjective?Barbadian
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 17% mixed, 4% European
Religion: Anglican (70%), Roman Catholic, Methodist,
and Moravian
Language: English
Literacy: over 90%
Labor force: 97,000 (1973 est.) wage and salary earners;
unemployment 20-25% (1976)
Organized labor: 32%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Barbados
Type: independent sovereign state within the Common-
wealth since November 1966, recognizing Elizabeth II as
Chief of State
Capital: Bridgetown
Political subdivisions: 11 parishes and city of Bridgetown
Legal system: English common law; constitution came
into effect upon independence in 1966; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 November
Branches: legislature consisting of a 21-member ap-
pointed Senate and a 24-member elected House of
Assembly; cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leader: Prime Minister J. M. G. "Tom"
Adams; Governor General Sir Deighton H. L. Ward
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members have terms no
longer than 5 years; last general election held 2 September
1976
Political parties and leaders: Barbados Labor Party
(BLP), J. M. G. "Tom" Adams; Democratic Labor Party
(DLP), Errol Barrow
Voting strength (1976 election): Barbados Labor Party
(BLP), 53%; Democratic Labor Party, 46%; Independent,
negligible; House of Assembly seats?BLP 17, DLP 7
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: People's Progressive
Movement (PPM), a small black-nationalist group led by
Calvin Alleyne
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, 1DB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO,
ITU, IWC?International Wheat Council, OAS, SELA,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $440 million (1977), $1,840 per capita; real growth
rate 1977, 3.0%
Agriculture: main products?sugarcane, subsistence foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling, light manu-
facturing
18
Electric power: 107,000 kW capacity (1977); 220 million
kWh produced (1977), 920 kWh per capita
Exports: $95 million (f.o.b., 1977); sugar and sugarcane
byproducts, clothing
Imports: $274 million (c.i.f., 1977); foodstuffs, machinery,
manufactured goods
Major trade partners: exports-34% U.S., 27% CARI-
COM, 10% U.K., 29% other; imports-25% U.S., 19% U.K.,
16% CARICOM, 7% Canada, 33% other (1977)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(1970-76) from U.S., $3.7 million; from other Western
countries, $41.4 million; no military aid
Budget: (1978/79) revenues, $129 million; expenditures,
$191 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Barbados dollars= US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,450 km total; 1,350 km paved, and 100 km
gravel, and earth
Ports: 1 major (Bridgetovim), 2 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft (including 4 leased in)
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659
111
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic telephone
system with 44,000 telephones (17.8 per 100 popl.);
tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; UHF/VHF links to St.
Vincent and St. Lucia; 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, 1 TV
station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 62,000; 44,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military age (18)
annually, 3,000; no conscription
BELGIUM
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LAND
30,562 km2; 28% cultivated, 24% meadow and pasture,
28% waste, urban, or other; 20% forested
Land boundaries: 1,377 km
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July 1979
BELGIUM
/
D
9-3
UNITED
KINGDOM
North Sea
LUX.
1
1
LANDS
FEDERAL
REPUBLIC
OF GERMANY
FRANCE
(See reference map IV)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12
nm)
Coastline: 64 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,874,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Belgian(s); adjective?Belgian
Ethnic divisions: 55% Flemings, 33% Walloons, 12%
mixed or other
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% none or other
Language: French, Flemish (Dutch), German, in small
area of eastern Belgium; divided along ethnic lines
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 4.09 million (July 1978); in June 1976, 46.7%
in services, 28.0% in mining and manufacturing, 7.4% in
construction, 6.6% in transportation, 3.2% in agriculture,
1.0% commuting foreign workers, 0.4% in public works,
6.7% unemployed; 7% unemployed 1978 annual average
Organized labor: 48% of labor force (1969)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces
Legal system: civil law system influenced by English
constitutional theory; constitution adopted 1831, since
amended; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education
at 4 law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: National Day, 21 July
Branches: executive branch consists of King and cabinet;
cabinet responsible to bicameral parliament; independent
judiciary; coalition governments are usual
Government leader: Head of State, King Baudouin I;
Prime Minister Wilfried Martens
SECRET
SECRET
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: held 17 December 1978 (held at. least once
every 4 years)
Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social Christian,
Leo Tindemans, president; Francophone Social Christian,
Charles Hanin, president; Flemish Socialist, Karel Van
Miert, president; Francophone Socialist, Andr?ools,
president; Flemish Liberal, Willy De Clercq, president;
Francophone Liberals, Andr?amseaux; Francophone
Democratic Front, Antoinette Spaak, president; Volksunie
(Flemish Nationalist), Hugo Schiltz, president; Communist,
Louis Van Geyt, president; Walloon Rally, Henri Mordant
Voting strength (1978 election): 82 seats Social Christian,
58 seats Socialist, 37 seats Liberal, 14 seats Volksunie, 11
seats Francophone Democratic Front, 4 seats Walloon Rally,
4 seats Communist, 2 seats independent
Communists: 9,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Christian and Socialist
Trade Unions; the Federation of Belgium Industries;
numerous other associations representing bankers, manufac-
turers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical
professions; various organizations represent the cultural
interests of Flanders and Wallonia
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe,
DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA,
ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICO, ICES, IDA, LEA, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, 100C, IPU, ITC, ITU,
NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $79 billion (1977), $8,040 per capita; 61.9%
consumption, 21.1% investment, 17.4% government, 0.3%
stock building, ?0.7% net foreign balance; 2.0% real growth
rate in 1978
Agriculture: livestock production predominates; main
crops?grains, beets, potatoes; 80% self-sufficient in food;
caloric intake, 3,230 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: catch 44,410 metric tons (1976); exports $37
million (1975), imports $178* million (1975)
Major industries: engineering and metal products,
processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals,
textiles, and Petroleum
Crude steel: 12.6 million metric tons produced; 1,150 kg
per capita (1978)
Electric power: 11,500,000 kW capacity (1978); 51 billion
kWh produced (1978), 5,180 kWh per capita
Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) $37.5
billion (f.o.b., 1977); iron and steel products, finished or
semifinished precious stones, textile products
Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) $40.3
billion (c.i.f., 1977); nonelectrical machinery, motor vehicles,
textiles, chemicals, fuels
19
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SECRET
BELGIUM/BELIZE
Major trade partners: (13elgium-Luxembourg Economic
Union, 1977) 69.3% EC (22.3% West Germany, 17.5%
France, 16.8% Netherlands, 7.3% U.K., 4.2% Italy), 5.1%
U.S.
Aid: (1970-77) bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA
and 00F), $1,973 million
Budget: (1977) revenues, $21.9 billion; expenditures,
$24.0 billion; deficit, $2.1 billion
Monetary conversion rate: (1978 average) Belgian Franc
31.410 = US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,219 km total; 4,003 km standard gage (1.435
m) and government-owned, 2,536 km double track, 1,287
km electrified; 216 km privately owned, electrified meter
gage (1.000 m)
Highways: 104,612 km total; 1,051 km paved, limited
access, divided autoroute; 51,780 km other paved; 51,781 km
unpaved
Inland waterways: 2,043 km, of which 1,528 km are in
regular use by commercial transport
Ports: 5 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 70 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
1,528,563 GRT, 2,421,461 DWT; includes 5 passenger, 27
cargo, 3 container 11 tanker, 22 bulk, 1 specialized carrier, 1
liquefied gas
Pipelines: refined products, 1,115 km; crude, 161 km;
natural gas, 3,218 km
Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased in
and 3 leased out
Airfields: 46 total, 45 usable; 23 with permanent-surface
runways; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and interna-
tional telephone and telegraph facilities; 2.95 million
telephones (30.0 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 21 FM, and 25 TV
stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,369,000; 1,999,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually 78,000
July 1979
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, $2.3 billion; about 7% of proposed central
government budget
20
BELIZE
(formerly British Honduras)
LAND
22,973 km2; 38% agricultural (5% cultivated), ?46%
exploitable forest, 16% urban, waste, water, offshore islands
or other
Land boundaries: 515 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 386 km
PEOPLE
Population: 156,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Belizean(s); adjective?Belizean
Ethnic divisions: 51% Negro, 22% mestizo, 19% Amerin-
dian, 8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican, Seventh-day
Adventist, Methodist, Baptist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Men-
nonite
SECRET
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SECRET
Gulf of
Mexico
*Fiplmopan
BELIZE
Caribbean
Sea
Pacific
Ocean
(See reference map II)
BELIZE
Language: English, Spanish, Maya, and Can)i
Literacy: 70%-80%
Labor force: 34,500; 39% agriculture, 14% manufactur-
ing, 8% commerce, 12% construction and transport, 20%
services, 7% other; shortage of skilled labor and all types of
technical personnel; over 15% are unemployed
Organized labor: 8% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Belize
Type: internal self-governing British colony
Capital: Belmopan
Legal system: English law; constitution came into force in
1964, although country remains a British colony
Branches: 18-member elected National Assembly and
8-member Senate (either house may choose its speaker or
president, respectively, from outside its elected member-
ship); cabinet; judiciary
Government leaders: Premier George C. Price; Governor
Peter Donovan McEntee
Suffrage: universal adult (probably 21)
Elections: must be held within 5 years of last elections
held in October 1974
Political parties and leaders: People's United Party
(PUP), George Price; United Democratic Party (UDP), a
coalition comprised of the National Independence Party
(NIP) led by Philip Goldson, the People's Democratic Union
(PDM) led by Dean Lindo, and the Liberal Party (LP) led
by Harry Lawrence; Corozal United Front (CUF), San-
tiago Ricalde; United Black Association for Development
(UBAD), Evan X. Hyde
Voting strength (National Assembly): PUP 12 seats, UDP
6 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Christian Workers'
Union (CWU) Which is connected with PUP
Member of: CARICOM, ISO
SECRET
ECONOMY
GDP: $96 million (1975), $700 per capita; 78% private
consumption, 17% public consumption, 36% domestic
investment, ?31% net foreign balance (1968)
Agriculture: main products?sugarcane, citrus fruits,
corn, molasses, rice, beans, bananas, livestock products; net
importer of food; caloric intake, 2,500 calories per day per
capita
Major industries: timber and forest products, food
processing, furniture, rum, soap
Electric power: 16,000 kW capacity (1977); 32 million
kWh produced (1977), 230 kWh per capita
Exports: $73 million (f.o.b., 1975); sugar, molasses,
clothing, lumber, citrus fruits, fish
Imports: $86 million (c.i.f., 1975); vehicles, building
materials, petroleum, food, textiles, machinery
Major trade partners: exports?U.S. 30%, U.K. 24%,
Mexico 22%, Canada 13%; imports?U.S. 34%, U.K. 25%,
Jamaica 7% (1970)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-76), from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $56.5 million;
from U.S., $2.5 million; no military aid
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,550 km total; 300 km paved, 1,150 km
gravel, 950 km improved earth and 300 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 800 km river network used by
shallow-draft craft
Ports: 1 major (Belize), 4 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 37 total, 36 usable,. 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 5,600 telephones in automatic and
manual network (4.3 per 100 popl.); radio-relay system; 6
AM stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 35,000; 21,000 fit for
military service; 1,700 reach military age (18) annually
? 21
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BELIZE/BENIN
BENIN
(formerly Dahomey)
NIGER
NIGERIA
Porto-
Novo
Gulf of Guinea
0
(See &mere map VII
LAND
115,773 km% southern third of country is most fertile;
arable land 80% (actually cultivated 11%), forests and game
preserves 19%, non-arable 1%
Land boundaries: 1,963 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (100 nm
mineral exploitation limit)
Coastline: 121 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,379,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Beninese (sing. & pl.); adjective?
Beninese
Ethnic divisions: 99% Africans (42 ethnic groups, most
important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), 5,500
Europeans ?
Religion: 12% Muslim, 8% Christian, 80% animist
22
July 1979
Language: French official; Fon and Yoruba most
common vernaculars in south, at least 6 major tribal
languages in north
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: 85% of labor force engaged in agriculture;
15% civil service, artisans, and industry
. Organized labor: approximately 75% of wage earners,
divided among two major and several minor unions
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Republic of Benin
Type: party state, under military rule since 26 October
1972
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de facto)
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 46 districts
Legal system: based on French civil law and customary
law; legal education generally obtained in France; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 November
Branches: National Revolutionary Council, Council of
Ministers, Central Committee of Party
Government ?leader: Col. Mathieu Kerekou, President,
and Chief of State Charged with National Defense
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: current government has held no elections and
none are scheduled
Political parties: People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
established in 1975
Communists: sole party espouses Marxism-Leninism
Member of: AFDI3, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS,
Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, ILO,
IMF, ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $660 million (1977 est.), $200 per capita; 1.5% real
growth during 1970-1977
Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms; peanuts, cotton,
coffee, sheanuts, and tobacco also produced commercially;
main food crops?corn, cassava, yams, rice, sorghum and
millet; livestock, fish
Fishing: catch 25,504 metric tons (1976); exports 600
metric tons, imports 8,875 metric tons (1975)
Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel oil processing
Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity (1977); 55 million
kWh produced (1977), 20 kWh per capita
Exports: $106 million (f.o.b., 1977); palm products (34%);
other agricultural products
Imports: $264 million (c.i.f., 1977); clothing and other
consumer goods, cement, lumber, fuels, foodstuffs, machin-
ery, and transport equipment
SECRET
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BENIN 'BERMUDA
Major trade partners: France, EC, franc zone; preferen-
tial tariffs to EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic?Communist countries (1970-76), $49.3
million; U.S. (1970-77), $7.6 million; OPEC (ODA) (1970-
77), $1.1 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77),
$10 million
Budget: 1977 est.?receipts $110 million, expenditures
$109 million
Monetary conversion rate: 245.67 Communaute Finan-
ciere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$1 (1977)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 579 km, all meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: 3,303 km total; 705 km paved, 2,598 km
improved earth
Inland waterways: 645 km navigable
Ports: 1 major (Cotonou), 1 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship totaling 3,000 GRT, 4,400
DWT
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 10 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system of open wire and radio
relay; 9,900 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, and
no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 735,000; 370,000 fit
for military service; about 34,000 males and 35,000 females
reach military age (18) annually; both sexes liable for
military service
Supply: depends mainly on France and the U.S.S.R.; some
aid from the Netherlands and other countries as well
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1977, $10.9 million; about 9.7% of central government
budget
SECRET
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BERMUDA
dassi
UNITED
STATES
Adam*
Ocean
BERMUDA
?
(See reference mop II)
LAND
54.4 km2; 8% arable, 60% forested, 21% built on,
wasteland, and other, 11% leased for air and naval bases
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 103 km
PEOPLE
Population: 61,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.3% (7-70 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun?Bermudian(s); adjective?Bermudian
Ethnic divisions: approximately 59% black, 41% white
Religion: 47.5% Church of England, 38.2% other Protes-
tant, 10.2% Catholic, 4.1% other
Language: English
Literacy: virtually 100%
Labor force: 25,200 (1975)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Bermuda
Type: British colony
Capital: Hamilton
Political subdivisions: 9 parishes
Legal system: English law
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) appointed by
governor, led by government leader; bicameral legislature
with an appointed Legislative Council, .and a 40-member
directly elected House of Assembly; Supreme Court
Government leaders: Governor, Sir Peter Ramsbotham;
Premier, J. David Gibbons
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: at least once every 5 years; last general election,
May 1976
2:3
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BERMUDA/BHUTAN
Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party
(U13P), J. David Gibbons; Progressive Labor Party (PLP),
Lois 13rowne Evans
Voting strength (1976 elections): Ul3P 55.5%, PLP 44.4%;
House of Assembly seats?U13P 26%, PLP 14%
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial
Union (I3IU)
ECONOMY
GNP: $430 million (1976 est.), $7,540 per capita; real
growth rate 1976, est 2.0%
Agriculture: main products?bananas, vegetables, Easter
lilies, dairy products, citrus fruits
Major industries: t:mrism, finance
Electric power: 86,200 kW capacity (1977); 300 million
kWh produced (1977), 5,170 kWh per capita
Exports: $47 million (f.o.b., 1976); mostly reexports of
drugs and bunker fuel
Imports: $165 million (f.o.b., 1976); fuel, foodstuffs,
machinery
Major trade partners: 45% U.S., 22% U.K., 9% Canada
(1976)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im
(1970-76), from U.S. $34 million; from other Western
countries $109 million; no military aid
Budget: revenues, $87 million; expenditures $89 million;
expenditures $89 million (proposed 1978/79)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda dollar=US$1
Fiscal year: I April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 190 km, all paved
Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George Freeport, Ireland
Island)
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with asphalt runway 2,945 m
Telecommunications: modern telecom system, includes
fully automatic telephone system with 38,606 sets (66.6 per
100 popl.); 3 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 3 coaxial
submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station under
construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Local security forces: Bermuda Regiment, 463 (force is
basically a reserve unit?includes headquarters staff of 20
and Volunteer Reserve Force of 38); Bermuda Police Force,
365; Bermuda Reserve Constabulary, 78
24
July 1979
BHUTAN
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(See reference imp VII
LAND
46,600 km2; 15% agricultural, 15% desert, waste, urban,
70% forested
Land boundaries: about 870 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,297,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Bhutanese (sing., pl.); adjective?
Bhutanese
Ethnic divisions: 60% 13hotias, 25% ethnic Nepalese, 15%
indigenous or migrant tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Buddhist-
influenced Hinduism
Language: Bhotias speak various Tibetan dialects, most
widely spoken dialect is Dzongkha, the official language;
Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
Literacy: insignificant
Labor force: 300,000; 99% agriculture, I% industry;
massive lack of skilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India
Capital: Thimphu
Political subdivisions: 4 regions (east, central, west,
south), further divided into 15-18 subdivisions
Legal system: based on Indian law and English common
law; in 1964 the monarch assumed full power?no
constitution existed beforehand; a Supreme Court hears
appeals from district administrators; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
SECRET
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July 1979
BHUTAN/BOLIVIA
National holiday: 17 December
Branches: appointed Minister and indirectly elected
Assembly consisting of village elders, monastic representa-
tives, and all district and senior government administrators
Government leader: King Jigme Singye Wangchuk
Suffrage: each family has -one vote
Elections: popular elections on village level held every 3
years
Political parties: all parties illegal
Communists: no overt Communist presence
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist Clergy
Member of: Colombo Plan, G-77, NAM, UPU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GNP: $90 million (1976); $70 per capita
Agriculture: rice, barley, wheat, potatoes, ? fruit
Major industries: handicrafts (particularly textiles)
Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1978); 8 million kWh
produced (1978), 6 kWh per capita
Exports: about $1 million annually; rice, dolomite, and
handicrafts
Imports: about $1.4 million annually
Major trading partner: India
Aid: economic?India (FY61-72), $180 million
Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums and Indian
rupees are legal tender; 8.77 ngultrums=8.77 Indian
rupees=US$1 as of October 1975
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km
improved, 371 km unimproved earth
Freight carried: not available, very light traffic
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 1 asphalt runway 1,372 m, and 1 with
concrete runway 899 m
Telecommunications: facilities inadeouate; 1,000 tele-
phones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 6,000 est. radio sets; no TV sets; 1
AM station and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 306,000; 166,000 fit for
military service; about 14,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Defense is the de facto responsibility of India since 1949;
Supply: dependent on India
SECRET
SECRET
BOLIVIA
(See reference map III)
LAND
1,098,160 km2; 2% cultivated and fallow, 11% pasture and
meadow, 45% urban, desert, waste, or other, 40% forest, 2%
inland water
Land boundaries: 6,083 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,216,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.6% (current)
Nationality: noun?Bolivian(s); adjective?Bolivian
Ethnic divisions: 50%-75% Indian, 20%-35% mestizo,
5%-15% white
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; active Protes-
tant minority, especially Methodist
Language: Spanish, Aymara, Quechua
Literacy: 35%-40%
Labor force: 2.8 million (1977); 70% agriculture, 3%
mining, 10% services and utilities, 7% manufacturing, 10%
other
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concentrated in min-
ing, industry, construction, and transportation
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic; de facto military dictatorship government
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital
and seat of judiciary)
Political subdivisions: 9 departments with limited
autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon;
constitution adopted 1967; constitution in force except
where contrary to dispositions dictated by governments since
1969; legal education at University of San Andres and
several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 August
Branches: executive; congress of two chambers (Senate
and Chamber of Deputies), congress disbanded after 26
September 1969 ouster of President Siles; judiciary
25
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BOLIVIA
Government leaders: President David PADILLA
Arancibia
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 if married,
21 if single
Elections: presidential and congressional elections held on
9 July 1978, Bolivia's first elections in 12 years were
subsequently declared invalid by the Banzer government
following widespread reports of fraudulent balloting; on 21
July General Pereda, the official candidate, took power in a
bloodless coup; (Perecla has since been deposed by Padilla);
elections are now tentatively set for July 1979
Political parties and leaders: ban on political parties was
lifted in December 1977, but party activity is disorganized
so far; the two traditional political parties in Bolivia are the
Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR) and the Boliv-
ian Socialist Phalange (FS3), both are seriously factionalized;
Bolivian Socialist Falange (Mario Gutierrez); Nationalist
Revolutionary Movement of the People (Jaime Arellano);
Nationalist Revolutionary Movement of Left (Hernan Siles
Zuazo); Authentic Revolutionary Party (Walter Guevara
Arce); Christian Democratic Party (Benjamin Miguel);
Nationalist Revolutionary Party of Left (Juan Lachin
Oquendo); Paz Estenssorista MNR (Leonidas Sanchez); in
addition, former President Banzer has formed the National-
ist Democratic Action Party (ADN) and is planning to enter
the presidential race
Voting strength (1966 elections): Frente de la Revolucion
,Boliviana (a coalition composed of the MPC, PIR, PRA,
PSD, and two interest groups, the campesinos and Chaco
War Veterans) 61%, FSB 12%, MNR 10%, other 17%
Communists: three parties; PCB/Soviet led by Jorge Kolle
Cueto, about 300 members; PCB/Chinese led by Oscar
Zamora, 150 (including 100 in exile); POR (Trotskyist),
about 50 members divided between three factions led by
Hugo Gonzalez Moscoso, Guillermo Lora Escobar, and
Amadeo Arze
Member of: FAO, G-77, IAEA, IADB, IATP, 11311D,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITC, ITU,
IWC?International Wheat Council, LAFTA and Andean
Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA),
OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $4.5 billion (1978, in 1978 dollars), .$875 per capita;
70% private consumption, 12% public consumption, 18%
gross domestic investment, ? 5.5% net foreign balance
(1978); real growth rate (1972-78), average 5.6%; 1978
growth, 3.6%
Agriculture: main crops?potatoes, corn, rice, sugarcane,
yucca, bananas; imports significant quantities of wheat;
caloric intake, 70% of requirements (1976) -
Major industries: mining, smelting, petroleum refining,
food processing, textiles, and clothing
Electric power: 367,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.1 billion
kWh produced (1977), 230 kWh per capita
26
July 1979
Exports: $670 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); tin, petroleum,
lead, zinc, silver, tungsten, antimony, bismuth, gold, coffee,
sugar, cotton, natural gas
Imports: $764 million (c.i.f., 1978); foodstuffs, chemicals,
capital goods, pharmaceuticals, transportation
Major trade partners: exports?Western Europe, 19% (of
which UK is largest market); Latin America, 38%; U.S., 30%;
Japan, 3.9%; imports?U.S., 24%; Western Europe, 15.4% (of
which West Germany is largest supplier); Japan, 15.7%;
Latin America, 33.6% (1975)
Aid: economic?extensions from U.S. (FY46-76), $335
million in loans, $342 million in grants; from international
organizations (FY46-75), $372 million; from other Western
countries (1960-75), $53.8 million; Communist countries
(1970-74), $59.7 million; military?assistance from U.S.
(FY52-76), $70 million
Budget: $474 million revenues, $583 million expenditures
(1978)
Monetary conversion rate: 20 pesos=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,572 km total, goverment owned, single track;
3,540 km meter gage (1.000 m), 32 km 0.760-meter gage; in
addition, 96 km meter gage (1.000 m) privately owned
Highways: 37,300 km total; 1,150 km paved, 6,550 km
gravel, 5,950 km improved earth, 23,650 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to be 10,000 km
of commercially navigable waterways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined products, 1,495
km; natural gas, 580 km
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through Arica and
Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani, Peru)
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 4 200 GRT 6,400 DWT; owned by Bolivian Navy
Civil air: 50 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 587 total, 546 usable; 6 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 128 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: radio-relay system from La Paz to
Santa Cruz; improved international services; 55,000 tele-
phones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 122 AM, 18 FM, and 5 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,213,000; 767,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually about 54,000
SECRET
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July 1979
BOLIVIA/BOTSWANA
Supply: totally dependent on foreign sources, primarily
U.S., also Argentina Brazil, Switzerland, Netherlands, and
Canada
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, $90.2 million; about 13.2% of central
government budget
BOTSWANA
ANGOLA
NAMIBIA
Atlantic
Ocean
ZAMBIA
BOTSW
Gaborone
SOUTHERN
? HOD SIA
A
0
SOUTH AFRICA
MOZAMBIQUE
Indian
Ocean
(See reference men W
LAND
569,800 km2; about 6% arable, less than 1% under
cultivation, mostly desert
Land boundaries: 3,774 km
PEOPLE
Population: 770,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun-13otswana (sing.), I3atswana (pl.);
adjective-13otswana
Ethnic divisions: 94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1% Euro-
pean
Religion: 85% animist, 15% Christian
Language: Africans speak Tswana vernacular
Literacy: about 22% in English; about 32% in Tswana; less
than 1% secondary school graduates
SECRET
SECRET
Labor force: 385,000; most are engaged in cattle raising
and subsistence agriculture; about 51,000 in internal cash
economy, another 60,000 spend at least 6 to 9 months per
year as wage earners in South Africa (1971)
Organized labor: eight trade unions organized with a total
membership of approximately 9,000 (1972 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic; independent member of
Commonwealth since 1966
Capital: Gaborone
Political subdivisions: 12 administrative districts
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local
customary law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial
review limited to matters of interpretation; legal education
at University of Botswana and Swaziland (21/2 years) and
University of Edinburgh (2 years); has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 September
Branches: executive?President appoints and presides
over the cabinet which is responsible to Legislative
Assembly; legislative?Legislative Assembly with 32 popu-
larly elected members and 4 members elected by the 32
representatives, House of Chiefs with deliberative powers
only; judicial?local courts administer customary law, High
Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over
all residents, Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: President, Sir Seretse M. Khama;
Vice President, Dr. Quett K. J. Masire
Suffrage: universal, age 21 and over
Elections: general elections held 26 October 1974
Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party
(BDP), Seretse Khama; Botswana National Front (BNF),
Kenneth Koma; Bechuanaland People's Party (BPP), Philip
Mkante; Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai
Mpho
Voting strength: (October 1974 election) BDP (27 seats);
BPP (2 seats); BNF (2 seats); BIP (I seat)
Communists: no known Communist organization; Koma
of BNF has long history of Communist contacts
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, IDA, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N., UPU,
WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $365.2 million (1976/77), growth in constant prices,
less than 5% in 1977
Agriculture: principal crops are corn and sorghum;
livestock raised and exported
Major industries: livestock processing, mining of dia-
monds, copper, nickel, and coal
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1977); 85 million
kWh produced (1977), 120 kWh per capita
27
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BOTSWANA/BRAZIL
Exports: $189.3 million (1977 est.); cattle, animal pro-
ducts, minerals
Imports: $243.7 million (1977 est.); foodstuffs, vehicles,
textiles, petroleum products
Major trade partners: South Africa and U.K.
Aid: economic?(1970-77), Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$330 million; U.S. (1977), $30.8 million; Communist
countries, $3.5 million; military?Communist countries, $1.0
million
Budget: (1977) revenue $107 million ($78 million from
domestic taxes and $29 million from borrowing and foreign
aid), current expenditures $70 million, investment expendi-
tures $44 million
. Monetary conversion rate: 1 pula=about US$1.20 as of
October 1977
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 726 km 1.067-meter gage
Highways: 10,476 km total; 579 km paved; 1,453 km
crushed stone or gravel; 5,407 km improved earth and 3,037
km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: native craft only; of local importance
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 81 total, 64 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is a minimal combina-
tion of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and a few
radiocommunication stations; Gaborone is the center; 7,900
telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 148,000; 78,000 fit for
military service; 9,000 reach military age (18) annually
BRAZIL
LAND
8,521,100 km2; 4% cultivated, 13% pasture, 23% built-on
area, .waste, and other, 60% forested
Land boundaries: 13,076 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 7,491 km
28
July 1979
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference men 1111
PEOPLE
Population: 124,428,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.8% (current)
Nationality: noun?Brazilian(s); adjective?Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: 60% white, 30% mixed, 8% Negro, and
2% Indian (1960 est.)
Religion: 93% Roman Catholic (nominal)
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 83% of the population 15 years or older (1978)
Labor force: about 30 million in 1970 (est.); 44.2%
agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing, 17.8% industry,
15.3% services, transportation, and communication, 8.9%
commerce, 4.8% social activities, 3.9% public administration,
5.1% other
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force; only about 1.5
million pay dues
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Federative Republic of Brazil
Type: federal republic; military-backed presidential re-
gime since April 1964
Capital: Brasilia
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 3 territories, federal
district (Brasilia)
Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual system of courts,
state and federal; constitution adopted 1967 and extensively
amended in 1969; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 September
Branches: strong executive with very broad powers;
bicameral legislature (powers of the two bodies have been
sharply reduced); 11-man Supreme Court
Government leader: President, Joao Baptista de Oliveira
Figueiredo
Suffrage: compulsory over age 18, except illiterates and
those stripped of their political rights; approximately 30
million registered voters in October 1970
SECRET
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BRAZIL
Elections: Figueiredo, who took office on 15 March 1979,
was chosen by an electoral college, composed of the
members of Congress and delegates selected from the state
legislatures on 15 October 1978; next election 1984
Voting strength: (November 1974 congressional elections)
33.6% ARENA, 31.9% MDI3, 35.5% blank and void
Political parties and leaders: National Renewal Alliance
(ARENA), pro-government, Jos?arney, president; Brazilian
Democratic Movement (MDI3), opposition, Ulisses Guimar-
aes, president
Communists: 6,000, less than 1,000 militants
Other political or pressure groups: excepting the
military, the Catholic Church is the only active nationwide
pressure group, however, divisions within the Church often
prevent it from speaking with one voice; labor and student
groups have become more vocal in recent months
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO , ILO, IMCO, IMF,
IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC?International Wheat Council,
LAFTA, OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $187 billion (1978 est.), $1,620 per capita; 25% gross
investment, 80% consumption, ?5% net foreign balance
(1976); real growth rate 6.32% (1978)
Agriculture: main products?coffee, rice, beef, corn,
milk, sugarcane, soybeans; nearly self-sufficient; caloric
intake, 2,900 calories per day per capita (1962)
Fishing: catch 950,000 metric tons (1976 est.); exports,
$53.8 million (f.o.b., 1976); imports, $60.8 million (f.o.b.,
1976)
Major industries: textiles and other consumer goods,
chemicals, cement, lumber, steel, motor vehicles, other
metalworking industries
Crude steel: 12.0 million metric tons capacity (1977 est.);
11.2 million metric tons produced (1977); 100 kg per capita
Electric power: 24,500,000 kW capacity (1977); 88.2
billion kWh produced (1978), 765 kWh per capita
Exports: $12,650 million (f.o.b., 1978); coffee, manufac-
tures, iron ore, cotton, soybeans, sugar, wood, cocoa, beef,
shoes
Imports: $13,639 million (f.o.b., 1978); machinery,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, wheat, copper,
aluminum
Major trade partners: exports-17.7% U.S., 8.8% West
Germany, 7.7% Netherlands, 5.6% Japan, 5.6% Italy, 4%
Spain; imports (non-oil)-20% U.S., 8.6% West Germany, 7%
Japan, 2.5% Italy, (1977)
Aid: economic?bilateral, including Ex-Im (FY70-76),
from U.S., $1,670.6 million; from other Western countries,
$3,069.4 million; from Communist countries, $303.5 million;
military?from U.S. (FY70-76), $214.1 million
SECRET
SECRET
Budget: (1977) revenues $17.2 billion, expenditures $17.1
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 23 cruzeiros=US$1 (March
1979, changes frequently)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 30,300 km total; 26,543 km meter gage (1.000
m), 3,361 km 1.60-meter gage, 194 km standard gage (1.435
m), 202 km 0.76-meter gage; 2,249 km electrified
Highways: 1,510,900 km total; 75,900 km paved,
1,435,000 km gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable
Ports: 8 major, 23 significant minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined products, 465 km;
natural gas, 257 km
Merchant marine: 285 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
3,716,000 GRT, 6,128,284 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 182
cargo, 54 tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 31 bulk, 11 combination
ore/oil, 1 specialized carrier, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo.
Civil air: 124 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased
in
Airfields: 4,326 total, 3,771 usable; 172 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 15 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 416 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair telecom system; good radio
relay facilities; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station with 2
antennas; 5 domestic satellite stations; 3.99 million tele-
phones (3.5 per 100 popl.); 1,100 AM stations, 150 FM, and
175 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 28,698,000; 18,679,000
service; 1,321,000 reach military age (18)
fit for military
annually
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BRAZIL/BRUNEI
Supply: produces small arms, light artillery, ammunition,
explosives, and light aircraft; wheeled armored and cargo
vehicles, patrol boats, and auxiliary ships;
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $2,364 million; 8.3% of central government budget
BRUNEI
(See (elven. mep VIII
LAND
5,776 km'; 3% cultivated; 22% industry, waste, urban or
other; 75% forested
Land boundaries: 381 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km
PEOPLE
Population: 199,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current)
:30
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Nationality: noun-13runeian(s); adjective?I3runeian
Ethnic divisions: 52% Malays, 28% Chinese, 15%
indigenous tribes, 5% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (Islam official religion); 8%
Christian; 32% other (Buddhist and animist)
Language: Malay and English official, Chinese
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 32,155; 30.5% agriculture; 32.8% industry,
manufacturing, and construction; 33.8% trade, transport,
services; 2.9% other
Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Brunei
Type: British protectorate; constitutional sultanate
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitution promul-
gated by the Sultan in 1959
Branches: Chief of State is Sultan (advised by appointed
Privy Council) who appoints Executive Council and
Legislative Council
Government leader: Sultan Hassanal 13olkiah
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over; 3-tiered system of
indirect elections; popular vote cast for lowest level (district
councilors)
Elections: last elections?March 1965; further elections
postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: antigovernment, exiled
Brunei People's Party, Chairman A. M. N. Azahari
Communists: information not available
ECONOMY
GNP: $460 million (1975 est.), $2,970 per capita
Agriculture: main crops?rubber, rice, pepper, must
import most. food
Major industry: crude petroleum, liquefied natural gas
Electric power: 84,000 kW capacity (1978); 230 million
kWh produced (1978), 1,200 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,900 million (f.o.b., 1978); 95% crude petro-
leum and liquefied natural gas
Imports: $261 million (c.i.f., 1978); 25% machinery and
transport equipment, 46% manufactured goods, 16% food
Major trade partners: exports of crude petroleum and
liquefied natural gas to Japan; imports from Japan 30%, U.S.
24%, U.K. 15%, Singapore 9%
Budget: (1979) revenues $1 billion, expenditures $507
million, surplus $493 million; 70% defense
Monetary conversion rate: 2.3 13runei dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
SECRET
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BRUNEI/BULGARIA
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 9.6 km narrow gage (0.610 m)
Highways: 1,206 km total; 376 km paved (bituminous
treated), 402 km gravel or stone, 428 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing
less than 1.2 meters
Ports: 2 minor (Bandar Seri Begawan, formerly 13runei,
and Kuala 13elait)
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined products, 56 km;
natural gas, 56 km; crude oil and natural gas, 241 km under
construction
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runway; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service throughout country is ade-
quate for present needs; international service good to
adjacent Sabah and Sarawak; radiobroadcast coverage good;
11,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); Radio Brunei
broadcasts from 6 AM stations and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 41,000; 24,000 fit for
military service; about 1,900 reach military age (18)
annually
BULGARIA
LAND
111,852 km2; 41% arable, 11% other ,agricultural, 33%
forested, 15% other
Land boundaries: 1,883 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 354 km
SECRET
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4
(See re(erence map IV)
PEOPLE
Population: 8,892,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.5% (current)
Nationality: noun?Bulgarian(s); adjective?Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarians, 8.5% Turks, 2.6%
Gypsies, 2.5% Macedonians, 0.3% Armenians, 0.2% Russians,
0.6% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; religious background
of population is 85% Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8%
Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant, Gregorian-
Armenian and other
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely corre-
spond to ethnic breakdown
Literacy: 95% (est.)
Labor force: 5.0 million (1974); 32% agriculture, 33%
industry, 35% other
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Republic of Bulgaria
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofia
Political subdivisions: 28 okrugs (districts), including
capital city, of Sofia
Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law
influence; new constitution adopted in 1971; judicial review
of legislative acts in the State Council; legal education at
University of Sofia; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day, 9 September
Branches: legislative, National Assembly; judiciary, Su-
preme Court
Government leaders: Todor Zhivkov, Chairman, State
Council (President and Chief of State); Stanko Todorov,
Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: theoretically held every 5 years for National
Assembly; last elections held on 20 May 1976; 99.85% of the
electorate voted
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BULGARIA
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian Communist
Party, Todor Zhivkov, First Secretary; Bulgarian National
Agrarian Union, a puppet party, Petur Tanchev, secretary of
Permanent Board
Communists: 817,000 party members (January 1978)
Mass organizations and front groups: Fatherland Front,
Dimitrov Communist Youth League, Central Council of
Trade Unions, National Committee for Defense of Peace,
Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism, Commit-
tee of Bulgarian Women, All-National Committee for
Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, Interna-
tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ITC, ITU,
IWC?International Wheat Council, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; Warsaw Pact, International
Organization of Journalists, International Medical Associ-
ation, International Radio and Television Organization
ECONOMY
GNP: $24.8 billion, 1978 (1978 dollars), $2,799 per capita;
1978 real growth rate, 4.4%
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main crops?grain,
vegetables; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita
(1969/70)
Fishing: catch 138,000 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: agricultural processing, machinery,
textiles and clothing, mining, ore processing, timber
Shortages: some raw materials, metal products, meat and
dairy products; fodder
Crude steel: 2.5 million metric tons produced (1978), 280
kg per capita
Electric power: 7,760,000 kW capacity (1978); 31.5
billion kWh produced (1978), 3,550 kWh per capita
Exports: $7,405 million (f.o.b., 1978); 46% machinery,
equipment, and transportation equipment; 15% fuels,
minerals, raw materials, metals, and other industrial
material; 2% agricultural raw materials; 29% foodstuffs, raw
materials for food industry, and animals; 10% industrial
consumer goods (1977)
Imports: $7,508 million (f.o.b., 1978); 39% machinery,
equipment, and transportation equipment; 45% fuels,
minerals, raw materials, metals, other materials; 7% agricul-
tural raw materials; 4% foodstuffs and animals; 5% industrial
consumer goods (1977)
Major trade partners: $14,913 million in 1978; 20% with
non-Communist countries, 57% with U.S.S.R., 23% with
other Communist countries
Aid: U.S.S.R.?about $2.03 billion economic aid extended
(1954-76); Bulgaria has extended foreign aid totaling more
than $64 million to Communist countries (1945-70), and
$585 million to the less developed non-Communist countries
(1956-78)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.90 leva=US$1 (1978)
32
July 1979
Fiscal year: calendar year; economic data reported for
calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported
for consumption year 1 July-30 June
NOTE: Foreign trade figures were converted at the 1977
rate of 0.911 leva=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,415 km total; about 4,170 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 245 km narrow gage; 295 km double track; 1,446
km electrified; government-owned (1977)
Highways: 31,320 km total; 55 km superhighway, 6,610
km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 6,031 km asphalt treated,
gravel, crushed stone; 18,624 km earth (1977)
Inland waterways: 471 km (1979)
Freight carried: rail-75.2 million metric tons, 17.1
billion metric ton/km (1977); highway-815 million metric
tons, 15.5 billion metric ton/km (1977); waterway-4.6
million metric tons, 2.5 billion metric ton/km (excl. intl.
transit traffic) (1977); approximately 257 waterway craft
with 260,000 metric ton capacity (1978)
Ports: 3 major (Varna, Varna West, Burgas), 4 minor
(1979); principal river ports are Ruse and Lom (1979)
Airfields: 380 total; 118 with permanent-surface runways;
12 with runways 2,500-3,000 ' m, 33 with runways
1,000-2,499 m, 335 with runways less than 1,000 m; 3
heliports
Merchant marine: 105 ships (1,000 GRT and over)
totaling 1,038,000 GRT, 1,544,641 DWT; includes 3
passenger, 44 cargo, 1 cargo training, 18 tanker, 36 bulk, 1
combination ore/oil, 2 specialized carrier
Civil air: 45 major transport aircraft (1978)
Pipelines: crude oil, 193 km; natural gas, 900 km; refined,
,418 km
Telecommunications: inferior to most other East Europe-
an countries; meets only minimum requirements of govern-
ment and public; wired broadcasts used extensively; 10 AM,
5 FM stations, 2,301,462 receivers; 1 major and 25 relay TV
stations, 1,441,122 receivers; 640,842 telephones, 90.7%
automatic
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,262,000; 1,843,000 fit
for military service; about 64,000 reach military age (19)
annually
SECRET
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BULGARIA/BURMA
Supply: dependent primarily on U.S.S.R.; domestic
production of infantry weapons, ammunition, trucks, and
small quantities of defensive chemical warfare materiel;
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, est. 550 million leva; 5.1% of total budget
BURMA
Rangoon
Bay
of Bengal
South
China Sea
(See reference map VII
LAND
678,600 km2; 28% arable, of which 12% is cultivated, 62%
forest, 10% urban and other (1969)
Land boundaries: 5,850 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 3,060 km
SECRET
SECRET
PEOPLE
Population: 33,517,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Burman(s); adjective?Burmese
Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen, 6% Shan, 2%
Kachin, 2% Chin, 2% Chinese, 3% Indian, 6% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% animist and other
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their
own languages
Literacy: 70% (official claim)
Labor force: 12.2 million (1976); 67% agriculture, 9%
industry, 20% services, commerce, and transportation
Organized labor: no figure available; old labor organiza-
tions have been disbanded, and government is forming one
central labor organization
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Type: republic under 1974 constitution
Capital: Rangoon
Political subdivisions: seven divisions and seven constitu-
ent states; subdivided into townships, villages, and wards
Legal system: People's Justice system and People's Courts
instituted under 1974 constitution; legal education at
Universities of Rangoon and Mandalay; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January
Branches: State Council rules through a Council of
Ministers; People's Assembly has legislative power
Government leader: Chairman of State Council and
President, Gen. U. Ne Win
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: People's Assembly and local People's Councils
elected in 1978
Political parties and leaders: government-sponsored
Burma Socialist Program Party only legal party
Communists: estimated 5,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: People's Patriotic
Party; Kachin Independence Army; Karen Nationalist
Union, several Shan factions
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
ITU, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $4.4 billion (FY77/78, in current prices), $140 per
capita; real growth rate 6.5% (1977/78); 2.5% over past
decade
Agriculture: accounts for nearly 70% of total cmployment
and about 27% of GDP; main crops?paddy, sugarcane,
corn, peanuts; almost 100% self-sufficient; most rice grown
in deltaic land
Fishing: catch 501,560 metric tons (1976)
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BURMA/BURUNDI
Major industries: agricultural processing; textiles and
footwear; wood and wood products; petroleum refining
Electric power: 450,000 kW capacity (1978); 890 million
kWh produced (1978), 30 kWh per capita
Exports: $243 million (f.o.b., 1978); rice, teak
Imports: $309 million (c.i.f., 1978); machinery and
transportation equipment, textiles, other manufactured
goods
Major trade partners: exports?Singapore, Western Eu-
rope, China, U.K., Japan; imports?Japan, Western Europe,
Singapore, U.K.
Aid: economic?China (1970-77), $80.7 million extended;
U.S.S.R. (1970-77), $1 million extended; U.S. (1970-77), $11
million; other Western (1970-77), $648 million
Budget: (FY78) $2.765 billion revenues; $2.975 billion
expenditures; $210 million deficit; 30% military, . 70%
civilian -
Monetary conversion rate: 6.8651 kyat=US$1 (1978)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,285 km total; 3,172 km meter gage (1.00 m),
113 km narrow-gage industrial lines; 328 km double track;
government-owned
Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700
km improved earth, gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by
large commercial vessels
Pipelines: 144 km crude oil
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totalin
41,279 GRT, 57,922 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 1 tanker
Civil .air: about 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 78 Usable; 24 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 39 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: provide minimum requirements
for local and intercity service; international service is good;
radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous
areas; 31,400 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM,
and no TV stations; one ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 7,598,000; 4,054,000
fit for military service; about 338,000 males and 333,000
females reach military age (18) annually; both are liable for
military service
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Supply: very limited local production; various countries
suppliers;
Military budget: (announced) for fiscal year ending 31
March 1978; $148.9 million, 5% of central government
budget
BURUNDI
RWA
ZAIRE Bujumbura
(See (defence map VII
LAND
28,490 km2; about 37% arable (about 66% cultivated), 23%
pasture, 10% scrub and forest, 30% other
Land boundaries: 974 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,314,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Burundian(s); adjective?Burundi
Ethnic divisions: Africans-85% Hutu (Bantu), 14% Tutsi
(Hamitic), 1% Twa (Pigmy); other Africans include perhaps
10,000 Zairians (approximately 40,000 were recently repatri-
ated), and 40,000 Rwandans; non-Africans include about
3,000 Europeans and 1,000 South Asians
Religion: about 60% Christian (53% Catholic, 7%
Protestant); rest mostly animist plus perhaps 2% Muslims
Language: Kirundi and French official plus Swahili
(along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
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BURUNDI/CAMEROON
Literacy: about 15% in Kirundi, 3% in French, no
serviceable estimate for Kiswahili
Labor force: about 2 million (1976 est.)
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of Burundi
Workers (UTB); by charter, membership is extended to all
Burundi workers (informally); figures denoting -active
membership- have been unobtainable
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic; military government overthrown by
military coup, November 1976; constitution abolished
Capital: Bujumbura
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces, subdivided into 18
arrondissements and 78 communes; Bujumbura city (popula-
tion est. 160,000) has status equal to a province
Legal system: based on German and French civil codes
and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July
Branches: Supreme Revolutionary Council is governing
body
Government leader: Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, Chairman
of Supreme Revolutionary Council, established November
1976
Suffrage: universal
Elections: last legislative election May 1965; legislature
dissolved in 1966
Political parties and leaders: National Party of Unity and
Progress (UPRONA), a Tutsi led party, declared sole
legitimate party in 1966
Communists: no Communist party; resumed diplomatic
relations with the People's Republic of China in October
1971 following a six-year suspension; U.S.S.R., North Korea,
and Romania also have diplomatic missions in Burundi
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: about $450 million (1976), $120 per capita; 2% real
growth (1970-74); real GDP growth in 1976, 7.8%
Agriculture: major cash crops?coffee, cotton, tea; main
food crops?manioc, yams, corn, sorghums, bananas, haricot
beans; marginally self-sufficient
Industries: light consumer goods such as beverages,
blankets, shoes, soap, assembly of imports
Electric power: 7,500 kW capacity (diesel generator
1977); 25 million kWh produced (1977), 6 kWh per capita
Exports: $125 million (f.o.b., 1978); coffee (90%), tea,
cotton, hides, skins
Imports: $74.2 million (c.i.f., 1977); textiles, foodstuffs,
transport equipment, petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.S., EEC countries
SECRET
SECRET
Aid: economic?from Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-
77), $165 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $20.0
million; U.S. (1970-77), $7.0 million; OPEC (ODA) (1970-
77), $42.5 million; military?from Communist countries
(1970-76), $8.0 million
Budget: FY77?revenue $103.1 million, expenditure
$81.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 90 Burundi francs= US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 7,800 km total; 300 km bituminous, 2,500 km
crushed stone, gravel, or laterite, and 3,000 km improved
earth, and 2,000 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika navigable for lake
steamers and barges, 1 minor lake port
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 12 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of wire and low-
capacity radio-relax links; telegraph primary means of
communication; about 6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.);
2 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 966,000; 500,000 fit for
military service; 46,000 reach military age (16) annually
Supply: formerly by Belgium, but in recent years has
received materiel from the U.S.S.R., China, Egypt, France,
North Korea, the U.K., and Greece
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $21,278,000; about 17.4% of central government
budget
CAMEROON
LAND
475,400 km2; 4% cultivated, 18% grazing, 13% fallow, 50%
forest, 15% other
Land boundaries: 4,554 km
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CAMEROON
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA.
CAMEROON
*Yaounde
GABON
CHAD
CENTRAL
AFRICAN EMPIRE
CONGO
(See reference map VII
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 18 nm
Coastline: 402 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,168,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Cameroonian(s); adjective?Camer-
oonian
Ethnic divisions: about 200 tribes of widely differing
background; 31% Cameroon Highlanders, 19% Equatorial
Bantu, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 10% Fulani, 7% Eastern
Nigritic, 11% Kirdi, 13% other African, less than 1%
non-African
Religion: about one-half animist, one-third Christian; one-
sixth Muslim
Language: English and French official, 24 major African
language groups
Literacy: South 40%, North 10%
Labor force: most of population engaged in subsistence
agriculture and herding; 200,000 wage earners (maximum)
including 22,000 government employees, 63,000 paid
agricultural workers, 49,000 in manufacturing
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Republic of Cameroon
Type: unitary republic; one-party presidential regime
Capital: Yaounde
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces divided into 39
departments
Legal system: based on French civil law system, with
common law influence; new unitary constitution adopted
1972; judicial review in Supreme Court, when a question of
constitutionality is referred to it by the President of the
Republic; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 20 May
Branches: executive (President), legislative (National
Assembly), and judicial (Supreme Court)
36
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Government leader: President Ahmadou Ahidjo
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: presidential elections held 5 April 1975;
parliamentary elections held 28 May 1978
Political parties and leaders: single party, Cameroonian
National Union (UNC), instituted in 1966, President
Ahmadou Ahidjo
Communists: no Communist Party or significant number
of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Cameroon Peoples
Union (UPC), an illegal terrorist group now reduced to
scattered acts of banditry with its factional leaders in exile
Member of: AF13D, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, Lake Chad Basin
Commission, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU,
UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2,500 million (mid 1977), per capita about $380;
real growth rate, 3.2% (1970-77)
Agriculture: commercial and food crops?cocoa, coffee,
timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, peanuts, palm oil and palm
kernels; root starches, livestock, millet, sorghum, and rice
Fishing: imports 7,024 metric tons, $2.2 million; exports
909 metric tons (largely shrimp), $3.5 Million (1975)
Major industries: small aluminum plant, food processing
and light consumer goods industries, sawmills
Electric power: 358,000 kW capacity (1977); 1,347
million kWh produced (1977), 200 kWh per capita
Exports: $615 million (f.o.b., FY77); cocoa and coffee
about 60%; other exports include timber, aluminum, cotton,
natural rubber, bananas, peanuts, tobacco, and tea
Imports: $658 million (f.o.b., FY77); consumer goods,
machinery, transport equipment, alumina for refining,
petroleum products, food and beverages
Major trade partners: about 70% of total trade with
France and other EC countries; about 5% of total trade with
U.S.
Aid: economic?from Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-
77), $710 million; from Communist countries (1970-77),
$103.2 million; from U.S. (1970-77), $34 million; from
OPEC (ODA) (1970-77), $4.0 million; military?from
Communist countries (1970-76), $5.0 millior
Budget: FY78 budget est. balanced at $560 million
Monetary conversion rate: 245.67 Communaute Finan-
ciere Africaine francs=US$1 as of November 1977
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
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Railroads: 1,003 km total; 858 km meter gage (1.00 m),
145 km 0.600-meter gage
Highways: approximately 29,866 km total; including
2,155 km bituminous, 27,711 km gravel and earth
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CAMEROON/CANADA
Inland waterways: 2,090 km
Ports: 1 major (Douala), 3 minor
Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 34,200 GRT, 41,700 DWT
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 60 usable; 7 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open wire and radio
relay; 26,000 telephones (0.4 per 100 pop!.); 6 AM, no FM,
and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,799,000; 906,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(18) annually about 84,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979,
$62,534,667; 8.5% of central government budget
CANADA
LAND
9,971,500 km2; 4% cultivated, 2% meadows and pastures,
44% forested, 42% waste or urban, 8% inland water
Land boundaries: 9,010 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 90,908 km
SECRET
Arctic Ocean
UNITED STATES
(See reference map!)
SECRET
PEOPLE
Population: 23,755,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?Canadian(s); adjective?Canadian
Ethnic divisions: 44% British Isles origin, 30% French
origin, 26% other
Religion: 48% Protestant, 47% Catholic, 5% other
Language: English and French official
Labor force: 10.789 million (January 1978 rev.); 29%
service, 22% manufacturing, 16% trade, 8% transportation
and utilities, 6% agriculture, 6% construction, 8% other; 8.4%
unemployment (1978 average); 7.9% unemployment (March
1979)
Organized labor: 30% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Canada
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II as sovereign
Capital: Ottawa
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 2 territories
Legal system: based on English common law, except in
Quebec, where civil law system based on French law
prevails; constitution is British' North America Act of 1867
and various amendments; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: Dominion Day, 1 July
Branches: federal executive power vested in cabinet
collectively responsible to House of Commons, and headed
by Prime Minister; federal legislative authority resides in
Parliament consisting of Queen represented by Governor-
General, Senate, and Commons; judges appointed by
Governor-General on the ?advice of the government;
Supreme Court is highest tribunal
Government leaders: Prime Minister Charles Joseph
(-Joe") Clark; Governor General Edward Schreyer
Suffrage: universal over age 18
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CANADA
Elections: legal limit of 5 years but in practice usually
held within 4 years, last election May 1979
Political parties and leaders: Liberal, Pierre Trudeau;
Progressive-Conservatives, Joe Clark; New Democratic,
Edward Broadbent; Social Credit, Fabien Roy
Voting strength (1979 election (numbers in parens
indicate current party strengths in Parliament)): Progres-
sive Conservative 35.8% (135 seats); Liberal 40.3% (115
seats); New Democratic Party 17.8% (26 seats), Social Credit
5% (6 seats), other 1%, total seats in Parliament 282
Communists: 2,000 approx.
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commomwealth, DAC,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, 1BRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA,
IDB, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC?
International Whaling Commission, IWC?International
Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, U.N.,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $203.3 billion (1978 in 1978 prices), $8,574 per
capita (1978); 63.0% consumption, 18.4% investment, 21.0%
government (1978); growth rate 4.7% (1970-78, real terms)
Agriculture: main products?livestock, grains (principally
wheat), dairy products; food shortages?fresh fruits and
vegetables; caloric intake, 3,180 calories per day per capita
(1966-67)
Fishing: catch 892,000 million metric tons; exports 784.7
million metric tons (1978)
Major industries: mining, metals, food products, wood
and paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals
Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, precision
instruments
Crude steel: 14.8 million metric tons produced (1978)
Electric power: 71,500,000 kW capacity (1978); 350,000
million kWh produced (1978), 14,760 kWh per capita
Exports: $43,373 million (f.o.b., 1977, source: IFS.);
principal items?transportation equipment, wood and wood
products including paper, ferrous and nonferrous ores, crude
petroleum, wheat; Canada is a major food exporter
Imports: $42,052 million (c.i.f., 1977, source: IFS.);
principal items?transportation equipment, machinery,
crude petroleum, communication equipment, textiles, steel,
fabricated metals, office machines, fruits and vegetables
Major trade partners: 70.0% U.S., 9.3% EC, 5.2% Japan
(1978)
Aid: economic?(received U.S., $380.9 million Ex-Im
Bank); Canada commitments to LDCs (1970-76), bilateral
ODA and OOF commitments, $6.5 billion
Budget: total revenues $33,781 million; current expendi-
tures $39,930 million; gross capital formation $6,833 million;
budget deficit $6,149 million (1977) (National Accounts
Basis)
38
July 1979
Monetary conversion rate: there is no designated par
value for the Canadian dollar, which was allowed to float
freely on the exchanges beginning 1 June 1970; since then
the Canadian dollar has moved between US$0.84-1.04 in
value, 1C$=US$0.8770 (official rate, 1978 average)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 68,978 km total; 67,616 km standard gage
(1.435 m) (43 km electrified); 1,183 km 1.067-meter gage (in
Newfoundland); 179 km 0.914-meter gage
Highways: 829,325 km total; 640,850 km surfaced
(189,800 km paved), 188,475 km earth
Inland waterways: 3,000 km
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and refined; natural
gas, 74,980 km
Ports: 19 major, 300 minor
Merchant marine: 103 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
628,022 GRT, 833,614 DWT; includes 9 passenger, 33 cargo,
4 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 28 tanker, 20 bulk, 7
specialized carrier
Civil air: 535 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,802 total, 1,449 usable; 304 with permanent-
surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 29 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 282 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent service provided by mod-
ern telecom media; 13.8 million telephones (60.4 per 100
pop!.); countrywide AM, FM, and TV coverage including
630 AM, 80 FM, and 500 TV stations; 8 coaxial submarine
cables; 2 satellite stations with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
and 1 Pacific Ocean antenna and 70 domestic satellite
stations
SECRET
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July 1979
CANADA/CAPE VERDE
CAPE VERDE
CAPE VERDE
c..?
0
.0 Praia
Atlantic Ocean
MAURITANIA
SENEGAL
THE G SIN
SENEGAL
GUINEA-
BISSAU
(See reference map 119
LAND
4,040 km', divided among 10 islands and several islets
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 100 nm
Coastline: 965 km
PEOPLE
Population: 328,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?Capeverdean(s); adjective?Capever-
dian
Ethnic divisions: about 28% African; 70% mulatto; 2%
European
Religion: Catholicism, fused with local superstitions
Language: Portuguese and crioula, a blend of Portuguese
and West African words
Literacy: 14%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in subsistence
agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Cape Verde
National holiday: 12 September
Type: republic; achieved independence from Portugal in
July 1975
SECRET
SECRET
Capital: Praia
Political subdivisions: 10 islands
Legal system: to be determined
National holiday: 12 September
Branches: National Assembly, 56 members; the official
party is the supreme political institution
Government leaders: President, Aristides Pereira; Prime
Minister, Pedro Pires; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Abilio
Duarte
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: to be determined
Political parties and leaders: only legal party, Partido
Africano da Independencia da Guinee e Cabo Verde
(PAIGC), led by Aristides Pereira, Secretary-General
Communists: a few Communists, some sympathizers
Member of: G-77, NAM, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GDP: $57 million (1978 est.); $180 per capita income;
0.0% growth rate
Agriculture: main crops?corn, beans, manioc, sweet
potatoes; barely self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch, 4,400 metric tons (1976 est.); largely
undeveloped but provides major source of export earnings
Major industries: Salt mining
Electric power: 6,000 kW capacity (1977); 7 million kWh
produced (1977); 20 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.41 million (f.o.b., 1976); fish, bananas, salt
Imports: $26.8 million (c.i.f., 1976); machinery, textiles
Major trade partners: Portugal, U.K., Japan, African
neighbors
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$85 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $20.6 million;
U.S. (1970-77), $12.7 million; OPEC (1977), $0.7 million;
military?Communist countries (1970-76), $2.0 million
Budget: (est. 1976) $30 million expenditures, $15 million
revenues
Monetary conversion rate: 40.643 escudos=US$1
(November 1977)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Ports: 1 major (Mindelo), 3 minor
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000
totaling 3,199 GRT, 5,812 DWT
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft.
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 permanent-surface runways;
1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland radio-relay system, HF
radio to mainland Portugal, about 1,600 telephones (0.3 per
100 popl.); 1 FM and 5 AM stations; ?2 coaxial submarine
cables
GRT or over)
39
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SECRET
CAPE VERDE/CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 79,000; 44,000 fit for
military service
Supply: ammunition, trucks, armored vehicles have been
received from the U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year including 31 December
1978, $3 million; about 5% of central government budget
CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE
(See reference mep VI)
LAND
626,780 km2; 10%-15% cultivated, 5% dense forests,
80%-85% grazing, fallow, vacant arable land, urban, waste
Land boundaries: 4,981 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,418,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Central African(s); adjective?Cen-
tral African
Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic groups, the
majority of which have related ethnic and linguistic
characteristics; Banda (32%) and I3aya-Mandjia (29%) are
largest single groups; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 6,000 are
French and majority of the rest Portuguese
Religion: 40% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 24% animist, 8%
Muslim; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence
the Christian majority
Language: French official; Sangho, lingua franca and
national language
40
Literacy: estimated at 5%-10%
Labor force: about half the population economically
active, 80% of whom are in agriculture; approximately
64,000 salaried workers
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Central African Empire
Type: constitutional monarchy, founded on a single party
Capital: Bangui
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French law; in 1966 the Chief of
State assumed all power and abrogated the constitution; in
1976 he promulgated a new constitution; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 4 December
Branches: Emperor Bokassa is Chief of State and rules by
decree; government is headed by a Prime Minister assisted
by the Council of Ministers; judiciary, Supreme Court, court
of appeals, criminal court, and numerous lower courts;
constitution calls for a National Assembly
Government leader: Emperor Bokassa I
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: tentatively planned for late 1979 but none have
been held yet under Bokassa regime; provided for in new
constitution
Political parties and leaders: Movement for the Social
Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN), ruling party under
former regime, continues as a key body for organizing
support for the regime led by Emperor 13okassa
Communists: no Communist Party or significant number
of sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and Central
African States, EAMA, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $491.7 million (1978 est.), $259 per capita
Agriculture: commercial?cotton, coffee, peanuts, ses-
ame, wood; main food crops?manioc, corn, peanuts, rice,
potatoes, beef; requires wheat, flour, rice, beef, and sugar
imports
Major industries: sawmills, cotton textile mills, brewery,
diamond mining and splitting
Electric power: 44,000 kW capacity (1977); 106 million
kWh produced (1977), 60 kWh per capita
Exports: $97.4 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); cotton, coffee,
diamonds, timber
Imports: $94.9 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); textiles, petro-
leum products, Machinery and electrical equipment, motor
vehicles and equipment, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
SECRET
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CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE/CHAD
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$180 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $13.3 million;
OPEC (ODA) (1970-73), $10.5 million; U.S. (1970-77), $9.9
million; military?Communist countries (1970-76), $13.0
million
Major trade partners: France, Yugoslavia, Japan, U.S.
Budget: 1978 budget receipts and grants $83 million,
expenditures $103 million
Monetary conversion rate: 245.67 Communaute Finan-
ciere Africaine francs=US$1 (1977)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 21,950 km total; 290 km bituminous, 7,500 km
gravel and/or crushed stone, 14,160 km improved earth,
remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,080 km; traditional trade carried on
by means of dugouts on the extensive system of rivers and
streams
Ports: Bangui (river port)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 56 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: facilities are meager; network is
composed of low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunica-
tion stations and radio-relay links; 5,540 telephones (0.3 per
100 popl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 437,000; 227,000 fit for
military service
Supply: mainly dependent on France, but has received
equipment from Israel, Italy, U.S.S.R., and FRG
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1977, $7.5 million (current budget only); about 10.6% of
central government current budget
SECRET
SECRET
CHAD
ace reference map VII
LAND
1,284,640 km2; 17% arable, 35% pastureland, 2% forest
and scrub, 46% other uses and waste
Land boundaries: 5,987 kin
PEOPLE
Population: 4,523,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Chadian(s); adjective?Chadian
Ethnic divisions: over 240 tribes representing 12 major
ethnic groups?Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Fulani, Kotoko,
Hausa, Kanembou, 13aguirmi, 13oulala, and Wadai) in the
north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Mayo-Kebbi, and
Chari) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, 5,000 of
them French
Religion: about half Muslim, 5% Christian, remainder
animist
Language: French official; Chadian Arabic is lingua
franca in north, Sara and Sangho in south
Literacy: estimated 5%-10%
Labor force: only 55% of population in economically
active group, of which 90% are engaged in unpaid
subsistence farming, herding, and fishing; 47,000 wage
earners in industry and civil service
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic; New National Union Transition Govern-
ment formed. April 1979 to establish timetable for transfer-
ring power to elected government
Capital: N'Djamena
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
Chadian customary law; constitution adopted 1962; constitu-
tion suspended and national assembly dissolved April 1975;
judicial review of legislative acts in theory a power of the
Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
41
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SECRET
CHAD/CHILE
National holiday: 13 April
Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers
Government leader: President Mahamat Lol Choua
Suffrage: universal
Elections: all political activity banned
Political parties and leaders: political parties banned
Communists: no front organizations or underground
party; probably a few Communists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: new government does
not include several Mtkslim rebel groups that have been in
rebellion since October 1965 in east-central Chad; govern-
ment opposition also possible from United Southern Front, a
recessionist group organized in April 1979 in protest against
loss of southern Christian control of government
Member of: AFDB, flonference of East and Central
African States, EAMA, ECA, EEC (associate), FAQ G-77,
GATT, ICAC, ICAO, IBRD, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, Lake
Chad Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UEAC, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $849 million (1978 est.), $198 per capita; estimated
real annual growth rate 16%
Agriculture: commercial?cotton, gum arabic, livestock,
fish; food crops?peanuts, millet, sorghum, rice, sweet
potatoes, yams, cassava, dates; imports food
Fishing: catch 70,000 metric tons (1978 est.)
Major industries: agricultural and livestock processing
plants (cotton textile mill, slaughterhouses, brewery), natron
Electric power: 22,000 kW capacity (1977); 60 million
kWh produced (1977), 15 kWh per capita
Exports: $98.5 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); cotton 80%,
livestock and animal products
Imports: $184.4 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); cement,
petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery, textiles, and motor
vehicles
Major trade partners: France (about 40% in 1973) and
UDEAC countries; preferential tariffs to EC and franc zone
countries
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$255 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $70.4 million;
OPEC (ODA) (1970-73), $25.7 million; U.S. (1970-77), $31.1
million; military?Communist countries (1970-76), $7.0
million
Budget: (1978 est.) $82 million
Monetary conversion rate: 245.67 Communaute Finan-
ciere Africaine francs=US$1 (1977)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 27,505 km total; 242 km bituminous, 4,385 km
gravel and laterite, and remainder unimproved
42
July 1979
Inland waterways: approximately 2,090 km of year-
round navigability, increased to 4,830 km during high-water
period
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 66 total, 62 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of radiocommunication
stations for intercity links; principal center N'Djamena,
secondary center Sarh; 5,480 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.);
1 AM, no FM, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,051,000; 544,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually about 44,000
Supply: dependent on France primarily
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1977, $22.2 million; about 33% of total budget
CHILE
LAND
756,626 km2; 2% cultivated, 7% other arable, 15%
permanent pasture, grazing, 29% forest, 47% barren
mountains, deserts, and cities
Land boundaries: 6,325 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 6,435 km
PEOPLE
Population: 10,850,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.5% (current)
Nationality: noun?Chilean(s),
adjective?Chilean
SECRET
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CHILE
Pacific
Ocean
Atlantic
Ocean
Ethnic divisions: 95% EuropeanfseesCrtid mixed
European with some Indian admixture, 3% Indian, 2% other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 90% (1977)
Labor force: 3.7 million economically active (1977); 30%
agricultural, 29% industry and construction, 7% services,
10% commerce, 7% mining, 9% transportation, 8% other
(1977)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1973)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one metropolitan
district, 41 provincial subdivisions.
Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived from Spanish
law and subsequent codes influenced by French and
Austrian law; constitution adopted 1925, amended since
then, currently being revised; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of
Chile, Catholic University, and several others; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 September
Branches: four-man Military-Police Junta, which exer-
cises constituent and legislative powers and has delegated
executive powers to President of Junta; the President has
announced a plan for transition from military to civilian rule
by 1985; Congress dissolved; civilian judiciary remains
Government leader: President, Maj. Gen. Augusto PINO-
CHET Ugarte; other Junta members, Adm. Jose Toribio
MERINO Castro, Brig. Gen. Fernando MATTHEI Aubel,
Gen. Cesar MENDOZA Duran
SECRET
SECRET
Suffrage: none
Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral registers
were destroyed in 1974
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party
(PDC), Andres Zaldivar and Eduardo Frei; National Party
(PN), Sergio Onofre Jarpa; PDC and (PN) are officially
recessed; Popular Unity coalition parties (outlawed)?
Communist Party (PCCh), Luis Corvalan (in exile); Socialist
Party (PS), Clodomiro Almeyda and Carlos Altamirano
(both in exile); Radical Party (PR); Christian Left (IC);
United Popular Action Movement (MAPU); Independent
Popular Action (API)
Voting strength (1970 presidential election): 36.6%
Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% conservative independent,
28.1% Christian Democrat; (1973 Congressional election)
44% Popular Unity coalition, 56% Democratic Confeder-
ation (PDC and PN)
Communists: 248,000 when PCCh was legal in 1973;
active militants now estimated at about 20,000
Other political or pressure groups: organized labor;
business organizations; landowners' associations (SNA?
Sociedad Nacional de Agricultural); Catholic church; ex-
treme leftist, Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR),
outlawed; rightist, Patria y Libertad (PyL), outlawed
Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $10.9 billion (1978), 81,015 per capita; 76.0%
private consumption, 15.8% government consumption; 9.2%
gross investment, ? 1.0% net imports and factor payments
abroad; real growth rate, 1978, 6.0%; 1972-78 average
annual increase, 1.3%
Agriculture: main crops?wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar
beet, onions, beans, fruits; about 90% self-sufficient; 2,650
calories per day per scapita (1971 est.)
Fishing: catch 1.28 million metric tons (1977); exports
$127.9 million (1977)
Major industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish
processing, transportation equipment, iron and steel, pulp,
paper, and forestry products
Crude steel: 0.7 million metric tons capacity (1978);
537,600 metric tons produced (1978), 50 kg per capita
Electric power: 2,775,000 kW capacity (1977); 10.5
billion kWh produced (1978), 975 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1978); copper, iron ore, paper
products, fishmeal, fruits, basic metal products
Imports: $3.0 billion (c.i.f., 1978); petroleum, wheat,
cotton, textiles, plastics
Major trade partners: exports-30% EC, 28% LAFTA,
14% U.S., 13% Japan; imports-30% LAFTA, 25% U.S., 15%
EC, 8% Japan (1978)
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CHILE/CHINA
Aid: economic?bilateral ODA and OOF (1970-76), U.S.
$381 million; Western (non-U.S.) countries, $384.8 million;
Communist countries, $386.2 million; military?U.S. (1970-
76), $50.4 million
Budget: $2.5 billion revenues, $2.8 billion expenditures
(1977)
Monetary conversion rate: 34.72 pesos=US$1 (March
1979), changes daily
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 6,361 km total; 3,111 km 1.676-meter gage,
135 km standard gage (1.435 m), 3,115 km meter gage
(1.00 m)
Highways: 75,200 km total; 9,000 km paved, 38,200 km
gravel, 28,000 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 725 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined products, 785 km;
natural gas, 320 km
Ports: 10 major, 20 minor
Merchant marine: 48 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
513,846 GRT, 807,596 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 33 cargo,
2 tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 7 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil;
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 351 total, 341 usable; 46 with permanent-
surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 51 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telephone system based on
extensive radio relay facilities; 473,000 telephones (4.5 per
100 popl.); 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 1 domestic
satellite station; 180 AM, 30 FM, and 56 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,740,000; 2,064,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually about 110,000
Supply: small amounts of small arms, rockets, ammuni-
tion, and military propellant and explosives are produced;
has depended mainly on U.K. for naval craft; aircraft from
Western Europe
44
July 1979
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $735 million; about 21.4% of central government
budget
CHINA
ISee refetainn mop VIII
LAND
9.6 million km2; 11% cultivated, sown area extended by
multicropping, 78% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this area
consists largely of denuded wasteland, plains, rolling hills,
and basins from which about 3% could be reclaimed), 8%
forested; 2%-3% inland water
Land boundaries: 24,000 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 14,500 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,017,477,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.5% (current)
SECRET
Z5(-1'
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Jo
CHINA
Nationality: noun?Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective?
Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 94% Han Chinese; 6% Chuang, Uighur,
Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Pu-I, Korean, and
numerous lesser nationalities
Religion: most people, even before 1949, have been
pragmatic and eclectic, not seriously religious; most impor-
tant elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism,
Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2%-3% Muslim, 1%
Christian
Language: Chinese (Mandarin mainly; also Cantonese,
Wu, Fukienese, Amoy, Hsiang, Kan, Hakka dialects), and
minority languages (see ethnic divisions above)
Literacy: at least 25%
Labor force: 335 million (mid-1966); 85% agriculture,
15% other; shortage of skilled labor (managerial, technical,
mechanics, etc.); surplus of unskilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Republic of China
Type: Communist state; real authority lies with Commu-
nist party's political bureau; the National People's Congress,
in theory the highest organ of government, in reality merely
rubber stamps the party's programs; the State Council is the
actual governing organism
Capital: Beijing (Peking)
Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 centrally governed
municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions
Legal system: before 1966, a complex amalgam of custom
and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of
uniform code of administrative and civil law; highest judicial
organ is Supreme People's Court although legal activity
centered in parallel network of Public Security organs; laws
and legal procedure clearly subordinated to priorities of
party policy; whole system largely suspended during
Cultural Revolution, but has been revived
National holiday: National Day, 1 October
Branches: prior to 1966 control was exercised by Chinese
Communist Party, through State Council, which supervised
more than 50 ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all
technically under the standing committee of the National
People's Congress; this system broke down under -Cultural
Revolution- pressures but has been reconsolidated and
streamlined to 41 ministries
Government leader: Premier of State Council, Hua
Guofeng (Kuo-feng); government subordinate to central
committee of CCP, under Chairman Hua Guofeng
Suffrage: universal over age 18, though this is academic
Elections: no meaningful elections
Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party
(CCP), headed by Hua Guofeng; Hua is Chairman of
Central Committee; a new central committee was formed at
the 11th Party Congress held in August 1977
SECRET
SECRET
Voting strength: 100% Communist for practical purposes;
no political nonconformity permitted
Communists: about 37 million party members in 1977
Other political or pressure groups: army (PLA) remains a
major force, although many soldiers who acquired a wide
range of civil political-administrative duties during the
Cultural Revolution have been removed; many veteran
civilian officials, in eclipse since the Cultural Revolution,
have been reinstated; mass organizations, such as the trade
unions and the youth league, have been rebuilt
Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Red Cross, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, other international bodies
ECONOMY
GNP: $407 billion (1978), $405 per capita
Agriculture: main crops?rice, wheat, miscellaneous
grains, cotton; caloric intake, 2,000 calories per day per
capita (1978); agriculture mainly subsistence; grain imports
9.4 million metric tons in 1978
Major industries: iron and steel, coal, machine building,
armaments, textiles, petroleum
Shortages: complex machinery and equipment, highly
skilled scientists and technicians
Crude steel: 31.7 million metric tons produced, 32 kg per
capita (1978)
Electric power: 46 million kW capacity (1978); 160
billion kWh produced (1978), 160 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978); agricultural products,
oil, minerals and metals, manufactured goods
Imports: $10.6 billion (c.i.f., 1978); grain, chemical
fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery and
equipment
Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong, West Germany,
U.S., France, Australia, Canada, Romania, U.S.S.R., U.K.
(1978)
Monetary conversion rate: as of 24 February 1979, about
1.57 yuan = US$1 (arbitrarily established)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: networks total about 45,000 route km com-
mon-carrier lines; about 600 km meter gage (1.00 m); rest
standard gage (1.435 m); all single track except 9,000 km
double track on standard gage lines; approximately 1,025 km
electrified; about 9,700 km industrial lines (gages range from
0.59 to 1.435 m)
Highways: about 835,000 km all types roads; almost half
(about 300,000 km) unimproved natural earth roads and
tracks; about 215,000 km improved earth roads about 2- to
5-meters wide and in poor to fair condition; remainder
(about 260,000 km) includes majority of principal roads
Inland waterways: 168,981 km; 40,234 km navigable by
modern motorized craft
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SECRET July 1979
CHINA
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,000 km; refined products, 1,200
km; natural gas, 1,100 km est.
Ports: 10 major, 180 minor
Merchant marine: 763 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
6,995,800 GRT, 10,471,100 DWT; includes 37 passenger,
497 cargo, 4 cargo training, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1
specialized carrier, 121 tanker, 99 bulk; in terms of DWT,
about 40% of the fleet is employed in domestic operations
and the remainder in international operations to all
continents; China beneficially owns an additional 95 ships
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 840,000 GRT, 1,228,000 DWT
which operate under the Panamanian and British (Hong
Kong) flags
Civil air: 147 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 370 total; 252 with permanent surface runways;
9 with runways 3,500 m and over; 57 with runways 2,500 to
3,499 m; 231 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 62 with
runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane stations; 9 airfields
under construction.
Telecommunications: urban and industrial areas served
by reasonably adequate facilities for domestic and interna-
tional communication needs; facilities being expanded;
effective broadcast coverage is provided by radio, extensive
wired-broadcast networks, and an expanding TV network;
estimated 5 million telephones, 45 million radio receivers,
140 million wired-speakers and est. 500,000 TV receivers;
250 AM, 7 FM, and 120 TV transmitter and rebroadcast
stations; 3 standard international communications satellite
ground stations; coaxial cable links Guanazhou (Canton) to
Hong Kong; submarine cable links Shanghai to Japan;
additional submarine cables planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 257,256,000, about
140,599,000 fit for military service; about 10,938,000 reach
military age (18) annually
46
Supply: military industrial base supports a comprehensive
and integrated modern weapons program; production
includes substantial quantities of infantry weapons, tanks,
armored personnel carriers, artillery pieces, ammunition,
radar and signal equipment, trucks and jeeps, jet aircraft,
lesser quantities of surface-to-surface missiles, surface-to-air
and naval cruise missiles, as well as some air-to-air missiles;
naval ships including submarines and guided missile
destroyers,
transport aircraft
obtained from U.S.S.R., U.K., and U.S.; helicopters from
France and West Germany
Military budget: the PRC does not publish a defense
budget; a meaningful dollar value for total military
expenditures has not been estimated; however, dollar costs of
Chinese military equipment procured in 1978 estimated to
be about $4.5 billion
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
CHINA/COLOMBIA
COLOMBIA
Caribbean Sea,
VENEZUELA
Pacific
Ocean
(See reference map 1111
LAND
,1,139,600 km2; settled area 28% consisting of cropland and
fallow 5%, pastures 14%, woodland, swamps, and water 6%,
urban and other 3%; unsettled area 72%?mostly forest and
savannah
Land boundaries: 6,035 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic
including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,414 km
PEOPLE
Population: 26,115,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Colombian(s); adjective?Colombian
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% caucasian, 14%
mulatto, 4% Negro, 3% mixed Negro-Indian, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
SECRET
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 47% of population over 15 years old
Labor force: 5.6 million (1966); 47% agriculture, 13%
manufacturing, 18% services, 9% commerce, 13% other
(1964); 10%-13% unemployment (1975)
Organized labor: 13% of labor force (1968)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch dominates government
structure
Capital: Bogota
Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 3 Intendants, 5
Commissariats, Bogota Special District
Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious courts
regulate marriage and divorce; constitution decreed in 1886,
amendments codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July
Branches: President, bicameral legislature, judiciary
Government leader: President Julio Cesar TURBAY
Ayala
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: every fourth year; last presidential and
congressional elections June 1978; municipal and depart-
mental elections, February 1978
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party, .President
Julio Cesar Turbay; Conservative Party, Alvaro Gomez
Hurtado; Alianza Nazional Popular, Maria Eugenia Rojas de
Moreno
Voting strength: 1978 presidential election?Julio Cesar
Turbay 49%, Belisario Betancur 46%, Gen. Alvaro Valencia
1.3%; 1978 municipal election, 55% Liberal Party, 36%
Conservative Party, 9% combined far left parties; 70%
abstention of eligible voters
Communists: 10,000-12,000 members est.
Other political or pressure groups: Communist Party
(PCC), Gilberto Vieira White; PCC/ML, Chinese Line
Communist Party
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU,
LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May
1969 within LAFTA), OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPEB,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $18.5 billion, est. (1978 est.), $830 per capita; 75%
private consumption, 6% public consumption, 18% gross
investment, 1.0% net foreign balance (1977)
Agriculture: main crops?coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane,
plantains, bananas, cotton, tobacco; caloric intake, 2,140
calories per day per capita. (1970)
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SECRET
COLOMBIA/COMOROS
Fishing: catch 75,107 metric tons 1976; exports $10.6
million (1973), imports $10.3 million (1973)
Major industries: textiles, food processing, clothing and
footwear, beverages, chemicals, and metal products
Crude steel: 356,000 metric tons produced (1976), 14 kg
per capita
Electric power: 4,650,000 kW capacity (1977); 18,800
million kWh produced (1978), 735 kWh per capita
Exports: $2,900 million (f.o.b., 1978); coffee, fuel oil,
cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle and hides
Imports: $3,400 million (c.i.f., 1978); transportation
equipment, machinery, industrial metals and raw materials,
chemicals and pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and
paper products, foodstuffs and beverages
Major trade partners: exports-48% Japan, 27% U.S.,
16% Germany, 10% Venezuela, 6% Netherlands; imports-
38% U.S., 9% Germany, 8% Japan, 5% Ecuador (1976)
Aid: economic?extensions from U.S. (FY46-76), $991
million loans, $325 million grants; from international
organizations (FY46-75), $1.8 billion; from other Western
countries (1970-76), $249.8 million; from Communist
countries (1970-76), $275.4 million; military?assistance
from U.S. (FY46-76), $130 million
Budget: (1978) revenues $2.09 billion; expenditures $2.30
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 39.02 pesos=US$1 (June 1978,
changes frequently)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,436 km, all 0.914-meter gage, single track, 35
km electrified
Highways: 52,100 km total; 8,200 km paved, 43,900 km
gravel and earth
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined products, 1,350
km; natural gas, 830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km
Ports: 5 major, 5 minor
Merchant marine: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
276,355 CRT 360 047 DWT includes 33 cargo, 5 bulk, 2
tankers
Civil air: 97 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 675 total, 674 usable; 44 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 5 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide radio-relay system; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 1 domestic satellite
station; 1.34 million telephones (5.5 per 100 popl.); 325 AM,
130 FM, and 48 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,914,000; 3,871,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(18) annually about 298,000
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July 1979
Supply: small arms, small arms ammunition, and antitank
mines produced; U.S. is principal supplier of ground force
equipment; France is now important supplier of aircraft;
Italy delivered 2 unassembled midget submarines (assembly
completed during 1973), and West Germany delivered two
1,000-ton submarines in 1975
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $263.6 million; about 8.8% of central
government budget
COMOROS
Moron
Indian Ocean
COMOROS
LAND
2,170 lun'; 4 main islands; forests 16%, pasture 7%,
cultivable area 48%, non-cultivable area 29%
SECRET
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July 1979
COMOROS/CONGO
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 340 km
PEOPLE
Population: 323,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?Comoran(s); adjective?Comoran
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Malay, Negroid
Religion: predominantly Islamic
Language: French, Arabic, Swahili
Literacy: presumably low
Labor force: mainly agricultural
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Federal and Islamic Republic
Comoros
Type: three of the four islands comprise an independent
republic, following local government's unilateral declaration
of independence from France in July 1975; other island,
Mayotte, disallowed declaration and is now a French
Territorial community
? Capital: Moroni
Political subdivisions: the three islands are organized into
7 regions
Legal. system: French and Muslim law
Branches: Mohamed Abdallah elected President of the
Comoros, October 21, 1978, having regained power last May
following a coup, led by French-born mercenary Bob
Denard, which toppled Ali Soilih; Soilih had come to power
in 1977 through a coup that ousted Abdallah; Soilih was
killed in the recent coup
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: next presidential election scheduled to take
place in 1984
Communists: information not available
Member of: G-77, NAM, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GDP: $69.5 million (1975), about $240 per capita; growth
probably negligible through 1974
Agriculture: food crops?rice, manioc, maize, fruits,
vegetables; export crops?essential oils for perfumes (mainly
ylang-ylang), vanilla, copra, cloves
Exports: $10.3 million (f.o.b., 1976); perfume oils, vanilla,
copra, cloves
Imports: $13.9 million (c.i.f., 1976); foodstuffs, cement,
fuels, chemicals, textiles
Major trade partners: France, Malagasy Republic, Italy,
Kenya, Tanzania and U.S.
Electric power: 2,400 kW capacity (1977); 3 million kWh
produced (1977); 10 kWh per capita
of the
SECRET
SECRET
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$100 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-76), $26.8 million
Budget:1 977 projected?revenues, $4 million; expendi-
tures, $10 million; investment expenditures, $5 million;
deficit, $10 million
Monetary conversion rate: 245.67 Communaute Finan-
ciere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$1 in 1977, floating
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 999 km total; approximately 295 km bitumi-
nous, remainder crushed stone or gravel
Ports: 1 minor (Moroni on Grande Comore)
Civil air: 3 major transports (2 registered in France)
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 5 with permanent surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of HF radiocom-
munication stations for interisland, island and external
communications to Malagasy and Reunion; 1,100 telephones
(0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: 1,000-man -People's Army; nominal air force
created in 1977
CONGO
Atlantic ?
Ocean
(See lEference map VI)
LAND
349,650 km2; 63% dense forest or woodland, 33%
cultivable or grazing (2% cultivated est.), 4% urban or waste
Land boundaries: 4,514 jun
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SECRET
CONGO
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
Coastline: 169 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,504,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Congolese (sing., pl.); adjective?
Congolese or Congo
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups divided into
some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most important ethnic
groups are Kongo (48%) in south, Teke (17%) in center,
M'Bochi (12%) and Sangha (20%) in north; about 8,500
Europeans, mostly French
Religion: about half animist, half nominally Christian, less
than 1% Muslim
Language: French official, many African languages with
Lingala and Kikongo most widely used
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: about 40% of population economically
active, most engaged in subsistence agriculture; 79,100 wage
earners; 40,000-60,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 16% of total labor force (1965 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Republic of the Congo
Type: republic; military regime established September
1968
Capital: Brazzaville
Political subdivisions: 9 regions divided into districts
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
customary law; constitution adopted 1973
National holiday: National Day, 15 August
Branches: President, Military Committee, Council of
State; judiciary; all policy made by Congolese Workers Party
Central Committee and Politburo
Government leaders: President, Col. Denis Sasson-
Nguesso replaced Joachim Yhombi-Opango as President in
March 1979, following an intraparty squabble; Prime
Minister Col. Louis Sylvain-Goma is Head of Government
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: local elections set for July 1979
Political parties and leaders: Congolese Workers Party
(PCT) is only legal party
Communists: unknown number of Communists and
sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese
Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress
(CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Union (URFC),
General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)
Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and Central
African States, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM,
OAU, UDEAC, UEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
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July 1979
ECONOMY
GDP: about $700 million (1977 est.), $490 per capita; real
growth rate 2.5% per year (197077)
Agriculture: cash crops?sugarcane, wood, coffee, cocoa,
palm kernels, peanuts, tobacco; food crops?root crops, rice,
corn, banana, manioc, fish
Fishing: catch 19,447 metric tons (1978 est.)
