U.S.S.R. ELECTRIC POWER

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP08S01350R000100030001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 61
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 8, 2008
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1968
• Content Type: REPORT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Section 62P supersedes the material on Electric
Power in the Section 62, dated September 1963.
Page
A. General .......................................................... 1
B. Organization of the industry ............:..:........................ 2
C. Generating plant ...................................................
1. General ........................................................ 3
2. Thermal ....................................................... 5
3. Hydroelectric ................................................... 11
4. Other ........................................................... 13
D. Transmission and distribution facilities .............................. 14
E. Consumption ...................................................... 20
F. Development ..................................................... 23
G. Statistical data .................................................... 24
Page
Fig. 1 Generator hall of Bratsk GES (photo) ........................ 1
Fig. 2 Growth of generating capacity and production (table) .......... 3
Fig. 3 Distribution of generating capacity, by plant size (table) ....... 4
Fig. 4 Experimental mobile nuclear powerplant (photo) .............. 6
Fig. 5 Large thermal generators, size and use trend (table) .......... 9
Fig. 6 Model 100,000-kw. gas turbine generator set (photo) .......... 9
Fig. 7 Utilization of hydropower resources (table) .................. 11
Fig. 8 Typical high head hydroelectric plant (photo) ............... 12
Fig. 9 Experimental magnetohydrodynamic unit (photo) ............. 13
Fig. 10 Generating capacity of major power systems (table) ........... 14
Fig. 11 800-kv. direct current transmission line (photo) ................ 17
Fig. 12 Transformer for 750-kv. transmission line (photo) .............. 21
Fig. 13 Selected plants, operating or under construction (table) ......... 25
Fig. 14 Transmission line lengths (table) ........ :.................... 36
Fig. 15 Selected transmission lines (table) ........ ........... 36
Fig. 16 Selected substations (table) .................................. 40
Fig. 17A Dnepropetrovsk, Pridneprovskaya GRES (photo) ...... follows 45
Fig. 17B' Model of the Slavyansk GRES (photo) ...................... do
Fig. 18A Arkhangel'skoye, Novo-Voronezh nuclear powerplant (photo) ... do
Fig. 18B 80,000-kw. turbogenerators at nuclear powerplant (photo) ..... do
Fig. 19A Lugansk GRES thermal powerplant (photo) .................. do
Fig. 19B Narva, Pribaltiyskaya GRES-1 thermal powerplant (photo) ...... do
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Fig. 20A Soviet-produced 200,000-kw. turbogenerator (photo) .......... 45
Fig. 20B 300,000-kw. turbogenerators (photo) ......................... do
Fig. 21A Cooling towers at Moscow, TETs-22 (photo) .................. do
Fig. 21B Model of the experimental tidal powerplant (photo) ............ do
Fig. 22 500-kv. circuit breakers (photo) ............................. do
Fig. 23 Electric power, European U.S.S.R. and the Caucasus (map) ..... do
Fig. 24A Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk GES construction (photo) ............ do
Fig. 24B Nazarovo GRES thermal powerplant (photo) ................. do
Fig. 24C Beloyarskoye, Uralskaya nuclear powerplant (photo) .......... do
Fig. 24D Electric power, Urals and Western Siberia (map) .............. do
Fig. 25A Open-air boilers and turbogenerators, Tashkent GRES (photo) ... do
Fig. 25B Electric power, Soviet Central Asia (map) .................... do
Fig. 26A Bratsk GES hydroelectric station (photo) .................... do
Fig. 26B 500-kv. Bratsk-Irkutsk transmission line (photo) ............... do
Fig. 26C Bratsk reservoir level (photo) ............................... do
Fig. 26D Electric power, Eastern Siberia (map) ....................... do
Fig. 27A Kamchatka experimental geothermal powerplant (photo) ...... do
Fig. 27B Electric power, Soviet Far East (map) ....................... do
ABBREVIATION RUSSIAN ENGLISH
GRES ....... Gosudarstvennaya rayonnaya elektri- State regional electric powerplant
cheskaya stantsiya
TET ........ Teplovaya elektricheskaya tscntral'- Heat and electric central powerplant
naya stantsiya (also Teploelektro-
tsentral' )
TES ........ Teployaya elektrostantsiya .......... Thermal electric powerplant
GES ........ Gosudarstvennaya elektricheskaya State electric powerplant
stantsiya
GES ........ Gidroelektricheskaya stantsiya (also Hydroelectric powerplant
Gidroelektrostantsiya)
AES ........ Atomnaya elektrostantsiya .......... Atomic electric powerplant
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Electric Power
A. General
The electric power industry occupies a very prominent
place in the economy of the Soviet Union and its
development ranks as one of the country's more successful
endeavors. Power production during 1966 is estimated as
544.6 billion kilowatt-hours (kw.-hr.), or 41% of that in
the United States. At the end of 1966, the installed
capacity of generating facilities reached 123 million
kilowatts (kw.), equivalent to 46.2% of that of U.S.