Major industries: crude oil, sawmills, brewery, cigarettes,
sugar mill, soap
Electric power: 63,200 kW capacity (1977); 130 million
kWh produced (1977), 90 kWh per capita
Exports: $214 million (f.o.b., 1977 est.); oil (58%), lumber,
tobacco, veneer, and plywood
Imports: $266 million (f.o.b., 1977 est.); machinery,
transport equipment, manufactured consumer goods, iron
and steel, foodstuffs, petroleum products, sugar
Major trade partners: France and other EC countries
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$435.0 'million; Communist countries (1970-77), $106.0
million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $55.2 million; U.S. (1970-
77), $5.8 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77),
$60.0 million
Budget: 1977 est.?revenue $216 million, expenditures
$240 million
Monetary conversion rate: 245.67 Communaute Finan-
ciere Africaine francs=US$1 (1977)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 800 km, 1,067-meter gage, single track
Highways: 8,246 km total; 555 km bituminous surface
treated; 848 km gravel, laterite, 1,623 km improved earth,
and 5,220 km unimproved roads
Inland waterways: 6,485 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil 25 km
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (including 1 leased in)
Airfields: 68 total, 51 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways
1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: services adequate for government
use; network is comprised of low-capacity, low-powered
radiocommunication stations, coaxial cables and wire lines;
key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo;
10,500 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM
station, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49,330,000; 166,000 fit for
military service; about 14,000 reach military age (20)
annually
SECRET
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CONGO/COOK ISLANDS
Supply: former dependence on
U.S.S.R. and China
France replaced by
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1976, $37,517,400; about 17% of central government budget
COOK ISLANDS
,N 1/4 UINEA
Pacific Ocean
e.
?FIJI
Pacific Ocean
NEW
%.\ZEALAND
COOK
ISLANDS
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
About 240 km'
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 120 km
PEOPLE
Population: 18,000 (official estimate for 30 June 1977)
Nationality: noun?Cook Islander(s); adjective?Cook
Islander
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full blood), 7.7%
Polynesian and European, 7.7% Polynesian and other, 2.4%
European, 0.9% other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace members of
Cook Islands Christian Church
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Cook Islands
SECRET
SECRET
Type: self-governing in -free association- with New
Zealand; Cook Islands government fully responsible for
internal affairs and has right at any time to move to full
independence by unilateral action; New Zealand retains
responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with Cook
Islands government
Capital: Rarotonga
Branches: New Zealand Governor General appoints
Representative to Cook Islands, who represents the Queen
and the New Zealand government; Representative appoints
the Premier; Legislative Assembly of 22 members, popularly
elected; House of Arikis (chiefs), 15 members, appointed by
Representative, an advisory body only
Government leader: Premier Dr. Tom Davis
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 4 years, latest in March 1978
Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Sir
Albert Henry; Democratic Party, Dr. Thomas Davis
Voting strength (1978): Democratic Party, 16 seats, Cook
Islands Party, 6 seats
ECONOMY
GDP: $400 per capita (1973)
Agriculture: export crops include copra, citrus fruits,
pineapples, tomatoes, and bananas, with subsistence crops of
yams and taro
Industry: fruit processing
Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1978); 10 million
kWh produced (1978), 560 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.7 million (1971); 'fruit juice, clothing, citrus
fruits
Imports: $5.8 million (1971)
Major trade partners: (1970) exports-98% New Zealand,
imports-76% New Zealand, 7% Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1 NZ$=US$0.94 (September
1978)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 187 km total (1977); 35 km paved, 35 km
gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, and no TV stations;
7,000 radio receivers, and 956 telephones
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: no military forces maintained, but there is a
Police Force of about 54 men; the Rarotonga police station is
in Avarua next to the post office
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COSTA RICA
(See reference map II)
COSTA RICA
LAND
51,000 km2; 30% agricultural land (8% cultivated, 22%
meadows and pasture), 60% forested, 10% waste, urban, and
other
Land boundaries: 670 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm; specialized competence over living resources to 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,290 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,168,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Costa Rican(s); adjective?Costa
Rican
Ethnic divisions: 98% white (including mestizo), 2%
Negro
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 793,000 (1978 est.); 32.6% agriculture; 13.8%
manufacturing; 15.3% commerce; 6.1% construction; 5.2%
transportation, utilities; 20.3% service (government, educa-
tion, social); 0.5% other; 4.4% unemployment (1978 est.)
Organized labor: about 11.5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: unitary republic
Capital: San Jos?
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system;
constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts
in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Costa
Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
52
July 1979
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
Branches: President, unicameral legislature, Supreme
Court elected by legislature
Government leader: President Rodrigo CARAZO Odio
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18 and over
Elections: every 4 years; next, February 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Party
(PLN), Daniel Oduber, Luis Alberto Monge, Carlos Manuel
Castillo; Democratic Renovation Party (PRD), Rodrigo
Carazo; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge Monge
Zamora; Popular Vanguard Party (PVP, Communist),
Manuel Mora Valverde; Republican Calderonista Party
(PRC), Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier; Popular Union
Party (PUP), San Joaquin Trejos Fernandez; Unity Coalition
composed of the PRD, the PDC, the PUP, and the PRC
Voting strength (1978 election): Unity Coalition 43.4%,
27 seats; PLN 38.8%, 25 seats; Leftist Coalition Party (PPU)
7.6%, 3 seats; others, 2 seats
Communists: 3,200 members, 10,000 sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Costa Rican Confed-
eration of Democratic Workers (CCTD), General Confeder-
ation of Workers (CGT), Chamber of Coffee. Growers,
National Association for Economic Development (ANFE)
Member of: CACM, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC?
International Wheat Council, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Mul-
tinational Shipping Line?Naviera Multinacional del Car-
ibe), OAS, ODECA, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPE13, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $3.3 billion (1978, in current prices), $1,590 per
capita; 72.5% private consumption, 14.8% public consump-
tion, 25.4% gross domestic investment, ? 12.7% net foreign
balance (1978); 5.9% real growth rate (1978)
Agriculture: main products?bananas, coffee, sugarcane,
rice, corn, cocoa, livestock products; caloric intake, 2,535
calories per day per capita (1974); protein intake 58 grams
per day per capita
Fishing: catch 12,728 metric tons (1976); exports, $5.1
million (1976), imports, $0.3 Million (1976)
Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing,
construction materials, fertilizer
Electric power: 410,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.7 billion
kWh produced (1977), 830 kWh per capita
Exports: $858 million (f.o.b., 1978); coffee, bananas, beef,
sugar, cacao
Imports: $1,185 million (c.i.f., 1978); manufactured prod-
ucts, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports-38% U.S., 31% CACM,
13% West Germany; imports-32% U.S., 17% CACM, 5%
West Germany, 14% Japan (1978)
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July 1979 SECRET
COSTA RICA/CUBA
Aid: (1970-76) economic bilateral commitments: U.S. $72
million, other Western countries $78 million, Communist
$17 million; military commitments negligible
Budget: (1978) $492 million current revenues, $708
million total expenditures including debt amortization
Monetary conversion rate: 8.57 colones=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 563 km 1.067-meter gage, all single track, 115
km electrified
Highways: 26,050 km total; 2,000 km paved, 15,900 km
gravel 8,150 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 730 km perennially navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 318 km
Ports: 3 major (Limon, Golfito, Puntarenas), 4 minor
Merchant marine: 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo ship totaling
1,600 GRT, 2,800 DWT
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 236 total, 224 usable; 29 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good domestic telephone service;
127,000 telephones (6.2 per 100 popl.); connection into
Central American microwave net; 55 AM, 10 FM, and 12
TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 536,000; 352,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military age (18)
annually about 26,000
Supply: dependent on imports from U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $16.2 million for Ministry of Public Security, including
the Civil Guard; about 3% of total central government
budget
CUBA
LAND
114,478 km2; 35% cultivated, 30% meadow and pasture,
20% waste, urban, or other, 15% forested
SECRET
Golf
of Mexico
a ,
? THE
\ BAHAMAS
Havana
A tlantic
Ocean
(See reference map
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 3,735 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,824,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Cuban(s); adjective?Cuban
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white, 11% Negro,
1% Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before
Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Literacy: about 96%
Labor force: 2.7 million in 1976; 33% agriculture, 17%
industry, 9% construction, 7% transportation, 32% services,
2% unemployed
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Cuba
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169 munici-
palities
Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with
large elements of Communist legal theory; Fundamental
Law of 1959 replaced Constitution of 1940; a new
constitution was approved at the Cuban Communist Party's
First Party Congress in December 1975 and by a popular
referendum which took place on 15 February 1976; portions
of the new constitution were put into effect on 24 February
1976, by means of a Constitutional Transition Law, and the
entire constitution became effective on 2 December 1976;
legal education at Universities of Havana, Oriente, and Las
Villas; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
53
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SECRET July 1979
CUBA
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 1
January
Branches: executive; legislature (National People's Assem-
bly); controlled judiciary
Government leader: President Fidel CASTRO Ruz
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 16
Elections: National People's Assembly (indirect election)
every five years; election held November 1976
Political parties and leaders: Cuban Communist Party
(PCC), First Secretary Fidel Castro Ruz, Second Secretary
Raul Castro Ruz
Communists: approx. 200,000 party members
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB
(nonparticipant), ICAO, IHO, ILO, IMCO, International
Rice Commission, ISO, ITU, IWC?International Wheat
Council, NAM, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Ship-
ping Line?Naviera Multinacional del Caribe), OAS (non-
participant), Permanent Court of Arbitration, Postal Union
of the Americas and Spain, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $11.8 billion (1977 est., in 1977 prices), $1,235 per
capita; real growth rate 1977, 3.5%
Agriculture: main crops?sugar, tobacco, rice, potatoes,
tubers, citrus fruits, coffee
Fishing: catch 220,000 metric tons (1978); exports $82
million (1977)
Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum refining, food
and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood
products, metals
Shortages: spare parts for transportation and industrial
machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 330,500 metric tons produced (1977); 34 kg
per capita
Electric power: 2,400,000 kW capacity (1978); 7.5 billion
kWh produced (1978), 760 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1978); sugar, nickel, shellfish
tobacco
Imports: $4.2 billion (c.i.f., 1978); capital goods, industrial
raw materials, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-65% U.S.S.R., 15% other
Communist countries; imports-49% U.S.S.R., 14% other
Communist countries, 6% Spain (1976)
Aid: $41.5 million from U.S. (FY46-61); loans $37.5
million, grants $4.0 million; economic aid (CY60-78) from
U.S.S.R.: $5.1 billion in economic credit and $7.9 billion in
subsidies; military assistance from the U.S.S.R. (1959-78),
$1.6 billion
Budget: $12.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$1.32 (nominal)
Fiscal year: calendar year
54
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 14,640 km total, government-owned; 5,040 km
common-carrier lines of which 4,960 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 80 km 0.914-meter gage; about 9,600 km
plantation/industrial lines, 6,400 km standard gage (1.435
m), 3,200 narrow gage
Highways: 20,700 km total; 8,800 km paved, 11,900 km
gravel and earth surfaced
Inland waterways: 240 km
Pipelines: natural gas, 80 km
Ports: 8 major (including, U.S. Naval Base at Guantan-
amo), 44 minor
Merchant marine: 76 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling
591,193 GRT, 814,153 DWT; includes 54 cargo, 10 tanker, 6
bulk, 3 cargo training, 2 specialized carrier, 1 passenger;
Cuba beneficially owns 8 additional ships (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 72,900 GRT, 106,800 DWT, under Panama-
nian? flag
Civil am 34 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 202 total, 192 usable; 54 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 8 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern facilities adequately serve
military, governmental, and some civilian needs; excellent
international facilities via HF and satellite; 380,000 tele-
phones (3.9 per 100 popl.); 100 AM, 25 FM, and 24 TV
stations;
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 2,425,000; 1,523,000
fit for military service; about 120,000 males and 116,000
females reach military age (17) annually
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July 1979
CUBA/CYPRUS
Supply: almost wholly dependent upon U.S.S.R.; produces
some ammunition and possibly small arms; assembles some
transport vehicles
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $1.02 billion; about 8.9% of total budget
CYPRUS
116diterranean
Sea
EGYPT
(See reference map VI
LAND
9,251 km2; 47% arable and land under permanent crops,
18% forested, 10% meadows and pasture, 25% waste, urban
areas, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
PEOPLE
Population: 614,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.1% (8-76 to 8-77)
Nationality: noun?Cypriot(s); adjective?Cypriot
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% British,
Armenian, and other
SECRET
SECRET
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox, 18% Muslim, 4% Maron-
ite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy: about 89% of population 15 years or older, 99%
of population aged 15-39
Greek Sector labor force: 202,700 (1977), 27.5% services;
25.8% industry; 23.0% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 5%
public administration; 15.2% employed overseas or in
military; 3% unemployed
Turkish Sector labor force: 179,400 (145,900 employed,
33,500 unemployed); 31% agriculture, 18% services, 1-7%
manufacturing, 12% wholesale and retail trade, 22% other
(1975)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic since August 1960; separate de facto Greek
Cypriot, and Turkish Cypriot governments have evolved
since outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation
was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the
island in July 1974; negotiations, which have been going on
since January 1975, have focused on the creation of a federal
system of government with substantial autonomy for each of
the two communities
Capital: Nicosia
Political subdivisions: .6 administrative districts
Legal system: based on common law, with civil law
modifications; negotiations to create the basis for a new or
revised constitution to govern the island and relations
between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been going on
intermittently
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October
Branches: currently a rump government with effective
authority only over the Greek Cypriot community, consist-
ing of Greek Cypriot parts of bodies provided for by
constitution; headed by President of the Republic and
comprised of Council of Ministers, House of Representatives,
and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots have their own
"Constitution" and governing bodies within the "Turkish
Federated State of Cyprus"
Government leaders: Greek Sector: President, Spyros
Kyprianou, elected interim President in September 1977, to
serve out the remainder of the term of Archbishop Makarios
who died on 3 August 1977, and elected President in his own
right by acclamation in February. 1978; Turkish Sector:
-President," Rauf Denktas; -Prime Minister," Osman Orek
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: officially every 5 years; Turkish Cypriot
-Presidential" and -Parliamentary- elections held June
1976; Greek Cypriot parliamentary elections held in
September 1976
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SECRET
CYPRUS
Political parties and leaders: Greek Sector: Restorative
Party of the Working People (AKEL) (Communist Party),
Ezekias Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DS), Glavkos
Kliridis; Democratic Party (DK) (pro-Makarios), Spyros
Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the Center
(EDEK), Vasos Lyssaridis; Turkish Sector: National Unity
Party (UBP), Rauf Denktas; Populist Party (HP), Alper
Orhon; Communal Salvation Party (TKP), Alpay Durduran;
Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker Ozgur
Voting strength: Rauf Denktas won the 1976 -Presiden-
tial- contest in the Turkish Cypriot zone with 76% of the
vote and his party won 30 of 40 seats in the -Assembly- with
54% of the vote. In the Greek Cypriot parliamentary
election of September 1976, a pro-Makarios coalition
composed of AKEL, EDEK, and the Democratic Faction
(DF) received 69.5% of ihe vote and 34 of 35 seats while
Kliridis' Democratic Rally (DS) won 25% of the vote and no
seats; the remaining seat was given to independent Tasos
Papadopoulos
Communists: 12,000; sympathizers estimated to number
60,000
Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic
Youth Organization (EDON) (Communist-controlled); Pan
Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO) (Communist-controlled);
Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK) (pro-West);
Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (KTIBF);
Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (DISK)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-
77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
ITU, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,091 million (1977), $1,580 per capita; 1977 real
growth rate 20%
Agriculture: main crops?potatoes, grapes, citrus fruit,
grains
Major industries: mining (iron pyrites, gypsum, asbestos),
manufactures principally for local consumption?beverages,
footwear, clothing, cement
Electric power: 430,000 kW capacity (1978); 900 million
kWh produced (1978), 1,400 kWh per capita
Exports: $304 million (f.o.b., 1977); principal items?food
an'd beverages including citrus, raisins, potatoes and wine,
also cement and clothing
Turkish Sector exports: $15.7 million (f.o.b., 1976);
principal items?citrus fruits, potatoes, metal pipes and
pyrites
Imports: $559 million (c.i.f., 1977); principal items?
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
fuels, food
Turkish Sector imports: $65.9 million (c.i.f., 1976);
principal items are foodstuffs, raw materials, fuels,
machinery
56
July 1979
Major trade partners: imports (1978)-22.1% U.K., 11.6%
Italy, 7.4% West Germany, 6.3% Greece, 5.6% U.S., 5.4%
Japan, 4.8% France, 5.3% Iraq, 50.8% EC; exports (1978)-
27.7% U.K., 9.7% Saudi Arabia, 5.4% Syria, 5.4% Lebanon,
5.2% Libya, 4.1% Kuwait, 1.7% Greece, 1.3% U.S., 36.4% EC
Turkish Sector major trade partners: imports (1976)-
48% Turkey, 22% U.K., 7% West Germany, 5% France, 3%
Netherlands, 3% Italy; exports (1976)-33% U.K., 29%
Turkey, 18% Netherlands, 10% Italy
Aid: economic?U.S., $92 million authorized (FY70-77);
other Western bilateral authorizations (ODA and 00F), $40
million (1970-77); Greece, $79 million (1976); OPEC $7
million (1977)
Turkish Sector aid: Turkey, probably $20-30 million
annually since 1975; primarily development and budgetary
aid with some balance of payments support
Budget: 1978?revenues $273.3 million, expenditures
$331.7 million, deficit $58.4 million
Turkish Sector budget: 1978 revenues $44.9 million,
expenditures $65.6 million, deficit $20.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cyprus pound=US$2.6797
(1978 average)
Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate: 24.282 Turk-
ish lira=US$1 (1978 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 9,710 km total; 4,580 km bituminous surface
treated; 5,130 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol), 6 minor;
Famagusta under Turkish control
Merchant marine: 484 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
2,329,100 GRT, 3,359,100 DWT; includes 12 passenger, 395
cargo, 3 container, 17 tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 44 bulk, 6
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 specialized carrier; all but a few are
owned and operated by Greek nationals
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in
and 1 leased out
Airfields: 13 total, 12 usable; 8 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 4 with runways
2,440-3,656 m
Telecommunications: moderately good telecommunica-
tion system in both Greek and Turkish sectors; 77,000
telephones (11.2 per 100 popl.); 12 AM, 4 FM, and 7 TV
stations; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey;
2 submarine coaxial cables; 1 COMSAT station under
construction in Greek sector
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 160,000; 113,000 fit for
military service, about 7,000 reach military age (18)
annually
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CYPRUS/CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Supply: some handmade small arms and ammunition
produced by Turkish-Cypriots for their own use; Greek-
Cypriots (government forces) entirely dependent on foreign
supplies for their material; since 1964 have received infantry
weapons, machineguns, mortars, artillery, ammunition,
trucks, armored personnel carriers, tanks, anti-tank missiles
and launchers from Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R.;
torpedo boats from Yugoslavia, Malta, and the U.S.S.R; also,
U.K. and U.S.-manufactured infantry weapons, artillery,
patrol boats, armored cars, and radar equipment were
received from Greece
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $43.2 million about 18% of central government budget
SECRET
SECRET
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
k
I GERMAN
'DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
FEDERAL
REPUBLIC
OF GERMANY
U.S.S.R.
ROMANIA
ITALY
YLIGOSLAVIA
(See reference map 11/)
LAND
127,946 km2; 42% arable, 14% other agricultural, 35%
forested, 9% other
Land boundaries: 3,540 km
PEOPLE
Population: 15,240,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 0.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Czechoslovak(s); adjective?Czecho-
slovak
Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czechs, 30.0% Slovaks, 4.0%
Magyars, 0.6% Germans, 0.5% Poles, 0.4% Ukrainians, 0.2%
others (Jews, Gypsies)
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2%
Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Czech, Slovak, Hungarian
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: 7.4 million; 14% agriculture, 38.6% industry,
11% services, 36.4% construction, communications and
others
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (C.S.S.R.)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Prague
Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate and nomi-
nally autonomous republics (Czech Socialist Republic and
Slovak Socialist Republic); 7 regions (kraj) in Czech lands,
three regions in Slovakia; national capitals of Prague and
Bratislava have regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on Austrian-
Hungarian codes, modified by Communist legal theory;
revised constitution adopted 1960, amended in 1968 and
1970; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at
Charles University School of Law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
57
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SECRET July 1979
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May
Branches: executive?President (elected by Federal As-
sembly), cabinet (appointed by President); legislative?
Federal Assembly (elected directly), Czech and Slovak
National Councils (also elected directly) legislate on limited
area of regional matters; judiciary?Supreme Court (elected
by Federal Assembly); entire governmental structure domi-
nated by Communist Party
Government leaders: President Gustav Husak (elected
May 1975), Premier Lubomir Strougal
Suffrage: universal ,over age 18
Elections: governmental bodies every 5 years (last
election, October 1976); President every 5 years
Dominant political party and leader: Communist Party
of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Gustav Husak, General Secretary;
Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has status of "provincial
KSC organization"
Voting strength (1976 election): 99.7% for Communist-
sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.45 million party members and candidate
members (January 1978)
Other political groups: puppet parties?Czechoslovak
Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Slovak Free-
dom Party, Slovak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw
Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $70.7 billion in 1978 (in 1978 dollars), $4,673 per
capita; 1978 real growth rate 2.5%
Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main crops?wheat,
rye, potatoes, sugar beets; net food importer?meat, wheat,
vegetable oils, fresh fruits and vegetables; caloric intake,
3,100 calories per day per capita (1967)
Major industries: machinery, food processing, metal-
lurgy, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: ores, crude oil
Crude steel: 15.3 million metric tons produced (1978),
1,000 kg per capita
Electric power: 16,125,000 kW capacity (1978); 69 billion
kWh produced (1978), 4,545 kWh per capita
Exports: $12,071 million (f.o.b., 1978); 51% machinery,
equipment; 28% fuels, raw materials; 3% foods, food
products, and live animals; 18% consumer goods, excluding
foods (1977)
Imports: $12,304 million (f.o.b., 1978); 39% machinery,
equipment; 45% fuels, raw materials; 10% foods, food
products, and live animals; 6% consumer goods, excluding
foods (1977)
Aid: Czechoslovakia has extended economic credits
totaling $1,802 million to less developed countries (1954-77)
58
and has received some medium- and long-term credits from
Western countries and the U.S.S.R.; Czechoslovakia has used
1% of its national income to extend long-term credits to
socialist and developing countries (1961-70)
Monetary conversion rate: noncommercial 9.01
crowns=$1, commercial 5.35 crowns=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted at the rate of
5.46 crowns= US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 13,186 km total; 12,881 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 112 km broad gage (1.524 m), 193 km narrow
gage (0.750 m and 0.760 m); 2,807 km double track; 2,718
km electrified; government-owned (1977)
Highways: 73,677 km total; 60,157 km concrete, asphalt,
stone block; 13,520 km gravel, crushed stone (1976)
Inland waterways: 483 km (1977)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined products, 861 km;
natural gas, 5,601 km
Freight carried: rail-274.3 million metric tons, 71.6
billion metric ton/km (1977); highway-1,049.7 million
metric tons, 16.7 billion metric ton/km (1977); waterway-
6.8 million metric tons, 3.5 billion metric ton/km (excl. intl.
transit traffic) in approximately 766 waterway craft with
454,370 metric ton capacity (1978)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia, Gdansk, and
Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and Koper in Yugoslavia;
Hamburg, FRG; Rostock, GDR; principal river ports are
Prague, Deein, Komarno, Bratislava (1979)
Merchant marine: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
155,000 GRT, 230,347 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 6 bulk
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft (1977)
Airfields: 133 total; 37 with permanent-surface runways;
1 with runway 3,500 m or over; 13 with runways 2,500-3,499
m; 78 with runways 1,000-2,499 m; 41 with runways less
than 1,000 m; 5 heliports
Telecommunications: systems are used primarily to
support operations of government and industry; require-
ments of public receive secondary consideration; good
coverage is provided by 23 AM and 16 FM broadcast
stations; 3,883,882 receivers; 10 major TV stations, supple-
mented by 300 relay stations; 3,370,000 TV receivers;
2,246,208 est. telephones (96% automatic)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,703,000; 2,856,000 fit
for military service; about 111,000 reach military age (18)
annually
SECRET
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SECRET
CZECHOSLOVAKIA/DENMARK
Supply: produces substantial quantities of infantry weap-
ons, rocket launchers, ammunition, trucks, tactical signal
equipment, APC's, self-propelled AA guns, and tanks;
produces copies of Soviet antitank missiles, and jet trainer
and small transport aircraft
dependent on the U.S.S.R. for more
complex equipment and combat aircraft; amphibious
armored reconnaissance cars obtained from Hungary
Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, est. 20.0 billion crowns, 7% of total budget
DENMARK
(See reference mop
LAND
42,994 km' (exclusive of Greenland and Faroe Islands);
64% arable, 8% meadows and pastures, 11% forested, 17%
other
SECRET
Land boundaries: 68 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 3,379 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,118,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Dane(s); adjective?Danish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant
and Roman Catholic, 1% other
Language: Danish; small German-speaking minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2,625,223 (January 1979); 8.6% agriculture,
forestry, fishing, 24.6% manufacturing, 8.1% construction,
15.4% commerce, 6.6% transportation, 5.4% services, 29.3%
government, 2.0% other; 7.7% (190,600) registered unem-
ployed as a percentage of total labor force (1978 annual
average)
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 communes, 88
towns
Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1953;
judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at
Universities of Copenhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with 'Crown
and parliament (Folketing); executive power vested in
Crown but exercised by cabinet responsible to parliament;
Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts
Government leaders: Queen Margrethe II; Prime Minis-
ter, Anker JOrgensen
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: on call of prime minister but at least every four
years (last election 15 February 1977)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Anker
JOrgensen; Liberal, Henning Christopherson; Conservative,
Ib Setter; Radical Liberal, Thorkild M011er; Socialist Peoples,
Gert Petersen; Communist, Joergen Jensen; Left Socialist,
Preben Wilhjelm; Center Democratic, Peder Duetoft;
Christian People's, Jens Willer; Justice, Lars Fredsted
Kristensen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger J. Lindinger
Voting strength (1977 election): 37.5% Social Democratic,
14.3% Progressive, 12.3% Moderate Liberals, 8.3% Conserva-
tive, 6.4% Center Democratic, 3.9% Socialist Peoples, 3.7%
Communist, 3.6% Radical Liberal, 3.5% Christian, 3.2%
Justice, 2.7% Leftist Socialist
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SECRET
DENMARK
Communists: 7,500-8,000; a number of sympathizers, as
indicated by 114,034 Communist votes cast in 1977 elections
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EEC,
ELDO (observer), EMA, ESRD, EURATOM, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC?International
Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $54.1 billion (1978 est.), $10,608 per capita; 56.7%
private consumption, 23.6% investment, 24.9% government,
?5.2% net foreign sector and stock building; 1978 growth
rate 1.2%, constant prices
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in dairying and
animal husbandry; main crops?cereals, root crops; food
imports?oilseeds, grain, feedstuffs; caloric intake, 3,180
calories per day per capita (1968-69)
Fishing: catch 1.91 million metric tons (1976), exports
$462 million (1977)
Major industries: food processing, machinery and equip-
ment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics,
transport equipment, metal products, brick and mortar,
furniture and other wood products
Crude steel: 863,000 metric tons produced (1978), 170 kg
per capita
Electric power: 6,900,000 kW capacity (1978); 21 billion
kWh produced (1978), 4,110 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1977); principal items?
meat, dairy products, industrial machinery and equipment,
textiles and clothing, chemical products, transport equip-
ment, fish, furs, and furniture
Imports: $14.8 billion (c.i.f., 1977); principal items?
industrial machinery, transport equipment, petroleum,
textile fibers and yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals,
grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper
Major trade partners: 48.5% EC-nine (19.1% West
Germany, 12.8% U.K.); 13.0% Sweden; 5.5% U.S.; 5.3%
Norway; 4.7% Netherlands; 4.0% Communist countries
(1978)
Aid: donor?bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and
00F) $955 million (1970-77)
Budget: (FY78 est.) expenditures $20.5 billion, revenues
$18 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 5.5146 Kroner=US$1 (1978,
average exchange rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 January 1979
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,591 km standard gage (1.435 m); Danish
State Railways (DSB) operate 2,101 km (1,999 km rail line
60
July 1979
and 102 km rail ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km
double tracked; 490 km of standard gage lines are
privately-owned and operated
Highways: approximately 66,482 km total; 64,551 km
concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed
stone, improved earth
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: refined products, 418 km
Ports: 16 major, 44 minor
Merchant marine: 320 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
5,051,467 GRT, 8,364,284 DWT; includes 22 passenger, 149
cargo, 18 container, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 47 tanker, 14
liquefied gas, 37 bulk, 4 combination ore/oil, 17 specialized
carrier, and 1 barge/lighter carrier
Civil air: 73 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
and 1 leased out
Airfields: 180 total, 137 usable; 23 with permanent-
surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and
broadcast services; 2.53 million telephones (48.9 per 100
popl.); 6 AM, 13 FM, and 34 TV stations; 16 submarine
coaxial cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,261,000; 1,106,000 fit
for military service; 39,000 reach military age (20) annually
Supply: dependent on U.S., Canada, U.K., and Western
Europe; most naval ships produced domestically; produces
small quantities of CW/BW defensive equipment; some
small arms ammunition, some airframe, avionics and engine
parts and electronic equipment
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $1,254 million; about 7% of proposed
central government budget
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
DJIBOUTI
DJIBOUTI
(formerly French Territory of the Afars
and Issas)
(See reference mep
LAND
23,310 km2; 89% desert wasteland, 10% permanent
pasture, and less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 517 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 314,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Afar(s), Issa(s); adjective?Afar, Issa
Ethnic divisions: (approximate figures) 96,300 Somalis,
mostly Issas (large number of the Somalis are temporary
immigrants from Somalia, not citizens of territory), 90,500
Afars, 6,000 Arabs, 7,000 French (inclusive of French
military forces)
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: Somali, Afar, French, Arabic, all widely used
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: a small number of semiskilled laborers at
port
Organized labor: some 3,000 railway workers organized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Djibouti
Type: republic
Capital: Djibouti
Legal system: based on French civil law system,
traditional practices and Islamic law
Branches: 65-member parliament, cabinet, president,
prime minister
Government leader: President, Hassan Gouled Aptidon
SECRET
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Parliament elected May 1977
Political parties and leaders: National Independence
Union (UNI), Ali Aref Bourhan; Peoples Progress Assembly
(RPP), Hassan Gouleo; Popular Liberation Movement,
Kamil Ali; Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast
(FLCS)
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: Arab League
ECONOMY
GNP $336 million (1976)
Agriculture: livestock; desert conditions limit commercial
crops to about 15 acres, including fruits and vegetables
Industry: ship repairs and services of port and railroad
drastically reduced with war in Ethiopia's Ogaden that cut
the railroad line
Electric power: 23,500 kW capacity (1977); 55 million
kWh produced (1977), 310 kWh per capita
Imports: $72 million (1976); almost all domestically
needed goods?foods, machinery, transport equipment
Exports: $4.7 million (1976); hides and skins, and transit
of coffee; since railroad line has been cut, values have
plummeted
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$30 million; OPEC (1970-77), $25 million
Monetary conversion rate: 178 Djibouti francs=US$1
Fiscal year: probably same as that for France (calendar
year)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 97 km meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: 770 km total; 220 km paved, 550 km
improved earth
Ports: 1 major (Djibouti)
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft (leased in)
Telecommunications: fair system of urban facilities in
Djibouti and radiocommunication stations at outlying places;
3,600 telephones (2.0 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, and 1 TV
station; 1 COMSAT station under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 43,000; about
25,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of France
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SECRET
DIIBOUTI/DOMINICA
DOMINICA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
PUERTO
0%
DOMINICA0
0
At/antic
Ocean
Caribbean Sea
(See reference map II)
LAND
790 km2; 24% arable, 2% pasture, 67% forests, 7% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 148 km
PEOPLE
Population: 78,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.7% (1-75 to 1-77)
Nationality: noun?Dominican(s); adjective?Dominican
Ethnic divisions: mostly of African Negro descent
Religion: Roman Catholic, Church of England, Methodist
Language: English; French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 23,000; about 50% in agriculture; 24%
unemployment
Organized labor: 25% of the labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Commonwealth of Dominica
Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 3
November 1978, recognizes Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Roseau
Political subdivisions: 10 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law; three local
magistrate courts and the British Caribbean Court of
Appeals
Branches: legislature, 11 member popularly elected
House of Assembly; executive, cabinet headed by Premier
Government leaders: Prime Minister Oliver Seraphin
(interim Prime Minister until elections held)
62
July 1979
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; most recent March 1975
Political parties and leaders: Dominica Labor Party
(DLP), Patrick John; Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), Miss
M. Eugenia Charles (unofficial)
Voting strength: House of Assembly seats?DFP 3 seats,
DLP 16 seats, independent 2 seats
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM, U.N.
ECONOMY
GNP: $32 million (1977 est.), $410 per capita; real growth
rate, 1977, 2.0% est.
Agricultural products: bananas, citrus, coconuts, cocoa
Major industries: agricultural processing, tourism
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1977); 7 million
kWh produced (1977), 90 kWh per capita
Exports: $10 million (f.o.b., 1976); bananas, lime juice and
oil, cocoa, reexports
Imports: 818 million (c.i.f., 1976); machinery and
equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured articles, cement
Major trade partners: 47% U.K., 15% Commonwealth
Caribbean countries, 7% U.S., 6% Canada (1975)
Aid: economic?bilateral including Ex-Im (1970-76),
from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $57 million; no military
aid
Budget: revenues, $8 million; expenditures, $11 million
(1977/78 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dol-
lars=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 750 km total; 500 km paved, 250 km gravel
and earth
Ports: 2 minor (Roseau, Portsmouth)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with asphalt runway 1,472 m
Telecommunications: 3,600 telephones in fully automatic
network (4.8 per 100 popl.); VHF and UHF link to St. Lucia;
2 AM and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Local security force: Royal Dominica Defense Force, 120
(force is a regular unit); Royal Dominica Police Force, 260;
Rural Constabulary, 100
U.K. is responsible for external detense;I
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July 1979 SECRET
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
JAMAICA
Atlantic
Ocean
DOMINICAN
HAITI, REPUBLIC
Santo
Domingo VW
Caribbean Sea
At
VENEZUELA Th
(See reference map II)
LAND
48,692 km2; 14% cultivated, 4% fallow, 17% meadows and
pastures, 45% forested, 20% built-on or waste
Land boundaries: 361 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 200
nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
a Coastline: 1,288 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,539,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Dominican(s); adjective?Dominican
Ethnic divisions: 73% mulatto, 16% white, 11% Negro
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 68%
Labor force: 1.3 million; 73% agriculture, 8% industry,
19% services and other
Organized labor: 12% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the National
District
Legal system: based on French civil codes; 1966
constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 February
Branches: President popularly elected for a 4-year term;
bicameral legislature consisting of Senate (27 seats) and
Chamber of Deputies (91 seats) elected for 4-year terms;
Supreme Court
Government leader: President Antonio (Silvestre) GUZ-
MAN Fernandez
SECRET
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over age 18 or
married, except members of the armed forces and police,
who cannot vote
Elections: last national election May 1978; next election
May 1982
Political parties and leaders: Reformist Party (PR),
Joaquin Balaguer; Dominican. Revolutionary Party (PRD),
Jorge Blanco; Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan
Bosch; Democratic Quisqueyan Party (POD), Elias Wessin y
Wessin; Revolutionary Social Christian Party (PRSC),
Rogelio Delgado Bogaert; Movement for National Concilia-
tion (MNC), Jaime Manuel Fernandez Gonzalez; Anti-re-
election Movement of Democratic Integration (MIDA),
Francisco Augusto Lora; National Civic Union (UCN),
Guillermo Delmonte Urraca; National Salvation Movement
(MSN), Luis Julian Perez; Popular Democratic Party (PDP),
Homero Lajara Burgos; Fourteenth of June Revolutionary
Movement (MR-1J4), split into several factions, illegal;
Dominican Communist Party (PCD), central committee,
legalized in 1978; Dominican Popular Movement (MPD),
illegal; 12th of January National Liberation Movement
(ML-12E), Plinio Matos Moquete, illegal; Communist Party
of the Dominican Republic (PACOREDO), Luis Montas
Gonzalez, illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP), illegal
Voting strength (1978 election): 51.7% PRD, 40.9% PR,
7.4% thirteen minor parties
Communists: an estimated 1,500 to 1,800 members in six
different factions; effectiveness limited by ideological
differences and organizational inadequacies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
IO0C, ISO, ITU, OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $4.4 billion (1977), $880 per capita; real growth rate
1977, 3.3%
Agriculture: main crops?sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, to-
bacco, rice, corn .
Major industries: sugar processing, nickel mining, bauxite
mining, gold mining, textiles, cement
Electric power: 670,000 kW capacity (1978); 2.1 billion
kWh produced (1978), 385 kWh per capita
Exports: $780 million (f.o.b., 1977); sugar, nickel: coffee,
tobacco, cocoa, bauxite
Imports: $848 million (f.o.b., 1977); foodstuffs, petroleum,
industrial raw materials, capital equipment
Major trade partners: exports-81% U.S. (1977); im-
ports-50% U.S. (1977)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-76), from U.S., $252 million; other Western countries,
$78 million; military?from U.S., $12 million
Budget: revenues, $600 million; expenditures, $635
million (1978 est.)
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SECRET July 1979 i
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC/ECUADOR
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,600 km total; 104 km government-owned
common-carrier 1.065-meter gage; 1,496 km privately
owned plantation lines of 4 different gages ranging from
0.60 m to 1.43 m, 0.760-meter gage predominating
Highways: 11,400 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km
gravel and improved earth
Pipelines: refined products, 69 km
Ports: 5 major (Santo Domingo, Barahona, Haina, Las
Calderas, San Pedro de Macoris), 17 minor
Merchant marine: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
10,949 GRT, 18,019 DWT; includes 1 cargo, 1 bulk
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 51 total, 45 usable; 11 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: relatively efficient domestic system
based on islandwide radio relay network; 127,000 telephones
(2.6 per 100 popl.); 135 AM, 31 FM, and 11 TV stations; 1
coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,116,000; 712,000 fit
for military service; 59,000 reach military age (18) annually
Supply: dependent upon U.S. and Western Europe; has
assembled some armored cars
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $91 million; about 12.4% of central government
budget
64
ECUADOR
(See reference MO
LAND
274,540 km' (including Galapagos Islands); 11% culti-
vated, 8% meadows and pastures, 55% forested, 26% waste,
?urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and the Galapagos
Islands, for which information is not available)
Land boundaries: 1,931 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos Is.)
PEOPLE
Population: 7,781,000, excluding nomadic Indian tribes,
(July 1979), average annual growth rate .3.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Ecuadorean(s); adjective?Ecuador-
ean
Ethnic divisions: 40% mestizo, 40% Indian, 10% white,
5% Negro, 5% Oriental and other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing)
Language: Spanish, Quechua
Literacy: 57%
Labor force: 2 million, of which 56% agriculture, 13%
manufacturing, 4% construction, 7% commerce, 4% public
administration, 16% other services and activities
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Ecuador
National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August
Type: republic; under military regime since 1972
Capital: Quito
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces including Galapagos
Islands
Legal system: based on civil law system; progressive new
constitution passed in January, 1978 referendum will come
into effect following the inauguration of a new civilian
president in August 1979; legal education at 4 state and 2
private universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
SECRET
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July 1979
ECUADOR
National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August
Branches: Supreme Council of Government, made up of
the three military chiefs, assumed power January 1976;
judiciary system supervised by Supreme Court; six special
tribunals established in July 1972
Government leader: President of Supreme Council Vice
Admiral Alfredo POVEDA Burbano
Suffrage: universal for literates over age 18
Elections: first round of presidential election and
municipal elections were held 16 July 1978; will be followed
by second round of presidential election and parliamentary
elections in April 1979
Political parties and leaders: Concentration of Popular
Forces, Assad Bucaram, populist; Radical Liberal Party,
Ignacio Hidalgo, center right; Conservative Party, Rafael
Armijos, center right; Democratic Left, Gonzalo Cordova,
center left
Voting strength: results of July 1978 presidential election
(first round): Jaime Roldos, Concentration of Popular Forces,
28%; Sixto Duran-Ballen, center-right coalition, 24%; Raul
Clemente Huerta, center-left coalition, 23%
Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-
Moscow, Pedro Saad?secretary-general), 500 members plus
an estimated 3,000 sympathizers; Communist Party of
Ecuador (PCE/ML, pro-Peking), 100 members; Revolution-
ary Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE), 200 members
Member of: ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (formed in May
1969 within LAFTA), OAS, OPEC, SELA, U.N., UNESCO,
UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $7.2 billion (1978), $903 per capita; 70%
consumption, 10% public consumption, 20% gross
ment; average annual real growth rate 1975-78,
private
invest-
6.8%
Agriculture: main crops?bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugar-
cane, fruits, corn, potatoes, rice; caloric intake, 1,970 calories
per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 475,000 metric tons (1977); exports $73
million (1977), imports negligible
Major industries: food processing, textiles, chemicals,
fishing, petroleum
Electric power: 552,000 kW capacity (1977); 2.1 billion
kWh produced (1977), 290 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1978); petroleum, bananas,
coffee, cocoa, sugar, fish products
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1978); agricultural and
industrial machinery, industrial raw materials, building
supplies, chemical products, transportation and communica-
tion equipment
Major trade partners: exports (1977)-41% U.S., 20%
LAFTA, 15% EC; imports (1977)-41% U.S., 22% EC, 18%
Japan, 14% LAFTA
SECRET
Declassified
SECRET
Aid: economic?bilateral ODA and OOF (1970-76), U.S.,
$117.5 million; other Western countries, $157.9 million;
OPEC, $22 million; Communist countries, $9.4 million;
military?(1970-76) U.S., $13.6 million
Budget: (1978) revenues, $992 million; expenditures,
$1,165 million
Monetary conversion rate: 25 sucres=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,121 km total; 966 km 1.067-meter gage, 155
km 0.750-meter gage; all single track
Highways: 22,250 km total; 3,300 km paved, 11,300 km
otherwise improved, 7,650 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,500 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 623 km; refined products, 1,358 km
Ports: 3 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar), 11
minor
Merchant marine: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
155,035 GRT, 210,281 DWT; includes 15 cargo, 7 tanker
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 173 total, 173 usable; 16 with permanent-
surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities adequate only in largest
cities; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 174,000 telephones
(2.5 per 100 popl.); 250 AM, 38 FM, and 10 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,744,000; 1,040,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually 80,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $169.8 million; about 17.5% of central government
budget
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ECUADOR/ EGYPT
EGYPT
SAUDI
ARABIA
(See reference map VI
LAND
1,000,258 km2 (including 48,931 km' occupied by Israel as
of 26 June 1979); 2.8% cultivated (of which about 70%
multiple cropped); 96.5% desert, waste, or urban; 0.7%
inland water
Land boundaries: 2,527 km (1967); approximately 2,580
km including border of occupied Sinai area (since September
1975)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm
-necessary supervision zone-)
Coastline: 2,450 km (1967); includes approximately 500
km within occupied Sinai area (since September 1975)
PEOPLE
Population: 40,958,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Egyptian(s); adjective?Egyptian or
Arab Republic of Egypt
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek,
Italian, Syro-Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim, 6% Copt and
other
Language: Arabic official, English and French widely
understood by educated classes
Literacy: around 40%
66
July 1979
Labor force: 13 million; 45 to 50% agriculture, 10%
industry, 10% trade and finance, 30% services and other;
shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 1 to 3 million
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic; under presidential rule since June 1956
Capital: Cairo
Political subdivisions: 26 governorates
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law,
and Napoleonic codes; permanent constitution written in
1971; judicial review of limited nature in Supreme Court,
also in Council of State which oversees validity of
administrative decisions; legal education at Cairo University;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 23 July
Branches: executive power vested in President, who
appoints cabinet; People's Assembly gradually gaining power
as political liberalization program is implemented;
independent judiciary administered by Minister of Justice
Government leader: President Anwar al-Sadat
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: regular elections to People's Assembly every 5
years (most recent June 1979); presidential elections every 6
years (most recent September 1976)
Political parties and leaders: formation of political
parties must be approved by government; National Demo-
cratic Party, formed in mid-1978 by President Sadat, is the
major party; various small opposition parties
Communists: approximately 500, party members
Member of: AAPSO, AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
100C, IPU, ITU, IWC?International Wheat Council,
NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt suspended from Arab League and
OAPEC in April 1979
ECONOMY
GNP: $11.7 billion (1978), $290 per capita; average
annual growth rate of 9% in 1978
Agriculture: main cash crop?cotton; other crops?rice,
onions, beans, citrus fruit, wheat, corn, barley; not self-suffi-
cient in food, but agriculture a net earner of foreign
exchange
Major industries: textiles, food processing, chemicals,
petroleum, construction, cement
Electric power: 5,000,000 kW capacity (1978); 14 billion
kWh produced (1978), 350 kWh per capita
Exports: $2,725 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); raw cotton,
cotton yarn and fabric, crude petroleum, rice, onions,
potatoes, chemicals, cement
Imports: $4,900 million (c.i.f., 1978 est.); foodstuffs,
machinery and equipment, fertilizers, woods
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July 1979
Major trade partners: EC countries, U.S.
Aid: OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $7,713.5 million; U.S.
(1970-77), $2,318.2 million; Western countries (1970-77),
$2,185.6 million; Communist countries (1970-77), $821.5
million; military?Communist countries (1970-77), $2,732.0
million
Monetary conversion rate: official rate-1 Egyptian
pound =US$2.54 (selling rate); 0.394 Egyptian pound=
US$1 (selling rate); parallel market rate-1 Egyptian
pound =US$1.43, 0.699 Egyptian pound =US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning in 1973
EGYPT/EL SALVADOR
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double track; 25 km
electrified; 4,510 km standard gage (1.435 m), 347 km
0.750-meter gage
Highways: 47,025 km total; 12,300 km paved, 2,500 km
gravel and crushed stone, 14,200 km improved earth, 18,025
km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,360 km; Suez Canal, 160 km long,
used by ocean-going vessels drawing up to 11.5 meters of
water; Alexandria-Cairo waterway navigable by barges of
metric ton capacity; Nile and large canals by barges of
420-metric ton capacity; Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to
300-metric ton capacity; secondary canals by sailing craft of
10- to 70-metric ton capacity
Freight carried: Suez Canal (1966)-242 million metric
tons of which 175.6 million metric tons were POL
Pipelines: crude oil, 675 km; refined products, 240 km;
natural gas, 365 km
Ports: 3 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez), 8 minor
Merchant marine: 85 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
425,586 GRT, 572,426 DWT; includes 8 passenger, 62 cargo,
14 tanker, 1 bulk
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in
Airfields: 105 total, 75 usable; 67 with permanent-surface
runways; 47 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway
over 3,660 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is large but inadequate for
needs and poorly maintained; principal centers Alexandria
and Cairo, secondary centers Al Mansurah, Ismailia, and
Tanta; intercity connections by coaxial cable and micro-
wave; extensive upgrading in progress; 500,000 telephones
(1.3 per 100 popl.); 22 AM, no FM, and 29 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station; Symphonie satellite station; 2
submarine coaxial cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,027,000; 6,517,000
fit for military service; about 423,000 reach military age (20)
annually
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Supply: produces infantry weapons, ammunition, small
naval oilers, patrol boats; is dependent on foreign sources for
other equipment
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $1.5 billion; 19% of central government budget
EL SALVADOR
Caribbean
Sea
San Sal
EL SALVADOR
Pacific Ocean
(See reference map III
LAND
21,400 km', 32% cropland (9% corn, 5% cotton, 7% coffee,
11% other), 26% meadows and pastures, 31% nonagricul-
tural, 11% forested
Land boundaries: 515 km
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EL SALVADOR
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 307 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,646,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Salvadoran(s); adjective?Salvadoran
Ethnic divisions: 84%-88% mestizo; Indian and white
minorities, 6%-8% each
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic, probably
97%-98%
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 50% literacy in urban areas, 30% in rural areas
Labor force: 1,500,000 (est. 1977); 57% agriculture, 14%
services, 14% manufacturing, 6% commerce, 9% other;
shortage of skilled labor and large pool of unskilled labor,
but manpower training programs improving situation
Organized labor: 5% of total labor force; 10% of
nonagricultural labor force (1977)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Political subdivisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with traces of
common law; constitution adopted 1962; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at
University of El Salvador; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
Branches: traditionally dominant executive, unicameral
legislature, Supreme Court
Government leader: President, Gen. Carlos Humberto
ROMERO Mena
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative elections every 2 years; presidential
elections every 5 years; presidential elections 1982, legisla-
tive and municipal elections March 1980
Political parties and leaders: National Conciliation Party
(PCN), President, Carlos Humberto Romero; Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), Juan Ramirez Rauda, Dr. Pablo
Mauricio Alvergue, Jose Napoleon Duarte; Salvadoran
Popular Party (PPS), Benjamin Wilfredo Navarrete, Roberto
Quinonez Meza, Dr. Jose Antonio Guzman; Communist
Party of El Salvador (PCES), illegal, Jorge Shafick Handal;
National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Dr. Guillermo
Manuel Ungo; National Democratic Union Party (PUDN),
Communist Front, Jorge Shafick Handal, Francisco Roberto
Lima, Julio Ernesto Contreras, Julio Castro Belloso;
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July 1979
Independent Democratic United Front (FUDI), Gen. Jose A.
Medrano, Raul Salaverria
Voting strength: February 1977 presidential election?
PCN 66%, PDC, PUDN, and MNR coalition, 34%; March
1978 legislative election?PCN, 50 seats; PPS, 4 seats; all
other opposition parties boycotted the election
Communists: 220 to 225 active members; sympathizers,
5,000; 2,000 members of radical terrorist groups
Other political or pressure groups: the military; about
100 prominent families; General Confederation of Trade
Unions (CGS); Unifying Federation of Salvadoran Trade
Unions (FUSS), Communist dominated; United Confeder-
ation of Workers (CUT), Communist dominated Federation
of Construction and Transport Workers Unions
(FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salvadoran Communal
Union (UCS): Christian Federation of Salvadoran Peasants
(FECCAS); Union of Rural Workers (UTC); Popular
Revolutionary Bloc (BPR); United Popular Action Front
(FAPU); Catholic Church; Salvadoran National Association
of Educators (ANDES); National Association of Private
Enterprise (ANEP); National Democratic Organization
(ORDEN)
Member of: Central American Common Market (CACM),
FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, IWC?International Wheat
Council, OAS, ODECA, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.9 billion (1978), $640 per capita; 71.3% private
consumption, 12.9% government consumption, 24.5% do-
mestic investment; ? 8% net foreign balance; real growth
rate, 4.4% (1978)
Agriculture: main crops?coffee, cotton, corn, sugar, rice,
beans; caloric intake, 1,912 calories per day per capita
(1974); protein intake 51 grams per day per capita
Fishing: catch 9,130 metric tons (1976)
Major industries: food processing, textiles, clothing,
petroleum products
Electric power: 557,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.2 billion
kWh produced (1977), 280 kWh per capita
Exports: $934 million (f.p.b., 1977); coffee, cotton, sugar
Imports: $1,120 million (c.i.f., 1977); machinery, auto-
motive vehicles, petroleum, foodstuffs, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports-33% U.S., 24% CACM,
11% other (1976); imports-29% U.S., 24% CACM, 7%
Venezuela, 14% West Germany, 8% Netherlands, 40% other
(1976)
Aid: economic?(FY70-76) from U.S., $60 million; from
other Western countries, $36 million; military?from U.S.,
$10 million
Budget: (1977) $473 million current revenues, $405
million total expenditures including amortization
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EL SALVADOR/EQUATORIAL
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones = US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 600 km 0.914-meter gage, single-tracked;
Highways: 7,250 km total; 1,500 km paved, 1,300 km
gravel 4,400 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lempa River partially navigable
Ports: 2 major (Acajutla, La Union), 1 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship totaling 1,800 GRT, 3,200
DWT
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 157 total, 144 usable; 4 with permanent-
surfaced runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk radio relay sys-
tem; connection into Central American microwave net;
54,200 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 60 AM, 9 FM, and 5
TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean Satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,034,000; 636,000 fit
for military service; 53,000 reach military age (18) annually
Supply: army and air force equipment procured from
Western Europe, Israel, and Yugoslavia; navy depends on
U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December.
1979, $50.9 million; 8.8% of central government budget
SECRET
GUINEA
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
NIGERIA
Malabo,.
C'F
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
Atlantic
Ocean
CAMEROON
GABON
CONGO
(See reference map WI
LAND
27,972 km2; Rio Muni, about 25,900 km', largely forested;
Fernando Po, about 2,072 km2
Land boundaries: 539 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 296 km
PEOPLE
Population: 341,000 (July 1979), this estimate does not
take into account emigration from Equatorial Guinea during
the last several years, which could have amounted to one-
third of .the total population; average annual growth rate
1.8% (7-68 to 7-69); Rio Muni, 239,000, average annual
growth rate 1.5% (7-68 to 7-69); Fernando Po, 103,000,
average annual growth rate 2.6%- (7-68 to 7-69)
Nationality: noun?Equatorial Guinean(s); adjective?
Equatorial Guinean
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of Province
Macias Nguema Biyogo, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos;
of Rio Muni primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans,
primarily Spanish
Religion: natives all nominally Christian and predomi-
nantly Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained
Language: Spanish official language of government and
business; also pidgin English, Fang
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans involved in
subsistence agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Type: republic, one-party presidential. regime since 1968
Capital: Malabo, Province Macias Nguema Biyogo
Political subdivisions: 2 provinces (Province Macias
Nguema Biyogo and Rio Muni)
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EQUATORIAL GUINEA/ETHIOPIA
Legal system: based on Spanish Civil law system and
customary law, new constitution adopted August 1973; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 5 March
Branches: there are legislative and judicial branches but
President exercises virtually unlimited power
Government leader: President for life, Masie Nguema
Biyogo ISlegue Ndong
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: parliamentary elections held December 1973
Political parties and leaders: National Unity Party of
Workers (PUNT) is the sole legal party, led by President
Masie
Communists: no significant number of Communists or
sympathizers
Member of: Conference of East and Central African
States, ECA, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
NAM, OAU, U.N., UPU
ECONOMY
GNP: $70 million (1972); $240 per capita
Agriculture: major cash crops?Rio Muni, timber, coffee;
Fernando Po, cocoa; main food products?rice, yams,
cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, and livestock
Major industries: fishing, sawmilling
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1977); 17 million
kWh produced (1977), 50 kWh per capita
Exports: $36 million (1974); cocoa, coffee, and wood
Imports: $20 million (1974); foodstuffs, chemicals and
chemical products, textiles
Major trade partner: Spain
Aid: economic?from Communist countries (1970-76),
$24.1 million; military?Communist countries (1970-76),
$6.0 million; Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $9.0
million
Budget: (1973)
million
Monetary conversion rate: 68.85 Ekuele=US$1 (January
1977)
receipts $9 million, expenditures $12
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: Rio Muni-2,460 km, including approx. 185
km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth; Fernando Po-
300 km, including 146 km bituminous, remainder gravel and
earth
Inland waterways: Rio Muni has approximately 167 km
of year-round navigable waterway, used mostly by pirogues
Ports: 2 major (Macias Nguema Biyogo, Rey Malabo), 3
minor
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 6,400 GRT, 6,600 DWT
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (leased in)
Airfields: 5 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway
1,220-2,439 m
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July 1979
Telecommunications: fair system with adequate govern-
ment services; international communications from Bata and
Malabo to African and European countries; other facilities
planned; 2,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM,
1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 91,000; 44,000 fit for
military service
Supply: since 1970 has received mortars, small arms, a few
armored vehicles, 4 patrol boats, and a harbor launch from
the U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1970, $3,475,700; 14.3% of central government budget
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SAUDI
ARABIA
Indian
Ocean
(Sea mfemnce map VI)
LAND
1,178,450 km2; 10% cropland and orchards, 55% meadows
and natural pastures, 6% forests and woodlands, 29%
wasteland, built-on areas, and other
Land boundaries: 5,198 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm; sedentary
fisheries extends to limit of fisheries
Coastline: 1,094 km (includes offshore islands)
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ETHIOPIA
PEOPLE
Population: 31,743,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.6% (current)
Nationality: noun?Ethiopian(s); adjective?Ethiopian
Ethnic divisions: Galla 40%, Amhara and Tigrai 32%,
Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%,
other 1%
Religion: 35%-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 40%-45% Mus-
lims, 15%-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic official; many local languages and
dialects; English major foreign language taught in schools
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal husbandry; 10%
government, military, and quasi-government
Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union formed
January 1977 to represent 273,000 registered trade union
members
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Ethiopia
Type: under military rule since mid-1974; monarchy
abolished in March 1975, but republic not yet declared
Capital: Addis Ababa '
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also referred to as
regional administrations)
Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic,
common and customary law influences; constitution sus-
pended September 1974; military leaders have promised a
new constitution but established no time frame for its
adoption; legal education at Addis Ababa University; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Popular Revolution Commemoration
Day, 12 September
Branches: effective power exercised by Provisional
Military Administrative Council (PMAC), a group estimated
at 40-100 officers and enlisted men which operates on
committee system; predominantly civilian cabinet is ineffec-
tual and holds office at suffrance of military; legislature
dissolved September 1974; judiciary at higher levels based on
Western pattern, at lower levels on traditional pattern,
without jury system in either
Government leader: Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile-Mariam,
Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative
Council
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: union dwellers' association officials elected
October-December 1976
Political parties and leaders: common front of Ethiopian
Marxist-Leninist organizations, encompassing three quasi-
official groups?Revolutionary Flame (Seded), and two less
important ones
Communists: Ethiopian Communist Party is a small
group opposed to military government
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Other political or pressure groups: important dissident
groups include Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean
People's Liberation Front (EPLF), and Eritrean Liberation
Front/Popular Liberation Forces in Eritrea; Ethiopian
People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP), a radical left under-
ground movement concentrated in Addis Ababa and made
up predominantly of students and intellectuals; it has been
severely reduced by a government eradication campaign;
and Ethiopian Democratic Union (EDU), primarily an exile
group; several other dissident groups with ethnic or
provincial bases of support
Member of: AFDR, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICO,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2,891 million (1977 est.), $100 per capita; average
annual real growth rate 4% (1967-73), zero (1974 and in
1975)
Agriculture: main crops?coffee, teff, durra, barley,
wheat, corn, sugarcane, cotton, pulses, oilseeds; livestock
Major industries: cement, sugar refining, cotton textiles,
food processing, oil refinery
Electric power: 297,000 kW capacity (1977); 500 million
kWh produced (1977), 20 kWh per capita
Exports: $193 million (f.o.b., 1977/78); 75% coffee, 7%
hides and skins, 6% pulses, 2% oilseeds
Imports: $512 million (c.i.f., 1977/78); 18% petroleum
Major trade partners: imports?Saudi Arabia, Japan,
Italy, West Germany, Iran, U.K., France, and U.S.;
exports?U.S., Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Italy, West
Germany
Aid: economic?(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$375.0 million; U.S., $167.1 million; Communist countries,
$129.9 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $20.2 million;
military?(1970-77) U.S., $283.9 million; Communist coun-
tries, $1,288 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian Birr=US$1
Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,014 km total; 676 km meter gage (1.00 m), 32
km 1.067-meter gage, 306 km 0.95-meter gage; all single
track
Highways: 11,435 km total; 3,770 km-bituminous, 7,665
km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized earth, remainder
earth
Inland waterways: 41 navigation possible on Lake Tana
and on approx. 225 km of unconnected and basically
unimproved waterways, of which only 114 km are navigable
year round
Ports: 2 major (Aseb, Mits' iwa)
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over totalm
19,000 GRT, 25,300 DWT; 3 cargo, 1 tanker
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
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ETHIOPIA/FALKLAND
Airfields: 190 total, 176 usable; 7 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of radio relay, open
wire and radiocommunication stations; principal center
Addis Ababa, secondary center Asmara; 73,000 telephones
(0.3 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, no FM, and 1 TV station; 1
satellite station under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,317,000; 3,922,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(18) annually 331,000
Supply: produces some small-arms ammunition; tormerly
most equipment from U.S., but now mostly from the
U.S.S.R.; ground force materiel has been purchased from a
number of non-Communist countries; aircraft from Sweden,
U.K., U.S., Canada, France, and also more recently from the
U.S.S.R. and PRC; naval material from the U.S., Yugoslavia,
France the Netherlands, and the U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 6 July 1979,
$334,879,227; 33% of central government budget
FALKLAND ISLANDS
(Islas Malvinas)
LAND
Colony-12,168 km; area consists of some 200 small
islands, chief of which are. East Falkland (6,680 km') and
West Falkland (5,276 kmif, dependencies?consists of the
South Sandwich Islands, South Georgia, and the Shag and
Clerke Rocks
' The possession of the Falkland Islands has been disputed by the
U.K. and Argentina (which refers to them as the Islas Malvinas)
since 1833.
72
ISLANDS
Atlantic
Ocean
FALKLAND
ISLANDS
July 1979
(See reference map IN
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 1,288 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,000 (official estimate for 31 December
1977)
Nationality: noun?Falkland Islander(s); adjective?Falk-
land Island
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: predominantly Church of England
Language: English
Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14
Labor force: 1,100 (est.); est. over 95% in agriculture,
mostly sheepherding
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Colony of the Falkland Islands
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Stanley
Political subdivisions: local government is confined to
capital
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor, Executive Council, Legislative
Council
Government leader: Governor and Commander in Chief
J.R.W. Parker (also High Commissioner for British Antarctic
Colony)
Suffrage: universal
ECONOMY
Government budget: Colony?revenues, $1.0 million
(FY68); expenditures, $1.1 million (FY68)
Agriculture: Colony?predominantly sheep farming; de-
pendencies?whaling and sealing
Major industries: Colony?wool processing; depend-
encies?whale and seal processing
Electric power: 1,250 kW capacity (1977); 2.5 million
kWh produced (1977), 1,150 kWh per capita
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
FALKLAND ISLANDS/FAROE ISLANDS
Exports: Colony?$2.28 million (1969); wool, hides and
skins, and other; dependencies?no exports in 1968 or 1969
Imports: Colony?$1.22 million (1969); food, clothing,
fuels, and machinery; dependencies?$8,368 (1969); mineral
fuels and lubricants, food, and machinery
Major trade partners: nearly all exports to the U.K., also
some to the Netherlands and to Japan; imports from
Curacao, Japan, and the U.K.
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries, $13 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Falkland Island
pound =US$2.60
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and
400 km
Ports: 1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable, 1 with permanent surface
runway; 1 with runway 1,200-2,439 m
Telecommunications: government-operated and radio-
telephone networks providing effective service to almost all
points on both islands; approximately 650 telephones (est. 30
per 100 popl.); 1 AM station
FAROE ISLANDS
LAND
1,340 km2; less than 5% arable, of which only a fraction
cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18 inhabited islands and
a few uninhabited islets
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm; fishing
200 nm
Coastline: 764 km
PEOPLE
Population: 43,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.4% (1-75 to 1-77)
Nationality: noun?Faroese (sing., pl.); adjective?
Faroese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Languages: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
SECRET
(See reference map IV)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 15,000; largely engaged in fishing, manufac-
turing, transportation, and commerce
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Faroe Islands
Type: self-governing province within the Kingdom of
Denmark; 2 representatives in Danish parliament
Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy
Political subdivisions: 7 districts, 49 communes, 1 town
Legal system: based on Danish law; Home Rule Act
enacted 1948
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown,
acting through appointed High Commissioner, and provin-
cial parliament (Lagting) in matters of strictly Faroese
concern; executive power vested in Crown, acting through
High Commissioner, but exercised by provincial cabinet
responsible to provincial parliament
Government leaders: Queen Margrethe ll; Prime Minis-
ter, Atli Dam; Danish Governor, Leif Groth
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: held every 4 years; next election 1981
(coincides with Danish elections)
Political parties and leaders: Peoples, Hakun Djurhuus;
Republican, Erlendur Patursson; Home Rule, Samuel
Petersen; Progressive, Kjartan Mohr; Social Democratic, Atli
Dam; Union, Kristian Djurhuus
Voting strength (1975 election): Social Democratic 25.8%,
Republican 22.5%, Peoples 20.5%, Union 19.1%, Home Rule
7.2%, Progressive 2.5%
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Nordic Council
ECONOMY
GDP: $173.4 million (1974), about $4,340 per capita
Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing
Fishing: catch 341,962 metric tons (1976); exports, $94.7
million (1976)
73
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SECRET
FAROE ISLANDS/FIJI
Major. industry: fishing
Electric power: 28,500 kW capacity (1977); 90 million
kWh produced (1977), 2,140 kWh per capita
Exports: $104.4 million (f.o.b., 1976); mostly fish and fish
products
Imports: $130.7 million (c.i.f., 1976); machinery and
transport equipment, petroleum and petroleum products,
food products
Major trade partners: 50.2% Denmark, 13.7% Norway,
7.9% U.K., 7.2% U.S., 4.4% Italy (1976)
Budget: (FY76) expenditures $52.8 million, revenues
$52.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 5.5146 Danish Kroner=US$1
(1978, average)
Fiscal year: calendar year beginning 1 January 1979
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway, less than
1,220 in
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: good international communica-
tions; fair domestic facilities; 15,000 telephones (35 per 100
popl.); 1 AM, and 3 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49 included with Denmark
Denmark retains responsibility for defense of islands;
Royal Danish Navy operates 1 or 2 patrol escort ships in
islands' waters for fishery inspection; the ships can
accommodate helicopters; Royal Danish Air Force has a
control and reporting post at Torshavn, manned by 108
personnel; the islands have no organized native military
forces; only a small police force is maintained
FIJI
LAND
18,272 km2; landownership-83.6% Fijians, 1.7% Indians,
6.4% government, 7.2% European, 1.1% other; about 30% of
land area is suitable for farming
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,129 km
PEOPLE
Population: 621,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.6% (current)
Nationality: noun?Fijian(s); adjective?Fijian
Ethnic divisions: 44% Fijian, 50% Indian; 6% European,
Chinese and others
74
July 1979
PAPUA
NEW G"ii11A
Coral Sea '
AUSTRALIA
Pacific Ocean
Nal
FIJI
(See reference map VIII)
Religion: Fijians mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu
with a Muslim minority
Language: English and Fijian (official), Hindustani
spoken among Indians
Literacy: over 80%
Labor force: 95,000; over 50% in agriculture, no
breakdown on remainder
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force organized into
22 unions; unions organized along lines of work, breakdown
by ethnic origin causes further fragmentation
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Fiji
Type: independent state within Commonwealth; Eliza-
beth II recognized as chief of statc
Capital: Suva
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on British
National holiday: 10 October
Branches: ? executive?Prime Minister; legislative-
52-member House of Representatives (Alliance Party 36
seats, National Federation Party 15 seats); 1 independent 22
member appointed Senate; judicial?Supreme court
Government leader: Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese
Mara
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years unless House dissolves earlier, last
held September 1977
Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian, headed by
Ratu Mara; National Federation, primarily Indian, headed
by Jai Ram Reddy
Communists: few, no figures available
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, EEC
(associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, U.N., UPU, WHO, WIPO
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
FIJI/FINLAND
ECONOMY
GNP: $710 million (1978), $1,154 per capita; 2.4% real
growth rate (1977-78)
Agriculture: main crops?sugar, coconut products, ba-
nanas, ginger, rice; major deficiency, grains
Major industries: sugar processing, tourism
Electric power: 90,000 kW capacity (1978); 270 million
kWh produced (1978), 450 kWh per capita
Exports: $187 million (f.o.b., 1977, including reexports);
70% sugar, 11% coconut oil, 9% gold
Imports: $279 million (f.o.b., 1977); 20% manufactured
goods, 19% food, 16% machinery, fuels, chemicals (1977)
Major trade partners: U.K., New Zealand, U.S., Canada,
Australia, Japan
Aid: disbursed I968?Australia $1.5 million, U.S. $0.6
million, U.K. $4.2 million
Budget: (FY75) revenues $107 million, expenditures $129
million
Monetary conversion rate: Fijian dollar =US$1.2119
(September 1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 644 km narrow gage (0.610 m); owned by Fiji
Sugar Corp., Ltd.
Highways: 3,472 km total (1977); 346 km paved, 2,706
km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface; 420
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km navigable by
motorized craft and 200-metric ton barges
Ports: I major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
4,879 GRT, 5,935 DWT; includes 1 cargo, 1 liquefied gas, 1
roll-on/roll-off cargc
Civil air: 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 15 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways, 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern local, interisland, and
international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-pur-
pose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional
radio center; important COMPAC cable link between
U.S./Canada and New Zealand/Australia, et al.; 30,700
telephones (5.3 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 2 FM, and ? no TV
stations; I ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES '
Military manpower: males 15-49, 170,000; 95,000 fit for
military service; 8,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: the defense of the Fiji Islands was the
responsibility of the U.K. until 10 October 1970; military
budget for 1971, $314,000
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FINLAND
(See reference map IW)
LAND
336,700 km2; 8% arable, 58% forested, 34% other
Land boundaries: 2,534 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm; fishing 12
nm; Aaland Islands, 3 nm
Coastline: 1,126 km (approx.) excludes islands and coastal
indentations
PEOPLE
Population: 4,771,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.3% (7-77 to 7-78)
Nationality: noun?Finn(s); adjective?Finnish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small
Lappish minority
Religion: 93% Evangelical Lutheran, 1% Greek Orthodox,
1% )other, 5% no affiliation
Language: Finnish 92%, Swedish 7%; small Lapp- and
Russian-speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
75
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SECRET July 1979
FINLAND
Labor force: 2.2 million; 16.6% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing, 26.4% mining and manufacturing, 8.4% construc-
tion, 15.4% commerce, 6.8% transportation and communica-
tions, 4.0% banking and finance, 20.1% services; 7.3%
(163,000) unemployed (1978 average)
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Political subdivisions: 12 provinces; 443 communes, 78
towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law;
constitution adopted 1919; Supreme Court may request
legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal education at
Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President
and parliament (Eduskunta); executive power vested in
President and exercised through cabinet responsible to
parliament; Supreme Court, 4 superior courts, 193 lower
courts
Government leader: President Urho Kekkonen; Prime
Minister Kalevi Sorsa
Suffrage: universal, 18 years and over; not compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every 4 years (last in 1979);
presidential, every 6 years (President Kekkonen reelected to
6-year term in January 1978)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Kalevi
Sorsa; Center, Johannes Virolainen; Peoples Democratic
League (Communist front), Ele Alenius; Conservative, Harri
Holkeri; Liberal, Jaakko Itala; Swedish Peoples Party, Par
Stenback; Rural, Veikko Vennamo; Finnish People's Unity
Party, Eino Haikala; Communist, Aarne Saarinen
Voting strength (1979 election): 23.9% Social Democratic
Center, 21.6% Unionist, 17.8% Peoples Democratic League,
17.4% Center, 4.8% Christian League, 4.6% Finnish Rural
Party, 4.6% Swedish Peoples, 3.7% Liberal Peoples, 1.2%
Constitutional Peoples, 0.3% Finnish Peoples Unity Party,
0.1% Socialist Workers Party
Communists: 43,000; an additional 65,000 persons belong
to Peoples Democratic League; a further number of
sympathizers, as indicated by 517,198 votes cast for Peoples
Democratic League in 1979 elections
Member of: ADB, CEMA (special cooperation agree-
ment), DAC, EC (free trade agreement), EFTA (associate),
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Coun-
cil, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG
76
ECONOMY
GNP: $31 billion (1978), $6,530 per capita; 51%
consumption, 25% investment, 21% government; 3% net
exports of goods and services; 1978 growth rate 1.8%
(constant prices)
Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially dairying, pre-
dominates; forestry important secondary occupation for
rural population; main crops-cereals, sugar beets, potatoes;
85% self-sufficient; shortages-food and fodder grains;
caloric intake 2,940 calories per day per capita (1970-71)
include metal manufacturing and
and wood processing (pulp, paper),
Major industries:
shipbuilding, forestry
copper refining
Shortages: fossil fuels;
wood, and iron ore
Crude steel: 1.7 million
kg per capita
Electric power: 9,400,000
industrial raw materials, except
metric tons produced (1976), 360
kW
capacity (1978); 34.5
billion kWh produced (1978), 7,255 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.5 billion (f.o.b., 1978); timber, paper and
pulp, ships, machinery, iron and steel, clothing and footwear
Imports: $7.8 billion (c.i.f., 1978); foodstuffs, petroleum
and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment,
iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics
Major trade partners: (1978) 37% EC-nine (11% West
Germany, 11% U.K.); 18% U.S.S.R., 14% Sweden; 4% U.S.
Aid: donor-(1977) bilateral
(ODA), $23 million
Budget: (1979) expenditures
$9.61 billion
Monetary conversion
economic aid authorized
$10.88 billion, revenues
rate: new markka (Fmk)
4.1173=US$1 (1978 average, IMF)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 6,038 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR)
operate a total 6,010 km 1.524-meter gage, 477 km multiple
track, and 608 km electrified; 22 km 0.750-meter gage and 6
km 1.524-meter gage are privately owned
Highways: about 73,552 km total in national classified net
work, including 31,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete,
bituminous surface treated) and 42,552 km unpaved
(stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 29,440 km of
private (state subsidized) roads
Inland waterways: 6,597 km total (including Saimaa
Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers; Saimaa Canal locks
(84 m by 13.2 m with a 5.2 m depth over sill) can
accommodate vessels of up to 82 m in length, 11.8 m beam,
4.4 m draft, and 24.5 m mast height
Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km
Ports: 11 major, 14 minor
Merchant marine: 200 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
2,254,274 GRT, 3,412,455 DWT; includes 22 passenger, 81
cargo, 1 container, 17 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 37 tanker 36
bulk, 3 specialized carrier, 2 liquefied gas carrier
SECRET
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FINLAND/FRANCE
Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased
out
Airfields: 134 total, 132 usable; 36 with permanent-
surface runways; 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 24 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good telecom service from cable
and radio-relay network; 1.94 million telephones (40.9 per
100 pool.); 15 AM, 40 FM, and 76 TV stations; 3 coaxial
submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,265,000; 1,028,000 fit
for military service; 40,000 reach military age (17) annually
Supply: produces small quantities of ammunition and
equipment up to medium artillery; has developed an
armored car; remainder from U.S.S.R., U.K., West Ger-
many, Sweden, France, Switzerland; most naval ships
(except principal surface combatant types) produced domes-
tically; production also includes small quantities of chemical
warfare defensive materiel
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $520 million; about 4.8% of central
government budget
FRANCE
LAND
551,670 km2; 35% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures,
14% waste, urban, or other, 25% forested
Land boundaries: 2,888 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 53,451,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 0.3% (current)
SECRET
Atlantic
Ocean
SECRET
Mediterranean Sea
(See reference map 119
Nationality: noun?Frenchman (men); adjective?
French
Ethnic divisions: 45% Celtic; remainder Latin, Germanic,
Slav, Basque
Religion: 83% Catholic, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 1%
Muslim (North African workers), 13% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population); rapidly declin-
ing regional patois?Provencal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, 25X1
Catalan, Basque, Flemish
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 22.4 million (est. in mid-1978); 47% services,
38% industry, 10% agriculture, 6% unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 17% of labor force, 23%
of salaried labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: French Republic
Type: republic, with president having wide powers
Capital: Paris
Political subdivisions: 96 metropolitan departments, 21
regional economic districts
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts;
new constitution adopted 1958, amended concerning elec-
tion of President in 1962; judicial review of administrative
but not legislative acts; legal education at over 25 schools of
law
National holiday: National Day, 14 July
Branches: presidentially appointed Prime Minister heads
Council of Ministers, which is formally responsible to
National Assembly; bicameral legislature?National Assem-
bly (491 members), Senate (295 members) restricted to a
delaying action; judiciary independent in principle
Government leader: President Valery Giscard d'Estaing
Suffrage: universal over age 18; not compulsory
Elections: National Assembly?every 5 years, last election
March 1978, direct universal suffrage, 2 ballots; Senate?
indirect collegiate system for 9 years, renewable by
77
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SECRET July 1979
FRANCE
one-third every 3 years, last election September 1977;
President, direct, universal suffrage every 7 years, 2 ballots,
last election May 1974
Political parties and leaders: Majority Coalition-Rally
for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques Chirac;
Republicans (PR), Jacques Blanc; Center for Social Demo-
crats (CDS), Jean Lecanuet; Radical Socialist (RS), Jean-
Jacques Servan-Schreiber; Union for French Democracy
(federation of PR, CDS, and RS), Jean Lecanuet; Left
Opposition-Socialist Party (PS), Francois Mitterrand; Com-
munist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais; Left Radical
Movement (MRG), Michel Crepeau; Unified Socialist Party
(PSU), Michel Mousel
Voting strength (first ballot, 1978 election): extreme left,
3.3%; Communist, 21.25%; Socialist, 23.03%; left Radicals
2.28%; RPR, 22.19%; UDF, 21.39%; divided right, 1.68%;
other 4.87%
Communists: 600,000 claimed; Communist voters, 5
million average
Other political or pressure groups: Communist-con-
trolled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail)
nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist leaning labor
union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail-
CFDT) about 800,000 members est.; Independent labor
union (Force Ouvriere) about 800,000 members est.;
Independent white collar union (Confederation Generale des
Cadres) 200,000 members (claimed); National Council of
French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais-
CNPF or Patronat)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECSC,
EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IO0C, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-Interna-
tional Whaling Commission, NATO (signatory), OAS (ob-
server), OECD, South Pacific Commission, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $469 billion (1978), $7,150 per capita; 62.3% private
consumption, 21.8% investment (including government),
15,1% government consumption; 1978 real growth rate,
3.2%; average annual growth rate, 4.7% (1966-77)
Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost producer; main
products-beef, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes;
self-sufficient for most temperate zone foodstuffs; food
shortages-fats and oils, tropical produce; caloric intake,
3,270 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: catch 805,925 metric tons (1976); exports
(includes shellfish, etc.) $122 million, imports $506 million
(1976)
Major industries: steel, machinery and equipment,
textiles and clothing, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy,
aircraft, motor vehicles
Shortages: crude oil, textile fibers, most nonferrous ores,
coking coal, fats and oils
78
Crude steel: 27.4 million metric tons produced (1978),
410 kg per capita
Electric power: 57,800,000 kW capacity (1978); 227
billion kWh produced (1978), 4,240 kWh per capita
Exports: $79.5 billion (f.o.b., 1978); principal items-
machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, agri-
cultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and
clothing, chemicals
Imports: $82.0 billion (c.i.f., 1978); principal items-
crude petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron
and steel products, foodstuffs, agricultural products
Major trade partners: 18% West Germany; 9% Belgium-
Luxembourg; 10% Italy; 6% U.S.; 6% Netherlands; 6% U.K.;
2% Eastern Europe; 2% U.S.S.R.; 8% Franc Zone (1977)
Aid: donor-bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and
00F), $16,222 million (1970-77)
Budget: (1978) expenditures 410 billion francs, revenues
375 billion francs, deficit 35 billion francs
Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc=US$0.2216 (1978
average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 36,571 km total; French National Railways
(SNCF) operates 34,597 km standard gage (1.435 m); 9,856
km electrified, 15,630 km double or multiple track; 1,974
km of various gages (1,000 m to 1,440 m), privately owned
and operated
Highways: 788,580 km total; 128,745 km bitumen and
concrete (incl. 3,144 km of controlled access, divided
-AUTOROUTES"); 339,315 km bituminous treated;
301,000 km crushed stone and gravel; 19,520 km improved
earth; in addition, there are approximately 700,065 km of
local farm and forest roads
Inland waterways: 14,912 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,253 km; refined products, 4,344
km; natural gas, 22,047 km
Ports: 23 major, 165 minor
Merchant marine: 394 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
11,547,836 GRT, 20,325,922 DWT; includes 17 passenger,
131 cargo, 19 container, 51 roll-on/off cargo, 92 tanker, 9
liquefied gas, 43 bulk, 5 combination ore/oil 1 beach
landing cargo, 26 specialized carrier
Civil air: 307 major transport aircraft, including 7 leased
in and 13 leased out
Airfields: 459 total, 440 usable; 226 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 32 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 121 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed system provides
satisfactory telephone, telegraph, and radio and TV broad-
cast services; 15.5 million telephones (29.3 per 100 popl.); 55
AM, 94 FM, and 1,500 TV stations; 23 submarine coaxial
cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with 4
Atlantic Ocean, and 2 Indian Ocean antennas
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FRANCE/FRENCH GUIANA
SECRET
DEFENSE FORCES Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,246,000; fit for December 1979, $18.0 billion; about 17% of proposed
military service 10,695,000; 425,000 reach military age (18) central government budget
annually
SECRET
FRENCH GUIANA
Cu flA
Atlantic Ocean
FRENCH
GUIANA
ayenne
BRAZIL
(See reference map
LAND
90,909 km2; 90% forested, 10% wasteland, built-on, inland
water and other, of which .05% is cultivated and pasture
Land boundaries: 1,183 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 378 km
79
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SECRET
FRENCH GUIANA
PEOPLE
Population: 61,000 (July 1979), annual growth rate 2.2%
(10-74 to 11-77)
Nationality: noun?French Guianese (sing., pl.); adjec-
tive?French Guiana
Ethnic divisions: 959' Negro or mulatto, 5% caucasian,
10,000 East Indian, Chinese
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: 17,012 (1967 census); services 49%, construc-
tion 21%, agriculture 18%, industry 8%, transportation 4%;
information on unemployment unavailable
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Department of French Guiana
Type: overseas department and region of France;
represented by one deputy in French National Assembly and
one senator in French Senate; Deputy Hector Rivierez
reelected to National Assembly 12 March 1978
Capital: Cayenne
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19 communes
each with a locally elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is Court
of Appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction over
Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana
Branches: executive: prefect appointed by Paris; legisla-
tive: popularly elected 16-member General Council and a
Regional Council composed of members of the local General
Council and of the locally elected deputy and senator to the
French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French
judicial system
Government leader: Prefect Herve Bourseiller
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections normally are held
every 5 years; last election March 1978
Political parties and leaders: Parti Socialiste Guyanais
(PSG), Leopold Heder, Senator; Union du Peuple Guyanaise
(UPG), weak leftist allied with, but also reported, to have
been absorbed by the PSG; Rassemblement Pour La
Republique (RPR), Hector Rivierez, delegate to French
National Assembly
Communists: Communist party membership negligible
ECONOMY
GNP: $100 million (at market prices, 1975), $800 per
capita
Agriculture: main crops?rice, corn, manioc, cocoa,
bananas, sugarcane
Fishing: catch 1,113 metric tons (1976)
Major industries: timber, rum, gold mining, production
of rosewood essence, and space center
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July 1979
Electric power: 29,000 kW capacity (1977); 60 million
kWh produced (1977), 1,000 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.2 million (1977); shrimp, timber, rum,
rosewood essence
Imports: $143.4 million (1977); food (grains, processed
meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, and
petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-78% U.S., 11% France,
5% Martinique; imports-49% France, 10% U.S., 3%
Trinidad and Tobago (1969)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(FY70-76), from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $356 million,
no military aid
Monetary conversion rate: 4.92 French francs=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 32 km private plantation line, 0.600-meter
gage
Highways: 600 km total; 450 km paved, 150 km
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by small ocean-
going vessels and river and coastal steamers; 3,300 km
possibly navigable by native craft
Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 10 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: limited open-wire and radio-relay
system with about 8,900 telephones (17.8 per 100 popl.); 2
AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,000; 10,000 fit for
military service
Defense is responsibility of France; France maintains an
army force in French Guiana; also available army and naval
forces located in Martinique and Guadeloupe
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July 1979
FRENCH POLYNESIA/GABON
FRENCH POLYNESIA
(See reference mep VIII)
LAND
About 4,000 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm
Coastline: about 2,525 km
PEOPLE
Population: 144,000 (July 1979), annual growth rate 2.3%
(current)
Nationality: noun?French Polynesian(s); adjective?
French Polynesian
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chinese, 6% local
French, 4% metropolitan French
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Catholic
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Territory of French Polynesia
Type: overseas territory of France, administered by
French Ministry for Overseas Territories
Capital: Papeete
Political subdivisions: 5 districts
Legal system: based on French; lower and higher courts
Branches: 33-member Territorial Assembly, popularly
elected; 5-member Council of Government, elected by
Assembly; popular election of two deputies to National
Assembly in Paris, also one Senator
Government leader: High Commissioner, Paul Cousseran,
Governor, appointed by French government
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years, May 1977
Political parties and leaders: Le Front Uni, autonomist
coalition, Francis Sanford; Tahoeraa Hairaatira, conservative
Gaullist, Gaston Flosse
Voting strength (1977 election): Le Front Uni, 14 seats;
Tahoerra Huiraatira, 10 seats; Independents, 9 seats
SECRET
SECRET
ECONOMY
GDP: $259 million (1970) $1,960 per capita
Agriculture: coconut main crop
Major industries: maintenance of French nuclear test
base, tourism
Electric power: 36,000 kW capacity (1978); 105 million
kWh produced (1978), 735 kWh per capita
Exports: $19 million (1973); principal products?coconut
products (79%), mother-of-pearl (14%) (1971)
Imports: $211 million (1973)
Major trade partners: imports-59% France, 14% U.S.;
exports-86% France
Aid: France $16 million (1973)
Monetary conversion rate: 100 CFP=1NZ$ (1971)
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 3,700 km, all types
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Airfields: 32 total, 32 usable; 12 with permanent-surface
runways, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 13 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: about 3 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 14,700 telephones (11.3 per 100
popl.); 72,000 radio and 14,000 TV sets; 5 AM, 2 FM, and 6
TV stations; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Defense is responsibility of France.
GABON
LAND
264,180 km2; 75% forested, 15% savanna, 9% urban and
wasteland, less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 2,422 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 100 nm; fishing,
150 nm
Coastline: 885 km
PEOPLE
Population: 580,000 (July 1979), this estimate does not
take into account immigration to Gabon during last several
years; average annual growth rate 1.7% (7-66 to 7-70)
Nationality: noun?Gabonese (sing., pl.); adjective?
Gabonese
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NIGERIA
-
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA?
CAMEROON
Atlantic
Ocean
Ltbrevill
GABON
CONGO
ANGOLA
ZAIRE
(See reference map VI)
GABON
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, including 4 major
tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Mbede, Okande); about
100,000 expatriate Africans and Europeans, including 20,000
French
Religion: 55% to 75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim,
remainder animist
Language: French official language and medium of
instruction in schools; Fang is a major vernacular language
Literacy: government claims more than 80% of school age
children in school, but literacy rate is substantially below this
figure
Labor force: about 280,000 of whom 129,000 are wage
earners in the modern sector
Organized labor: no data available
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime since 1964
Capital: Libreville
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces subdivided into 36
prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
customary law; constitution adopted 1961; judicial review of
legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme
Court; legal education at Center of Higher and Legal Studies
at Libreville; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
National holiday: 12 March, 17 August
Branches: power centralized in President, elected by
universal suffrage for 7-year term; unicameral 70-member
National Assembly has limited powers; constitution to be
amended in 1979 so that Assembly Deputies will serve 5-
year terms; independent judiciary
Government leader: President El Hadj Omar Bongo
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Presidential and parliamentary elections last
held February 1973; next presidential elections in 1980;
recent constitutional change separates dates for presidential
and parliamentary elections
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July 1979
Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Democratic Party
(PDG) led by President Bongo is only legal party
Communists: no organized party; probably some Com-
munist sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and Central
African States, BDECA (Central African Development
Bank), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCO, ICO, IDA, 1FC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAB (African Wood Organization), OAU, OPEC,
UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.2 billion (1978 est.), $3,817 per capita; 10%
growth (1970-77)
Agriculture: commercial?cocoa, coffee, wood, palm oil,
rice; main food crops?bananas, manioc, peanuts, root crops;
imports food
Fishing: catch 2,500 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: petroleum production, sawmills, petro-
leum refinery; mining of increasing importance; major
minerals?manganese, uranium, iron (not produced)
Electric power: 125,400 kW capacity (1977); 376 million
kWh produced (1977), 670 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.77 million (f.o.b., 1978); crude petroleum,
wood and wood products, minerals (manganese, uranium
concentrates, gold), coffee
Imports: $631 million (c.i.f. est., 1978); excluding UDEAC
trade; mining, roadbuilding machinery, electrical equip-
ment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: France, U.S., West Germany, and
Curacao; preferential tariffs to EC and franc zone
Aid: Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $325.0
million; Communist countries (1970-77), $25.0 million; U.S.
(1970-77), $22.8 million; military?U.S. (1970-77), $4.0
million
Budget: 1979 est.?balanced at $1.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 245.67 Communaute Finan-
ciere Africaine francs=US$1 (1977)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 970 km standard gage (1.437 m) under
construction; 180 km are completed
Highways: 6,797 km total; 308 km paved, 5,589 km
gravel and/or improved earth, 500 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approximately 1,600 km perennially
navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km
Ports: 2 major (Libreville/Owendo, Port-Gentil), 2 minor
Merchant marine: 1 tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
74,100 GRT, 138,700 DWT
Civil air: 29 major transport aircraft, including -1 leased in
and 1 leased out
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GABON/THE
Airfields: 161 total, 101 usable; 5 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system of open-wire, radio-relay,
tropospheric scatter links and radiocommunication stations;
telephone expansion in progress; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station; 8 AM, 2 FM, and 8 TV stations; 7,000 telephones (1.3
per 100 popl.)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 128,000; 64,000 fit for
military service; 5,000 reach military age (20) annually
Supply: primarily dependent on France; 1 patrol boat
from Italy
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $67,767,442; 5.2% of central government budget
THE GAMBIA
LAND
10,360 km2; 25% uncultivated savanna, 16% swamps, 4%
forest parks, 55% upland cultivable areas, built-up areas, etc.
Land boundaries: 740 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 80 km
PEOPLE
Population: 584,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Gambian(s); adjective?Gambian
Ethnic divisions: over 99% Africans (Mandinka 40.8%,
Fulani 13.5%, Wolof 12.9%, remainder Made up of several
smaller groups), fewer than 1% Ebropeans and Lebanese
SECRET
SECRET
GAMBIA
THE Banjul
GAMBIA
MIME
BISSAU.
MALI
Atlantic Ocean
(See reference map VII
Religion: 85% Muslim, 15% animist and Christian
Language: English official; Mandinka and Wolof most
widely used vernaculars
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: approx. 165,000, mostly engaged in subsist-
ence farming; about 15,000 are wage earners (government,
trade, services)
Organized labor: 25% to 30% of wage labor force at most
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of The Gambia
Type: republic; independent since February 1965
Capital: Banjul
Political subdivisions: Banjul and 5 divisions
Legal system: based on English common law and
customary law;. constitution came into force upon independ-
ence in 1965, new republican constitution adopted in April
1970; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 18 February
Branches: cabinet of 10 members; 44-member House of
Representatives, in which 4 seats are reserved for chiefs, 4
are appointed, 35 are filled by election for 5-year terms, a
Speaker is elected by the House, and the Attorney General is
an appointed member; independent judiciary
Government leader: Sir Alhaji Dawda Kairaba Jawara,
President
Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party
(PPP), Secretary General. Dawda K. Jawara, United Party
(UP), John Forster, and National Convention Party, Sherrif
Dibba
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general elections held April 1977; PPP 29 seats,
NCP 5 seats, UP 1 seat
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: AFBD, APC, Commonwealth, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, IDA, IMF, NAM,
OAU, U.N., WHO, WTO
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THE GAMBIA/GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
ECONOMY
GNP: $123 million (FY76/77 est.), about $213 per capita
Agriculture: main crops?peanuts, rice, palm kernels
Fishing: catch 10,795 metric tons (1975); exports $956,000
(1974)
Major industry: peanut processing
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1977); 30 million
kWh produced (1977), 50 kWh per capita
Exports: $58 million (f.o.b. 1976/77); peanuts and peanut
products 90% to 95%, palm kernels
Imports: $69 million (f.o.b. 1976/77); textiles, foodstuffs,
tobacco, machinery, petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports?U.K. and France; im-
ports?U.K. and Japan
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$45.0 million; Communist countries (1970-77), $16.2 million;
OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $33.7 million; U.S. (1970-77), $9.5
million
Budget: (FY77 est.) current expenditures $25 million,
receipts $30 million; development expenditures $14 million,
development receipts $7.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Dalasi=US$0.48 (1978)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,858 km total; 190 km bituminous-surface
treated, 1,330 km gravel/laterite, remainder unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 605 km
Ports: 1 major (Banjul)
Merchant Marine: 1 cargo ship
totaling 1,600 GRT, 2,700 DWT
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runway
2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate network of radio-relay;
2,700 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
(1,000 GRT
or over)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 135,000; 67,000 fit for
military service
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July 1979
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
t Berlin
GER.
eb. EM.RE
FEDERAL
REPUBLIC
OF GERMANY
(See reference map IV)
LAND
108,262 km2; 43% arable, 15% meadows and pasture, 27%
forested, 15% other
Land boundaries: 2,309 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): nm
Coastline: 901 km (including islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 16,793,000, including East Berlin (July 1979),
average annual growth rate 0.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?German(s); adjective?German
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, .3% Slavic and other
Religion: 53% Protestant, 8% Roman Catholic, 39%
unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of Protestants and about
25% of Roman Catholics actively participate 25X1
Language: German, small Sorb (West Slavic) minority ?
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 8.2 million; 34.1% industry; 4.7% handi-
crafts; 6.8% construction; 11.9% agriculture; 6.8% transport
and communications; 10.1% commerce; 16.8% services; 2.5%
other
Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT ?
Legal name: German Democratic Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recognized by U.S.,
U.K., and France, which together with the U.S.S.R. have
special rights and responsibilities in Berlin)
Political subdivisions: (excluding East Berlin) 14 districts
(Bezirke), 218 counties (Kreise), 7,643 communities
(Gemeinden)
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GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Legal system: civil law system modified by Communist
legal theory; new constitution adopted 1974; court system
parallels administrative divisions; no judicial review of
legislative acts; legal education at Universities of Berlin,
Leipzig, Halle and Jena; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction; more stringent penal code adopted 1968,
amended in 1974
National holiday: Foundation of German Democratic
Republic, 7 October
Branches: legislative?Volkskammer (elected directly);
executive?Chairman of Council of State, Chairman of
Council of Ministers, Cabinet (approved by Volkskammer);
judiciary?Supreme Court; entire structure dominated by
Socialist Unity (Communist) Party
Government leaders: Chairman, Council of State, Erich
Honecker (Head of State); Chairman, Council of Ministers,
Willi Stoph (Premier)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: national every 5 years; prepared by an electoral
commission of the National Front; ballot supposed to be
secret and voters permitted to strike names off ballot; more
candidates than offices available; parliamentary elections
held 17 October. 1976
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity (Commu-
nist) Party (SED), headed by General Secretary Erich
Honecker, dominates the regime; 4 token parties (Christian
Democratic Union, National Democratic Party, Liberal
Democratic Party, and Democratic Peasant's Party) and an
amalgam of special interest organizations participate with
the SED in National Front
Voting strength: 1976 parliamentary elections: 99.86%
voted the regime slate; 1970 local elections: 99.85% voted the
regime slate
Communists: 1.9 million party members
Other special interest groups: Free German Youth, Free
German Trade Union Federation, Democratic Women's
Federation of Germany, German Cultural Federation (all
Communist dominated)
Member of: CEMA, ICES, IPU, ITU, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $81.0 billion (1978, 1978 dollars), $4,834 per capita;
1978 growth rate 3.3%
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops?potatoes, rye,
wheat, barley, oats, industrial crops; shortages in grain,
vegetables, vegetable oil, beef; caloric intake, 3,000 calories
per day per capita (71)
Fish catch: 210,000 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: metal fabrication, chemicals, light
industry, brown coal, and shipbuilding
Shortages: coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel
products, nonferrous metals
Crude steel: 6.85 million metric tons produced (1977),
approx. 405 kg per capita
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SECRET
Electric power: 18,860,000 kW capacity (1978); 96.2
billion kWh produced (1978), 5,730 kWh per capita
Exports: $14.3 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1978)
Imports: $16.6 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1978)
Major trade partners: $30,950 million (1978); 69%
Communist countries, 31% non-Communist countries
Aid: economic?from U.S.S.R., $990 million (1954-75); to
less developed free world countries, $2,120 million (1956-78)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.48 DME =US$1 for trade
data (1976 rate)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which
is reported for the consumption year 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 14,215 km total; 13,906 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 309 km meter (1.00 m) or other narrow gage,
2,971 km double track standard gage (1.435 m); 1,511 km
overhead electrified (1977)
Highways: 127,530 km total; 47,530 km concrete, asphalt,
stone block, of which 1,679 are autobahn and limited access
roads; over 80,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone,
and earth (1976)
Inland waterways: 2,538 km (1979)
Freight carried: rail-298.6 million metric tons, 52.1
billion metric ton/km (1977); highway-714.1 million
metric tons, 20.0 billion metric ton/km (1977); waterway-
14.4 million metric tons, 2.4 billion metric ton/km (excl.
intl, transit traffic) (1978); approximately 1,410 waterway
craft with 570,000 metric ton capacity (1978)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,075 km; refined products, 350 km;
natural gas 483 km
Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz), 13
minor; principal inland waterway ports are E. Berlin, Riesa,
Magdeburg, and Eisenhuttenstadt (1979)
Merchant marine: 151 ships (1,000 GRT and over)
totaling 1,274,000 GRT, 1,821,544 DWT; includes 1
passenger, 115 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 tanker, 16
bulk, 4 combination ore/oil, 1 cargo training
Civil air: 37 major transport aircraft (1978)
Airfields: 144 total; 58 with permanent-surface runways;
2 with runways 3,500 m or over, 43 with runways
2,500-3,499 m, 67 with runways 1,000-2,499 m, 32 with
runways less than 1,000 m; 7 heliports
Telecommunications: domestic and international facili-
ties modern and adequate; good coverage provided by 21
AM and 18 FM broadcast stations, 6,082,400 receivers; 15
major TV stations supplemented by 300 rebroadcast stations;
4,966,500 TV receivers; 2,326,143 telephones (100% auto-
matic)
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DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,235,000; 3,408,000 fit
for military service; about 146,000 reach military age (18)
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GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC/GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
Supply: dependent on Communist countries, mainly the
U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia and Poland, except for light
infantry weapons, small arms ammunition, explosives,
chemical warfare defensive materiel, signal equipment,
transport vehicles, and some minesweepers, torpedo boats,
amphibious and auxiliary ships and service craft
Military budget: (announced) for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, 12.1 billion marks; about 8.8% of total
budget
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
LAND
248,640 km' (including West Berlin); 33% cultivated, 23%
meadows and pastures, 13% waste or urban, 29% forested,
2% inland water
Land boundaries: 4,232 km
Soviet forces (GSFG) in GDR as of 1 January 1979, 400,500
(360,000 ground; 40,500 air).
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July 1979
(See reference map IV)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 1,488 km (approx.)
PEOPLE
Population: 61,181,000, including West Berlin (July
1979), average annual growth rate ?0.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?German(s); adjective?German
Ethnic divisions: 99% Germanic,' 1% other
Religion: 48.9% Protestant, 44.7% Roman Catholic, 7.7%
other (as of ,1975)
Language: German
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 26.7 million; 42.9% in manufacturing and 25X1
construction, 18.0% services, 12% commerce, 9.9% govern-
ment, 6.3% agriculture, 5.9% communication and transpor-
tation, 1% mining; 4.2% average unemployed as of 1977,
excluding self employed
Organized labor: 32.6% of total labor force; 41.4% of
wage and salary earners
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GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Federal Republic of Germany
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bonn
Political subdivisions: 10 Laender (states); Western
sectors of Berlin are ultimately controlled by U.S., U.K., and
France which, together with the U.S.S.R., have special rights
and responsibilities in Berlin
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts;
constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts
in the Supreme Federal Constitutional Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral parliament?Bundesrat (upper
house), Bundestag (lower house); President (titular head of
state), Chancellor (executive ? head of government);
independent judiciary
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GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
Government leaders: President, Walter Scheel (to be
replaced on 1 July 1979 by Karl Carstens, elected 23 May
1979 for a 5-year term); Chancellor, Helmut Schmidt leads
coalition of Social Democrats and Free Democrats
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: next national election scheduled for fall of 1980
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic
Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU), Helmut Kohl,
Franz-Josef Strauss, Karl Carstens, Kurt Biedenkopf; Social
Democratic Party (SPD), Willy, Brandt, Hans Koschnick,
Helmut Schmidt; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Hans-Die-
trich Genscher, Hans Friderichs, Wolfgang Mischnick;
National Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug;
Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies
Voting strength (1976 election): 42.6% SPD, 48.6%
CDU/CSU, 7.9% FDP, 0.9% Splinter groups of left and right
(no parliamentary representation)
Communists: about 40,000 members and supporters
Other political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and
veterans groups
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECSC,
EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU,
ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $638.1 billion (1978), $10,416 per capita (1978);
55% consumption, 22% investment, 20% government con-
sumption; net foreign balance 3% (distribution based on
current price series)
Agriculture: main crops?grains, potatoes, sugar beets;
75% self-sufficient; food shortages?fats and oils, pulses,
tropical products; caloric intake, 2,980 calories per day per
capita (1975-76)
Fishing: catch 394,452 metric tons, $155 million (1977);
exports $201 million, imports $593 million (1978)
Major industries: among world's largest producers of
iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, ships,
vehicles
Shortages: fats and oils, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber,
petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur
Crude steel: 69 million metric tons capacity; 41.2 million
metric tons produced (1978); 672 kg per capita
Electric power: 85,000,000 kW capacity (1978); 353.5
billion kWh produced (1978), 5,770 kWh per capita
Exports: $142 billion (f.o.b., 1978); manufactures 91.7%
(machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron
and steel products), agricultural products 5.1%, fuels 1.3%,
raw materials 1.9%
Imports: $121 billion (c.i.f., 1978); manufactures (exclud-
ing chemicals) 54.6%, fuels 16.1%, agricultural products
13.5%, raw materials 15.8%
SECRET
Major trade partners: EC 47.4% (France 12.0%, Nether-
lands 11.2%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.3%, Italy 8.1%, U.K.
5.5%); other Europe 17.8%; OPEC 8.3%; Communist
economic 5.7%; U.S. 7.1% (data exclude interzonal trade)
Aid: donor?(1970-77) bilateral economic aid authorized
(ODA and 00F), $13,752 million
Budget: (1978) expenditures $97.9 billion, revenues $85.2
billion, deficit $12.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: DM 2.01 (West German
marks)=US$1 (1978 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 33,453 km total; 29,032 km government-
owned, standard gage (1.435 m), 12,491 km double track;
9,760 km electrified; 4,421 km non-government owned;
3,997 km standard gage (1:435 m); 214 km electrified; 424
km meter gage (1.00 m); 186 km electrified
Highways: 398,720 km total; 161,400 km classified,
includes 153,160 km cement-concrete, bituminou, or stone
block (includes 5,792 km of autobahnen); 8,240 km gravel,
crushed stone, improved earth; in addition, 237,320 km of
unclassified roads of various surface types
Inland waterways: 5,222 km of which almost 70% usable
by craft of 990 metric-ton capacity or larger
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,931 km; refined products, 1,942
km; natural gas, 95,414 km
Ports: 10 major, 11 minor
Merchant marine: 557 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
7,886,735 GRT, 12,785,925 DWT; includes 12 passenger,
311 cargo, 63 container, 25 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 50 tanker,
12 liquefied gas, 68 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil, 13
specialized carrier, 1 cargo training
Civil air: 185 major transport aircraft, including 12 leased
out
Airfields: 428 total, 388 usable; 214 with permanent-
surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 34 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed, modern tele-
communication service to all parts of the country; fully
adequate in all respects; 21.2 million telephones (34.4 per
100 popl.); 90 AM, 129 FM, and 2,350 TV stations; 9
submarine coaxial cables; satellite station with 1 Indian
Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas, and symphonie
antenna
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,796,000; 13,054,000
fit for military service; 513,000 reach military age (18)
annually
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July 1979
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF/GHANA
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $18.9 million; about 18% of the proposed central
government budget
SS
GHANA
UPPER VOLTA
BENIN
HANA
Accra
Gulf of
Guinea
(See reference map VII
LAND
238,280 km2; 19% agricultural, 60% forest and brush, 21%
other
Land boundaries: 2,285 km
WATER
Coastline: 539 km
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
PEOPLE
Population: 11,741,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Ghanaian(s); adjective?Ghanaian
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% Negroid African (major tribes
Ashanti, Fante, Ewe), 0.2% European and other
Religion: 45% animists, 43% Christian, 12% Muslim
Language: English official; African languages include
Akan 44%, Mole-Dagbani 16%, Ewe 13%, and Ga-Adangbe
8%
Literacy: about 25% (in English)
Labor force: 3.4 million; 61% agriculture and fishing,
16.8% industry, 15.2% sales and clerical, 4.1% services,
transportation, and communications, 2.9% professional;
400,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 350,000 or approximately 10% of labor
force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Ghana
Type: republic; independent since March 1957; transition
from military to civilian rule scheduled fro July 1979
Capital: Accra
Political subdivisions: 8 administrative regions and
separate Greater Accra Area; regions subdivided into 58
districts and 267 local administrative districts
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
GHANA
Legal system: based on English common law and
customary law; constitution suspended January 1972; new
constitution has been prepared for civilian rule in July 1979;
legal education at University of Ghana (Legon); has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March
Branches: executive and legislative authority vested in
Supreme Military Council (SMC); independent judiciary
Government leader: Chief of State, Chairman of SMC,
Gen. Frederick W. K. Akuffo; civilian government will have
a strong executive presidency with separate legislative and
judicial branches
Suffrage: universal over 21 under previous constitution,
now suspended
Elections: no elections since 1969; election leading to civil
rule scheduled for June 1979
Political parties and leaders: political activity was
legalized in January 1979, after a 7-year ban, to permit the
organization of parties in preparation for elections in 1979
Communists: a small number of Communists and
sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $14.3 billion (1977 est.) at current prices, about
$1,241 per capita; real growth rate less than 1% (1970-77)
Agriculture: main crop?cocoa; other crops include root
crops, corn, sorghum and millet, peanuts; not self-sufficient,
but can become so
Fishing: catch 196,000 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: mining, lumbering, light manufactur-
ing, fishing, aluminum
Electric power: 1,157,000 kW capacity (1977); 4.0 billion
kWh produced (1977), 390 kWh per capita
Exports: $979 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); cocoa (about
70%), wood, gold, diamonds, manganese, bauxite, and
aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from balance of
payments data)
Imports: $873 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); textiles and other
manufactured goods, food, fuels, transport equipment
Major trade partners: U.K., EC, and U.S.
Aid: economic?U.S. (1970-77), $206.5 million; other
Western countries (1970-77), $445 million; OPEC (ODA)
(1970-77), $61.1 million; Communist countries (1970-77),
$1.0 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77), $8.0
million; U.S. (1970-77), $0.1 million
Budget: FY78 (proposed)?revenue $913 million (prelim.
actual 1978); current expenditure $2,335 million (prelim.
actual 1978), capital expenditure $444 million (prelim.
actual 1978)
SECRET
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cedi=US$0.66 (1978)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gage; 32 km double
track; diesel locomotives gradually replacing steam engines
Highways: 32,200 km total; 4,524 km concrete or
bituminous surface, 27,676 km gravel or laterite, 9,242 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers
provide 235 km of perennial navigation for launches and
lighters; additional routes navigable seasonally by small
craft; Lake Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial and
feeder waterways
Pipelines: refined products, 3 km
Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi), 1 naval base (Sekondi), 4
minor
Merchant marine: 24 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
139,600 GRT, 187,800 DWT; includes 23 cargo, 1 bulk
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 18 total, 17 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire and cable,
radio-relay links and radiocommunication stations; 66,000
telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, no FM, and 8 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station under construction
and 1 station planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,537,000; 1,414,000 fit
for military service; 136,000 reach military age (18) annually
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SECRET July 1979
GIBRALTAR
? GIBRALTAR
(See 'throne,map/WI
LAND
6.5 km'
Land boundaries: 1.6 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 12 km
PEOPLE
Population: 30,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1977)
Nationality: noun?Gibraltarian; adjective?Gibraltar
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portu-
guese and Spanish descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English and Spanish are primary languages;
Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English used in
the schools and for all official purposes
Literacy: illiteracy is negligible
Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non-Gibraltarian
laborers
Organized labor: over 6,000'
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Gibraltar
Type: U.K. colony
Capital: none
Legal system: English law; constitutional talks in July
1968; new system effected in 1969 after electoral enquiry
Branches: parliamentary system comprised of the Gibral-
tar House of the Assembly (15 elected members and 3 ex
officio members), the. Council of Ministers headed by the
Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Governor is
appointed by the Crown
Government leaders: Governor and Commander in
Chief, Gen. Sir Willian Jackson; Chief Minister, Sir Joshua
Hassan
Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other U.K. subjects
resident 6 months or more
90 ?
Elections: every 5 years; last held in September 1976
Political parties and leaders: Labor, Sir Joshua Hassan;
Democratic Movement, Joe Boscano
? Voting strengths: (September 1976) Labor, 8 seats;
Democratic Movement, 4 seats; independents, 3 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: the Housewives
Association; the Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Repre-
sentatives Organization
ECONOMY ?
Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on commerce and
large British naval and air bases; nearly all trade in the
well-developed port is transit trade and port serves also as
important supply depot for fuel, water, and ships' wares;
recently built dockyards and machine shops provide
maintenance and repair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that
call at Gibraltar each year.
U.K. military establishments and civil government employ
nearly half the insured labor force; local industry is confined
to manufacture of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral
waters, candy, beer, and canned fish; some factories for
manufacture of clothing are being developed; a small
segment of local population makes its livelihood by fishing;
in recent years tourism has increased in importance.
Electric power: 40,000 kW capacity (1978); 80 million
kWh produced (1978), 2,670 kWh per capita
Exports: $24.8 million (1976-77); principally rexports of
tobacco, petroleum, and wine
Imports: $58.6 million (1976-77); principally manufac-
tured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs; 69% from U.K.
Major trade partners: U.K., Morocco, Portugal, Nether-
lands
Budget: (1976-77) revenue, $32.9 million; expenditure
$32.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Gibraltar pound=1 pound
sterling=US$1.92 (1978)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 56 km, mostly paved
Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft (leased in)
Airfields: 1 permanent-surface runway, 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: international radiocommunication
facilities; automatic telephone system serving 8,100 tele-
phones (27.1 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 8,000; about
4,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom
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July 1979
GIBRALTAR/GILBERT ISLANDS/GREECE
GILBERT ISLANDS
Pacific Ocean
GILBERT
ISLANDS
UNiTES'D
STATES
(See reference map VIII)
NOTE: The islands that comprise the Gilbert Islands
Colony are the Gilbert Islands; Fanning Atoll and Washing-
ton Island in the Line Islands; Ocean Island; and those
islands claimed by the United States: Caroline, Christmas,
Flint, Malden, Starbuck, and Vostok in the Line Islands; and
Birnie, Gardner, Hull, McKean, Phoenix, and Sydney in the
Phoenix Islands.
LAND
About 684 km'
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 1,143 km
PEOPLE
Population: 52,000 (preliminary total from census of 8
December 1973)
Nationality: noun?Gilbertese or Gilbert Islander(s);
adjective?Gilbertese, or Gilbert Islander
Ethnic divisions: Micronesian
Religion: Catholic
Literacy: less than 50%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Gilbert Islands
SECRET
SECRET
Type: British crown colony with large measure of
self-government, to become independent on 12 July 1979 as
new nation of Kiribat
Capital: Tarawa
Branches: 37-member House of Assembly elects a Chief
Minister
Government leader: Governor John H. Smith; Chief 25X1
Minister, Ieremia Tabai
'Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese National Party,
Christian Democratic Party
Member of: ADB
ECONOMY
GDP: $740 per capita (1974)
Agriculture: copra, subsistence crops of vegetables,
supplemented by domestic fishing
Industry: phosphate production, expected to cease in 1978
Electric power: 16,000 -kW capacity (1978); 45 million
kWh produced (1978), 865 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.6 million (1970 est); 70% phosphate, copra
Imports: $3.1 million (1970 est.); foodstuffs, fuel
Budget: (est.) revenue 5.877 million NZ$, expenditure
4.577 million NZ$
Monetary ?conversion rate: 0.80 Australian$=US$1
March 1976
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 483 km of motorable roads
Inland waterways: small network of canals, totaling 5
km, in Northern Line Islands
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: 2 Trislanders, 'however, no major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 13 total, 12 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast station; 250
telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.) .
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: no military force maintained; there are small
police posts on all islands in the Gilbert Group
GREECE
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LAND
132,608 km', 29% arable and land under permanent
crops, 40% meadows and pastures, 20% forested, 11%
wasteland, urban, other
Land boundaries: 1,191 km
WATER
Limits of, territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 13,676 km
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GREECE
YUGOSLAVIA
lonian
Sea 4
Mediterranean Sea
LIBYA
CYPRUSC
EGYPT
(See reference map IV)
PEOPLE
Population: 9,390,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.7% (7-68 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun-Greek(s); adjective-Greek
Ethnic divisions: 98.8% Greek, 0.2% Turkish, 1.0% other
Religion: 99% Greek Orthodox, 0.3% Moslem, 0.7% other
Language: Greek; English and French widely understood
Literacy: males about 94%; females about 79%; total
about 86%
Labor force: 3.4 million (1978 est.); approximately 38%
agriculture, 19% industry, 8% construction, 30% services, 1%
other; unemployment 4%; urban unemployment is under
3%, but substantial unreported unemployment exists in
agriculture
Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of
urban labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Hellenic Republic
Type: presidential parliamentary government; monarchy
rejected by referendum 8 December 1974
Capital: Athens
Political subdivisions: 52 departments (nomoi) constitute
basic administrative units for country; each nomos headed
by officials appointed by central government and policy and
programs tend to be formulated by central ministries; degree
of flexibility each nomos may have in altering or avoiding
programs imposed by Athens depends upon tradition and
influence which prominent local leaders and citizens may
exercise vis-a-vis key figures in central government. The
departments of Macedonia and Thrace exercise some degree
of autonomy from Athens since they are governed through
the Ministry of Northern Greece.
Legal system: new constitution enacted in June 1975
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March
Branches: executive consisting of a President (to be
elected by the Vouli parliament) and a Prime Minister and
cabinet; legislative comprising the 300-member Vouli;
independent judiciary
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July 1979
Government leaders: President Konstandinos Tsatsos;
Prime Minister Konstandinos Karamanlis
Suffrage: universal age 20 and over
Elections: every 4 years; the government called for new
elections on 20 November 1977 and was returned to power,
albeit with a reduced majority
Political parties and leaders: Union of the Democratic
Center, loannis Zigdis; New Democracy, Konstandinos
Karamanlis; Panhellenic Socialist Movement, Andreas Pa-
pandreou; Communist Party-Exterior, Kharilaos Florakis;
Communist Party-Interior, Kharalambos Drakopoulos;
United Democratic Left, Ilias Iliou; Socialist Initiative,
Georgios Mangakis; Nationalist Camp, Stefanos
Stefanopoulos
Voting strength: New Democracy, 172 seats; Democratic
Center Union, 15 seats; Panhellenic Socialist Movement, 93
seats; Communists, 11 seats; The Alliance (leftist), 2 seats;
National Camp, 5 seats; Neoliberals, 2 seats
Communists: an estimated 25,000-30,000 members and
sympathizers
Member of: EC (associate), EIB (associate), EMA, GATT,
FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, 100C, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council,
NATO, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $26.7 billion (1977 est.), $2,920 per capita; 65.7%
consumption, 22.7% investment, 15.5% government; 1.9%
change in stocks; net foreign balance -5.8%; real growth
rate 3.7% (1977)
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, olives, tobacco, cotton;
nearly self-sufficient; food shortages-livestock products
Major industries: food and tobacco processing, textiles,
chemicals, metal products
Shortages: petroleum, minerals, feed grains
Crude steel: 1.0 million metric tons produced (1976), 110
kg per capita
Electric power: 5,200,000 kW capacity (1978); 19 billion
kWh produced (1978), 2,030 kWh per capita
Exports: $2,522 million (f.o.b., 1977); principal items-
tobacco, cotton, fruits, textiles
Imports: $5,685 million (f.o.b., 1977); principal items-
machinery and automotive equipment, petroleum and
petroleum products, manufactured consumer goods, chemi-
cals, meat and live animals
Major trade partners: (1977 est.) imports-15.4% Japan,
14.2% West Germany, 8.7% Italy, 6.3% France, 5.6% U.K.,
5.5% Saudi Arabia, 5.0% U.S., 41.5% EC, 5.3% CEMA;
exports-22.2% West Germany, 7.2% France, 6.7% Italy,
5.1% Saudi Arabia, 4.9% U.K., 4.8% U.S., 4.7% Libya, 48.2%
EC, 12.3% CEMA
Aid: economic (authorized)-U.S., $292 million
(FY70-77); other Western bilateral (ODA and 00F), $756
million (1970-77); military-U.S., $862 million (FY70-77)
SECRET
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GREECE/GREENLAND
Budget: (1978) expenditures $8.75 billion, revenues $6.89
billion, deficit $1.86 billion
Monetary conversion rate: US$1=36.648 Greek drach-
mas (1978 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,476 km total; 1,565 km standard gage (1.435
m) of which 36 km electrified and 100 km double track, 889
km meter gage (1.000 m), 22 km narrow gage (0.750 in); all
government-owned
Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km
crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540
km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of 3 coastal canals and
3 unconnected rivers which provide navigable length of just
less than 80 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km, refined products, 547 km
Ports: 17 major, 37 minor
Merchant marine: 2,750 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 35,176,465 GRT, 59,453,142 DWT; includes 75
passenger, 1,438 cargo, 10 container, 324 tanker, 5 liquefied
gas, 21 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 813 bulk, 47 combination
ore/oil, 17 specialized carrier; ethnic Greeks also own large
numbers of ships under Liberian, Panamanian, Cypriot, and
Lebanese flags
Airfields: 73 total, 68 usable; 48 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 16 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 33 major transport aircraft (including 1 leased
in)
Telecommunications: adequate modern networks reach
all areas on mainland and islands; 2.18 million telephones
(23.1 per 100 popl.); 31 AM, 30 FM, and 34 TV stations; 3
coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 1 Atlantic
Ocean antenna and 1 Indian Ocean antenna
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,172,000; 1,664,000 fit
for military service; about 72,000 reach military age (21)
annually
SECRET
Supply: dependent largely on foreign sources, mainly U.S.
and other NATO countries; armored vehicles, missile attack
boats and trucks from France and Italy, submarines and
artillery from West Germany, and recoilless rifles from
Spain; produces small arms and ammunition in small
quantities
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $892 million; about 18% of central
government budget
SECRET
GREENLAND
(See reference map
LAND
2,175,600 km2; less than 1% arable (of which only a
fraction cultivated), 84% permanent ice and snow, 15%
other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 44,087 km (approx., includes minor islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 49,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.2% (1-73 to 1-78)
Nationality: noun?Greenlander(s); adjective?Green-
land
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GREENLAND/GRENADA
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos and Green-
land-born whites), 14% Danes
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 12,000; largely engaged in fishing and sheep
breeding
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Greenland
Type: province of Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives
in Danish parliament; separate Minister for Greenland in the
Danish cabinet
Capital: Godhab '(administrative center)
,Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 communes
Legal system: Danish law; transformed from colony to
province in 1953; to limited home rule begun in spring 1979
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with the
elected 21-seat Landsting and Danish parliament; executive
power vested in Premier and 4-person council; 19 lower
courts
Government leader: Queen Margrethe II, Premier
Jonathan Motzfeldt
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: held every 4 years
Political parties: Siumut?leading party in present
government with 13 seats (moderate socialist, advocating
more distinct Greenland identity and greater autonomy
from Denmark); Atassut?second party in government with
8 seats (advocating close ties with Denmark); Sukaq
(moderate socialist, advocating more distinct Greenland
identity); Siumut (a more radical party advocating greater
autonomy from Denmark)
ECONOMY
GNP: included in that of Denmark
Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay; sheep grazing;
garden produce
Fishing: catch 44,675 tons (1976); exports $39.8 million
(1976)
Major industries: mining, slaughtering, fishing, sealing
Electric power: 57,500 kW capacity (1978); 120 million
kWh produced (1978), 2,400 kWh per capita
Exports: $85.4 million (f.o.b., 1976); fish and fish
products, metallic ores and concentrates
? Imports: $128.7 million (c.i.f., 1976); petroleum and
petroleum products, machinery and transport equipment,
food products
Major trade partners: (1976) Denmark 76.4%, Finland
5.8%, U.S. 4.9%, West Germany 3.0%, France and Monaco
2.7%
? Monetary conversion rate: 5.5146 Danish Kroner=US$1
(1978, average)
94
July 1979
Fiscal year: calendar year beginning 1 January 1979
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 80 km
Ports: 7 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft (registered in
Denmark)
Airfields:, 11 total, 6 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and interna-
tional service provided by cables and radio relay; 9,000
telephones (17.0 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, 6 FM, and 2 TV
stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, included with Den-
mark
Defense is responsibility of Denmark, but under terms of
a U.S.-Danish agreement of 1951, defense is actually shared
by U.S. and Danish forces.
t
I.
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GRENADA
PUERTO
CD RICO
Caribbean
,ea
VENEZUELA .
a
0
-
.GRENADA
13'
Atlantic
Ocean .
URINAM
-,.FRENCH
GUIANA
(See reference snap .
LAND
344 km' (Grenada and southern Grenadines); 44%
cultivated, 4% pastures, 12% forests, 17% unused but
potentially productive, 23% built on, wasteland, other
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July 1979 SECRET
GRENADA/GUADELOUPE
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 121 km
PEOPLE
Population: 107,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.4% (4-70 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun?Grenadian(s); adjective?Grenadian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African-Negro descent
Religion: Church of England; other Protestant sects;
Roman Catholic
Language: English; some French patois
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 27,314 (1960); 40% agriculture, 30%
unemployed or underemployed
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Grenada
Type: independent state since February 1974, recognizes
Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. Georges
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law;
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 February
Branches: following the 13 March 1979 coup, led by New
Jewel Movement leader Maurice Bishop, constitution sus-
pended on 25 March 1979 and replaced by People's Laws; 3-
man electoral commission appointed; elections unscheduled
Government leaders: Prime Minister Maurice Bishop;
U.K. Governor General Paul Scoon
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: formerly every 5 years; most recent general
election 7 December 1976
Political parties and leaders: New Jewel Movement
(NJM), Maurice Bishop; United People's Party (UPP),
Winston Whyte; Grenada National Party (GNP), Herbert A.
Blaize; Grenada United Labor Party (GULP)
Voting strength (1976 election): GULP 51.7%, Opposition
Coalition, 48.3%; Legislative Council seats, GULP 9,
Opposition Coalition, 6 (NJM 3, UPP 1, GNP 1, unaffilated
1)
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM, G-77, IMF, OAS, SELA, U.N.
ECONOMY
GDP: $54 million (in current prices, 1977), $500 per
capita; real growth rate 1977, 5.8%
Agriculture: main crops?spices, cocoa, bananas
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1977); 25 million
kWh produced (1977), 230 kWh per capita
Exports: $13 million (f.o.b., 1977); nutmeg, cocoa beans,
bananas, mace
Imports: $32 million (c.i.f., 1977); food, machinery,
building materials
SECRET
Major trade partners: exports-33% U.K., 19% West
Germany, 13% Netherlands; imports-27% West Indies,
27% U.K., 9% U.S. (1976)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-76), from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $37.5 million;
from OPEC, $1.2 million; no military aid.
Budget: (est. 1978) revenues, $18 million; expenditures,
$28 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars=
US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km
otherwise improved; 100 km Unimproved
Ports: 1 major (St. Georges), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runways, 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: automatic, islandwide telephone
system with 5,100 telephones (4.5 per 100 popl.); VHF and
UHF links to Trinidad and Carriacou; 3 AM stations
GUADELOUPE
DOMINICAN
EPUBLIC
Caribbean Sea
PUERTO
RICO
GUADECOUPE
VENEZUELA
_
(See reference map II)
LAND
1,779 km2; 24% cropland, 9% pasture, 4% potential
cropland, 16% forest, 47% wasteland, built on; area consists
of two islands
95
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SECRET
GUADELOUPE
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 306 km
PEOPLE
Population: 318,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.1% (10-67 to 1-78)
Nationality: noun?Guadeloupian(s); adjective?Guade-
loupe
Ethnic divisions: 90% Negro or Mulatto, less than 5% East
Indian, Lebanese, Chinese, 5% Caucasian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan
African
Language: French, creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 120,000; 25% agriculture, 25% unemployed
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Department of Guadeloupe
Type: overseas department and region of France;
represented by 3 deputies in the French National Assembly
and 2 Senators in the Senate; last deputy election, 12 March
1978
Capital: Basse-Terre
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34 communes,
each with a locally elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court
of appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction over
Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by Paris; legisla-
tive, popularly elected General Council of 36 members and
a Regional Council composed of members of the local
General Council and the locally elected deputies and
senators to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdic-
tion of French judicial system
Government leader: Prefect Jean Claude Aurousseau
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections are held normally
every 5 years; last General Council election took place in
March 1978
Political parties and leaders: Rassemblement Pour la
Republique (RPR), Gabriel Lisette; Communist Party of
Guadeloupe (PCG), Henri Bangou; Socialist Party (MSG),
leader unknown; Progressive Party of Guadeloupe (PPG),
Henri Rodes; Independent Republicans; Federation of the
Left
Voting strength: MSG, 1 seat in French National
Assembly; UDG, 2 seats; (1973 election)
Communists: 3,000 est.
Other political or pressure groups: Group of National
Organization of Guadeloupe (GONG)
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July 1979
ECONOMY
GDP: $470 million (1975), $1,340 per capita; real growth
rate (1975) 1.4%
Agriculture: main crops, sugarcane and bananas
Major industries: agricultural processing, sugar milling
and rum distillation
Electric power: 50,000 kW capacity (1977); 200 million
kWh produced (1977), 610 kWh per capita
Exports: $90 million (f.o.b., 1976); sugar, fruits and
vegetables, bananas
Imports: $309 million (c.i.f., 1976); foodstuffs, clothing
and other consumer goods, raw materials and supplies, and
petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-71% France, 17% U.S.,
7% Germany, 5% other; imports-70% France, 9% U.S., 3%
Germany, 3% Netherlands Antilles, 3% Netherlands, 12%
other (1968)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(FY70-76), from Western (non-US) countries, $1.2 billion; no
military aid
Monetary conversion rate: 4.75 French francs=US$1
(1976)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gage plantation lines
Highways: 3,500 km total; 2,200 km paved, 1,300 km
gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport .aircraft (leased in)
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable, 8 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate;
26,800 telephones (7.9 per 100 popl.); interisland VHF radio
links; 2 AM and 3 TV transmitters
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, included with France
Defense is responsibility of France;
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July 1979
GUATEMALA
GUATEMALA
Gulf of
Mexico
MEXICO
GUA
BE
Caribbean
Sea
Guatem
Pacific Ocean
EL
SALVADOR
(See feference map III
LAND
108,880 km2; 14% cultivated, 10% pasture, 57% forest,
19% other
Land boundaries: 1,625 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 400 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,817,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Guatemalan(s); adjective?Guatema-
lan
Ethnic divisions: 41.4% Indian, 58.6% Ladino (mestizo
and westernized Indian)
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks
an Indian language as a primary tongue
Literacy: about 30%
Labor force (1974): 1.8 million; 52.5% agriculture, 10.1%
manufacturing, 21.7% services, 7.9% commerce, 3.9%
construction, 2.1% transport, 0.7% mining, 1.2% electrical,
0.8% other. Unemployment estimates vary from 3% to 25%
Organized labor: 6.4% of labor force (1975)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Guatemala
Type: republic
Capital: Guatemala
Political subdivisions: 22 departments
Legal system: civil law system; constitution came into
effect 1966; judicial review of legislative acts; legal
education at University of San Carlos of Guatemala; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
SECRET
SECRET
Branches: traditionally dominant executive; elected uni-
cameral legislature; 7-member (minimum) Supreme Court
Government leader: President Maj. Gen. Fernando
Romeo LUCAS Garcia
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory for literates,
optional for illiterates
Elections: next elections (President and Congress) 1982
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Institutional
Party (PID), Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz; Revolutionary Party
(PR), Jorge Garcia-Granados Quinonez (secretary general);
National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval
Alarcon; Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party (DCG),
Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo (sec. gen.); Rene de Leon Schlotter
(honorary President and party strongman); several unregis-
tered parties
Voting strength: (1978) for President?PID/PR, 269,973
(42.3%); MLN, 211,393 (33.1%), DCG, 156,730 (24.6%); for
congressional seats?PID/PR, 34 seats; MLN, 20 seats; DCG,
7 seats
Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT) outlawed;
underground membership estimated at 750
Other political or pressure groups: several personalist
political associations seeking registration as parties
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, ISO,
ITU, IWC?International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA,
SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $6.6 billion (1978 est.), $880 per capita; 77% private
consumption, 6% government consumption, 19% domestic
investment (1977), ? 2% net foreign balance (1976); average
annual real growth rate (1971-78), 5.7%
Agriculture: main products?coffee, cotton, corn, beans,
sugarcane, bananas, livestock; caloric intake, 2,200 calories
Per day per capita (1967)
Fishing: catch 3,653 metric tons (1976); exports $2.6
million (1973), imports $0.7 million (1973)
Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing,
furniture, chemicals, nonmetallic minerals, metals
Electric power: 365,000 kW capacity (1977); 15 billion
kWh produced (1977), 240 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,160 million (f.o.b., 1978); coffee, cotton,
sugar, bananas, meat
Imports: $1,258 million (f.o.b., 1978); manufactured
products, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals,
fuels
Major trade partners: exports (1974)-34% U.S., 28%
CACM, 11% West Germany, 5% Japan; imports (1976)-
31% U.S., 13% CACM, 12% Venezuela, 9% Japan, 8% West
Germany
Aid: economic?from U.S. (FY46-76), $129 million loans,
$236 million grants; from international organizations
(FY46-75), $246 million; from other Western countries
(1960-71), $12.3 million; military?assistance from U.S.
(FY46-75), $41 million
97
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SECRET
GUATEMALA/GUINEA
Central government budget (1978 est.): expenditures,
$943 million; revenues, $943 million
Monetary conversion. rate: 1 quetzal =US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS ,
Railroads: 947 km, 0.914-meter gage, single-tracked; 832
km government-owned, 115 kin privately owned
Highways: 25,500 km total; 2,750 km paved, 11,350 km
gravel, and 11,400 km earth
Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year-round; addi-
tional 730 km navigable during high-water season
Pipelines: crude oil, 48 km
Ports: 2 major (Puerto Barrios, Santo Tomas de Castilla), 3
minor
Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 9,232 GRT, 13,487 DWT
Airfields: 499 total, 497 usable; 7 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: ? modern telecom facilities limited
to Guatemala City; 58,500 telephones (0.9 per 100 popl.); 97
AM, 20 FM, and 5 TV stations; connection into Central
American microwave net
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,574,000; 1,025,000 fit
for military service; about 74,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Supply: current supplies from Western Europe; substan-
tial quantities of army materiel obtained from U.S. and
recently from Israel and the Republic of Korea
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $62 million; 5.9% of central government
budget
98
July 1979
GUINEA
GUINEA
BISSAU
SENEGAL
Conakfy
GUINEA
SIERRA
LEONE
LIBERIA
Atlantic Ocean
MALI
IVORY
COAST
(See lemma map VI)
LAND
246,050 km', 3% cropland, 10% forest
Land boundaries: 3,476 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 130 nm
Coastline: 346 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,276,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.8% (current)
Nationality: noun?Guinean(s); adjective?Guinean
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (3 major tribes?Fulani,
Malinke, Susu; and 15 smaller tribes)
Religion: 75% Muslim, 25% animist, Christian, less than
1%
Language: French official; each tribe has own language
Literacy: 5% to 10%; French only significant written
language
Labor force: 1.8 million, of whom less than 10% are wage
earners; most of population engages in subsistence agricul-
ture
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage labor force'
loosely affiliated with the National Confederation of
Guinean Workers, which is closely tied to the PDG.
GOVERNMENT
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Legal name: People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea ILLEGIB
Type: republic; under one-party presidential regime
Capital: Conakry
Political subdivisions: 29 administrative regions, 209
arrondissements, about 8,000 local entities at village level
Legal system: based on French civil law system,
customary law, and presidential decree; constitution adopted
1958; no constitutional provision for judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 2 October
SECRET
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SECRET
July 1979
GUINEA/GUINEA-BISSAU
Branches: executive branch dominant, with power
concentrated in President's hands and a small group who are
both ministers and members of the party's politburo;
unicameral National Assembly and judiciary have little
independence
Government leader: President Ahmed Sekou Toure, who
has been designated -The Supreme Leader of the
Revolution"
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: approximate schedule-5 years parliamentary,
latest in 1975; 7 years presidential, latest in 1975
Political parties and leaders: only party is Democratic
Party of Guinea (PDG), headed by Sekou Toure
Communists: no Communist party, although there are
some sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, Niger River
Commission, NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.1 billion (1977 est.), $240 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops?coffee, bananas, palm products,
peanuts, and pineapples; staple food crops?cassava, rice,
millet, corn, sweet potatoes; livestock raised in some areas
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina, light manu-
facturing and processing industries
Electric power: 101,500 kW capacity (1977); 500 million
kWh produced (1977), 110 kWh per capita
Exports: $330 million (f.o.b., 1977 est.); bauxite, alumina,
coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels
Imports: $280 million (f.o.b., 1977 est.); petroleum
products, metals, machinery and transport equipment,
foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: Communist countries, Western
Europe (including France), U.S.
Aid: Communist countries (1970-76), $100.5 million;
OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $81.7 million; U.S. (1970-77), $61.4
million; other Western countries (1970-77), $70 million;
military?Communist countries (1970-76), $55.0 milliorf
Budget: (FY77 est.) current revenue $238 million, current
expenditures $176 million
Monetary conversion rate: 20.3 syli= US$1 floating (end
1978)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 805 km; 662 km meter gage (1.000 m), 143 km
standard gage (1.435 m)
Highways: 7,604 km total; 4,949 km paved, remainder
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,795 km; 500 km navigable by small
oceangoing vessels, 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft
native craft
Ports: 1 major (Conakry), 3 minor
SECRET
Merchant marine: 1 bulk totaling 10,800 GRT, 15,300
DWT
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 18 total, 17 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: inadequate system of openwire
lines, small radiocommunication stations, and 1 small
radio-relay link; principal center Conakry, secondary center
Kankan; 8,300 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station,
no FM, and no TV stations; radio-relay net and satellite
station under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,358,000; 682,000 fit
for military service
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Supply: dependent primarily on Communist countries,
mainly U.S.S.R.: naval boats from China
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September
1970 (latest information available), $6,073,000; 8.0% of
central government budget
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GUINEA-BISSAU
(formerly Portuguese Guinea)
LAND
36,260 km' (includes Bijagos archipelago)
Land boundaries: 740 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 150 nm (fishing
200 nm)
Coastline: 274 km
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SECRET July 1979
GUINEA-BISSAU
Atlantic Ocean
(See reference map VI)
PEOPLE
Population: 634,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Guinean(s); adjective?Guinean
Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (13alanta 30%, Fulani
20%, Mandyako 14%, Malinke 13%, and 23% other tribes);
less than 1% European and mulatto
Religion: 66% animist, 30% Muslim, 4% Christian
Language: Portuguese and numerous African languages
Literacy: 3% to 5%
Labor . force: 90% of economically active population
engaged in subsistence agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Guinea-I3issau
Type: republic; achieved independence from Portugal in
September 1974; constitution promulgated 1974
Capital: Bissau
Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities, 3 circumscrip-
tions (predominantly indigenous population)
Legal system: to be determined
National holiday: 12 September
Branches: National Popular Assembly to be elected for
three-year term; Council of State Commissars, 16 members;
the official party is the supreme political institution.
Government leaders: President of Council of State and
Chief of State is Luis de Almeida Cabral; Principal
Commissioner (Head of Government), Maj. Joao Bernardo
Vieira; Secretary General of the Official party, Aristides
Pereira
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders: Partido Africano da
Independencia da Guinee e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), led by
Aristide Pereira. only legal party
Communists: a few Communists, some sympathizers
Member of: G-77, NAM, OAU, U.N., UPU
100
ECONOMY
GDP: $174 million (est. 1978), $278 per capita
Agriculture: main crops?palm oil, root crops, rice,
coconuts, peanuts
Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity (1977); 17 million
kWh produced (1977), 30 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.5 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); principally
peanuts, coconuts, shrimp, fish, wood
Imports: $43.9 million (c.i.f., 1978 est.); foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, transport equipment
Major trade partners: mostly Portugal, also immediate
neighbors
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$85 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $32.7 million;
OPEC (ODA) (1973-76), $1.6 million; U.S. (1970-77), $3.6
million; military?Communist countries (1975-76), $11.0
million
Budget: (1978 est.) revenue $12.8 million, expenditure
$29.3 millinn; deficit $43.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: using Portuguese currency;
40.643 escudos=US$1 (November 1977)
Fiscal year: probably is the calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 3,218 km (418 km bituminous,
remainder earth)
Inland waterways: scattered stretches
Ports: 1 major (Bissau), 2 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 60 total, 59 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited system of open-wire lines
and radiocommunication stations; 2,700 telephones (0.5 per
100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 147,000; 82,000 fit for
military service
Supply: dependent on outside sources,
U.S.S.R.
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July 1979
GUINEA-BISSAU/GUYANA
GUYANA
Caribbean
Sea
Atlantic
Ocean
Georgetown
FRENCH
IANA
BRAZIL
(See reference amp III)
LAND
214,970 km'; 1% cropland, 3% pasture, 8% savanna, 66%
forested, 22% water, urban, and waste
Land boundaries: 2,575 km
NVATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
tun)
Coastline: 459 km
PEOPLE
Population: 824,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Guyanese (sing., pl.); adjective?
Guyanese
Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indians, 43% Negro and
Negro mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% white and Chinese
Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1%
other
Language: English
Literacy: 86%
Labor force: 242,000 (1975); 29% agriculture, 31%
manufacturing/mining, 40% services; 21% unemployed
Organized labor: 34% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Cooperative Republic of Guyana
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Georgetown
Political- subdivisions: 9 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law with certain
admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
SECRET
SECRET
National holiday: 23 February
Branches: Council of Ministers presided over by Prime
Minister; 53-member unicameral legislative National Assem-
bly (elected); Supreme Court
Government leader: Prime Minister L. F. S. Burnham;
President Arthur Chung
Suffrage: universal over age 18 as of constitutional
amendment August 1973
Elections: last held in July 1973; results of government
sponsored referendum, held 10 July 1978, postponed
required elections and empowered ruling party to draft a
new constitution
Political parties and leaders: People's National Congress
(PNC), L. F. S. Burnham; People's Progressive Party (PPP),
Cheddi Jagan; United Force (UF), Feilden Singh
Voting strength (1973 election): 70.2% PNC, 26.2% PPP,
3.6% other
Communists: est. 100 hard-core within PPP; top echelons
of P1313 and PYO (Progressive Youth Organization, militant
wing of the PPP) include many Communists, but rank and
file is conservative and non-Communist; small but unknown
number of orthodox Marxist-Leninists within PNC, some of
whom are PPP turncoats
Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union
Congress (TUC); Working People's Alliance (WPA); Work-
ing People's Vanguard Party (WPVP); Guyana Council of
Indian Organizations (GC10); Civil Liberties Action Com-
mittee (CLAC); the latter two organizations are small and
active but not well organized
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM,
OAS (observer), SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $418 million (1977), $510 per capita; real growth
rate 1977, ?6.2%
Agriculture: main crops?sugarcane, rice, other food
crops; food shortages?wheat flour, cooking oil, processed
meat, dairy products
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina production,
sugar and rice milling, timber
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1977); 370 million
kWh produced (1977), 450 kWh per capita
Exports: $258 million (f.o.b., 1977); bauxite, sugar,
alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, diamonds, rum
Imports: $314 million (c.i.f., 1977); manufactures, ma-
chinery, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-31% U.K., 19% U.S., 16%
CARICOM, 5% Canada; imports-26% U.S., 21% U.K., 26%
CARICOM, 4% Canada (1977)
Aid i economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(FY70-76), from U.S., $36.7 million; from other Western
countries, $63.9 million; from OPEC, $15 million; from
Communist countries (1970-77), $66 million; no military aid
101
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GUYANA/HAITI
Budget: revenue, $189 million; ,expenditure, $252 million
(1978)
Monetary conversion rate: floating with US dollar, 1
US$=G$2.55
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 109 km total, all single track; 80 km 0.914-
meter gage, 29 krr.i 1.067-meter gage
Highways: 5,700 km total; 550 km paved, 1,850 km
gravel, and 3,300 km earth
Inland waterways: 5,900 km; Demerara River navigable
to Mackenzie by ocean steamers, others by ferryboats, small
craft only
Ports: I major (Georgetown), 3 minor
Merchant marine: 1 bulk (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
3,000 GRT, 3,100 DWT
. Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 94 total, 87 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed telecom system
with radio-relay network and over 22,500 telephones (2.6
per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; 5 AM, 1
FM and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 196,000; 149,000 fit for
military service
Supply: mostly U.K., some U.S. equipment
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $17.5 million; 6.9% of central government budget
HAITI
LAND
27,713 km2; 31% cultivated, 18% rough pastures, 7%
forested, 44% unproductive
Land boundary: 361 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 1,771 km
102
July 1979
JAMAICA
HAITL
ort-eu?
Prince
Atlantic Ocean
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
Caribbean Sea
PUERTO
(=RICO
(See reference map II)
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PEOPLE
Population: 5,666,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Haitian(s); adjective?Haitian .
Ethnic divisions: over 90% Negro, nearly 10% mulatto,
few whites
Religion: 10% Protestant, 75% to 80% Roman Catholic (of
which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo)
Language: French (official) spoken by only 10% of
population; all speak Creole
Literacy: 10% to 12%
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Labor force: 2.3 million (est. 1975); 79% agriculture, 14%
services, 7% industry, 5% unemployed; shortage of skilled
labor; unskilled labor abundant
Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Haiti
Type: republic under the 14-year dictatorship of Francois
Duvalier who was succeeded upon his death on 21 April
1971 ,by his son, Jean-Claude
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Political subdivisions: 5 departments (despite constitu-
tional provision for 9)
Legal system: based on Roman civil law system;
constitution adopted 1964 and amended 1971; legal educa-
tion at State University in Port-au-Prince and private law
colleges in Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes, Gonaives, and Jeremie;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January
Branches: lifetime President, unicameral 58-member
legislature of very limited powers, judiciary appointed by
President
Government leader: President-for-life, Jean-Claude
Duvalier
Suffrage: universal over age 18
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July 1979
HAITI/HONDURAS
Elections: constitution as amended in 1971 provides for
lifetime president to be designated by his predecessor and
ratified by electorate in plebiscite; legislative elections,
which are held every 6 years, last held February 1979
? Political parties: National Unity Party, only legal party;
United Haitian Communist Party (PUCH), illegal (Com-
munist)
Voting strength (1973 legislative elections): 100%. Na-
tional Unity Party (Duvalier)
Communists: strength unknown; party leaders believed in
exile
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA,
11311D, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.1 billion (1977), $230 per capita; real growth rate
1977, 1.9%
Agriculture: main crops?coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn,
sorghum, pulses; caloric intake, 1,850 calories per day per
capita
Major industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling,
cement' manufacturing, bauxite mining, tourism, light
assembly industries
Electric power: 90,000 kW capacity (1978); 200 million
kWh produced (1978), 40 kWh per capita
Exports: $143 million (f.o.b., 1977); coffee, light industrial
products, bauxite, sugar, essential oils, ?sisal
Imports: $245 million (f.o.b., 1977); consumer durables,
foodstuffs, industrial equipment, petroleum products, con-
struction materials
Major trade partners: exports-77% U.S.; imports-51%
U.S. (1977)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(FY70-76) from U.S., $77.2 million; from other Western
countries, $51.7 million; military?U.S., $0.1 million
Budget: (1978/79 est.) revenue, $140 million; expendi-
ture, $257 million
Monetary conversion rate: 5 gourdes=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 80 km narrow gage (0.760 m), single-track,
privately owned industrial line; 8 km dual-gage 0.760- to
I.065-meter gage, government line, dismantled
Highways: 3,200 km total; 600 km paved, 950 km
otherwise improved, 1,650 km unimproved
Inland waterways: negligible; about 100 km navigable
Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince, Cap Haitien), 12 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 12 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
SECRET
SECRET
Telecommunications: all domestic facilities inadequate,
international facilities slightly better; telephone expansion
program underway; 17,800 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 40
AM, 5 FM, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,238,000; 666,000 fit
for military service; about 62,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Supply: current supplies from U.S. commercial sources,
and from Israel; sources in the past have included Belgium,
Czechoslovakia, Italy, Jordan, Nicaraga, Yugoslavia, and
primarily the U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September
1979, $13.8 million; about 5.2% of central government
budget
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HONDURAS
Caribbean
Sea'
Pacific Ocean
(See reference map ill
LAND
112,150 km2; 27% forested, 30% pasture, 36% waste and
built-up, 7% cropland
Land boundaries: 1,530 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 820 km
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HONDURAS
PEOPLE
Population: 3,639,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Honduran(s); adjective?Honduran
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo, 7% Indian, 2% Negro, and
1% white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 47% of persons 10 years of age and over (est.
1970)
Labor force: apprOx. 900,000 (est. mid-1972); 66%
agriculture, 12% services, 8% manufacturing, 5% commerce,
6% unemployed, 3% unspecified
Organized labor: -N; to 10% of labor force (mid-1972)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Honduras
Type: republic
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Political subdivisions: 18 departments
Legal system: based on Roman and Spanish civil law;
some influence of English common law; constitution adopted
1965; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court;
legal education at University of Honduras in Tegucigalpa;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
Branches: constitution provides for elected President,
unicameral legislature, and national judicial branch
Government leader: Chief of State Brig. Gen. Policarpo
PAZ Garcia dominates a three-man junta
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: government leaders have indicated an inten-
tion to hold elections in 1980
Political parties and leaders: while denied an institution-
al role in government since the 4 December 1972 military
takeover, the political parties were allowed to hold internal
elections, issue public declarations, and continue their
organizational activities; with the scheduling of elections the
parties are expected to become more active; . . .beginning
the process of refurbishing: Liberal Party (PLH), Modesto
Rodas Alvarado, Carlos Roberto Reina Idiaguez, Jorge Bueso
Arias; National Party (PNH), Alejandro Lopez Cantarero,
Ricardo Zuniga Augustinus; Mario Rivera Lopez, Martin
Aquero; Popular Progressive Party (PPP) (uninscribed),
Gonzalo Carias Castillo; National Innovation and Unity
Party (PINU), Miguel Andonie Fernandez; Honduran
Christian Democratic Party (PDCH) (uninscribed), Hernan
Corrales Padilla; Workers Party of Honduras (PTH)
(Communist) (uninscribed), Rogue Ochoa; Communist Party
of Honduras/Soviet (PCH/S) (outlawed), Dionisio Ramos
Bejarano; Communist Party of Honduras/China (PCH/C)
(outlawed), Agapito Robledo Castro
Voting strength (1971 elections): National Party (PNH)
306,028; Liberal Party (PLH) 276,777
104
July 1979
Communists: about 650; 500 sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: National Association
of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH); Council of Honduran
Private Enterprise (COHEP); Confederation of Honduran
Workers (CTH)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, GAS,
U.N., UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,704 million (1978), $480 per capita; 67% private
consumption, 14% government consumption, 27% domestic
investment; ?8% net foreign balance (1978); real growth
rate, average 1971-75, 2.6%; real growth rate 1978, 8%
Agriculture: main crops?bananas, coffee, corn, beans,
cotton, sugarcane, tobacco; caloric intake, 2,200 calories per
day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 3,262 metric tons (1976); exports est. $0.8
million (1976); imports $0.8 million (1974)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, cloth-
ing, wood products
Electric power: 172,500 kW capacity (1977); 450 million
kWh produced (1977), 155 kWh per capita
Exports: $616 million (f.o.b., 1978); bananas, coffee,
lumber, meat, petroleum products
Imports: $704 million (f.o.b. 1978); manufactured prod-
ucts, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals,
petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-50% U.S., 9% CACM,
18% West Germany (1977); imports-43% U.S., 6% Venezu-
ela, 12% CACM, 11% Japan, 4% West Germany (1977)
Aid: economic?extensions from U.S. (FY46-76), $122
million loans, $96 million grants; from international
organizations (FY46-73), $291 million; from other Western
countries (1960-73), $7.0 million; military?assistance from
U.S. (FY46-75), $20 million
Budget (1978): expenditures, $365 million, revenues $286
million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 574 km total; 325 km 1.067-meter gage, 249
km 0.914-meter gage
Highways: 7,300 km total; 1,450 km paved, 4,150 km
otherwise improved, 1,700 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,200 km navigable by small craft
Ports: 3 major (Puerto Cortes, La Ceiba, Tela), 9 minor
Merchant marine: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
133,190 GRT, 150,249 DWT; a flag of convenience registry;
includes 19 cargo, 1 tanker
Civil air: 16 major transport
Airfields: 230 total, 226 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
aircraft
SECRET ?
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HONDURAS/HONG KONG
Telecommunications: improved, but still inadequate;
connection into Central American microwave net;. 19,500
telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 104 AM, 12 FM, and 6 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 780,000; 464,000 fit for
military service; about 37,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Supply: equipment
Western Europe
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, $31.4 million; about 7.5% of central
government budget (includes the armed forces and other
military)
procured
from U.S.,
Israel and
HONG KONG
(See reference map VIII
LAND
1,036 km2; 14% arable, 10% forested, 76% other (mainly
grass, shrub, steep hill country)
Land boundaries: 24 km
SECRET
Declassified
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 733 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,693,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.9% (7-71 to 7-78)
Nationality: adjective?Hong Kong
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
Religion: 10% Christian, 90% eclectic mixture
religions
Language: Chinese, English
Literacy: 75%
Labor force (1976 Census): 1.87 million; 45.3% manufac-
turing, 18.6% services, 6.0% construction, mining, quarrying
and utilities, 19.4% commerce, 2.6% agriculture, forestry,
fisheries, and hunting, 7.3% communications, 0.7% other;
underemployment is a serious problem
Organized labor: 21% of 1976 labor
of local 25X1
force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Hong Kong
Type: U.K. crown colony
Capital: None
Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon, and New
Territories
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Executive
Council; he legislates with advice and consent of Legislative
Council; Urban Council which alone includes elected
representatives, responsible for health, recreation, and
resettlement; independent judiciary
Government leader: Sir C. M. MacLehose, Governor and
Commander in Chief
Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 professional or
skilled persons
Elections: every 2 years to select- one-half of elected
membership of Urban Council; other Urban Council
members appointed by the Governor
Political parties: Civic Association; Reform Club; Socialist
Democratic Party; Hong Kong Labour Party
Voting strength: (elected Urban Council members) Civic
Association 4, Reform Club 3, and 1 independent
Communists: an estimated 2,000 cadres affiliated with
Communist Party of China
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Trade
Unions (Communist controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon
Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese dominated),
Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese
General Chamber of Commerce (Communist controlled),
Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufactur-
ers) Association of Hong Kong
Member of: ADB
105
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July 1979
HONG KONG/HUNGARY
ECONOMY
GDP: $11.8 billion ( 1977, in 1977 prices), $2,620 per
capita (est.); average real growth 4.8% (1970-75)
Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor position in the
economy; main products?rice, vegetables, dairy products;
less than 20% self-sufficient; food shortages?rice, wheat
Major industries: textiles and clothing, tourism, plastics,
electronics, light metal products, food processing
Shortages: industrial raw materials, water, food
Electric power: 3,350,000 kW capacity (1978); 9,000
million kWh produced (1978), 1,950 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978), including $2.7 billion
reexports; principal products clothing, plastic articles,
textiles, electrical go ids, wigs, footwear, light metal
manufactures
Imports: $13.1 billion (c.i.f., 1977)
Major trade partners: (1977) exports-38.7% U.S., 10.5%
West Germany, 8.7% U.K.; imports-23.7% Japan, 16.6%
China, 12.5% U.S.
Budget: (77/78) $1.82 billion
Monetary conversion rate: HK$4.81=US$1 (December
1978)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March '
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 35 km standard gage (1.435 m); government
owned
Highways: 966 km total; 660 km paved, 306 km gravel
and crushed stone, or earth
Ports: .1 major
Merchant marine: 33 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling
510,126 GRT, 751,971 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 9 cargo,
5 tanker, 11 bulk, 7 container; ships registered in Hong Kong
fly the U.K. flag; an estimated 500 Hong Kong-owned ships
are registered elsewhere
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern facilities provide domestic
and international services; excellent broadcast coverage
provided by Wired and radio broadcast stations; closed-cir-
cuit TV and TV broadcast facilities; 1.1 million telephones;
2.5 million radio receivers; 100,000 wired-speakers; 3 FM, 2
AM stations; wired-broadcast network; 859,000 TV receiv-
ers, 2 TV stations, 2 closed-circuit TV networks; radio relay
link to Taiwan; 2 international communications satellite
ground stations; coaxial cable link to Canton; 5 submarine
cables; submarine cable to Japan and Philippines completed
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,294,000; 1,017,000 fit
for military service; about 57,000 reach military age (18)
annually
106
Defense is the responsibility of U.K.
HUNGARY
(See referents amp IV)
LAND
92,981 km2; 60% arable, 14% other agricultural, 16%
forested, 10% other
Land boundaries: 2,245 km
PEOPLE
Population: 10,735,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 0.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Hungarian(s); adjective?Hungarian
Ethnic divisions: 92.4% Magyar, 2.5% German, 3.3%
Gypsy, 0.7% Jews, 1.1% other.
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Calvinist, 5.0%
Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and other
Language: 98.2% Magyar, 1.8% other
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 5,230,000 (1977); 20% agriculture, 34%
industry and building, 46% other non-agriculture
SECRET
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July 1979
HUNGARY
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Hungarian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Budapest
Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties), 5 autono-
mous cities in county status, 97 jaras (districts)
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory, with
both civil law system (civil code of 1960) and common law
elements; constitution adopted 1949 amended 1972; Su-
preme Court renders decisions of principle that sometimes
have the effect of declaring legislative acts unconstitutional;
legal education at Lorand Eotvos Tudomanyegyetem School
of Law in Budapest and 2 other schools of law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Liberation, 4 April
Branches: executive?Presidential Council (elected by
Parliament); legislative?Parliament (elected by direct suf-
frage); judicial?Supreme Court (elected by Parliament)
Government leaders: Pal Losonczi, President, Presiden-
tial Council; Gyorgy Lazar, Chairman, Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; national and local elections are
held separately
Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Socialist (Com-
munist) Workers Party (sole party); Janos Kadar is First
Secretary of Central Committee
Voting strength (1975 election): 7,497,061 (99.6 %) for
Communist-approved candidates; 30,108 (0.4%) invalid and
negative votes; total eligible electorate about 7.76 million;
next elections will be held in 1980
Communists: about 754,000 party members (March 1975)
Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $32.0 billion in 1978 (at 1978 prices), $2,998 per
capita; 1977 growth rate, 2.6%
Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main crops?corn,
wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, wine grapes; caloric intake
3,185 calories per day per capita (1977)
Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engineering indus-
tries, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharma-
ceuticals)
Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite), copper, high
grade coal, forest products, crude oil
Crude steel: 3.88 million metric tons produced (1978),
363 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,900,000 kW capacity (1978); 25.5
billion kWh produced (1978), 2,835 kWh per capita
Exports: $8,833 million (f.o.b., 1978); 27% machinery,
18% industrial consumer goods, 30% raw materials and
semimanufactures, 22% food and raw materials for the food
industry, energy sources 3% (distribution for 1978)
SECRET
SECRET
Imports: $10,601 million (c.i.f., 1978); 22% machinery,
8% industrial consumer goods, 48% raw materials and semi-
manufactures; 9% food and raw materials for the food
industry, energy sources 13% (distribution for 1978)
Major trade partners: $19,434 million (1978); 67% with
Communist countries, 33% with non-Communist countries
Aid: U.S.S.R.?$338 million extended (1956-66), $10
million extended in 1967, $167 million extended in 1968; to
less developed non-Communist countries?$855 million
(1954-78)
Monetary conversion rate: 35.58 forints=US$1 (commer-
cial); 20.33 forints=US$1, noncommercial (January 1979)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
reported for calendar years
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 8,669 km total; 7,750 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 405 km narrow gage (mostly 0.760 m), 35 km
broad gage (1.524 m), 1,162 km double track, 1,303 km
electrified; government owned (1977)
Highways: 99,595 km total; 32,583 km concrete, asphalt,
stone block; 10,408 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone;
56,604 km earth (1977)
Inland waterways: 1,688 km (1977)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,287 km; refined products, 500 km;
natural gas, 2,896 km
Freight carried: rail-134.8 million metric tons, 24.1
billion metric ton/km (1977); highway-563.5 million
metric tons, 10.4 billion metric ton/km (1977); waterway?
est. 14.2 million metric tons, 8.3 billion metric ton/km (incl.
intl, transit traffic) in approximately 545 waterway craft
with 310,000 metric ton capacity (1977)
River ports: 2 principal (Budapest, Dunaujvaros); no
maritime ports; outlets are Rostock, GDR; and Gdansk,
Gdynia, and Szczecin in Poland; and Galati and Braila in
Romania (1978)
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft (1977)
Merchant marine: 23 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 78,200 GRT, 110,800 DWT
Airfields: 85 total; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 1
with runway 3,500 m or over, 15 with runways 2,500-3,499
m, 28 with runways 1,000-2,499 m, 41 with runways less
than 1,000 m, 23 heliports
Telecommunications: services meet most government
and industrial requirements, but local public telephone
service is inadequate; radio and TV broadcasts can be
received throughout most of the country; 11 AM, 4 FM
stations, more than 2.7 million receivers; 1 major and 10
relay TV stations, 2,200,000 TV receivers; 923,966 tele-
phones (80.3% automatic
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,627,000; 2,114,000 fit
for military service; about 65,000 reach military age (18)
annually
107
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HUNGARY/ICELAND
Supply: produces small arms, ammunition, explosives,
light artillery, an armored reconnaissance car, some trucks,
chemical warfare defensive materiel and small quantities of
agents, some types of electronic equipment; dependent upon
other Warsaw Pact countries, primarily the U.S.S.R., for
other military equipment including radar and missiles
Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, est. 149 billion forints; about 3.6% of total
budget
ICELAND
LAND
102,952 km2; arable negligible, 22% meadows
pastures, forested negligible, 78% other
and
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 4,988 km
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July 1979
GREENLAND
.0enniark Strait ICELAND
Reykjavik
Jan Mayen
? Island
Greenland
Sea Norwegian
Atlantic
Ocean
Sea
NO
(See 'defence map 11,)
PEOPLE
Population: 225,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.8% (12-77 to 12-78)
Nationality: noun?Icelander(s); adjective?Icelandic
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant
and Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation
Language: Icelandic
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 90,000; 9.0% agriculture; 5.4% fishing;. 8.0%
fish processing; 16.8% other manufacturing; 12.2% construc-
tion; 18.6% commerce, finance, and services; 6.3% transpor-
tation and communications; 23.7% other; unemployment
1977, 0.6%
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
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GOVERNMENT ?
Legal name: Republic of Iceland
Type: republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Political subdivisions: 23 rural districts, 215 parishes, 14
incorporated towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law;
constitution adopted 1944; legal education at University of
Iceland; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of
the Republic, 17 June
Branches: legislative authority -rests jointly with President
and parliament (Althing); executive power vested in
President but exercised by cabinet responsible to parliament;
Supreme Court and 29 lower courts
Government leaders: President Kristian Eldjarn; Prime
Minister Olafur Johannesson
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory
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Elections: parliamentary, last 25 June 1978, every 4 years;
presidential, every 4 years
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July 1979
ICELAND/INDIA
Political parties and leaders: Independence (conserva-
tive), Geir Hallgrimsson; Progressive, Steingrimur Her-
mannsson; Social Democratic, Benedikt Grondal; People's
Alliance (Communist front), Luduik Josefsson
Voting strength (1978 election): 32.7% Independence,
16.9% Progressive, 22.0% Social Democratic, 22.9% People's
Alliance, 5.5% other
Communists: est. 2,200; a number of sympathizers, as
indicated by 20,922 votes cast for People's Alliance in 1974
election
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free trade agreement
pending resolution of fishing limits issue), EFTA, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, II3RD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC?International Whaling
Commission, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,991 million (1978 est.), $8,928 per capita; 62.1%
consumption, 25.9% investment, 10.3% government, 1.9%
change in stocks; ?0.2% net foreign balance (1978); 1977
growth rate 4.8%, constant prices
Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, potatoes, turnips;
food shortages?grains, sugar, vegetable and other fibers;
caloric intake, 2,900 calories per day per capita (1964-66)
Fishing: landed 1,549,900 metric tons; exports $245.4
million (1978)
Major industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting,
diatomite production, hydro-electricity
Shortages: grain, fuel, wood, minerals, vegetable fibers
Electric power: 653,000 kW capacity (1977); 2.5 billion
kWh produced (1977), 11,210 kWh per capita
Exports: $649.4 million (f.o.b., 1978); fish and fish
products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite
Imports: $679.9 million (c.i.f., 1978); machinery and
transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: (1978) exports?EC 32%, U.S. 29%,
U.S.S.R: 4%; imports?EC 47%, U.S.S.R. 8%, U.S. 7%
Aid: economic authorizations: U.S., $10 million (FY70-76)
Budget: (1978, approved) expenditures $636 million,
revenues $657 million
Monetary conversion rate: 271.11 kronur=US$1 (1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and
concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated and gravel; 10,893
km earth
Ports: 4 major (Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Reykjavik,
Seydhisfjordhur), and about 50 minor
Merchant marine: 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
66,444 GRT, 102,576 DWT; includes 33 cargo, 1 bullr
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
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Airfields: 125 total, 101 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways
1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: adequate domestic service, wire
and radio communication system; 93,700 telephones (42.4
per 100 popl.); 17 AM, 14 FM, and 80 TV stations; 2 coaxial
submarine cables; 1 satellite station under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
'Military manpower: males 15-49, 53,000; 52,000 fit for
military service (Iceland has no conscription or compulsory
military service)
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INDIA
Indian Ocean
(See reference /770p
LAND
3,136,500 km' (includes Indian part of Jammu-Kashmir,
Sikkim, Goa, Damao and Diu); 50% arable, 5% permanent
meadows and pastures, 20% desert, waste, or urban, 22%
forested, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 12,700 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm; ,additional 100 nm is fisheries conservation zone,
December 1968; archipelago concept baselines); 200 rim
exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 7,000 km (includes offshore islands)
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INDIA
PEOPLE
Population: 669,785,000, including Sikkim and the
Indian-held part of disputed Jammu-Kashmir (July 1979),
average annual growth rate 2.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Indian(s); adjective?Indian
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3%
Mongoloid and other
Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 10.7% Muslim, 1.8% Sikh, 2.6%
Christian, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.7% other
Language: 24 languages spoken by a million or more
persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the
most part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national
language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; English
enjoys -associate" status but is the most important language
for national, political, and commercial communication;
Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken
widely throughout northern India
Literacy: males 39%; females 18%; both sexes 29% (1971
census)
Labor force: about 197 million; 70% agriculture, more
than 10% unemployed and underemployed; shortage of
skilled labor is significant and unemployment is rising
Organized labor: about 2.5% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi.
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 9 union territories
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
adopted 1950; limited judicial review of legislative acts;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the
Republic, 26 January
Branches: parliamentary government, national and state;
relatively independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Morarii Desai
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national and state elections ordinarily held
every 5 years; may be postponed in emergency and may be
held more frequently if government loses confidence vote;
next general election due by March 1982; next state elections
staggered in 1982 and 1983
Political parties and leaders: Indian National Congress,
controlled national government from independence to
March 1977, and split in January 1978; larger Congress
group is headed by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi;
the smaller -official" Congress Party is headed by Swaran
Singh as provisional president; Janata Party (a merger o15
pre-1977 election parties) led by Prime Minister Desai and
party president, Chandra Shekar; Communist Party of India
(CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao, general secretary; Communist
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July 197-9
Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Namboodiripad,
general secretary; Communist Party of India/Marxist-
Leninist (CPI/ML); Satyanarayan Singh, general secretary;
All-India-Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK), a
regional party in Tamil Nadu led by M. G. Ramachandran;
Akali Dal representing Sikh religious community in the
Punjab
Voting strength (1977 election): 43.17% Janata and CFD,
34.54% Congress, 4.30% CPI/M, 2.82% CPI, 15.17% regional
parties and others
Communists: 150,000 active members of CPI (est.),
100,000 active members of CPI/M (est.); Communist
extremist groups, 5,000 or less members
Other political or pressure groups: various separatist
groups seeking reorganization of states; numerous -senas" or
militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv Sena in
Bombay, the Anand Marg, and the Rashtriya Swayamserak
Sangh
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77 GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC?International
Wheat Council, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $91.1 billion (FY78 at current prices), $141 per
capita; real growth 7.2% in FY78
Agriculture: main crops?rice, other cereals, pulses,
oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, and coffee
Fishing: catch 2.5 million metric tons (FY78); exports
$145 million (FY75), imports $3.3 million (1974)
Major industries: textiles, food processing, steel, machin-
ery, transportation equipment, cement, jute manufactures
Crude steel: 9.83 million metric tons of ingots (CY77)
Electric power: 26,084,000 kW capacity (1978); 104.3
billion kWh produced (1978), 155 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.1 billion (f.o.b., FY78 est.); engineering goods,
textiles and clothing, tea
Imports: $6.3 billion (c.i.f., FY78 est.); machinery and
transport equipment, petroleum, edible oils, fertilizers
Major trade partners: U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R., Japan
Aid: economic?FY78 disbursements, $1.5 billion; (1970-
77) commitments: U.S.S.R., $670 million; Eastern Europe,
$105 million; OPEC bilateral, $1.6 billicu; U.S., $1,918
million; military?(1970-77) commitments: U.S.S.R., $1,886
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Budget: (FY79) central government receipts, $21.4 billion;
expenditures, $24.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 8.212 rupees=US$1 (January
1979)
Fiscal year: fiscal year ends 31 March of stated year
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INDIA/INDONESIA
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 61,313 km total (1977); 25,550 km meter gage
(1.00 m), 30,041 km broad gage (1.676 m), 4,476 km narrow
gage (0.762 m and 0.610 m), government owned; 46 km
meter gage (1.00 m), 855 km broad gage (1.676 m), 345 km
narrow gage (0.762 m and 0.610 m), privately owned; 12,304
km double track; 4,719 km electrified
Highways: 1,327,450 km total; 415,250 km paved,
190,600 km gravel or crushed stone, 304,900 km improved
earth, 416,700 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 14,300 km; 2,575 km navigable by
river steamers
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,767 km; refined products, 2,020
km; natural gas, 574 km
Ports: 9 major, 80 minor
Merchant marine: 366 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
5,617,461 GRT, 9,178,300 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 231
cargo, 28 tanker, 86 bulk, 18 combination ore/oil, 2
specialized carrier, 1 barge carrier
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 356 total, 339 usable; 190 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 54 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 120 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic telephone service
where available, good internal microwave links; telegraph
facilities widespread; AM broadcast adequate; international
radio communications adequate; 2.1 million telephones (0.3
per 100 popl.); about 163 AM stations at 80 locations, 9 TV
stations, 6 earth satellite stations; submarine cables extend to
Sri Lanka; 7 satellite stations under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 163,997,000;
96,778,000 fit for military service; about 7,744,000 reach
military age (17) annually
Supply: increasingly self-sufficient including manu-
facture/assembly of own small arms, artillery, ammunition,
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variety of aircraft, military electronics, and medium tanks;
frigates, craft and landing craft being built domestically;
U.S. and U.K. were principal foreign suppliers until 1965,
since then the U.S.S.R. has become the principal foreign
source,' medium tanks obtained from Czechoslovakia and
Poland, 4 medium landing ships from Poland, armored
personnel carriers and tank transports from Czechoslovakia
and the U.S.S.R.; small amounts of other army materiel from
Bulgaria and Yugoslavia; small arms, towed artillery, armor,
armor components, military electronics, and self-propelled
artillery from U.K.; licensed radar production with France
and to a lesser extent, Switzerland; produces MiG-21's under
license from U.S.S.R?majority of components domestically
produced; licensed production French helicopters;
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1979,
$3.7 billion; 16.6% of central government budget
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INDONESIA
LAND
1,906,240 km2; 12% small holdings and estates, 64%
forests, 24% inland water, waste, urban, and other
Land boundaries: 2,736 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): under an archi-
pelago theory, claim is 12 nm, measured seaward from
straight baselines connecting the outermost islands
Coastline: 54,716 km
PEOPLE
Population: 148,085,000, including East Timor and Irian
Jaya (July 1979), average annual growth rate 2.1% (current)
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INDONESIA
PHILIPPINES
Jakarta
er=z,
-1,,NDONESIA
Indian Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Nationality: noun?Indonesian(s); adjective?Indonesian
Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock comprising 45%
Javanese, 14% Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal
Malays, 26% other
Religion: 90% Muslim, 5% Christian, 3% Hindu, 2% other
Language: Indonesian (modified form of Malay) official;
English, and Dutch leading foreign languages
Literacy: 60% (est.); 72% in 6-16 age group
Labor force: 55 million; 64% agriculture, 12% trade, 7%
industry, 17% other
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Indonesia
Type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Political subdivisions: 27 first-level administrative subdi-
visions or provinces which are further subdivided into 282
second-level areas
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially
modified by indigenous concepts; constitution of 1945 is
legal basis of government; legal education at University of
Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August
Branches: executive headed by President who is chief of
state and head of cabinet; cabinet selected by President;
unicameral legislature (DPR, or parliament), of 460 mem-
bers (100 appointed, 360 elected); second and larger body
(MPR, or congress) of 920 members includes the legislature
and 460 other members (chosen by several processes, but not
directly elected) elects President and Vice President, and
theoretically determines national policy; judicial, Supreme
Court is highest court
Government leader: President, Gen. Suharto (reelected
by Congress, March 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married persons
regardless of age
112
Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-official
-party" based on functional groups), Amir Moertono;
Indonesia Democracy Party (federation of former Nation-
alist and Christian parties), Sanusi Hardjadinata; Unity
Development Party (federation of former Islamic parties),
Idham Chalid
Voting strength (1977 election): Golkar 232 seats,
Indonesia Democracy 29, Unity Development 99
Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was officially
banned in March 1966; current strength est. at 1,000, with
less than 10% engaged in organized activity; pre-October
1965 hard-core membership has been estimated at 1.5
million
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, CIPEC, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, OPEC, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $34 billion (1978), about $250 per capita; real
average annual growth (1973-78), 6.9%
Agriculture: subsistence food production, and smallholder
and plantation production for export; main crops?rice,
rubber, copra, other tropical products; food shortage?rice,
wheat
Fishing: catch 1.6 million tons (1977); exports $150
million (1977), imports $8 million (1977)
Major industries: petroleum, agricultural processing,
textiles, mining
Electric power: 4,423,000 kW capacity (1978); 11.9
billion kWh produced (1978), 85 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1978); petroleum ($6.9
billion; 508.million bbls), timber, rubber, coffee, tin", palm
oil, tea, copper
Imports: $7.1 billion (c.i.f., 1978); rice, wheat, textiles,
chemicals, iron and steel products, machinery, transport
equipment, consumer durables
Major trade partners: exports (1978)-39% Japan, 26%
U.S., 10% Singapore; imports-30% Japan, 13% U.S., 9%
West Germany
Aid: economic assistance commitments (1970-77); Com-
munist, $100 million; U.S., $1,811 million; other Western,
$4,562 million; military assistance (1970-77): Communist, $1
million; U.S., $234 million
Budget: (1979-80) expenditures, $11.1 billion; receipts,
$8.7 billion domestic, $2.4 billion foreign
Monetary conversion rate: 625 rupiah=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 7,843 km total (1977); 7,246 km 1.067-meter
gage, 505 km 0.750-meter gage, 92 km 0.600-meter gage;
211 km double track; 101 km electrified; government owned
Highways: 93,053 km total; 26,573 km paved, 41,521 km
gravel or crushed stone, 24,959 km improved or unimproved
earth
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INDONESIA/IRAN
Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java
and Madura 820 km, Borneo 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km,
and Irian Jaya 4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,591 km; refined products, 310 km;
natural gas, 518 km
Ports: 10 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 229 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
916,301 GRT, 1,247,000 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 182
cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 tanker, 22 bulk, 2
specialized carriers; in addition 1 naval tanker and 5 troop
transports, sometimes used commercially; only a small part
of the fleet is in international trade; in the domestic fleet, as
many as half of the ships are inoperable because of chronic
lack of spare parts and trained personnel, although a newly-
begun fleet modernization program should gradually change
this.
Civil air: approximately 130 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 388 total, 377 usable; 78 with permanent-
surface runways; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 67 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland microwave system and
HF police net; domestic service poor, international service
good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 314,000 telephones (0.2
per 100 popl.); 291 AM, 1 FM, and 13 TV stations; 1
international ground satellite station (1 Indian Ocean
antenna and 1 Pacific Ocean antenna), and 50 domestic
ground satellite stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 33,405,000; 19,093,000
fit for military service; about 1,617,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Supply: small Quantities of ammunition and small arms
produced as well as 1 light utility aircraft; from 1957-65,
Indonesia purchased most military equipment from Com-
munist countries, the majority after 1960 from the U.S.S.R.;
naval ships and equipment from a large variety of
Communist and non-Communist sources; surface-to-surface
naval missiles, air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface, and surface-
to-air from U.S.S.R.; antitank missiles from Switzerland and
France; recent purchases generally for cash; both purchases
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and grant-aid from non-Communist sources; most recent
naval purchases include 4 missile boats from South Korea, 3
corvettes from the Netherlands and 3 submarines from
Germany; F-5 fighters have been purchased from the U.S.
and air defense radar from France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1980,
$1.48 billion; about 13.0% of central government budget
IRAN
(See reference map VI
LAND
1,647,240 km2; 14% agricultural, 11% forested, 16%
cultivable with adequate irrigation, 51% desert, waste, or
urban, 8% migratory grazing and other
Land boundaries: 5,318 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing, 50
nm)
Coastline: 3,180 km, including islands, 676 km
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IR AN
PEOPLE
Population: 37,582,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Iranian(s); adjective?Iranian
Ethnic divisions: 63% ethnic Persians, 3% Kurds, 13%
other Iranian, 18% Turkic, 3% Arab and other Semitic, 1%
other
Religion: 93% Shia Muslim; 5% Sunni Muslim; 2%
Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians and Baha'is
Language: Persian (Farsi), Turkish dialects, Kurdish,
Arabic
Literacy: about 37% of those 7 years of age and older
(1976 est.)