generating plants. The Soviets now boast the world's
largest powerplants of both hydro and thermal types: the
4,050,000-kw. Bratsk GES (No. 311) hydroelectric station
(FIGURES 1 and 26A and 26C) and the 2.4 million-kw.
Dnepropetrovsk, Pridneprovskaya GRES (No. 138) thermal
powerplant (FIGURE 17A).
The growth rate of power-generating facilities has
consistently been greater than that of the U.S.S.R.
economy as a whole. Virtually all factory machinery is
electrically driven, and the use of electricity by
metallurgical and processing industries is growing. In
transportation, nearly half of all rail freight haulage and
more than two-thirds of passenger movement is by
electric traction.
In 1966 Soviet power production reached 2,323 kw.-
hrs. per capita (approximately one-third of U.S. production,
6,660 kw.-hrs. per capita), but the proportion of power
for residential consumers is far smaller in the U.S.S.R.
than in most Western countries and there are greater
regional variations in power availability.
Power facilities are better developed in the western
parts of the country than in the outlying sections, which
have smaller systems and individual powerplants operating
in isolation. Development emphasis is being shifted to
the Central Siberian and Central Asian regions where
abundant sources of fuel and good hydropower sites offer
the lowest power production costs in the country.
Prospective developments in transmission technology
will make it feasible to send power over the great
distances which separate these regions from the centers
of high demand in European U.S.S.R. and the Urals. At
present, most areas of industrial concentration receive
their power from groups of nearby interconnected
powerplants, with larger generating stations situated
between these groupings and linked to them by high-
capacity powerlines. The Soviet Union is self-sufficient
in power generation and in the planning and operation
of its power systems, as well as in design and manufacture of
power machinery. In 1966, the U.S.S.R. exported 1.6
billion kw.-hr.; virtually all went to the Communist
FIGURE 1. GENERATOR HALL OF BRATSK GES (No. 311).
This hydroelectric station contained eighteen 225,000-kw.
units at the end of 1966; two more units may be
countries of Eastern Europe. Although this is less than
0.3% of Soviet power production, it constitutes a
significant addition for the recipient countries.
Ever since their assumption of authority, the Soviets
have accorded favored treatment to the power industry
in allocations of capital, materials, and personnel. The
great differences in costing methodology between Soviet
and Western nations preclude comparison of investments in
the industry or of the income derived from it, but few
other sectors of Soviet industry have physical plants that
would compare as favorably with their U.S. counterparts.
The industry is also well supplied with personnel. There
are more than 1.5 million electric power industry
employees. This number does not include an estimated
100,000 engaged in the construction of power equipment
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by other ministries. The principal labor problems appear
to lie in shortages of highly skilled welders for boiler
assembly, and of some categories of powerplant and
transmission system operators. The Ministry of Power
and Electrification has some capability for manufacturing
equipment but the bulk of power machinery is built by
the Ministries of the Electro-Technical Industry and of
Heavy, Power, and Transport Engineering.
Vulnerability of the Soviet power industry varies
greatly in different parts of the country. In highly
developed areas of European U.S.S.R., the Urals, and
West Siberia there are elaborate power networks and
dependent industries which may be as vulnerable to
disruption as those in the northeastern United States
proved to be during the November 1965 power failure.
In some cases, huge reservoirs at the larger hydroelectric
stations constitute a potential danger to communities
downstream. Vulnerability of the Soviet power transmission
system is being increased by the trend toward construction
of new generating plants in low-cost areas, necessitating
transmission across great distances by means of easily
damaged facilities. Vast reaches of the country, however,
are served by scattered, small-scale power sources whose
destruction would cause little disruption of the nation's
economy.
B. Organization of the industry
All U.S.S.R. facilities for generating and transmitting
electric power are owned and operated by the government.
The principal governmental body that administers the
electric power industry is the Ministry of Power and
Electrification. Its chief, Peter Stepanovich Neporozhnyy, is
a member of the Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R.
The primary function of the Ministry of Power and
Electrification is to exercise control over all phases of
planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of
powerplants and transmission networks, and to regulate
the exchanges of power among systems. This national
ministry performs its tasks through subordinate bureaus
and regional power administrations. Through its
subordinate organizations, the Ministry supervises
powerplants and systems comprising over 80% of the
Soviet generating capacity and producing nearly 90% of
the electric power output. Other generating plants are
controlled by various ministries concerned with other
industries, with transportation and agriculture, or by
local authorities.
The Ministry of Power and Electrification supplies
materials, technical equipment, and specialized construction
crews to powerplant construction sites, and it is responsible
for installing power equipment in newly constructed
facilities. Other equipment and labor are supplied as
needed at the republic or oblast administrative level.
Construction of major transmission lines is handled in a
similar manner. Operation of power grids and powerplants
is supervised directly by the republic or oblast power
authorities; construction of transmission lines of 110 kv.
and less is also handled at this level. The Ministry of
Power and Electrification provides technical and
organizational direction for the operation of powerplants
and controls supplies of fuel; however, the manufacture
of electrical equipment is largely the responsibility of
two other national organizations: the Ministry of the
Electro-Technical Industry and the Ministry of Heavy,
Power, and Transport Engineering. Although the Ministry
of Power and Electrification does not govern the making
of all power machinery, its research and planning staffs
formulate recommendations on equipment design. Specific
details concerning the Ministry's organization cannot be
determined, but there are centralized entities for
administration and finance, interregional planning and
project design, and research and development.
The primary political units of the U.S.S.R., the
associated republics, oblasts, and krays have their own
electric power administrations that are subordinate to
the national Ministry. These organizations are responsible
for local electric power matters, such as extension of
service to villages and collective farms, collection of
payments for service, and the staffing of local power
facilities. Where local power systems have been
consolidated into larger networks, bureaus designated by
region (such as Donbassenergo and Uralenergo) operate
the facilities that link up the component parts of the
larger system.
In late 1967, the Ministry of Power and Electrification
had more than 1.5 million employees distributed as
follows: 730,000 in operating power stations and
transmission systems, 620,000 engaged in construction of
new facilities, 87,000 in manufacturing, and about
60,000 in planning and scientific research. It is estimated
that the ministries responsible for manufacturing the
bulk of power equipment must have at least 100,000
workers employed on this phase of their operations.
Supervision of the tens of thousands of small rural and
isolated powerplants, often criticized as wasteful of
personnel, has required the services of an estimated
200,000 to 300,000 additional persons.
The power industry is handicapped by shortages of
semiprofessional personnel, technicians, and highly skilled
labor; unskilled labor is plentiful. Most top-echelon men
are well qualified engineers with long years of experience,
but a lack of experience among lower-echelon engineers
causes considerable difficulty in introduction of new
technology and equipment. The shortage. of qualified
men is especially apparent in the fields of transmission
line construction and equipment assembly. For the last
10 to 20 years the supervision of major construction
projects has been the responsibility of a small number of
top-level engineers, and little effort has been devoted to
preparing new engineers to assume this leadership.