Labor force: 10.1 million est. 1976; 36% agriculture, 21%
manufacturing; shortage of skilled labor substantial
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Islamic Republic of Iran
Type: republic
Capital: Tehran
Political subdivisions: 23 provinces, subdivided into
districts, sub-districts, counties, and villages
Legal system: based largely on French law, with elements
drawn from other continental systems; personal law based on
Islamic practice generally with residual traces of Roman
law; a new constitution is being prepared which will codify
Islamic principles of government
National holiday: not yet announced
Branches: Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolu-
tion, provides general guidance for the provisional govern-
ment; some courts from the old -regime- remain in
operation; legislature not yet constituted
Government leaders: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini;
Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan
Suffrage: undetermined
Elections: elections to endorse new constitution and select
new parliament are scheduled for the second half of 1979
Political parties and leaders: Islamic Republican Party,
Mohammad Beheshti; National Front, Karim Sanjabi;
National Democratic Front, Hedayatollah Matin-Daftari;
Tudeh Party, Nur-ed-Din Kianuri
Voting strength: not yet tested
Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hard-core, est.; 15,000 to
20,000 est. sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: People's Strugglers
and People's Fedayeen are armed political groups
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, I110, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU,
OPEC, RCD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $88.2 billion (1978), $2,450 per capita; 1978 real
GNP growth, 1.1%
114
Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets, cotton, dates,
raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep, and goats
Major industries: crude oil production (1,898 million bbls
in 1978) and refining, textiles, cement and other building
materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and
vegetable oil production), metal fabricating (steel and
copper)
Electric power: 6,300,000 kW capacity (1978); 20 billion
kWh produced (1978), 560 kWh per capita
Exports: $21.7 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 97% petroleum; also
carpets, raw cotton, fruits, and nuts, hide and leather items,
ores
Imports: $17.7 billion (f.o.b., 1978); machinery, iron and
steel products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electrical equip-
ment, agricultural products
Major trade partners: exports?Japan, U.S., West Ger-
many, Netherlands, Italy, U.K., Spain, France; imports?
U.S., West Germany, Japan, U.K., Italy
Aid: economic?(1970-76) Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$863.05 million; U.S., $1,019.9 million; Communist coun-
tries, $517.6 million; military?Communist
$1,182.0 million; U.S., $18.7 million
Budget: (FY78-79) $59.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 70.5 rials=US$1
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
countries,
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km standard gage (1.435
m), 92 km 1.676-meter gage
Highways: 81,800 km total; 36,000 km gravel and crushed
stone, 15,000 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 904 km, excluding the Caspian Sea,
104 km on the Shatt al Arab
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,072 km; refined products, 3,766
km; natural gas, 2,317 km
Ports: 7 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
1,043,797 GRT, 1,720,224 DWT; includes 43 cargo, 11
tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 1 beach landing cargo ship
(converted U.S. LCT)
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft, including 6 leased in
and 3 leased out
Airfields: 182 total, 161 usable; 68 with permanent-
surface runways; 13 with runways over 3,660 m, 17 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 68 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: advanced system with good service
for civil and military uses; system may be expected to
degrade as a result of political upheaval; Tehran principal
center and hub of critical links; 800,000 telephones (2.0 per
100 popl.); about 35 AM, 2 FM, and 65 TV stations; Atlantic
and Indian
Asadabad
Ocean satellite service from 1 station at
SECRET
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July 1979
IRAN /IRA()
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 8,077,000; 4,806,000 fit
for military service; about 361,000 reach military age (21)
an ?
Supply: produces small arms, 20mm cannons, rockets,
explosives, and various calibers of ammunition; bulk of
equipment from U.S., some antitank missiles from France,
some surface-to-air missiles and naval craft from U.K. and
West Germany, helicopters from Italy; since 1967 has
received significant quantities of armored vehicles, artillery
(including self-propelled AA guns), and transport vehicles
from the U.S.S.R.; has procured AA guns and associated
radar from Switzerland, tanks from U.K., and significant
quantities of other materiel from FRG France Italy
Canada, and Israel;
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20 March 1979,
$11.6 billion; 20% of central government budget
IRAQ
LAND ?
445,480 km'; 18% cultivated, 68% desert, waste, or urban, .
10% seasonal and other grazing land, 4% forest and
woodland
Land boundaries: 3,668 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 58 km
PEOPLE
? Population: 12,907,000 (July 1979), average
growth rate 3.4% (current)
SECRET
annual
SECRET
(See reference map VI
Nationality: noun?Iraqi(s); adjective?Iraqi
Ethnic divisions: 70.9% Arabs, 18.3% Kurds, 0.7%
Assyrians, 2.4% Turkomans, 7.7% other
Religion: 90% Muslim (50% Shia Muslim, 40% Sunni
Muslim), 8% Christian, 2% other
Language: Arabic, Kurdish minority speaks Kurdish
Literacy: 20% to 40%
Labor force: 2.4 million; 70% agriculture, 6.5% industry,
6.7% government, 16.8% other; rural underemployment
high, but not serious because low subsistence levels make it
easy to care for unemployed; severe shortage of technically
trained personnel
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT 25X1
Legal name: Republic of Iraq 25X1
Type: republic; National Front Government consisting of
Ba'th Party (13P1), Iraq Communist Party (CPI), and pro- 25X1
administration Kurds formed in July 1973; Communists play
nominal role in government
Capital: Baghdad
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces under centrally
appointed officials
? Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious
courts, civil law system elsewhere; provisional constitution
adopted in 1968; judicial review was suspended; legal
education at University of Baghdad; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 14 July
Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in power since
1968 coup
Government leaders: President Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr;
Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council
Saddam Husayn 'Abd-al-Majid al-Tikriti
Suffrage: no elective bodies exist
Elections: no national elections since overthrow of
monarchy in 1958
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SECRET
IRAO/IRELAND
Communists: Communist Party allowed token representa-
tion in cabinet; est. 2,000 hard-core members
Political or pressure groups: political parties banned,
possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected
members of the regime and army officers
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WF'TU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $21.4 billion (1978 est.), $1,701 per capita
Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, livestock
Major industry: crude petroleum (third largest producer
in Middle East); 2.4 million b/d (1977); petroleum revenues
for 1978, $10.8 billion
Electric power: 2,600,000 kW capacity (1978); 7.1 billion
kWh produced (1978), 560 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); net receipts from
oil, $10.8 billion; non-oil, $300 million est.
Imports: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); 26% from
Communist countries (1973)
Major trade partners: exports?France, Italy, Brazil,
Japan, Turkey, U.K., U.S.S.R., other Communist countries;
imports?West Germany, Japan, France, U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R.
and other Communist countries (1977)
Aid: economic?(1970-76) Communist countries, $719.9
million; U.S., $3.3 million; military?Communist countries,
$3,453.0 million
Budget: $15.8 billion (FY78), estimated
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Iraqi dinar=US$3.39 (end
of December 1977)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,700 km total; 1,123 km standard gage (1.435
m), 577 km meter gage (1.00 m); 16 km meter gage double
track
Highways: 20,791 km total; 6,490 km paved, 4,645 km
improved earth, 9,656 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab navigable by
maritime traffic for about 104 km; Tigris and Euphrates
navigable by shallow-draft steamers
Ports: 3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al Faw)
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,821 km; 585 km refined products;
1,360 km natural gas
Merchant marine: 36 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
1,201,845 GRT, 2,271,162 DWT; 13 cargo, 1 container, 21
tanker, 1 cargo training
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 78 total, 69 usable; 25 with permanent-surface
runways; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
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July 1979
Telecommunications: network consists of coaxial cables,
radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 320,000
telephones (2.8 per 100 pop!.); 9 AM, no FM and 10 TV
stations; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean and Indian
Ocean antennas; system expansion in process
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,881,000; 1,604,000 fit
for military service; about 140,000 reach military age (18)
annually
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Supply: produces some ammunition; dependent mainly on
U.S.S.R. and East European Communist countries for
combat materiel; some transport and electronic equipmen125X1
from Western Europe as well as COBRA antitank missiles
from West Germany and a patrol boat from the U.K.;
armored cars from France
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $1.7 billion; 11% of central government budget
25X1
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IRELAND
LAND
68,894 km2; 17% arable, 51% meadows and pastures, 3%
forested, 2% inland water, 27% waste and urban
Land boundaries: 360 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 1,448 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,267,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.1% (current)
SECRET
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July 1979
IRELAND
(See reference map IV)
Nationality: noun?Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.);
adjective?Irish
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Celts
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, c2% other
Language: English and Gaelic official; English is gen-
erally spoken
Literacy: 98%-99%
Labor force: about 1,128,000 (1978); 26% agriculture,
forestry, fishing; 19% manufacturing; 15% commerce; 7%
construction; 5% transportation; 4% government; 24% other;
9;0% unemployment (February 1979)
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)
Type: republic
Capital: Dublin
Political subdivisions: 26 Counties
Legal system: based on English common law, gubstan-
tially modified by indigenous concepts; constitution adopted
1937; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17 March
Branches: elected President; bicameral parliament re-
flecting proportional and vocational representation; judici-
ary appointed by President on advice of government
Government leaders: President Patrick Hillery; Prime
Minister (Taoiseach) John M. Lynch; Deputy Prime Minister
(Tanaiste) George Colley
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Dad (lower house) elected every 5 years?last
election June 1977; President elected for 7-year term?last
election November 1976
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, John (Jack)
Lynch; Labor Party, Frank Cluskey; Fine Gael, Garret
Fitzgerald; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan
SECRET
SECRET
Voting strength: (1977 election) Fianna Fail (84 seats),
Fine Gael (43 seats), Labor Party (17 seats), Independents
hold 4 seats
Communists: approximately 600
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EEC, ESRO
(observer), EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICES,
IDA, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
IWC?International Wheat Council, OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, . WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $12.0 billion (1978 est.), $3,717 per capita; 65.2%
consumption, 26.4% investment, 18.2% government, ?0.3%
inventories and net factor income; ?9.5% net foreign
demand
Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used for permanent
hay and pasture; main products?livestock and dairy
products, turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85%
self-sufficient; food shortages?grains, fruits, vegetables;
caloric intake 3,510 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 94,319 metric tons (1976); exports of fish
and fish products $37.3 million (1976), imports of fish and
fish products $15.7 million (1976)
Major industries: food products, brewing, textiles and
clothing, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, machinery and
transportation equipment
Shortages: coal, petroleum, timber and woodpulp, steel
and nonferrous metals, fertilizers, cereals and animal feeds,
textile fibers and textiles
Crude steel: 85,000 metrie tons produced in 1975, 30 kg
per capita
Electric power: 2,400,000 kW capacity (1978); 10 billion
kWh produced (1978), 3,085 kWh per capita
Exports: $6,381 million (f.o.b., 1977); live animals, meat,
dairy products, textiles, clothing, chemicals, machinery
Imports: $7,530 million (c.i.f., .1977); petroleum and
petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, cereals, textiles
Major trade partners: 73.1% EC (48.3% U.K.); 7.4% U.S.
(January-September 1978)
Aid: economic?EC Common Borrowing Facility, $300
million (1976)
Budget: (1979 projected) 2,675 million pounds expendi-
tures, 2,467 million pounds revenues, 208 million pounds
deficit, public sector borrowing requirement 779 million
pounds
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Irish pound =US$1.9190
(1978 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year.
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,009 km 1.600-meter gage; 1,894 km govern-
ment-owned; 115 km privately-owned
Highways: 88,302 km total; 78,616 km surfaced, 9,686
km earth
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SECRET
IRELAND/ISRAEL
Inland waterways: approximately 1,000 km
Ports: 6 major, 38 minor
Merchant marine: 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
183,154 GRT, 247,317 DWT; includes 5 passenger, 11
container, 1 tanker, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 bulk, 4 cargo,
4 specialized carrier
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft, including 8 leased
out
Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 8 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small, modern system; all cities
interconnected for telephone and telegraph service; 480,000
telephones (15.1 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 7 FM, and 28 TV
stations; 4 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 749,000; 586,000 fit for
military service; about 32,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Supply: formerly from the U.K. primarily, but since 1961
from other European countries; two naval service fishing
protection ships produced domestically, another two are
under construction; produces APC's
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $234 million; about 3.0% of the central government
budget
ISRAEL
NOTE: The Arab territories occupied since the 1967 war
are not included in the data below unless so indicated.
LAND.
20,720 km' (excluding about 56,183 km' of occupied
territory in Jordan, Egypt, and Syria as of June 1979); 20%
cultivated, 40% pastureland and meadows, 4% forested, 4%
desert, waste, or urban, 3% inland water, 29% unsurveyed
(mostly desert)
Land boundaries: 1,036 km (prior to 1967 war); including
occupied areas, approximately 1,050 km (1977)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 273 km (prior to 1967 war); including occupied
areas, approximately 848 km (1977)
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SAUDI
ARABIA
(See reference map VI
PEOPLE
Population: 3,663,000, excluding East Jerusalem and the
other occupied territories (July 1979), average annual
growth ;ate 2.1% (7-77 to 7-78)
Nationality: noun?Israeli(s); adjective?Israel
Ethnic divisions: 85% Jews, 15% non-Jews (mostly Arabs)
Religion: 85% Judaism, 11% Islam, 4% Christian and
other ?
Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used officially for 25X1
Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign
language
Literacy: 88% Jews, 48% .Arabs
Labor force: 1,252,000; 6.1% agriculture, forestry and
fishing; 23.8% industry, mining, and manufacturing; 1.1%
electricity and water; 6.6% construction and public works;
11.9% commerce; 6.9% transport, storage, and communica-
tions; 7.3% finance and business; 29.7% public services; 6.6% 25X1
personal and other services (1978)
Organized labor: 90% of labor force
GOVERNMENT .
Legal name: State of Israel
Type: republic
Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by U.S. ? which
maintains Embassy in Tel Aviv
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative districts
Legal system: mixture of English common law and, in
personal area, Jewish, Christian and Muslim legal systems;
commercial matters, regulated substantially by codes
adopted since 1948; no formal constitution; some of the
functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of
Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the Knesset
(legislature) relating to the Knesset, Israeli lands, the
president, the government and the Israel citizenship law; no
judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Hebrew
University in Jerusalem; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 11 May
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July 1979
ISRAEL
Branches: President Yitzhak Navon has largely ceremo-
nial functions; executive power vested in cabinet; unicam-
eral parliament (Knesset) of 120 members elected under a
system of proportional representation; legislation provides
fundamental laws in absence of a written constitution; 2
distinct court systems (secular and religious)
Government leader: Prime Minister Menachem Begin
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held every 4 years unless required by
dissolution of Knesset; last election held in May 1977
Principal political parties and leaders: Herut, Prime
Minister Menachem Begin, Defense Minister Ezer Weizman;
Liberal Party, Finance Minister Simcha Ehrlich; La'am,
Yigal Hurvitz; (Likud is a coalition formed of Hcrut,
Liberals and La'am); National Religious Party, Joseph Burg,
Zevulun Hammer; Democratic Movement, Yigal Yadin,
Shmttel Tamir; Israel Labor Party, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak
Rabin, Yigal AlIon; SHELL', Arieh Eliav
Voting strength: Likud 45 seats; National Religious Party
12 seats; Orthodox Augudat parties 5 seats; Samuel Flatto-
Sharon 1 seat; Moshe Dayan 1 seat; Labor Party-MAPAM-
Arab List Alignment 32 seats; Democratic Movement 7 seats;
Shai 7 seats; Ya'ad 1 seat (recently organized by Assaf Yaguri
as a one-man Knesset faction); Independent Liberal Party I
seat; Citizens Rights Movement I seat; RAKAH 5 seats;
SHELL' 2 seats
Communists: RAKAH (predominantly Arab but with
Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 members; the Jewish
Communist Party, MAKI, is now part of Moked, which is a
far-left Zionist party
Other political or pressure groups: right-wing Jewish
Defense League led by Rabbi Meir Kahane; Black Panthers,
a loosely organized youth group seeking more benefits for
oriental Jews; Gush Emunim, Jewish religious zealots
pushing for freedom for Jews to settle anywhere on the West
Bank
Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IO0C, IPU, ITU, IWC?
International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $12.7 billion (1978, in 1978 prices), $3,430 per
capita; 1978 growth of real GNP 5.2%
Agriculture: main products?citrus and other fruits,
vegetables, beef and dairy products, poultry products
Major industries: food processing, diamond cutting and
polishing, textiles and clothing, chemicals, metal products,
transport equipment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous
machinery, rubber and plastic products, potash mining
Electric power: 2,800,000 kW capacity (1978); 13.5
billion kWh produced (1978), 3,700 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978); major items?polished
diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing,
processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products; tourism is
leading foreign exchange earner
SECRET
SECRET
Imports: $7.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); major items?military
equipment, rough diamonds, chemicals, machinery, iron and
steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, and aircraft
Major trade partners: exports?EC, U.S., U.K., Japan,
Hong Kong, Switzerland; imports?EC, U.S., U.K., Switzer-
land, Japan
Budget: FY beginning 1 April 1979?$13 billion (con-
verted at 22 Israeli pounds=US$1)
Monetary conversion rate: the Israeli pound was allowed
to float on 31 October 1977 and as of mid-April 1979 it was
roughly 22.0 Israeli pounds=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 767 km standard gage (1.435 m)
Highways: 4,459 km paved, 7 km gravel/crushed stone,
remainder unknown
Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined products, 290 km;
natural gas, 89 km
Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor
Airfields: 56 total, 46 usable; 21 with permanent-surface
runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Telecommunications: most highly developed in the
Middle East though not the largest; good system of coaxial
cable and radio relay; 870,000 telephones (24.0 per 100
popl.); 14 AM, 10 FM stations, 15 TV stations and 30
repeater stations; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: Jewish males 15-49, 750,000;
648,000 fit for military service; average number of Jews
reaching military age (18) annually-28,000 males, 27,000
females; both sexes liable for military service
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ISRAEL/ITALY
ITALY
gee telerenre mop IV)
LAND
301,217 km2; 50% cultivated, 17% meadow and pasture,
21% forest, 3% unused but potentially productive, 9% waste
or urban
Land boundaries: 1,702 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4,996 km
PEOPLE
Population: 56,924,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 0.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Italian(s); adjective?Italian
July 1979
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population in-
cludes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Ital-
ians in the north and of Albanian-Italians in the south
Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic (de
facto state religion)
Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige Region
(e.g., Bolzano) are predominantly German speaking; signifi-
cant French-speaking minority in Valle &Aosta Region;
Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area
Literacy: 5%-7% of population illiterate (1972); illiteracy
varies widely by region
Labor force: 20,125,000 (July 1978); 15.0% agriculture,
42.9% industry, 39.0% other (1975); 7.1% unemployment
(1978); 1.5 million Italians employed in other Western
European countries
Organized labor: 50-55% (est.) of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Italian Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Rome
Political subdivisions: constitution provides for establish-
ment of 20 regions; 5 (Sicilia, Sardegna, Trentino-Alto Adige,
Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle d'Aosta) have been
functioning for some time and the remaining 15 regions
were instituted on 1 April 1972; 94 provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiasti-
cal law influence; constitution came into effect 1 January
1948; judicial review under certain conditions in ?Constitu-
tional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June
Branches: executive?President empowered to dissolve
Parliament and call national election; he is also Commander
of the Armed Forces and presides over the Supreme Defense
Council; otherwise, authority to govern invested in Council
of Ministers; legislative power invested in bicameral,
popularly elected Parliament; Italy has an independent
judicial establishment
Government leaders: President Alessandro Pertini; Pre-
mier Giulio Andreotti
Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in Senatorial
elections where minimum age of voter is 25)
Elections: national elections for Parliament held every 5
years (most recent, 'June 1976); provincial and municipal
elections held every 5 years with some out of phase; regional
elections every 5 years (held June 1975)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party
(DC), Benign? Zaccagnini (secretary general); Communist
Party (PCI), Enrico Berlinguer (secretary general), Luigi
Longo (party president); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino Craxi
(secretary general), Pietro Nenni (party president); Social
Democratic Party (PSDI), Pietro Longo (secretary general);
Liberal Party (PLR Valerio Zanone (party secretary); Italian
Social Movement (MSI), Giorgio Almirante; Republican
Party (PRI), Oddo Biasini (party secretary)
120 SECRET
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ITALY
Voting strength (1976 election): 38.7% DC, 34.4% PCI,
9.6% PSI, 6.1% MSI, 3.4% PSDI, 3.1% PRI, 1.3% PLI, 3.4%
other
Communists: 1,814,740 members (February 1978)
Other political or pressure groups: the Vatican; three
major trade union confederations (CGIL?Communist
dominated, CISL?Christian Democratic, and UIL?Social
Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufactur-
ers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups
Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, ECOWAS, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, ESRO,
EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMCO, IMF, IO0C, IPU, ITU, NATO, OAS
(observer), OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO,
W MO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $260 billion (1978), $4,580 per capita; 63.3%
private consumption, 18.7% gross fixed investment, 16.5%
government, 0.8% inventory change, net foreign balance
0.7%; 1978 growth rate 2.6% (1970 constant prices)
Agriculture: important producer of fruits and vegetables;
main crops?cereals, potatoes, olives; 95% self-sufficient;
food shortages?fats,, meat, fish, and eggs; daily caloric
intake, 3,282 calories per capita (1976)
Fishing: catch 337,994 metric tons (1977); exports $43
million (1977), imports $386 million (1977)
Major industries: machinery and transportation equip-
ment, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles
Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals
Crude steel: 24.3 million metric tons produced (1978),
410 kg per . capita
Electric power: 46,500,000 kW capacity (1978); 175
billion kWh produced (1978), 3,080 kWh per capita
Exports: $55.9 billion (f.o.b., 1978); principal items?
machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs,
chemicals, footwear
Imports: $56.3 billion (c.i.f., 1978); principal items?
machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and
nonferrous metals, wool, cotton, petroleum
Major trade partners: (1977) 48.5% EC-nine (20% West
Germany, 16% France, 5% U.K., 4% Netherlands, 3%
Belgium-Luxembourg); 7% U.S.; 3% U.S.S.R. and 2% other
Communist countries of Eastern Europe
Aid: donor?bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and
00F), $5,245 million (1970-77)
Monetary conversion rate: Smithsonian rate as of
December 1973, 650.4 lire=US$1; average of Friday closing
rates in 1978-849 lire=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 20,690 km total; 15,970 km government-
owned standard gage (1.435 m), 7,850 km electrified; 4,720
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SECRET
km non-government owned, 2,507 km standard gage (1.435
m), 1,270 km electrified; 2,213 km narrow gage (0.950 m),
517 km electrified
Highways: 287,400 km total; autostrade 5,800 km, state
highways 41,200 km, provincial highways 91,200 km,
communal highways 149,200 km; 254,400 km concrete,
bituminous, or stone block, 24,800 km gravel and crushed
stone, 7,200 km earth
Inland waterways: 2,500 km navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,770 km; refined products, 2,179
km; natural gas, 13,079 km
Ports: 16 major, 22 -significant minor
Merchant marine: 679 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
11,148,298 GRT, 18,814,534 DWT; includes 62 passenger,
179 cargo, 12 container, 36 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 172 tanker,
26 liquefied gas, 122 bulk, 31 combination ore/oil, 39
specialized carrier
Civil air: 115 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased
in
Airfields: 147 total, 146 usable; 82 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 29 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: well engineered, well constructed,
and efficiently operated; 15.2 million telephones (27.1 per
100 popl.); 135 AM, 1,650 FM, and 1,200 TV stations; 15
coaxial submarine cables; 2 communication satellite ground
stations with 2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,782,000; 11,583,000
fit for military service; 445,000 reach military age (18)
annually
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ITALY/IVORY COAST
Supply: produces infantry weapons, armored vehicles,
electronics, and optical equipment, artillery up to 127-mm,
ammunition up to 203-mm, air-to-air, surface-to-air, and
surface-to-surface missiles; collaborating with France in
development and production of air-to-surface and ship-to-
ship missiles; guided missile destroyers, frigates, submarines,
and patrol craft (midget submarines, guided missile frigates,
patrol craft and missile attack boats produced for export); jet
fighter, trainer, transport and utility aircraft, as well as
helicopters; small amounts of CW/BW defensive materiel;
some material, chiefly heavy equipment, imported from
U.S
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $6,058 million; about 5.5% of proposed
central government budget
IVORY COAST
GUINEA
LIBERIA
Gulf of
Guinea
At/antic Ocean
(See reference map VI
LAND
323,750 km2; 40% forest and woodland, 8% cultivated,
52% grazing, fallow, and waste; 322 km of lagoons and
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July 1979
connecting canals extend east-west along eastern part of the
coast
Land boundaries: 3,227 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 12
nm)
Coastline: 515 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,465,000, resident African population only,
(July 1979), average annual growth rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Ivorian(s); adjective?Ivorian
Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic groups; no
single tribe more than 20% of population; most important
are Agni, Baoule, Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approximately
2 million foreign Africans, mostly Upper .Voltans; about
75,000 to 90,000 non-Africans (50,000 to 60,000 French and
25,000 to 30,000 Lebanese)
Religion: 66% animist, 22% Muslim, 12% Christian
Language: French official, over 60 native dialects, Dioula
most widely spoken
Literacy: about 65% at primary school level
Labor force: over 85% of population engaged in
agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; about 11% of labor
force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture, remainder
in government, industry, commerce, and professions
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of the Ivory Coast
Type: republic, one-party presidential regime established
1960
Capital: Abidjan
Political subdivisions: 24 departments subdivided into
127 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
customary law; constitution adopted 1960; judicial review in
the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal
education at Abidjan School of Law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 7 December
Branches: President has sweeping powers, unicameral
legislature, separate judiciary
Government leader: President Felix Houphouet-Boigny
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: uncontested Presidential and legislative elec-
tions held in November 1975 for 5-year term
Political parties and leaders: Parti Democratique de la
Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI), (only party); official party leader is
Secretary General Philippe Yace, but Houphouet-Boigny is
in control
Communists: no Communist party; possibly some
sympathizers
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IVORY COAST/JAMAICA
Member of: A FD13, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB
(associate), Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, INICO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $7.3 billion (1978 est.), $986 capita; average annual
growth rate in constant prices, 7.5% (1975-78)
Agriculture: commercial?coffee, cocOa, wood, bananas,
pineapples, palm oil; food crops?corn, millet, yams, rice;
other commodities?cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish; self-
sufficient in most foodstuffs, but rice, sugar, and meat
imported
Fishing: catch 76,995 metric tons (1976); exports $12.8
million (1975), imports $33.6 million (1975)
Major industries: food and lumber processing, oil
refinery, automobile assembly plant, textiles, soap, flour
mill, matches, three small shipyards, fertilizer plant, and
battery factory
Electric power: 525,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.2 billion
kWh produced (1977), 170 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); cocoa (80%),
coffee, tropical woods, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil
Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); manufactured
goods and semi-finished products (50%), consumer goods
(40%), raw materials and fuels (10%)
Major trade partners: France and other EC countries
about 65%, U.S. 13%, Communist countries about 1%
Aid: economic?(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.), $1,025
million; U.S., $99 million; Communist countries, $0.2
million; military?U.S., $0.1 million
Budget: 1978, proposed?revenues $1.7 billion, current
expenditures $1.1 billion, investment expenditures $931
million
Monetary conversion rate: about 225.64 Communaute
Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 (1977)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 657 km of the 1,173 km Abidjan to Ouagadou-
gou, Upper Volta line, all single track meter gage (1.00 m);
only diesel locomotives in use
Highways: 46,775 km total; 2,388 km bituminous and
bituminous-surface treatment; 33,097 km gravel, crushed
stone, laterite, and improved earth; 11,190 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers and numer-
ous coastal lagoons
Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San Pedro), 3 minor
Merchant marine: 15 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 143,200 GRT, 183,300 DWT
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 50 total, 48 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
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Telecommunications: system above African average;
consists of open-wire lines and radio relay links; Abidjan is
only center; 58,700 telephones (0.9 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 4
FM, and 6 TV stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 1
coaxial submarine cable; telephone expansion in progress
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,693,000; 873,000 fit
for military service; 74,000 males reach military age (18)
annually
Supply: principally dependent on France; has purchased
transport aircraft from Netherlands
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Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 Dece
1978, 8181,461,904; about 7.5% of total operating budgrer?I
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JAMAICA
XICO
BE
ot
CUBA
a
Atlantic
Ocean
cP DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
HAITI,
JAMAICACIingston
NICARAGUA
Caribbean Sea
COLOMBIA
(See reference map II)
LAND
11,922 kin'; 21% arable, 23% meadows and pastures, 19%
forested, 37% waste, urban, or other
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JAMAICA
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,022 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,233,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Jamaican(s); adjective?Jamaican
Ethnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%,
Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, East Indian and Afro-East
Indian 3.4%, white 3.2%, other 0.9%
Religion: predominantly Protestant, some Roman Catho-
lic, some spiritualist cults
Language: English
Literacy: government claims 82%, but probably only
about one-half of that number are functionally literate
Labor force: 672,000 (1975); 29% in agriculture, forestry,
fishing and mining, 12% manufacturing/mining, 8% public
administration, 5% construction, 10% commerce, 3% trans-
portation and utilities, 33% services; 25% unemployed;
shortage of technical and managerial personnel
Organized labor: about 25% of labor force (1966)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Jamaica
Type: independent state within Commonwealth since
August 1962, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Kingston
Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the Kingston-St.
Andrew corporate area
Legal system: based on English common law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 7 August
Branches: cabinet headed by Prime Minister 60-member
elected House of Representatives; 21-member Senate (13
nominated by the Prime Minister, 8 by opposition leader);
judiciary follows British tradition under a Chief Justice
Government leader: Prime Minister Michael N. Manley;
Governor General Florizel Glasspole
Suffrage: universal, age 18 and over
Elections: at discretion of Governor-General upon advice
of Prime Minister but within 5 years; latest held 15
December 1976
Political parties and leaders: People's National Party
(PNP), Michael Manley; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP),
Edward Seaga
Voting strength: (1976 general elections) 56.8% PNP,
43.2% JLP
Communists: Communist Party of Jamaica (1975) and
Worker's Party of Jamaica (1978) probably have combined
membership of only several hundred
Other political or pressure groups: New World Group
(Caribbean regionalists, nationalists, and leftist intellectual
124
July 1979
fraternity); Rastafarians (Negro religious/racial cultists,
pan-Africanists); New Creation International Peacemakers
Tabernacle (leftist group); Workers Liberation League (a
Marxist coalition of students/labor)
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB, IFC; ILO, IMF, ISO,
ITU, NAM, OAS, Pan American Health Organization,
SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $3.4 billion (1977), $1,610 per capita; real growth
rate 1977, ?4.0%
Agriculture: main crops?sugarcane, citrus fruits, ba-
nanas, pimento, coconuts, coffee, cocoa
Major industries: bauxite mining, textiles, food process-
ing, light manufactures, tourism
Electric power: 850,000 kW capacity (1978); 2.9 billion
kWh produced (1978), 1,310 kWh hr. per capita
Exports: $745 million (f.o.b., 1977); alumina, bauxite,
sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and fruit products, rum, cocoa
Imports: $863 million (c.i.f., 1977); fuels, machinery,
transportation and electrical equipment, food, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports?U.S. 44%, U.K. 20%,
Norway 11%, Canada 8%; imports?U.S. 36%, U.K. 10%,
Canada 6% (1977)
Budget: (1978/79)?revenue $803 million, expenditure
$1,119 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jamaican dollar=US$0.645
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 330 km, all standard gage (1.435 m), single
track
Highways: 11,250 km total; 7,600 km paved, 2,150 km
gravel, 1,500 km improved earth
Pipelines: refined products, 10 km
Ports: 3 major (Kingston, Montego Bay, Montego Free-
port), 10 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship 1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 5,800 GRT, 5,100 DWT
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 42 total, 22 usable; 12 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic telephone
network with 109,000 telephones (5.4 per 100 popl.); 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 8 AM, 11 FM, and 9 TV
stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
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JAMAICA/JAPAN
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 465,000; 332,000 fit for
military service; no conscription; average number currently
reaching minimum volunteer age (18) 28,000
JAPAN
Philippine
Sea
okyo
Pacific
Ocean
(See reference map WV
LAND
370,370 km2; 16% arable and cultivated-, 3% grassland,
12% urban and waste, 69% forested
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 12,075 km Japan; 1,610 km Ryukyus
PEOPLE
Population: 116,051,000, including Ryukyus (July 1979),
average annual growth rate 1.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Japanese (sing., pl.); adjective?
Japanese
SECRET
Ethnic divisions: 99.2% Japanese, 0.8% other (mostly
Korean)
Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist
rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8%
Christian
Language: Japanese
Literacy: 97.8% of those 15 years old and above (1960
data)
Labor force (1978): 55.3 million; 11% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing; 34% manufacturing, mining, and
construction; 48% trade and services; 5% government; 2.0%
unemployed
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Japan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Tokyo
Political subdivisions: 47 prefectures (Ryukyus became
47th prefecture on 15 May 1972)
Legal system: civil law system with English-American
influence; constitution promulgated in 1946; judicial review
of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday .of. the Emperor, 29 April
Branches: Emperor is merely symbol of state; executive
power is vested in cabinet dominated by the Prime Minister,
chosen by the Lower House of the bicameral, elective
legislature (Diet); judiciary is independent
Government leader: Emperor Hirohito; Prime Minister
Masayoshi Ohira
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: general elections held every 4 years or upon
dissolution of Lower House, triennially for one-half of
Upper House
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party
(LDP), M. Ohira, President; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), I.
Asukata, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), R.
Sasaki, Chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), K.
Miyamoto, Presidium Chairman; Komeito (CGP), Y.
Takeiri, Chairman; New Liberal Club (NLC), Y. Kono;
Social Democratic Federation (SDF), H. Den
Voting strength (1977 election): 37.6% LDP, 21.6% JSP,
10.2% CGP, 9.6% JCP, 5.6% DSP, 4.8% NLC, minor parties,
6.1% independents
Communists: 375,000 registered Communist Party
members
Member of: ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, DAC, ESCAP,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, LEA,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC?International
Whaling Commission, IWC?International Wheat Council,
OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
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JAPAN
ECONOMY
GNP: $980 billion (1978, at 210.4 yen=US$1); $8,500 per
capita (1978); 53% personal consumption, 33% investment,
7% government current expenditure; real growth rate 5.6%
(1978); average annual growth rate (1976-78), 5.8%
Agriculture: land intensively cultivated?rice, sugar,
vegetables, fruits; 72% self-sufficient in food (1974); food
shortages?meat, wheat, feed grains, edible oil and fats;
caloric intake, 2,502 calories per day per capita (1974)
Fishing: catch 10.6 million metric tons (1976)
Major industries: metallurgical and engineering indus-
tries, electrical and electronic industries, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw materials
Crude steel: 102 million metric tons produced (1977)
Electric power: 130,562,000 kW capacity (1978); 574.5
billion kWh produced (1978), 4,975 kWh per capita
Exports: $95.6 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 64% machinery and
equipment, 12% iron and steel, 5% chemicals
Imports: $70.9 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 40% fossil fuels, 14%
foodstuffs, 8% machinery and equipment
Major trade partners: exports-26% U.S., 7% Communist
countries, 15% Western Europse; imports-19% U.S., 10%
Western Europe, 5% Communist countries
Aid: Japanese official foreign economic aid disbursements
1978, $2.2 billion
Budget: revenues $108 billion, expenditures $179 billion,
deficit $71 billion (general account for fiscal year ending
March 1980)
Monetary conversion rate: 215 yen=US$1 (mid-April
1979), floating since February 1973
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 28,912 km total (1976); 1,077 km standard
gage (1.435 m), 27,835 km predominantly narrow gage
(1.067 m), 6,195 km double track, 7,376 km or 26% of total
route length electrified; 73% government-owned
Highways: 1,067,643 km total (1976); 338,343 km paved,
most of remainder gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: approx. 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply
all coastal -inland seas"
Pipelines: crude oil, 109 km; natural gas, 1,847 km
Ports: 53 major, over 2,000 minor
Merchant marine: 1,890 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 33,312,000 GRT, 55,870,555 DWT; includes 80
passenger, 634 cargo, 59 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
404 tanker, 48 gas carrier, 342 bulk, 44 combination ore/oil,
260 specialized carrier
Civil air: 253 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 189 total, 179 usable; 122 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3.,660 m; 23 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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July 1979
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and internation-
al systems; 48.4 million telephones (42.6 per 100 popl); 383
AM stations (185 major-1 kw or greater) in 221 cities, 47
FM stations plus 400 relay stations in 29 cities, 4,245 TV
stations (190 major-1 kw or greater), and 2 ground satellite
stations; 3 submarine cables with known operational status,
26 of unknown status, others being planned; troposcatter to
South Korea
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 30,441,000; 25,522,000
fit for military service; about 815,000 reach military age (18)
annually
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Supply: defense industry potential is large, with capability
of producing the most sophisticated equipment; manufac-
tured equipment includes small arms artillery, armored
vehicles, and other types of ground forces materiel, aircraft
(jet and prop), naval vessels (submarines, guided missile and
other destroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships, and other
minor craft including amphibious, auxiliaries, service craft,
and small support ships), small amounts of all types of army
materiel
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
March 1980, $10.5 billion; about 5.4% of total budget
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JORDAN
SAUDI
ARABIA
(See reference map VI .
JORDAN
NOTE: The war between Israel and the Arab states in
June 1967 ended with Israel in control of West Jordan.
Although approximately 930,000 persons resided in this area
prior to the start of the war, fewer than 750,000 of them
remain there under the Israeli occupation, the remainder
having fled to East Jordan. Over 14,000 of those who fled
were repatriated in August 1967, but their return has been
more than offset by other Arabs who have crossed and are
continuing to cross from West to East Jordan. These and
certain other effects of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war are not
included in the data below.
LAND
96,089 km' (including about 5,439 km' occupied by
Israel); 11% agricultural, 88% desert, waste, or urban, 1%
forested
Land boundaries: 1,770 km (1967, 1,668 km excluding
occupied areas)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 26 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,055,000, including West Bank and East
Jerusalem (July 1979), average annual growth rate 3.2% (7-
70 to 7-76); East Bank, 2,249,000, average annual growth
rate 3.5% (7-71 to 7-76); West Bank, including East
Jerusalem, 806,000, average annual growth rate 2.0% (1-71
to 1-77)
Nationality: noun?Jordanian(s); adjective?Jordanian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian, 1% Armenian
Religion: 90%-92% Sunni Muslim, 8%-10% Christian
Language: Arabic official, English widely understood
among upper and middle classes
Literacy: about 50%-55% in East Jordan; somewhat less
than 60% in West Jordan
Labor force: .638,000; less than 5% unemployed
Organized labor: 9.8% of labor force
SECRET
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GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: 'Amman
Political subdivisions: 8 governorates (3 are under Israeli
occupation) under centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes;
constitution adopted 1952; judicial review of legislative acts
in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May
Branches: King holds balance of power; Prime Minister
exercises executive authority in name of King; Cabinet
appointed by King and responsible to parliament; bicameral
parliament with House of Representatives last chosen by
national elections in April 1967, and dissolved by King in
February 1976; Senate last appointed by King in November
1974; met briefly in February 1976 to amend constitution
allowing King to postpone elections; present parliament
subservient to executive; secular court system based on
differing legal systems of the former Transjordan and
Palestine; law Western in concept and structure; Sharia
(religious) courts for Muslims, and religious community
council courts for non-Muslim communities; desert police
carry out quasi-judicial functions in desert areas
Government leader: King Hussein ?
Suffrage: all citizens over age 20
Political parties and leaders: political party activity
illegal since 1957; Palestine Liberation Organization and
various smaller fedayeen groups clandestinely active on
West Bank; Muslim Brotherhood
Communists: party actively repressed, membership esti-
mated at less than 500
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.9 billion (East Bank only, 1977), $870 per capita;
real growth rate (1977), 10%
Agriculture: main crops?fruits, vegetables, olive oil,
wheat; not self-sufficient in many foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining,
and cement production, light manufacturing
Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity (1978); 750 million
kWh produced (1978), 250 kWh per capita, East Bank only
Exports: $249 million (f.o.b., 1977); fruits and vegetables,
phosphate rock; Communist share 7% of total (1977)
Imports: $1,376 million (c.i.f., 1977); petroleum products,
textiles, capital goods, motor vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist
share 9% of total (1977)
Aid: economic?OPEC (ODA) (1973-76), $1,143.1 mil-
lion; U.S. (1970-76), $486.3 m'illion; Communist countries
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JORDAN/KAMPUCHEA
(1970-76), $26.5 million; Western countries (1970-76),
$213.4 million; military?U.S. (1970-76), $459.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jordanian dinar= US$3.04,
freely convertible (1977 average); 1 Jordanian dinar=
US$3.36 (February 1979)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gage, single track
Highways: 6,332 total; 4,837 paved, 1,495 gravel and
crushed stone
Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km
Ports: 1 major (Aqaba)
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship totaling 1,600 CRT, 2,900
DWT
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 26 total, 17 usable; 15 with permanent-surface
runways; 4 with runways over 3,660 m, 11 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay,
wire, and radio; 44,000 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 5 AM,
no FM and 6 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 700,000; 495,000 fit for
military service; average number currently reaching military
age (18) annually 33,000
Supply: dependent on outside sources; U.S. and U.K.
principal suppliers of military equipment
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $380 million; 22% of central government budget
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July 1979
KAMPUCHEA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
181,300 km2; 16% cultivated, 74% forested, 10% built-on
area, wasteland, and other
Land boundaries: 2,438 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 rim (economic
including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 443 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,957,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Kampuchean(s); adjective?Kampu-
chean
Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer -(Kainpuchean), 5% Chi-
nese, 5% other minorities ?
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% various other
Language: Cambodian
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Kampuchea (functions in the
countryside); People's Republic of Kampuchea (pro-Viet-
namese, in Phnom Penh)
Type: both are Communist states
Capital: Phnom Penh
Political subdivisions: 19 or 20 provinces under Demo-
cratic Kampuchea; 19 provinces in People's Republic of
Kampuchea (PRK)
Legal system: Judicial Committee chosen by People's
Representative Assembly in Democratic Kampuchea; no
information for PRK
National holiday: 17 April for both regimes
SECRET
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July 1979
KAMPUCHEA/KENYA
Branches: State Presidium, composed of chairman and
two vice chairmen; cabinet, totally Communist; 250-mem-
ber People's Representative Assembly elected 20 March
1976 for 5-year term; ten-member Assembly Standing
Committee in Democratic Kampuchea; Peoples Revolution-
ary Council, composed of 8 members, and a -National
Congress" held in early 1979 in PRK
Government leaders: Presidium Chairman, Khieu Sam-
phan; Prime Minister, Pol Pot; Deputy Prime Ministers, Ieng
Sary, Vorn Vet, Son Sen; Assembly Standing Committee
Chairman, Nuon Chea in Democratic Kampuchea; People's
Revolutionary Council President Heng Samrin, Vice Presi-
dent Pen Sovan, and Ministers Hun Sen and Chea Sim in
PRK
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Political parties and leaders: political life dominated by
Khmer Communist Party in Democratic Kampuchea;
Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation
(KNUFNS) and separate Kampuchean Communist Party in
PRK
Member of: Colombo Plan, G-77, IMF, Mekong Commit-
tee (inactive), NAM, U.N., WTO for Democratic Kampu-
chea; none for PRK
ECONOMY
GNP: less than $500 million (1971), probably less than $50
per capita (1978)
Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for rubber planta-
tions; main crops?rice, rubber, corn; food shortages?rice,
meat, vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood
products
Shortages: fossil fuels
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1978); 150 million
kWh produced (1978), 20 kWh per capita
Exports: probably less than $1 million est. (1978); natural
rubber, rice, pepper, wood
Imports: probably less than $20 million (1978); food, fuel,
machinery
Trade partners: (1978) exports?China; imports?China,
North Korea
Aid: economic (1970-77)?U.S., $652 million; other
Western, $108 million; Eastern Europe, $17 million;
U.S.S.R., $25 million; China, $90 million; military (1970-
77)? U.S., $1,260 million; Communist not available
Budget: no budget data available since Communists took
over government
Monetary conversion rate (1978): no currency in use
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 612 km meter gage (1.00 m); govern-
ment-owned
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SECRET
Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous, 7,105
km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth; and 3,624 km
unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft
drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8
meters
Ports: 2 major, 5 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship totaling 1,400 GRT, 2,600
DWT; the present status of this vessel is unknown
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 54 total, 25 usable; 8 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service barely adequate for govern-
ment requirements and virtually nonexistent for general
public; international service limited to PRC and few'
adjacent countries; radiobroadcasts limited to 1 station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,823,000; 1,016,000 fit
for military service; 88,000 reach military age (18) annually
KENYA
LAND
582,750 km2; about 21% forest and woodland, 13%
suitable for agriculture, 66% mainly grassland adequate for
grazing (1971)
Land boundaries: 3,368 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 536 km
PEOPLE
Population: 15,364,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.6% (current)
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Indian
Ocean
(See reference map VI)
KENYA
Nationality: noun?Kenyan(s); adjective?Kenyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% native African (including Bantu,
Nilotic, Hamitic and Nilo-Hamitic); 2% Asian; 1% Euro-
pean, Arab, and others
Religion:. 56% Christian, 36% animist, 7% Muslim, 1%
Hindu
Language: English and Swahili official; each tribe has
own language
Literacy: 27%
Labor force: 2.5 million; about 977,000, (39%) in
monetary economy (1967)
Organized labor: about 215,000
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Kenya
Type: republic within Commonwealth since December
1963
Capital: Nairobi
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces plus Nairobi Area
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law
and Islamic law; constitution enacted 1963; judicial review
in Supreme Court; legal education at University Kenya
School of Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: 12 December
Branches: President and Cabinet responsible to unicam-
eral legislature (National Assembly) of 170 seats, 158 directly
elected by constituencies and 12 appointed by the President;
Assembly must be reelected at least every 5 years; High
Court; with Chief Justice and at least 11 justices, has
unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any
civil or criminal proceeding; provision for systems of courts
of appeal
Government leader: President Daniel T. arap Moi
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: general election (October 1974) elected present
National Assembly; next elections due 1979
130
July 1979
Political party and leaders: Kenya Africa National Union
(KANU), president, Daniel arap Moi
Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the National
Assembly
Communists: may be a few Communists and sym-
pathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor unions
Member of: AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC?
International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, U.N., UNEP,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $3,905 million at current prices (est. 1977), $270 per
capita; real average annual growth rate, 4.8% (1970-77)
Agriculture: main cash crops?coffee, sisal, tea, pyre-
thrum, cotton, livestock; food crops--:corn, wheat, sugar-
cane, rice, cassava; largely self-sufficient in food
Fishing: 40,883 metric tons (1976)
Major industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic,
furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, agricultural processing,
cigarettes, flour), oil refining, cement
Electric power: 420,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.3 billion
kWh produced (1977), 90 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,361 million (f.o.b., 1977); coffee ($524
million), tea, livestock products, pyrethrum, soda ash,
wattle-bark tanning extract
Imports: $1,290 million (c.i.f., 1977); machinery, trans-
port equipment, crude oil, paper and paper products, iron
and steel products, and textiles
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, Iran, U.S., Zambia,
Uganda
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$1,095 million; U.S. (1970-77), $1,281 million; OPEC (ODA)
(1973-77), $21.2 million; military?U.S. (1970-77), $41.2
million
Budget: (FY77/78) current revenues $1,046 million;
current expenditures $918 million; development expendi-
tures $440 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.73 Kenya shillings= US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,040 km meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: 50,840 km total; 4,300 km paved, 12,160 km
gravel and/or earth; 26,880 km improved earth and 7,500
km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria and Lake
Rudolph systems are within boundaries of Kenya
Pipelines: refined products, 483 km
Ports: 1 major (Mombasa)
Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
21,639 GRT, 32,500 DWT; includes 4 cargo, 1 tanker
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
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July 1979
KENY AIKOREA,NORTH
Airfields: 226 total, 209 usable; 9 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 36 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: in top group of African systems;
consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocom-
munication stations; principal center Nairobi, secondary
centers Mombasa and Nakuru; 132,000 telephones (1.0 per
100 popl.); 4 AM, 2 FM, and 5 TV stations; Atlantic and
Indian Ocean satellite service from 1 station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,321,000; 2,034,000 fit
for military service; no conscription
Supply: mostly from U.K., but also from France and West
Germany
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1978,
$201,600,000; about 13.4% of central government budget
KOREA, NORTH
(See reference mop VIII
LAND
121,730 km2; 17% arable and cultivated, 74% in forest,
scrub, and brush; remainder wasteland and urban
Land boundaries: 1,675 km
SECRET
SECRET
WATER
? Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic
200 nm, military 50 nm)
Coastline: 2,495 km
PEOPLE
Population: 18,717,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Korean(s); adjective?Korean
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities
now almost nonexistent
Language: Korean
Literacy: 90% (est.)
Labor force: 6.1 million; 48% agriculture, 52% non-agri-
cultural; shortage of skilled and unskilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
Capital: P'yongyang
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 3 special cities
(PYOngyang, Kaesong, and Chongjin)
Legal system: based on German civil law system. with
Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; constitu-
tion adopted 1948 and revised 1972; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 September
Branches: Supreme Peoples Assembly theoretically super-
vises Legislative and Judicial function; State Administration
Council (cabinet) oversees ministerial operations
Government and party leaders: Kim Il-sOng, President
DPRK, and General Secretary of the Korean Workers Party;
Yi Chong-6k, Premier
Suffrage: universal at age 17
Elections: election to SPA every 4 years, but this
constitutional provision not necessarily followed?last elec-
tion November 1977
Political party: Korean Workers (Communist) Party;
claimed membership of about 2 million, or about 11% of
population
Member of: FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IPU, IRCS, ITU, U.N.
(observer status only), UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $10.4 billion (1978 in 1975 dollars), $570 per capita
Agriculture: main crops?corn, rice, vegetables; food
shortages?meat, cooking oils; production of foodstuffs
adequate for domestic needs at low levels of consumption
Major industries: machine building, electric power,
chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, foOd processing
Shortages: complex machinery and equipment, coking
coal, petroleum
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KOREA, NORTH/KOREA, SOUTH
Crude steel: 3.4 million metric tons produced (1978), 186
kg per capita
Electric power: 4,850,000 kW capacity (1978); 30.8
billion kWh produced (1978), 1,680 kWh per capita
Exports: $967 million (1978); minerals, chemical and
metallurgical products
Imports: $902 million (1978); machinery and equipment,
petroleum, foodstuffs, coking coal
Major trade partners: total trade turnover $1.9 billion
(1978); 36% with nonLCommunist countries, 64% with
Communist countries
Aid: economic and military aid from the U.S.S.R. and
China
Monetary conversion rate: 1.79 won=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in 1976; 3,870 km
standard gage (1.435 m), 665 km narrow gage (0.762 m); 259
km double tracked; about 1,140 km electrified; govern-
ment-owned
Highways: about 20,280 km (1976); 98.5% gravel, crushed
stone, or earth surface; 1.5% concrete or bituminous
Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small
craft only
Freight carried: rail-29 billion metric ton/km, 124
million metric tons (1977); highway-765 million metric
ton/km, 116 million metric tons (1969); waterway-540
million metric ton/km, 7.7 million metric tons (1969);
coastal-170 million metric ton/km, 0.4 million metric tons
(1969)
Ports: 6 major, 26 minor
Merchant marine: 22 ships (1,000 GRT and cover) totaling
128,297 GRT, 181,482 DWT; includes 15 cargo, 4 tanker, 1
combination passenger-cargo, 1 passenger, 1 bulk; North
Korea beneficially owns two cargo ships of 11,700 GRT and
17,800 DWT, operated by a Polish shipping company under
the Polish flag, and 2 cargo ships of 4,900 GRT and 8,500
DWT, operated under the Japanese flag
Airfields: 61 (24 with permanent-surface runways); 20
with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,828-2,439
m; 19 with runways less than 1,828 m
Telecommunications: domestic and international services
are adequate for needs, and oriented to political, military,
and industrial use; extensive upgrading in progress; good
coverage by radio, TV, and wire broadcasts; about 130,000
telephones; 300,000 radios; 21,000 est. TV receivers; 21 AM
radiobroadcast stations; 3 TV stations and unknown number
of TV repeaters; color TV available
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,178,000; 2,558,000 fit
for military service; 204,000 reach military age (18) annually
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December 1979, $2.9 billion; about 15.2% of total govern- 25X1
merit budget
KOREA, SOUTH
LAND
98,913 km2; 23% arable (22% cultivated), 10% urban and
other, 67% forested
Land boundaries: 241 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm
Coastline: 2,413 km
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SECRET
KOREA, SOUTH
U.S.S.R
CHINA
NORTH
KOREA
Seoul* \
SO11;141
Yellow KOREA
Sea of
Japan
Sea
JAPAN
fast-
China
Sea
(See (eference map VIII
PEOPLE
Population: 39,544,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Koreati(s); adjective?Korean
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chinese minority
(approx. 20,000)
Religion: strong Confucian tradition; pervasive folk
religion (Shamanism); vigorous Christian minority (16.6%
Christian population); Buddhism (including estimated
20,000 members of Soka Gakkai); Chondokyo (religion of
the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist over-
tones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million
adherents
? Language: Korean
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: about 13.9 million (1978); 42% agriculture,
fishing, forestry; 22% mining and manufacturing; 36%
services and ?other; average unemployment 3.2% (1978)
Organized labor: about 13% of nonagricultural labor
force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Korea
Type: republic; power centralized in a strong executive
Capital: Seoul
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 2 special cities; heads
centrally appointed
Legal system: combines elements of continental Europe-
an civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese
classical thought; constitution approved 1972; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ ' jurisdiction
National holiday: 15 August
Branches: executive, legislative (unicameral), judiciary,
National Conference of Unification
Government leaders: President Pak ChOng-hiii; Prime
Minister Choe Kyu-ha
Suffrage: universal over age 20
SECRET
Elections: presidential every 6 years indirectly by the
National Conference of Unification, last election May 1978;
two-thirds of the 231-member National Assembly is elected
directly for the same period within six months of the
presidential election, remaining third nominated by the
President and elected by the National Conference for a
three-year term; last National Assembly election December
1978, Revitalization Group-77 seats, Democratic Republi-
can Party-83 seats, New Democratic Party-68 seats,
Democratic Unification Party-3 seats
Political parties and leaders: pro-government?Revital-
ization Group (appointed) (Chairman, Tige Wan-son) and
Democratic Republican Party (Acting Chairman, Yi Pak
Chun-Kyu); New Democratic Party (Chairman, Yi Chol-
sung); Democratic Unification (Chairman, Yang Il-tong)
Voting strength: (1978 election) popular vote 14,912,443;
DRP 31.7%, NDP 32.8%, DUP 7.4%, Independent 27.1%;
1.0% invalid
Communists: Communist activity banned by govern-
ment; an estimated 37,000-50,000 former members and
supporters
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Korean'
Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Korean Nation-
al Christian Council; large potentially volatile student
population concentrated in Seoul
Member of: AALCC (Afro Asian League Consultative
Committee), ADB, Asian Parliamentary Union, APACL?
Asian People's Anti-Communist League, ASPAC, Colombo
Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, Geneva Conventions of
1949 for the protection of war victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, IMCO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTER-
POL, IPU, ITU, IWC?International Whaling Commission,
IWC?International Wheat Council, UNCTAD, UNDP,
UNESCO, U.N. Special Fund, UPU, WACL?World Anti?
Communist League, WHO, WMO, WTO; .official observer
at U.N., does not hold U.N. membership -
ECONOMY
GNP: $46.0 billion (1978, in 1978 prices), $1,242 per
capita; real growth 12.5% (1978); real growth 11.0%
(1973-78 average)
Agriculture: 34% of the population live on the land, but
agriculture, forestry and fishery constitute 21% of GNP;
main crops?rice, barley; food shortages?wheat, dairy
products, corn
Fishing: catch 2,444,000 metric tons (1978)
Major industries: textiles and clothing, food processing,
chemical fertilizers, chemicals, plywood, steel, electronics
Shortages: base metals, petroleum, lumber and certain
food grains
Electric power: 6,934,000 kW capacity (1978); 31.4
billion kWh produced (1978), 805 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.7 billion (f.o.b., 1978); textiles and clothing,
electrical machinery, plywood, footwear, steel, ships
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KOREA, SOUTH/KUWAIT
Imports: $15.0 billion (c.i.f., 1978); oil, ships, steel, wood,
wheat, organic chemicals, machinery
Major trade partners: exports-32% U.S., 21% Japan;
imports-40% Japan, 20% U.S. (1978)
Aid: economic?U.S. (FY46-77), $5.8 billion committed;
Japan (1965-75), $1.8 billion extended; military?U.S. (FY
46-77) $7.0 billion committed
Budget: $9.4 billion (1979)
Monetary conversion rate: rate fixed at 484 won=US$1
since December 1974
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,144 km total (1976); 3,096 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 48 km narrow gage (0.610 m); 901 km double
track; 282 km electrified; government-owned
Highways: 46,823 km total (1976); 7,821 km paved,
32,251 km gravel, 3,243 km improved earth, 3,508 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; use restricted to small
native craft
Freight carried: rail (1976) 9.2 billion metric ton/km,
43.6 million metric tons; highway 21.8 million metric tons;
air (1959) 361,184 kg carried
Pipelines: 515 km refined products
Ports: 10 major, 18 minor
Merchant marine: 347 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
3,252,874 GRT, 5,455,337 DWT; includes 185 cargo, 25
container, 39 tanker, 74 bulk, 18 specialized carrier, 2
combination ore/oil, 3 liquefied gas carrier, 1 passenger
Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 120 total, 113 usable; 55 with permanent-
surface runways; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 13 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic and international services
satisfy country requirements; 1,014,016 telephones;
3,100,000 radio and 1,182,000 TV receivers; 82 (ROK), 15
(U.S. Armed Forces) AM stations; 4 (ROK), 6 (U.S. Armed
Forces) FM stations; 22 (ROK), 9 (U.S. Armed Forces) TV
stations; 1 submarine cable (not in operation); 2 troposcatter
links to Japan; International Satellite station in operation
July 1979
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,459,000; 6,781,000
fit for military service; average number reaching military
age (18) annually 486,000
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Supply: assembles APC's; retrofits tanks, produces rifles,
mortars, howitzers, other crew-served weapons, small arms
and artillery ammunition, explosives, some engineer equip-
ment and quartermaster-type equipment, helicopters, some
small naval craft, including motor gunboats, missile boats,25xi
landing craft, and small auxiliary craft; most other materiel
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Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $3.1 billion; about 33% of central
government budget
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KUWAIT
LAND
16,058 km2 (excluding neutral zone but including islands);
insignificant amount forested; nearly all desert, waste, or
urban
Land boundaries: 459 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 499 km
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Population: 1,278,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 5.9% (current)
SECRET
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KUWAIT
July 1979
(See reference map 19
Nationality: noun?Kuwaiti(s); adjective?Kuwaiti
Ethnic divisions: 83% Arabs, 15% Iranians, Indians, and
Pakistani; native Kuwaitis are a minority
Religion: 99% Muslim, 1% Christian, Hindu, Parsi, other
Language: Arabic; English commonly used foreign
language
Literacy: about 40%
Labor force: 360,000 (1978 est.); 74% services, 11%
industry, 11% construction; 70% of labor force is
non-Kuwaiti
Organized labor: labor unions, first authorized in 1964,
formed in oil industry and among government personnel
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Kuwait
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
Capital: Kuwait
Political subdivisions: 3 governorates, 10 voting
constituencies
Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law
significant in personal matters; constitution took effect 1963;
key provisions regarding election of National Assembly
suspended in August 1976; judicial review of legislative acts
not yet determined; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction ,
National holiday: 25 February
Branches: Council of Ministers
Government leader: Amir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Sabah
Suffrage: native born and naturalized males age 21 or
over; law requires 20 years residency after naturalization
Elections: National Assembly dissolved by Emir's decree
in August 1976
Political parties and leaders: political parties prohibited,
some small clandestine groups are active
Communists: insignificant
Other political or pressure groups: none
SECRET
SECRET
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU,
OAPEC, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $12.8 billion (1977), $10,666 per capita est.
Agriculture: virtually none, dependent on imports for
food; approx. 75% of potable water must be distilled or
imported
Major industries: crude petroleum production average
for 1977, 1.92 million b/d; government revenues from taxes
and royalties on production, refining, and consumption, $9.0
billion, preliminary est. for 1976; refinery production 132
million bbls (1977), average b/d refinery capacity equaled
645,000 bbls at end of 1976; other major industries include
processing of fertilizers, chemicals; building materials; flour
Electric power: 2,200,000 kW capacity (1978); 7 billion
kWh produced (1978), 5,640 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.1 billion (f.o.b., 1977), of which petroleum
accounted for about 90%; nonpetroleum exports are mostly
reexports, $800 million (1977 est.)
Imports: $4.8 billion (c.i.f., 1977 est.); major suppliers?
U.S., Japan, U.K., West Germany
Budget: (1977) $7.9 billion revenues; expenditures $5.3
billion; capital $1.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kuwaiti dinar=US$3.63
(1978)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,545 km total; 2,255 km bituminous; 290 km
earth, sand, light gravel
Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined products, 40 km;
natural gas, 121 km
Ports: ?3 major (Ash Shuwaikh, Ash Shuaybah, Mina al
Ahmadi), 4 minor
Merchant marine: 102 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling
2,370,000 GRT, 3,949,700 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 76
cargo, 14 tanker, 6 specialized carrier, 3 liquefied gas
carrier, 1 container
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in
Airfields: 11 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent international and ade-
quate domestic telecommunication facilities; 140,000 tele-
phones (13.0 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 1 FM and 3 TV stations;
1 satellite station with Indian and Atlantic Ocean antennas
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KUWAIT/LAOS
DEFENSE FORCES.
Military manpower: Males 15-49, about 314,000; about
184,000 fit for military service
Supply: dependent mainly on U.K., but also on Belgium,
France, and FRG and on Singapore for patrol boats; field
artillery, rocket launchers and rockets obtained from
U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1980, $330
million; 4% of central government budget
LAOS
(gee reference map VIII
LAND
236,804 km2; 8% agricultural, 60% forests, 32% urban,
waste, and other; except in very limited areas, soil is very
poor; most of forested area is not exploitable
Land boundaries: 5,053 km
136
July 1979
PEOPLE
Population: 3,630,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current); this estimate does not take into account
emigration from Laos during the past few years
Nationality: noun?Lao (sing., Lao or Laotian); adjec-
tive?Lao or Laotian
Ethnic divisions: 48% Lao; 14% Tribal Tai; 25%
Phoutheung (Kha); 13% Meo, Yao, and other
Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and other
Language: Lao official, French predominant foreign
language
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: about 1-1.5 million; 80%.-90% agriculture
Organized labor: only labor organization is subordinate to
the Communist Party
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Lao People's Democratic Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Vientiane
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces subdivided into
districts, cantons, and villages
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: President; 45-member Supreme People's Coun-
cil; cabinet; cabinet is totally Communist but council
contains a few nominal neutralists and non-Communists;
National Congress of People's Representatives established
the current government structure in December 1975
Government leaders: President, Souphanouvong; Prime
Minister, Kaysone Phomvihan; Deputy Prime Ministers,
Nouhak Phoumsavan, Phoumi Vongvichit, Phoun Sipaseut,
and Khamtai Siphandon
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for National Assembly, originally
scheduled for April 1, 1976, have not yet been held
Political parties and leaders: Lao People's Revolutionary
Party (Communist) includes Lao Patriotic Front and
Alliance Committee of Patriotic Neutralist Forces; other
parties are moribund
Other political or pressure groups: non-Communist
political groups are moribund; most leaders have fled the
country
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Mekong Commit-
tee, NAM, SEAMES, U.N., UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $290 million, $90 per capita (1977 est.)
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LAOS/LEBANON
Agriculture: main crops?rice (overwhelmingly domi-
nant), corn, vegetables; formerly self-sufficient; food short-
ages (due in part to distribution deficiencies), including rice
Major industries: tin mining, timber, tobacco, textiles,
electric power
Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum, transportation
system, trained personnel
Electric power: 141,000 kW capacity (1978); 340 million
kWh produced (1978), 95 kWh per capita
Exports: $11 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); electric power,
forest products, tin concentrates; coffee, undeclared exports
of opium .and tobacco
Imports: $75 million (c.i.f., 1978 est.); rice and other
foodstuffs, petroleum products, machinery, transportation
equipment
Major trade partners: imports. from Thailand, U.S.S.R.,
Japan, France, China, Vietnam; exports to Thailand and
Malaysia; trade with Communist countries insignificant;
Laos was once a major transit point in world gold trade,
value of 1973 gold reexports $55 million
Aid: economic?Communist: Eastern Europe, $4.0 mil-
lion (1974-75); U.S.S.R., $66 million committed (1975-76),
China, $42 million committed (1975-76); OPEC, $1.0
million (1975); Western: $151.4 million. (1970-76); U.S.,
' economic, $272.3 million (1970-75), military, $1,119.5
million (1970-75)
Budget: (1973-74) receipts, 13.3 billion kip; expenditures,
36.0 billion kip; deficit 22.7 billion kip (provisional totals);
45% military, 55% civilian; no data available since
Communists fully took over government in 1975
Monetary conversion rate: US$1=400 KL (since June
1978)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: about 18,000 km total; 1,300 km bituminous
or bituminous treated, 5,900 km gravel, crushed stone, or
improved earth; 10,800 km unimproved earth and often
impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September
Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong
and tributaries; 2,897 additional kilometers are sectionally
navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m
Ports (river): 5 major,. 4 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 87 total, 78 usable; 9 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 12 x)vith runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general public consid-
ered poor; radio network provides generally erratic service
to government users; poor international service via radio
relay link to Thailand; approx. 8 AM stations; over 2,000 est.
telephones; 100,000 (est.) radio receivers
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 776,000; 453,000 fit for
SECRET
Declassified
SECRET
military service; average number currently reaching usual
military age (18) annually, 37,000; no conscription age
specified
Laci People's Liberation Army (LPLA): the LPLA
consists of an army with naval, aviation, and militia elements
Supply: dependent on U.S.S.R., and China
Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 30
June 1979, $4.4 million; about 44% of total
budget
government
LEBANON
CYPF1,17
LEBANON
Beirut
Mediterranean
Sea
(See reference map VI
LAND
10,360 km2; 27% agricultural land, 64% desert, waste, or
urban, 9% forested
Land boundaries: 531 km
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LEBANON
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): no specific claims
(fishing, 6 nm)
Coastline: 225 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,943,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.6% (current); this estimate does not take into account
any demographic consequences of the 1975-76 civil war
Nationality: noun?Lebanese (sing. and pl.); adjective?
Lebanese
Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian, 1% other
Religion: 55% Christian, 44% Muslim and Druze, 1%
other (official estimates); Muslims, in fact, constitute a
majority
Language: Arabic (official); French is widely spoken
Literacy: 86%
Labor force: about 1 million economically active; 49%
agriculture, 11% industry, 14% commerce, 26% other;
moderate unemployment
Organized labor: about 65,000
GOVERNMENT
NOTE: Between early 1975 and late 1976, Lebanon was
torn by civil war between its Christians?then aided by
Syrian troops?and its Muslims and their Palestinian allies.
The cease-fire established in October 1976 between the
domestic political groups has generally held, despite
occasional fighting, although the country is still under the
occupation of Arab peacekeeping forces, almost entirely
Syrian. In March 1978 southern Lebanon was invaded by
Israeli troops. When the Israelis withdrew in June, they
turned much of the south over to a United Nations interim
force, but left Christian militias in control of zones along the
border. The country's own army is gradually being re-
established but is still too fragile to give the central
government effective power. Israel's support of the Chris-
tians and Syria's recent support of the Palestinians have
brought the two sides into rough equilibrium, but no
progress has been made on national reconciliation or
political reforms?the original cause of the war. The
following description is based on the present constitutional
and customary practices of the Lebanese system.
Legal name: Republic of Lebanon
'Type: republic
Capital: Beirut
Political subdivisions: 5 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, and
civil law system; constitution mandated in 1920; no judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at University of
Lebanon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 November
Branches: power lies with President elected by parlia-
ment (Chamber of Deputies); cabinet appointed by Presi-
dent, approved by parliament; independent secular courts
138
July 1979
on French pattern; religious courts for matters of marriage,
divorce, inheritance, etc.; by custom, President is a Maronite
Christian, Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and president of
parliament a Shia Muslim; each of 9 religious communities
represented in parliament in proportion to national numeri-
cal strength
Government leader: President Ilyas Sarkis
Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21; authorized for
women over 21 with elementary education
Elections: Chamber of Deputies held every 4 years or
within 3 months of dissolution of Chamber; latest April 1972
Political parties and leaders: political party activity is
organized along sectarian lines; numerous political groupings
exist, consisting of individual political figures and followers
motivated by religious, clan, and economic considerations;
all parties have well-armed militias which are still involved
in occasional clashes
Communists: only legal Communist party in Middle East;
legalized in 1970; members and sympathizers estimated at
2,000-3,000
Other political or pressure groups: Palestinian guerrilla
organizations
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC?
International Wheat Council, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $3.5 billion (1977), $1,400 per capita
Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, potatoes, tobacco,
olives, onions; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: service industries, food processing,
textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, some metal fabricat-
ing, tourism
Electric power: 540,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.2 billion
kWh produced (1978), 470 kWh per capita
Exports: $632 million (1977)
Imports: $1.5 billion (1977)
Aid: economic?OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $638.7 million;
U.S. (1970-77), $138.5 million; other Western (1970-77),
$50.0 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $9.2 million;
military?U.S. (1970-77), $51.5 million; Communist coun-
tries (1970-76), $11.0 million
Budget: (1977) expenditures $539 million, revenues $332
million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.95 Lebanese pounds=
US$1 as of August 1978
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 378 km total; 296 km standard gage (1.435 m),
82 km 1.050-meter gage; all single track
Highways: 7,370 km total; 6,270 km paved, 450 km
gravel and crushed stone, 650 km improved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km
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LEBANON/LESOTHO
Ports: 3 major (Beirut, Tripoli, Sayda), 5 minor
Merchant marine: 68 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
223,500 GRT, 302,500 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 58 cargo,
I bulk, 6 specialized carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo; a flag of
convenience registry
Civil air: 36 major transport aircraft, including 6 leased
out
Airfields: 8 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: rebuilding program disrupted; in-
ternational facilities restored, domestic being rebuilt; fair
system of microwave, cable; approx 125,000 telephones (5.0
per 100 popl.); 2 FM, 7 AM, 7 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station; 3 submarine cables.
liEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 575,000; 352,000 fit for
military service; average of about 29,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Supply: nearly all supplies purchased abroad, principally
from U.S., France, and U.K.; minor amounts from U.S.S.R.,
and Yugoslavia
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $234 million; 26% of central government budge
LESOTHO
LAND
30,303 km2; 15% cultivable; largely mountainous
Land boundaries: 805 km
PEOPLE
Population:?1,306,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.2% (current)
SECRET
SECRET
(See reference mop VI)
Nationality: noun?Mosotho (sing.), Basotho (pl.); adjec-
tive?Basotho
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho, 1,600 Europeans, 800
Asians
Religion: 70% or more Christian, rest animist
Language: all Africans speak Sesotho vernacular; English
is second language for literates
Literacy: 49%
Labor force: 87.4% of resident population engaged in
subsistence agriculture; 150,000 to 250,000 spend 6 months
to many years as wage earners in South Africa
Organized labor: negligible
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Lesotho
Type: constitutional monarchy under King Moshoeshoe II;
independent member of commonwealth since 1966
Capital: Maseru
Political subdivisions: 9 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and
Roman-Dutch law; constitution came into effect 1966;
judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of
Appeal; legal education at National University of Lesotho;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 4 October
Branches: executive, divided between a largely ceremo-
nial King and a Prime Minister who leads cabinet of at least
7 members; Prime Minister dismissed bicameral legislature
in early 1970 and subsequently ruled by decree until 1973 '
when he appointed Interim National Assembly to act as
legislative branch; judicial-63 Lesotho courts administer
customary law for Africans, High Court and subordinate
courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of
Appeal at Maseru has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: King Moshoeshoe II; Prime Minister
Chief Leabua Jonathan
Suffrage: universal for adults
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.LESOTHO/LIBERIA
Elections: elections held in January 1970; nullified
allegedly because of election irregularities; subsequent
elections promised at unspecified date
Political parties and leaders: National Party (BNP),
Chief Leabua Jonathan; Basutoland Congress Party (BCP),
Ntsu Mokhehle
Voting strength: in 1965 elections for National Assembly,
BNP won 32 seats; BCP, 22 seats; minor parties, 4 seats
Communists: negligible, Communist Party of Lesotho
banned in early 1970
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $289.5 million (FY77/78), $289.5 per capita;
average growth rate, 4.9% (FY77/78)
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence
farming and livestock; principal crops are corn, wheat,
pulses, sorghum, barley
Major industries: none
Electric power: approximately 20 million kWh imported
from South Africa (1977)
Exports: labor to South Africa (remittances $113 million
est. in 1976); $14.0 million (est. f.o.b., 1977), wool, mohair,
wheat, cattle, diamonds, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins
Imports: $194.6 million (est. c.i.f., 1977); mainly corn,
building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, POL
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: 'economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$130 million; U.S. (1970-77), $31.7 million; OPEC (ODA)
(1973-76), $22 million
Budget: (FY76) revenues, $89.0 million; current expendi-
tures, $60.8 million; development budget, $76.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: Lesotho uses the South
African rand; 1 SA rand=US$1.15 (as of March 1978)
Fiscal year: 1 April-al March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and included in the
statistics of the Republic of South Africa
Highways: approx. 3,916 km total; 218 km paved; 993 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 1,046 km improved,
1,659 km unimproved earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 21 total, 21 usable; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439
m, 1 with permanent surface runway
Telecommunications: system a modest one consisting of a
few landlineS, a small radio-relay system, and minor
radiocommunication stations; Maseru is the center; 3,725
telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV station
planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 299,000; fit for military
service 159,000
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July 1979
LIBERIA
GUINEA
LIBERI
Monrovia
Atlantic Ocean
(See reference map VI)
LAND
111,370 km2; 20% agricultural, 30% jungle and swamps,
40% forested, 10% unclassified
Land boundaries: 1,336 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 22 nm
Coastline: 579 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,789,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Liberian(s); adjective?Liberian
Ethnic divisions: 5% descendants of immigrant Negroes;
95% indigenous Negroid African tribes including Kpelle,
Bassa, Kru, Grebo, Cola, Kissi, Krahn, and Mandingo
Religion: probably more Muslims than Christians;
70%-80% animist
Language: English official; 28 tribal languages or dialects,
pidgin English used by about 20%
Literacy: about 24% over age 5
Labor force: 600,000, of which 120,000 are in monetary
economy; about 2,000 non-African foreigners hold about
95% of the top level management and engineering jobs
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
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LIBERIA
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Liberia
Type: republic in form; strong executive dominates, with
few constraints
Capital: Monrovia
Political subdivisions: country divided into 9 counties;
President appoints all officials of significance
Legal system: based on U.S. constitutional theory; recent
codes drawn up by Cornell University; constitution adopted
1847; amended 1907, 1926, 1934, 1955, and 1975; no
constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;
legal education at Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law,
University of Liberia; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 July
Branches: President, elected by popular vote, limited to a
single eight-year term, controls through appointive powers,
authority over national expenditures, and a variety of
informal sanctions; 2-house legislature elected by popular
vote; judiciary consisting of Supreme Court and variety of
lower courts
Government leader: President William R. Tolbert, Jr.
Suffrage: universal 18 years and over
Elections: members of House of Representatives elected
for 4-year terms, most recently in October 1975; Senate
members elected for 6-year terms, one-half elected in May
1973; President Tolbert, constitutional successor to President
Tubman who died in July 1971, completed the four year
term to which Tubman was elected and was then elected in
October 1975 for an eight-year term beginning in January
1976
Political parties and leaders: True Whig Party, in power
since 1878, only political party; President Tolbert is leader
Voting strength: 1975 elections uncontested; True Whig
Party won all but a handful of votes
Communists: no Communist Party and only a few
sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GDP: $823 million (1977), $457 per capita; 9.2% current
annual growth rate (1977)
Agriculture: rubber, rice, oil palm, cassava, coffee, cocoa;
imports of rice, wheat, and live cattle and beef are necessary
for basic diet
Fishing: catch 23,000 metric tons
Industry: rubber processing, food processing, construction
materials, furniture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore,
diamonds), 10,000 b/d oil refinery
Electric power: 327,000 kW capacity (1977); 980 million
kWh produced (1977), 620 kWh per capita
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SECRET
Exports: $430 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); iron ore, rubber,
diamonds, lumber and logs, coffee, cocoa
Imports: $482.0 million (c.i.f., 1978 est.); machinery,
transportation equipment, petroleum products, manufac-
tured goods, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: U.S., West Germany, Netherlands,
Italy, Belgium
Aid: economic?(1970-77), Western (non-U.S.), $245.0
million; U.S., $134.2 million; Communist, $23.0 million;
military?U.S., $8.2 million
Budget: (FY77) revenues $192.6 million, expenditures
$265.8 million; development budget $41.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: Liberia uses U.S. currency
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 499 km total; 354 km standard gage (1.435 m),
145 km narrow gage (1.067 m); all lines single track; rail
systems owned and operated by foreign steel and financial
interests in conjunction with Liberian Government
Highways: 7,952 km total; 603 km bituminous treated;
2,055 km gravel, and 4,731 km improved and 563 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 370 km
Ports: 3 major (Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville-Sino
Harbor), 4 minor
Merchant marine: 2,369 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 80,122,163 GRT, 154,745,300 DWT; includes 5
passenger, 514 cargo, 41 container, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo,
739 tanker, 41 liquefied gas, 766 bulk, 146 combination
ore/oil, 5 barge carriers, 99 specialized carrier; although this
registry ranks first in tonnage in the world, all but 2 ships are
entirely foreign owned and operated
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (including 1 leased in)
Airfields: 81 total, 79 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph limited;
main center is Monrovia; 3,400 telephones (0.2 per 100
popl.); 5 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 399,000; 213,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
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SECRET
LIBERIA/LYBIA
Supply: dependent mainly on U.S., has received small
arms and ammunition from Israel, armored cars from
Switzerland and trucks from Japan
Military budget: for year ending 30 June
million; 2.5% of central government budget
1979, $8.5
LIBYA
(See felerence map VI)
LAND
1,758,610 km2; 6% agricultural, 1% forested, 93% desert,
waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 4,345 km
WATER
? Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (except for
Gulf of Sidra where sovereignty is claimed and northern
limit of jurisdiction fixed at 32?30'N. and the unilaterally
proclaimed 100 nm zone around Tripoli)
Coastline: 1,770 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,873,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 4.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?Libyan(s); adjective?Libyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with some Negro
stock; some Greeks, Maltese, Jews, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians
Religion: 97% Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood
in major cities
Literacy: 35%
142
July 1979
Labor force: 900,000 of which about 350,000 are resident
foreigners (est. 1977)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Type: republic; major overhaul of the constitution and
government structure in March 1977 established a system of 25X11
popular congresses which theoretically controls the ruling
General Secretariat; nominally confederated with Egypt and
Syria in Confederation of Arab Republics (CAR) on 1
September 1971
Capital: Tripoli
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative provinces closely
controlled by central government
Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and
Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional
provision for judicial review of legislative acts; legal
education at Law School, at University of Libya at Benghazi;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September
Branches: paramount political power and authority rests
with the Secretariat of the General People's Congress which
theoretically functions as a parliament with a cabinet called
the General People's Committee
Government leaders: Col. Mu'ammar Qadhafi; Prime
Minister, 'Abd al-'Ati 'Ubaydi
Suffrage: universal
Elections: resentatives to the General People's Congress
are drawn from popularly elected municipal committees
Political parties and leaders: Libyan Arab Socialist
Union, Ahmad Shahati, Secretary General; Mu'ammar
Qadhafi, President
Communists: no organized party, negligible membership
Other political or pressure groups: various .Arab nation-
alist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection (Bath)
party with small, almost negligible memberships may be
functioning clandestinely
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU,
NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG
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ECONOMY
GDP: $19.3 billion (1977 at current prices), $6,875 per
capita
Agriculture: main crops?wheat, barley, olives, dates,
citrus fruits, peanuts; approaching self-sufficiency in food
Major industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles,
handicrafts
Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity (1978); 2.3 billion
kWh produced (1978), 820 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.4 billion (f.o.b., 1977); over 99% petroleum
Imports: $5.8 billion (c.i.f., 1977)
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
LIBYA
Major trade partners: imports?Italy, West Germany,
U.S.; exports?Italy, West Germany, U.K., U.S., France
Aid: economic?(1970-77), Western (non-U.S.), $60 mil-
lion; U.S., $0.4 million; military?(1970-77), Communist
countries, $3,429 million; U.S., $0.5 million
Budget: (1977) revenue $11.4 billion; expenditure $10.8
billion; capital $2.1 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Libyan pound=US$3.38
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December (beginning 1974)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 16,250 km total; 7,750 km bituminous and
bitumi-nous treated, 8,500 km gravel, crushed stone and
earth
Pipelines: crude oil 3,251 km; natural gas 282 km; refined
products 443 km (includes 217 km liquid petroleum gas)
Ports: 3 major (Tobruk, Tripoli, Benghazi), 4 minor, and 5
petroleum terminals
Merchant marine: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
871,800 GRT, 1,563,200 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 3
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 tanker, 1 specialized carrier, 3
passenger
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft (including 8 leased
in)
Airfields: 93 total, 81 usable; 19 with permanent-surface
runways, 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 14 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is in top one-third of
African systems; consists of radio-relay and tropo-
spheric-scatter links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunica-
tion stations; principal centers are Tripoli and Benghazi;
49,800 telephones (1.8 per 100 popl.); 15 AM, 1 FM, and 12
TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 669,000; 395,000 fit for
military service; about 33,000 reach military age (17)
annually; conscription now being implemented
SECRET
Supply: dependent mainly on U.K. and U.S. in the past;
U.K. provided a Vosper Mk. 7 frigate in 1973; current
contracts for 10 French missile attack boats and 4 Italian
patrol guided missile combatants;
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Soviet military aid began in 1970 and accelerated in 25x1
1974-76 with substantial deliveries of tanks, armed personnel
carriers, artillery, transport vehicles, 6 missile attack boats, 3
submarines, bomber and fighter aircraft, SCUD surface-to
surface missiles and surface-to-air missile systems; additional
missile boats and submarines are to be received; Czechoslo-
vakia and Poland also have provided armored personnel
carriers and tanks and 1 medium landing ship; Italy has
provided artillery, APC's, and 1 vehicle cargo ship
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $439 million; 5% of central government budget
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SECRET
LIECHTENSTEIN
FRANCE
FEDERAL REPUBLIC
OF GERMANY
Vaduz
SWITZ.
AUSTRIA
I. CHTE STEIN
=^ITALY
(See reference map
LAND
168 km'
Land boundaries: 76 km
LIECHTENSTEIN
PEOPLE
Population: 25,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.6% (7-7'5 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun?Liechtensteiner(s); adjective?
Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions: 95% Germanic, 5% Italian and other
Religion: 92% Roman Catholic
Language: German (dialect)
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 7,000, 3,500 foreign workers (mostly from
Austria and Italy); 59% industry, 20% trade and commerce,
13% professional and other, 8% agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Principality of Liechtenstein
Type: hereditary Constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Political subdivisions: 11 districts
Legal system: based on Swiss law; constitution adopted
1921; judicial review of legislative acts in a special
Constitutional Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Branches: unicameral Parliament, hereditary Prince,
independent judiciary
Government leaders: Head of State, Prince Franz Josef II;
Head of Government, Hans Brunhart
Suffrage: males age 20 and over
Elections: every 4 years; next elections 1982
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union Party
(VU), Dr. Alfred Hilbe; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP),
Dr. Gerard Batliner
Voting strength (1978 election): VU over 50%
144
July 1979
Communists: none
Member of: IAEA, ITU, UPU, considering U.N. member-
ship; desires affiliation with The Council of Europe; under a
1923 treaty, Switzerland handles Liechtenstein's post and
telegraph systems, customs, and foreign relations, WIPO
ECONOMY
Liechtenstein has a prosperous economy based primarily
on small-scale light industry and some farming. Textiles,
ceramics, precision instruments, pharmaceuticals, and
canned foods are the principal manufactures, intended
almost entirely for export. Industry accounts for 95 percent
of total employment. Livestock raising and dairying are the
main sources of income in the small farm sector. A major
source of income to the government is the sale of postage
stamps to foreign collectors, estimated at $6 million
annually. In addition, low business taxes and easy incorpo-
rated rules have induced between 20,000 and 30,000 holding
companies, so-called letter box companies, to establish
nominal offices in the principality. The average tax paid by
one of these companies is about $400 a year.
The Liechtenstein economy is tied closely to that of
Switzerland in a customs union. No national accounts data
are available.
GNP: $291 million (1977 provisional)
Major trade partners: exports (1975)?$202 million;
50.6% EFTA, 41.4% Switzerland, 26.7% EEC; exports
(1977)?$273 million
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1978); 57 million
kWh produced (1978), 2,590 kWh per capita; power is
exchanged with Switzerland, but net exports average 35
million kWh yearly
Budget: (1978 est.) revenues $104.1 million, expenditures
$75.2 million, surplus $28.9 million
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 16.00 km, standard gage (1.435 m), electrified;
owned, operated, and included in statistics of Austrian
Federal Railways
Highways: no information on total kilometers
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft registered and
operated in Switzerland
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serv-
ing about 16,200 telephones (67.7 per 100 popl.); no
broadcast facilities
DEFENSE FORCES
Defense is responsibility of Switzerland
SECRET
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July 1979
LUXEMBOURG
ed
FEDERAL REPUBLIC
OF GERMANY
EMBOURG
Luxembourg
FRANCE
(See reference map IV)
LUXEMBOURG
LAND
2,590 km2; 25% arable, 27% meadows and pasture, 15%
waste or urban, 33% forested, negligible amount of inland
water
Land boundaries: 356 km
PEOPLE
Population: 357,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Luxembourger(s); adjective?Luxem-
bourg
Ethnic divisions: 83% Luxembourger, including an
estimated 5% of Italian descent; remainder French, German,
Belgian, etc.