Training of power engineers, under the control of the
Ministry of Power and Electrification, is carried out by
five power and electro-technical institutes; the leading
one is the Moscow Power Institute. Courses at these
establishments run for 5 years, with 10 years of primary
school as prerequisite. Job placements are the final
decision of special committees set up by each institute.
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Upon employment, engineers receive continued training
in new techniques at individual power stations. It is
believed that the Ministry of Power and Electrification
also operates an academy for advanced training; the
prerequisite for entrance is a diploma from one of the
institutes plus 5 years experience in the electric power
field. Engineering training is also available at 26
polytechnical institutes which give courses in power
engineering, electrical engineering, steam power engineering,
electromechanical engineering, and electric machinery
building.
Training of technicians, also the responsibility of the
Ministry of Power and Electrification, is carried out in 16
technical schools. Courses run for 41/2 years, with 7 years
of primary school required for entrance.. Technical,
training is also available at many evening schools
located at power stations and construction sites and
through accredited correspondence courses. Training of
skilled labor is controlled by an agency under the
U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers. Courses are available at
various establishments. Students with a 10-year background
of primary schooling attend a 1-year course in order to
qualify for such jobs as boiler or turbine operator and
senior electrician; students with less primary schooling
may attend a 2-year course to qualify for less responsible
posts. It is noteworthy that women account for
approximately one-third of the qualified labor force
available to the power industry. Unskilled labor is easily
obtainable from the general populace, and one of the
leading suppliers is the Komsomol', or Soviet youth
organization.
The government employs various incentives to attract
qualified people to the power industry. Training is free
and students receive subsistence allowances. Wages in
the industry are relatively high, and longevity payments
and special bonuses are added attractions.
Continued efforts are made to offset a large-scale
diversion of engineers, technicians, and skilled labor
from the production end of the industry to the management
field. A high frequency of mechanical breakdowns,
however, still points to incompetent handling of many
production jobs. This situation is made worse by low-
quality repairs and long periods required for repair work.
The labor supply of the industry has been reduced also
by diversion of numerous power construction specialists
to projects not connected with the industry and to power
projects outside the U.S.S.R. The effectiveness of the
available working force is reduced further by constant
revisions and changes to power facilities at new projects,
even while construction is underway.
C. Generating plant
At the end of 1966, the total installed capacity of
powerplants in the U.S.S.R. exceeded 123 million kw.
This total consisted of almost 100 million kw. in thermal
powerplants (including more than 1 million kw. in
nuclear plants), and more than 23.1 million kw. in
hydroelectric powerplants. In generating capacity the
U.S.S.R. is second only to the United States, where total
installed capacity was 266.8 million kw. in 1966. The
Soviet electric power industry has developed greatly
since the beginning of the 7-Year Plan; generating
capacity was more than doubled during the period 1959-
65 (FicuRE 2).
In recent years the U.S.S.R. has emphasized the
construction of extremely large powerplants to supply
regional and interregional power systems. Although
there are more than 210,000 powerplants presently
operating, 237 have capacities of 100,000 kw. or more
and their combined capacity of 90 million kw. accounts
for 73.1% of the national capacity. In the future,
increasing shares of the national capacity are to be
provided by large central power stations. By the end of
1970 at least 80% of the installed capacity is to be
provided by powerplants of 100,000 kw. capacity or more.
YEAR-END CAPACITY
PRODUCTION
PER CAPITA
YEAR
PRODUCTION
Thermal
Hydro
Nuclear
Total
Thermal
Hydro
Nuclear*
Total
- - - - - - - - Thousand kw. - - - - - - -
- Million kw.-hr. - - -
- - - - -
Kw.-hr.
1916
..........
1,176
16
0
1,192
2,538
37
0
2,575
na
1921
..........
1,210
18
0
1,228
510
10
0
520
na
1928
..........