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, remaining 3% Protestant
and Jewish
Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; most edu-
cated Luxembourgers also speak English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: (1977) 147,300; one-third of labor force is
foreign, comprised mostly of workers from Portugal, Italy,
France, Belgium, and West Germany (1977); unemployment
0.2% (1977)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for administra-
tive purposes has 3 districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch,
Grevenmacher) and 12 cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution
adopted 1868; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Cassation Court only; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 June
SECRET
SECRET
Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven ministers
comprise Council of Government headed by President,
which constitutes the executive; it is responsible to the
unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies; the
Council of State, appointed for indefinite term, exercises
some powers of an upper house; judicial power exercised by
independent courts
Government leaders: Grand Duke Jean, Head of State;
Gaston Thorn, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: every 5 years for entire Chamber of Deputies;
latest elections May 1974
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Party,
Pierre Werner (Parliamentary President) and Jacques Santer
(Party President); Socialist, Lydie Schmit (Party President);
Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte (Party President); Demo-
cratic, Gaston Thorn (Party President and Prime Minister);
Communist, Dominique Urbany
Voting strength in Chamber of Deputies (1974):
Christian Socialist, 18; Socialist Workers, 17; Democrats, 14;
Social Democrats, 5; Communists, 5
Communists: 500 party members (1974)
Other political or pressure groups: group of steel
industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale
Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and
Socialist labor unions, Federation of Industrialists; Artisans
and Shopkeepers Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe, EC,
ECSC, EEC, EIB, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO,
OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.5 billion, $6,900 per capita (1977); 58.1% private
consumption, 14.5% government consumption, 28.3% invest-
ment, 2.8% change in stocks; ?3.7% net foreign balance
Agriculture: mixed farming; main crops?grains, pota-
toes, fodder beets; food shortages?sugar, bread grains, fats
Major industries: iron and steel (25% of GNP), food
processing, chemicals, metal products and engineering, tires
Crude steel: 4.79 million metric tons produced (1978), 12
metric tons per capita
Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity (1978); 1,400
million kWh produced (1978), 3,910 kWh? per capita
Exports, Imports, Major trade partners: Luxembourg has
a customs union with Belgium under which foreign trade is
recorded jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's
principal exports are iron and steel products, principal
imports are coal and consumer goods; most of its foreign
trade is with Germany, Belgium, France, and other EC
countries (for totals, see Belgium)
Budget: (1977) expenditures $1,056 million, revenues
$1,066 million, surplus $10. million
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SECRET July 1979
LUXEMBOURG/MACAO
Monetary conversion rate: LF31.41=US$1, 1978 aver-
age; under the BLEU agreement, the Luxembourg franc is
equal in value to the Belgian franc which circulates freely in
Luxembourg
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 270 km standard gage (1.435 m); 160 km
double track; 136 km electrified
Highways: 5,054 km total; 4,912 paved, 79 km gravel; 63
km earth; about 80 km limited access divided highway
completed or under construction
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
Port: (river) Mertert
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate and efficient system;
158,000 telephones (44.2 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 89,000; 75,000 fit for
military service; about 3,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Supply: completely dependent on other NATO countries,
primarily the U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $32 million, 3% of the central government budget
MACAO
LAND
15.5 km2; 10% agricultural, 90% urban
Land boundaries: 201 m
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm; fishing,
nm
Coastline: 40 km
12
PEOPLE
Population: 272,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?Macaon(s); adjective?Macaon
146
CHINA
VIETNAM
Ethnic divisions:
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catholics, about
one-half are Chinese
Language: 98% Chinese, 2% Portuguese
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese and Macanese;
no data on Chinese population
Labor force: 5% agriculture, 30% manufacturing, 3%
construction, 1% utilities, 27% commerce, 8% transportation
and communications, 26% services (1960 data)
HONG KONG
MACAO
South
China
Sea
99% Chinese,
PHILIPPINES
(See reference map VIII
1% Portuguese
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Province of Macao
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon (Portugal)
Political subdivisions: municipality of Macao, and 2
islands
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Branches: 17-member Legislative Assembly, with Gover-
nor and 5 appointed, 1 specially nominated, and 10 elected
representatives
Government leader: Gen. Melo Egidio
Suffrage: Portuguese, Chinese and foreign residents over
18
Elections: conducted every 4 years; last held 1976
Political parties and leaders: Association to Defend the
Interests of Macao; Macao Democratic Center; Group to
Study the Development of Macao; Macao Independent
Group
Communists: numbers unknown
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese
and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy pro-Com-
munist merchants representing China's interests; in January
1967 Macao Government acceded to Chinese demands
which gave Chinese veto power over administration of the
enclave
SECRET
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MACAO/MADAGASCAR
ECONOMY
Agriculture: main crops?rice, vegetables; food short-
ages?rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on imports for
food requirements
Major industries: textiles, fireworks
Electric power: 116,000 kW capacity (1978); 250 million
kWh produced (1978), 880 kWh per capita
Exports: $185 million (f.o.b., 1976); textiles and clothing,
foodstuffs
Imports: $160 million (c.i.f., 1976)
Major trade partners: exports-23% West Germany, 17%
France, 10% U.K.;- imports-68% Hong Kong, 24% China
(1976)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.4 patacas=US$1 (December
1975); pataca has been pegged to Hong Kong dollar starting
in 1977
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 42 km paved
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: fairly modern communication fa-
cilities provide adequate services for domestic and interna-
tional requirements; broadcasting coverage is provided by
AM and FM radio facilities and a wired broadcast network;
11,765 telephones; 75,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, 2 FM and
no TV stations; no submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 80,000; 46,000 fit for
military service
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
MADAGASCAR
LAND
595,700 km2; 5% cultivated, 58% pastureland, 21%
forested, 8% wasteland, 2% rivers and lakes, 6% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 4,828 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,358,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Malagasy (sing. and pl.); adjective?
Malagasy
SECRET
SECRET
SOUTH AFRICA
0
TANZANIA
MOZ BIOUE
COMOROS
An ananarivo
MADAGASCAR a
Indian Ocean
(See reference map VI)
Ethnic divisions: basic split between highlanders of
predominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin, consisting of Mer-
ina (1,643,000) and related. Betsileo (760,000), on the one
hand, and coastal tribes?collectively termed the Cotiers?
with mixed Negroid, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry
on the other; coastal tribes include Betsimisaraka 941,000,
Tsimihety 442,000, Sakalava 375,000, Antaisaka 415,000;
there are also 10-12,000 European French, 5,000 Indians of
French nationality, and 5,000 Creoles
Religion: more than half animist; about 41% Christian,
7% Muslim
Language: French and Malagasy official
Literacy: 45% of population age 10 and over
Labor force: about 3.4 million, of which 90% are
nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence agricul-
ture; of 175,000 wage and salary earners, 26% agriculture,
17% domestic service, 15% industrY, 14% commerce, 11%
construction, 9% services, 6% transportation, 2% miscel-
laneous
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Republic of Madagascar
Type: republic; real authority in hands of military-
dominated Supreme Revolutionary Council
Capital: Antananarivo
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
traditional Malagasy law; constitution of 1959 modified in
October 1972 by law establishing provisional government
institutions; new constitution accepted by referendum in
December 1975; legal education at National School of Law,
University of Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 June
Branches: executive?a 21-member Supreme Revolution-
ary Council (made up of military and political leaders);
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MADAGASCAR
assisted by cabinet called Council of Ministers; People's
National Assembly; Military Committee for Development;
regular courts are patterned after French system, and a High
Council of Institutions reviews all legislation to determine its
constitutional validity
Government leader: Cdr. Didier Ratsiraka, President
Suffrage: universal for adults (18 and above)
Elections: referendum held in December 1975 gave
overwhelming approval to government and new constitu-
tion; elections for People's National Assembly held in June
1977; only one political grouping allowed to take part in the
election, -The Front for the Defense of Malagasy Socialist
Revolution,- which presented a single list of candidates
Political parties and leaders: 6 parties are now allowed
political activity under the National Front and are
represented on the Supreme Revolutionary Council; the 6
parties are: AREMA (President Ratsiraka's Advance Guard
of the Malagasy Revolution); AKFM (Pastor Richard
Andriamanjato's pro-Soviet Congress Party for Malagasy
Independence); VONJY (Dr. Pazanabahiny Marojama's
Movement for National Unity); UDECMA (Norbert Andria-
morasata's Malagasy Christian Democratic Union); MFM
(Manandafy Rakotonirina's Militants for the Establishment
of a Proletarian Regime); MONIMA (Mouvement Nationale
pour L'Independence de Madagascar) party apparently split
over issue of joining National Front, leader of faction
supporting Front unknown, Monja Jaona leads other faction
Voting strength: number of registered voters (1977)-3.5
million; in 1977 local elections, President Ratsiraka's
AREMA captured approximately 89.5% of the 73,000
available positions on 11,400 local Executive Committees;
AKFM won about 7.3% of the seats, MONIMA 1.7%, and
VONJY 1.4%; UDECMA won only about 45 seats
Communists: Communist party of virtually no impor-
tance; small and vocal group of Communists has gained
strong position in leadership of AKFM, the rank and file of
which is non-Communist
Member of: EAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICO,IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.4 billion (1978), about $408 per capita; current
growth less than 9% (1978)
Agriculture: cash ci-ops?coffee, vanilla, cloves, sugar,
tobacco, sisal, rice, raphia; food crops?rice, cassava, cereals,
potatoes, corn, beans, bananas, coconuts, and peanuts;
animal husbandry widespread; imports some rice, milk, and
cereal
Fishing: catch 54,950 metric tons (1976); exports $16.5
million (1974)
Major industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries,
soap factories, brewery, tanneries, sugar refining), light
consumer goods industries (textiles, glassware), cement plant,
auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil refinery
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July 1979
Electric power: 95,000 kW capacity (1977); 465 million
kWh produced (1977), 60 kWh per capita
Exports: $392.0 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); 30% coffee, 8%
vanilla, 7% sugar, 6% cloves; agricultural and livestock
products account for about 85% of export earnings
? Imports: $359.0 million (f.o.b., 1978); about 19% consum-
er goods, 21% foodstuffs, 41% primary products (crude oil,
fertilizers, metal products), 19% capital goods (1974)
Major trade partners: France (in 1974 accounted for 37%
of exports and 48% of imports), U.S., EC; trade with
Communist countries remains a minute part of total trade
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$375 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $103.8 mil-
lion; U.S. (1970-77), $4.4 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77),
$16.3 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77),
$14 million
Budget: (1978) revenues $350 Million, expenditures $323
million
Monetary conversion rate: 248 Malagasy francs=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 884 km of meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: 27,500 km total; 4,525 km paved, 228 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; remainder improved
and unimproved earth (est.)
Inland waterways: of local importance only, Lake
Alaotra, isolated streams and portions of Canal des
Pangalanes
Ports: 4 major (Tamatave, Diego Suarez, Majunga,
Tulear)
Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
64,900 GRT, 91,900 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 2 tanker, 1
specialized carrier, 1 liquefied gas carrier
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 202 total, 128 usable; 29 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system above African average;
includes open-wire lines, some radio-relay and coaxial links
and 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 28,000 telephones (0.4
per 100 popl.); 10 AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,812,000; 1,077,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually about 78,000
SECRET
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MADAGASCAR/MALAWI
Supply: nearly all from France in the past, now mostly
from West and East European countries; also PRC and
North Korea
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $101.9 million; about 12.9% of central government
budget
MALAWI
(See reference map VII
LAND
95,053 km2; about 31% of land area arable (of which less
than half is cultivated), nearly 25% forested, 6% meadow
and pasture, 38% other
Land boundaries: 2,881 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,861,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.9% (8-66 to 10-77)
Nationality: noun?Malawian(s); adjective?Malawian
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than 1%
European and Asian
Religion: majority animist; rest Christian and Muslim
Language: English and Chichewa official; Lomwe is
second African language
Literacy: 15% of population
Labor force: 225,000 wage earners employed in Malawi
(1974); 30% agriculture, 11% construction, 10% commerce,
13% manufacturing, 10% administration, 26% miscellaneous
services; 6,000 Europeans permanently employed
SECRET
SECRET
Organized labor: small minority of wage earners are
unionized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Malawi
Type: republic since July 1966; independent member of
Commonwealth since July 1964
Capital: Lilongwe
Political subdivisions: 3 administrative regions and 24
districts
Legal system: based on English common law and
customary law; constitution adopted 1964; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 6 July
Branches: strong presidential system with cabinet ap-
pointed by President; unicameral National Assembly of 87
elected and up to 15 nominated members; High Court with
Chief Justice and at least 2 justices
Government leader: Life President Dr. H. Kamuzu
Banda
Suffrage: universal adult (21 years)
Elections: parliamentary elections June 1978
Political parties and leaders: Malawi Congress 'Party
(MCP), Secretary General E. Bakili Muluzi, Deputy
Secretary Robson W. Chirwa
Communists: no Communist Party; Malawi maintains no
foreign relations with Communist governments
Member of: AFDB, EEC (associate member), FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU,
OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,630 million (1978), $178 per capita; real average
annual growth rate (1975-78) 6.4%, growth rate (1978) 7.2%
Agriculture: cash crops?tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts,
cotton, tung, maize; subsistence crops?corn, sorghum,
millet, pulses, root crops, fruit, vegetables, rice
Electric power: 105,000 kW capacity (1977); 315 million
kWh produced (1977), 60 kWh per capita
Major industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco,
sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer goods
Exports: $196 million (f.o.b., 1978); tobacco, tea, sugar,
peanuts, cotton
Imports: $268 billion (f.o.b., 1978); manufactured goods,
machinery and transport equipment, building and construc-
tion materials, fuel, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports?U.K., U.S., South Africa,
Netherlands; imports?South Africa, U.K., Japan, U.S., FRG,
Netherlands
Aid: economic?(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$325 million; U.S., $7.9 million
Budget: FY77/78 revenues $146.3 million; expenditures
$138.7 million; capital $134.7 million
149
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MALAWI/MALAYSIA
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Malawi kwacha =US$0.9029
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 678 km 1.067-meter gage
Highways: 14,913 km total; 1,385 km paved; 631 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 8,714 km improved
earth, 4,183 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Malawi, 1,290 km and Shire
River, 144 km, 3 lake ports
Ports: no maritime ports
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 47 total, 47 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire lines,
radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; princi-
pal centers are Blantyre, Zomba, Lilongwe, and Muzuzu;
19,800 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 4 FM and no
TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,196,000; about
603,000 fit for military service
Supply: mainly from U.K., but also from several other
Western and Third World countries
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1979,
$20.6 million; 6.8% of recurrent central government budget
MALAYSIA
NOTE: Malaysia, which came into being on 16 September
1963, consists of Peninsular Malaysia, which includes 11
150
July 1979
states of the former Federation of Malaya, plus East
Malaysia, which includes the 2 former colonies of North
Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak
LAND
Peninsular Malaysia: 131,313 km2; 20% cultivated, 26%
forest reserves, 54% other
Sabah: 76,146 km2; 13% cultivated, 34% forest reserves,
53% other
Sarawak: 125,097 km2; 21% cultivated, 24% forest
reserves, 55% other
Land boundaries: 509 km Peninsular Malaysia, 1,786 km
East Malaysia
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia, 2,607 km East
Malaysia
PEOPLE
Population: 13,280,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.8% (current)
Peninsular Malaysia: 11,068,000, average annual
growth. rate 2.6% (8-70 to 1-77)
Sabah: 990,000, average annual growth rate 4.8% (8-70
to 1-77)
Sarawak: 1,222,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(8-70 to 1-75)
Nationality: noun?Malaysian(s); adjective?Malaysian
Ethnic divisions:
Malaysia: 50% Malay, 35% Chinese, 10% Indian
Peninsular Malaysia: 53% Malay, 35% Chinese, 11%
Indian and Pakistani, 1% other
Sabah: 21% Chinese, 69% indigenous tribes, 10% other
Sarawak: 30% Chinese, 50% indigenous tribes, 19%
Malay, 1% other
Religion:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malays nearly all Muslim,
Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly
Hindu
Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other
Sarawak: 23% Muslim, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist,
16% Christian, 35% tribal religion, 2% other
Language:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official); English, Chinese
dialects, Tamil
Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects,
Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese
Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal
languages
Literacy:
Peninsular Malaysia: about 48%
Sabah and Sarawak: 23%
SECRET
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July 1979
MALAYSIA
Labor force:
Malaysia: 4.5 million (1977)
Peninsular Malaysia: 3.6 million; 46.2% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing, 10.9% manufacturing and construction,
31.9% trade, transport, and services (1975)
Sabah: 213,000 (1967); 80% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing, 6% manufacturing and construction, 13% trade and
transportation, 1% other
Sarawak: 341,000 (1967); 80% agriculture, forestry,,.and
fishing, 6% manufacturing and construction, 13% trade,
transportation, and services, 1% other
Organized labor: 500,000 (1975 est.), about 15% of total
labor force; unemployment about 7% of total labor force, but
higher in urban areas
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Malaysia
Type:
Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nominally headed
by Paramount Ruler (King); a bicameral Parliament
consisting of a 58-member Senate and a 154-member House
of Representatives
Peninsular Malaysian states: hereditary rulers in all
but Penang and Malacca where Governors appointed by
Malaysian Government; powers of state governments limited
by federal constitution
Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it
holds 16 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs,
defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to
federal government
Sarawak: self-governing state within Malaysia in which
it holds 24 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs,
defense, and internal security, and other powers are
delegated to federal government
Capital:
Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Sabah: Kota Kinabalu
Sarawak: Kuching
Political subdivisions: 13 states (including Sabah and
Sarawak)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
came into force 1963; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court at request of Supreme Head of the
Federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 31 August
Branches: 9 state rulers alternate as Paramount Ruler for
5-year terms; locus of executive power vested in Prime
Minister and cabinet, who are responsible to bicameral
parliament; following communal rioting in May 1969,
government imposed state of emergency and suspended
constitutional rights of all parliamentary bodies; parliamen-
tary democracy resumed in February 1971
SECRET
SECRET
Peninsular Malaysia: executive branches of 11 states
vary in detail but are similar in design; a Chief Minister,
appointed by hereditary ruler or Governor, heads an
executive council (cabinet) which is responsible to an
elected, unicameral legislature
Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch headed by
Governor appointed by central government, largely ceremo-
nial role; executive power exercised by Chief Minister who
heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to unicameral
legislature; judiciary part of Malaysian judicial system
Government leader: Prime Minister Hussein bin Onn
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: minimum of every 5 years, last elections July
1978
Political parties and leaders:
Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a confederation
of 11 political parties dominated by United Malays National
Organization (UMNO), Hussein Onn; opposition parties are
Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Islamic Party (PAS)
Sabah: Berjaya Party, Datuk Harris Salleh; United
Sabah National Organization (USNO), Tan Sri Haji Mohd
Said Keruak; Sabah Chinese Association (SCA), Khoo Siak
Chiew
Sarawak: coalition Sarawak Alliance composed of the
Pesaka/Bumipatra Party, Rahman Yaacub, the United
People's Party (SUPP), Ong Kee Hui, and Sarawak Chinese
Association; Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Stephen
Ningkan; Sarawak Native Peoples Party (PAJAR), Alli Kawi
Voting strength:
Peninsular Malaysia: (1978 election) National Front,
131 of 154 seats in lower house of parliament; Democratic
Action Party, 16 seats; Islamic Party, 5 seats; Sarawak
People's Organization 1 seat; 1 independent seat
Sabah: (April 1976 Assembly Elections) Berjaya Party
controls 35 of 54 seats in State Assembly, USNO controls 19
remaining seats
Sarawak: (1974 elections) National Front controls all 48
State Assembly seats
Communists:
Peninsular Malaysia: approximately 3,000 armed
insurgents on Thailand side of Thai/Malaysia border;
approximately 300 full-time inside Peninsular Malaysia
Sarawak: 125 armed insurgents in Sarawak
Sabah: insignificant
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC,? ITU, NAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP:
Malaysia: $15.7 billion (1978), $1,137 per capita;
average annual real growth 7.8% (1970-76); 7.2% (1978)
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SECRET
Agriculture:
Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, oil palm,
10%45% of rice requirements imported
Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops?rubber,
ber, coconut, rice; food deficit?rice
Sarawak: main crops?rubber, timber, pepper;
deficit?rice
Fishing: catch 516,903 metric tons (1976)
Major industries:
Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing
and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, elec-
tronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing
timber
Sabah: logging, petroleum production
Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum production
and refining, logging
Electric power:
Peninsular Malaysia: 1,718,000 kW capacity (1978);
7.5 billion kWh produced (1978), 690 kWh per capita
Sabah: 131,000 kW capacity (1978); 355 million kWh
produced (1978), 370 kWh per capita
Sarawak: 102,180 kW capacity (1978); 280 million
kWh produced (1978), 235 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1978); natural rubber, palm
oil, tin, timber, petroleum
Imports: $5.9 billion (c.i.f.,- 1978)
Major trade partners: exports-19% Singapore, 18% U.S.,
20% Japan; imports-21% Japan, 11% U.K., 12% U.S., 9%
Singapore
Aid: U.S. economic 1970-76, $23.1 million; military $64.7
million; Western (except U.S.), $562.6 million; OPEC, 1974-
76, $186.5 million
Budget: 1978 revenues $3.4 billion; expenditures $4.6
billion; deficit $1.2 billion; 20% military, 80% civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 2.20 ringgits=US$1 (March
1979)
Fiscal year: calendar year
MALAYSIA '
rice;
tim-
food
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads:
Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665 km 1.04-meter gage; 13 km
double track; government-owned
East Malaysia: 156 km meter gage (1.00 m) in Sabah
Highways:
Peninsular. Malaysia: 19,778 km total; 15,925 km hard
surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 2,970 km
crushed stone/gravel, 883 km improved or unimproved
earth
East Malaysia: about 5,426 km total (1,644 km in
Sarawak, 3,782 km in Sabah); 819 km hard surfaced (mostly
bituminous surface treatment), 2,936 km gravel or crushed
stone, 1,671 km earth
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July 1979
Inland waterways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3,209 km
East Malaysia: 4,087 km (1,569 km in Sabah, 2,518 km
in Sarawak)
Ports:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3 major, 14 minor
East Malaysia: 3 major, 12 minor (2 major, 3 minor in
Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sarawak)
Merchant marine: 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
524,900 GRT, 791,000 DWT; includes 39 cargo, 3 tanker, 8
bulk, 1 combination ore/oil, 6 container, 1 specialized
carrier
Civil air: approximately 26 major transport aircraft
Pipelines: crude oil, 69 km; refined products, 56 km
Airfields:
Peninsular Malaysia: 62 total, 62 usable; 16 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Sabah: 34 total, 34 usable; 5 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Sarawak: 45 total, 45 usable; 5 with permanent-surface
runways; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
Peninsular Malaysia: good intercity service provided
mainly by microwave relay; international service good; good
coverage by radio and television broadcasts; 278,000
telephones (2.7 per 100 popl.); 26 AM, 1 FM, and 16 TV
stations; submarine cables extend to Singapore; connected to
SEACOM submarine cable terminal at Singapore by
microwave relay; 1 ground satellite station
Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends
to Sarawak via Brunei; 23,068 telephones (2.7 per 100 popl.);
5 AM, 1 FM, 5 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable links
to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1 ground satellite station
Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay network ex-
tends to Sabah via Brunei; 28,000 telephones (2.4 per 100
popl.); 4 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower:
Peninsular Malaysia: males 15-49, 2,590,000;
1,649,000 fit for military service; 119,000 reach military age
(21) annually
Sabah: males 15-49, 220,000; 131,000 fit for military
service; 11,000 reach military age (21) annually
Sarawak: males 15-49, 274,000; 163,000 fit for military
service; 12,000 reach military age (21) annually
External defense dependent on loose Five Power Defense
Agreement (FPDA) which replaced Anglo-Malayan Defense
Agreement of 1957 as amended in 1963
SECRET
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MALAYSIA/MALDIVES
Supply: fast patrol boats domestically produced; naval
ships and equipment from New Zealand, Singapore, France
and the U.S.; 4 missile attack boats under construction in
Sweden; some air force equipment from Canada, France,
U.S., and Australia; armored vehicles from U.S. and U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $1,060 million; about 19.9% of central government
budget
MALDIVES
(,) SRI
Laccadive LANKA
Sea
MALDIVES'.-male
(See reference map VW
LAND
298 km2; 2,000 islands grouped into 12 atolls, about 220
islands inhabited
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): the land and sea
between latitudes 7?9'N. and 0?45'S. and between longi-
tudes 72?30'E. and 73?48'E; these coordinates form a
rectangle of approximately 37,000 nm2; territorial sea ranges
from 2.75 to 55 nm; fishing, approximately 100 rim
Coastline: 644 km (approx.)
SECRET
PEOPLE
Population: 144,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Maldivian(s); adjective?Maldivian
Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese, Dravidian,
Arab, and Negro
Religion: official Sunni Muslim
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala)
Literacy: largely illiterate
Labor force: fishing industry employs most of the male
population
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male
Political subdivisions: 19 administrative districts corre-
sponding to atolls
Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of
English common law primarily in commercial matters; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 29 March
Branches: popularly elected unicameral national legisla-
ture (Majlis) (members elected for 5-year terms); elected
President, chief executive; appointed Chief Justice responsi-
ble for administration of Islamic law
Government leader: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: no organized political
parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the past eight
centuries
Communists: negligible number
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77 GATT (de facto),
IBRD, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, U.N., UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $17.4 million (1974), $135 per capita
Agriculture: crops?coconut and millet; shortages?rice,
sugar, flour
Fishing: catch 26,700 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: fishing; some coconut processing
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1977); 6 million kWh
produced (1977), 40 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.5 million (1977); fish
Imports: $9.1 million (1977)
Major trade partners: Sri Lanka, Japan
Aid: U.K. (1960-65), $1.4 million drawn; Sri Lanka (1967),
$1 million committed; OPEC bilateral (1974-77), $10
million; Japan and India (amounts not known)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.93 Maldivian rupees=US$1,
official rate; 9.2 rupees=US$1, market rate (June 1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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SECRET July 1979
MALDIVES/MALI
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Merchant marine: 27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
80,560 CRT, 99,900 DWT; includes 26 cargo, 1 container
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal domestic and internation-
al telecommunication facilities; 480 telephones (0.4 per 100
popl.); 1 AM station; 1 Indian Ocean sattelite station
DEFENSE FORCES
No formal defense structure and no regular armed forces;
MALI
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference map VI)
LAND
1,204,350 km'; only about a fourth of area arable, forests.
negligible, rest sparse pasture or desert
'Land boundaries: 7,459 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,350,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Malian(s); adjective?Malian
Ethnic divisions: 99% native African including tribes of
both I3erber and Negro descent
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% animist, 1% Christian
Language: French official; several African languages, of
which Mande group most widespread
154
Literacy: under 5%
Labor force: approximately 100,000 salaried, 50,000 of
whom are employed by the government; most of population
engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry
Organized labor: Union National des Travailleurs Maliens
(UNTM) is umbrella organization over thirteen national
unions
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Mali
Type: republic; under military regime since November
1968
Capital: Bamako
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative regions; 42
administrative districts (cercles), arrondissements, villages;
all subordinate to central government
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
customary law; constitution adopted 1974, comes into full
effect in 1979; judicial review of legislative acts in
Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 September
Branches: executive authority exercised by Military
Committee of National Liberation (MCNL) composed of 11
army officers; under MCNL functional cabinet composed of
civilians and .army officers; judiciary
Government leaders: Brig. Gen. Moussa Traore, President
of MCNL, Chief of State, and head of government
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: political activity proscribed
by military government but government has formed a new
single party called the Democratic Union of Malian People
(UDPM), which will become the sole party under civilian
leadership, scheduled for 1979
Elections: constitutionally designated for '1979
Communists: a few Communists and some sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO,
IMF, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OMVS
(Organization for the Development of the Senegal River
Valley), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: estimated about $645 million (1977), $110 per
capita; annual real growth rate 5.8% (1973-76)
Agriculture: main crops?millet, sorghum, rice, corn,
peanuts; cash crops?peanuts, cotton, and livestock
Fishing: catch 7,500 tons (1977)
Major industries: small local consumer goods and
processing
Electric power: 42,000 kW capacity (1977); 105 million
kWh produced (1977), 20 kWh per capita
Exports: eStiniated $125 million (f.o.b., 1977); livestock,
Peanuts, dried fish, cotton, and skins
SECRET
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MALI/MALTA
Imports: estimated $170 million (c.i.f., 1977); textiles,
vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, and sugar
Major trade partners: mostly with franc zone and
Western Europe; also with U.S.S.R., China
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77)
$410 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $120.9 million; U.S.,
(1970-77), $119.4 million; Communist countries (1970-76),
$37.2 million; military?Communist (1970-77), $98 million;
U.S. (1970-77), $0.5 million
Budget: (1976) expenditures $102 million; revenues $82
million
Monetary conversion rate: 491.34 Mali francs=US$1,
1977
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 642 km meter gage (1.00 m)
Highways: approximately 15,699 km total; 1,669 km
bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, 10,360 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 37 usable; 7 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic system poor and provides
only minimal service; open-wire and radiocommunication
used for long distance telecommunications; 7,800 telephones
(0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,434,000; 810,000 fit
for military service; no conscription
Supply: dependent primarily on foreign countries, mainly
the U.S.S.R.; also ha ? received equipment from Czechoslo-
vakia, PRC, and FRG
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $29,058,304; about 21.7% of central government
budget
SECRET
MALTA
GRE CE
? MALTA
Mediterranean Sea
LIBYA
(See reference map IV)
LAND
313 km2; 45% agricultural, negligible amount forested,
remainder urban, waste, or other (1965)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 20
nm)
Coastline: 140 km
PEOPLE
Population: 343,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.0% (7-72 to 7-78)
Nationality: noun Maltese (sing. and pl.); adjec-
tive Maltese
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman,
Spanish, Italian, British
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
Language: English and Maltese
Literacy: about 83%; compulsory education introduced in
1946
Labor force: 119,554 (November 1977); 32% services
(except government), 18% government (except job corps),
5% job corps, 26% manufacturing, 6% agriculture, 3%
construction, 5% utilities and drydocks; 3.3% registered
unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 40% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Malta
Type: parliamentary democracy, independent republic
within the Commonwealth since December 1974
Capital: Valletta
Political subdivisions: 2 main populated islands, Malta
and Gozo, divided into 13 electoral districts (divisions)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
adopted 1961, came into force 1964; has accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
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MALTA/MARTINIQUE
Branches: executive, consisting of Prime Minister and
cabinet; legislative, comprising 65-member House of Repre-
sentatives; independent judiciary
National holiday: Republic Day, 13 December
Government leader: Prime Minister Dominic Mintoff
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registration required
Elections: at the discretion of the Prime Minister, but
must be held before the expiration of a 5-year electoral
mandate; last election September 1976
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party, Edward
Fenech Adami; Malta Labor Party, Dom Mintoff
Voting strength (1976 election): Labor, 34 seats (51.54%);
Nationalist, 31 seats (48.43%)
Communists: less than 100 (est.)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-
77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $764 million (1978), $2,344 per capita; 68% private
consumption, 22% gross investment; 16% government
consumption, ? 6% net foreign sector; in 1978 real GNP
growth was 11% (1978 prelim.); 12.5% (1971-76 average)
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; adequate sup-
plies of vegetables, poultry, milk and pork products;
shortages in beef, grain, animal fodder, and fruits at various
seasons; main products?potatoes, cauliflowers, grapes,
wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers,
hogs, poultry, eggs; 2,680 calories per day per capita
Major industries: ship repair yard, clothing, building
industry, food manufacturing, textiles, tourism
Shortages: most consumer and industrial needs (fuels and
raw materials) must be imported
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1978); 450 million
kWh produced (1978), 1,380 kWh per capita
Exports: $345 million (f.o.b., 1978); clothing, textiles,
ships, printed matter
Imports: $668 million (c.i.f., 1978)
Major trade partners: 70% EC-nine (24% U.K., 20% West
Germany, 13% Italy); 6% est. U.S. (1978)
Budget: (1978/79) projects $283 million in expenditures,
$220 million in revenues
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Maltese pound=US$2.60
(average 1977)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 1,271 km total; 1,159 km paved (asphalt), 77
km crushed stone or gravel, 35 km improved and
unimproved earth
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Ports: 1 major (Valletta), 2 minor
Merchant marine: 17 ships (1,000 CRT or over) totaling
90,100 GRT, 126,800 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-
off cargo, 4 bulk, 1 specialized carrier, 1 tanker, 1 passenger,
1 liquefied gas carrier
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft (including 5 leased in)
Airfields: 4 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern automatic telephone sys-
tem centered in Valletta; 62,200 telephones (19.6 per 100
popl.); 1 TV, 5 AM, and 4 FM stations; 1 coaxial submarine
cable
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 79,000 65,000 fit for
military service
Supply: has received 2 patrol boats, small arms, and
mortars from Libya; vehicles and engineer equipment from
Italy
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1979,
$9,417,460 (includes funds for Pioneer Corps and the Arms
of Malta, totaling about $5.1 million); about 3.5% of central
government budget
MARTINIQUE
LAND
1,100 km2; 31% cropland, 16% pasture, 29% forest, 24%
wasteland, built on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 290 km
PEOPLE
Population: 315,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate ?0.1% (10-67 to 1-78)
Nationality: noun Martiniquais (sing. and pl.); adjective
Martiniquais
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-Caucasian-
Indian mixture, less than 5% East Indian Lebanese, Chinese,
5% Caucasian
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July 1979
MARTINIQUE
AM
OOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
PUERTO
RICO
Caribbean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
?
MARTINIQUE%
0
(See reference map III
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan
African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 100,000; 23% agriculture, 20% public
services, 11% construction and public works, 10% commerce
and banking, 10% services, 9% industry, 17% other
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Department of Martinique
Type: overseas department of France; represented by 3
deputies in the French National Assembly and 2 Senators in
the Senate; incumbent deputies Aime Cesaire, Camille Petit,
and Victor Sable reelected to National Assembly, 12 March
1978
'Capital: Fort-de-France
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements; 34 communes,
each with a locally elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court
of appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction over
Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by Paris; legisla-
tive, popularly elected council of 36 members and a
Regional Council including all members of the local general
council and the locally elected deputies and senators to the
French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French
judicial system ?
Government leader: Prefect Raymond Heim left post 14
April 1979; no replacement named as of end-May 1979
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections normally are held
every five years; last General Council election took place in
March 1978
Political parties and ,leaders: Rassemblement Pour la
Republique (RPR), Emile Maurice; Progressive Party of
Martinique (PPM), Aime Cesaire; Communist Party of
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Martinique (PCM),. Armand Nicolas; Democratic Union of
Martinique (UDM), Leon-Laurent Valere; Socialist Party,
leader unknown; Federation of the Left, leader unknown
Voting strength: RPR, 2 seats in French National
Assembly; PPM, 1 seat (1973 election)
Communists: 1,000 estimated
Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian Action
Group (GAP), Socialist Revolution Group (CRS)
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,169 million (1977 at current prices), $3,600 per
capita
Agricultuie: bananas, sugarcane, and pineapples
Major industries: agricultural processing, particularly
sugar milling and rum distillation; cement, oil refining and
tourism
Electric power: 95,500 kW capacity (1977); 150 million
kWh produced (1977), 430 kWh per capita
Exports: $128.1 million (f.o.b., 1977); bananas, refined
petroleum products, rum, sugar, pineapples
Imports: $426.5 million (c.i.f., 1977); foodstuffs, clothing
and other consumer goods, raw materials and supplies, and
petroleum
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(FY70-76) from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $1.4 billion;
no military aid
Major trading partners: exports-82% France, 9% Italy,
9% other; imports-70% France, 6% United States, 3%
Netherlands Antilles, 3% Netherlands, 18% other (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.75 French francs=US$1
(1976)
Fiscal year: Calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,606 km total; 1,200 km paved, 400 km
gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Fort-de-France), 5 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft (leased in)
Airfields: 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1
with runway 2:440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate;
34,700 telephones (10.2 per 100 popl.); inter-island VHF and
UHF radio links; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 1 AM, 1
FM, and 5 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49,
Defense is responsibility of France;
included in France
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MARTINIQUE/MAURITANIA
MAURITANIA
(See reference reap VI)
LAND
1,085,210 km2; less than 1% suitable for crops, 10%
pasture, 90% desert
Land boundaries: 5,118 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm (fishing, 36
nm)
Coastline: 754 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,558,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Mauritanian(s); adjective? Mauri-
tanian
Ethnic divisions: nearly one third Moor, at least one third
Black, one third mix Moor/Black
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic is the national language, French is the
working language for government and commerce
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: about 95,000 wage earners (1979); remain-
der of population in farming and herding; considerable
unemployment
Organized labor: 30,000 union members claimed by
single union, Mauritanian Workers' Union
GOVERNMENT '
Legal name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Type: republic; military seized power in bloodless coup 10
July 1978
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July 1979
Capital: Nouakchott
Political subdivisions: 12 regions and a capital district
NOTE: Mauritania has acquired administrative control of
the southern third of Western (formerly Spanish) Sahara
under an agreement with Morocco, but the legal question of
sovereignty over the area has yet to be determined. Spain's
role as co-administrator of the disputed territory ended
February 1976. The newly acquired region, which lies below
the 24th parallel, becomes the district of Tins el Gbarbia?a
territorial division of the state. The district's headquarters is
Dakhla, formerly Villa Cisneros. Tins el Gharbia is
subdivided into three departments?Dakhla, Ausert, and
Aargub.
Legal system: based on French and Islamic law;
constitution suspended
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November
Branches: executive, Military Committee for National
Welfare rules by decree; National Assembly and judiciary
suspended pending restoration of civilian rule
Government leaders: President, Lt. Col. Mohamed
Mahmoud OuId Louly Ahmed; Prime Minister and head of
government, Lt. Col. Mohamed OuId. Khouna Heydala
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: in abeyance; last election October 1975
Political parties and leaders: suspended
Communists: no Communist Party, but there is a
scattering of Maoist sympathizers
Member of: AFD13, AIOEC, Arab League, CEAO,
CIPEC (associate), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OMVS (Organization for the Develop-
ment of the Senegal River Valley), U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: about $328 million (1978 prov.), $240 per capita,
average annual increase in current prices about 2% (1971-78)
Agriculture: most Mauritanians are nomads or subsistence
farmers; main products?livestock, 'small grains, dates; cash
crops?gum arabic; livestock
Fishing: catch, 34,170 metric tons; exports, 29,891 metric
tons (1975)
Major industries: mining of iron ore and copper, fishing
Electric power: 70,000 kW capacity (1977); 100 million
kWh produced (1977), 70 kWh per capita ?
Exports: $136 million (f.o.b., 1978 prov.); iron ore, fish,
copper
Imports: $314 million (f.o.b., 1978 prov.); foodstuffs,
capital goods
Major trade partners: (trade figures not complete because
Mauritania has a form of customs union with Senegal and
much local trade unreported) France and other EC
members, U.K., and U.S. are main overseas partners
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MAURITAINA/MAURITIUS
Aid: economic?OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $433.4 million;
Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $150.0 million;
Communist countries (1970-76), $96.6 million; military?
U.S. (1970-77), $31.4 million; Communist countries (1970-
76), $4.0 million
Budget: 1978 prov. $267 million expenditures, $44 million
grants, $138 million revenue
Monetary conversion rate: 45.68 Ouguiyas=US$1 as of
November 1977
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 650 km standard gage (1.435 m), single track,
Privately owned
Highways: 6,090 km total; 558 km paved; 607 km gravel,
crushed stone, or otherwise improved; 4,925 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 800 km
Ports: 1 major (Nouadhibou), 2 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship totaling 1,500 GRT, 1,700
DWT
Civil air:- 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 30 total, 30 usable; 9 with permanent-surface
runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system of fragmentary cable
and open-wire lines, a minor radio-relay link, and radiocom-
munications stations; 2,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 1
AM, no FM or TV station' s .
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 365,000; 176,000 fit for
military service; conscription law not implemented
Supply: primarily dependent on France; has also received
material from Algeria, Morocco, U.K., and Spain
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1976
(revised), $29 million; 22% of central government budget
MAURITIUS
LAND
1,856 km' (excluding dependencies); 50% agricultural,
intensely cultivated; 39% forests, woodlands, mountains,
river, and natural reserves; 3% built-up areas; 5% water
bodies, 2% roads and tracks, 1% permanent wastelands
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(See teference map VII
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 177 km
PEOPLE
Population: 933,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.3% (7-71 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun?Mauritian(s); adjective?Mauritian
Ethnic divisions: 67% Indians, 29% Creoles, 3.5%
Chinese, 0.5% English and French
Religion: 51% Hindu, 33% Christian (mostly Catholic
with a few Anglican Protestants), 16% Muslim
Language: English official language; Hindi, Chinese,
French Creole
Literacy: estimated 60% for those over 21, and 90% for
those of school age
Labor force: 175,000; 50% agriculture, 6% industry; 20%
government services; 14% are unemployed, underemployed,
or self-employed, 10% other
Organized labor: about 35% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Mauritius
Type: independent state since 1968, recognizing Elizabeth
II as Chief of State
Capital: Port Louis
Political subdivisions: 5 organized municipalities and
various island dependencies
Legal system: based on French civil law system with
elements of English common law in certain areas; constitu-
tion adopted 6 March 1968
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 March
Branches: executive power exercised by Prime Minister
and 21-man Council of Ministers; unicameral legislature
(National Assembly) with 62 members elected by direct
suffrage, 8 specially elected
Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. Seewoosagur
Ramgoolam
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MAURITIUS/MEXICO
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative elections held in December 1976;
municipal elections held in 1977
Political parties and leaders: a government coalition
consisting of Labor Party (S. Ramgoolam) and Parti
Mauricien Social Demoorate (G. Duval); opposition parties?
Mauritius Democratic Union (M. Lesage), Mouvement
Militant Mauritian (P. Berenger), Mouvement Militant
Mauritian Socialiste Progressist (D. Virahsawmy)
Voting strength: the Mauritius Labor Party and the Parti
Mauricien Social Democrate have a coalition in the National
Assembly of 38 seats; the Movement Militant Mauritian has
32 seats
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers; several Com-
munist organizations; Mauritius Lenin Youth Organization,
Mauritius Women's Committee, Mauritius Communist
Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party, Mauritius
Young Communist League, Mauritius Liberation Front,
Chinese Middle School Friendly Association, Mauri-
tius/USSR Friendship Society
Other political or pressure groups: Tamil United Party,
Mauritius Workers Party
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC?International
Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $570 million (1977), $640 per capita; real growth
(1970-76), 6%
Agriculture: sugar crop is major economic asset; about
40% of land area is planted to sugar; most food imported?
rice is the staple food?and since cultivation is already
intense and expansion of cultivable areas is unlikely, heavy
reliance on food imports except sugar and tea will continue
Shortage: land
Industries: mainly confined to processing sugarcane, tea;
some small-scale, simple manufactures; tobacco fiber; some
fishing; tourism, diamond cutting, weaving and textiles,
electronics
Electric power: 81,000 kW capacity (1977); 312 million
kWh produced (1977), 340 kWh per capita
Exports: $312 million (f.o.b., 1977); $268 million sugar, $4
million tea, $5 million molasses
Imports: $358 million (f.o.b., 1977); foodstuffs 30%,
manufactured goods about 25%
Major trade partners: all EC-nine countries and U.S.
have preferential treatment, U.K. buys over 50% of
Mauritius' sugar export at heavily subsidized prices; small
amount of sugar exported to Canada, U.S., and Italy; imports
from U.K. and EC primarily, also from South Africa,
Australia, and Burma; some minor trade with China
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$105.0 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $40.2
million; U.S. (1970-77), $14.9 million
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July 1979
Budget: revenues $174 million, current expenditures $201
million (1977)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.6 Mauritian rupees=US$1
1977 (floating with pound sterling)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 1,786 km total; 1,636 km paved, 150 km earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Ports: 1 major (Port Louis)
Merchant marine: 7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 34,600 GRT, 49,500 DWT
Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent surface
runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: radio telegraph service with Re-
union, Malagasy Republic, Seychelles, Zanzibar, and other
places in Africa; 1 AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations; 26,500
telephones (2.9 per 100 popl.); 1 Indian Ocean satellite
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 245,000; 127,000 fit for
military service
Mutual defense and assistance Agreement with the U.K.;
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979,
$13,467,287; 3.7% of central government budget
MEXICO
LAND
1,978,800 km2; 12% cropland, 40% pasture, 22% forested,
26% other (including waste, urban areas and public lands)
Land boundaries: 4,220 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm), 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 9,330 km
PEOPLE
Population: 66,114,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.8% (current)
Nationality: noun?Mexican(s); adjective?Mexican
Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo, 30% Indian or predomi-
nantly Indian, 9% white or predominantly white, 1% other
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July 1979
MEXICO
UNITED STATES
Gulf
of Mexico
MEXICOCUBA
Mexico
BE
Pacific Ocean
GUATEMALA
(See reference map
Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3% other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 65% estimated; 84% claimed officially
Labor force: 18.0 million (1978) (defined as those 12 years
of age and older); 33.0% agriculture, 16.0% manufacturing,
16.6% services, 16.8% construction, utilities, commerce, and .
transport, 3% government, 5.4% unspecified activities; 10%
unemployed, 40% underemployed
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Mexican States
Type: federal republic operating in fact under a
centralized government
Capital: Mexico
Political subdivisions: 31 states, Federal District
Legal system: mixture of U.S. constitutional theory and
civil law system; constitution established in 1917; judicial
review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September
Branches: dominant executive, bicameral legislature,
Supreme Court
Government leader: President Jos?OPEZ PORTILLO y
Pacheco
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory but
unenforced
Elections: congressional elections July 1979
Political parties and leaders: Institutional Revolutionary
Party (PRI), Gustavo Carvajal Moreno; National Action
Party (PAN), Abel Vincencio Tovar; Popular Socialist Party
(PPS), Jorge Cruickshank Garcia; Authentic Party of the
Revolution (PARM), Pedro Gonzalez Azcuaga
Note: under the 1977 political reform program, political
parties will have to obtain 1.5% of the National vote in the
1979 election to receive -definite registration- and become a
member of the legal oppostion; under the new guidelines
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several parties, including the Mexican Communist Party, the
Socialist Workers Party, and the Mexican Democratic Party
have qualified for participation in the elections
Voting strength: 1976 presidential election: 98.7% PRI
?(unopposed), 1.3% other; 1976 congressional election: 80.2%
PRI; 8.5% PAN; 5.8% other opposition (votes cast for PPS,
PARM, and unregistered candidates), 5.4% annulled
Communists: Mexican Communist Party (estimated
25,000 claimed, but probably much lower) and other minor
far-left parties
Other political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic
Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), Con-
federation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confed-
eration of National Chambers of Commerce (CONCA-
NACO), National Cofederation of Campesinos (CNC),
National Confederation of Popular Organizations (CNOP),
Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants
(CROC)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC?
International Whaling Commission, LAFTA, NAMUCAR
(Carribean Multinational Shipping Line?Naviera Multina-
cional del Caribe), OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $92.4 billion (1978 prelim.), $1,418-per capita; 68%
private consumption, 12% public consumption, 12% private
investment, 8% public investment (1977); net foreign
balance ?0%; real growth rate 1978, 6.6%
Agriculture: main crops?corn, cotton, wheat, coffee,
sugarcane, sorghum, oilseeds, pulses, and vegetables; general
self-sufficiency with minor exceptions in meat and dairy
products; caloric intake, 2,700 calories per day per capita
(1975)
Fishing: catch 562,106 metric tons (1977); exports valued
at $151.3 million, imports at $17.8 million (1975)
Major industries: processing of food, beverages, and
tobacco; chemicals, basic metals and metal products,
petroleum products, mining, textiles and clothing, and
transport equipment
Crude steel: 9.0 million metric tons capacity (1977); 5.5
million metric tons produced (1977)
Electric power: 13,900,000 kW capacity (1977); 54.8
billion kWh produced (1978), 830 kWh per capita
Exports: $6,545 million (f.o.b., 1978); cotton, coffee,
nonferrous minerals (including lead and zinc), sugar, shrimp,
petroleum, sulfur, salt, Cattle and meat, fresh fruit, tomatoes,
machinery and equipment
Imports: $8,051 million (c.i.f., 1978); machinery, equip-
ment, industrial vehicles, and intermediate goods
Major trade partners: exports-63% U.S., 5% EC, 2%
Japan (1977); imports-6495 U.S., 15% EC, 5% Japan
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MEXICO/MONACO
Aid: economic?(including Ex-Imp Credits) extensions
(1970-76), from U.S. $804 million; from Communist
countries, $12 million; from other Western (non-U.S.)
countries, $1,106.5 million
Budget: 1978 federal, revenues $434 billion pesos,
expenditures $634 billion pesos
Monetary conversion rate: floating; 22.7670 pesos=US$1
(1978 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 19,680 km total; 18,576 km standard gage
(1.435 m); 1,104 km narrow gage (0.914 m); 102 km
electrified; 19,573 km government-owned, 107 km
privately-owned
Highways: 200,000 km total; 62,000 km paved, 88,300
km otherwise improved, 49,700 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal
canals
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,910 km; refined products, 3,490
km; natural gas, 5,710 km
Ports: 9 major, 20 minor
Merchant marine: 64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
701,800 GRT, 1,041,800 DWT; includes 6 passenger, 18
cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 33 tanker, 1 speCialized
carrier, 3 bulk, 2 liquefied gas carrier
Civil air: 101 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased
in
Airfields: 2,150 total, 2,084 usable; 150 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 20 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 286 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed telecom system
with extensive radio-relay links; connection into Central
American microwave net; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground
station; 3.31 million telephones (5.2 per 1:00 popl.); 574 AM,
109 FM, and 163 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,015,000; 11,420,000
fit for military service; average number reaching military
age (18) annually, 765,000
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July 1979
Supply: produces small arms, mortars, ammunition and
quartermaster equipment; imports other materiel including
most naval ships from U.S., Western Europe, Israel, and
Japan
Military budget: for year ending 31 December 1978,
$699.1 million
MONACO
(See reference man IV)
LAND
1.5 krn2
Land. boundaries: 3.7 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4.1 km
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MONACO/MONGOLIA
PEOPLE
Population: 25,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1976)
Nationality: noun?Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjec-
tive?Monacan or Monegasque
Ethnic divisions: Rhaetian stock
Religion: Roman Catholicism is official state religion
Language: French
Literacy: almost complete
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Principality of Monaco
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Political subdivisions: 4 sections
Legal system: based on French law; new constitution
adopted 1962; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 19 November
Branches: National Council (18 members); Communal
Council (15 members, headed -by a mayor)
Government leader: Prince Rainier III
Suffrage: universal
Elections: National Council every 5 years; most recent
1978
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic
Entente, Democratic Union Movement, Monegasque Action-
ist (1973)
Voting strength: figures for 1978: National Democratic
Entente, 18 seats
Member of: IAEA, IHO, IPU, ITU, U.N. (permanent
observer), UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
ECONOMY
GNP: 55% tourism; 25%-30% industry (small and primar-
ily tourist oriented); 10%-15% registration fees and sales of
postage stamps; about 4% traceable to the Monte Carlo
casino
Major industries: chemicals, food processing, precision
instruments, glassmaking, printing
Electric power: 8,000 (standby) kW capacity (1978); 100
million kWh supplied by France (1978)
Trade: full customs integration with France, which
collects and rebates Monacan trade duties
Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc=US$0.2216 (1978
average)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1.6 km of 1.435 m gage
Highways: none; city streets -
Ports: 1 minor
Merchant marine: 3 tankers totaling 31,400 GRT, 20,400
DWT
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
SECRET
Telecommunications: served by the French communica-
tions system; automatic telephone system with about 23,700
telephones (96.5 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 4 FM, and 3 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
France responsible for defense
MONGOLIA
(See referent., mop VII)
LAND
1,564,619 km2; almost 90% of land area is pasture or desert
wasteland, varying in usefulness, less than 1% arable, 10%
forested
Land boundaries: 8,000 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,639,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Mongolian(s); adjective?Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh, 2% Chinese,
2% Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4%
Muslim, limited religious activity because of Communist
regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of
population; minor languages include Turkic, Russian, and
Chinese
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: primarily agricultural, over half the
population is in the labor force, including a large percentage
of Mongolian women; shortage of skilled labor (no reliable
information available)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Mongolian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
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MONGOLIA/MOROCCO
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 2 autonomous
municipalities (Ulaanbaatar and Darhan)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish
systems of law; new constitution adopted 1960; no constitu-
tional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; legal
education at Ulaanbaatar State University; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: People's Revolution Day, 11 July
Branches: constitution provides for a People's Great
Hural (national assembly) and a highly centralized
administration
Party and government leaders: Yumiaagiyn Tsedenbal,
First Secretary of the MPRP and Chairman of the Presidium
of the People's Great Hural; Jambyn Batmonh, Chairman of
the Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal; age 18 and over
Elections: national assembly elections held every 4 years;
last election held June 1977
Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary (Com-
munist) Party (MPRP); estimated membership, 67,000
(1976)
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, IAEA, ILO, IPU, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
Agriculture: livestock raising predominates; main crops-
-wheat, oats, barley
Industries: processing of animal products; building
materials; mining
Electric power: 356,000 kW capacity (1978); 1,215
million kWh produced (1978), 755 kWh per capita
Exports: beef for slaughter meat products, wool, fluorspar,
other minerals
Imports: machinery and equipment, petroleum, clothing,
building materials, sugar, and tea
Major trade partners: nearly all trade with Communist
countries (approx. 85% with U.S.S.R.); total turnover about
$1.0 billion (1977)
Aid: heavily dependent on U.S.S.R.
Monetary conversion rate: 3.11 tugriks=US$1 (June
1978); arbitrarily established
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,516 km; all broad gage (1.524 m) (1976)
Highways: 83,280 km total; 400 km concrete, asphalt;
9,920 km crushed stone, gravel; 72,960 km earth (1978)
Inland waterways: 616 km of principal routes (1975)
Freight carried: rail-8.1 million metric tons, 2,718
million metric ton/km (1976); highway-15.2 million metric
tons, 1,060 million metric ton/km (1976); waterway-0.05
million metric tons, 0.04 billion metric ton/km (1975)
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft (1976)
164
July 1979
Airfields: 30 total; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 16
with runways 2,500-3,499 m, 10 with runways 1,000-2,499
m, 4 with runways less than 1,000 m
Telecommunications: domestic and international facili-
ties are being modernized and provide fairly good service;
25,805 telephones (96% automatic); about 93 telephone
exchanges and 25 telegraph offices; 2 main AM radiobroad-
cast stations supplemented by about 294 wired broadcast
distribution stations; 111,000 radio and 67,000 wired
broadcast receivers; 3 TV stations; 20,000 TV receivers (est.)
DEFENSE .FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 361,000; 235,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military age (18)
annually, about 17,000
Supply: military equipment supplied by U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1977, 405 million tugriks, 12% of total budget
MOROCCO
PORTUG L
Atlantic
Ocean
WESTERN
SA NARA
(See reference map VI)
LAND
409,200 km2; about 32% arable and grazing land, 17%
forest and esparto, 51% desert, waste, and urban
Land boundaries: 1,996 km
9Soviet ground forces troops in Mongolia as of 1 January 1978,
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July 1979
MOROCCO
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,835 km
PEOPLE
Population: 19,751,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Moroccan(s); adjective?Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab-Berber, 0.2% Jewish, 0.7%
non-Moroccan
Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber dialects;
French is language of much business, government, diplo-
macy, and postprimary education
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 5 million (1977 est.); 50% agriculture, 15%
industry, 26% services, 9% other; at least 20% of urban labor
unemployed
Organized labor: about 5% of the labor force, mainly in
the Union of Moroccan Workers (UMT), but new Democrat- -
ic Confederation of Labor expanding rapidly
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Morocco
Type: constitutional monarchy (constitution adopted
1972)
Capital: Rabat
Political subdivisions: 31 provinces and 2 prefectures
NOTE: Morocco has acquired administrative control over
the northern two-thirds of the former Spanish Sahara under
an agreement with Mauritania, but the legal question of
sovereignty over the area has yet to be determined. Spain's
role as co-administrator of the disputed territory ended in
February 1976. Rabat has established three additional
provinces in its area of control, with headquarters at El
Aaiun, Semara, and Cabo Bojador.
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and
Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in
Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court; modern legal
education at branches of Mohamed V University in Rabat
and Casablanca and Karaouine University in Fes; has not
accepted 'compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 November
Branches: constitution provides for Prime Minister and
ministers named by and responsible to King; King has
paramount executive powers; unicameral legislature two-
thirds directly elected, one-third indirectly; judiciary inde-
pendent of other branches
Government leaders: King Hassan II; Prime Minister
Maati Bouabid
Suffrage: universal over age 20
SECRET
SECRET
Elections: local elections held 12 November 1976;
provincial elections held 25 January 1977; elections for new
National Assembly provided for in Constitution adopted 15
March 1972 were held June 1977
Political parties and leaders: Istiqlal Party, M'hamed
Boucetta; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP),
Abderrahim Bouabid; Popular Movement (MP), Mahjoubi
Aherdan; Constitutional and Democratic Popular Movement
(MPCD), Dr. Abdelkrim Khatib; National Union of Popular
Forces (UNFP), Abdallah Ibrahim and Mahjoub Ben Seddik;
National Assembly of Independents (RNI) formed in
October 1978 is pro-government grouping of previously
unaffiliated deputies in parliament, Ahmed Osman; Demo-
cratic Constitutional Party (PDC), Mohamed Hassan Ouaz-
zani; Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), legalized in
August 1974, is front for Moroccan Communist Party
(MCP), which was proscribed in 1959, Ali Yata
Voting strength: pro-government independents hold
absolute majority in new Chamber of Representatives; with
palace-oriented Popular Movement deputies, the King
controls over two-thirds of the seats
Communists: 300 est.
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, EC (association until
1974), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, 'ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF,
IO0C, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $9.7 billion (1977), about $746 per capita; average
annual real growth 6-7% during 1973-77, 1.3% in 1977, 4.0%
in 1978
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock raising predomi-
nate; main products?wheat, barley, citrus fruit, wine,
vegetables, olives; some fishing
Fishing: catch 281,434 metric tons. (1976); exports $64.5
million (1975)
Major sectors: mining and mineral processing (phos-
phates, smaller quantities of iron, manganese, lead, zinc, and
other minerals), food processing, textiles, construction and
tourism
Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity (1978); 3.5 billion
kWh produced (1978), 185 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,302 million (1977); 33% phosphates, 77%
other
Imports: $3.0 billion (1977); 34.0% capital goods, 13.5%
foodstuffs, 11.0% petroleum products
Major trade partners: France, West Germany, Italy
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$1,125 million; U.S. (1970-77), $414.8 million; OPEC (ODA)
(1973-77), $702.1 million; Communist countries (1970-76),
$104.4 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77),
$93.8 million
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MOROCCO/MOZAMBIQUE
Budget: (1978) revenue $2.7 billion, expenditure $2.6
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 4.5 dirhams=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,756 km standard gage (1.435 m), 161 km
double track; 708 km electrified
Highways: 55,970 km total; 24,700 km bituminous
treated, 4,000 km gravel, crushed stone, and improved earth,
27,270 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 362 km crude oil; 491 km (abandoned) refined
products; 241 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major (including Spanish-controlled Ceuta and
Melilla), 10 minor
Merchant marine: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
327,300 GRT, 536,400 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 21 cargo,
3 container, 5 tanker, 3 bulk, 11 specialized carrier, 1
liquefied gas carrier
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 78 total, 77 usable; 26 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 13 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 29 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system composed of open-wire
lines, cables and radio-relay links; principal centers Casab-
lanca and Rabat, secondary centers Fes, Marrakech, Oujda,
Sebaa Aioun, Tangier and Tetouan; 199,000 telephones (1.1
per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 4 FM, 27 TV stations; 4 submarine
cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,129,000; 2,463,000 fit
for military service; about 230,000 reach military age (18)
annually; limited conscription
Supply: dependent entirely
pally France and U.S.
Military
1979, $915
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budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
million; 19% of central government budget
July 1979
MOZAMBIQUE
(See -reference map VI)
Land
786,762 km2; 30% arable, of which 1% cultivated, 56%
woodland and forest, 14% wasteland and inland water
Land boundaries: 4,627 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,470 km
PEOPLE
Population: 10,108,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Mozambican(s); adjective?Mozam-
bican
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than 1%
European and Asian
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SECRET
MOZAMBIQUE/NAMBIA
Religion: 65.6% animist, 21.5% Christian, 10.5% Muslim,
2.4% other
Language: Portuguese (official); many tribal dialects
Literacy: 15% (1974 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Republic of Mozambique
Type: peoples republic; achieved independence from
Portugal in June 1975
Capital: Maputo
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces subdivided into about
94 districts; administrators are appointed by central
government
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and
customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June
Branches: none established
Government leader: President Samora Moises Machel
Suffrage: not yet established
Elections: information not available on future election
schedule
Political parties and leaders: the Mozambique Liber-
ation Front (FRELIMO), led by Samora Machel, is only
legal party
Communists: none known
Member of: G-77, ILO, NAM, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.7 billion (1978 est.), about $170 per capita;
average annual growth probably negative in 1975-77
Agriculture: cash crops?raw cotton, cashew nuts, sugar,
tea, copra, sisal; other crops?corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes,
beans, sorghum, and cassava; self-sufficient in food except
for wheat which must be imported
Major industries: food processing (chiefly sugar, tea,
wheat, flour, cashew kernels); chemicals (vegetable oil,
oilcakes, soap, paints); petroleum products; beverages;
textiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbes-
tos, cement products); tobacco
Electric power: 1,664,000 kW capacity (1977); 4.6 billion
kWh produced (1977), 490 kWh per capita
Exports: $155 million (1977 est.); cashew nuts, cotton,
sugar, mineral products, timber products, tea, copra
Imports: $420 million (1977 est.); machinery and electri-
cal equipment, cotton textiles, vehicles, petroleum products,
wine, iron and steel
Major trade partners: Portugal, South Africa, U.S., U K,
West Germany
Aid: (1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries, $480.0
million; Communist countries, $156.8 million; U.S., $24.5
million; OPEC .(ODA) (1973-77), $47.6 million; military?
(1975-77) Communist countries, $121.0 million
Budget: (FY76) expenditures, $310 million, revenues,
$237 million
Monetary conversion rate: 40.643 escudos=US$1 as of
November 1977
SECRET
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,161 km total; 3,020 km 1.067-meter gage;
141 km narrow gage (0.750 m)
Highways: 26,477 km total; 4,322 km paved; 607 km
improved earth; 21,548 km unimproved earth, unconnected
Inland waterways: approx. 3,750 km of navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 306 km (not operating)
Ports: 3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2 significant
minor
Merchant marine: 7 ships totaling 18,800 GRT, 28,000
DWT; includes 6 cargo, 1 tanker
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 323 total, 299 usable; 29 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 34 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of troposcatter, open-
wire lines, and radiocommunications; principal centers
Maputo, Beira, and Nampula; 52,200 telephones (0.5 per 100
popl.); 10 AM, 2 FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,248,000; 1,158,000 fit
for military service
Supply: mostly from the USSR and PRC, and to a lesser
extent from other Communist countries and Portugal
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $82.6 million; 21.7% of central government budget
NAMIBIA
(South-West Africa)
LAND
823,620 km2; mostly desert except for interior plateau and
area along northern border
Land boundaries: 3,798 km
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NAMBIA
NAMIBIA
Windhoek,
SOUTH AFRICA
(WALVIS BAY)
(See reference map VI)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 12
nm)
Coastline: 1,489 km
PEOPLE
Population: 992,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Namibian(s); adjective?Namibian
Ethnic divisions: 12% white, 6% mulatto, 82% African;
over half the Africans belong to Ovambo tribe
Religion: whites predominantly Christian, nonwhites
either animist or Christian
Language: Afrikaans principal language of about 70% of
white population, German of 22% and English of 8%; several
African languages
Literacy: high for white population; low for nonwhite
Labor force: 203,300 (total of economically active, 1970);
68% agriculture, 15% railroads, 13% mining, 4% fishing
Organized labor: no trade unions, although some white
wage earners belong to South African unions
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Namibia
Type: former German colony of South-West Africa
mandated to South Africa by League of Nations in 1920;
U.N. formally ended South Africa's mandate on October 27,
1966, but South Africa has retained administrative control
Capital: Windhoek
Political subdivisions: 10 tribal homelands, mostly in
northern sector, and zone open to white settlement with
administrative subdivisions similar to a province of South
Africa
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and customary
law
Branches: since September 1977 an administrator-gen-
eral, appointed by South African government, has exercised
coordinative functions over zone of white settlement, where
168
July 1979
white-elected Legislative Assembly handles some local
matters, and tribal homelands, where traditional chiefs and
representative bodies exercise limited autonomy; Namibian
Constituent Assembly, elected December 1978, has advisory
functions
Government leader: Martinus T. Steyn, Administrator-
general
Suffrage: franchise for Legislative Assembly limited to
white adults; several tribal homelands have adult franchise
for homeland legislatures; all ethnic groups were eligible to
vote in 1979 election for Constituent Assembly
Elections: last general election, Legislative Assembly,
1974; election of Constituent Assembly, December 1978
Political parties and leaders: white parties?Action
Front for the Preservation of the Turnhalle Principles
(AKTUR), Abraham H. du Plessis; Federal Party, Bryan
O'Linn; Republican Party, Dirk Mudge; most of the
nonwhite parties belong to one of two muli-ethnic alli-
ances?the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), the
traditional tribal leaders and the white Republican Party, or
the Namibian National Front (NNF), the white Federal
Party and nonwhite groups that oppose the bantustan
system; South-West Africa People's Organization Democrats
(SWAPO-D), a predominantly Ovambo party led by
Andreas Shipanga, broke away from Nujoma's SWAPO and
is loosely affiliated with NNF
Voting strength: (1978 election) DTA won 41 seats in
Constituent Assembly; AKTUR, 6 seats; 3 miniscule parties,
1 seat each; NNF, SWAPO, and SWAPO-D boycotted
elections
Communists: no Communist Party, SWAPO guerrilla
force is supported by U.S.S.R., Cuba, and other Communist
states as well as OAU
Other political or pressure groups: South-West Africa
People's Organization (SWAPO), led by Sam Nujoma,
maintains a foreign-based guerrilla movement; is predomi-
nantly Ovambo but has some influence among other tribes;
is the only Namibian group recognized by the U.N. General
Assembly and the Organization of African Unity
ECONOMY
GDP: approximately $1 billion (est. 1976), $1,090 per
capita; growth rate about 5% since 1970
Agriculture: livestock raising (cattle and sheep) predomi-
nates, subsistence crops (millet, sorghum, corn, and some
wheat) are raised but most food must be imported
Fishing: catch 86,650 metric tons (1975) (processed
mostly in South African enclave of Walvis Bay)
Major industries: meatpacking, fish processing, copper,
lead, diamond, and uranium mining, dairy products
Electric power: 297,400 kW capacity (1977); 1,110
million kWh produced (1977), 1,110 kWh per capita
Exports: $335 million (f.o.b., 1970); diamonds, uranium,
base metals (blister copper, lead-copper-zinc concentrates,
refined lead), 'cattle and karakul pelts, fish products
(pilchard products, rock lobster, white fish)
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NAMBIA/NAURU
Imports: $250 million (f.o.b., 1969); grain and other food
products, steel, fertilizer, cement, textiles, and capital goods
Major trade partners: Republic of South Africa supplies
about 90% of country's imports; most of the rest of
Namibia's trade is with the U.K. and West Germany
Aid: South Africa is only donor
Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African Rand=
US$1.15 (as of March 1978); 0.87 SA Rand=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,340 km 1.067-meter gage, single track
Highways: 33,800 km; 3,800 km paved, remainder gravel,
remainder earth roads and tracks
Ports: 2 major (Walvis Bay and Luderitz)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft (registered in South
Africa)
Airfields: 115 total, 85 usable; 13 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 36 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural services;
open wire and radio relay connect a few towns; Windhoek
only major center; 48,000 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 11
FM, no AM and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 234,000; about
133,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of Republic of South Africa
NAURU
LAND
21.2 km2; insignificant arable land, no urban areas,
extensive phosphate mines
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 24 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,000 (preliminary total from the census of 22
January 1977)
SECRET
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NAURU*
1\ NEWTGIJI EA
t7,,?Pacific Ocean
Coral Sea
(See reference map 111111
Nationality: noun?Nauruan(s); adjective?Nauruan
Ethnic divisions: 48% Nauruans, 19% Chinese, 7%
Europeans, 26% other Pacific Islanders
Religion: Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third
Catholic)
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island tongue;
English, the language of school instruction, spoken and
understood by nearly all
Literacy: nearly universal
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Nauru
Type: republic; independent since January 1968
Capital: no capital city per se; government offices in
Yaren District
Political subdivisions: 14 districts
Branches: President elected from and by Parliament for
an unfixed term; popularly elected 18-member unicameral
legislature, the Parliament; Cabinet to assist the President,
four members, appointed by President from Parliament
members
Government leader: President Hammer DeRoburt
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last held in November 1977
Political parties and leaders: governing faction, Presi-
dent DeRoburt; opposition Nauru Party, Lagumot Harris
Member of: no present plans to join U.N.; enjoys -special
membership- in Commonwealth; South Pacific Commission,
ESCAP, INTERPOL, ITU, UPU
ECONOMY
GNP: over $120 million (1975), $17,140 per capita (est.)
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely dependent on
imports for food, water
Major industries: mining of phosphates, about 2 million
tons per year
Electric power: 9,000 kW capacity (1977); 26 million
kWh produced (1977), 3,710 kWh per capita
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NAURU/NEPAL
Exports: $120 million (f.o.b., 1975 est.); consisting entirely
of phosphates
Imports: $5 million (c.i.f., FY70)
Major trade partners: exports-7 5% Australia and New
Zealand; imports?Australia, U.K., New Zealand, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dollar=
US$1.1532 (September 1978)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km
improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
53,900 GRT, 73,800 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 3 bulk
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, one on order
Airfields: 1, coral-surfaced, over 1,220 m
Telecommunications: adequate intraisland and interna-
tional radiocommunications provided via Australian facili-
ties; 700 telephones; 3,600 radio receivers, 1 AM, no FM and
no TV stations; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: ,males 15-49, about 2,000; fit for
military service, about 1,000; average number reaching
military age (18) annually, 1978-82, less than 100
No formal defense structure and no regular armed forces
NEPAL
(See reference rnep VIII
LAND
141,400 km2; 16% agricultural area, 14% permanent
meadows and pastures, 38% alpine land (unarable), waste, or
urban; 32% forested
Land boundaries: 2,800 km
179
July 1979
PEOPLE
Population: 14,028,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.5% (current)
Nationality: noun?Nepalese (sing. and pl.); adjective?
Nepalese
Ethnic divisions: two main categories, Indo-Nepalese
(about 80%) and Tibeto-Nepalese (about 20%), representing
considerable intermixture of Indo-Aryan and Mongolian
racial strains; country divided among many quasi-tribal
communities
Religion: only official Hindu Kingdom in world, although
no sharp distinction between many Hindu and Buddhist
groups; small groups of Muslims and Christians
Language: 20 mutually unintelligible languages divided
into numerous dialects; Nepali official language and lingua
franca for much of the country; same script as Hindi
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: 4.1 million; 95% agriculture, 5% industry;
great lack of skilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Nepal
Type: constitutional monarchy; King Birendra exercises
autocratic control over multitiered panchayat system of
government
Capital: Kathmandu
Political subdivisions: 75 districts, 14 zones
Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English
common law; legal education at Nepal Law College in
Kathmandu; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Birthday of the King, 28 December
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by the King;
indirectly elected National Panchayat (Assembly)
Government leaders: King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah
Dev; Prime Minister Kirti Bista
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: village and town councils (panchayats) elected
by universal suffrage; district, zonal, and National Pan-
chayaf members indirectly elected, most for 6-year terms; 15
National Panchayat members elected from five class and
professional organizations (women, workers, peasants, youth,
and ex-servicemen), four directly elected by all voters
possessing a B.A. or its equivalent, and 16 are appointed by
the King
Political parties and leaders: all political parties
outlawed
Communists: the combined membership of the two wings
of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) about 6,500, the
majority (perhaps 5,000) in the pro-Chinese wing; the CPN
continues to operate more or less openly, but internal
dissension ?has greatly hindered its effectiveness
Other political or pressure groups: proscribed Nepali
Congress Party led by B. P. Koirala
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NEPAL/NETHERLANDS
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1.57 billion (FY78, at current prices), $122 per
capita; 2% real growth in FY78
Agriculture: over 90% of population engaged in agricul-
ture; main crops?rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds
Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills;
match, cigarette, and brick factories
Electric power: 72,600 kW capacity (1978); 162 million
kWh produced (1978), 10 kWh per capita
Exports: $89 million est. (FY78); rice and other food
products, jute, timber
Imports: $210 million est. (FY78); manufactured con-
sumer goods, fuel, construction materials, food products
Major trade partner: over 80% India
Aid: economic commitments 1970-77: U.S.S.R., $8.1
million; China, $118 million; OPEC bilateral, $48.4 million;
U.S., $80 million; $78 million disbursements FY78 (S/NF)
Budget: (FY78 prelim.) domestic revenues $129 million,
expenditures $214 million
Monetary conversion rate: 12 Nepalese rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: 15 July-14 July
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 63 km (1977), all narrow gage (0.762 m); all in
Terai close to Indian border; 10 km from Raxaul to Biranj is
government owned
Highways: 4,136 km total; 1,751 km paved, 556 km
gravel or crushed stone, 1,829 km improved and ? unim-
proved earth; additionally 322 km of seasonally motorable
tracks
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 53 total, 52 usable; 5 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and telegraph
service; good radiocommunication and broadcast service;
international radiocommunication service is poor; 14,000
telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, no FM, and no TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,215,000; 1,673,000 fit
for military service; 152,000 reach military age (17) annually
SECRET
SECRET
Supply: produces some small arms ammunition; plans for
limited small arms production; bulk of military supplies
obtained from India; lesser amounts from the U.K., France,
the U.S., PRC and West Germany
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 14 July 1979,
$16.4 million; 5.2% of central government budget
NETHERLANDS
c.
UNITED
KINGDOM
North DENMARK
Sea
NETHERL, DS
Amsterdam
;
FEDERALL`'.
REPUBLIC
OF GERMANY
(See reference map
LAND
33,929 km2; 70% cultivated, 5% waste, 8% forested; 8%
inland water, 9% other
Land boundaries: 1,022 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing, 12
nm)
Coastline: 451 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,015,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 0.6% (current)
Nationality: noun?Netherlander(s); adjective?Nether-
lands
Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indonesian and other
Religion: 31% Protestant, 40% Roman Catholic, 24%
unaffiliated
Language: Dutch
Literacy: 98%
171
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NETHERLANDS
Labor force: 4.8 million (1978); 30% manufacturing, 24%
services, 16% commerce, 10% agriculture, 9% construction,
7% transportation and communications, 4% other; 5%
unemployment, April 1979
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides at The
Hague
Political subdivisions: 11 provinces governed by centrally
appointed commissioners of Queen
Legal system: civil law system incorporating French
penal theory; constitution of 1815 frequently amended,
reissued 1947; judicial review in the Supreme Court of
legislation of lower order than Acts of Parliament; legal
education at six law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 30 April
Branches: executive (Queen and Cabinet of Ministers),
which is responsible to bicameral States General (parlia-
ment); independent judiciary
Government leaders: Head of State, Queen Juliana;
Prime Minister, Andreas A. M. van Agt
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: must be held at least every 4 years for lower
house (most recent held May 1977), and every 3 years for
half of upper house (most recent July 1977)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic
Appeal (CDA), Chairman, Piet Steenkamp, a coalition of
KVP, ARP, and CHU formed prior to 1977 elections;
Catholic People's Party (KVP), W. J . Vergeer; Antirevolu-
tionary (ARP), H. A. de Boer; Labor (PydA), Mrs. C. (fen)
van den Heuvel; Liberal (VVD), F. Korthals Altes; Christian
Historical Union (CHU), Otto W. A. Baron van Verschuer;
Democrats '66 (D-66), J. F. Glastra van Loon; Communist
(CPN), Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist Socialist (PSP), Lamber
Meertens; Political Reformed (SGP), H. G. Abma; Reformed
Political Union (GVP), G. Veurink; Radical Party (PPR),
Herman Verbeek; Democratic Socialist '70 (DS-70), H.
Staneke; Farmers' Party (BP), Hendrik Koekoek
Voting strength (1977 election): 33.81% PvdA, 31.91%
CDA, 17.95% VVD, 5.43% D'66, 2.13% SGP, 1.73% CPN,
1.69% PPR, 0.96% GPV, 0.94% PSP, 0.84% BP, 0.72% DS'70
Communists: 13,000 est. members
Other political or pressure groups: great multinational
firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement
(comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a
Protestant trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protes-
tant Employers Associations; the non-denominational Feder-
ation of Netherlands Enterprises
172
July 1979
Member of: ADB, Benelux, Council of Europe, DAC, EC,
ECE, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC?International Wheat
Council (with respect to interests of the Netherlands Antilles
and Surinam), NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $129.9 billion (1978 est.), $9,320 per capita; 60.3%
consumption, 22.7% investment, 18.5% government, 1.4%
stock building, ?2.8% net foreign balance
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main
crops?horticultural crops, grains, potatoes, sugar beets; food
shortages?grains, fats, oils; calorie intake, 3,186 calories per
day per capita (1970-71)
Fishing: catch 302,000 metric tons (1977); exports of fish
and fish products $251.2 million (1977), imports $125.8
million (1977)
Major industries: food processing, metal and engineering
products, electrical and electronic machinery and equip-
ment, chemicals, petroleum products, and natural gas
Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton, base metals and
ores, pulp, pulpwood, lumber, feedgrains, and oilseeds
Crude steel: 7.7 million metric ton capacity; 5.6 million
metric tons produced (1978), 400 kg per capita
Electric power: 16,800,000 kW capacity (1978); 62 billion
kWh produced (1978), 4,435 kWh per capita
Exports: $53.7 billion (f.o.b., 1977); foodstuffs, machinery,
chemicals, petroleum products, natural gas, textiles
Imports: $50.0 billion (c.i.f., 1977); machinery, transpor-
tation equipment, crude petroleum, foodstuffs, chemicals,
raw cotton, base metals and ores, pulp
Major trade partners: (January-November 1978) 63.9%
EC, 28.2% West Germany, 13.5% Belgium-Luxembourg,
9.0% France, 6.1% U.S.
Aid: donor: bilateral economic aid authorized, $3,644
million (1970-76)
Budget: (1979 est.) revenues $44.45 billion, expenditures
$52.55 billion, at exchange rate of 2 guilders=$1
Monetary conversion rate: 2.1634 guilders=US$1, aver-
age 1978
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,016 km standard gage (1.435 m); 2,850 km
government-owned (NS), 1,731 km electrified, 1,556 km
double track; 166 km privately-owned
Highways: 104,480 km total; 86,354 km paved (including
1,839 km of limited access, divided highways); 18,126 km
gravel, crushed stone
Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by
craft of 900 metric ton capacity or larger
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NETHERLANDS/NETHERLANDS
Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km refined products;
4,489 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major, 5 minor
Merchant marine: 381 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
2,990,300 GRT, 4,428,000 DWT; includes 5 passenger, 274
cargo, 19 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 24 tanker, 35
bulk, 1 barge/lighter carrier, 13 specialized carrier
Civil air: 100 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased
in and 14 leased out
Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 17 with permanent-surface
runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed, well maintained,
and integrated; extensive system of multiconductor cables,.
supplemented by radio-relay links; 5.41 million telephones
(39.2 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 19 FM, and 16 TV stations; 12
coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 1 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,606,000; 3,232,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually 120,000
Supply: naval ships produced domestically include guided
missile frigates, submarines and mine warfare types;
currently building light frigates for export, two transport-
type aircraft, moderate quantities of ammunition, some
CW/BW defense materiel, and military telecom and
electronics equipment; most supplies from other NATO
countries; naval surface-to-air missiles from the United
Kingdom, air-to-surface missiles from France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending .31 December
1979, $4,854 million; about 10% of central government
budget
SECRET
SECRET
ANTILLES
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
Caribbean
Sea
Atlantic Ocean
0 ?
NETHERLANDS
ANTILLES
,41
?
COLOMBIA
(See felerenee map II)
LAND
1,020 km2; 5% arable, 95% waste, urban, or other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 364 km
PEOPLE ?
Population: 241,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Netherlands Antillean(s); adjective?
Netherlands Antillean
Ethnic divisions: racial mixture with African, Caribbean
Indian, European, Latin, and oriental influences; negroid
characteristics are dominant on Curacao, Indian on Aruba
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; sizable Protes-
tant, smaller Jewish minorities
Language: officially Dutch; Papiamento, a Spanish-
Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect predominates; English
widely spoken
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 76,000 (1972); 2% agriculture, 20% industry,
10% construction, 65% government and services, 3% other
Organized labor: 60%270% of labor force
173
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Netherlands Antilles
Type: territory within Kingdom of the Netherlands,
enjoying complete domestic autonomy
Capital: Willemstad, Curacao
Political subdivisions: 4 island territories?Aruba, Bon-
aire, Curacao, and the Windward Islands?St. Eustatius,
southern part of St. Martin (northern part is French), Saba
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some
English common law influence; Constitution adopted 1954
Branches: federal executive power rests nominally with
Governor (appointed by the Crown), actual power exercised
by 8-member Council of Ministers or cabinet presided over
by Minister-President; legislative power rests with 22-mem-
ber Legislative Council; independent court system under
control of Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Justice
(administrative functions under Minister of Justice); each
island territory has island council headed by Lieutenant
Governor
Government leader: Donald Martina - (leader of Move-
ment for a New Antilles) won election of 6 July 1979, and is
expectd to form a new coalition government
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: Federal elections mandatorily held every 4
years, last held 17 June 1977, early elections were held 6 July
1979; Island council elections every 4 years, last held 25
April 1979
Political parties and leaders: political parties are
indigenous to each island:
Curacao: Democratic Party (DP), S. G. M. Rozendal;
National People's Party-United (NVP-U) Edsel Jenerun;
Frente Obrero de Liberation' 30 di Mayo (FOL), Wilson
-Papa- Godett; Social Democratic Party (PSD), R. J. Isa
Aruba: People's Electoral Movement (MEP), G. F.
-Betico- Croes; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), L. 0. Chance;
Aruban People's Party (AVP), D. G. Croes
Bonaire: Labor Party (POB); Democratic Party Bonaire
(UPB); New Democratic Action (ADEN)
Windward Islands: Windward Islands Democratic
Party (DPWI); United Federation of Antillean Workers
(UFA); Windward Islands Political Movement (WIPM); and
others
Voting strength: (1977 federal election) 6 seats DP, 5 seats
MEP, 3 seats FOL, 3 seats NVP, 3 seats PPA, 1 seat DPWI, 1
seat UPB
Communists: no Communist Party
Member of: EC (associate), WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $652 million (1976), $2,680 per capita; real growth
rate, ?1% (est.)
Agriculture: little production
Major industries: petroleum refining on Curacao and
Aruba; petroleum transshipment facilities on Curacao,
Aruba, and Bonaire; tourism on Curacao, Aruba, and St.
Martin; light manufacturing on Curacao and Aruba
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July 1979
Electric power: 300,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.7 billion
kWh produced (1977), 6,880 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1977); 96% petroleum
products, phosphate
Imports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1977); 64% crude petroleum,
food, manufactures
Major trade partners: exports-46% U.S., 2% Canada, 1%
Netherlands; imports-35% Venezuela, 11% U.S., 4% Neth-
erlands (1977)
Aid: bilateral commitments (1970-76), economic?West-
ern (non-U.S.) countries $203.6 million
Budget: (1977) public sector current revenues, $278
million; public sector expenditures, $306 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.8 Netherlands Antillean
florins (NAF)=US$1, official
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 700 km total; 500 km paved, 200 km gravel
and earth
Ports: 3 major (Willemstad, Oranjestad, Caracasbaai,
Bullennbaai); 6 minor
Merchant marine: 74 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
2,900,300 GRT, 4,428,000 DWT; includes 4 passenger, 28
cargo, 3 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 17 tanker, 5
liquefied gas, 10 bulk, 2 specialized carrier; all but a few are
Dutch-owned
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 7 total, all usable; 7 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate telecom facili-
ties; extensive interisland radio-relay links; 48,000 telephones
(19.9 per 100 popl.); 11 AM, 1 FM and 5 TV stations; 2
submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 59,000; 34,000 fit for
military service; about 3,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Defense is responsibility of the Netherlands
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NEW CALEDONIA
NEW CALEDONIA
?e
PAPUA
N
EA %
?
Coral Sea
AUSTRALIA
NEW
CALEDONIA
Tasman Sea
oa
Pacific
Ocean
NEW
ZEALAND
(See reference mep VIII)
LAND
22,015 km2; 6% cultivable, 22% pasture land, 15% forests,
57% waste or other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing, 3
nm)
Coastline: 2,254 km
PEOPLE
Population: 141,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.6% (current)
Nationality: noun?New Caledonian(s); adjective?New
Caledonian
Ethnic'divisions: Melanesian 42%; French 40%; remain-
der Vietnamese, Indonesian, Chinese, Polynesian
Religion: natives 90% Christian
Language: Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: size unknown; Javanese and Tonkinese
laborers were imported for plantations and mines in
pre-World War II period; immigrant labor now coming
from Wallis Islands, New Hebrides, and French Polynesia
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Territory of New Caledonia and
Dependencies
Type: French overseas territory; represented in French
parliament by one deputy and one Senator
Capital: Noumea
Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island group depend-
encies?Isle.of Pines, Loyalty Islands, Huon Islands, Island
of New Caledonia
Legal system: French law
Branches: administered by a High Commissioner, respon-
sible to French Ministry for Overseas France and Governing
Council; Assemblee Territoriale
SECRET
Government leader: Claude Charbonniaud, French High
Commissioner
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Assembly elections every 5 years, last in
September 1977
Political parties: Rassemblement Pour La Caledonie?
Conservative; Union Caledonienne?eventual independ-
ence; Union Multiraciale and Palika?independence parties
Voting strength (1977 election): Rassemblement Pour La
Caledonie, 12 seats; Union Caledonienne, 9 seats; Palika, 2
seats;. 8 other parties divide up remaining 12 seats
Communists: number unknown; Union Caledonienne
strongly leftist; some politically active Communists were
deported during 1950's; small number of North Vietnamese
Other political parties and pressure groups: several
lesser parties
Member of: EIB (associate)
ECONOMY
GNP: $193 million, $1,800 per capita (1971 est.)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle grazing; major
products?coffee and vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beef;
must import grains and vegetables
Industry: mining of nickel
Electric power: 320,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.7 billion
kWh produced (1978), 12,140 kWh per capita
Exports: $289 million (f.o.b., 1975); 99% nickel
Imports: $348 million (c.i.f., 1975); machinery, transport
equipment, food
Major trade partners: (1972) exports-55% France, 24%
Japan, 11% U.S.; imports-52% France, 13% Australia, 12%
rest of EC
Monetary conversion rate: 86 CFP francs=US$1 (1972)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,448 km total (1977); 558 km paved, 2,251
km improved earth, 2,639 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Noumea), 21 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 30 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 airfield over
2,440 m
Telecommunications: 20,600 telephones (14.9 per 100
pop!.); 5 AM, no FM, and 7 TV stations; 1 earth satellite
station
DEFENSE FORCES
France provides for defense.
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NEW CALEDONIA/NEW
HEBRIDES/NEW ZEALAND
NEW HEBRIDES
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
a t
c7b4,
? Coral Sea
Pacific
Ocean
NEW ?I
HEBRIDES',
?
NEW.
CALEDONIA
(See reference map VIII)
LAND ?
About 14,763 km'
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 2,528 km
PEOPLE
Population: 104,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.2% (7-74 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun?New Hebridean(s); adjective?New
Hebrides
Ethnic divisions: 92% indigenous Melanesian, 3% Euro-
pean, remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and various Pacific
Islanders
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
Literacy: probably 10%-20%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: New Hebrides Condominium
Type: Anglo-French condominium
Capital: Vila
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: 3 sets of courts; one each for French and
British subjects, one for New Hebrides native affairs
176
July 1979
Branches: Representative Assembly of 42 members,
elected November 1977; election boycotted by major party
Government leaders: two resident commissioners, one
French; one British
Political parties and leaders: National Party (Vanuaaku
Pati), chairman Walter Lini; NA Griamel Party, leader
Jimmy Stevens; Mouvement d'Action des Nouvelles Hebri-
des (MANH)
ECONOMY
Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa, coffee, some
livestock and fish production; subsistence crops of copra,
taro, yams
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1978); 13 -million
kWh produced (1978), 130 kWh per capita
Exports: $27 million (1974); 24% copra, 59% frozen fish
Imports: $44 million (1974)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 pound=US$2.37 (official
currency), 0.74 Australian $=US$1, 86 Colonial Franc
Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (1972)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 2 runways 1,220-2,439 m, 2
with permanent-surface runways
Telecommunications: 3 AM broadcast stations; 2,300
telephones (2.3) per 100 popl.); 1 ground satellite station
under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: no military forces maintained; however, the
French and British maintain constabularies of about 100
men each
NEW ZEALAND
LAND
268,276 km2; 3% cultivated, 50% pasture; 10% parks and
reserves; 20% waste, water, etc., 1% urban, 16% forested; '4
principal islands, 2 minor inhabited islands, several minor
uninhabited islands
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic
including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 15,134 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,119,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.4% (7-75 to 7-78)
Nationality: noun?New Zealander(s), adjective?New
Zealand
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NEW ZEALAND
(See reference map VIII)
Ethnic divisions: 87% European, 9% Maori, 2% Pacific
Islanders, 2% other
Religion: 81% Christian, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and
other, 18% none or unspecified
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 1,207,700; 11% agriculture, 34% manufac-
turing, mining, and construction, 9% transportation and
communications, 22% commerce and finance, 24% adminis-
trative and professional; unemployment 2.4% (1978)
Organized labor: 46% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: New Zealand
Type: independent state within Commonwealth, recogniz-
ing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Wellington
Political subdivisions: 239 territorial units (boroughs,
counties, town and district councils); 657 special-purpose
bodies
Legal system: based on English law, with special land
legislation and land courts for Maoris; constitution consists of
various documents, including certain acts of the U.K. and
New Zealand Parliaments; legal education at Victoria,
Auckland, Canterbury, and Otago Universities; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February
Branches: unicameral legislature (House of Representa-
tives, commonly called Parliament); Cabinet responsible to
Parliament; 3-level court system (Magistrates, Courts,
Supreme Court, and Court of Appeal)
Government leader: Prime Minister Robert D. Muldoon
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: held at 3-year intervals or sooner if parliament
is dissolved by Prime Minister; last election November 1978
Political parties and leaders: National Party (Govern-
ment), Robert D. Muldoon; Labour Party (Opposition),
Wallace E. Rowling; Social Credit Political League, Bruce
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Beetham; Communist Party of New Zealand (Marxist-
Leninist) (pro-Tirana), Richard C. Wolfe; Socialist Unity
Party (pro-Soviet), G. H. (Bill) Andersen
Voting strength (1978 election): National Party 50 seats,
Labour Party 41 seats, Social Credit 1 seat
Communists: CPNZ about 300, SUP about 100
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth of Nations, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $14 billion (1977), $4,600 per capita; real average
annual growth (1976-78), 1.4%
Agriculture: fodder and silage crops about one-half of
area planted in field crops; main products?wool, meat,
dairy products; New Zealand is food surplus country; caloric
intake, 3,500 calories per day per capita (1964)
Fishing: (1977) exports 26,000 metric tons valued at $50.3
million; domestic 58,000 metric tons; catch by foreign
fishing vessels operating within 200-mile exclusive economic
zone (established 1978), 384,000 metric tons
Major industries: food processing, textile production,
machinery, transport equipment; wood and paper products
Electric power: 5,534,000 kW capacity (1978); 25.5
billion kWh produced (1978), 8,040 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); principal products
(trade year 1977)-23% meat, 14% dairy products, 20% wool
Imports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1978); 29% machinery, 23%
manufactured goods, 13% chemicals (trade year 1977)
Major trade partners: (trade year 1978) exports-18%
U.K., 13% Japan, 13% Australia, 14% U.S.; imports-22%
Australia, 18% U.K., 13% Japan, 14% U.S.
Aid: bilateral and multilateral aid to developing countries
(1975/76), $56.9 million
Budget: expenditures, NZ$4,225 million; receipts,
NZ$4,228 million year ended 31 March 1977
Monetary conversion rate: NZ$1=U5$1.94, March 1979
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
NOTE: trade data are for year ending 30 June; trade year
and fiscal year do not correspond
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,716 km total (1977); all 1.067-meter gage;
274 km double track; 113 km electrified; over 99%
government owned
Highways: 92,617 km total (1977); 46,716 km paved,
45,901 km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little importance to
transportation
Pipelines: natural gas, 785 km
Ports: 3 major
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NEW ZEALAND/NICARAGUA
Civil air: about 40 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 193 total, 183 usable; 23 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 49 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent international and domes-
tic systems; 1,570,000 telephones (52 per 100 popl.); 60 AM
stations in 31 cities, no FM, 11 TV stations, and 129
repeaters; submarine cables extend to Australia and Fiji
Islands; 1 ground satellite station
NICARAGUA
LAND
147,900 km2; 7% arable, 7% prairie and pasture, 50%
forest, 36% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 1,220 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing, 200
nm; continental shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent
waters)
Coastline: 910 km
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July 1979
(See reference map II)
PEOPLE
Population: 2,485,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?Nicaraguan(s); adjective?Nicara-
guan
Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white, 9% Negro, 5%
Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official); English speaking minority
on Atlantic coast
Literacy: 52% of population 10 years of age and over
Labor force: 728,419 (1977 est.); 43% agriculture, 15%
manufacturing, 13% commerce, 29% other; shortage of
skilled labor, but underemployment of unskilled labor
except during harvest
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force; Confederation
of Labor Unification (CUS), a national, democratic confed-
eration with approximately 8,000 members; Nicaraguan
Worker's Central (CTN), a major leftist confederation with a
Social Christian orientation, its 3,000-4,000 members are
mostly in the hospital sector; Independent General Confed-
eration of Workers (CGT-I); a Moscow-line Communist-
dominated confederation, its membership is estimated at
12,000-15,000, making it the largest labor group; General
Confederation of Workers (CGT), 10,000 members strong,
its leadership is controlled by the CON
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Nicaragua
Type: republic
Capital: Managua
Political subdivisions: 1 national district and 16
departments
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system;
constitution adopted in 1974; legal education at Universidad
Nacional de Nicaragua and Universidad Centroamericana;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
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NICARAGUA
Branches: President (traditionally dominant), bicameral
legislature, judiciary elected by legislature, and Supreme
Electoral Tribunal (4th branch)
Government leader: President Anastasio SOMOZA
Debayle
Suffrage: universal over age 21; married persons age 18 or
over; all persons possessing the bachillerato regardless of age
Elections: every 6 years; municipal elections every 3 years
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Liberal Party
(PLN), Anastasio Somoza; Nicaraguan Conservative Party
(PCN), Rene Sandino
Voting strength (1974 elections): PLN, 95% of votes;
PCN, 5% of votes; PCN occupies 40% of legislative seats by
constitutional provision
Communists: Communist movement split into hard-line
Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN) illegal, 60 members;
soft-line Nicaraguan Communist Party (PCN) illegal, 40
members, and small anti-Somoza guerrilla organization
Sandinist National Liberation Front (FSLN) 2,000 members
and larger number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Democratic Union of
Liberation (UDEL), an opposition front lacking legal status
of a political party, composed of anti-Somoza political
movements and labor groups with orientations ranging from
conservative to Christian Democrat to Communist, leader-
ship includes Rafael Cordova Rivas, Ramiro Sacasa, Ignacio
Zelaya, Domingo Sanchez; Nicaraguan Development Insti-
tute (INDE), a private sector pressure group with two
operative arms: FUNDE and EDUCREDITO which,
respectively, promote cooperatives and disburse educational
loans; group of 12, an FSLN associated opposition group of
prominent professional men; Nicaraguan Democratic Move-
ment (MDN), a private sector anti-Somoza organization led
by Alfonso Robelo; Democratic Conservative Party (PCD);
an opposition group lacking legal recognition, which
represents Conservatives who have split from the legally-
recognized PCN; Broad Opposition Front (FAO), an
umbrella group encompassing a spectrum of political and
labor groups, ideologically spread from Communist to
Conservative groups; United People's Movement (MPU), an
umbrella group controlled by the FSLN and the PSN;
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), a clandestine
guerrilla group reflecting at least four tendencies heavily
dominated by Marxists; National Patriotic Front (FLPN), a
new coalition group heavily influenced by the FSLN, but
including some non-Marxist elements
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
IPU, ISO, ITU, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational
Shipping Line?Naviera nacional del Caribe), OAS,
ODECA, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2,186 million (1978 prelim.), $907 per capita; 70%
private consumption, 8% government consumption, 27%
SECRET
SECRET
domestic investment, ?5% net foreign balance (1977); real
growth rate 1978, ?2.72%
Agriculture: main crops?cotton, coffee, sugarcane, rice,
corn, beans, cattle; caloric intake, 2,300 calories per day per
capita (1966)
Fishing: catch 15,200 metric tons (1977); exports valued
at $22.7 million (1977)
Major industries: food processing, chemicals, metal
products, textiles and clothing
Electric power: 358,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.2 billion
kWh produced (1977), 520 kWh per capita
Exports: $621 million (f.o.b., 1978); cotton, coffee,
chemical products, meat, sugar
Imports: $546 million (c.i.f., 1978); food and non-food
agricultural products, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, trans-
portation equipment, machinery, construction materials,
clothing, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-19% U.S., 22% CACM,
28% EC, 31% other; imports-22% U.S., 26% CACM, 14%
EC, 37% other (1976)
Aid and Ex-Im Credits: economic?extensions (1970-76)
from U.S., $145.3 million; other Western countries, $26.8
million; military?(1970-76) from U.S., $17 million
Budget: 1978 expenditures $480 million, revenues. $300
million
Monetary conversion rate: 9.0 cordobas=US$1 (buying
rate); 10.0 cordobas=US$1 (selling) (official) April 1979
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 318 km 1.067-meter gage, government owned
Highways: 18,150 km total; 1,550 km paved, 7,200 km
otherwise improved, 9,400 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km
Ports: 4 major (Corinto, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Somoza,
San Juan del Sur), 6 minor
Merchant marine: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
19,900 GRT, 28,600 DWT; includes 6 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-
off cargo
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 428 total, 413 usable; 9 with permanent-surface
runways; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: low-capacity wire and radio-relay
network; connection into Central American microwave net;
Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 55,300 telephones (2.5 per
100 popl.); 85 AM, 30 FM, and 7 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 531,000; 328,000 fit for
military service; 28,000 reach military age (18) annually
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NICARAGUA/NIGER
Supply: dependent primarily upon U.S.; and West Europe
has purchased aircraft and patrol boats from Israel
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $53.6 million for the Ministry of Defense, including
civil functions (e.g., police and civil air); 11% of central
government budget
NIGER
ALGERIA
LIBYA
MALI
UPPER
VOLTA
1111
BENIN
CHAD"
NIGERIA
Gulf of Guinea
(See reference TV VI)
LAND
1,266,510 km2; about 3% cultivated, perhaps 20% some-
what arable, remainder desert
Land boundaries: 5,745 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,133,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.8% (7-77 to 7-78)
Nationality: noun?Nigerien (sing. and pl.); adjective?
Niger
Ethnic divisions: main Negroid groups 75% (of which,
Hausa 50%, Dierma and Songhai 21%); Caucasian elements
include Tuareg, Toubous, and Tamacheks; mixed group
includes Fulani
180
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder largely animists and a
very few Christians
Language: French official, many African languages;
Hausa used for trade
Literacy: about 6%
Labor force: 26,000 wage earners; bulk of population
engaged in subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry
Organized labor: negligible
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; military regime in power since April 1974
Capital: Niamey
Political subdivisions: 7 departments, 32 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
customary law; constitution adopted 1960, suspended 1974;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber
of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 18
December
Branches: executive authority exercised by Supreme
Military Council (SMC) composed of army officers; cabinet
includes civilians
Government leader: Lt. Col. Seyni Kountche, President
of Supreme Military Council and Chief of State
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: political activity banned
Political parties and leaders: political parties banned
Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers in
outlawed Sawaba party
Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Lake Chad Basin
Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1.5 billion (1978 est.), $297 per capita, annual
growth 32.4% 1978 est.
Agriculture: commercial?peanuts, cotton, livestock;
main food crops?millet, sorghum, niebe beans, vegetables
Major industries: cement plant, brick factory, rice mill,
small cotton gins, oil presses, slaughterhouse, and a few other
small light industries.; uranium production began in 1971
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1977); 70 million
kWh produced (1977), 10 kWh per capita
Exports: $261.7 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); about 65%
uranium, rest peanuts and related products, livestock, hides,
skins; exports understated because much regional trade not
recorded
Imports: $270.4 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); fuels, machin-
ery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, consumer goods
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NIGER/NIGERIA
Major trade partners: France (over 50%), other EC
countries, Nigeria, UDEAC countries, U.S.; preferential
tariff to EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$470 million; U.S. (1970-77), $115.8 million; Communist
countries (1970-76), $54.4 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77),
$24.5 million
Budget: (1978 est.) revenue $231 million, expenditure
$231 million, capital $85 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 245.67 Communaute
Financiere Africaine =US$1
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 7,582 km total; 1,759 km bituminous, 2,791
km gravel, 3,032 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Niger River navigable 300 km from
Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier from mid-December
through March
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 66 total, 62 usable; 5 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of open-wire lines,
radio-relay links, and small radiocommunications stations;
principal telecommunication center Niamey; 8,000 tele-
phones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 10 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV
station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,133,000; 608,000 fit
for military service; about 52,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Supply: dependent on France exclusively until 1964; since
then has obtained ground force materiel from other
non-Communist countries including Belgium, Israel, and
West Germany
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September
1979, $23.4 million; about 8.9% of central government
budget
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NIGERIA
SECRET
(See reference map VII
LAND
924,630 km2; 24% arable (13% of total land area under
cultivation), 35% forested, 41% desert, waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 4,034 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
Coastline: 853 km
PEOPLE
Population: 74,604,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Nigerian(s); adjective?Nigerian
Ethnic divisions: of the more than 250 tribal groups, the
Hausa and Fulani of the north, the Yoruba of the south, and
the Ibos of the east comprise 60% of the population; about
27,000 non-Africans ?
Religion: 47% Muslim, 34% Christian, 19% other
Literacy: est. 25%
Language: English official; Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo also
widely used
Labor force: approx. 22.5 million; about 41% of total
population; roughly 1.3 million wage earners, of whom
560,000 work in modern enterprises
Organized labor: between 800,000 and 1 million wage
earners, approx. 2.4% of total labor force, belong to some 70 25X1
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GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: federal republic since 1963; transition from military
to civilian rule scheduled for October 1979
Capital: Lagos
Political subdivisions: 19 states, headed by governors
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law,
and Islamic law; new constitution has been promulgated for
restoration of civilian rule in October 1979; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
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NIGERIA
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October
Branches: Federal Military Government; decrees issued
by Supreme Military Council, advised by largely civilian
Federal Executive Council; civilian government will have a
strong executive presidency, a bicameral legislature, and
separate judiciary
Government leader: Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo, Head
of Federal Military Government and Commander in Chief
of Nigerian Armed Forces
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: national elections are scheduled for July-
August 1979 to elect a federal president, federal Senate,
federal House of Representatives, State governors, and State
legislatures
Political parties and leaders: political activity was
legalized in September 1978, after a 12-year ban, to permit
the organization of parties in preparation for election in
1979
Communists: the pro-Communist underground comprises
a fraction of the small Nigerian left; leftist leaders are
prominent in the country's central labor organization but
have little influence on government
Member of: AFDB, APC, Commonwealth, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC?International
Wheat Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River
Commission, NAM, OAU, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $35 billion (1978 current prices), $510 per capita;
7.0% growth rate (1970-78)
Agriculture: main crops?peanuts, cotton, cocoa, rubber,
yams, cassava, sorghum, palm kernels, millet, corn, rice;
livestock; almost self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 494,767 metric tons (1976); imports $14.5
million (1974)
Major industries: mining?crude oil, natural gas, coal,
tin, columbite, processing industries?oil palm, peanut,
cotton, rubber, petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufacturing
industries?textiles, cement, building materials, food prod-
ucts, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics
Electric power: 1,367,000 kW capacity (1977); 4 billion
kWh produced (1977), 60 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.5 billion (f.o.b., 1978); oil (95%), cocoa, palm
products, rubber, timber, tin
Imports: $13 billion (c.i.f., 1978); machinery and trans-
port equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.K., EC, U.S.
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$420 million; U.S. (1970-76), $168.1 million; Communist
182
July 1979
countries (1970-76), $35.4 million; military?Communist
countries (1970-77), $85 million
Budget: FY79-80 proposed?current revenue $13.8 bil-
lion, current expenditures, $8.5 billion; capital expenditures,
$10.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Naira=US$1.5745 (1978)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gage
Highways: 89,318 km total 15,300 km paved (mostly
bituminous surface treatment); remainder laterite, gravel,
crushed stone, improved earth
Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger and
Benue rivers and smaller rivers and creeks; additionally,
Kainji Lake has several hundred miles of navigable lake
routes
Pipelines: 1,312 km crude oil; 97 km natural gas; 5 km
refined products
Ports: 2 major (Lagos/Apapa, Port Harcourt), 10 minor
Merchant marine: 24 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
299,555 GRT, 483,562 DWT; includes 23 cargo, 1 tanker
Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased in
Airfields: 82 total, 79 usable; 17 with permanent-surface
runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above average system composed of
radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication
stations; principal center Lagos, secondary centers Ibadan
and Kaduna; 121,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 25 AM,
6 FM, and 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station and 19 domestic stations; 1 submarine
cable; expansion in progress
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,946,000; 9,120,000
fit for military service; average number reaching military
age (18) annually 725,000
SECRET
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NIGERIA/NORWAY
Supply: produced some small arms and ammunition in the
past; army materiel obtained from several countries; other
materiel imported primarily from Algeria, U.K., U.S.S.R.,
and West Germany; dependent for ships primarily on U.K.
but also West Germany and France; received aircraft from
Czechoslovakia, Sudan, Egypt, and the U.S.S.R. in the past;
U.K. and France more recently
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1980,
$1.7 billion; about 11.9% of central government budget
NORWAY
(See reference map 119
LAND
Continental Norway, 323,750 km2; Svalbard, 62,160 km2;
Jan Mayen, 373 km2; 3% arable, 2% meadows and pastures,
21% forested, 74% other
Land boundaries: 2,579 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm (fishing 200
nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413 km (excludes
long fjords and numerous small islands and minor indenta-
tions which total as much as 16,093 km overall)
PEOPLE
Population: 4,077,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.4% (1-77 to 1-78)
Nationality: noun?Norwegian(s); adjective?Norwegian
SECRET
SECRET
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small
Lappish minority
Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 4% other Protestant
and Roman Catholic, 1% other
Language: Norwegian, small Lapp and Finnish-speaking
minorities
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 1.8 million; 11.4% agriculture, forestry,
fishing, 25.3% mining and manufacturing, 8.1% construc-
tion, 16.3% commerce, 9.9% transportion and communica-
tion, 28.5% services; 2.3% unemployed (third quarter 1978)
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Political subdivisions: 19 counties, ?2 territories, 404
communes, 47 towns
Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system,
and common law traditions; constitution adopted 1814,
modified 1884; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to
legislature when asked; legal education at University of Oslo;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown
and parliament (Storting); executive power vested in Crown
but exercised by cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme
Court, 5 superior courts, 104 lower courts
Government leaders: King Olav V; Prime Minister Odvar
Nordli
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 20
Elections: held every 4 years (next in September 1981)
Political parties and leaders: Labor, Reiulf Steen;
Conservative, Erling Norvik; Center, Gunnar Stalsett;
Christian People's, Lars Kosvald; Liberal, Hans Hammond
Rossbach; New People's Party, Magne Lerheim; Socialist
Left, Berge Furre; Norwegian Communist, Martin Gunnar
Knutsen; Progressive, Arve Loennum
Voting strength (1977 election): Labor, 42.5%; Conserva-
tive, 24.6%; Christian People's, 12.1%; Center, 8.6%; New
People's Party (anti-tax), 1.7%; Socialist Left (Socialist
Electoral Alliance) (formerly anti-tax), 4.1%; liberal, 3.2%
Progressive, 1.9%; Norwegian Communist, 0.4%; Red Elec-
tion Alliance, 0.6%, latter two are communist parties
Communists: 2,500 est.; a number of sympathizers as
indicated by the 22,500 Communist votes cast in the 1969
election (in the 1973 election the Communist Party vote total
was submerged in the 241,851 votes won by the Socialist
Electorial Alliance which included the Norwegian Commu-
nist Party and two other parties)
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SECRET July 1979
NORWAY/OMAN
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC , EC (Free
Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate
member), IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC?International
Whaling Commission, IWC?International Wheat Council,
NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $39.6 billion in 1978, $9,767 per capita; 54% private
consumption; 24% investment; 15% government; net foreign
balance + 7.0%; 1978 growth rate 3.5%, in constant Prices;
4.8% average (1970-76)
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main
crops?feed grains, potatoes, fruits, vegetables; 40% self-suf-
ficient; food shortages?food grains, sugar; caloric intake,
2,940 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: catch 3.4 million metric tons (1976); value $476
million (1976); exports $467 million (1976)
Major industries: oil and gas, food processing, shipbuild-
ing, wood pulp, paper products, metals, chemicals
Shortages: most raw materials with the exception of
timber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite ore, dairy
products and fish
Crude steel: 732,779 metric tons produced (1977), 180 kg
per capita
Electric power: 18,100,000 kW capacity (1978); 81 billion
kWh produced (1978), 19,915 kWh per capita
Exports: $9,142 million (f.o.b., 1977); principal items?
metals, pulp and paper, fish products, ships, chemicals, oil
Imports: $13,227 million (c.i.f., 1977); principal items?
foodstuff, ships, fuels, motor vehicles, iron and steel,
chemical compounds, textiles
Major trade partners: 49% EC (19% U.K., 12% West
Germany, 6% Denmark); 16% Sweden; 5% U.S.; 3% East
Bloc countries (1977)
Aid: donor, bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and
00F), $503 million (1970-76)
Budget: (1977) revenues $8.8 billion, expenditures $9.3
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 kroner=US$0.190 (1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,257 km standard gage (1.435 m); Norwegian
State Railways (NSB) operates 4,241 km (2,440 km
electrified and 91 km double track); 16 km privately-owned
and electrified
Highways: 78,116 km total; 17,699 km concrete and
bitumen; 19,277 km bituminous treated; 41,140 km gravel,
crushed stone, and earth
Inland waterways: 1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels
maximum
Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
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Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
Merchant marine: 673 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
22,211,900 GRT, 39,934,000 DWT; includes 38 passenger,
147 cargo, 3 container, 23 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 149 tanker,
48 liquefied gas, 142 bulk, 43 combination ore/oil, 80
specialized carrier
Civil air: 50 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 101 total, 101 usable; 52 with permanent-
surface runways; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 15 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and interna-
tional telephone, telegraph, and telex service; 1.48 million
telephones (36.6 per 100 popl.); 40 AM, 357 FM, and 740 TV
stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 2 domestic satellite
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 944,000; 768,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military age (20)
annually, 32,000
Supply: ammunition, some light armaments, electronic
equipment, CW defensive materials, aircraft, avionics,
engine parts, and naval ships (except submarines) produced
domestically; currently exporting missile attack boats;
producing small naval missile, Penguin; most equipment
from other NATO countries, Sweden and U.S.
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $1.4 billion; about 9.3% of proposed central
government budget
OMAN
LAND
About 212,380 km2; negligible amount forested, remain-
der desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,384 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 50
nm)
Coastline: 2,092 km
SECRET
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July 1979
OMAN
(See edema map V)
PEOPLE
Population: 565,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Omani(s); adjective?Omani
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab with small groups
of Iranians, Baluchis, and Indians
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 10%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Sultanate of Oman
Type: absolute monarchy; independent, with strong
residual U.K. influence
Capital: Muscat
Political subdivisions: 1 province (Dhofar), 9 regions, and
numerous districts (wilayats)
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic
law; no constitution; ultimate appeal to the Sultan; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 18 November
Government leader: Sultan Qabus ibn Sa'id Al Bu Sa'id
Other political or pressure groups: Popular Front for the
Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IMF, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.6 billion (1977), $4,880 per capita est.
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming (fruits, dates,
cereals, cattle, camels), fishing, and trade
Major industries: petroleum discovery in 1964; produc-
tion began in 1967; production 1977, 340,000 b/d; pipeline
capacity, 400,000 b/d; revenue for 1977 est. at $1.4 billion
Electric power: 240,000 kW capacity (1978); 380 million
kWh produced (1978), 680 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1977) mostly petroleum;
non-oil exports (mostly agricultural)
SECRET
SECRET
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1977)
Major trade partners: U.K., U.S., other European, Gulf
states, India, Australia, China, Japan
Budget: (1977) revenues $1.1 billion, expenditures $1.5
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Riyal Omani=US$2.93
(1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 2,816 km total; 5 km bituminous surface,
2,811 km motorable track
Pipelines: crude oil 370 km; natural gas 200 km
Ports: 1 major (Qaboos), 3 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 1,400 GRT, 2,900 DWT
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased in
and 1 leased out
Airfields: 165 total, 129 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 runway over 3,660 m, 5. with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire, radio-re-
lay and radiocommunications stations; 2 satellite ground
stations; 7,300 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, no FM,
2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 128,000; 74,000 fit for
military service
Supply: mostly from U.K.; some ground equipment and
aircraft also from Belgium, Italy, Iran, Jordan, and Saudi
Arabia
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SECRET
PAKISTAN
(Su (*rem, mu VII)
PAKISTAN
LAND
803,000 km= (includes Pakistani part of Jammu-Kashmir);
40% arable, including 24% cultivated; 23% unsuitable for
cultivation; 34% unreported, probably mostly waste; 3%
forested
Land boundaries: -5,900 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm; plus right to establish 100 nm conservation zones
beyond territorial sea); 200 nin exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 1,046 km
PEOPLE
Population: 80,171,000, excluding Junagadh, Manavadar,
Gilgit, 13altistan, and the disputed area of Jammu-Kashmir,
(July 1979), average annual growth rate 3.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Pakistani(s); adjective?Pakistani
Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% other
Language: official, Urdu; total spoken languages-7%
Urdu, 64% Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 9% other;
English is lingua franca
Literacy: about 17%
Labor force: 22 million (1978 est.); 60% agriculture, 16%
industry, 7% commerce, 15% service, 2% unemployed
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Type: parliamentary, federal republic; military seized
power 5 July 1977 and temporarily suspended some
constitutional provisions
Capital: Islamabad
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces?Punjab, Sind, Balu-
chistan, and North-West Frontier?with the capital territory
of Islamabad and certain tribal areas centrally administered;
Pakistan claims that Azad Kashmir is independent pending a
settlement of the dispute with India, but it is in fact under
Pakistani control
186
July 1979
Legal system: based on English common law; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; president
Zia's government has established Islamic Sliaria courts
paralleling the secular courts and has introduced Koranic
punishments for criminal offenses
National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March
Government leader: President and Chief Martial Law
Administrator Gen. Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Elections: opposition agitation against rigging of elections
in March 1977 eventually led to military coup; military
promised to hold new national and provincial assembly
elections in October 1977 but later postponed them; now
promised for 17 November 1979
Political parties and leaders: Pakistan People's Party
(PPP), pro-Bhutto wing, Mrs. Z. A. Bhutto, moderate wing,
Maulana Kauser Niazi; Tehrik-i-Istiqlal, Asghar Khan;
National Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz Mazari (formed
in 1975 by members of outlawed National Awami Party
(NAP) of Abdul Wali Khan, who is de facto NDP leader);
Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP), Maulana Shah Ahmed
Noorani; Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), a coalition of six
parties including Pakistan Muslim League (PML)?Pir of
Pagaro group; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Tofail Mohammed;
Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Mufti Mahmud
Communists: party membership very small; sympathizers
estimated at several thousand
Other political or pressure groups: military remains
strong political force
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, GATT, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, IWC?International Wheat Council, RCD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $15.0 billion (FY78 est.), $200 per capita; average
annual real growth, 4.0% (1970-78)
Agriculture: extensive irrigation; main crops?wheat, rice,
and cotton; foodgrain shortage, 2.3 million tons imported in
FY79
Fishing: catch 197,550 metric tons (1978 est.)
Major industries: cotton textiles, food processing, tobacco,
engineering, chemicals, natural gas
Electric power: 3,495,000 kW capacity (1978); 15.9
billion kWh produced (1978), 205 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,342 million (f.o.b., 1978); cotton (raw and
manufactured), rice
Imports: $2,738 million (c.i.f., 1978); foodgrains, edible
oil, crude oil,machinery, transport equipment, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.S., U.K., Japan, West Germany
Aid (including Bangladesh prior to 1972): economic?
U.S. (FY70-77), $1.5 billion committed (excluding what is
now Bangladesh); U.S.S.R. (1970-77), $495.8 million; China
(1970-77), $418.3 million; Eastern Europe (1970-77), $72.8
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July 1979
PAKISTAN/PANAMA
million; military?U.S. (FY70-77), $2.0 million; U.S.S.R.
(1970-77), $7.0 million; China (1970-77), $352.0 million;
Eastern Europe (1970-77), $19.0 million; OPEC economic
assistance (1974-78), $1.6 billion committed (S/NF)
Budget: expenditures, FY78?current expenditures,
$2,048.7 million; capital expenditures, $1,717.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 9.9 rupees=US$1 (since
February 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 8,816 km total (1979); 446 km meter gage
(1.000 m), 7,758 km broad gage (1.676 m), 612 km narrow
gage (0.762 m); 1,022 km double track; 286 km electrified;
government-owned
Highways: 87,472 km total (1978); 26,855 km paved,
19,500 km gravel, 3,100 km improved earth, 38,017 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,850 km
Pipelines: 230 km crude oil; 1,931 km natural gas
Ports: 1 major, 5 minor
Merchant marine: 49 ships (1,000 CRT or over) totaling
435,400 GRT, 599,200 DWT; includes 47 cargo, 1 bulk, 1
tanker
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 108 total, 101 usable; 63 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 25 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,200-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international radiocommuni-
cation service over microwave and intelsat satellite; domestic
radiocommunications poor; broadcast service very good;
300,000 (est.) telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 27 AM, no FM,
16 TV stations, and 4 repeaters; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE
Military manpower: males 15-49, 17,814,000; 10,591,000
fit for military service; 924,000 reach military age (17)
annually
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PANAMA
Caribbean Sea
PANAMA
-???
ANAL
ZONE
COLOMBIA
Pacific Ocean
(See 'almanac map II)
LAND
75,650 km2 (excluding Canal Zone, 1,430 km2); 24%
agricultural land (9% fallow, 4% cropland, 11% pasture),
20% exploitable forest, 56% other forests, urban, and waste
Land boundaries: 630 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (continen-
tal shelf including sovereignty over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 2,490 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,862,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.7% (current)
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PANAMA
Nationality: noun?Panamanian(s); adjective?Pana-
manian
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% Negro, 9% white, 7%
Indian and other
Religion: over 90% Roman Catholic, remainder mainly
Protestant
Language: Spanish; about 14% speak English as native
tongue; many Panamanians bilingual
Literacy: 82% of population 10 years of age and over
Labor force: 515,000 (1977); 39.5% commerce, finance
and services; 33.9% agriculture, hunting and fishing; 9.7%
manufacturing and mining; 6.8% construction; 5% Canal
Zone; 3.9% transportation and communications; 1.2% utili-
ties; active and inactive unemployed estimated at 12-16%
(1976-77); shortage of skilled labor but an oversupply of
unskilled labor
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force (1978 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Panama
Type: republic
Capital: Panama
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces. 1 intendancy
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution
adopted in 1972; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; legal education at University of Panama;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November
Branches: President (subordinate to National Guard
Commandant, Gen. Omar Torrijos) and Vice President,
elected by National Assembly; popularly elected unicameral
legislature, National Assembly of Community (Corregi-
miento) Representatives; legislative powers currently exer-
cised in the main by executive branch appointees, but
constitutional amendments, approved in October 1978, give
somewhat greater legislative role to National Assembly;
presidentially appointed Supreme Court subject to Corregi-
miento review under new constitutional amendment
Government leaders: Aristides Royo is Constitutional
President and Chief of State, but subordinate to Brig. Gen.
Omar Torrijos, the National Guard Commandant
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: elections for National Assembly in August
1978, Assembly chose - President and Vice President in
October 1978; constitutional reforms allow Assembly to elect
from its own membership representatives to constitute a new
legislative organ, the National Council on Legislation;
additional representatives to the council will be chosen in
direct, popular elections in 1980; direct popular elections for
president and vice president, and corregimiento will be held
in 1984
Political parties and leaders: legislation providing for
legalization of political parties, which were suspended for
the last nine years, approved October 1978; Communist
188
July 1979
Party, although illegal, has been allowed to operate;
beginning in September 1977, activity by other political
parties was also tolerated; political party registration opened
in early 1979
Voting strength: no parties participated in the 1978
elections
Communists: 500 active and several hundred inactive
members People's Party (PdP); 500-600 members of rival
Fraccion movement which split from PdP in 1974; 2,500
sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: National Council of
Private Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of
Business Executives (APEDE)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, IWC?Internation-
al Whaling Commission, IWC?International Wheat Coun-
cil, NAM, OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2,482 million (1978), $1,360 per capita; 66%
private consumption, 17% government consumption, 24%
gross fixed investment, ? 7% net foreign balance (1977); real
growth (1978), 2.5%
Agriculture: main crops?bananas, rice, corn, coffee,
sugarcane; self-sufficient in most basic foods; 2,450 calories
per day per capita (1969 )
Fishing: catch 228,016 metric tons (1977); exports $27.7
million (1977)
Major industries: food processing, metal products,
construction materials, petroleum products, clothing, furni-
ture
Electric power: 460,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.5 billion
kWh produced (1978), 1,370 kWh per capita
Exports: $292 million (f.o.b., 1978); bananas, petroleum
products, shrimp, sugar, coffee
Imports: $889 million (c.i.f., 1978); manufactures, trans-
portation equipment, crude petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports-45% U.S., 12% Canal
Zone, 9% West Germany, 7% Italy, 6% Netherlands;
imports-31% U.S., 18% Ecuador, 8% Venezuela, 8% Colon
Free Zone, 5% Japan, 4% Saudi Arabia, 3% Trinidad and
Tobago (1976)
Aid: economic?(FY70-76) U.S., $284 million; other
Western countries, $266 million; military?U.S., $7 million
Budget: (1979) $453 million in revenues, $848 million in
expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa =US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 249 km total; 77 km 1.524-meter gage, 172 km
0.914-meter gage
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1979
PANAMA/PAPUA
Highways: 7,700 km total; 2,500 km paved, 2,600 km
gravel or crushed stone, 2,600 km improved and unim-
proved earth; Panama Canal Zone 240 km; 230 km paved,
10 km gravel
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow draft
vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
Pipelines: refined products, 96 km
Ports: 2 major (Cristobal/Colon/Coco Solo, Balboa/
Panama City), 10 minor
Merchant marine: 2,203 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 20,546,100 GRT, 33,656,300 DWT; includes 35
passenger, 1,453 cargo, 38 container, 17 roll-on/roll-off
cargo, 194 tanker, 27 liquefied gas, 332 bulk, 12 combination
ore/oil, 88 specialized carriers; all foreign owned and
operated; 114 ships are owned by China and 15 are owned
by Vietnam, 8 by Yugoslavia, and 8 by Cuba
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields: (including Canal Zone) 152 total, 152 usable; 36
with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic and international telecom
facilities well developed; connection into Central American
microwave net; Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station;
155,200 telephones.(9.0 per 100 popl.); 90 AM, 30 FM, and
13 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 435,000; 301,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
Supply: principally dependent on U.S. but has acquired
infantry weapons and ammunition from Western Europe
and 2 motor gunboats from the U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $30.1 million; about 4.6% of central government
budget
SECRET
NEW
GUINEA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SECRET
Port
Moresby
AUSTRALIA
Pacific Ocean
0
SOLOMON
?. ?
N,ISLANDS
Coral Sea
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
475,369 km'
Land boundaries: 966 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic
including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 5,152 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,064,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.6% (7-73 to 7-77)
Nationality: noun?Papua New Guinean(s); adjective?
Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian and Papuan,
some Negrito, Micronesian, and Polynesian types
Religion: .over one-half of population nominally Christian
(490,000 Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects);
remainder animist
Language: 700 indigenous languages; pidgin English and
2 or 3 native languages are linguae francae for over one-half
of population; English spoken by 1% to 2% of population
Literacy: 15%; in English, 0.1%
Labor force: no available figures; mostly subsistence
farmers
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Papua New Guinea
Type: independent state within Commonwealth recogniz-
ing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Port Moresby
Political subdivisions: 18 administrative districts (12 in
New Guinea, 6 in Papua)
Legal system: based on English common law
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September
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PAPUA NEW GUINEA/PARAGUAY
Branches: executive?Executive Council; legislature?
House of Assembly (109 members); judiciary?court system
consists of Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea and various
inferior courts (District Courts, Local Courts, Children's
Courts, Wardens' Courts)
Government leaders: Governor General, Sir Tore Loko-
loko; Prime Minister, Michael Thomas Somare
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: preferential-type elections for 109-member
House of Assembly every 4 years, last held in June 1977
Political parties: Pangu Party, People's Progress Party,
United Party, Papua Besena
Communists: no significant strength
Member of: ADB, CIPEC (associate), Commonwealth,
ESCAP (associate), G-77, IBRD, ILO, IMF, U.N., WHO
(associate)
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.7 billion (FY78 est.); real average annual growth
rate (1977-78) 2% est.
Agriculture: main crops?coconuts, coffee, cocoa, tea
Major industries: sawmilling and timber processing,
copper mining (Bougainville)
Electric power: 284,000 kW capacity (1978); 700 million
kWh produced (1978), 230 kWh per capita
Exports: $636 million (f.o.b., FY77); principal products?
copper, coconut products, coffee beans, cocoa, copra, timber
Imports: $484 million (f.o.b., FY77)
Major trade partners: Australia, U.K., Japan
Aid: economic?Australia, $1,158 million committed
(1976-81); World Bank group (1968-September 1969), $7.5
million committed; U.S. (FY70-74), $32.5 million extended
Budget: (75-76) receipts 400 million Australian dollars,
expenditures 408 million Australian dollars
Monetary conversion rate: Kina $1 = US$1.45 (September
1978)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km
gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 7,600 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
Ports: 5 principal, 8 minor
Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 532 total, 421 usable; 18 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 41 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea telecom serv-
ices are adequate and are being improved; principal telecom
centers include Goroka, Lae, Madang, Mount Hagen, and
Wewak in New Guinea; and Darti, Port Moresby and
190
July 1979
Samarai in Papua; facilities provide radiobroadcast. radio-
telephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautica. radio
and international radiocommunication services; numerous
privately owned radio facilities exist; submarine cables
extend from Madang to Australia and Guam; 37,500
telephones (1.3 per 100 pop!.); 31 AM, no FM and no TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 740,000; about 409,000
fit for military service
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Supp y: epen ent on Austra ia
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979,
$28.2 million; 3.7% of central government budget
PARAGUAY
LAND
406,630 km2; 2% under crops, 24% meadow and pasture,
52% forested, 22% urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 3,444 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,160,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Paraguayan(s); adjective?Para-
guayan
SECRET
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PARAGUAY
(See reference map III)
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo, 5% white and Indian
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish and Guarani
Literacy: officially estimated at 74% above age 10, but
probably much lower (40%)
Labor force: 800,000 (1971 est.); 52.6% agriculture,
forestry, fishing; 28.2% services; 19.2% manufacturing and
mining (1970)
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asunci6n
Political subdivisions: 16 departments and the national
capital, 154 municipalities
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and
French codes; constitution promulgated 1967; judicial
review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal education
at National University of Asuncion and Catholic University
of Our Lady of the Assumption; does not accept compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 14 May
Branches: President heads executive; bicameral legisla-
ture; judiciary headed by Supreme Court
Government leader: President Gen. Alfredo Stroessner
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between ages of 18-60
Elections: President and Congress elected together every
5 years; last election held in February 1978
Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan
Ramon Chavez; Liberal Party (Levi-Liberal Party), Carlos
Levi Ruffinelli; Febrerista Party, Roque Gaona; Radical
Liberal Party and United Liberal Party (provisional
unification of Liberal and Radical Liberal parties), Miguel
Angel Martinez Yaryes; Christian Democratic Party, Anibal
Recalde Sosa
SECRET
SECRET
Voting strength (February 1978 general election): 90%
Colorado Party, 5% Radical Liberal Party, 3% Liberal Party,
Febrerista Party boycotted elections
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel
Soler faction (both illegal); est. 3,000 to 4,000 party members
and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard core; party
in exile is small and deeply divided
Other political or pressure groups: Popular Colorado
Movement (MoPoCo) led by Epifanio Mendez Fleitas, in
exile
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.5 billion (1978, at current prices), $810 per
capita; 7.0% public consumption; 74.8% private consump-
tion, 29.4% gross domestic investment, ? 11.2% net foreign
balance (1977); real growth rate 1978, 10.5%
Agriculture: main crops?oilseeds, cotton, wheat, manioc,
sweet 'potatoes, tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient
in most foods; caloric intake, 2,714 calories per day per
capita (1974); protein intake, 81 grams per day per capita
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling,
brewing, textiles, light consumer goods, cement
Electric power: 230,000 kW capacity (1977); 550 million
kWh produced (1977), 200 kWh per capita
Exports: $324 million (f.o.b., 1977); cotton, oilseeds, meat
products, tobacco, timber, coffee, essential oils,. tung oil
Imports: $360 million (f.o.b., 1977); fuels and lubricants,
machinery and motors, motor vehicles, beverages and
tobacco, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports-15% Netherlands, 14%
United States, 13% Argentina, 10% West Germany; im-
ports-21% Brazil, 16% Argentina, 12% U.S., 9% West
Germany (1977)
Aid: (1970-76) economic bilateral commitments, U.S. $54
million, other Western countries $69 million; military
commitments, U.S. $17 million
Budget: (1977) $335 million current revenues, $332
million total expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 126 guaranies=US$1 (official
rate, December 1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,043 km total; 437 km standard gage (1.435
m), 136 km meter gage (1.00 m), 470 km various narrow
gage (privately owned)
Highways: 8,800 km total; 1,100 km paved, 7,700 km
earth
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
Ports: 1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river)
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PARAGUAY/PERU
Merchant marine: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
14,400 GRT, 15,900 DWT; includes 10 cargo, 2 tanker, 1
specialized carrier; domestic ships are operated mostly in
river traffic; most international seaborne trade is carried by
foreign-flag ships
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 961 total, 822 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: local telecom facilities in Asuncion
good, intercity microwave net; 41,600 telephones (1.5 per
100 popl.); 25 AM, 9 FM stations, and 1 TV station; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 701,000; 530,000 fit for
military service; average number currently reaching military
age (17) annually, 37 000
Supply: dependent on foreign sources (U.S., Brazil,
Argentina, and Belgium) for all materials
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $50.0 million; about 15.1% of central government
budget
PERU
LAND
1,284,640 km' (other estimates range as low as 1,248,380
km"); 2% cropland, 14% meadows and pastures, 55%
forested, 29% urban, waste, other
Land boundaries: 6,131 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 2,414 km
192
July 1979
(See reference map 1111
PEOPLE
Population: 17,287,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.8% (current)
Nationality: noun?Peruvian; adjective?Peruvian
Ethnic divisions: 46% Indian; 38% mestizo (white-
Indian); 15% white; 1% Negro, Japanese, Chinese
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
Literacy: 45% to 50%
Labor force: 5.0 million (1975); 42.1% agriculture, 17%
services, 14% manufacturing, 9% trade, 4% construction, 4%
transportation, 2% mining, 4% other
Organized labor: 37.1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic; under military regime since October 1968
Capital: Lima
Political subdivisions: 23 departments with limited
autonomy plus constitutional Province of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system; military
government rules by decree and functions under Revolution-
ary Statute which supersedes 1933 constitution; legal
education at the National Universities in Lima, Trujillo,
Arequipa, and Cuzco; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July
Branches: executive; judicial; Congress disbanded after 3
October 1968 ouster of President Fernando Belaunde Terry
but Constituent Assembly has been in session since July 1978
Government leader: President, Div. Gen. Francisco
MORALES BERMUDEZ Cerrutti
Suffrage: obligatory for literate citizens (defined as adult
men and women and married persons over age 18) until age
60
Elections: June of 1978 a constituent assembly was
elected to draw up a new constitution; issuance of the new
charter to be followed by presidential and parliamentary
elections in 1980
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PERU
Political parties and leaders: Popular Action Party (AP),
Fernando Belaunde Terry; American Popular Revolutionary
Alliance (APRA), Victor Raul Haya de la Torre; and Popular
Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; Popular Student,
Peasant and Workers Front (FOCEP), Genaro Ledesma
Voting strength (1978 election): 37% APRA, 25% PPC,
12% FOCEP, 26% other (mostly leftist groups)
Communists: pro-Soviet (PCP/S) 2,000; pro-Chinese (2
factions) 1,200
Member of: AIOEC, ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADI3, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB,
IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO,
IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC?International Wheat Council,
LAFTA and Andean Pact, NAM, OAS, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $10.3 billion (1978, in current prices), $609 per
capita; 73.0% private consumption, 12.9% public consump-
tion, 14.4% gross investment; ?0.3% net foreign balance
(1978); real growth rate (1978), ?? 1.8%
Agriculture: main crops?wheat, potatoes, beans, rice,
barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane; imports?wheat, meat,
lard and oils, rice, corn; caloric intake, 2,359 calories per day
per capita (1974); protein intake 53 grams per day per capita
Fishing: catch 2.0 million metric tons (1978); exports $238
million (1978)
Major industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing,
textiles and clothing, food processing, cement, auto assem-
bly, steel, ship-building, metal fabrication
Electric power: 2,542,300 kW capacity (1977); 8.5 billion
kWh produced (1978), 480 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,941 million (f.o.b., 1977); copper, fish and fish
products, copper, silver, iron, cotton, sugar, lead, zinc,
petroleum, coffee
Imports: $1,601 million (f.o.b., 1978); foodstuffs, machin-
ery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports-30% U.S., 16% Latin
America, 20% EC, 12% Japan, 1% U.S.S.R. (1977); imports-
29% U.S., 19% EC, 30% Latin America, 7% Japan (1977)
Aid: economic?(1970-76) bilateral economic commit-
ments, U.S. $433 million, other Western countries $655
million, Communist countries $276 million; military?U.S.
$61 million Communist $545 million
Budget: (1978) $1.7 billion current revenues, $2.6 billion
total expenditures including debt amortization
Monetary conversion rate: 215.67 soles=US$1 (30 April
1979); floats against U.S. dollar
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,148 km total; 1,776 km standard gage (1.435
m), 46 km 0.60-meter gage, 326 km 0.914-meter gage; 14 km
double track
SECRET
Highways: 52,400 km total; 5,400 km paved, 9,900 km
gravel, 14,400 km improved earth, 22,700 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of
Amazon River system and 208 km Lake Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 730 km; natural gas and natural gas
liquids, 64 km
Ports: 7 major, 20 minor
Merchant marine: 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
386,800 GRT, 594,200 DWT; includes 22 cargo, 2 tanker, 9
bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 1 combination ore-oil; additionally 5
naval tankers are sometimes used commercially
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 302 total, 304 usable; 24 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 20 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 49 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most require-
ments; new nationwide radio-relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station; 295,000 telephones (1.9 per 100 popl.); 200
AM, 7 FM, and 31 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,988,000; 2,701,000 fit
for military service; average number currently reaching
military age (20) annually, 177,000
Supply: produces some small arms ammunition and is
producing two guided missile frigates with Italian assistance;
army materiel is supplied by Belgium, France, and the U.S.;
U.S.S.R. has supplied tanks and helicopters since 1973 and
engineer equipment, military trucks, and artillery since
1975; aircraft and ships from France and U.K. represent
three fourths of the total value of non-U.S. imports since
1953; ships also furnished by U.S., Netherlands, Italy, and
West Germany
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $284.9 million; about 10% of central government
budget
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PERU/PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES
(See reference map VW
LAND
300,440 km2; 53% forested, 30% arable land, 5%
permanent pasture, 12% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 0-300 nm (under
an archipelago theory, waters within straight lines joining
appropriate points of outermost islands are considered
internal waters; waters between these baselines and the
limits described in the Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898,
the U.S.-Spain Treaty of November 7, 1900, and the
U.S.-U.K. Treaty of January 2, 1930 are considered to be the
territorial sea)
Coastline: about 22,540 km
PEOPLE
Population: 46,893,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Filipino(s); adjective?Philippine
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim
Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 10% Protestant, 4%
Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Tagalog (renamed Pilipino) is the national
language of the Philippine Republic; English is the language
of school instruction and government business
194
July 1979
Literacy: about 83%
Labor force: 15.4 million (1976); 60% agriculture,
forestry, fishing, 12% manufacturing, 10.5% commerce,
10.5% government and services (business, recreation, domes-
tic, personal), 3.5% transport, storage, communication, 3%
construction; 0.5% other
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of the Philippines
Type: republic
Capital: Manila
Political subdivisions: 72 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic, and Anglo-
American law; parliamentary constitution passed 1973;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila
University, and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations; currently being ruled under
martial law
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 June
Branches: new constitution (currently suspended) pro-
vides for unicameral National Assembly, and a strong
executive branch under a Prime Minister; judicial branch
headed by Supreme Court with descending authority in a
Court of Appeals, courts of First Instance in various
provinces, municipal courts in chartered cities, and justices
of the peace in towns and municipalities; these justices have
considerably more authority than do justices of the peace in
the U.S.
Government leader: President Ferdinand Marcos
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections held for an interim National Assem-
bly to meet in June
Political parties and leaders: political parties currently in
limbo because of martial law
Communists: about 2,100-2,400 armed insurgents
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $23.2 billion (1978), $500 per capita; 5.8% real
growth, 1978
Agriculture: main crops?rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane,
bananas, abaca, tobacco
Fishing: catch 1.4 million metric tons (1976)
Major industries: mining, agricultural processing, textiles,
chemicals and chemical products
Electric power: 4,546,000 kW capacity (1978); 16.4
billion kWh produced (1978), 355 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.3 million (f.o.b., 1978); coconut products,
sugar, logs and lumber, copper concentrates, bananas,
garments, nickel, abaca
SECRET
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PHILIPPINES !POLAND
Imports: $4.7 million (f.o.b., 1978); petroleum, industrial
equipment, wheat
Major trade partners: (1977) exports-35% U.S., 23%
Japan; imports-25% Japan, 20% U.S.
Aid: commitments 1970-76: U.S. economic, $467.3 mil-
lion, military, $204.8 million; Western (except U.S.), $996.3
million; Eastern Europe, $35.5 million; OPEC, $61.0 million
Budget: (CY78) revenues $3.8 billion, expenditures $4.6
billion, deficit $0.8 billion; 11% military, 89% . civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 7.38 pesos=US$1, February
1979
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,510 km total (1977); 2 common-carrier
systems 1.067-meter gage totaling about 1,177 km; 19
industrial systems with 4 different gages totaling 2,333 km;
34% government owned
Highways: 119,218 km total (1977); 20,483 km paved;
51,643 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface;
47,092 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft
(less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 251 km
Ports: 11 major, numerous minor
Merchant marine: 195 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
1,172,800 GRT, 1,771,000 DWT; includes 13 passenger, 129
cargo, 32 tanker, 15 bulk, 3 cOmbination ore/oil, 1 gas
carrier, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 1 specialized carrier
Civil air: approximately 60 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 332 total, 303 usable; 59 with permanent-
surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 36 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent international radio and
submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service
just adequate; 541,681 telephones; 1,850,000 radio sets;
500,000 est. TV sets; 273 AM stations, including 6 U.S.; and 6
FM stations; 24 TV stations, including 4 U.S.; submarine
cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, and Japan; tropo-
spheric-scatter link to Republic of China; 1 ground satellite
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,756,000; 7,540,000
fit for, military service; about 460,000 reach military age (20)
annually
SECRET
SECRET
Supply: limited small arms and small arms ammunition,
small patrol craft production; licensed assembly of transport
aircraft; most other materiel obtained from U.S.; naval ships
and equipment from Australia, Japan, Singapore, U.S., and
Italy; aircraft and helicopters from West Germany and U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $764.3 million; about 15% of central government
budget
POLAND
(See reference map NI
LAND
312,354 km2; 49% arable, 14% other agricultural, 27%
forested, 10% other
Land boundaries: 3,090 km
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POLAND
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (3 nm
contiguous zone claimed in addition to the territorial sea)
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 491 km
PEOPLE
Population: 35,391,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Pole(s); adjective?Polish
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainians, 0.5%
Belorussians, less than 0.05% Jews, 0.2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing),
5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox, Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Literacy: about 98%
Labor force: 18.8 million; 32% agriculture, 25% industry,
43% other non-agricultural (1977)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Polish People's Republic (PRL)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 49 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil
law and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1952;
court system parallels administrative divisions with Supreme
Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no judicial review
of legislative acts; legal education at 7 law schools; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day, 22 July
Branches: legislative, executive, judicial system domi-
nated by parallel Communist party apparatus
Government leaders: Piotr Jaroszewicz, Premier; Henryk
Jablonski, Chairman of Council of State (President)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: parliamentary and local government every 4
years
Dominant political party and leader: Polish United
Workers' Party (PZPR) (Communist), Edward Gierek, First
Secretary
Voting strength (1975 election): 99% voted for Commu-
nist-approved single slate
Communists: 2,758,000 party members (March 1978)
Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Front
(FJN), including United Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic
Party (SD), progovernment pseudo-Catholic Pax Association
and Christian Social Association, Catholic independent Znak
group; powerful Roman Catholic Church, Stefan Cardinal
Wyszynski, Primate
Member of: CEMA, GATT, ICAO, ICES, IHO, Indochina
Truce Commission, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, Korea Truce Commission, U.N. and
all specialized agencies except IMF and IBRD, Warsaw Pact,
WIPO, WTO
196
July 1979
ECONOMY
GNP: $108.3 billion in 1978, at 1978 prices, $3,094 per
capita; 1978 growth rate, 2.7%
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum requirements;
main crops?grain, sugar beets, oilseeds, potatoes, exporter
of livestock products and sugar; importer of grains; 3,200
calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 537,300 metric tons (1978)
Major industries: machine building, iron and steel,
extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, and food
processing
Crude steel: 19:3 million metric tons produced (1978),
about 550 kg. per capita
Electric power: 23,650,000 kW capacity (1978); 115.6
billion kWh produced (1978), 3,280 kWh per capita
Exports: $13,471 million (f.o.b., 1978); 47% machinery
and equipment, 34% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufac-
tures, 9% agricultural and food products, 10% light industrial
products
Imports: $15,337 million (f.o.b., 1978); 41% machinery
and equipment; 42% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufac-
tures; 13% agricultural and food products; 4% light industrial
products
Major trade partners: $28,808 million (1978); 57% with
?
Communist countries, 43% with West
Aid: Western countries est. $16 billion (short, medium,
and long term debt, end of 1978 ? Polish credits to LDC's,
$1,220 million (1954-78)
Monetary conversion rate: z otys= S$1 (commer-
cial); 31.60 zlotys=US$1 (noncommercial), 31 December
1978
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data are
reported for calendar years except for caloric intake which is
reported for the consumption year, 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 26,695 km total; 23,816 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 2,879 km other gage; 7,474 km double track;
6,496 km electrified; government owned (1978)
Highways: 305,863 km total; 65,000 km concrete, asphalt,
stone block; 98,000 km crushed stone, gravel; 142,863 km
earth (1977)
Inland waterways: 3,759 km navigable rivers and canals
(1979)
Pipelines: 3,540 km for natural gas; 1,515 km for crude
oil; 322 km for refined products
Freight carried: rail-489.3 million metric tons (1978),
135.4 billion metric ton/km (1977); highway-2,039 million
metric tons, 40.3 billion metric ton/km (1977); waterway-
22.4 million metric tons, 2.7 million metric ton/km;
approximately 1,842 waterway craft with 654,600 metric ton
capacity (1978)
Ports: 4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujicie), 6
minor (1979); principal inland waterway ports are Gliwice,
WrocVaw, and Warsaw (1979)
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POLAND/PORTUGAL
Merchant marine: 301 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
3,088,100 GRT, 4,664,700 DWT; includes 7 passenger, 202
cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 11 tanker, 73 bulk, 4
specialized carrier, 3 cargo training
Civil air: 45 major transport aircraft (1978)
Airfields: 144 total; 82 with permanent-surface runways;
2 with runways 3,500 m or over; 31 with runways
2,500-3,499 m, 96 with runways 1,000-2,499 m; 15 with
runways less than 1,000 m; 3 heliports
Telecommunications: adequate for government needs
but only limited service is available to the public;
international facilities are adequate; modern radio and TV
network is used effectively to educate and entertain the
public; 28 AM and 25 FM broadcast stations, 5,794,673
receivers; 32 TV stations and 61 TV transmitters; 6,142,999
TV receivers; 2,337,603 telephones (86.1% automatic)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,294,000; 7,364,000 fit
for military service; 300,000 reach military age (19) annually
Personnel: 297,000 (estimated) ground forces,'? includes
9,000 Internal Defense Forces (WOW), 55,000 Territorial
Defense Forces (OT); 8,000 specialized construction troops,
22,000 naval forces; 43,100 air forces; 46,475 national air
defense forces; 21,500 paramilitary forces (S)
Supply: produces infantry weapons, A PC's, tanks, ammu-
nition, electronic equipment including radar, trucks, chemi-
cal and biological defensive materiel and small quantities of
1? Soviet forces (NCF) in Poland as of 1 January 1978, 50,000
(37,000 ground; 13,000 air).
SECRET
CW agents; Poland builds small combatants and naval
auxiliary ships for the Polish Navy ari4 coast guard, as vvell
as amphibious warfare ships and naval auxiliaries for
U.S.S.R., and medium-sized landing ships and auxiliaries for
other countries; Poland also produces helicopters, jet
trainers, small transport utility aircraft and air-to-air
missiles; other equipment primarily from U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, est. 65.3 billion zlotys; about 6.1% of total budget
PORTUGAL
Atlantic
Ocean
o
PORTUGAL
Eisbo
ALGERIA
(See reference map IV)
LAND
Metropolitan Portugal: 94,276 km', including the Azores
and Madeira Islands; 48% arable, 6% meadow and pasture,
31% forested, 15% waste and urban, inland water, and other
Land boundaries: 1,207 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 12
nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 860 km (excludes Azores (708 km) and
Madeira (225, km))
PEOPLE
Population: metropolitan Portugal (including the Azores
and Madeira Islands), 9,866,000 (July 1979), average annual
?growth rate 0.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Portuguese (sing. & pl.); adjective?
Portuguese
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PORTUGAL
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in
mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization
number less than 100,000
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant sects, 2%
other
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: (1978) 4.1 million; 33% agriculture, 33%
industry, 34% services; unemployment?now more than
13%?is largely due to influx of refugees from former
colonies, returning migrant workers, military cutbacks, and
government efforts to slow economic growth in the short run
Organized labor: the Communist-dominated General
Confederation of Portuguese Workers?National Intersindi-
cal (CTP-IN) claims to represent 77% of the labor force; the
Socialists and Social Democrats have gained ground over the
last year because of the formation of the General Union of
Workers (UGT)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Portuguese Republic
Type: republic, first government under new constitution
formed July 1976; major political parties and officers of
all-military Revolutionary Council signed document in
December 1975 agreeing to multiparty parliamentary
democracy with military oversight for period of 4 years
following presidential elections in June 1976
Capital: Lisbon
Political subdivisions: 18 districts in mainland Portugal;
Portugal's two autonomous regions, the Azores and Madeira
Islands, have 4 districts (3 of them in the Azores); Macao,
Portugal's remaining overseas territory, was granted broad
executive and legislative autonomy in February 1976;
Portugal has not officially recognized the unilateral annex-
ation of Portuguese Timor by Indonesia
Legal system: civil law system; new constitution adopted
April 1976; for next four years, legislative assembly acts to be
reviewed for constitutionality by Revolutionary Council;
vetoes of laws by the Council, through the agency of the
presidency, may be appealed to a Constitutional Commis-
sion as a court of last resort; legal education at Universities of
Lisbon and Coimbra; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: 25 April
Branches: executive with President and Prime Minister,
with 18-member Revolutionary Council as advisory body to
the President; popularly elected Assembly of the Republic;
independent judiciary
Government leaders: President, Gen. Antonio dos Santos
Ramalho Eanes; Prime Minister, Carlos Alberto da Mota
Pinto
198
July 1979
Suffrage: universal over age 18, except for those barred by
law for participation in -undemocratic" institutions prior to
April 25, 1974
Elections: national elections for Assembly of the Republic
to be held every 4 years, first Assembly under new
constitution elected April 1976, will sit until October 14,
1980 unless earlier dissolved by the President; national
election for president to be held every 5 years, term of first
constitutional president?elected in June 1976?will end
with 4 year transitional period; local elections to be held
every 3 years, last elections in December 1976
Political parties and leaders: the Portuguese Socialist
Party (PS) is led by Mario Soares, the Social Democratic
Party (PSD), formerly the Popular Democratic Party (PPD),
by Francisco Sa Carneiro, the Social Democratic Center
(CDS) by Diogo Freitas do Amaral, and the Portuguese
Communist Party (PCP) by Alvaro Cunhal
Voting strength: (1976 parliamentary election) the
Socialists polled 35% of the vote; the PSD received 24%, the
CDS 16%, and the Communists 15%; (1976 local elections)
PS 33%, PSD 24%, PCP 18%, CDS 17%
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims mem-
bership of 142,512 (March 1978)
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO (restricted membership),
ICES, ICO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IO0C, ISO, ITU, IWC?
International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $19.5 billion est. (1978); 13% government consump-
tion, 68% private consumption; 22% gross fixed investment;
?11% net exports; 8% net factor income from abroad;
average annual real GNP growth 1970-74, 8%; the change in
real GNP was ?4.3% in 1975, and 6.9% in 1976, 6.1% in
1977, and was estimated at 2.7% in 1978
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped; main crops?
grains, potatoes, olives, grapes for wine; deficit foods?sugar,
grain, meat, fish, oil seeds; caloric intake
Fishing: landed 339,191 metric tons (1976)
Major industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp,
paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish
canning; wine
Crude steel: 365,000 tons produced (1978), 50 kg per
capita
Electric power: 4,800,000 kW capacity (1978); 16 billion
kWh produced (1978), 1,630 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b. 1978); principal items?cotton
textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber
and timber products, resin
Imports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1978); principal items?
petroleum, cotton, industrial machinery, iron and steel,
chemicals
SECRET
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July 1979
PORTUGAL/QATAR
Major trade partners: 46% EC (13% U.K., 12% West
Germany, 8% France, 5% Italy); 10% EFTA, 9% U.S., 4%
Spain, 3% Iraq, 2% Saudi Arabia, 3% Japan, (1977)
Aid: economic authorizations: U.S., $526 million
(FY70-77); other Western (ODA and 00F), $84 million
(1977); military authorizations?U.S., $34 million (FY77)
Budget: 1977?receipts, $2.5 billion; expenditures, $3.1
billion; deficit, $650 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 escudo=US$0.0229 (average
1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,593 km total: state-owned Portuguese Rail-
road Co. (CP) operates 2,807 km 1.665-meter gage (406 km
electrified and 426 km double track), 760 km meter-gage
(1.000 m); 26 km 1.665-meter gage double track, electrified,
privately-owned
Highways: 29,773 km total; 17,703 km bituminous,
bituminous treatment, concrete and stoneblock; 11,587 km
gravel and crushed stone; 483 km improved earth; plus an
additional 16,898 km of unimproved earth roads (motorable
tracks)
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimpor-
tant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited
to 297 metric ton cargo capacity
Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km
Ports: 6 major, 34 minor
Merchant marine: 83 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
1,083,600 GRT, 1,779,300 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 52
cargo, 2 container, 19 tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 5 bulk, 1
specialized carrier
Civil air: 29 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields (including Azores and Madeira Islands): 50
total, 48 usable; 31 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 3,660 m, 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate;
1.19 million telephones (12.9 per 100 popl.); 39 AM, 34 FM,
and 42 TV stations; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,198,000; 1,788,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching age (20)
annually, about 85,000
SECRET
SECRET
Supply: produces transport vehicles, wheeled APC's, small
arms, ammunition, aerial bombs, military telecom and
electronics equipment, and incendiary, smoke, and tear
agent munitions; also produces naval ships up to frigate size;
other military equipment imported from other NATO
countries; navy ships, weapons, and equipment from U.S.,
West Germany, U.K., Canada, Italy, France, Brazil, Austria,
South Africa, Spain
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $575.8 million; about 10% of proposed
central government budget
QATAR
LAND
About 10,360 km2; negligible amount forested; mostly
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 56 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 563 km
PEOPLE
Population: 167,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Qatari(s); adjective?Qatari
Ethnic divisions: 38% Arab; 15% Iranian; 29% Pakistani;
18% other; native Qataris are a minority
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic, English is commonly used second
language
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BAHRAIN
QATAR
Doha
SAUDI ARABIA
IRAN
(See reference men 19
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: primarily foreign
QATAR
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of Qatar
Type: traditional monarchy; independence declared in
1971
Capital: Doha
Legal system: discretionary System of law controlled by
the ruler, _although civil codes are being implemented;
Islamic law is significant in personal matters; a constitution
was promulgated in 1970
National holiday: 3 September
Government leader: Amir, Khalifa ibn Hamad Al Thani
Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage laid down
Elections: constitution calls for elections for part of State
Advisory Council, a consultative body, but none have been
held
Political parties and pressure groups: none; a few small
clandestine organizations are active
Branches: Council of Ministers; appointive 30-member
Advisory Council
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
ECONOMY
GNP: $4.5 billion (1977), $20,000 plus per capita
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale; commer-
cial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported;
rice and dates staple diet
Major industries: oil production and refining; crude oil
production from onshore and offshore averaged 435,141 b/d
(1977); 100% takeover was announced in October 1976 of
the Qatar Petroleum Company, still negotiating with Qatar
Shell about offshore fields; oil revenues accrued $1.8 billion
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in 1977, representing 91% of government/royal family
income; major development projects include $7 million
harbor at Ad Dawhah, fertilizer plant, 2 desalting plants,
refrigerated storage for fishing, and a cement plant
Electric power: capacity 600,000 kW (1978); 2 billion
kWh produced (1978), 12,121 kWh per capita
Exports: crude oil dominates; exports $2.4 billion (1977)
of which petroleum is $2.1 billion
Imports: $1.0 billion (c.i.f., 1977)
Budget: (1977) revenue $2.0 billion, expenditure $1.83
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Qatar-Dubai riyal =US$0.26
(1978)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 805 km total; 442 km bituminous; 362 km
gravel; undetermined mileage of earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 169 km; natural gas, 97 km
Ports: 1 major (Ad Dawhah), 1 minor
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
81,862 GRT, 146,300 DWT; includes 1 tanker, 1 specialized
carrier, 1 cargo
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways, 1 with runway over 3,660 m
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft registered in the U.K.
Telecommunications: good urban facilities; 24,000 tele-
phones (14.8 per 100 popl.); international service through an
Indian Ocean satellite station and a troposcatter link to
Bahrainu; 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 40,000; about
22,000 fit for military service
Supply: mostly from U.K., recently from France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 24 January 1974,
$53,680,900; 18% of central government budget
SECRET
II
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July 1979
REUNION
REUNION
(See reference map VI)
LAND
2,512 km2; two-thirds of island extremely rugged,
consisting of volcanic mountains; 48,600 hectares (less than
one-fifth of the land) under cultivation
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 201 km
.PEOPLE
Population: 503,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.4% (7-77 to 7-78)
Nationality: noun?Reunionese (sing. & pl.); adjective?
Reunionese
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of thoroughly
intermixed ancestry of French, African, Malagasy, Chinese,
Pakistani, and Indian origin
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
Language: French (official), Creole widely used
Literacy: over 80% among younger generation
Labor force: primarily agricultural workers; high seasonal
unemployment
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Department of Reunion
Type: overseas department of France; represented in
French Parliament by three Deputies and two Senators
Capital: Saint-Denis
Legal system: French law
Branches: Reunion is administered by a Prefect ap-
pointed by the French Minister of Interior, assisted by a
Secretary-General and an elected 36-man General Council
Government leader: Prefect Paul Cousseran
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last municipal and general council elections in
1976; Parliamentary election March 1978
SECRET
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Political parties and leaders: Reunion Communist Party
(RCP) led by Paul Verges and the Communist Marxist-
Leninist Organization of Reunion (OCMLR) led by Georges
Sinamaie; other political candidates affiliated with metro-
politan French parties, which do not maintain permanent
organizations on Reunion
Voting strength (Parliamentary election 1978): Rally for
the Republic (formerly Union of Democrats for the
Republic) elected one deputy; Giscardian alliance elected
one Republican deputy and one Centrist deputy
Communists: Communist Party small, but has support
among sugarcane cutters, the miniscule OCMLR, and in Le
Port district
Member of: EC, WFTU
ECONOMY
Agriculture: cash crops?almost entirely sugarcane, small
amounts of vanilla and perfume plants; food crops?tropical
fruit and vegetables, manioc, bananas, corn, market garden
produce, also some tea, tobacco, and ?coffee; food crop
inadequate, most food needs imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills, rum distilling
plants, cigarette factory, 2 tea plants, fruit juice plant,
canning factory, a slaughterhouse, and a number of small
shops producing handicraft items
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1977); 185 million
kWh produced (1977), 370 kWh per capita
Exports: $62 million (f.o.b., 1975); 90% sugar, 4% perfume
essences, 5% rum and molasses, 1% vanilla and tea (1974)
Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1975); manufactured goods,
food, beverages, and tobacco, machinery and transportation
equipment, raw materials and petroleum products
Major trade partners: France (in 1970 supplied 62% of
Reunions imports, purchased 76% of its exports); Mauritius
(supplied 12% of imports)
Aid: economic?(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$2,600 million
Monetary conversion rate: 4.705 French francs=US$1
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,983 km total; 1,683 km paved, 300 km
gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized earth
Ports: 1 major (Port des Galets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; fairly
modern open-wire lines and radiocommunication stations;
principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Co-
moros Islands, France, Madagascar, and Mauritius; 32,000
telephones (6.5 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 8 FM, and I TV
stations with 13 relay transmitters; 1 Indian Ocean satellite
station.
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REUNION/ROMANIA
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: military age males included with
France
ROMANIA
LAND
237,503 km2; 44% arable, 19%
forested, 10% other
Land boundary: 2,969 km
(See migrant. map NI
other
agriculture, 27%
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 225 km
PEOPLE
Population: 22,057,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 0.8% (current)
Nationality: noun?Romanian(s); adjective?Romanian
Ethnic divisions: 87% Romanian, 8% Hungarian, 2%
German, 3% other
Religion: 14 million Romanian Orthodox, 1 million
Roman Catholic, 1 million Protestants, 60,000 Jews, 30,000
Muslims
" Increase in French presence results from relocation of Indian
Ocean Naval Command Headquarters from Madagascar.
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Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy: 98%-99% of total population
Labor force: 12.0 million (1977); 40% agriculture, 25%
industry, 35% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Socialist Republic of Romania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Political subdivisions: 40 counties including city of
Bucharest, that has administrative status equal to a county,
and 46 municipalities,
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist
legal theory which increasingly reflects Romanian traditions;
constitution adopted 1965; legal education at University of
Bucharest and two other law schools; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 August
Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers; the Grand
National Assembly, under which is Office of Prosecutor
General and Supreme Court; Council of State
Government leaders: Nicolae Ceausescu, President of the
Socialist Republic, head of state; Ilie Verdet, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory
Elections: elections held every 5 years for Grand National
Assembly deputies and local people's councils
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of
Romania only functioning party, Nicolae Ceausescu, Secre-
tary General
Voting strength (1975 election): overall participation
reached 99.96%; of those registered to vote (14,900,032),
98.8% voted for party candidates
Communists: 2,842,000 (end of 1978)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $67.5 billion (1978, in 1978 prices), $3,100 per
capita; 1978 real growth rate, 4.2%
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops?corn, wheat,
oilseed; livestock?cattle, hogs, sheep; caloric intake, 118%
of requirements
Fish catch: 127,197 metric tons (1976)
Major industries: machinery, metals, fuels, chemicals,
textiles, food processing, timber processing
Shortages: iron ore, coking coal, metallurgical coke,
cotton fibers, natural rubber
Crude steel: 11.8 million metric tons produced (1978),
538 kg per capita
Electric power: 14,800,000 kW capacity (1978); 64.2
billion kWh produced (1978), 2,925 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 27% machinery and
equipment; 25% raw materials (food and non-food) and
foodstuffs; 16% manufactured consumer goods; 21% fuels,
metals, materials; 11% other (1977)
SECRET
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ROMANIA/RWANDA
Imports: $8.9 billion (mixture f.o.b. and c.i.f., 1978); 37%
machinery and equipment; 37% fuels, metals, raw materials;
14% raw materials (food and non-food) and foodstuffs; 12%
other (1977)
Major trade partners: $17.1 billion in 1978; 53%
non-Communist countries, 47% Communist countries (1978)
Aid: economic credits extended by U.S.S.R. (1956)?$123
million; Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, and Hun-
gary (1951-61)?more than $128 million; Western coun-
tries?estimated indebtedness at end of 1978, $4.5 billion;
Romania has extended credits totaling $2.17 billion to less
developed countries (1954-78)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.47 lei =US$1 (commercial),
12 lei=US$1 (tourist)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data
reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which
is reported for consumption year, 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 11,127 km total; 10,515 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 567 km narrow gage, 45 km broad gage; 1,922 km
electrified, 2,040 km double track; government owned
(1977)
Highways: 73,361 km total; 13,741 km concrete, asphalt,
stone block; 15,880 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone;
49,886 km earth (1977)
Inland waterways: 1,660 km (1979)
Pipelines: 2,735 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products;
5,149 km natural gas
Freight carried: rail-247.8 million metric tons, 70.0
billion metric ton/km (1977); highway-458.1 million
metric tons, 10.1 billion metric ton/km (1977); waterway-
7.9 million metric tons, 2.1 billion metric ton/km in
approximately 1,270 waterway craft, with 707,000 metric
ton capacity (1978)
Ports: 5 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia,
Tulcea), 2 minor; principal inland waterway ports are
Giurgiu, Turnu Severin, and Orsova (1979)
Merchant marine: 149 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
1,411,000 GRT, 2,177,500 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 102
cargo, 8 tanker, 37 bulk, 1 cargo training
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft (1978)_________
Airfields: 171 total; 26 with permanent-surface runways;
2 with runways 3,500 m or over; 13 with runways
2,500-3,499 m; 29 with runways 1,000-2,499 m, 127 with
runways less than 1,000 m; 1 heliport
Telecommunications: systems are used primarily for
government and military purposes; only a few facilities are
available to public; wired-broadcast network offers broad
coverage; 15 AM, 5 FM stations, 3,105,000 receivers; 13
major and 20 relay TV stations, 1.9 million
886,166 (est.) telephones (84.3% automatic)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,462,000; 4,575,000 fit
for military service; 162,000 reach military age (20) annually
receivers;
SECRET
SECRET
Supply: produces small arms, rocket launchers, artillery,
APC's, ammunition, medium trucks and jeeps, chemical
warfare defensive materiel, and several types of coastal
patrol-river/roadstead craft?some of Chinese design?
aircraft and helicopters under license from the U.K. and
France; attempting to produce tanks; dependent on imports
from other Communist countries, primarily the U.S.S.R., for
other military equipment
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, 12.0 billion lei; about 3.5% of total budget
RWANDA
LAND
25,900 km2; almost all the arable land, about 1/3 under
cultivation, about 1/3 pastureland
Land boundaries: 877 km
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Population: 4,573,000 (July 1979), average annual growth 25X1
rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun Rwandan(s); adjective?Rwandan
Ethnic divisions: 90% Hutu, 9% Tutsi, 1% Twa
(Pygmoid)
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SECRET July 1979
RWANDA
Indian
Ocean
(See reference Imp VI)
Religion: 45% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1% Muslim, rest
animist
Language: Kinya,rwanda and French official; Kiswahili
used in commercial centers
Literacy: 25% in French and Kinyarwanda
Labor force: approximately 5% in cash economy
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Rwanda
Type: republic, presidential system in which military
leaders hold key offices; new constitution adopted 17
December 1978
Capital: Kigali
Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdivided into
143 communes
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law
systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts
in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President, 16-member Cabinet);
legislative (National Development Council); judiciary (4
senior courts, magistrates)
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana,
President and Head of State
Suffrage: universal
Elections: last legislative election September 1969; none
allowed by present government; elections of Communal
Counsellors held November 1974; national elections includ-
ing constitutional referndum and presidential plebiscite held
December 1978
Political parties and leaders: National Revolutionary
Movement for Development, General Habyarimana (offi-
cially not a party?a -development movement- only)
Communists:. no Communist party
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU,
OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
204
ECONOMY
GDP: $830 million (1978), $184 per capita; real average
annual growth rate (1970-77), 5.5%
Agriculture: cash crops?mainly coffee, tea, some pyre-
thrum; main food crops?bananas, cassava; stock raising;
self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore), wolfram
(tungsten ore), agricultural processing, and light consumer
goods
Electric power: 35,000 kW capacity (1977); 142 million
kWh produced (1977), 30 kWh per capita
Exports: $114 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); mainly coffee,
tea, cassiterite, wolfram, pyrethrum
Imports: $116 million (c.i.f., 1978 est.); textiles, foodstuffs,
machines, equipment
Major trade partners: U.S., Belgium, West Germany,
Kenya
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-76),
$216.2 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-76), $23.5 million;
Communist countries (1970-76), $23.2 million; U.S. (1970-
76), $7.6 million; military?Communist countries (1970-76),
$1.0 million
Budget: revenues $82.3 million; expenditures $82.3
million (1976 provisional)
Monetary conversion rate: 92.84 Rwanda francs=US$1
(official) since January 1974
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 9,020 km total; 320 km paved, 2,700 km
gravel and/or improved earth, 6,000 km unimproved
Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by barges and
native craft
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m, 1 with runway
2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: poor system with low-capacity
radio-relay system centered on Kigali; 3,600 telephones (0.1
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV stations; Symphonie
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 931,000; 472,000 fit for
military service; no conscription; 45,000 reach military age
(18) annually
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RWANDA/ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS-ANGUILLA
Supply: dependent primarily on Belgium; has received
equipment from France, U.K., and West Germany
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
, 1977, $12,436,450; 15.5% of central government budget
ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS-ANGUILLA
Atlantic Ocean
N- A CURIA
' P
ST. CHRISTOPHER '10 *
NEVIS
Caribbean Sea
?
a
9
gee reference map II)
LAND
389 km2; 40% arable, 10% pasture, 17% forest, 33%
wasteland and built-on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 193 km
PEOPLE
Population: 58,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.1% (7-76 to 7-77)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Nationality: noun?Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s), Anguillan(s);
adjective?Kittsian, Nevisian, Anguillan
Religion: Church of England, other Protestant sects,
Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 19,616 (1960 est.)
Organized labor: 6,700
SECRET
E Declassified
SECRET
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as
a British -Associated State"; Anguilla formally seceded in
May 1967 but has not been recognized as an independent
state by any government; in July 1968 a legislative council
headed by Ronald Webster was elected to govern Anguilla;
in March 1969 the U.K. sent troops to Anguilla, placing the
island again under colonial rule; in 1971, Anguilla reverted
to its former colonial relationship with the U.K. although
nominally remaining part of the Associated state of St.
Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla; Webster became leader of
Anguillan Council after constitutionally held elections
(1972); in February 1976, the U.K. granted a new
constitution to Anguilla which gave it a greater degree of
autonomy in domestic affairs; in February 1977 Emile
Gumbs replaced Webster as Chief Minister
Capital: Basseterre
Political subdivisions: 10 districts
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
of 1960; highest judicial organ is Court of Appeal of
Leeward and Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, 10-member popularly elected
House of Assembly; executive, cabinet headed by Premier
Government leaders: Premier, Lee Moore; U.K. Gover-
nor, Probyn Inniss
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every 5 years; most recent December
1975
Political parties and leaders: St. Chirstopher-Nevis-An-
guilla Labor Party, C. A. P. Southwell; People's Action
Movement (PAM), William Herbert; Nevis Reformation
Party (NRP), Ivor Stevens
Voting strength (December 1975 election): St. Christo-
pher-Nevis-Anguilla Labor Party won 7 seats in the House of
Assembly, NRP won 2, and 1 seat remains open for Anguilla
which did not participate in the election
Communists: none known
Member of: CARICOM, ISO
ECONOMY
GDP: $30.4 million (at market prices, 1976), $540 per
capita
Agriculture: main crops?sugar on St. Christopher, cotton
on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, salt extraction
Electric power: 15,000 kW capacity (1977); 32 million
kWh produced (1977), 460 kWh per capita
Exports: $17.8 million (f.o.b., 1975); sugar, molasses,
cotton, salt, copra
Imports: $19.5 million (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs, fuel,
manufactures
Major trade partners: exports-50% U.S., 35% U.K.;
imports-21% U.K., 17% Japan, 11% U.S. (1973)
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ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS-ANGUILLA/ST. LUCIA
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(FY70-76) from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $64.6 million;
no military aid
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dol-
lars=US$1 (July 1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 57 km, narrow gage (0.760 m) on St. Kitts for
sugar cane
Highways: 300 km total; 100 km paved, 150 km otherwise
improved, 50 km unimproved earth
Ports: 3 minor (1 on each island)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF radio
connections and international link via Antigua; about 2,500
telephones (4.4 per 100 popl.); 3 AM and 5 TV stations
ST. LUCIA
At/antic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
(See (derma men III
LAND
616 km2; 50% arable, 3% pasture, 19% forest, 5% unused
but potentially productive, 23% wasteland and built-on
206
July 1979
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 158 km
PEOPLE
Population: 121,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?St. Lucian(s); adjective?St. Lucian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English, French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 38,000 (1969); 50% agriculture; 30%-35%
unemployment (1975)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: St. Lucia
Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 22
February 1979, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Castries
Political subdivisions: 16 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward
and Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, bicameral; executive, Cabinet head-
ed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: Prime Minister Allan Louisy
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every 5 years; most recent 2 July 1979
Political parties and leaders: United Worker's Party
(UWP), John Compton; St. Lucia Labour Party (SLP), Allan
Louisy
Voting strength (1974 election): UWP (53%) won 10 of
the 17 elected seats in House of Assembly; SLP (45%) won 7
seats; independents (2%) no seats
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY
GNP: $57 million
capita
Agriculture: main
spices
Major industries:
(in market prices, 1976); $480 per
crops?bananas, copra, sugar, cocoa,
tourism, lime processing
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Electric power: 14,000 kW capacity (1977); 40 million
kWh produced (1977), 365 kWh per capita
Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1976); sugar, bananas, cocoa
Imports: $47 million (c.i.f., 1976); foodstuffs, machinery
and equipment, fertilizers, petroleum products
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(FY70-76), from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $16.7 million;
no military aid
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July 1979 SECRET
ST. LUCIA/ST. VINCENT
Major trade partners: 51% U.K., 9% Canada, 17% U.S.
(1970)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dol-
lars=US$1 (July 1976)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 750 km total; 450 km paved; 300 km otherwise
improved
Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways, 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system
with 6,600 telephones (5.8 per 100 popl.); direct radio-relay
link with Martinique; interisland tropospheric links to
Barbados and Antigua; 3 AM stations, 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Local security forces: 320 Royal St. Lucia Police Force;
30 St. Lucia
(police)
Auxiliary Constabulary; 1 port security boat
ST. VINCENT
DOM.
REP.
c71T,Z,
Caribbean Sea
Adana Ocean
!ST. VINCENT
(See 'defence map
LAND
389 km' (including northern Grenadines); 50% arable, 3%
pasture, 44% forest, 3% wasteland and built-on
SECRET
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 84 km
PEOPLE
Population: 113,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.8% (4-60 to 1-76)
Nationality: noun?St. Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s);
adjectives?St. Vincentian or Vincentian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent;
remainder mixed with some white and East Indian and
Carib Indian
Religion: Church of England, Methodist, Roman Catholic
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 50,000 (1972 est.); about 60% unemployed
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of St. Vincent
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as
a British -Associated State"
Capital: Kingstown
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward
and Windward Islands
Government leaders: Premier R. Milton -Cato; Governor
General (U.K.) Sir Rupert G. John
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage (18 years old and over)
Elections: every 5 years; most recent December 9, 1974
Political parties and leaders: People's Political Party
(PPP), Ebenezer Joshua; St. Vincent Labor Party (LP), R.
Milton Cato; Democratic Freedom Movement, Parnell
Campbell and Kenneth John; Youlou United Liberal
Organization (YULIMO), Ralph Gonsalves
Voting strength (1975 election): LP 10 seats, PPP 2 seats,
independent 1 seat in the Legislature
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY
GNP: $33.5 million (at market prices, 1976); $305 per
capita
Agriculture: main crops?bananas, arrowroot, coconut
Major industries: food processing
Electric power: 6,500 kW capacity (1977); 18 million
kWh produced (1977), 190 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.3 million (f.o.b., 1976); bananas, arrowroot,
copra
Imports: $23.7 million (c.i.f., 1976); fertilizer, flour,
transportation equipment, lumber, textiles
Major trade partners: exports-61% U.K., 30% CARI-
COM, 9% U.S.; imports-29% CARICOM, 28% U.K., '9%
Canada, 9% U.S. (1972)
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ST. VINCENT/SAN MARINO
Aid: economic?bilateral economic commitments includ-
ing Ex-Im (FY 70-76), from Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$46.2 million; no military aid
Monetary conversion
lars=US$1 (July 1976)
rate: 2.70 East
Caribbean dol-
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 600 km total; 300 km paved; 150 km otherwise
improved; 150 km unimproved earth
Ports: I major, 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways, 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic tele-
phone system with 4,900 sets (4.8 per 100 popl.); VHF/UHF
interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines; 2 AM
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Local security forces: 366 Royal St. Vincent Police Force;
100 St. Vincent Auxiliary Police Force; 1 port security boat
(police)
SAN MARINO
Mediterranean Sea
(See reference map IV)
LAND
62 km2; 74% cultivated, 22% meadows and pastures, 4%
built-on
Land boundaries: 34 km
208
July 1979
PEOPLE
Population: 20,000 (official estimate for 30 June 1977)
Nationality: noun?Sanmarinese (sing. & pl.); adjective?
Sanmarinese
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Literacy: illiteracy relatively insignificant
Labor force: approx. 4,300
Organized labor: General Democratic Federation of
Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has about
1,800 members; Communist-dominated Camera del Lavoro,
about 1,000 members
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic (dates from 4th century A.D.); in 1862 the
Kingdom of Italy concluded a treaty guaranteeing the
independence of San Marino; although legally sovereign, San
Marino is vulnerable to pressure from the Italian
Government
Capital: 'San Marino
Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided into 9
castelli: Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Dog-
manano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,
Serravalle
Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law
influences; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions
of a constitution; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holidays: 1 April, 1 October
Branches: the Grand and General Council is the
legislative body elected by popular vote; its 60 members
serve 5-year terms; Council in turn elects two Captains-Re-
gent who exercise executive power for term of 6 months, the
Council of State whose members head government adminis-
trative departments and the Council of Twelve, the supreme
judicial body; actual executive power is wielded by the
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of
State for Internal Affairs
Government leaders: since 17 July 1978 Secretary of State
for Foreign and Political Affairs and for Information,
Giordano Bruno Reffi (Socialist); Secretary of State for
Internal Affairs and Justice, Alvaro Selva (Communist);
Secretary of State for Budget, Finance, and Planning, Emilio
Baldo (Unitary Socialist)
Suffrage: universal (since 1960)
Elections: elections to the Grand and General Council
required at least every 5 years; an election was held 28 May
1978
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic party
(DCS), Gian Luigi Berti; Social Democratic Party (PSDSM),
Alvaro Casali; Socialist Party (PSS), Remy Giacomini;
Communist Party (PCS), Umberto Barulli; People's Demo-
cratic Party (PDP), leader unknown; Committee for the
Defense of the Republic (CDR), leader unknown
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July 1979
SAN MARINO/SAO TOME AND
Voting strength (1974 election): 39.6% DCS, 23.7% PCS,
15.4% PSDIS, 13.9% PSS, 1.9% PDP, 2.9% CDR
Communists: approx. 300 members (number of sympa-
thizers cannot be determined); PSS, in government with
Christian Democrats since March 1973, formed a govern-
ment with the PCS from the end of World War II to 1957
Other political parties or pressure groups: political
parties influenced by policies of their counterparts in Italy,
the two Socialist parties are not united
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for Unification of
Private Law, International Relief Union, IRC, UPU, WTO
ECONOMY
Principal economic activities of San Marino are farming,
livestock raising, light manufacturing, and tourism; the
largest share of government revenue is derived from the sale
of postage stamps throughout the world and from payments
by the Italian government in exchange for Italy's monopoly
in retailing tobacco, gasoline, and a few other goods; main
problem is finding additional funds to finance badly needed
water and electric power systems expansions
Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (average annual
output about 4,400 metric tons/year) and grapes (average
annual output about 700 metric tons/year); other grains,
fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are also grown;
livestock population numbers roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and
sheep; cheese and hides are most important livestock
products
Electric power: imported from Italy
Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton textile produc-
tion at Serravalle, brick and tile production at Dogane,
cement production at Acquaviva, Dogane, and Fiorentino,
and pottery production at Borg? Maggiore; some tanned
hides, paper, candy, baked goods, Moscato wine, and gold
and silver souvenirs are also produced
Foreign transactions: dominated by tourism; in summer
months 20,000 to 30,000 foreigners visit San Marino every
day; a number of hotels and restaurants have been built in
recent years to accommodate them; remittances from
Sanmarinese abroad also represent an important net foreign
inflow; commodity trade consists primarily of exchanging
building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked
goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
manufactures
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 104 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serv-
ing 5,700 telephones (28.1 per 100 popl.); no radiobroadcast-
ing or television facilities
SECRET
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PRINCIPE
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
1
NIGERIA
CAMEROON
SAO TOME
AND
PRINCIPE
S5o Tome
UATOR IA I.
GUINEA
Atlantic Ocean
GABON
CONGO
(See reference map VI
LAND
964 km' (Sao Tome, 855 km2 and Principe,
including small islets of Pedras Tinhosas)
109 km2;
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 6 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: estimated 209 km
PEOPLE
Population: 82,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Sao Tomean(s): adjective?Sao
Tomean
Ethnic divisions: native Sao Tomeans, migrant Cape
Verdians, Portuguese
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant,
Seventh Day Adventist
Language: Portuguese official
Literacy: estimated at 5%-10%
Labor force: most of population engaged in subsistence
agriculture and fishing; nearly half the island's work force,
about 10,000 people, are unemployed, the other half work
on cocoa plantations
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and
Principe
Type: republic established when independence received
from Portugal in July 1975; constitution adopted December
1975
Capital: Sao Tome
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July 1979
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE/SAUDI ARABIA
Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and
customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July
Branches: Da Costa heads the government assisted by a
cabinet ?of ministers
Government leader:' President Manuel Pinto da Costa
Suffrage: universal for age 18 and over
Elections: elections were held July 1975 for the President
Political parties and leaders: Movement for the Liber-
ation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Secretary-General
Manuel Pinto Da Costa
Communists: no Communist party, probably a few
Communist sympathizers
Member of: G-77, NAM, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GNP: $20 million (1975 estimate); per, capita income $250
(1975 est.)
Agriculture: cash crops?cocoa, copra, coconut, coffee,
palm oil, bananas
Major industries: food processing on small scale, timber
Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1977); 5 million kWh
produced (1977), 70 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.5 million (f.o.b., 1976); mainly cocoa (90%),
copra (7%), coffee, palm oil
Imports: $10 million (c.i.f., 1976); communications
equipment, light and heavy vehicles, food products,
beverages, fuels and lubricants
Major trade partners: main partner, Portugal; followed
by Netherlands, West Germany, African neighbors
?Aid: economic?(1970-77) Western (non-US.) countries,
$577 million; U.S., $0.3 million
Budget: balanced at an estimated $6.6 million (1975)
Monetary conversion rate: 40.64 escudos= US$1 (Novem-
ber 1977)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Ports: 1 major (Sao Tome)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal system; 750 telephones
(1.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
A company of 150 local troops has been formed into a
fledgling army; Sao Tome also has several small boats for
patrolling territorial waters between Sao Tome and Principe
that normally have crews of armed military personnel;
210
SAUDI ARABIA
(See reference map VI
LAND
Estimated at about 2,331,000 km2 (boundaries undefined
and disputed); 1% agricultural, 1% forested, 98% desert,
waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 4,537 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm
"necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 2,510 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,103,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?Saudi(s); adjective?Saudi Arabian or
Saudi
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian (est.)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: about 33% (one-half foreign) of population;
44% commerce, services, and government; 28% agriculture,
21% construction, 4% industry, 3% oil and mining
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh; foreign ministry and foreign diplomatic
representatives located in Jiddah
Political subdivisions: 18 amirates
Legal system: largely based on Islamic law, several
secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes
handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 September
Branches: King Khalid (Al Sa'ud, Khalid ibn 'Abd
al-'Aziz) rules in consultation with royal family (especially
Crown Prince Fahd), and Council of Ministers
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SAUDI ARABIA/SENEGAL
Government leader: King Khalid ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz Al
Sa'ud
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, IWC?International
Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $64 billion (1978 est.), $9,800 per capita; annual
growth in real non-oil GNP approx. 15% (1973/77 average,
non-oil)
Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-sufficient in
food
Major industries: petroleum production 9.2 million b/d
(1978); payments to Saudi Arabian Government, $36 billion
(1977); cement production and small steel-rolling mill and
oil refinery; several other light industries, including factories
producing detergents, plastic products, furniture, etc.;
PETROMIN, a semipublic agency associated with the
Ministry of Petroleum, has recently completed a major
fertilizer plant
Electric power: 4,700,000 kW capacity (1978); 8.5 billion
kWh produced (1978), 1,065 kWh per capita
Exports: $40 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 99% petroleum and
petroleum products
Imports: $24 billion (c.i.f., 1978); manufactured goods,
transportation equipment, construction materials, and proc-
essed food products
Major trade partners: exports?U.S., Western Europe,
Japan; imports?U.S., Japan, West Germany
Aid: large aid donor; military and economic aid in 1977
amounted to $4 billion
Budget: (FY78) expenditure $32.8 billion, of which
development funding was $22 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Saudi riya1=US$29.4 (1978)
(linked to SDR, freely convertible)
Fiscal year: follows Islamic year; the 1978-79 Saudi fiscal
year covers the period 6 June 1978 through 25 May 1979
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 575 km standard gage (1.435 m)
Highways: 30,100 km total; 16,500 km paved, 13,600 km
improved earth
Pipelines: 2,430 km crude oil; 386 km refined products;
98 km natural gas
Ports: 3 major (Jidda, Ad Damman, Has Tanura), 6 minor
Civil air: 87 major transport aircraft, including 9 leased in
Airfields: 123 total, 90 usable; 32 with permanent-surface
runways; 18 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 39 with runways
1,220-2,439 m, 4 with runways over 3,660 m
SECRET
SECRET
Telecommunications: fair system exists, major expansion
program underway with microwave, coaxial cable, satellite
systems; 200,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 1 FM,
11 TV stations, 1 submarine cable; 1 Atlantic and 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station; 15 domestic satellite stations
SENEGAL
LAND
196,840 km2; 13% forested, 40% agricultural (12%
cultivated), 47% built-up areas, waste, etc.
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
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Dakar
THE GAMBIA
GUINEA
BISSAU
At/antic
'Ocean
(See relevance map VII
SENEGAL
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 150 nm (fishing
200 nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 531 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,519,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.6% (current)
Nationality: noun?Senegalese (sing. & pl.); adjective?
Senegalese
.Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17.5 Fulani, 16.5 Serer, 9%
Tukulor, 9% Dyola, 6.5% Malinke, 4.5% other African, 1%
Europeans and Lebanese
Religion: 80% Muslim, 15% animist, 5% Christian (mostly
Roman Catholic)
Language: French official, but regular use limited to
literate minority; most Senegalese speak own tribal language;
use of Wolof vernacular spreading?now spoken to some
degree by nearly half the population
Literacy: 5%-10% (est.) in 14 plus age group
Labor force: 1,732,000; about 80% subsistence agricul-
tural workers; about 170,000 wage earners
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force repre-
sented by unions; however, dues-paying membership very
limited, three labor central unions, major central is CNTS,
an affiliate of governing party
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic
Capital: Dakar
Political subdivisions: 8 regions,
departments, 95 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law system;
constitution adopted 1960, revised 1963 and 1970; judicial
review of legislative acts in Supreme Court (which also
audits the government's accounting office); legal education
at University of Dakar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
subdivided into 27
212
July 1979
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April
Branches: government dominated by President who is
assisted by Prime Minister, appointed by President and
subject to dismissal by President or censure by National
Assembly; 100-member National Assembly, elected for 5
years (effective 1978); President elected for 5-year term
(effective 1978) by universal suffrage; judiciary headed by
Supreme Court, with members appointed by President
Government leaders: Leopold Sklar Senghor, President;
Abdou Diouf, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential and legislative elections held
February 1978 for 5-year term
Political parties and leaders: legal parties are Parti
Socialiste (PS), ruling party led by President Leopold
Senghor; Parti Democratique Senegalaise (PDS), -liberal
democratic- party founded July 1974, and -Marxist-Lenin-
ist" African Independence Party (PAI), legalized in August
1976; Conservative Senegalese Republican Movement
(MRS); unauthorized parties include clandestine PAI splinter
group, leftist Rassemblement Nationale Democratique, and
Parti Comrnuniste Senegalais (PCS)
Communists: small number of Communists and sympa-
thizers associated with PAI and PCS
Other political or pressure groups: students and teachers
occasionally strike
Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM,
OAU, OCAM, OMVS (Organization for the Development of
the Senegal River Valley), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.2 billion (1978), $403 per capita; real growth
?2.3% in 1976; nominal growth 1.0% in 1978
Agriculture: main crops?peanuts, millet, sorghum, man-
ioc, rice; peanuts primary cash crop; production of food
crops increasing but still insufficient for domestic re-
quirements
Fishing: catch 361,673 metric tons (1975); exports $30.9
million (1974)
Major industries: fishing, agricultural processing plants,
light manufacturing, ? mining
Electric power: 183,850 kW capacity (1977); 603 million
kWh produced (1977), 120 kWh per capita ?
Exports: $411 million (f.o.b., 1976/77); peanuts and
peanut products; phosphate rock; canned fish
Imports: $605 million (c.i.f., 1976/77); food, consumer
goods, machinery, transport equipment
Major trade partners: France, EC (other than France),
and franc zone
SECRET
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SENEGAL/SEYCHELLES
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$640 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $87.7 million;
OPEC (ODA) (1973-76), $81.0 million; U.S. (1970-77), $59.8
million; military?(1977) U.S., $8.0 million
Budget: 1978 revised estimate $378 million
Monetary conversion rate: francs; about 242.69 Corn-
munaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as of November
1977, floating
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,033 km meter gage (1.00 m); 64 km double
track
Highways: 13,589 km total; 2,547 km paved, 11,042 km
other
Inland waterways: .1,505 km
Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling
8,700 GRT, 12,900 DWT; includes 3 cargo, 1 specialized
carrier, 1 bulk carrier
Ports: 1 major (Dakar), 2 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased out
Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 11 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above average urban system;
39,000 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, no FM, and 1
TV station; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,239,000; 640,000 fit
for military service; 55,000 reach military age (18) annually
Supply: primarily dependent on France; beginning to
diversify sources of supply
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979,
$62,062,000; about 7.9% of central government budget
SECRET
SEYCHELLES
Indian Ocean
SEYCHELLES 4.,
? Victoria
MADAGASCAR
(See reference map VI)
SECRET
LAND
404 km2; 54% arable land, nearly all of it is under
cultivation, 17% wood and forest land, 29% other (mainly
reefs and other surfaces unsuited for agriculture); 49 granitic
and 43 coral islands
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12
nm)
Coastline: 491 km (Mahe Island 93 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 65,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?Seychellois (sing. & pl.); adjective?
Seychelles
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois '(admixture of Asians,
Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic
Language: English official; Creole most widely spoken
Literacy: limited; 90% of school-age population is
attending school
Labor force: 15,000 in monetized sector (excluding self-
employed, domestic servants, and workers on small farms);
33% public sector employment, 20% private sector employ-
ment in agricuture, 20% private sector employment in
construction and catering services
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Seychelles
Type: republic; member of the Commonwealth
Capital: Victoria, Mahe Island
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil
law system, and customary law
National holiday: 29 June
Branches: President, Council of Ministers
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SECRET
SEYCHELLES/SIERRA LEONE
Government leader: President, France Albert Ren?
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: April 1974, new government has promised
election by June 1979
Political parties and leaders: Ren?who heads the
Seychelles People's United Party, came to power by a
military coup in June 1977, until then he had been Prime
Minister in an uneasy coalition with then President James
Mancham, who headed the Seychelles Democratic Party.
Rene banned the Seychelles Democratic Party in mid-
March, 1978, and announced a new constitution in March
1979 that turns the country into a one-party state. Rene
dissolved the National Assembly, and plans to rule by
presidential decree until elections are held. Ren?brogated
the old constitution without qualification upon taking
power. Subsequently the government decided to retain some
provisions, but presidential decree enables the President and
specified subordinates to violate constitutional safeguards in
interests of state security
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions which
are appendages of political parties
Member of: G-77, NAM, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY
GDP: $43.1 Million (1976); $710 per capita; 4.6% growth
rate (1974)
Agriculture: islands depend largely on coconut production
and export of copra; cinnamon, vanilla, and patchouli (used
for perfumes) are other cash crops; food crops?small
quantities of sweet potatoes, cassava, sugarcane, and
bananas; islands not self-sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk
of the supply must be imported; fish is an important food
source
Major industries: processing of coconut and vanilla,
fishing, small-scale manufacture of consumer goods, coir
rope factory, tea factory, tourism
Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity (1977); 25 million
kWh produced (1977), 410 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.7 million (fob., 1977); cinnamon (bark and
oil) and vanilla account for almost 50% of the total, copra
accounts for about 40%, the remainder consisting of
patchouli, fish, and guano
Imports: $37.1 million (c.i.f., 1977); food, tobacco, and
beverages account for about 40% of imports, manufactured
goods about 25%, machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum products, textiles
Major trade parterns: exports?India, U.S.; imports?
U.K., 'Kenya, South Africa, Burma, India, Australia
Aid: economic?(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$95 million; U.S., $0.7 million; OPEC (ODA) (1977), $0.1
million
Budget: (1978) revenue $24 million, expenditure $15
million
214
July 1979
Monetary conversion rate: 6.45 Seychelles rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 215 km total; 145 km bituminous, 70 km
crushed stone or earth
Ports: 1 small port (Victoria)
Merchant marine: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or
totaling 13,313 GRT, 17,900 DWT
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable (on Praslin Island, Astove
Island, Bird Island, Mahe Island); with 1 permanent-surface
runway 2,440-3,659
Telecommunications: direct radiocommunications with
adjacent island and African costal countries; 3,90() tele-
phones (6.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, and no TV
stations; Indian Ocean satellite station
over)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,000; 7,000 fit for
military service
Supply: infantry-type weapons and ammunition from
Tanzania
SIERRA LEONE
GUINEA
BISSAU
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference map VO
LAND
72,261 km2; 65% arable (6% of total land area under
cultivation), 27% pasture, 4% swampland, 4% forested
Land boundaries: 933 km
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
SIERRA LEONE
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 402 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,351,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Sierra Leonean, adjective?Sierra
Leonean
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, rest European
and Asian; 13 tribes
Religion: 70% animist, 25% Muslim, 5% Christian
Language: English official, but regular use limited to
literate minority; principal vernaculars are Mende in south
and Temne in north; -Krio,- the language of the resettled
ex-slave population of the Freetown area, is used as a lingua
franca
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of population
engages in subsistence agriculture; only small minority, some
70,000, earn wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime since April 1971
Capital: Freetown
Political subdivisions: 3 provinces; divided into 12
districts with 146 chiefdoms, where paramount chief and
council of elders constitute basic unit of government; plus
western area, which comprises Freetown and other coastal
areas of the former colony
Legal system: based on English law and customary laws
indigenous to local tribes; constitution adopted April 1971;
highest court of appeal is the Sierra Leone Court of Appeals;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 19 April
Branches: executive authority exercised by President;
parliament consists of 100 authorized seats, 85 of which are
filled by elected representatives of constituencies and 12 by
Paramount Chiefs elected by fellow Paramount Chiefs in
each district; President authorized to appoint four members,
of which two, currently, are filled by the heads of the Army
and the Police; independent judiciary
Government leader: Siaka P. Stevens, President, heads
APC government composed of members of his political
party
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: the Constitution of Sierra Leone Act, 1971, has
been replaced by the Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1978,
which provides for one-party rule; Dr. Siaka Stevens was
named as the first Executive President under the one-party
constitution; the President's tenure has been extended from 5
to 7 years; next presidential election 1983
SECRET
Political parties and leaders: All People's Congress
(APC), headed by Stevens
Communists: no party, although there are a few
Communists and a slightly larger number of sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, AIOEC, Commonwealth, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $657 million (mid 1977), $230 per capita; growth
rate 1.8% (mid-1971 to mid-1975)
Agriculture: main crops?palm kernels, coffee, cocoa,
rice, yams, millet, ginger, cassava; much of cultivated land
devoted to subsistence farming; food crops insufficient for
domestic consumption
Fishing: catch 67,797 metric tons (1975); imports $2.7
million (1974)
Major industries: mining?diamonds, iron ore, bauxite,
rutile; manufacturing?beverages, textiles, cigarettes, con-
struction goods; 1 oil refinery
Electric power: 85,000 kW capacity (1977); 264 million
kWh produced (1977), 90 kWh per capita
Exports: $118 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); diamonds, iron
ore, palm kernels, cocoa, coffee
Imports: $150 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); machinery and
transportation equipment, manufactared goods, foodstuffs,
petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.K., EC, U.S., Japan, Communist
countries
Aid: economic?(1970-77), Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$75 million; U.S., $43 million; Communist countries, $41.2
million; military?Communist countries, $3.0 million (S)
Budget: (FY77 est.) current revenues $138 million, total
expenditures $182 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 leone=US$0.95 (1978)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: about 84 km narrow gage (1.067 m) privately
owned mineral line operated by the Sierra Leone Develop-
ment Company
Highways: 7,111 km total; 1,230 km bituminous, 507 km
laterite (some gravel), and 5,374 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year-round
Ports: 1 major (Freetown), 2 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 1,900 GRT, 2,000 DWT
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 6 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph are inade-
quate; 15,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations,
no FM, and 1 TV station
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SIERRA LEONE/SINGAPORE
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 754,000; 364,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
Supply: most army materiel from U.K.; some small arms,
ammunition, and patrol boats from China and armored cars
from Switzerland
Military budget: for year ending 30 June 1978,
$11,379,310 (excluding procurement funds); 8.5% of central
government budget
SINGAPORE
(See reference map VIII
LAND
583 km2; 31% built up area, roads, railroads, and airfields,
22% agricultural, 47% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 193 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,361,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.1% (7-77 to 7-78)
216
July 1979
Nationality: noun?Singaporean(s), adjective?Singapore
Ethnic divisions: 76.2% Chinese, 15% Malay, 7% Indians
and Pakistani, 1.8% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists;
Malays nearly all Muslim; minorities include Christians,
Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists
Language: national language is Malay; Chinese, Malay,
Tamil, and English are official languages
Literacy: 70% (1970)
Labor force: 919,000; 2.2% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing, 0.2% mining and quarrying, 27.2% manufacturing,
30.5% services, 4.6% construction, 23.5% commerce, 11.7%
transport, storage, and communications
Organized labor: 24% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth since separation
from Malaysia in August 1965
Capital: Singapore
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
based on preindependence State of Singapore constitution;
legal education at University of Singapore; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 August
Branches: ceremonial President; executive power exer-
cised by Prime Minister and cabinet responsible to unitary
legislature
Government leaders: President, Dr. Benjamin Henry
Sheares; Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew
Suffrage: universal over age 20; voting compulsory
Elections: normally every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: government?People's
Action Party (PAP), Lee Kuan Yew; opposition?Barisan
Sosialis Party (BSP), Dr. Lee Siew Choh; Workers' Party, J.
B. Jeyaretnam; Communist Party illegal
Voting strength (1976 election): PAP won all 69 seats in
Parliament and received 72.4% of vote; remaining 27.6% to
four opposition parties
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis Party infiltrated
by Communists
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Colombo Plan, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU,
ISO, ITU, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $7.67 billion (1978 est.), $3,285 per capita; 10.2%
average annual real growth (1966-78), 8.6% (1978)
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in
the economy, self-sufficient in pork, poultry, and eggs, must
import much of its other food requirements; major crops?
rubber, copra, fruit and vegetables
Fishing: catch 14,350 metric tons (1977), imports-69,729
metric tons (1977)
SECRET
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July 1979
SINGAPORE/SOLOMON ISLANDS
Major industries: petroleum refining, oil drilling equip-
ment, rubber processing and rubber products, processed
food and beverages, electronics, ship repair, entrepot trade,
financial services
Electric power: 1,390,000 kW capacity (1978); 5.8 billion
kWh produced (1978), 2,505 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 42% reexports;
petroleum products, rubber, manufactured goods
Imports: $13.0 billion (c.i.f., 1978); 23% goods reexported;
major retained imports?capital equipment, manufactured
goods, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports?Malaysia, U.S., Japan,
Hong Kong, U.K., Indonesia; imports?Japan, Malaysia,
U.S., Saudi Arabia
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$182 million committed; U.S. (1970-77), $147.7 million
committed; military?U.S. (1970-77), $2.0 million
committed
Budget: (FY77/78) revenues $1.6 billion, expenditures
$2.5 billion, deficit $900 million; 16.6% military, 83.4%
civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 2.17 Singapore doIlars=US$1
(February 1979)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 38 km of meter gage
Highways: 2,218 km total (1977); 1,806 km paved, 412
km crushed stone or improved earth
Ports: 3 major, 2 minor
Merchant marine: 656 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
7,686,700 GRT, 12,584,400 DWT; includes 4 passenger, 369
cargo, 51 container, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 105 tanker, 92
bulk, 4 combination ore/oil, 1 beach landing, 2 liquefied gas,
20 specialized carrier; most foreign owned
Civil air: approximately 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good domestic facilities; good
international service; good radio and television broadcast
coverage; 374,000 telephones (16.3 per 100 popl.); 13 AM, 4
FM, and 2 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable extends
to Hong Kong via Sabah, Malaysia; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 660,000; 481,000 fit for
military service
External defense provided by loose Five Power Defense
Arrangement (FPDA) which replaced Anglo-Malayan De-
fense Agreement of 1957; FPDA, effective as of 1 November
1971
SECRET
SECRET
Supply: produces some small arms and mortar ammuni-
tion, rifles, and quartermaster-type individual equipment;
some small patrol craft and missile gunboats built; all other
materiel imported, mainly from U.K. and U.S., 2 missile gun
boats from West Germany, ship-to-ship missiles from Israel
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1980,
$462.2 million; about 1.7% of central government budget
SOLOMON ISLANDS
PArUA
W GUINCP-N,
zla41v
AUSTRALIA
%, SOLOMON
'ha ISLANDS
Honiaratt:
Coral Sea
Pacific
Ocean
(See reference map VIII)
NOTE: This newly independent (as of 7 July 1978)
archipelagec nation includes southern. Solomon Islands,
primarily Guadalcanal, Malaita, San Cristobal, Santa Isabel,
Choiseul. Northern Solomon Islands constitue part of Papua
New Guinea.
LAND
About 29,785 km'
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SOLOMON ISLANDS/SOMALIA
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 5,313 km
PEOPLE
Population: 219,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Solomon Islander(s); adjective?Solo-
mon Islander
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesians, 4.0% Polynesians,
1.5% Micronesians, 0.3% Chinese, 0.8% Europeans, 0.4%
others
Religion: almost all at least nominally Christian; Roman
Catholic, Anglican, and Methodist churches dominant
Literacy: 60%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Solomon Islands
Type: independent state within commonwealth
Capital: Honiara on the island of Guadalcanal
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: a High Court plus Magistrates Courts, also a
system of native courts throughout the islands
Branches: executive authority in Governor General; a
legislative assembly of 38 members
Government leaders: Governor General Baddeley Devesi,
Prime Minister Peter Kenilorea
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: every 4 years, latest June 1976
Political parties and leaders: no real political parties,
groupings of independents
Member of: ADB
ECONOMY
GDP: $64.1 million (1976)
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut production
with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas; self-sufficient
in rice
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1978); 22 million
kWh produced (1978), 105 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.5 million (1975); 39% copra, 27% timber,
23% fish
Imports: $29.2 million (1975)
Major trade partners: exports?EEC excluding U.K. 42%,
Japan 29%; imports?Australia 34%, U.K. 14%, Japan 13%
(1975)
Budget: (1971) revenues $9.8 million, expenditures $9.9
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dol-
lar =US$1.1532 (September 1978)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroad: none
Highways: 834 km total; 241 km sealed or all-weather
Inland waterways: none
218
July 1979
Ports: 5 minor
Civil. air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 24 total, 22 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 3 AM broadcast, no FM, and no
TV stations; 10,000 radio receivers, 1,726 telephones, no TV
sets; international connections with London, England, via
high frequency radio
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: no military forces maintained, however, the
British maintain a well trained Police Force of about 300 for
peacekeeping and security purposes
SOMALIA
Red
Sea
DJIBOU
ETHIOPIA
YEMEN
(SI t11?
?..>" SOMALIA
Mogadiscio
Indian
Ocean
'See referenci map VII
LAND
637,140 km2; 13% arable (0.3% cultivated), 32% grazing,
14% scrub and forest, 41% mainly desert, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 2,263 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 3,025 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,464,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.4% (current)
Nationality: noun?Somali(s); adjective?Somali
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hamitic, rest mainly Bantu; 30,000
Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800 Asians
Religion: almost entirely Muslim
Language: Somali (written form instituted by government
in 1972); Arabic, Italian, English
Literacy: 5-10%
Labor force: 965,000 (1968 est.); very few are skilled
laborers; 70% pastoral nomads, 30% agriculturists, govern-
ment employees, traders, fishermen, handicraftsmen, other
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SOMALIA/SOUTH AFRICA
Organized labor: General Federation of Somali Trade
Unions, a government-controlled organization, established in
1977
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Somali Democratic Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Mogadishu
National holiday: 21 October
Political subdivisions: 16 regions, 60 districts
Organization: the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party,
created on July 1, 1976, has become the new executive body
in the country; party has 74-man central committee and
5-man politburo headed by President Siad
Government leader: President, Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad
Barre
Communists: probably some Communist sympathizers in
the government hierarchy
Member of: AFDB, ARAB LEAGUE, EAMA, FAO, G-
77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $340 million (1975 est.), $110 per capita
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country, raising livestock;
crops?bananas, sugarcane, cotton, cereals
Major industries: a few small industries, including a sugar
refinery, tuna and beef canneries, textiles, iron rod plant,
and petroleum refining
Electric power: 18,000 kW capacity (1977); 45 million
kWh produced (1977), 10 kWh per capita
Exports: $84 million (f.o.b., 1977); livestock, hides, skins,
and bananas
Imports: $201 million (f.o.b., 1977); textiles, cereals,
transport equipment, machinery, construction materials and
equipment, petroleum products; also military materiel in
1977
Major trade partners: Arab countries and Italy; $21.4
million imports from Communist countries (1975 est.)
Aid: economic?OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $812 million;
Communist countries (1970-76), $217.1 million; Western
(non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $130 million; U.S. (1970-77),
$11.6 million; military?Communist countries (1970-76),
$289.0 million
Budget: (1977) total revenue $203 million, expenditure
$302 million, capital expenditure $177 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.295 Somali shillings=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 13,540 km total; 1,900 km paved, 770 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, 10,870 km improved
or unimproved earth (est.)
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Pipelines: 15 km crude oil
Ports: 3 major (Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimaio)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 14,100 GRT, 13,700 DWT
Airfields: 56 total, 50 usable; 6 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m; 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone poor, telegraph fair;
6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 788,000; 439,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
Supply: dependent on outside sources; ground materiel
predominantly from the U.S.S.R. and since mid-1977 from a
number of European and Middle Eastern countries; naval
ships from the U.S.S.R.; aircraft from the U.S.S.R., Italy,
Egypt; SS-N-2 and SA-2's from the U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $95,702,000; 27.8% of central government budget
SOUTH AFRICA
LAND
1,222,480 km' (includes enclave of Walvis Bay, 1,124 km2;
Transkei, 44,000 km', and Bophuthatswana, 38,000 km2);
12% cultivable, 2% forested, 86% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 2,044 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 12
nm)
Coastline: 2,881 km, including Transkei
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NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
MOZAMBIQUE
Pretoria
SWAZILA
SOUTH 119e Indian
Ocean
AFRICA
(See tolerance map VII
SOUTH AFRICA
PEOPLE
Population: 28,094,000, including Bophuthatswana and
Transkei (July 1979), average annual growth rate 2.5% (7-75
to 7-76); Bophuthatswana 1,135,000 (July 1979), average
annual growth rate 2.2% (current); Transkei 2,238,000 (July
1979), average annual growth rate 2.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?South African(s); adjective?South
African
Ethnic divisions: 17.8% white, 69.9% African, 9.4%
Colored, 2.9% Asian
Religion: most whites and coloreds and roughly 60% of
Africans are Christian; toughly 60% of Asians are Hindu,
20% are Muslim
Language: Afrikaans and English official, Africans have
many vernacular languages
Literacy: almost all white population literate; government
estimates 50% of Africans literate
Labor force: 8.7 million (total of economically active,
1970); 53% agriculture, 8% manufacturing, 7% mining, 5%
commerce, 27% miscellaneous services
Organized labor: about 7% of total labor force is
unionized (mostly white workers); relatively small African
unions have no bargaining power
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of South Africa
Type: republic
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town;
judicial, Bloemfontein
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each headed by
centrally appointed administrator; provincial councils, elect-
ed by white electorate, retain limited powers
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English
common law; constitution enacted 1961, changing the Union
of South Africa into a Republic; possibility of judicial review
of Acts of Parliament concerning dual official languages;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May
220
July 1979
Branches: President as formal chief of state; Prime
Minister as head of government; Cabinet responsible to
bicameral legislature; lower house elected directly by white
electorate; upper house indirectly elected and appointed;
judiciary maintains substantial independence of government
influence
Government leaders: Prime Minister Pieter W. Botha;
President Balthazar Johannes Vorster
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites over 18 (17 in
Natal Province)
Elections: must be held at least every 5 years; last
elections 30 November 1977
Political parties and leaders: National Party, P. W.
Botha, Dr. A. Truernicht, 11. F. Botha; Progessive Federal
Party, Colin Eglin, Ray Swart, Helen Suzman; New
Republic Party, Radclyffe Cadman; South Africa Party,
Myburgh Streicher; Herstigte Nasionale Party, J. Marais
Voting strength: (1977 general elections) parliamentary
seats: 134 National Party, 17 Progressive Federal Party, 10
New Republic Party, 3 South Africa Party
Communists: small Communist Party illegal since 1950;
party in exile maintains headquarters in London; Dr. Yasuf
Dadoo, Moses Kotane, Joe Slovo
Other political groups: (insurgent groups in exile) African
National Congress (ANC), Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist
Congress (PAC), leadership in dispute
Member of: GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, ISO, ITU,
IWC?International Whaling Commission, IWC?Interna-
tional Wheat Council, U.N., UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $46.0 billion (1978 est.), about $1,450 per capita;
real growth rate 2.5% (1978 est.)
Agriculture: main crops?corn, wool, wheat, sugarcane,
tobacco, citrus fruits; dairy products; self-sufficient in
foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 638,035 metric tons (1976)
Major industries: mining, automobile assembly, metal-
working, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemical,
fertilizer, fishing
Electric power: 15,272,800 kW capacity (1977); 87 billion
kWh produced (1977), 3,240 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978, excluding gold); wool,
diamonds, corn, uranium, sugar, fruit, hides, skins, metals,
metallic ores, asbestos, fish products; gold output $4.4 billion
(1978 est.)
Imports: $10.2 billion (c.i.f., 1978 est.); motor vehicles,
machinery, metals, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.S., West Germany, Japan, U.K.
Aid: no military or economic aid
Budget: FY80?revenue $9.9 billion, expenditures $13.2
billion
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SOUTH AFRICA/SPAIN
Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand=US$1.19, 0.84 SA
Rand =US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 25,560 km total (includes Namibia); 24,854 km
1.067-meter gage of which 5,292 km are multiple track; over
5,000 km electrified; 706 km 0.610-meter gage single track
Highways: 202,922 km total; 57,435 km paved, 145,487
km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth
Pipelines: 836 km crude oil; 1,048 km refined products;
322 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major
Merchant marine: 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
597,900 GRT, 770,000 DWT; includes 18 cargo, 8 container,
2 tanker, 5 bulk, 2 specialized carrier
Civil air: 94 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 635 total, 500 usable; 71 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 8 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 125 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is the best developed,
most modern, and highest capacity in Africa and consists of
carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay
links, and radiocommunication stations; key centers are
Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port
Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 2.2 million telephones (8.3 per 100
popl.); 13 AM, 84 FM, and 34 TV stations; 1 submarine
cable; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean and Indian
Ocean antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,614,000; 3,340,000 fit
for military service; obligation for service in Citizen Force or
Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in
permanent force must be 17; national service obligation is
two years
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Atlantic
Ocean
PORTU
SPAIN
CANARY
ISLANDS
I
(See reference map IV)
LAND
505,050 km', including Canary (7,511 km2) and Balearic
Islands (5,025 km2); 41% arable and land under permanent
crops, 27% meadow and pasture, 22% forest, 10% urban or
other
Land boundaries: 1,899 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 4,964 km (includes Balearic Islands, 677 km,
and Canary Islands, 1,158 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 37,551,000, including the Balearic and
Canary Islands; also including Alhucemas, Ceuta, Chafar-
inas, Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera (July 1979),
average annual growth rate 1.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Spaniard(s); adjective?Spanish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous composite of Mediterra-
nean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects
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SPAIN
Language: Castilian Spanish spoken by great majority;
but 17% speak Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque
Literacy: about 97%
Labor force (1979): 13.2 million; 19% agriculture, 27%
industry, 10% construction 41% services; unemployment
now estimated at nearly 8% of labor force
Organized labor: labor unions legalized April 1977
experiencing surge in membership; probably represent 30-
35% of the labor force (1979)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Spanish State
Type: parliamentary monarchy defined by new constitu-
tion of December 1978, that completed transition from
authoritarian regime of the late Generalissimo Franco and
confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but without the
exceptional powers inherited from Franco on being pro-
claimed King 22 November 1975
Capital: Madrid
Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain, including the
Canaries and Balearics, divided into 50 provinces which are
to be allowed to form autonomous regions?probably
numbering 13?assuming numerous powers previously
exercised by the central government; also 5 places of
sovereignty (presidios) on the Mediterranean coast of
Morocco; transferred administration of Spanish Sahara to
Morocco and Mauritania on February 26, 1976
Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications;
new constitution provides for rule of law, established jury
system as well as independent constitutional court to rule on
unconstitutionality of laws and to serve as court of last resort
in protecting liberties and rights granted in constitution; does
not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 24 June
Branches: executive, with King's acts subject to counter-
signature, Prime Minister (presidente) and his ministers
responsible to lower house; legislative with bicameral Cortes
consisting of more powerful Congress of Deputies (350
members) and providing future Cortes with Congress of
between 300 to 400 members and Senate with 4 members
from each province with addition of 1 to 6 members from
each new autonomous region; judicial, independent
Government leaders: King Juan Carlos I?Chief of State,
and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces; and Prime
Minister (Presidente) Adolfo SUAREZ Gonzalez
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: parliamentary election 1 March 1979 for 4-
year term; local elections likely to be delayed for municipal
councils on 3 April 1979
Political parties and leaders: principal parties in the
1979 elections from right to left: the conservative Democrat-
ic Coalition (CD) led by former ministers Fraga, Areilza,
222
July 1979
and Osorio, the major rightist group?made a poor showing;
the Union of the Democratic Center (UCD)?the centrist
party of Prime Minister Suarez who is party president and
Secretary General Rafael Arias-Salgado; the Spanish Socialist
Workers Party (PSOE), the major party of the democratic
left is led by Secretary General Felipe Gonzales and includes
Enrique Tierno Galvan who merged his Popular Socialist
Party with the PSOE in May 1978; the Spanish Communist
Party (PCE), led by Santiago Carrillo, and its several
regional branches espouse Eurocommunism; there are also
several Basque and Catalan regional parties of mixed
orientation which supports regional autonomy
Voting strength: (1979 parliamentary election in lower
house) UCD polled 35% of votes and received 168 seats
(48%), 8 seats short of a majority; the PSOE polled 29% and
received 121 seats (34%); the PCE polled 10.7% and received
23 seats (6.5%); the CD polled 5% and received 9 seats; the
various Basque and Catalan regional parties received 21
seats; Andalusian Socialist Party 5 seats; minor parties
received 3 seats
Communists: PCE claims to have over 200,000 members,
but this figure is difficult to verify; the PCE's greatest
strength is in labor where it dominates the country's
strongest trade union, the Workers Commissions, which now
claims a membership of around 1 million.
Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left,
the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), the First of
October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO), and the
Anti-Fascist and Patriotic Revolutionary Front (FRAP) use
terrorism to oppose the government; on the extreme right,
the Guerrillas of Christ the King and the Anticommunist
Apostolic Alliance (AAA) carry out vigilante attacks on ETA
members and other leftists; free labor unions (authorized in
April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers
Commissions; the Socialist General Union of Workers
(UGT), and the independent Workers Syndical Union
(USO); the Catholic Church; business and land owning
interests; Opus Dei; Catholic Action; university students
Member of: ASSIMER, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF,
IO0C, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC?International Wheat Council,
OAS (observer), OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; applied for full membership in
the EC 28 July 1977; joined Council of Europe 18 October
1977
ECONOMY
GNP: $116 billion (1977), $3,190 per capita; 69.0% private
consumption, 10.3% public consumption, 22.7% gross fixed
investment; ?2.0% foreign balance (1976); real growth rate
2.6% (1977)
Agriculture: main crops?grains, vegetables, fruits; virtu-
ally self-sufficient in good crop years
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SPAIN
Fishing: landed 1.47 million metric tons valued at $1,152
million in 1976
Major industries: textiles and apparel (including foot-
wear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures,
chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles
Crude steel: 11.1 million metric tons produced (1977),
300 kg per capita
Electric power: 33,000,000 kW capacity (1978); 100
billion kWh produced (1978), 2,650 kWh per capita
Exports: $13,033 million (f.o.b., 1978); principal items?
iron and steel products, machinery, automobiles, fruits and
vegetables, textiles, footwear
Imports: $18,711 million (c.i.f., 1978); principal items?
fuels (25-30%), machinery, chemicals, iron and steeel,
vegetables, automobiles
Major trade partners: (1978) exports-9.4% U.S., 16.7%
France, 10.7% West Germany, 6.5% U.K., 46.6% EC, 66.9%
OECD, 12.8% OPEC, 5.9% non-OPEC Latin America;
imports-13.3% U.S., 9.1% France, 10.0% West Germany,
5.4% U.K., 34.7% EC, 57.5% OECD, 26.0% OPEC, 6.7%
non-OPEC Latin America
Aid: economic authorizations?U.S., $1,437 million au-
thorized aid (FY70-77); other Western bilateral (ODA and
00F), $486 million (1970-77); military authorizations?
U.S., $512 million (FY70-77)
Budget: (1978 central government)?budgeted revenues
$18,079 billion, budgeted expenditures $18,692 billion,
deficit $613 million
Monetary conversion rate: US$1.00=76.663 ,pesetas
(1978 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 16,006 km total; Spanish National Railways
(RENFE) operates 13,540 km 1.668-meter gage, 4,783 km
electrified and 2,162 km double track; FEVE (government-
owned narrow gage railways) operates 1,676 km, of
predominantly meter gage (1.000 m) and 310 km electrified;
privately-owned railways operate 790 km, of predominantly
meter gage (1.000 m), 245 km electrified and 56 km double
track
Highways: 139,350 km total; 78,585 national-6,810 km
bituminous, concrete, stone block; 56,650 bituminous treated;
15,125 km crushed stone; the remaining 60,765 km are
classified as provincial or local roads
Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor importance as
transport arteries and contribute little to economy
Pipelines: 386 km crude oil; 1,030 km refined products;
98 km natural gas
Ports: 23 major, 150 minor
Merchant marine: 538 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
7,571,500 GRT, 13,312,100 DWT; includes 26 passenger,
266 cargo, 29 container, 11 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 103 tanker,
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13 liquefied gas, 60 bulk, 4 combination ore/oil, 26
specialized carrier
Civil air: 177 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased
in and 1 leased out
Airfields (including Balearic and Canary Islands): 98
total, 89 usable; 52 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with
runways over 3,660 m, 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 32
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facili-
ties; 8.6 million telephones (23.9 per 100 popl.); 180 AM, 250
FM, and 791 TV stations; 14 coaxial submarine cables; 2
satellite stations with 2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean
satellites
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 8,860,000; 6,835,000 fit
for military service; 316,000 reach military age (20) annually
Supply: produces naval ships to frigate size, small arms,
mortars, some artillery, ammunition, armored and transport
vehicles; military telecom and electronic equipment; trans-
port aircraft; assembles French medium tank; all other
equipment primarily from U.S. including ships, and
secondarily from Western European countries
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $4,214 million; about 23.8% of the proposed central
government budget
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SRI LANKA
(formerly Ceylon)
(See reference map VII
SRI LANKA
LAND
65,500 km2; 25% cultivated; 44% forested; 31% waste,
urban, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm, plus pearling in the Gulf of Mannar); 200 nm exclusive
economic zone
Coastline: 1,340 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,502,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 1.5% (current)
Nationality: noun?Sri Lankan(s); adjective?Sri Lankan
Ethnic divisions: 71% Sinhalese, 21% Tamil, 6% Moor,
2% other
Religion: 64% Buddhist, 20% Hindu, 9% Christian, 6%
Muslim, 1% other
Language: Sinhala official, Sinhala and Tamil listed as
national languages, Sinhala spoken by about 70% of
population; Tamil spoken by about 22%; English commonly
used in government and spoken by about 10% of the
population
Literacy: 82% (1970 est.)
Labor force: 4 million; 17% unemployed; employed
persons-53.4% agriculture, 14.8% mining and manufactur-
ing, 12.4% trade and transport, 19.4% services and other;
extensive underemployment
Organized labor: 43% of labor force, over 50% of which
employed on tea, rubber, and coconut estates
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Type: independent state since 1948
Capital: Colombo
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July 1979
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 22 administrative
districts, and four categories of semiautonomous elected
local governments
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English
common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim and customary law;
new constitution 7 September 1978 reinstituted a strong,
independent judiciary; legal education at Sri Lanka Law
College and University of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 May
Branches: the 1978 constitution established a strong
presidential form of government under J. R. Jayewardene,
who became Prime Minister following his party's election
victory in July 1977; Jayewardene will remain president
until 1983, regardless of whether parliament is dissolved and
subsequent parliamentary elections are held; when his term
in office expires, a new president will be chosen by a direct
national election for a six year term.
Government leader: President J. R. Jayewardene
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections, ordinarily held every 6
years; must be held more frequently if government loses
confidence vote; last election held July 1977
Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Freedom Party,
Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, President; Lanka
Sama Samaja Party (Trotskyite), N. M. Perera, President;
Tamil United Liberation Front, A. Amirthalingam leader;
United National Party, J. R. Jayewardene; Communist
Party/Moscow, Pieter Keuneman, General Secretary; Com-
munist Party/Peking, N. Shanmugathasan, General Secre-
tary; Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front),
M. B. Ratnayaka, President
Voting strength (1977 election): 30% Sri Lanka Freedom
Party, 51% United National Party, 3.9% Lanka Sama Samaja
Party, 1.8% Communist Party/Moscow, 6.5% TULF minor
parties and independents accounted for remainder
Communists: approximately 107,000 voted for the
Communist Party in the July 1977 general election;
Communist Party/Moscow approximately 5,000 members
(1975), Communist Party/Peking 1,000 members (1970 est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy,
Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; far-left violent revolutionary
groups; labor unions
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, IPU, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $3.5 billion in 1977 (1977 prices), $253 per capita;
real growth rate 6.0% (1978), 4.4% (1977), 3.0% (1976)
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about 39% of GNP;
main crops?rice, rubber, tea, coconuts; 60% self-sufficient
in food; food shortages?rice, wheat, sugar
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SRI LANKA/SUDAN
Fishing: catch 138,528 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: processing of rubber, tea, and other
agricultural commodities; consumer goods manufacture
Electric power: 430,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.4 billion
kWh produced (1978), 100 kWh per capita
Exports: $817 million (1978 est.); tea, rubber, coconut
products
Imports: $1,075 million (1978 est.); food, petroleum,
fertilizer
Major trade partners: (1977) exports-8% Pakistan, 8%
U.K.; imports-12.4% Saudi Arabia, 9.8% Iran
Budget: (1978 revised estimate) revenue $689 million,
expenditure $1,016 million
Monetary conversion rate: 15.52 rupees=US$1 (January
1979)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December (starting 1973)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,636 kni total (1978); all broad gage (1.435m);
102 km double track; no electrification; government owned
Highways: 66,176 km total (1977); 24,300 km paved
(mostly bituminous treated), 28,916 km crushed stone or
gravel, 12,960 km improved earth or unimproved earth; in
addition several thousand km of tracks, mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft
craft
Pipelines: 53 km crude oil; 96 km refined products
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Merchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
81,400 GRT, 119,000 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 2 tanker
Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1 leased)
Airfields: 14 total, 12 usable; 12 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international service; 75,000
(est.) telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 530,000 radio sets, 500
TV sets; 14 AM stations, 2 FM stations, and 1 TV station;
submarine cables extend to India; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,702,000; 2,896,000 fit
for military service; 164,000 reach military age (18) annually
SECRET
SECRET
Supply: dependent on imports for all categories of
military materiel; small arms from Australia, India, PRC,
and the U.K., light artillery from the PRC and Yugoslavia,
wheeled armored vehicles from the U.K., and APC's from
the U.S.S.R.; naval ships have been acquired mainly from
the U.K. but with Italy, Israel, and Singapore each supplying
some craft; 5 Shanghai-II-class patrol boats provided by
PRC; 1 coastal patrol boat provided by U.S.S.R.; jet aircraft
and helicopters have been purchased from U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $41.4 million, 6% of central government current
budget
SUDAN
(See reference map VII
LAND
2,504,530 km2; 37% arable (3% cultivated), 15% grazing,
33% desert, waste, or urban, 15% forest
Land boundaries: 7,805 -km
225
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SUDAN
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm
necessary supervision ?zone-)
Coastline: 853 km
PEOPLE
Population: 20,941,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Sudanese (sing. and pl.); adjective?
Sudanese
Ethnic divisions: 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 52% Negro, 2%
foreigners, 1% other
Religion: 73% Sunni Muslims in north, 23% pagan, 4%
Christian (mostly in south)
Language: Arabic, Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects
of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English;
program of Arabization in process
Literacy: 5% to 10%
Labor force: 8.2 million (1978); 85% agriculture, 15%
industry, commerce, services, etc.; labor shortages exist for
almost all categories of employment
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Democratic Republic of the Sudan
Type: republic under military control since coup in May
1969
Capital: Khartoum
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces, provincial and local
administrations controlled by central government; limited
regional autonomy in 6 southern provinces
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic
law; some separate religious courts; permanent constitution
promulgated April 1973; legal education at University of
Khartoum and Khartoum extension of Cairo University at
Khartoum; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January
Branches: President and cabinet; 304 member People's
Assembly; the quasi-autonomous Southern Provinces have
their own Regional Cabinet and Regional Assembly
Government leader: President, Gen. Jalar Muhammad
Numayri
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: elections for National People's Assembly and
Southern Regional People's Assembly held in February 1978;
most recent Presidential election held April 1977 with
Numayri as sole candidate
Political parties and leaders: all parliamentary political
parties outlawed since May 1969; the ban on the Sudan
Communist Party was not enforced until after abortive coup
in July 1971; the government's mass political organization,
the Sudan Socialist Union, was formed in January 1972
226
July 1979
Communists: party decimated following July 1971 coup
and counter-coup, several top leaders executed; actual
hard-core membership down to lowest point in years; party
control over labor unions, professional groups and university
student groups still exists; Communists purged from
government; party is being reorganized underground under
leadership of Secretary-General Muhammad Nujud, 3,500
CP members
Other political or pressure groups: Muslim Brotherhood;
Ansar Muslim sect, at odds with the military regime since
the May coup, are being reintegrated into national political
life; members of opposition National Front, composed of
former political party elements and other disgruntled
conservative interests, agreed to disband and join national
reconciliation efforts in April 1978
Member of: AFDB, APC, Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU,
NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $6.0 billion at current prices (1977), $335 per capita
at current prices
Agriculture: main crops?sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame,
peanuts, beans, barley; not self-sufficient in food production;
main cash crops?cotton, gum arabic, peanuts, sesame
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles, brewery,
cement, edible oils, soap, distilling, shoes, pharmaceuticals
Electric power: 231,800 kW capacity (1977); 672 million
kWh produced (1977), 40 kWh per capita
Exports: $660 million (f.o.b., 1977); cotton (51%), gum
arabic, peanuts, sesame; $57.5 million exports to Communist
countries (FY76)
Imports: $1.058 billion (c.i.f., 1977); textiles, petroleum
products, vehicles, tea, wheat; $75 million imports from
Communist countries (FY76)
Major trade partners: U.K., West Germany, Italy, India,
China, France, Japan
Aid: economic?OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $800.1 million;
Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $505.0 million;
Communist countries (1970-77), $228.9; U.S. (1970-77),
$84.5 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77),
$17 million; U.S. (1977), $0.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Sudanese pound=US$2.50
(official); 0.348 Sudanese pound=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,470 km total; 4,754 km 1.067-meter gage,
716 km 1.6096-meter gage plantation line
Highways: 10,550 km total; 600 km bituminous-treated,
800 km crushed stone or gravel, and 9,150 km improved and
unimproved earth roads; in addition, there are an undeter-
mined number of tracks
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SUDANISURINAME
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 800 km
Ports: 1 major (Port Sudan)
Merchant marine: 8 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 40,400 GRT, 54,500 DWT
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 80 total, 74 usable; 9 with permanent-surface
runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 31 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: large system by African standards,
but barely adequate; consists of radio relay, cables,
radiocommunications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite
system with 14 stations under construction; centers are
Khartoum, Al Fashir, Port Sudan; 56,000 telephones (0.3 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 submarine
cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,063,000; 3,486,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(18) annually, 189,000
Supply: produces some small arms ammunition; all other
materiel imported, formerly the USSR and Czechoslovakia
were primary sources, but in 1972 China began supplying a
variety of materiel, including tanks and fighter aircraft;
materiel also received from West Germany, U.K., Egypt,
Algeria, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, U.S., and Saudi Arabia
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979, $244
million; 11% of central government budget
SURINAME
LAND
142,709 km2; negligible amount of arable land, meadows
and pastures, 76% forest, 8% unused but potentially
productive, 16% built-on area, wasteland, and other
Land boundaries: 1,561 km
SECRET
Caribbean
Sea
Atlantic
Ocean
Paramaribo
FRENCH
UIANA
.BRAZIL
(See &mere map
SECRET
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic
including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 386 km
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PEOPLE
Population: 398,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.3% (1-59 to 1-77)
Nationality: noun?Surinamer(s); adjective?Surinamese
Ethnic divisions: 31% Creole (Negro and mixed), 37%
Hindustani (East Indian), 15.3% Javanese, _10.3% Bush
Negro, 2.6% Amerindian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.0% Europeans,
1.7% other and unknown
Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Roman Catholic, Moravian,
other
Language: Dutch official; English widely spoken; Sranan 25X1
Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native
language of Creoles and much of the younger population,
and is lingua franca among others; Hindi; Javanese
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 118,000
Organized labor: approx. 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Suriname
Type: Parliamentary Democracy
Capital: Paramaribo 25X1
Political subdivisions: 9 districts, each headed by District
Commissioner responsible to Minister of District government
and Decentralization except for Paramaribo, whose commis-
sioner is responsible to Minister of Home Affairs
Legal system: Dutch civil law system; constitution,
adopted November 1975
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 November
Branches: President (Chief of State) elected by Parlia-
ment for five-year term; Council of Ministers headed by a
Prime Minister constitutes the Cabinet; 39-member Parlia-
ment popularly elected for 4-year term; court system
administered by Attorney-General under Minister of Justice
and Police
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SURINAME/SWAZILAND
Government leaders: President, Johan H. E. Ferrier;
Prime Minister, Henck Arron
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: every 4 years or earlier upon request of Prime
Minister; latest held October 1977 won by National Party
Combination (NPK), a creole-based election coalition in
which the National Party of Suriname (NPS) is the largest
party
Political parties and leaders: National Party of Suriname
(NPS), Henck Arron; Nationalist Republic Party (PNR),
Edward Bruma (principal leftist party); Progressive Reform
Party (VHP), J. Lachmon; Pendawa Lima, S. Somohardjo;
Javanese Farmers' Party (KTPI), Willy Soemita; Progressive
Suriname People's Party (PSV), Emile Wiintuin; Reformed
Progressive Party (HPP), Pannalal Parmessar
Voting strength (1977): NPK 22 seats, Opposition United
Democratic Parties Combination (VDP) 17 seats
Communists: (all small groups) Democratic Peoples
Front, Communist Party of Suriname (KPS)
Member of: EC (associate), ECLA, IBA, ILO, ITU, OAS,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $675 million (1977 est.); $1,534 per capita; real
growth rate 1977, 6.3%
Agriculture: main crops?rice, sugarcane, bananas; self-
sufficient in major staple (rice)
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum
production, lumbering, food processing
Electric power: 189,000 kW capacity (1977); 1 billion
kWh produced (1977), 2,350 kWh per capita
Exports: $348 million (f.o.b., 1977 est.); bauxite, alumina,
aluminum, wood and wood products, rice
Imports: $388 million (c.i.f., 1977 est.); capital equip-
ment, petroleum, iron and steel, cotton, flour, meat, dairy
products
Major trade partners: exports-35% U.S., 34% EC, 18%
other European countries; imports-34% U.S., 38% EC, 13%
Caribbean countries, 18% Europe (1975)
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(FY70-76) from U.S., $1.9 million, from other Western
countries, $423.9 million; no military aid
Budget: revenue, $352 million; expenditure, $367 million
(1978 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Suriname guilder (S.
fl.)=US$0.560 (average 1977)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km meter gage (1.00 m)
(government-owned) and 80 km narrow gage (industrial
lines); all single track
Highways: 2,500 km total; 500 km paved, 200 km gravel,
600 km improved earth, 1,200 km unimproved earth
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July 1979
Inland waterways: 4,500 km; most important means of
transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts ranging from 4.2 m
to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways while
native canoes navigate upper reaches
Ports: 1 major (Paramaribo), 6 minor
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
6,800 GRT, 9,500 DWT; includes 3 cargo and 1 container
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, leased in
Airfields: 30 total, 29 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: international facilities good; do-
mestic radio-relay system; 18,600 telephones (4.9 per 100
popl.); 6 AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 78,000; 45,000 fit for
military service
SWAZILAND
(See reference map VII
LAND
17,364 km2; most of area suitable for crops or pastureland
Land boundaries: 435 km
PEOPLE
Population: 535,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.7% (5-66 to 8-76)
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SWAZILAND/SWEDEN
Nationality: noun?Swazi(s); adjective?Swazi
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European, 1% mulatto
Religion: 43% animist, 57% Christian
Language: English and siSwati are official languages;
government business conducted in English
Literacy: about 25%
Labor force: 120,000; about 60,000 engaged in subsistence
agriculture; 55,000-60,000 wage earners, many only inter-
mittently, with 31% agriculture, 11% government, 11%
manufacturing, 12% mining and forestry, 35% other (1968
est.); 22,000 employed in South African mines (1976)
Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners are
unionized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Swaziland
Type: monarchy, under King Sobhuza II; independent
member of Commonwealth since September 1968
Capital: Mbabane (administrative)
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law
in statutory courts, Swazi traditional law and custom in
traditional courts; legal education at University of Botswana
and Swaziland; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 September
Branches: constitution was repealed and Parliament
dissolved by King in April 1973; new bicameral Parliament
formally opened in January 1979; 80-member electoral
college chose 40 members of lower house and 10 members of
upper house; additional 10 members for each house chosen
by King; executive authority vested in King whose assent is
required before parliamentary acts become law; King's
authority exercised through Prime Minister and Cabinet
who must be members of Parliament; judiciary is part of
Ministry of Justice but otherwise independent of executive
and legislative branches; cases from subordinate courts can
be appealed to the High Court and the Court of Appeal.
Government leaders: Head of State King Sobhuza H;
Prime Minister Maj. Gen. Maphevu Dlamini
Suffrage: universal for adults
Communists: no Communist Party
Member of: AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N.,
UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GDP: approximately $224 million (FY74), about $470 per
capita; growth rate in current prices as much as 11%
(FY71-74)
Agriculture: main crops?maize, cotton, rice, sugar, and
citrus fruits
Major industry: mining
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1977); 130 million
kWh produced (1977), 250 kWh per capita
SECRET
SECRET
Exports: $207 million (f.o.b., 1976); sugar, iron ore,
asbestos, wood and forest products, citrus, meat products,
cotton
Imports: $270 million (f.o.b., 1976); motor vehicles,
petroleum products, foodstuffs, and clothing
Major trade partners: South Africa, U.K., U.S.
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$125 million; U.S. (1970-77), $11.6 million
Budget: 1977/78?revenue $104 million, recurrent ex-
penditure $173 million, development expenditure $97.6
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Lilangeni =US$1.15 (as of
March 1978)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 222 km 1.067-meter gage, single track
Highways: 2,653 km total; 224 km paved, 1,114 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, and 1,315 km
improved earth
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 28 total, 22 usable; 1 with runway 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system consists of a few open-
wire lines and low-powered radiocommunication stations;
Mbabane is the center; 8,200 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.);
1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 114,000; 66,000 fit for
military service
Supply: mostly from U.K.; the army is attempting to get
military assistance from other Western and African sources
SWEDEN
LAND
448,070 km2; 8% arable, 1% meadows and pastures, 55%
forested, 36% other
Land boundaries: 2,196 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 3,218 km
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SWEDEN
(See reference map IV)
PEOPLE
Population: 8,300,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.3% (7-77 to 7-78)
Nationality: noun?Swede(s); adjective?Swedish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small
Lappish minority
Religion: 92% Evangelical Lutherari, 7% other Protestant,
Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking
minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 5.9 million; 5.8% agriculture, forestry,
fishing; 26.1% mining and manufacturing; 7.1% construc-
tion; 14.9% commerce; 6.8% communications; 33.3% services
including government; 6.0% banking; 2.3% unemployed
(March 1978)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Political subdivisions: 24 provinces, 624 communes, 224
towns
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary
law; Acts of 1809, 1810, 1866, and 1949 serve as constitution;
legal education at Universities of Lund, Stockholm, and
Uppsala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reser-
vations
National holiday: Birthday of the King, 30 April
Branches: legislative authority rests with parliament
(Riksdag); executive power vested in cabinet, responsible to
parliament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts, 108 lower
courts
Government leaders: King Carl XVI Gustaf; Prime
Minister Ola Ullsten
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 20
230
July 1979
Elections: every 3 years (next in September 1979)
Political parties and leaders: Moderate Coalition (con-
servative), Costa Bohman; Center, Thorbjorn Falldin;
Liberal, Ola Ullsten; Social Democratic, Olof Palme; Left
Party Communist, Lars Werner; Swedish Communist Party,
Roland Petersson; Swedish Workers' Party, Rolf Hagel;
Communist League of Marxist Leninists-Revolutionary
(KFML-R), Frank Baude
Voting strength (1976 election): 15.6% Moderate Coali-
tion, 24.1% Center, 11.0% Liberal, 42.9% Social Democratic,
4.7% Communist, 1.7% other
Communists: 17,000; a number of sympathizers as
indicated by the 257,967 Communist votes cast in 1973
elections; an additional 17,274 votes cast for Maoist KFML
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free
Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU,
ISO, ITU, IWC?International Whaling Commission,
IWC?International Wheat Council, Nordic Council,
OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $87.1 billion, $10,528 per capita (1977); 52.6%
consumption, 19.4% investment, 27.2% government; ?2.1%
inventory change; 2.9% net imports of goods and services;
1978 growth rate + 2.3% in constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates with milk
and dairy products accounting for 40% of farm income;
main crops?grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 80% self-suffi-
cient; food shortages?oils and fats, tropical products; caloric
intake, 2,903 calories per day per capita (1975)
Fishing: catch 153,700 metric tons (1978), exports $61
million, imports $200 million
Major industries: iron and steel, precision equipment
(bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), shipbuild-
ing, wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, textiles,
chemicals
Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers, potash, salt
Crude steel: 4.3 million metric tons produced (1978), 520
kg per capita
Electric power: 26,700,000 kW capacity (1978); 92 billion
kWh produced (1978), 11,105 kWh per capita
Exports: $21,751 million (f.o.b., 1978); machinery, motor
vehicles and ships, wood pulp, paper products, iron and steel
products, metal ores and scrap, chemicals
Imports: $20,473 million (c.i.f., 1978); machinery, motor
vehicles, petroleum and petroleum products, textile yarn
and fabrics, iron and steel, chemicals, food, and live animals
Major trade partners: (1978) 15% West Germany, 11%
U.K., 6% U.S., 9% Norway, 8% Denmark; 49% EC-9; 6%
U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe
Aid: donor: economic aid authorized (ODA and 00F),
$2,674 million (1970-77)
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SWEDEN/SWITZERLAND
Budget: (1977/78) revenues $24.2 billion, expenditures
$27.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 4.5185 kroner=US$1 average
exchange rate 1978
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 12,220 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ)-
11,179 km standard gage (1.435 m), 6,959 km electrified and
1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-meter gage; 159 km
rail ferry service; privately-owned railways-511 km stand-
ard gage (1.435 m), 332 km electrified; 189 km 0.891-meter
gage electrified
Highways: 97,400 km total; 51,899 km bitumen, concrete;
20,659 km bituminous treated, gravel, improved earth;
24,842 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers
and barges
Ports: 17 major, and 30 minor
Merchant marine: 266 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
5,284,100 GRT, 8,830,800 DWT; includes 24 passenger, 69
cargo, 9 container, 44 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 45 tanker, 2
liquefied gas, 35 bulk, 5 combination ore/oil, 33 specialized
carrier
Civil air: 57 major transports
Airfields: 240 total, 234 usable; 131 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 85 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and interna-
tional facilities; 5.67 million telephones (68.9 per 100 popl.);
9 AM, 91 FM, and 240 TV stations; 10 submarine coaxial
cables, 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,964,000; 1,750,000 fit
for military service; 57,000 reach military age (19) annually
SECRET
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Supply: produces vehicles, infantry weapons, ammuni-
tion, artillery, tanks, aircraft, chemical and biological
warfare defensive materiel, some missiles, and ammunition;
imports considerable quantities from NATO countries; most
naval ships produced domestically, including submarines
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979,
$2.99 billion; about 9.2% of central government budget
SWITZERLAND
(See reference map IV)
LAND
41,440 kW; 10% arable, 43% meadows and pastures, 20%
waste or urban, 24% forested, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,884 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,284,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate ?0.1% (1-77 to 1-78)
Nationality: noun?Swiss (sing. & pl.); adjective?Swiss
Ethnic divisions: total population-69% German, 19%
French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; Swiss
nationals-74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1%
Romansch, 1% other
Religion: 53% Protestant, 46% Roman Catholic
Language: Swiss nationals-74% German, 20% French,
4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; total population-69%
German, 19% French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other
Literacy: 98%
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SECRET July 1979
SWITZERLAND
Labor force: 2.6 million, about one-tenth foreign workers,
mostly Italian; 16% agriculture and forestry, 47% industry
and crafts, 20% trade and transportation, 5% professions, 2%
in public service, 10% domestic and other; approximately
0.3% unemployed in July 1978
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions: 22 cantons (3 divided into half
cantons); a national referendum in September 1978 ap-
proved the establishment of the 23rd canton in the northern
Jura region, which will become part of the confederation
next year after elections for local government and
parliament
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary
law; constitution adopted 1874, amended since; judicial
review of legislative acts, except with respect to Federal
decrees of general obligatory character; legal education at
Universities of Bern, Geneva and Lausanne, and four other
university schools of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: 1 August
Branches: bicameral parliament has legislative authority;
federal council (Bundesrat) has executive authority; justice
left chiefly to cantons
Government leaders: Hans Htirlimann, President
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every 4 years; next elections 1978
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party
(SPS), Arthur Schmid, president; Radical Democratic Party
(FDP), Henri Schmitt, president; Christian Conservative
People's Party (CVP), Franz Josef Kurmann, president; Swiss
People's Party (SVP), Hans Conzett, president; Communist
Party (PdA), Jean Vincent, leading Secretariat member;
National Action Party (N.A.), James Schwarzenbach
Voting strength (1975 election): 22.2% FDP, 20.6% CVP,
25.4% SPS, 10.2% BGB, 2.2% PdA, 2.5% N.A., 3.0% Rep,
6.2% LdU, 2.3% Lidus, 2.0% EvP, 1.3% POSH, 2.2% other
Communists: less than 60,000 votes in 1975 election
Other parties: Landesring (LdU); Republican Movement
(Rep); Liberal Democratic Union (Lidus); Evangelical Party
(EP); Maoist Party (POSH/PSA)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA,
ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IEA, ILO, IMCO, IPU, ITU, IWC?International
Wheat Council, OECD, U.N. (permanent observer),
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $88.3 billion (1978), $14,091 per capita; 60.2%
consumption, 20.2% investment, 12.4% government, 7.1%
foreign trade; 1970-76 average growth rate 1.3%, constant
prices
232
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50%
self-sufficient; food shortages?fish, refined sugar, fats and
oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat;
caloriC intake, 3,190 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Major industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles,
precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw materials except
hydroelectric energy
Electric power: 12,400,000 kW capacity (1978); 43 billion
kWh produced (1978), 6,840 kWh per capita
Exports: $23.4 billion (f.o.b., 1978); principal items?
machinery and equipment, chemicals, precision instruments,
metal products, textiles, foodstuffs
Imports: $23.7 billion (c.i.f., 1978); principal items?
machinery and transportation equipment, metals and metal
products, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: 56% EC (22% West Germany, 11%
France, 9% Italy, 7% U.K.); 9% EFTA (5% Austria); 7% U.S.;
5% Communist countries (1977)
Aid: donor: bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and
00F), $470 million (1970-77)
Budget: receipts, $8,365 million, expenditures, $9,043
million, deficit, $678 million (1978)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.788 Swiss francs=US$1
(average 1978, floating)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,098 km total; 2,895 km government-owned
(SBB), 2,822 km standard gage (1.435 m); 73 km narrow
gage (1.00 m); 1,339 km double track, 99% electrified;
2,203 km non-government owned, 710 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 1,418 km meter-gage (1.00 m), 75 km 0.790-me-
ter gage, 100% electrified
Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 17,594
km are canton and 975 km are national highways
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,046 km natural gas
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River-Basel to Rhein-
felden, Schaffhausen to Constanz; in addition, there are 12
navigable lakes ranging in size from Lake Geneva to
Hallwilersee
Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor
Merchant marine: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
280,600 GRT, 435,100 DWT; includes 18 cargo, 6 bulk, 1
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 specialized carrier; fleet is registered
in Basel, operates mainly out of Genoa, Hamburg, and
Rotterdam
Civil air: 86 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 73 usable; 41 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 8 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international,
and broadcast services; 4.02 million telephones (63.8 per 100
popl.); 8 AM, 94 FM, and 350 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
SWITZERLAND/SYRIA
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,681,000; 1,455,000 fit
for military service; 48,000 reach military age (20) annually
Supply: .produces moderate amounts of all types of
materiel; some medium and heavy equipment is imported
from U.S. and Western Europe; formerly produced jet
aircraft (under license)
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $1,809 million; 19.5% of central government budget
SYRIA
Nee reference map VI
LAND
186,480 km' (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied
territory); 48% arable, 29% grazing, 2% forest, 21% desert
Land boundaries: 2,196 km (1967) (excluding occupied
area 2,156 km)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm
"necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 193 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,395,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.3% (current)
SECRET
Nationality: noun?Syrian(s); adjective?Syrian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians,
and other
Religion: 70.5% Sunni Muslim, 16.3% Alawites, Druze,
and other Muslim sects, 13.2% Christians of various sects
Language: Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian; French and
English widely understood
Literacy: about 40%
Labor force: 1.8 million; 32% agriculture, 26% industry
(including construction), 42% miscellaneous services; major-
ity unskilled; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Syrian Arab Republic
Type: republic; under left-wing military regime since
March 1963
Capital: Damascus
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city of Damascus
administered as separate unit
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system;
special religious courts; constitution promulgated in 1973;
legal education at Damascus University and University of
Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 April
Branches: executive powers vested in President and
Council of Ministers; legislative power rests in the People's
Assembly; seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional (Syrian)
Command
Government leader: President Hafiz al-Assad
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People's Assembly election August 1977;
Presidential election February 1978
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab
Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the "national front"
cabinet is dominated by Ba'thists, but includes independents
and Members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab
Socialist Union (ASU), and Syrian Communist Party (SCP)
Communists: mostly sympathizers, numbering about
5,000
Other political or pressure groups: non-Ba'th parties
have little effective political influence; Communist Party
ineffective; greatest threat to Ba'thist regime lies in
factionalism in Ba'th Party itself; conservative religious
leaders
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IO0C, IPU, ITU,
IWC?International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $6.6 billion (1977), $793 per capita; real GDP
growth rate .09%, 1977
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SECRET
SYRIA/TAIWAN
Agriculture: main crops?cotton, wheat, barley and
tobacco; sheep and goat raising; self-sufficient in most foods
in years of good weather
Major industries: textiles, food processing, beverages,
tobacco; petroleum (180,000 b/d production (1977), 117,000
b/d refining capacity)
Electric power: 1,800,000 kW capacity (1978); 2.5 billion
kWh produced (1978), 305 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1977); petroleum, textiles and
textile products, tobacco, fruits and vegetables, cotton
Imports: $2.9 billion (c.i.f., 1977); machinery and metal
products, textiles, fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports?Italy, West Germany,
U.S.S.R., Yugoslovia; imports?Switzerland, West Germany,
Italy, Saudi Arabia
Aid: economic?OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $3,902 million;
Communist countries (1970-76), $587.8 million; U.S. (1970-
77), $319 million; Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$180 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77),
$4,338 million
Budget: 1978 official plan?revenues $4.6 billion (includ-
ing Arab aid payments), expenditures $4.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.95 Syrian pounds=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,543 km total; 1,281 km standard gage, 262
km narrow gage (1.050 m)
Highways: 16,939 km total; 12,051 km paved, 2,625 km
gravel or crushed stone, 2,263 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little importance
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined products
Ports: 3 major (Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas), 2 minor
Merchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
19,200 GRT, 29,800 DWT; includes 10 'cargo and 1 bulk
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 43 total, 37 usable; 24 with permanent-surface
runways; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international and fair domes-
tic service; 177,000 telephones (2.2 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no
FM and 5 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,852,000; 1,032,000 fit
for military service; about 89,000 reach military age (19)
annually
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July 1979
Supply: capable of producing limited quantities of
small-arms ammunition; otherwise dependent on outside
sources, principally U.S.S.R.; some equipment from West
European countries including Austria, Spain, West Ger-
many, and U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $5,800 million; 40% of central government budget
TAIWAN
?^t)
East
China
Sea
?
Taipei
OTAIWAN
0;outh China
Sea
))
?71,
PHILIPPINES
(See reference map VII)
LAND
32,260 km2 (Taiwan and Pescadores); 24% cultivated, 6%
pasture, 55% forested, 15% other (urban, industrial, de-
nuded, water area)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12
nm)
Coastline: 990 km Taiwan, 459 km offshore islands
PEOPLE
Population: 17,440,000, excluding the population of
Quemoy and Matsu Islands and foreigners (July 1979),
average annual growth rate 1.8% (7-77 to 7-78)
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
TAIWAN
Nationality: noun?Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective?
Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% mainland Chinese,
2% aborigines
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism, and
Taoism; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other
Language: Chinese Mandarin (official language), also
Taiwanese and Hakka dialect
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 6.12 million (1978); 26.2% primary industry
(agriculture), 39% secondary industry (including manufac-
turing, mining, construction), 34.8% tertiary industry (in-
cluding commerce and services) 1977; 2% unemployment
' (1976)
Organized labor: about 12% of 1972 labor force
(government controlled)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Taiwan
Type: one-party presidential regime
Capital: Taipei
Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 4 cities, 1 special
municipality (Taipei)
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution
adopted 1947, amended 1960 to permit Chiang Kai-shek to
be reelected, and amended 1972 to permit President to
restructure certain government organs; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: 5 independent branches (executive, legislative,
judicial, plus traditional Chinese functions of examination
and control), dominated by executive branch; President and
Vice President elected by National Assembly
Government leaders: President Chiang Ching-kuo; Pre-
mier Sun Ytin-hsiian
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: national level?legislative yuan every 3 years
but no general election held since 1948 election on mainland
(partial elections for Taiwan province representatives
December 1969, December 1972, and December 1975);
local level?provincial assembly, county and municipal
executives every 4 years; county and municipal assemblies
every 4 years
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang, or National
Party, led by Chairman Chiang Ching-kuo, had no real
opposition; lately a loosely organized anti-Kuomintang
opposition has emerged; 2 insignificant parties are Demo-
cratic Socialist Party, Young China Party
Voting strength (1977 provincial assembly elections): 56
seats Kuomintang, 21 seats independents
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: expelled from U.N. General Assembly and
Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same
date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs;
attempting to retain membership in international financial
institutions; ICAC, ISO, IWC-International Wheat Council
SECRET
ECONOMY
GNP: $24.7 billion (1978, in 1978 prices), $1,412 per
capita; real growth, 12.8% (1970-76 average)
Agriculture: most arable land intensely farmed-60%
cultivated land under irrigation; main crops?rice, sweet
potatoes, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits; food
shortages?wheat, corn, soybeans
Fishing: catch 854,784 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemicals, plywood,
electronics, sugar milling, food processing, cement, ship
building
Electric power: 7,100,000 kW capacity (1978); 34.9
billion kWh produced (1978), 2,000 kWh per capita
Exports: $12,700 million (f.o.b., 1978); 25% textiles, 15.9%
electrical machinery, 7.5% plywood and wood products, 7%
machinery and metal products, 7.5% plastics, 5% sugar
Imports: $11,000 million (c.i.f., 1978); 18% machinery,
9% electrical machinery, 9% basic metals, 10% crude oil,
10% chemical products
Major trade partners: exports-38.8% U.S., 11.9% Japan;
imports-31% Japan, 23% U.S. (1977)
Aid: economic?U.S. (FY46-76), $2.2 billion committed;
IBRD (1964-75), $311 million committed; Japan (1965-74),
$247 million committed; ADB (1968-75), $93 million
committed; military?U.S. (FY46-76), $4.3 billion com-
mitted
Central government budget: $3.5 billion (FY78)
Monetary conversion rate: NT$38 (New Taiwan)=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: about 1,000 km common-carrier and 3,500 km
industrial lines, all on Taiwan; common-carrier lines consist
of West System: 825 km meter gage (1.00 m) with 325 km
double track, complete line under construction for electrifi-
cation; East Line: 175 km narrow gage (0.762 m) (presently
under construction to convert to meter gage compatible with
West System); common-carrier lines owned by government
and operated by Railway Administration (TRA) under
Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and
operated by government enterprises
Highways: network totals 16,900 km (construction of
North-South Freeway approximately 84%-250 km?com-
plete), plus 483 km on Penghu and offshore islands; 7,564
km paved, 6,276 km gravel and crushed stone, 2,736 km
earth
Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural gas
Ports: 5 major, 5 minor
Merchant marine: 142 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
1,626,800 GRT, 2,655,400 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 96
cargo, 3 container, 13 tanker, 26 bulk, 3 combination ore/oil
Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 40 total, 38 usable; 28 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 12 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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SECRET
TAIWAN/TANZANIA
Telecommunications: good international and domestic
service; 2.1 million telephones; est. 3 million radio receivers;
2.9 million TV receivers; 118 AM, 13 FM broadcast stations;
3 TV systems; 2 international COMSAT ground stations;
radio relay links to Hong Kong and the Philippines; new
inter-island submarine cables; submarine cables planned to
Okinawa, the Philippines, Guam, and Hong Kong and new
tropo radio link planned to Manila
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,422,000; 3,481,000 fit
for military service; about 201,000 currently reach military
age (19) annually
Supply: some production of infantry weapons, ammuni-
tion, CBW protective masks, assembly of general purpose
vehicles, quartermaster items; heavy reliance upon U.S. for
other military supplies; currently producing trainer aircraft
and under license U.S. F-5E fighters; will produce naval
patrol boats with U.S. assistance
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1980,
$2,241.5 million including personnel costs; about 41.5% of
central government budget
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TANZANIA
MOZAMBIQUE
IAN
Indian
Ocean
(See reference map VI)
LAND
939,652 km' (including islands of Zanzibar and Pemba,
2,642 km2); 6% inland water, 15% cultivated, 31% grassland,
48% bush forest, woodland; on mainland, 60% arable, of
which 40% cultivated on islands of Zanzibar and Pemba
Land boundaries: 3,883 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 1,424 km (this includes 113 km Mafia Island;
177 km Pemba Island; and 212 km Zanzibar)
PEOPLE
Population: 17,358,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Tanzanian(s); adjective?Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions: 99% native Africans consisting of well
over 100 tribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab
Religion: Mainland-40% Animist, 30% Christian, 30%
Muslim; Zanzibar?almost all Muslim
Language: Swahili and English official, English primary
language of commerce, administration and higher education;
Swahili widely understood and generally used for communi-
cation between ethnic groups; first language of most people
is one of the local languages
Literacy: 61%
SECRET
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TANZANIA
Labor force: 456,000 in paid employment, over ,90% in
agriculture
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Republic of Tanzania
Type: republic; single party on the mainland and on
Zanzibar
Capital: Dar es Salaam
Political subdivisions: 25 regions-20 on mainland, 5 on
Zanzibar islands
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law,
customary law, and German civil law system; permanent
constitution adopted 1977, replaced interim constitution
adopted 1965; judicial review of legislative acts limited to
matters of interpretation; legal education at University of
Dar es Salaam; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: "Union Day,- 26 April
Branches: President Julius Nyerere has full executive
authority on the mainland; National Assembly dominated by
Nyerere and the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary
Party); National Assembly consists of 233 members, 72 from
Zanzibar, of which 10 are directly elected, 65 appointed
from the mainland, plus 96 directly elected from the
mainland; Vice President Aboud Jumbe (President of
Zanzibar) and the Revolutionary Council still run Zanzibar
except for certain specifically designated union matters
Government leaders: President Julius K. Nyerere; Prime
Minister Edward M. Sokoine
Suffrage: universal adult
Political party and leaders: Chama Cha Mapinduzi
(Revolutionary Party), only political party, dominated by
Nyerere and Vice President Jumbe, his top lieutenant; party
was formed in 1977 as a result of the union of the
Tanganyika African National Union, the sole mainland
party, and the Afro-Shirazi Party, the only party in Zanzibar
Voting strength (October 1975 national elections): over 5
million registered voters; Nyerere received 95% of about 4
million votes cast; general parliamentary elections scheduled
for late 1980
Communists: a few Communist sympathizers, especially
on Zanzibar
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM,
OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
Mainland:
GDP: $2.8 billion (1977), about $170 per capita; real
average annual growth rate, 4.2% (1970-77)
Agriculture: main crops?cotton, coffee, sisal on mainland
Fishing: catch 180,746 metric tons (1975); exports valued
at $638,000, imports $1.1 million (1975)
Major industries: primarily agricultural processing
(sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond mine, oil
refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products
SECRET
Electric power: 365,000 kW capacity (1977); 1,278
million kWh produced (1977), 80 kWh per capita
Exports: $522 million (f.o.b., 1977); coffee, cotton, sisal,
cashew nuts, meat, diamonds, cloves, tobacco, tea
Imports: $750 million (c.i.f., 1977); manufactured goods,
machinery and transport equipment, cotton piece goods,
crude oil, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports?China, U.K., Hong Kong,
India, U.S.; imports?U.K., China, West Germany, U.S.,
Japan
Aid: economic--Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$1,440 million; Communist countries (1970-77), $134.8
million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $134 million; U.S. (1970-
77), $132 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77),
$373 million
Budget: (1978 est.) receipts including grants, $906 million,
expenditures, $685 million; recurrent and development
expenditure $1,054 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.96 Tanzanian shil-
lings = US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Zanzibar:
GNP: $35 million (1967)
Agriculture: main crops?cloves, coconuts
Industries: agricultural processing
Electric power: see Tanzania (above)
Exports: $504 million (f.o.b., 1977); cloves and clove
products, coconut products
Imports: $723 million (c.i.f., 1977); mainly foodstuffs and
consumer goods
Major trade partners: imports?China, Japan, and
mainland Tanzania; exports?Singapore, China, Hong Kong,
Indonesia, India, Pakistan
Aid: U.K. principal source of aid until 1964; U.S. (FY58-
73), $86 million; China is currently major source
Exchange rate: 8.00 Tanzanian shillings=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gage;
2,595 km meter gage (1.00 m), 6.4 km double track; 962 km
Tan-Zam Railroad 1.067-meter gage in Tanzania
Highways: total 17,010 km, 2,581 km paved; 5,529 km
gravel or crushed stone; 8,900 km improved earth
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil
Inland waterways: 1,168 km of navigable streams; several
thousand km navigable on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, and
Malawi
Ports: 3 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga)
Merchant marine: 8 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 50,000 GRT, 67,100 DWT
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 99 total, 94 usable; 10 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 41 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
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SECRET July 1979
TANZANIA/THAILAND
Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio
relay, and troposcatter; 68,400 telephones (0.4 per 100
popl.); 5 AM, no FM, 1 TV station; 1 satellite station under
construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,728,000; 2,184,000 fit
for military service
Supply: produces some ammunition; dependent on
external sources, primarily China, but also U.K., U.S.S.R.;
Tanzanian Peoples Defense Force (TPDF) ships supplied by
East Germany, West Germany, U.K., U.S.S.R., and China;
SAMs from U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979,
$148.2 million; 9.6% of central government budget
THAILAND
LAND
512,820 km2; 24% in farms, 56% forested, 20% other
Land boundaries: 4,868 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 3,219 km
PEOPLE
Population: 46,350,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Thai (sing. & pl.); adjective?Thai
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% minorities
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% Christian
Language: Thai; English secondary language of elite
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 78% agriculture, 15% services, 7% industry
238
South
China
Sea
YSIA
c
(See reference map VIII
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 71 centrally controlled provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences
of common law; legal education at Thammasat University;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 5 December
Branches: King is head of state with nominal powers;
semi-parliamentary system reestablished 22 April 1979;
judiciary relatively independent except in important politi-
cal subversive cases
Government leaders: King Phumiphon Adunyadet,
Prime Minister Gen. Kriangsak Chamanan
Elections: last held April 1979
Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai Nation Party,
Thai Citizen Party, Democrat Party, Freedom and Justice
Party, Nation and People Party, New Force Party; seven
other small parties represented in parliament along with
numerous independents
Communists: strength of illegal Communist Party is about
1,200; Thai Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total
an estimated 9,000 to 12,000
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo
Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, SEAMES, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $21.7 billion (1978), $481 per capita; 8.7% real
growth in 1978 (7.0% real growth, 1973-78)
Agriculture: main crops?rice, sugar, corn, rubber,
tapioca
Fishing: catch 1.6 million metric tons (1976); major
fishery export, shrimp, 15,218 metric tons, about $66
million, total marine export, about $118 million ? (1976)
SECRET
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July 1979
THAILAND/TOGO
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, wood
and wood products, cement, tin and tungsten ore mining;
world's second largest tungsten producer and third largest tin
producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal, petroleum; scrap
iron, and fertilizer
Electric power: 3,354,000 kW capacity (1978); 13.4
billion kWh produced (1978), 310 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); rice, sugar, corn,
rubber, tin, tapioca, kenaf
Imports: $5.4 billion (c.i.f., 1978); machinery and
transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, base metals,
chemicals, and fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports?Japan, U.S., Singapore,
Netherlands, Hong Kong, Malaysia; imports?Japan, U.S.,
West Germany, U.K.; about 1% or less trade with
Communist countries
Aid: OPEC (1975-76), $70 million; Western (non-U.S.)
countries (1970-77), $778 million; U.S. economic (1970-77),
$257 million; U.S. military (1970-77), $627 million (S/NF)
Budget: (FY79) planned receipts $4,509 million; 20.6%
military, 79.4% civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 20.3 baht =US$1 (1978)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,830 km meter gage (1.000 m), 97 km double
track
Highways: 28,806 km total; 14,773 km paved, 4,731 km
crushed stone or gravel, 9,302 km earth and laterite
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701
km with navigale depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the
year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-
draft native craft
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Merchant marine: 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
285,000 GRT, 432,400 DWT; includes 36 cargo, 14 tanker, 1
specialized carrier
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 158 total, 150 usable; 55 with permanent-
surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 30 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general public adequate;
bulk of service to government activities provided by multi-
channel cable and radio-relay network; satellite ground
station; 333,761 telephones; over 3 million radios; and over
650,000 televisions; approx. 150 AM, 15 FM, and 10 TV
transmitters in government-controlled networks
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,342,000; 6,337,000
fit for military service; about 517,000 reach military age (18)
annually
SECRET
SECRET
Supply: limited local production of small arms ammuni-
tion, rifles, small naval craft, and personal equipment; most
other equipment from U.S.; 1 frigate purchased from U.K.; 3
missile attack boats from Singapore, 4 patrol boats ordered
from Italy, and 154 tracked reconnaissance vehicles from
U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September
1979, $950 million; 20.6% of central government budget
TOGO
LAND
56,980 km2; nearly one-half is arable, under 15%
cultivated
Land boundaries: 1,646 km
WATER
Limits of territorial
Coastline: 56 km
waters (claimed): 12 nm
PEOPLE '
Population: 2,528,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.8% (current)
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TOGO
UPPER
VOLTA
est
Gulf of Guinea
NIGERIA
(See reference map VII
Nationality: noun?Togolese (sing. & pl.); adjective?
Togolese
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are
Ewe in south and Cabrais in north; under 1% European and
Syrian-Lebanese
Religion: about 20% Christian, 5% Muslim, 75% animist
Language: French, both official and language of com-
merce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the
south and Dagomba and Kabie in the north
Literacy: 54.9% of school age (7-14) currently in school
Labor force: over 90% of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture; about 30,000 wage earners, evenly
divided between public and private sectors
Organized labor: 1 national union, the CNTT organized
in 1972
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Togo
Type: republic; under military rule since January 1967
Capital: Lome
Political subdivisions: 21 circumscriptions
Legal system: based on French civil law and customary
practice; no constitution; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April
Branches: military government, with civilian-dominated
cabinet, took over on 14 April 1967, replacing provisional
government created after January coup; no legislature;
separate judiciary including State Security Court established
1970
Government leader: Gen. Gnassingbe Eyadema, Presi-
dent, Minister of National Defense, and Armed Forces Chief
of Staff
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential referendum of January 1972
elected Gen. Eyadema for indefinite period
240
July 1979
Political party: single party formed by President Eya-
dema in September 1969, Rassemblement du Peuple
Togolais, structure and staffing of party closely controlled by
government
Communists: no Communist Party; possibly some
sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, CEAO (observer), EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $780 million (1978 est.), about $300 per capita;
estimated real growth 1970-77, 2.2%
Agriculture: main cash crops?coffee, cocoa, cotton;
major food crops?yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet,
sorghum, fish; must import some foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, agricultural process-
ing, handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 30,000 kW capacity (1977); 110 million
kWh produced (1977), 50 kWh per capita
Exports: $239 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); phosphates, cocoa,
coffee, palm kernels, and cassava
Imports: $524 million (c.i.f., 1978 est.); consumer goods,
fuels, machinery, tobacco, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: mostly with France and other EC
countries
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$250 million; U.S. (1970-77),. $16.9 million; OPEC (ODA)
(1973-77), $5.0 million; military?Communist countries
(1970-76), $7.0 million; U.S. (1970-76), $2.4 million (S)
Budget: (1978 proposed), revenues, $198 million; expendi-
tures, $225 million
Monetary conversion rate: Communaute Financiere
Africaine 245.67 francs= US$1 (1977)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 442 km meter gage (1.00 m), single track
Highways: 6,998 km total; 1,210 km paved, 166 km
improved earth, 4,575 unimproved earth
Inland waterways: section of Mono River and about 50
km of coastal lagoons and tidal creeks
Ports: 1 major (Lome), 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: fair system based on skeletal
network of open-wire lines supplemented by a radio relay
route and radiocommunication stations; only center is Lome;
6,300 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM
radio station, 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
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July 1979 ?
TOGO/TONGA
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 542,000; 282,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
Supply: most military materiel obtained from France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $29,763,500; 11.9% of central government budget
'AiriL.Typ
al_QI,JEWMUINEA
TONGA
?
?, Fiji TONGA
*Nuku'alofa
CALEDONIA
Pacific Ocean
NEW
ZEALAND'
(See reference men VIM
LAND
997 km2 (150 islands); 77% arable, 3% pasture, 13% forest,
3% inland water, 4% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 419 km (est.)
PEOPLE
Population: 92,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Tongan(s); adjective?Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, about 300 Europeans
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over
30,000 adherents
Language: Tongan, English
SECRET
Declassified
SECRET
Literacy: 90%-95%; compulsory education for children
between ages of 6-14
Labor force: agriculture 10,303; mining 599
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Kingdom of Tonga
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Nuku'alofa
Political subdivisions: 3 main island groups (Tongatapu,
Ha'api, Vava'u)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: Executive (King and Privy Council); Legisla-
tive (Legislative Assembly composed of 7 nobles elected by
their peers, 7 elected representatives of the people, .8
Ministers of the Crown; the King appoints one of the 7
nobles to be the speaker); Judiciary (Supreme Court,
magistrate courts, Land Court)
Government leaders: King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV; Pre-
mier, Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake (younger brother of the
King)
Suffrage: granted to all literate adults over 21 years of age
who pay taxes
Elections: held every 3 years, last in April 1978
Communists: none known
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth
ECONOMY
GNP: $39 million (1975), $400 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut and banana
production with subsistence crops of taro, yams, sweet
potatoes, and bread fruit
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1978); 8 million kWh
produced (1978), 90 kWh per capita
Exports: $10 million (f.o.b., 1975); 65% copra, 7% coconut
products, 8% bananas
Imports: $28 million (c.i.f., 1975); food, machinery, and
petroleum
Major trade partners: (FY74) exports-25% Netherlands,
22% Australia, 20% New Zealand, 11% Norway; imports-
63% New Zealand and Australia .
Budget: (FY76) revenues $6.7 million, expenditures $8.3
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Tonga dollar=US$1.40
(1976)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 249 km total (1974); 177 km rolled stone; 72
km coral base
Ports: 2 minor
Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
18,700 GRT, 22,900 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 1 liquefied gas
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TONGA/ TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 552 telephones (2.2 per 100 popl.);
11,000 radio sets; no TV sets; 1 AM station; 1 ground satellite
station
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
c,
Caribbean Sea At/antic Ocean
Port
of '
Sam TRINIDAD
.4 AND TOBAGO
VENEZUELA
FR
summit GUIANA
(See reference map II)
LAND
5,128 km2; 41.9% in farms (25.7% cropped or fallow, 1.5%
pasture, 10.6% forests, and 4.1% unused or built-on), 58.1%
outside of farms, including grassland, forest, built-up area,
and wasteland
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 362 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,136,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1:1% (7-70 to 7-76)
Nationality: noun?Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adiec-
tive?Trinidadian
Ethnic divisions: 43% Negro, 40% East Indian, 14%
mixed, 1% white, 2% other
Religion: 26.8% Protestant, 31:2% Roman Catholic, 23.0%
Hindu, 6.0% Muslim, 13.0% unknown
Language: English
Literacy: 95%
242
July 1979
Labor force: 393,800 (July 1975), 13.5% agriculture,
20.0% mining, quarrying, and manufacturing, 17.4% com-
merce; 15.7% construction and utilities; 7.5% transportation
and communications; 23.0% services, 2.9% other
Organized labor: 30% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Type: independent state since August 1962; in August
1976 country officially became a republic severing legal ties
with British crown
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards, Tobago is
30th)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution
came into effect 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in
the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: 31 August
Branches: legislative branch consists of 36-member
elected House of Representatives and 31-member appointed
Senate; executive is cabinet led by the Prime Minister;
judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice and includes a Court
of Appeal, High Court, and lower courts
Government leaders: Prime Minister Dr. Eric E. Wil-
liams, President Ellis Clarke
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to be held at intervals of not more
than five years; last election held 13 September 1976
Political parties and leaders: People's National Move-
ment (PNM), Dr. Eric Williams; United Labor Front (ULF),
Bosdeo Panday; Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Dr.
Romesh Mootoo; Democratic Action Congress (DAC),
Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson; West Indian National
Party (WINP), Ashford Sinanani; Tapia House Movement,
Lloyd Best
Voting strength (1976 election): 56% of registered voters
cast ballots; PNM captured 24 seats in House of Representa-
tives, ULF 10, and DAC the two Tobago seats
Communists: not significant
Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action
Congress (NJAC), radical anti-government Black-identity
organization; United Revolutionary Organization (URO),
Marxist amalgam; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council,
leftist organization affiliated with the World Peace Council;
Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce;
Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress, moderate labor
federation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions, radical
labor federation
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB, IBRD, International Coffee Agreement,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU,
IWC?International Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, SELA,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO/TUNISIA
ECONOMY
GDP: $3,159 million (1977), $3,040 per capita; 49%
mining and petroleum, 6% manufacturing, 4% agriculture,
41% other; growth rate 1977, 7.7% est.
Agriculture: main crops?sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, rice,
citrus, bananas; largely dependent upon imports of food
Fishing: catch 4,322 metric tons (1976); exports $1.1
million (1975), imports $4.5 million (1975)
Major industries: petroleum, tourism, food processing,
cement
Electric power: 375,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.6 billion
kWh produced (1978), 1,420 kWh per. capita
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1977); petroleum and
petroleum products (91%), sugar, cocoa (2.0%)
Imports: $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1977); crude petroleum (46%),
machinery, fabricated metals, transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, food
Major trade partners: imports?Saudi Arabia 24%, U.S.
21%, Indonesia 10%, U.K. 10%, Iran 9%, Japan 4%; exports?
U.S. 72%, U.K. 2%, Netherlands 2%
Aid: economic?bilateral commitments including Ex-Im
(1970-76), U.S., $50.6 million; other Western countries,
$23.8 million
Budget: (1977) central government revenues $1 billion,
expenditures $1 billion (current $487 million, investment
$156 million, development project funds, $371 million)
Monetary conversion rate: tied to US dollar in 1976;
TT$2.40 = US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 7,900 km total; 3,600 km paved, 1,100 km
improved earth, 3,200 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil and refined products; 832
km natural gas
Ports: 3 major (Port of Spain, Chaquaramars Bay, Point
Tembladora), 6 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 6 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent international service via
tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good
local service; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 70,400
telephones (6.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 281,000; 199,000 fit for
military service
SECRET
SECRET
Supply: mostly from U.K.
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1977, $48.4 million; about 4.8% of central
government budget
TUNISIA
(See reference map VI)
LAND
164,206 km2; 28% arable land and tree crops, 23% range
and esparto grass, 6% forest, 43% desert, waste or urban
Land boundaries: 1,408 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 12
nm exclusive fisheries zone follows the 50-meter isobath for
part of the coast, maximum 65 nm)
Coastline: 1,143 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 6,412,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.7% (current)
Nationality: noun?Tunisian(s); adjective?Tunisian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1%
Jewish
Religion: 95% Muslim, 4% Christian, 1% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official), Arabic and French
(commerce)
Literacy: about 32%
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TUNISIA
Labor force: 1.4 million; 45% agriculture, 19% manufac-
turing and construction, 5% trade and finance, 3%
transportation, communications, and utilities, 2% mining;
10%-20% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 25% of labor force; General Union of
Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Destourian
Socialist Party
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Tunisia
Type: republic
Capital: Tunis
Political subdivisions: 17 governorates (provinces)
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
Islamic law; constitution patterned on Turkish and U.S.
constitutions adopted 1959; some judicial review of legisla-
tive acts in the Supreme Court in joint session; legal
education at Institute of Higher Studies and Ecole Super-
ieure de Droit of the University of Tunis
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 June
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislative
largely advisory; judicial, patterned on French and Koranic
systems
Government leaders: President Habib Bourguiba; Prime
Minister Hedi Nouira
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national elections held every 5 years; last
elections 2 November 1974
Political party and leader: Destourian Socialist Party,
Habib Bourguiba
Voting strength (1974 election): 100% Destourian Social-
ist Party
Communists: a small number of nominal Communists,
mostly students; Tunisian Communist Party proscribed in
January 1963
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, AIOEC, EC (associ-
ation until 1974), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO,
IMF, IOOC, ITU, IWC?International Wheat Council,
NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $5.7 billion (1978 est.), $930 per capita; average
annual growth (1973-76), 7.2%
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock herding pre-
dominate; main crops?wheat, barley, olives, fruits (espe-
cially citrus), viticulture, vegetables, dates
Major sectors: tourism, mining, food processing, textiles
and leather, light manufacturing, construction materials,
chemical fertilizers, petroleum
Electric power: 540,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.7 billion
kWh produced (1978), 270 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 25% petroleum, 20%
phosphates, 18% olive oil
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July 1979
Imports: $2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1978); 36% raw materials, 23%
machinery and equipment, 14% consumer goods, 19% food
and beverages, 3% energy, 5% other
Major trade partners: exports?France, Italy, West
Germany
Tourism and foreign worker remittances: $400 million
foreign exchange (1977)
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$1,165 million; U.S. (1970-77), $245.3 million; OPEC (ODA)
(1973-77), $316,6 million; Communist countries (1977), $92
million; military?Communist countries (1970-77), $25.4
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Tunisian dinar (TD)=
US$2.32
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,089 km total; 503 km standard gage (1.435
m), 1,586 km meter gage (1.000 m)
Highways: 17,140 km total; 7,940 km bituminous, 660 km
gravel; 2,000 km improved earth; 6,540 km unimproved
earth
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 10 km refined products; 372
km natural gas
Ports: 4 major, 8 minor
Merchant marine: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
96,900 GRT, 140,800 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 2 tanker, 4
bulk, 2 specialized carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo (C)
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
and 1 leased out
Airfields: 29 total, 25 usable; 12 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways
1,220-2,439 m; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: the system is above the African
average in amount and capacity of facilities which consist of
open-wire lines with multiconductor cable or radio relay;
key centers are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 100,000
telephones (1.7 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 3 FM, and 7 TV
stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,369,000; 769,000 fit
for military service; about 71,000 reach military age (20)
annually
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TUNISIA/TURKEY
Supply: dependent on foreign sources; mostly U.S., with
lesser amounts from France, Austria, Italy, and West
Germany; two patrol boats delivered from U.K. and two
motor gunboats from PRC in 1977; artillery and small arms
received from the PRC in 1978
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $168 million; 5.7% of central government budget
TURKEY
(See reference map VI
LAND
766,640 km', 35% cropland, 25% meadows and pastures,
23% forested, 17% other
Land boundaries: 2,574 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm except in
Black Sea where it is 12 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 7,200 km
PEOPLE
Population: 44,236,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.5% (current)
Nationality: noun?Turk(s); adjective?Turkish
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd, 3% other
Religion: 99% Muslim (mostly Sunni), I% other (mostly
Christian and Jewish) .
Language: Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy: 55%
Labor force: 17.2 million; 57% agriculture, 18% industry,
25% service; substantial shortage of skilled labor; ample
unskilled labor (1978)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
SECRET
SECRET
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republic
Capital: Ankara
Political subdivisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various continental legal
systems; constitution adopted 1961; judicial review of
legislative acts by Constitutional Court; legal education at
Universities of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 29 October
Branches: President elected by parliament; Prime Minis-
ter appointed by President from members of parliament;
Prime Minister is effective executive; cabinet, selected by
Prime Minister and approved by President, must command
majority support in lower house; parliament bicameral
under constitution promulgated in 1961; National Assembly
has 450 members serving 4 years; Senate has 150 elected
members, one-third elected every 2 years, 15 appointed by
the President to 6-year terms (one-third appointed every 2
years), and 19 life members; highest court for ordinary
criminal and civil cases is Court of Cassation, which hears
appeals directly from criminal, commercial, basic, and peace
courts
Government leaders: President Fahri Koruturk; Prime
Minister Bulent Ecevit
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: National Assembly and Senate (1/3 of seats),
Republican People's Party won a plurality in June 1977;
Presidential (1980)
. Political parties and leaders: Justice Party (JP),
Suleyman Demirel; Republican People's Party (RPP), Bulent
Ecevit; National Salvation Party (NSP), Necmettin Erbakan;
Democratic Party (DP), Faruk Sul6n; Republican Reliance
Party (RRP), Turhan Feyzioglu; Nationalist Action Party
(NAP), Alpaslan Turkes; Communist Pally illegal
Communists: strength and support negligible
Other political or pressure groups: military forced
resignation of Demirel government in March 1971 and
remains an influential force in national affairs
Member of: ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC (associate
member), ECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, 100C, IPU,
ITC, ITU, NATO, OECD, Regional? Cooperation for
Development, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $48.7 billion (1978), $1,131 per capita; 2.7% real
growth 1978, 7%-8% average annual real growth 1970-76
Agriculture: main products?cotton, tobacco, cereals,
sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and livestock products; self-suffi-
cient in food in average. years
Major industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal,
chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum
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TURKEY /TUVALU
Crude steel: 1.9 million tons produced (1976), 45 kg per
capita
Electric power: 5,000,000 kW capacity (1978); 22 billion
kWh produced (1978), 505 kWh per capita
Exports: $2,288 million (f.o.b., 1978); cotton, tobacco,
fruits, nuts, metals, livestock products, textiles and clothing
Imports: $4,599 million (c.i.f., 1978); crude oil, machin-
ery, transport equipment, metals, mineral fuels, fertilizers,.
chemicals
Major trade partners: 22.1% West Germany, 9.3% Italy,
6.9% U.S., 6.2% Switzerland, 5.4% France (1977)
Budget: (FY78) revenues $13.1 billion, expenditures $14.7
billion, deficit $1.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 25.25 Turkish liras=US$1
(July 1978)
Fiscal year: 1 March-28 February
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 8,253 km standard gage (1.435 m); 143 km
double track; 72 km electrified
Highways: 60,000 km total; 21,000 km bituminous;
28,000 km gravel or crushed stone; 2,500 km improved
earth; 8,500 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,689 km
Pipelines: 1,288 km crude oil; 2,055 km refined products
Ports: 10 major, 35 minor
Merchant marine: 163 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
1,251,300 GRT, 1,931,400 DWT; includes 12 passenger, 96
cargo, 1 liquefied gas, 22 tanker, 22 bulk, 7 specialized
carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased in
Airfields: 121 total, 102 usable; 58 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 25 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international, fair domestic
service; maintenance a continuing problem; radio relay
being expanded and improved; 1.1 million telephones (2.7
per 100 popl.); 40 AM, 4 FM, and 36 TV stations; 1 coaxial
submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,072,000; 5,951,000
fit for military service; about 444,000 reach military age (20)
annually
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Supply: mostly dependent on foreign sources, primarily
U.S., Canada, and West Germany; manufactures some small
arms, trucks and adequate quantities of ammunition; builds
some of its naval ships including submarines with technical
and material assistance
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 28 February 1979,,
$2.6 billion; about 16% of proposed central government
budget
TUVALU
(formerly Ellice Islands)
Pacific Ocean
GILBERT
n ISLANDS
%.TUVALU
0 FIJI
UNITED ?
STATES I>
(Sea reference map
NOTE: On October 1, 1975, by Constitutional Order, the
Ellice Islands were formally separated from the British
colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands, thus forming the new
colony of Tuvalu. The remaining islands in the former
Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony were renamed the Gilbert
Islands.
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TUVALU/UGANDA
The new colony of Tuvalu includes the islands of
Nanumanga, Nanumea, Nui, Niutao, Vaitupu, and the four
islands of the Tuvalu group formerly claimed by the United
States: Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulailai (Nukulaelae), and
Nurakita (Niulakita)
LAND
26 km'
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 24 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,000 (preliminary total from census of 8
December 1973)
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian
Religion: Protestant
Literacy: less than 50%
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Tuvalu
Type: independent state within commonwealth
Capital: Funafuti
House of Assembly: eight members
Government leader: Prime Minister Toalipi Lauti
ECONOMY
See Gilbert Islands for economic data
Electric power: 2,600 kW capacity (1978); 2.6 million
kWh produced (1978), 430 kWh per capita
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 8 km gravel
Inland waterways: none
Ports: I minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: I total; I usable with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: I AM station; about 300 telephones
(0.5. per 100 popl.); 4,000 radio sets
DEFENSE FORCES
No military forces maintained: a small police post is
located at Funafuti.
UGANDA
LAND
235,690 km2; 21% inland water and swamp, including
territorial waters of Lake Victoria, about 21% cultivated,
13% national parks, forest, and game reserves, 45% forest,
woodland, and grassland
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
SECRET
SECRET
(See reference map VI)
PEOPLE
Population: 13,225,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 3.5% (current)
Nationality: noun?Ugandan(s); adjective?Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European, Asian, Arab
Religion: about 60% nominally Christian, 5%-10% Mus-
lim, rest animist
Language: English official; Luganda and Swahili widely
used; other Bantu and Nilotic languages
Literacy: about 20%-40%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million, of which about
250,000 in paid labor, remaining in subsistence activities
Organized labor: 125,000 union members
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Uganda
Type: republic, independent since October 1962; power
was transferred on II April 1979 to a provisional
government when the capital fell to Tanzanian and exile
troops; former regime, headed by Idi Amin, has virtually
disappeared except in far northwest
Capital: Kampala
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34 districts
Legal system: provisional government plans to restore
system based on English common law and customary law to
reinstitute a normal judicial system; legal education at
Makerere University, Kampala; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October
Branches: provisional government consists of self-appoint-
ed cabinet and advisory council whose members were in
exile until 1979
Government leader: Yusufu K. Lule, President of
provisional government
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: none scheduled by provisional government but
government has spoken of a return of democratic institutions
after two-year transition period
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UGANDA/U.S.S.R.
Political parties: none at present
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers among mem-
bers of provisional government
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO,
ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $886 million (1976, at constant prices), $70 per
capita; 0% real growth between 1970-74
Agriculture: main cash crops?coffee, cotton; other cash
crops?tobacco, tea, sugar, fish, livestock
Fishing: catch 152,400 metric tons (1976)
Major industries: agricultural processing (textiles, sugar,
coffee, plywood, beer), cement, copper smelter, corrugated
iron sheet, shoes, fertilizer
Electric power: 228,500 kW capacity (1977); 1,028
million kWh produced (1977), 80 kWh per capita
Exports: $339 million (f.o.b., 1976); coffee, cotton, tea,
copper (1971)
Imports: $249 million (c.i.f., 1976); petroleum products,
machiilery, cotton piece goods, metals, transport equipment
Major trade partners: U.K., U.S., Kenya
Aid: OPEC (1973-77), $243.8 million; Western (non-U.S.)
(1970-77), $105 million; U.S. (1970-76), $14.7 million;
Communist countries (1970-76), $8.3 million; military?
Communist countries (1970-77), $104 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.95 Uganda shillings=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,216 km, meter gage (1.00 m), single track
Highways: 6,763 km total; 1,934 km paved; 4,829 km
crushed stone, gravel, and laterite; remainder earth roads
and tracks (est.)
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake
Kyoga, Lake George, and Lake Edward (9,670 km); Kagera
River and Victoria Nile (610 km)
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship totaling 5,500 GRT, 9,100
DWT
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 48 total, 46 usable; 5 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system based on open wire
lines and radio relay links; 46,000 telephones (0.4 per 100
popl.); 6 AM, no FM, 6 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station and 2 domestic stations
DEFENSE FORCES
NOTE: As a result of the defeat of the Idi Amin regime,
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July 1979
the Ugandan defense forces have been disorganized; most
personnel have deserted or been captured or killed; much
equipment has been damaged, destroyed, stolen, or cap-
tured.
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 2,946,000; about
1,584,000 fit for military service
Supply: dependent on external sources?U.K., France,
U.S.S.R., and Czechoslovakia; a recent influx of Soviet
material should improve Uganda's military capabilities
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1978, $118
billion; 18.3% of central government budget
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(See reference map VII)
LAND
22,274,000 km2; 9.3% cultivated, 37.1% forest and brush,
2.6% urban, industrial, and transportation, 16.8% pasture
and natural hay land, 34.2% desert, swamp, or waste
Land boundaries: 20,619 km
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U.S.S.R.
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin)
PEOPLE
Population: 263,818,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 0.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Soviet(s); adjective?Soviet
Ethnic divisions: 74% Slavic, 26% among some 170 ethnic
groups
Language: more than 200 languages and dialects (at least
18 with more than 1 million speakers); 76% Slavic group, 8%
other Indo-European, 11% Altaic, 3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian
Literacy: 98.5% of population (ages 9-49)
Labor force: civilian 138 million (mid-year 1978), 25%
agriculture, 75% industry and other non-agricultural fields,
unemployed not reported, shortage of skilled labor reported
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Type: Communist state
Capital: Moscow
Political subdivisions: 15 union republics, 20 autonomous
republics, 6 krays, 121 oblasts, and 8 autonomous oblasts
Legal system: civil law system as modified by Communist
legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1977; no judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at 18 universities
and 4 law institutes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: October Revolution Day, 7 November
Branches: Council of Ministers (executive), Supreme
Soviet (legislative), Supreme Court of U.S.S.R. (judicial)
Government leaders: Leonid I. Brezhnev, General
Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
and Chairman of the Presidium of the U.S.S.R. Supreme
Soviet; Aleksey N. Kosygin, Chairman of the U.S.S.R.
Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal
Elections: to Supreme Soviet every 5 years; 1,500 deputies
elected in 1979; 71.7% party members
Political party: Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(CPSU) only party permitted
Voting strength (1979 election): 174,944,173 persons over
18; allegedly 99.99% voted
Communists: over 16 million party members
Other political or pressure groups: Komsomol, trade
unions, and other organizations which facilitate Communist
control
Member of: CEMA, Geneva Disarmament Conference,
IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC?
International Whaling Commission, IWC?International
Wheat Council, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
SECRET
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,066.5 billion (1978, in 1977 U.S. prices), $4,080
per capita; in 1978 percentage shares were-56% consump-
tion, 34% investment, 10% government and other, including
defense (based on 1970 GNP in rubles at adjusted factor
cost); average annual growth rate of real GNP (1971-77),
3.8%, average annual growth rate (1976-78), 3.6%
Agriculture: principal food crops?grain (especially
wheat), potatoes; main industrial crops?sugar, cotton,
sunflowers, and flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends on
fluctuations in crop yields; calorie intake, 3,250 calories per
day per capita in recent years
Fishing: catch 9.7 million metric tons (1977); exports
403,800 metric tons (1977), imports 32,500 metric tons
(1977)
Major industries: diversified, highly developed capital
goods industries; consumer goods industries comparatively
less developed
Shortages: natural rubber, bauxite and alumina, tantalum,
tin, tungsten, fluorspar, and molybdenum
Crude steel: 163 million metric ton capacity as of 1
January 1979; 151 million metric tons produced in 1978, 578
kg per capita
Electric power: 249,500,000 kW capacity (1978); 1,202
billion kWh produced (1978), 4,580 kWh per capita
Exports: $52,392.6 million (f.o.b., 1978); fuels (particu-
larly petroleum and derivatives), metals, agricultural prod-
ucts (timber, grain), and a wide variety of manufactured
goods (primarily capital goods)
Imports: $50,794.8 million (f.o.b., 1978); specialized and
complex machinery and equipment, textile fibers, consumer
manufactures, steel products (particularly large diameter
pipe), and any significant shortages in domestic production
(for example, grain imported following poor domestic
harvests)
Major trade partners: $103.2 billion (1978 total turnover);
trade 60% with Communist countries, 28% with industrial-
ized West, and 12% with less developed countries
Aid: economic?total extended to less developed countries
(1978), $3,707 million; total economic extensions (1954-78),
$17.1 billion; military?total extended (1978), $1.8 billion
Official monetary conversion rate: 0.6811 rubles=US$1:
(average 1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 140,504 km total; 138,671 km broad gage
(1.524 m); 1,833 km narrow gage (mostly 0.750 m); 110,015
km broad gage single track; 40,941 km electrified; does not
include industrial lines (1978)
Highways: 1,564,000 km total; 322,000 km asphalt,
concrete, stone block; 372,000 km asphalt treated, gravel,
crushed stone; 870,000 km earth (1976)
Inland waterways: 146,400 km navigable, exclusive of
Caspian Sea (1979)
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U.S.S.R.
Pipelines: 57,000 km crude oil; 13,000 km refined
products; 115,000 km natural gas
Ports: 52 major (most important: Leningrad, Murmansk,
Odessa, Novorossiysk, Ilichevsk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka,
Arkhangesk, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils,
Nikolayev, Sevastopol); 116 selected minor; major inland
ports: Rostov, Volgograd, Gorkiy, Khabarovsk, Kiev, and
Moscow (1979)
Freight carried: rail-3,758 million metric tons, 3,426.0
billion metric ton/km (1978); highways-22.7 billion metric
tons, 380 billion metric ton/km (1977); waterway-520.0
million metric tons, 231.0 billion metric ton/km, excluding
Caspian Sea in approximately 16,000 waterway craft with
8,000,000 metric tons capacity (1978)
Merchant marine: 1,737 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 13,504,800 GRT, 18,676,400 DWT; includes 69
passenger, 1,201 cargo, 19 container, 36 roll-on/roll-off
cargo, 291 tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 93 bulk, 8 combination
ore/oil, 12 specialized carriers; 646 merchant ships based in
Black Sea, 392 in Baltic Sea, 445 in Soviet Far East, and 244
in Barents/White Sea
Civil air: 1,251 major transport aircraft (1977)
Airfields: 3,535 total; 765 with permanent-surface run-
ways; 55 with runways over 3,500 m; 387 with runways
2,500-3,499 m, 1,078 with runways 1,000-2,499 m, 2,015
with runways less than 1,000 m; 37 heliports
Telecommunications: extensive and relatively mo ern
domestic and international systems maintained primarily for
official use; 19.3 million telephones; an estimated 37,000
telephone exchanges; 83,100 main and branch telegraph
offices; about 135 main AM broadcast network stations; 280
FM broadcast and 40,000 wired-broadcast distribution
stations; 59.8 million radio and 56 million wired broadcast
receivers; 1,620 TV broadcast and rebroadcast stations; 55
million TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES ?
Military manpower: males 15-49, 67,982,000; 54,220,000
fit for military service; 2,367,000 reach military registration
age (17) annually on the average
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U.S.S.R./UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Supply: fully supplies own needs and produces large
quantities of all types of materiel for export; Warsaw Pact
countries provide the bulk of amphibious and auxiliary ship
replacements as well as trainers and other light aircraft;
some light armored vehicles obtained from Eastern Europe
as an economic measure
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, only the figure 17.2 billion rubles was
released; this figure is manipulated for political purposes and
covers only a small portion of total military expenditures; the
estimated dollar costs of military activities in 1978 excluding
pensions, are $146.55 billion (in 1978 dollars)
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
(See reference map VI
LAND
82,880 km2; almost all desert, waste or urban
SECRET
SECRET
Land boundaries: 1,094 km (does not include boundaries
between adjacent U.A.E. states)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm for all states
except Sharjah (12 nm)
Coastline: 1,448 km
PEOPLE
Population: 862,000 (official estimate for 31 December
1977)
Ethnic divisions: Arabs 42%, South Asians 50% (fluctuat-
ing), other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8%
Religion: Muslim 96%, Christian, Hindu and other 4%
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 25% est. (1975)
Labor force: 490,000 (1978 est.); 53% services; 87%
foreign workers
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Arab Emirates (composed of former
Trucial States)
Member states: Abu Dhabi; Ajman; Dubai; Fujairah; Ras
al Khaimah; Sharjah; Umm al Qaiwain
Type: federation; constitution signed December 1971,
which delegated specified powers to the United Arab
Emirates central government and reserved other powers to
member shaykhdoms
Capital: Abu Dhabi
Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the
U.A.E. Government and in several member shaykhdoms;
Islamic law remains very influential
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: Supreme Council of Rulers (7 members), from
which a President and Vice President are elected; Prime
Minister and. Council of Ministers; Federal National
Assembly; federal Supreme Court
Government leaders: Shaykh Zayid of Abu Dhabi,
President; Shaykh Rashid of Dubai, Vice President and
Prime Minister
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Political or pressure groups: none; a few small clandes-
tine groups are active
Member of: Arab League, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF,
NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $13.3 billion est. (1977), $15,500 per capita;
Agriculture: food imported, but some dates, alfalfa,
vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES /UNITED KINGDOM
Major industries: oil production, fishing, trading (Oil
production began in Abu Dhabi in 1962, and in 1978
reached 1.8 million b/d. Dubai has best port and is a
commercial center; oil was discovered in commercial
quantities in 1966 and production began in 1969; 1976
production 320,000 b/d. Sharjah began production in 1974.
Revenues paid to U.A.E. in 1978 were $9 billion.); small
fishing, some boat building, handicrafts, animal husbandry,
pearling throughout area
Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity (1978); 2.3 billion
kWh produced (1978), 3,506 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.9 billion (f.o.b., 1978); ($9.0 billion in oil, $0.9
billion non-oil); crude petroleum, pearls, fish
Imports: $4.5 billion (c.i.f., 1977); food, consumer and
capital goods
Major trade partners: U.K., U.S., Japan, India, EC
Budget: (1977) expenditures $6.9 billion, capital $3.45
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 U.A.E. Dirham =US$0.25
(1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 780 km bituminous, undetermined mileage of
earth tracks
Pipelines: 282 km crude oil
Ports: 3 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
123,600 GRT, 212,500 DWT; includes 16 cargo, 1 tanker (C)
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in
Airfields: 57 total, 40 usable; 12 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 1 with runway
2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay and
coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai; 70,800
telephones (10.8 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV
stations; 3 satellite stations, 1 Atlantic and 2 Indian Ocean
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 151,000; 87,000 fit for
military service
Supply: mostly from U.K. and France, some from Italy
and Jordan
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1978, $773 million; 29% of central government budget
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UNITED KINGDOM
(See 'defence map IV)
LAND
243,978 km2; 30% arable, 50% meadow and pasture, 12%
waste or urban, 7% forested, 1% inland water
Land boundaries: 360 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 12,429 km
PEOPLE
Population: 55,822,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate ?0.1% (current)
Nationality: noun?Briton(s), British (collective pl.);
adjective?British
Ethnic divisions: 83% English, 9% Scottish, 5% Welsh, 3%
Irish
Religion: 27.0 million Church of England, 5.3 million
Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterians, 760,000 Method-
ist, 450,000 Jews (registered)
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
UNITED KINGDOM
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of population of
Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
Literacy: 98% to 99%
Labor force: (1974) 25.6 million; 1.6% agriculture, 1.4%
mining, 30.7% manufacturing, 6.2% government, 7.2%
transportation and utilities, 5.2% construction, 10.6% dis-
tributive trades, 25.3% all services, 9.7% other; 2.1%
unemployed
Organized labor: 40% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: London
Political subdivisions: 635 parliamentary constituencies
Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman
and modern continental influences; no judicial review of
Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Celebration of Birthday of the Queen,
16 June
Branches: legislative authority resides in Parliament;
executive authority lies with collectively responsible cabinet
led by Prime Minister; House of Lords is supreme judicial
authority and highest court of appeal
Government leader: Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister, but must be
held before expiration of a 5-year electoral mandate; last
election 3 May 1979
Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Margaret
Thatcher; Labor, James Callaghan; Liberal, David Steel;
Communist, Gordan McLennan; Scottish National, William
Wolfe; Plaid Cymru, Phil Williams
Voting strength (1979 election): Conservative 339 seats
(43.9%); Labor 268 seats (36.9%); Liberal 11 seats (13.8%);
Scottish National 2 seats (1.6%); Plaid Cymru 2 seats (0.4%);
other 13 seats (2.8%)
Communists: 29,000
Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union
Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National
Farmers' Union
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan, Council of
Europe, DAC, EC, EEC, ELDO, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMCO, IMF, IO0C, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-Interna-
tional Whaling Commission, IWC-International Wheat
Council, NATO, OECD, UN., UNESCO, UPU, WEU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $268 billion (1978 est.), $4,800 per capita; 59.3%
consumption, 18.3% investment, 21.2% government; 0.8%
inventories, 0.3% net foreign balance, real growth 3.0%
(1978)
SECRET
Agriculture: mixed farming predominates; main prod-
ucts-wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, livestock, dairy
products; 53.7% self-sufficient; dependent on imports for
more than half of consumption of refined sugar, butter, oils
and fats, and bacon and ham; caloric intake, 2,910 calories
per day per capita, 1975
Fishing: catch 916,000 metric tons (1977), valued at $440
million; 1977 exports $160 million, imports $760 million
Major industries: machinery and transport equipment,
metals, food processing, paper and paper products, textiles,
chemicals, clothing
Crude steel: 20.3 million metric tons produced (1978),
365 kg per capita; 30.9 million metric tons capacity (1977)
Electric power: 86,000,000 kW capacity (1978); 288
billion kWh produced (1978), 5,160 kWh per capita
Exports: $68.0 billion (f.o.b., 1978); machinery, transport
equipment, chemicals, metals, nonmetallic mineral manu-
factures, foodstuffs, petroleum
Imports: $70.3 billion (f.o.b., 1978); foodstuffs, petroleum,
machinery, crude materials, chemicals, nonferrous metals
Major trade partners: 39.2% EC, 12.9% Commonwealth,
9.7% West Germany, 7.3% France, 9.8% U.S.
Aid: donor: bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and
00F), $5,792 million (1970-76)
Budget (national and local government): FY79 est., $124
million revenues, $136 million expenditures; deficit includ-
ing nationalized corporation, $16 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 pound sterling=US$1.92
(1978)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: Great Britain-18,287 km total; British Rail-
ways (BR) operates 18,012 km standard gage (1.435 m)
(3,735 km electrified, 11,410 km double track, 2,366 km
multiple track) and 19 km 0.597-meter gage; 256 km of
standard gage (1.435 m) and several narrow gages are
privately- owned; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) operates
327 km 1.600-meter gage, 190 km double track
Highways: approx. 335,186 km paved and 23,175 km in
Northern Ireland, 22,227 km paved; 949 km gravel
Inland waterways: 3,219 km publicly owned; 605 km
major commercial routes
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insignificant; 2,907
km refined products; 1,770 km natural gas
Ports: 23 major, 350 minor
Civil air: 560 major transport aircraft, including 12 leased
in and 16 leased out
Airfields: 636 total, 393 usable; 247 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 1 with runway over 3,659 m, 37 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 151 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
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UNITED KINGDOM/UPPER VOLTA
Telecommunications: modern, efficient domestic and
international system; 22.4 million telephones (39.4 per 100
pop!.); excellent countrywide broadcast; 97 AM, 120 FM,
and 300 TV stations; 30 coaxial submarine cables; 2 earth
satellite stations with 3 Atlantic Ocean antennas and 1
Indian Ocean antenna
July 1979
UPPER VOLTA
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference map VI)
LAND
274,540 km2; 50% pastureland, 21% fallow, 10% culti-
vated, 9% forest and scrub, 10% waste and other uses
Land boundaries: 3,307 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,656,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 2.2% (current)
Nationality: noun?Upper Voltan(s); adjective?Upper
Voltan
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; principal tribe is
Mossi (about 2.5 million); other important groups are
Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: majority of population animist, about 20%
Muslim, 5% Christian (mainly Catholic)
Language: French official; tribal languages belong to
Sudanic family, spoken by 50% of the population
Literacy: 5%-10%
Labor force: about 95% of the economically active
pooulation engaged in animal husbandry, subsistence farm-
ing, and related agricultural pursuits; about 30,000 are wage
earners; about 20% of male labor force migrates annually to
neighboring countries for seasonal employment
Organized labor: 4 principal trade union groups
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Upper Volta
Type: republic; in 1978 a moderate military government,
in power for 12 years, fulfilled plans to turn power over to a
civilian parliamentary democracy; former head of military
government retained presidency
Capital: Ouagadougou
Political subdivisions: 10 departments, composed of 44
cercles, headed by civilian prefects
Legal system: based on French civil law system and
customary law; a national referendum held in November
1977 approved a new constitution and country returned to
civilian rule in July 1978; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
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July 1979
UPPER VOLTA/URUGUAY
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 11
December
Branches: President is an army officer; 57-man National
Assembly was elected 30 ?April 1978
Government leaders: Maj. Gen. Aboubacar Sangoule
Lamizana, President; Dr. Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister;
Gerard Kango Ouedraogo, President of the National
Assembly
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: Parliamentary elections held on 30 April 1978
and Presidential elections on 14 May; date of next election
unknown
Political parties and leaders: 3 parties elected to seats in
the National Assembly: Voltan Democratic Union (UDV)
holds the majority of seats; National Union for the Defense
of Democracy (UNDD); Voltan Progressive Union (UPV)
Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor organizations
are badly splintered, students and teachers occasionally
strike
Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate),
Entente, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IPU,
ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WCL, ?WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $684 million (1976 est.), $110 per capita, real-
growth, 5.8% (1976)
Agriculture: cash crops?peanuts, shea nuts, sesame,
cotton; food crops?sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock;
largely self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 3,500 metric tons (1975)
Major industries: agricultural processing plants, brewery,
bottling, and brick plants; a few other light industries
Electric power: 21,500 kW capacity (1977); 57 million
kWh produced (1977), 9 kWh per capita
Exports: $92.8 million (1978 est.); livestock (on the hoof),
peanuts, shea nut products, cotton, sesame
Imports: $246 million (1978 est.); textiles, food, and other
consumer goods, transport equipment, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: Ivory Coast and Ghana; overseas
trade mainly with France and other EC countries;
preferential tariff to EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$380 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $79.2 million;
Communist countries (1970-76) $53.4 million; U.S. (1970-77)
$51.8 million
Budget: (1978) balanced at $131 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 245.67 Communaute
Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as of November 1977
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,173 km, 516 km meter gage (1.00 m), single
track; Ouagadougou to Abidjan, Ivory Coast line
Highways: 4,717 km total; 617 km paved, 4,100 km
improved
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Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 54 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: all services generally poor; 3,400
telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM station,
and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,150,000; 760,000 fit
for military service; no conscription
Supply: mainly dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $31,632,558; 19.1% of central government budget
URUGUAY
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference map IV)
LAND
186,998 km2; 84% agricultural land (73% pasture, 11%
cropland), 16% forest, urban, waste and other
Land boundaries: 1,352 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (fishing
200 nm)
Coastline: 660 km
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SECRET
URUGUAY
PEOPLE
Population: 2,910,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 0.6% (current)
Nationality: noun?Uruguayan(s); adjective?Uruguayan
Ethnic divisions: 85-95% white, 5% Negro, 5-10% mestizo
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half adult
population attends church regularly)
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 90.5% for those 15 years of age or older
Labor force: 1,015,500 (1963 census); of those employed
in important sectors-25% government; 34% industry; 10%
service; 23% other; 8% agriculture, forestry, fishing and
mining; no shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: about 25% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
Type: republic, government under military control
Capital: Montevideo
Political subdivisions: 19 departments with limited
autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; new
constitution implemented 1967; judicial review of legislative
acts in court of justice; legal education at University of the
Republic at Montevideo; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August
Branches: executive, headed by President; since 1973 the
military has had dominant influence in policymaking;
bicameral legislature (closed indefinitely by presidential
decree in June 1973), Council of State set up to act as
legislature; national judiciary headed by court of justice
Government leader: President Aparicio Mendez
Manfredini
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: projected for last Sunday in November 1981
Political parties and leaders: political activities are
proscribed; government has indicated two major traditional
parties (Colorado and Blanco) will be permitted to resume
activity in conjunction with 1981 election
Voting strength (1971 elections): 40.8% Colorado, 40.1%
Blanco, 18.6% Frente Amplio, 0.5% Radical Christian Union
Communists: 5,000-10,000 including former youth group
and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Communist Party
(PCU), Rodney Arismendi (in exile in the U.S.S.R.);
Christian Democratic Party (PDC); Socialist Party of
Uruguay (PSU); Revolutionary Movement of Uruguay
(MRO) pro-Cuban Communist Party; National Liberation
Movement (MLN-Tupamaros) Marxist revolutionary terror-
ist group
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA, OAS,
SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
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July 1979
ECONOMY
GDP: $6.9 billion (1978), $2,400 per capita; 74% private
consumption, 13% public consumption, 13% gross invest-
ment; real growth rate 1978, 2.5%
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock
grazing (17 million sheep, 11 million cattle); main crops?
wheat, rice, corn; self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs;
caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita, with high
protein content
Major industries: meat processing, wool and hides,
textiles, footwear, cement, petroleum refining
Crude steel: rolled products 34,841 metric tons produced,
castings 263 metric tons (1976)
Electric power: 700,000 kW capacity (1977); 3 billion
kWh produced (1977), 1,070 kWh per capita
Exports: $691 million (f.o.b., 1978); wool, hides
Imports: $766 million (f.o.b., 1978); fuels, metals,
machinery, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: exports-34% EC, 7% U.S., 29%
LAFTA; imports-29% LAFTA, 10% U.S., 20% EC (1975)
Aid: (FY70-76) economic?extensions from U.S. $60
million; from other Western countries $44 million; from
Communist countries $57 million; military?U.S. $39
million
Budget: (1978 est.) revenue, $629 million; expenditure,
$672 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.05 pesos=US$1 (December
1978)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,795 km, all standard gage (1.435 m) and
government owned
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km
gravel, 40,200 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and
shallow-draft river craft
Freight carried: highways 80% of total cargo traffic, rail
15%, waterways 5%
Ports: 4 major (Montevideo, Colonia, Fray Bentos,
Paysandu), 6 minor
Merchant marine: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
74,800 GRT, 100,600 DWT; includes 10 cargo, 3 tanker;
additionally 2 naval tankers are sometimes used commer-
cially
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 101 total, 63 usable; 10 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most modern facilities concen-
trated in Montevideo; 258,000 telephones (9.0 per 100 popl.);
85 AM, 3 FM, and 27 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 697,000; 567,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
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July 1979
URUGUAY /VATICAN CITY
Supply: dependent on
exceptions
U.S. for current supplies, with few
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
December 1977, $79.9 million; 17.3% of central government
budget
ending 31
VATICAN CITY
Tyrthenien
Sea
LAND
0.438 km'
Land boundaries: 3 km
Meditetranean
See
gee reference map
PEOPLE
Population: 1,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1977)
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many other
nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
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Language: Italian, Latin, and various modern languages
Literacy: virtually complete
Labor force: approx. 700; Vatican City employees
divided into 3 categories?executives, off iceworkers, and
salaried employees
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Capital: Vatican City
Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes St. Peter's,
the Vatican Palace and Museum and neighboring buildings
covering more than 13 acres; 13 buildings in Rome, although
outside the boundaries, enjoy extraterritorial rights
Legal system: Canon law; constitutional laws of 1929
serve some of the functions of a constitution
National holiday: 30 June
Branches: the Pope possesses full executive, legislative,
and judicial powers; he delegates these powers to the
governor of Vatican City, who is subject to pontifical
appointment and recall; high Vatican offices include the
Secretariat of State, the College of Cardinals (chief papal
advisers), the Roman Curia (which carries on the central
administration of the Roman Catholic Church), the Presi-
dence of the Prefecture for the Economy, and the synod of
bishops (created in 1965)
Government leader: Supreme Pontiff, John Paul II (Karol
Woityla, born 18 May 1920, elected Pope 16 October 1978)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 it age
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life by College of
Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of
influence exercised by other church officers in universal
Roman Catholic Church)
Member: IAEA, IWC?International Wheat Council,
U.N. (permanent observer), WTO
ECONOMY
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is supported
financially by contributions (known as Peter's pence) from
Roman Catholics throughout the world; some income
derived from sale of Vatican postage stamps and tourist
mementos, fees for admission to Vatican museums, and sale
of publications; industrial activity consists solely of printing
and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff
uniforms
The banking and financial activities of the Vatican are
worldwide; the Institute for Religious Agencies carries out
fiscal operations and invests and transfers funds of Roman
Catholic religious communities throughout the world; the
Cardinal's Commission controls the administration of ordi-
nary assets of the Holy See and a Special Administration
manages the Holy See's capital assets
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VATICAN CITY /VENEZUELA
Electric power: obtained from Rome city grid; standby
diesel powerplant with 2,100 kW capacity (1978)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none (city streets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 3 AM stations and 2 FM stations;
2,000-line automatic telephone exchange
DEFENSE FORCES
Defense is responsibility of Italy
VENEZUELA
(See reference map III)
LAND
911,680 km2; 4% cropland, 18% pasture, 21% forest, 57%
urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 4,181 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic
including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,800 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,534,000, excluding Indian jungle popula-
tion (July 1979), average annual growth rate 3.3% (current)
Nationality: noun?Venezuelan(s); adjective?Vene-
zuelan
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white, 10% Negro,
2% Indian
Religion: 96% Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); -Indian" dialects spoken by
about 200,000 aborigines in the interior
Literacy: 74% (claimed, 1970 est.)
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July 1979
Labor force: 3.7 million (1975); 24% agriculture, 6%
construction, 17% manufacturing, 6% transportation, 18%
commerce, 25% services, 4% petroleum, utilities, and other
Organized labor: 45% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Venezuela
Type: republic
Capital: Caracas
Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal district, 2
federal territories, and 69 island dependencies in the
Caribbean
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; constitution
promulgated 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in
Cassation Court only; dual court system, state and federal;
legal education at Central University of Venezuela; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral legislature,
judiciary
Government leader: President Luis Herrera Campins
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18, though
rarely enforced
Elections: every 5 years by secret ballot; last held
December 1978; next national election for president and
bicameral legislature to be held December 1983
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party
(COPEI), Rafael Caldera; Accion Democratica (AD), Carlos
Andres Perez, Romulo Betancourt; Movement to Socialism
(MAS), Teodoro Petkoff, Pompey Marquez
Voting strength (1978 election): 46% COPEI, 43% AD,
5% MAS, 6% others
Communists: 3,000-5,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Fedecamaras (a
conservative business group); PRO VENEZUELA (leftist,
nationalist economic group)
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IPU,
ITU, IWC?International Wheat Council, LAFTA, NAMU-
CAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line?Naviera
Multinacional del Caribe), OAS, OPEC, SELA, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $41 billion (1978, in 1978 dollars), $2,807 per
capita; 51% private consumption, 15% public consumption,
39% gross investment, ?5% foreign sector (1977), real
growth rate 6.5% (1974-78)
Agriculture: main crops?sugarcane, corn, coffee, rice;
imports wheat (U.S.), corn (South Africa), sorghum (Argen-
tina, U.S.); caloric intake 2,600 calories per day per capita
(1972)
Fishing: catch 145,727 metric tons (1976); exports $28.4
million (1976), imports $2.0 million (1976)
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July 1979 SECRET
VENEZUELA/VIETNAM
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construc-
tion, food processing, textiles
Crude steel: 848,000 metric tons produced (1978), 65 kg
per capita
Electric power: 6,540,000 kW capacity (1978); 28 billion
kWh produced (1978), 2,200 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); petroleum $8.7 billion,
iron ore, coffee
Imports: $10.6 billion (f.o.b., 1978); industrial machinery
and equipment, chemicals, manufactures, wheat
Major trade partners: imports-39% U.S., 11% Japan,
12% West Germany; exports-36% U.S., 13% Canada
Budget: 1979?revenues $10.8 billion; expenditures, $7.9
billion, capital $2.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 4.2925 bolivares=US$1 (Janu-
ary 1979)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 373 km standard gage (1.435 m) all single
track; 171 km government owned, 202(km privately owned
Highways: 58,900 km total; 21,800 km paved, 21,900 km
otherwise improved and 15,200 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Orinoco River and Lake
Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels
Pipelines: 6,110 km crude oil; 400 km refined products;
2,495 km natural gas
Ports: 6 major, 17 minor
Merchant marine: 82 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
789,100 GRT, 1,130,600 DWT; includes 6 passenger, 47
cargo, 18 tanker, 5 bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 beach
landing, 4 specialized carrier
Civil air: 77 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in
Airfields: 290 total, 262 usable; 109 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 81 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern expanding telecom system;
satellite ground station; 742,000 telephones (5.9 per 100
popl.); 215 AM, 50 FM, and 43 TV stations; 2 submarine
coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,380,000; 2,403,000 fit
for military service; 174,000 reach military age (18) annually
SECRET
Supply: produces portion of small arms and ammunition,
aerial bombs, and military explosives and propellants;
dependent upon U.S. and Western Europe for all other
materiel; 2 submarines purchased from West Germany, 6
fast patrol boats from the U.K. and 6 frigates ordered- from
Italy
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, $708.4 million; about 6.7% of central
government budget
VIETNAM
LAND
329,707 km2; 14% cultivated, 50% forested, 36% urban
inland water, and other
Land boundaries: 4,562 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
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SECRET July 1979
VIETNAM
CHINA
VIETNAM
* Hanoi
THAILAND
South
China
Sea
PEOPLE
Population: 52,558,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.6% (current)
Nationality: noun?Vietnamese (sing. & pl.); adjective?
Vietnamese
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% predominantly Vietnamese;
3% Chinese; ethnic minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo,
Khmer, Man, Cham, and mountain tribesman
Religion: Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Catholicism,
Animism, Islam, and Protestantism
Language: Vietnamese, French, Chinese, English, Khmer,
tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Labor force: approximately 15 million, not including
military; about 70% agriculture and 8% industry
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Political subdivisions: 39 provinces
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and
French civil law system
National holiday: 2 September
Branches: constitution provides for a National Assembly
and highly centralized executive nominally subordinate to it
Party and government leaders: Ton Duc Thang, Presi-
dent of SRV; Le Duan, Party Secretary General; Truong
Chinh, Chairman, Standing Committee of National Assem-
bly; Pham Van Dong, Premier; Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap,
Minister of National Defense; Nguyen Duy Trinh, Minister
for Foreign Affairs; Tran Quoc Hoan, Minister of Interior
Suffrage: over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for national and local
assemblies; lastest election for National Assembly held on 25
April 1976
Political parties: Vietnam Communist Party, successor to
the Vietnam Workers Party and several other political
organizations
260
Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IMF, Mekong Committee, NAM, U.N.
UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, WIPO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $7.6 billion (1978), less than $150 per capita; real
growth less than 5% annually
Agriculture: main crops?rice, rubber, fruits and vegeta-
bles; some corn, manioc, and sugarcane; major food
imports?wheat, corn, dairy products
Fishing: catch 1,013,500 metric tons (1976), of which
600,000 metric tons sea
Major industries: food processing, textiles, machine
building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires
Shortages: foodgrains, petroleum, capital goods and
machinery, fertilizer
Electric power: 1,480,700 kW capacity (1978); 3.8 billion
kWh produced (1978), 75 kWh per capita
Exports: $300 million (1977); agricultural and handicraft
'products, coal, minerals, ores
Imports: $900 million (1977); petroleum, steel products,
railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton,
fertilizer, grain
Major trade partners: exports?U.S.S.R., East European
countries, Japan, other Asian markets; imports?U.S.S.R.,
East Europe, China, Japan
Aid: accurate data on aid since April 1975 unification
unavailable; estimated annual economic aid on annual basis
is?U.S.S.R., $500 million or more; East European countries,
$150 million; non-Communist countries, $230 million;
international institutions, $75 million; value of military aid
deliveries since 1975 are not available
Monetary conversion rate (official): 2.18 dong=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,917 usable km total, consists of about 45 km
standard gage (1.435 m), 2,637 km meter gage (1.00 m), and
235 km of dual gage (standard and meter) all single track,
none electrified; all government owned and operated
Highways: 41,190 km total; 5,471 km bituminous, 27,030
km gravel or improved earth, 8,690 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km navigable; more than
5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft
Pipelines: refined 'products 2,414 km (including 547 km
in Laos)
Ports: 9 major, 23 minor
Merchant marine: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
180,300 GRT, 257,900 DWT; includes 26 cargo, 7 tanker, 2
bulk, 1 passenger-car, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo; Vietnam
beneficially owns 15 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
108,000 GRT, 155,000 DWT under the Panamanian flag
Civil air: military controlled
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July 1979 1 SECRET
VIETNAM/ WALLIS AND FUTUNA
Airfields: 172 total, 133 usable; 57 with permanent-
surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: government requirements fulfilled
mainly through radiocommunications and radio relay
networks; radio stations provide alternate communication
links; international facilities adequate from Hanoi and Ho
Chi Minh City (Saigon); radio and wired broadcast coverage
is good and most important means of mass communications;
about 60,000 telephones; estimated 3 to 4 million radios and
over 300,000 TV sets; approximately 18 shortwave and 5
mediumwave radio transmitters; 11 AM, 1 FM and 6 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,082,000; 7,344,000
fit for military service; average number currently reaching
military age (17) annually about 642,000
Supply: dependent on the U.S.S.R., and Eastern European
Communist countries, for virtually all new equipment;
produces negligible quantities of infantry weapons, ammuni-
tion and explosive devices (Vietnam possesses a huge
inventory of U.S.-manufactured weapons and equipment
captured from the RVN)
Military budget: no expenditure estimates are available;
military aid from the U.S.S.R. and PRC has been so
extensive that actual allocation of Vietnam's domestic
resources to defense has not been indicative of total military
effort
NOTE: VN figures preliminary
SECRET
WALLIS AND FUTUNA
NEW
CALEDONIA
? ? "?
F1,11).
WALLIS
AND FUTUNA
Pacific Ocean
NEW
ZEALAND
(See reference mep VIII)
LAND
About 207 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm
Coastline: about 129 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1977)
Nationality: noun?Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis
and Futuna Islander; adjective?Wallisian, Futunan, or
Wallis and Futuna Islanders
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Matu Utu
Political subdivisions: 3 districts
Branches: territorial assembly of 20 members; popular
election of one deputy to National Assembly in Paris, and
one Senator
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SECRET July 1979
WALLIS AND FUTUNA/WESTERN SAHARA
Government leader: Superior Administrator Jacques de
Agostini
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years
ECONOMY
Agriculture: dominated by coconut production with
subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas
Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.2 million
kWh produced (1978), 60 kWh per capita
Exports: negligible
Imports: $1.4 million (1972); largely foodstuffs and some
equipment associated with development programs
Monetary conversion rate: 70 Colonial Franc Pacifique
(CFP)=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 100 km of improved road on Uvea Island
(1977)
Ports: 2 minor
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 85 telephones (0.9 per 100 popl.)
DEFENSE
No formal defense structure; no regular Armed Forces
WESTERN SAHARA
(formerly Spanish Sahara)
Atlantic Ocean
CANARY
ISLANDS ,
o
WESTERN
SAHARA
SPAIN
?ROCCO
ALGERIA
MAURITANIA
LAND
266,770 km2, nearly all desert
Land boundaries: 2,086 km
MALI
(See reference map W
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
nm)
Coastline: 1,110 km
262
PEOPLE
Population: 75,000 (total from the census of November
1974)
Nationality: noun?Saharan(s); adjective?Saharan
Ethnic divisions: Arab, Berber, and Negro nomads
Religion: Muslim
Language: Hassaniya Arabic
Literacy: among Moroccans, probably nearly 20%; among
Saharans, perhaps 5%
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsist-
ence farming, 50% other
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT
Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty
unresolved; territory partitioned between Morocco and
Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the
Northern two-thirds including the rich phosphate reserves at
Bu Craa; both countries have established political adminis-
tration within their own zones of influence; the line of
partition begins at a point on the coast where the Atlantic
Ocean intersects the 24th parallel, and extends in a
southeasterly direction to the point where the 23d parallel
intersects the 13th meridian
ECONOMY
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown in
nondrought years; fruit and vegetables in the few oases; food
imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by
the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for the
garrison forces
Major industries: phosphate mining, fishing, and
handicrafts
Shortages: water
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1975); 9 million kWh
produced (1975), 80 kWh per capita
Exports: in 1975, up to $75 million in phosphates, all other
exports valued at under $1 million
Imports: $1,443,000 (1968); fuel for fishing fleet,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: monetary trade largely with Spain
and Spanish possessions
Aid: small amounts from Spain in prior years
Monetary conversion rate: see Moroccan and Mauritan-
ian currencies
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,100 km total; 500 km bituminous treated,
5,600 km unimproved earth roads and tracks
Ports: 2 major (El Aaiun, Dakhla), 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
(fishing 12 Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 3 with permanent-surface
runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
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July 1979
WESTERN SAHARA/WESTERN SAMOA
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph poor;
1,000 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, 5 TV
stations
WESTERN SAMOA
?,
'1V4/0
.NEW GUINEA
'
WESTERN
6* SAMOA
61.
0
Pacific Ocean
NEW
ZEALAND
(See felerenre map VI)
LAND
2,849 km2; comprised of 2 large islands of Savari and
Upolu and several smaller islands, including Manono and
Apolima; 65% forested, 24% cultivated, 11% industry, waste,
or urban
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 403 km
PEOPLE
Population: 155,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.0% (current)
Nationality: noun?Western Samoan(s); adjective?West-
ern Samoa
Ethnic divisions: Polynesians, about 12,000 Euronesians
(persons of European and Polynesian blood), 700 Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of population
associated with the London Missionary Society)
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Literacy: 85%-90% (education compulsory for all children
from 7-15 years)
Labor force: agriculture 19,148; mining and manufactur-
ing 1,716 (1961)
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Independent State of Western Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief; special
treaty relationship with New Zealand
Capital: Apia
SECRET
SECRET
Legal system: based on English common law and local
customs; constitution came into effect upon independence in
1962; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to
fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 1 January
Branches: Head of State and Executive Council; Legisla-
tive Assembly; Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Land and
Titles Court, village courts
Government leaders: Head of State, Malietoa Tanumafili
II; Prime Minister, Taisi Tupuola Efi
Suffrage: 45 Samoan members of Legislative Assembly
are elected by holders of matai (heads of family) titles (about
5,000); 2 European members are elected by universal adult
suffrage
Elections: held triennially, last in February 1979
Political parties and leaders: no clearly defined political
party structure
Communists: unknown
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, G-77, IBRD,
IFC, IMF, U.N., WHO.
ECONOMY
GNP: $70 million (1978), $451 per capita
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple foods include
coconut, bananas, taro, and yams
Electric power: 9,000 kW capacity (1978); 27 million
kWh produced (1978), 175 kWh per capita
Exports: $15 million (f.o.b., 1977); copra 38%, cocoa 26%,
timber 3%
Imports: $38 million (c.i.f., 1977); food, ? manufactured
goods, machinery
Major trade partners: exports-37% New Zealand, 7%
Netherlands, 36% West Germany, 8% U.S.; imports-28%
New Zealand, 20% Australia, 15% Japan, 13% U.S.
Aid: New Zealand, $7 million (est. 1972-76)
Budget: 1976 est., revenues and grants $34 million,
expenditures $46 million
Monetary conversion rate: WS Tala =US$1.3494 (July,
1978), 0.74 WS Tala=US$1
Major industries: timber, tourism
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 784 km total; 375 km bituminous, remainder
mostly gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, all usable; 1 with permanent-surface
runway 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 3,300 telephones (2.2 per 100
popl.); 20,000 radio receivers; 2 AM stations
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WESTERN SAMOA/YEMEN (ADEN)
YEMEN (ADEN)
Red
Sea
YEMEN
(S)
SAUDI
ARABIA
IRAN
Arabian
Sea
Indian
Ocean
(See reference map VI
LAND
287,490 km2; (border with Saudi Arabia undefined); only
about 1% arable (of which less than 25% cultivated)
Land boundaries: 1,802 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm
-necessary supervision zone-)
Coastline: 1,383 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,781,000, excluding the islands of Perim and
Kamaran for which no data are available (July 1979),
average annual growth rate 1.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Yemeni(s); adjective?Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis,
and Europeans in Aden
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: probably no higher than 10%; Aden 35% (est.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
Type: republic; power centered in ruling Yemeni Socialist
Party (YSP)
Capital: Aden; Madinat ash Sha'b, administrative capital
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
264
July 1979
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for personal matters)
and English common law (for commercial matters); highest
judicial organ, Federal High Court, interprets constitution
and determines disputes between states
National holiday: 14 October
Branches: Presidential Council; cabinet; Supreme Peo-
ple's Council
Government leaders: Chairman of the Presidium of the
Supreme People's Council YSP Secretary General 'Abd
al-Fatah Ismail; Prime Minister 'Ali Nasir Muhammad al-
Hasani
Suffrage: granted by constitution to all citizens 18 and
over
Elections: elections for legislative body, Supreme People's
Council, called for in constitution; none have been held
Political parties and leaders: Yemeni Socialist Party
(YSP), the only legal party, is coalition of National Front,
Baath, and Communist parties
Communists: unknown number
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $550 million. (1977 est.), $310 per capita
Agriculture (all outside Aden): cotton is main cash crop;
cereals, dates, kat (qat), coffee, and livestock are raised and
there is a growing fishing industry; large amount of food
must be imported (particularly for Aden); cotton, hides,
skins, dried and salted fish are exported
Major industries: petroleum refinery (production 150,000
b/d) mid-1971; capacity 178,000 b/d .at Little Aden operates
on imported crude; oil exploration activity
Electric power: 150,000 kW capacity (1978); 300 million
kWh produced (1978), 170 kWh per capita
Exports: $29 million (1977), excluding petroleum prod-
ucts but including re-exports
Imports: $324 million (c.i.f., 1977)
Major trade partners: Yemen, East Africa, but some
cement and sugar imported from Communist countries;
crude oil imported from Persian Gulf, exports mainly to
U.K. and Japan
Aid: economic?OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $360.1 million;
Communist countries (1970-76), $98.6 million; Western
(non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $30 million; U.S. (1970-76),
$4.5 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77),
$309 million
Budget: (FY75-76)?revenues $40 million, expenditures
$102 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 S. Yemeni dinar=US$2.90
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
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YEMEN (ADEN)/YEMEN (SANA)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,311 km total; 322 km bituminous treated,
290 km crushed stone and gravel, 4,699 km motorable track
Ports: 1 major (Aden)
Merchant marine: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 4,300 GRT, 6,600 DWT
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft, 1 leased in
Airfields: 94 total, 54 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 30 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of open-wire, tropo-
scatter multiconductor cable, and radiocommunications
stations; only center Aden; 9,900 telephones (0.6 per 100
popl.); 1 AM, no FM and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 420,000; 234,000 fit for
military service
Supply: dependent on outside sources, primarily U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $56 million; about 22.4% of central government
budget
YEMEN (SANA)
LAND
194,250 km' (parts of border with Saudi Arabia and
Southern Yemen undefined); 20% agricultural, 1% forested,
79% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,528 km
SECRET
SECRET
(See reference map VI
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm
-necessary supervision zone-)
Coastline: 523 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,125,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 1.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Yemeni(s); adjective?Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab (mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: almost entirely agriculture and herding
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Yemen Arab Republic
Type: republic; military regime assumed power in June
1974
Capital: Sana
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law, and
local customary law; first constitution promulgated
December 1970, suspended June 1974; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 26
September
Branches: President, Prime Minister, cabinet; Constituent
Assembly
Government leaders: President 'Ali 'Abdallah Salih;
Prime Minister 'Abd al-'Aziz 'Abd al-Ghani
Communists: small number
Political parties or pressure groups: conservative tribal
groups, some Muslim Brotherhood followers, leftist senti-
ment represented by pro-Iraqi Baathists, Nasirists, small
clandestine groups supported by Yemen (Aden)
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
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YEMEN (SANA)/YUGOSLAVIA
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.4 billion (1977), $350 per capita
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild narcotic),
cotton, coffee, fruits and vegetables; largely self-sufficient in
food
Major industries: cotton textiles and leather goods
produced on a small scale; handicraft and some fishing;
small aluminum products factory
Electric power: 55,000 kW capacity (1978); 100 million
kWh produced (1978), 20 kWh per capita
Exports: $19 million .(f.o.b., 1976/77); qat, cotton, coffee,
hides, vegetables
Imports: $730 million (c.i.f., 1976/77); textiles and other
manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar,
grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement
Major trade partners: China, Yemen (Aden), U.S.S.R.,
Japan, U.K., Australia, Saudi Arabia
Aid: economic?OPEC (ODA) (1974-77), $1,368 million;
Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $160 million; U.S.
(1970-77), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-77), $55
million; military?Communist countries (1970-77), $54
million; U.S. (1970-77), $0.6 million
Budget: (1976/77) $300 million revenue, $290 million
expenditures, $100 million development
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Yemeni rial= US$0.22
(1978)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,477 km total; 467 km bituminous; 435 km
crushed stone and gravel; 2,575 km earth, sand, and light
gravel
Ports: 1 major (Al Hudaydah), 2 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft (including 3 leased in)
Airfields: 27 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface
runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system inadequate; consists of
meager open-wire lines and low-power radiocommunication
stations; principal center Sana, secondary centers Al
Hudaydah and Taizz; 4,600 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2
AM stations, no FM, 1 TV station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,164,000; 645,000 fit
for military service; about 54,000 reach military age (18)
annually
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Supply: dependent on outside sources, formerly primarily
U.S.S.R.; since 1970 various countries, including France,
Jordan, Saudi Arabia, U.K., and U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1975,
$50,402,000; 54.6% of central government budget
YUGOSLAVIA
(See reference map 1111
LAND
255,892 km', 32% arable, 25% meadows and pastures, 34%
forested, 9% other
Land boundaries: 3,001 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 10 nm (fishing 12
nm)
Coastline: 1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,414 km (offshore
islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 22,174,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 0.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Yugoslav(s); adjective?Yugoslav
Ethnic divisions: 39.7% Serb, 22.1% Croat, 8.4% Muslims,
8.2% Slovene, 5.8% Macedonian, 2.5% Montenegrin, 6.4%
Albanian, 2.3% Hungarian, 4.6% other (1971 census)
Religion: 41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Roman Catholic,
12% Muslim, 3% other, 12% none (1953 census)
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Alba-
nian, Hungarian, and Italian
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July 1979
YUGOSLAVIA
Literacy: 80.3% (1961)
Labor force: 8.6 million (1978); 33% agriculture, 24%
mining and manufacturing, 17% other nonagricultural
activities; estimated unemployment averaged 6.8% of
domestic labor force in 1978
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in form
Capital: Belgrade
Political subdivisions: 6 republics with 2 autonomous
provinces (within the Republic of Serbia)
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist
legal theory; constitution adopted 1974; legal education at
several law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November
Branches: parliament (Federal Assembly) constitutionally
supreme; executive includes cabinet (Federal Executive
Council) and the federal administration; judiciary; the State
Presidency is a collective policymaking body composed of a
representative from each republic and province, Tito
presides as President of the Republic
Government leader: Josip Broz Tito, President of
Republic and President of League of Communists of
Yugoslavia
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every 4 years by a
complicated, indirect system of voting
Political parties and leaders: League of Communists of
Yugoslavia (LCY) only; leaders are President Tito and
influential Presidium members Edvard Kardelj, Vladimir
Bakaric, and Stane Dolanc
Communists: 1.7 million party members (April 1979)
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist Alliance of
Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass
front organization for the LCY; Confederation of Trade
Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), Union of Youth of Yugoslavia
(UYY), Federation of Yugoslav War Veterans (SUBNOR)
Member of: ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but participates
in certain commissions), EC (5-year non-preferential trade
agreement signed in May 1973 currently being renegoti-
ated), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD
(participant in some activities), U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $55.3 billion (1978 est., at 1978 prices), $2,517 per
capita; real growth rate 5.9% (1971-78)
SECRET
SECRET
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with many small
private holdings and large agricultural combines; main
crops?corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers;
occasionally a net exporter of foodstuffs and live animals;
imports tropical products, cotton, wool, and vegetable meal
feeds; caloric intake, 3,539 calories per day per capita (1975)
Major industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment,
oil refining, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food
processing
Shortages: electricity, fuels, steel
Crude steel: 3.4 million metric tons produced (1978), 155
kg per capita
Electric power: 12,000,000 kW capacity (1978); 51.2
billion kWh produced (1978), 2,320 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.67 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 32% machinery and
equipment; 22% intermediate goods; 46% other
Imports: $9.99 billion (c.i.f., 1978); 24% raw materials,
fuels; 36% machinery and equipment; 17% intermediate
goods; 23% other goods
Major trade partners: 65% non-Communist countries (6%
U.S., 44% other developed Western countries), 35% Commu-
nist countries
Aid: Yugoslav outstanding net external debt (medium/
long-term) end 1978, $9 billion, of which est. $3.5 billion
official, largely non-Communist (U.S. $350 million, FRG
$400 million, U.S.S.R. $200 million, IBRD $560 million end
1975); Yugoslavia has extended aid totalling about $1.2
billion (outstanding in 1976) to developing countries, largely
since the late 1960's
Monetary conversion rate: (official) 18.25 new dinars=
US$1
Fiscal year: same as calendar year (all data refer to
calendar year or to middle or end of calendar year as
indicated)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 9,967 km total; 9,619 km standard gage
(1.435 m), 348 km narrow gage; 794 double track; 2,912 km
electrified (1977)
Highways: 104,891 km total; 44,733 km asphalt, concrete,
stone block; 35,057 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone;
25,101 km earth (1977)
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1978)
Freight carried: rail-80.3 million metric tons, 23.2
billion metric ton/km (1978); highway-10,A million
metric tons, 14.1 billion metric ton/km (1978); waterway-
23.1 million metric tons, 6.0 billion metric ton/km (incl.
intl, transit traffic) in approximately 1,225 waterway craft
with 703,600 metric ton capacity (1977)
Pipelines: 623 km crude oil; 1,860 km natural gas
Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar,
and Sibenik), 24 minor; principal inland water port is
Belgrade (1979)
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SECRET July 1979
YUGOSLAVIA/ZAIRE
Merchant marine: 251 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
2,303,800 GRT, 3,562,600 DWT; includes 6 passenger, 172
cargo, 3 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 tanker, 52
bulk; Yugoslavia beneficially owns 8 additional ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 73,800 GRT, 116,100 DWT which are
registered under the Panamanian flag
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft (1977)
Airfields: 99 total, 91 usable; 38 with permanent-surface
runways; 18 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 26 with runways
1,220-2,439 m; 47 with runways less than 1,000 m; 1 heliport
Telecommunications: services available to public are
limited but system as a whole is adequate; telephone and
telegraph services are provided by open-wire lines, multi-
conductor, coaxial, and submarine cables; radio and TV
broadcast facilities provide coverage to nearly all sections of
country; 26 main and 48 relay AM, 47 FM stations;
3,785,877 receivers; 25 major and 144 relay TV stations;
2,665,746 receivers; 1,003,550 telephones (97% automatic)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,895,000; 4,748,000 fit
for military service; 190,000 reach military age (19) annually
Supply: produces weapons and ammunition up to
medium artillery, ATGMs and SA-7s, trucks, signal equip-
ment, offensive/defensive chemical warfare materiel; builds
submarines, missile attack boats, amphibious warfare craft,
and units up to frigate size; builds limited quantity of
subsonic fighter aircraft, and assembles limited quantities of
helicopters; other materiel now obtained primarily from
U.S.S.R.
Military budget (announced): for fiscal year ending 31
December 1979, 52.5 billion dinars; about 6.2% of national
income
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ZAIRE
(See reference map VI
LAND
2,343,950 km2; 22% agricultural land (1% cultivated), 45%
forested, 33% other
Land boundaries: 9,902 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 37 km
PEOPLE
Population: 27,869,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 2.9% (current)
Nationality: noun?Zairian(s); adjective- ?Zairian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the
majority are Bantu; four largest tribes?Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic)
make up about 45% of the population
Religion: 60% Christian, 35% animist, 5% other
Language: French, English, Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo,
and Chiluba are all classified as official languages
SECRET
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July 1979
ZAIRE
Literacy: 5% fluent in French, about 35% have an
acquaintance with French
Labor force: about 8 million, but only about 13% in wage
structure
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Zaire (until October 1971 known
as Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Type: republic; constitution establishes strong presidential
system
Capital: Kinshasa
Political subdivisions: 8 regions and federal district of
Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal
law; new constitution promulgated February 1978; legal
education at National University of Zaire; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 June; Anniver-
sary of the Regime, 24 November
Branches: president elected 1970 for seven-year term;
Gen. Mobutu reelected December 1977; limits on reelection
removed by new constitution; National Legislative Council
of 210 members elected for five-year term; the official party
is the supreme political institution
Government leader: Lt. Gen. Mobutu Sese Seko,
President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: elections for urban zone councils, Legislative
Council, and Political Bureau held in October 1977;
presidential referendum/election held December 1977
Political parties and leaders: Mouvement Populaire de la
Revolution (MPR), only legal party, organized from above
Voting strength: MPR slate polled 97.5% of vote in 1977
Political Bureau elections
Communists: no Communist Party
Member of: AFDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA, EIB (associate),
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $7.5 billion (1978 est.), $271 per capita; 60% current
annual growth rate
Agriculture: main cash crops?coffee, palm oil, rubber,
quinine; main food crops?manioc, bananas, root crops,
corn; some provinces self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 124,580 metric tons (1975); imports $38
million (1974)
Major industries: mining, mineral processing, light
industries
Electric power: 117,858 kW capacity (1976); 5.1 billion
kWh produced (1977), 190 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); copper, cobalt,
diamonds, petroleum, coffee
SECRET
SECRET
Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); consumer goods,
foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equip-
ment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, U.S., and West Germany
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$1.495 million; U.S. (1970-77), $140.2 million; Communist
countries (1970-76), $202.5 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77),
$105 million; military?U.S. (1970-77), $92 million; Com-
munist countries (1970-77), $25 million
Budget: 1977 proposed?revenue, 770 million; expendi-
tures, $976 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 zaire=US$0.643
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,256 km total; 3,970 km 1.067-meter gage
(851 km electrified), 125 km meter gage (1.000 m); 136 km
0.615-meter gage, 1,025 km 0.600-meter gage
Highways: 145,000 km total; 2,000 km bituminous,
66,000 km improved earth; 77,000 km unimproved
Inland waterways: comprising the Zaire, its tributaries,
and unconnected lakes, the waterway system affords over
15,000 km of navigable routes
Ports: 1 major (Matadi), 2 minor
Merchant marine: 8 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 77,400 GRT, 117,200 DWT
Pipelines: refined products, 390 km
Civil air: 60 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 346 total, 281 usable; 22 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 62 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and radio
relay service, 28,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 12 AM, 1
FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station;
domestic satellite system
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,327,000; 3,156,000 fit
for military service
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ZAIRE/ZAMBIA
Supply: historically dependent on Western sources,
principally France and U.S., and to a lesser extent Belgium,
Israel, and Italy; in 1975 began receiving PRC and North
Korean equipment
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1979, $255.7 million; 6.3% of central government budget
ZAMBIA
(See reference neap VI
LAND
745,920 km2; 5% under cultivation, 5% arable, 10%
grazing, 13% dense forest, 6% marsh, 61% scattered trees and
grassland
Land boundaries: 6,003 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,647,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.2% (7-77 to 7-78)
Nationality: noun?Zambian(s); adjective?Zambian
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% European, 0.2%
other
Religion: 82% animist, about 17% Christian, and under
1% Hindu and Muslim
Language: English official; wide variety of indigenous
languages
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July 1979
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: 402,000 wage earners; 375,000 Africans,
27,000 non-Africans; 15% mining, 9% agriculture, 9%
domestic service, 19% construction, 9% commerce, 10%
manufacturing, 23% government and miscellaneous services,
6% transport
Organized labor: 100,000 wage earners, primarily in
industrial sector, are unionized (early 1968)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Republic of Zambia
Type: republic since October 1964
Capital: Lusaka
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces
Legal system: based on English common law and
customary law; new constitution adopted September 1973;
judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional
council; legal education at University of Zambia in Lusaka;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 24 October
Branches: modified presidential system; unicameral legis-
lative; judiciary
Government leaders: President Kenneth David Kaunda;
Prime Minister Daniel Lisulo
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election held 12 December 1978
Political parties and leaders: United National Independ-
ence Party (UNIP), Kenneth Kaunda; former opposition
party banned in December 1972 when 1 party state
proclaimed
Voting strength (1978 election): 70% of eligible voters
went to polls; Kaunda was only candidate for President;
National Assembly seats were contested by members of
UNIP
Communists: no Communist Party, but sympathizers of
socialism in upper levels of government, UNIP, and labor
unions
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFC, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.5 billion (1977), $480 per capita; real annual
average growth rate, 0.7% (1970-77)
Agriculture: main crops?corn, tobacco, cotton; net
importer of most major agricultural products
Major industries: copper mining and processing
Electric power: 1,563,400 kW capacity (1977); 7.2 billion
kWh produced (1977), 1,340 kWh per capita
Exports: $898 million (f.o.b., 1977); copper (92%), zinc,
cobalt, lead, tobacco
Imports: $717 million (f.o.b., 1977); machinery, transport
equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures
Major trade partners: EEC, Japan, China, South Africa
SECRET
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July 1979 SECRET
ZAMBIA/ZIMBABWE-RHODESIA
Aid: economic?Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77),
$620 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $367.0 mil-
lion; U.S. (1970-77), $73.6 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77),
$4.2 million; military?Communist countries (1970-77), $36
million
Budget: 1977 est.?revenue $648 million, expenditures
$7.54 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Zambia kwacha =US$1.23
(1978, official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,014 km, all narrow gage (1.067 m); 13 km
double track
Highways: 34,869 km total; 4,456 km paved, 2,853 km
crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 4,660 km improved
and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,250 km including Zambezi River,
Luapula River, Lake Kariba, Lake Bangweulu, Lake
Tanganyika; principal port on Lake Tanganyika is
Mpulungu (of only local importance)
Pipelines: 724 km crude oil
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship totaling 5,500 GRT, 9,100
DWT
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 162 total, 156 usable; 14 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities being modernized and
expanded; high-capacity wire and radio relay connect
centers of Kitwe in northern mining region and Lusaka
along axial north-south route; 77,400 telephones; (1.7 per 100
popl.); 4 AM, 1 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,139,000; 592,000 fit
for military service
Supply: until '70s heavily dependent on U.K.; since then,
equipment received from a number of West European
countries including Italy and Sweden; the USSR has also
provided military equipment since 1971; PRC aid extended
to regular military' in 1973; Yugoslavia major source of
training assistance; Zambia has shown willingness to seek
military assistance from virtually any country
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December
1977, $79 million; 12.9% of central government budget
SECRET
ZIMBABWE-RHODESIA
ZAMBIA
Salisbu
SOUTHER
RHODESIA
'NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
SWAZILA
.LESOTO
SOUTH AFRICA
MOZA
INOUE
Indian Ocean
(See reference map VII
LAND
391,090 km2; 40% arable (of which 6% cultivated); 60%
available for extensive cattle grazing; 39% owned by
Europeans (farmed by modern methods); 48% worked
communally by Africans; 7% national land, 6% not alienated
Land boundaries: 3,017 km
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PEOPLE
Population: 7,560,000 (July 1979), average annual growth
rate 3.5% (current)
Nationality: noun?Zimbabwe-Rhodesian(s); adjective?
Zimbabwe-Rhodesian
Ethnic divisions: 96% African (over 70% of which are
members of Shona-speaking subtribes, 20 to 25% speak
Ndebele); less than 4% European, less than 0.5% coloreds
and Asians
Religion: 51% syncretic (part Christian, part animist),
24% Christian, 24% animist, a few. Muslim
Language: English official; Shona and Ndebele also
widely used
Literacy: 25-30% of black; nearly 100% of whites
Labor force: (1972) 778,000 Africans (above 30% 25X1
migrants, many resident for many years, from Zambia and
Malawi), 108,000 Europeans, Asians, and coloreds (people of
mixed heritage); 35% agriculture, 25% mining, manufactur-
ing, construction, 40% transport and services
Organized labor: about one-third of European wage
earners are unionized, but only a small minority of Africans
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: Colony of Southern Rhodesia
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ZIMBABWE-RHODESIA
Type: self-proclaimed independent state since 1965 (not
recognized by U.S.); in March 1978, Prime Minister Smith
and three internal black nationalist leaders set up an interim
government to prepare for transfer to black majority rule; on
30 January 1979 white Rhodesians approved a new
constitution under which elections were held in April for a
black-led government, which assumed power on 1 June
1979; the government has not been recognized by any
government; attempts to negotiate a settlement that will
include external nationalist leaders will probably continue
Capital: Salisbury
Political subdivisions: 8 Common Roll voting constituen-
cies overlap 12 non-African voting constituencies
Legal system: British common law tradition
Branches: legislative authority resides in a Parliament
consisting of a 100-member House of Assembly (with 28
white and 72 black seats) and a 30-member Senate (10 white
seats, 10 black seats, and 10 seats filled by the Council of
Chiefs); executive authority lies with a cabinet led by the
Prime Minister; the High Court is the superior judicial
authority
Government leaders: Prime Minister Abel Muzorewa,
President Josiah Gumede
Suffrage: universal over age 18; non-Africans
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister but must be
held before expiration of 5-year electoral mandate
Political parties and leaders: Rhodesian Front, (the only
remaining white party of any significance), Ian Smith;
United African National Council (UANC), Bishop Abel
Muzorewa; Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU/Sith-
ole), Ndabaningi Sithole; United National Federal Party
(UNFP), Chief Kayisa Ndiweni; Zimbabwe United People's
Organization (ZUPO), Jeremiah Chirou
Voting strength (1979 elections): whites were allocated 28
seats under the constitution; the UANC won 51 seats,
ZANU/Sithole 12 seats; UNFP 9 seats; and ZUPO no seats in
the April 1979 election
Communists: negligible
Other pressure groups and leaders: the Patriotic Front is
a loose alliance of the Zimbabwe African People's Union led
by Joshua Nkomo and of the Zimbabwe African National
Union led by Robert Mugabe; ZAPU is strongest among
Ndebele-speaking peoples; ZANU among the Shona-speak-
ing peoples
Member of: ITU
ECONOMY
GDP: $3.3 billion (1978), $480 per capita; economy
contracting since 1974 with estimated drop of 5% in 1978
Agriculture: main crops?tobacco, corn, sugar, cotton;
livestock; self-sufficient in foodstuffs
Major industries: mining, steel, textiles, chemicals, and
vehicles
Electric power: 1,453,000 kW capacity (1977); 7.5 billion
kWh produced (1977), 1,110 kWh per capita
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Exports: $827 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.), including net gold
sales and reexports; tobacco, asbestos, copper, tin, chrome,
gold, nickel, meat, clothing, sugar
Imports: $677 million (c.i.f., 1978 est.); machinery,
petroleum products, wheat, transport equipment
Net merchandise trade earnings: $150 million (1978 est.)
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: economic?(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries,
$25 million
Budget: FY78?revenues $847 million, expenditures
$1,229 million, deficit $382 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Rhodesian dollar -=US$1.454
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,434 km narrow gage (1.067 m); 42 km double
track
Highways: 78,428 km total; 7,995 km paved, 32,855 km
crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil, or improved earth;
37,578 km unimproved earth (est.)
Inland waterways: 280 km on Lake Kariba
Pipelines: 8 km crude oil (nonoperating)
Airfields: 397 total, 387 usable; 17 with permanent-sur-
face runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Telecommunications: system is one of the best in Africa;
consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocom-
munication stations; principal center Salisbury, secondary
center Bulawayo; 190,300 telephones (2.8 per 100 popl.); 8
AM, 1 FM, and 5 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,641,000; 1,006,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military age
(18) annually, 87,000
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ZIMBABWE RHODESIA/UNITED STATES
Supply: dependent upon U.K. prior to declaration of
independence on 15 November 1965; since then South
Africa has been principal supplier '3
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979, $380
million; 27.1% of central government budget
UNITED STATES
This "Factsheet- on the U.S. is provided solely as a service
to those wishing to make rough comparisons of foreign
country data with a U.S. -yardstick.- Information is from
U.S. open sources and publications and in no sense represents
estimates by the U.S. intelligence community.
LAND
9,363,396 km2 (contiguous U.S. plus Alaska and Hawaii);
19% cultivated, 27% grazing and pasture, 32% forested, 22%
waste, urban, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200
nm)
Coastline: 19,924 km
PEOPLE
Population: 220,232,000 (July 1979), average annual
growth rate 0.8% (current)
Ethnic divisions: 86.5% white, 11.7% black, 1.9% other
Religion: total membership in religious bodies,
129,714,000; Protestant 69,743,000, Roman Catholic
48,882,000, Jewish 6,115,000, other religions 4,973,000
(1975)
Language: English, predominantly
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: 96.9 million, unemployment 7.7% (1976)
Organized labor: 20.1% of total (1976 prelim.)
GOVERNMENT
Legal name: United States of America
Legal system: based on English common law; dual system
of courts, state and federal; constitution adopted 1789;
judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July
Voting strength (1976 presidential election): Democratic
Party (Carter), 40,829,000 (50.1%); Republican Party (Ford),
39,146,000 (48%); minor parties, 1,578,000 (preliminary
figures)
Communists: party membership, 10,000-11,000 (est.);
General Secretary, Gus Hall
SECRET
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, CENTO, Colombo Plan,
DAC, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFC, IHO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC?
International Whaling Commission, IWC?International
Wheat Council, NATO, OAS, OECD, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,691.6 billion (1976); 64% private consumption,
13.5% private investment, 21% government; $7,860 per
capita; 1976 growth rate, 10.2%
Fishing: catch 2.8 million metric tons (1975); imports
$1,381 million, (1975); exports $298 million, (1975)
Crude steel: 116.1 million metric tons produced (1976),
540 kg per capita
Electric power: 579,156,900 kW capacity (1978); 2.2
trillion (net) kWh produced (1978), 10,060 kWh per capita
est.
Exports: $114.8 billion (f.o.b., 1976); machinery and
transport equipment, chemicals, cereals, mineral fuels
Imports: $129.6 billion (c.i.f., 1976); transport equipment,
machinery, mineral fuels, steel, nonferrous metals, metal
ores
Major trade partners: 22% Canada, 8% Japan, 5% West
Germany, 5% U.K. (1975)
Official development assistance (aid): obligations and
loan authorizations (FY76), economic $3.9 billion, military
$2.7 billion
Budget: National Accounts Basis, expenditures $323.7
billion, revenues $287.6 billion
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 277,686 km (1973)
Highways: 6,059,200 km (1972)
Inland waterways: 40,416 km of navigable inland
channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes; freight carried 951
million short tons (1970)
Pipelines: petroleum, 279,966 km (1972)
Ports: 25 major
Merchant marine: 600 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
9,982,730 GRT, 14,722,666 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 5
short-sea passenger, 163 cargo, 119 container, 14 roll-on/
roll-off cargo, 234 tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 17 bulk, 2
combination ore/oil, 23 LASH Seebee and barge carriers, 19
specialized carriers; in addition there are 178 ships in reserve
fleet
Civil air: 6,097 major transport aircraft (1978)
Airfields: 15,257 (1976)
Telecommunications: 155 million telephones (78 tele-
phones per 100 popl.); 4,500 AM, 3,600 FM, and 985 TV
broadcast stations; 436 million radio and 133 million TV
receivers (1977)
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: army 1,133,000, navy and marines 1,029,000,
air force 827,000 (1976)
Military budget: $100.1 billion (1977)
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100020001-0
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100020001-0
II Middle America
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100020001-0
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100020001-0
III South America
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504207 7-79
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100020001-0
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100020001-0
Greenland
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100020001-0
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100020001-0
Yugosl a
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