1,784
121
0
1,905
4,577
430
0
5,007
28
1932
..........
4,173
504
0
4,677
12,728
812
0
13,540
84
1937
..........
7,191
1,044
0
8,235
31,989
4,184
0
36,173
218
1940
..........
9,606
1,587
0
11,193
43,196
5,113
0
48,309
254
1946
..........
10,911
1,427
0
12,338
42,525
6,046
0
48,571
283
1950
..........
16,396
3,218
0
19,614
78,535
12,691
0
91,226
500
1955
..........
31,245
5,996
5
37,246
147,052
23,165
8
170,225
864
1958
..........
42,673
10,863
105
53,641
188,814
46,478
58
235,350
1,137
1962
..........
63,632
18,622
207
82,461
296,917
71,944
414
369,275
1,667
1965.......... 91,757
22,244
987
114,988
422,810
81,431
2,468
506,709
2,185
1966 .......... 98,863
23,144
1,017
123,024
450,257
91,800
2,543
544,600
2,323
na Data not available.
* Estimated.
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FIGURE 3. DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH OF GENERATING CAPACITY, BY POWERPLANT SIZE
No. of
plants
No. of
plants
No. of
plants
Thousand kw.
Mxtlion kw.
Percent
Million kw.
Percent
Million kw.
Percent
1,000 and over..........
1
2.3
4.3
8
12.7
15.4
18
29.7
24.1
300 to 1,000 .............
23
14.6
27.2
50
22.2
26.9
78
37.7
30.6
100 to 300 ..............
94
15.3
28.5
131
21.7
26.3
141
22.6
18.4
25 to 100 ...............
142
7.7
14.4
162
8.1
9.8
172
8.8
7.2
Less than 25 ............
157,500
13.7
25.6
171,000
17.8
21.6
211,591
24.2
19.7
The pattern and trend of Soviet plant size distribution
are indicated in FIGURE 3. In the size range of 1 million
kw. and over, there has been a great increase in the
number of powerplants since 1958. Only one Soviet
powerplant of this capacity existed in 1958, but 18 such
plants with a combined capacity of 29.7 million kw.
were operating at the end of 1966. In comparison, the
electric power industry of the United States at the end of
1.966 included 29 powerplants of 1 million kw. or more,
with a total capacity approximating 38.5 million kw. By
the end of 1970, it is expected that the U.S.S.R. will have
40 powerplants of this size in operation and their
combined capacities will exceed that of powerplants in
any other size range.
Small and inefficient powerplants located in rural and
isolated areas are gradually being phased out as the more
remote areas of the country are connected to power
systems supplied by large central power stations. The 342
powerplants listed and described in FIGURE 13 and
shown on the maps, FIGURES 23, 24D, 25B, 26D, and
27B, include all powerplants of 100,000 kw. and over
(existing and under construction in 1966), and selected
powerplants of less than 100,000 kw. capacity. FIGURE
27B includes three unnumbered plants, not described in
FIGURE 13.
The bulk of the total capacity is installed in general-
purpose powerplants designed to serve various classes of
consumers. These plants, directly controlled by the
Ministry of Power and Electrification, represent more
than 82 % of the generating capacity and produce about
88% of the output. The remainder of the capacity,
controlled by other ministries, is installed in various
industrial, municipal, rural, and special-purpose powerplants.
The importance of these plants in the overall economy is
decreasing in favor of centralized service from the larger,
more efficient general-purpose plants.
About 43% of the generating capacity is installed at
condensation thermal powerplants, 26% in heat and
power plants; 19% in hydroelectric powerplants; and
12 % in non-turbine powerplants. A major effort is under
way to reduce the number of standard designs for
powerplants, to install larger generating units, and to
automate equipment. Construction of all types of
generating stations is facilitated by repetitive use of a
limited number of plans that include standardized
equipment and components, and by widespread use of
prefabricated building panels and structural elements.
The use of similar blueprints, equipment and structural
elements also simplifies the construction of power
facilities in widely separated parts of the country where
the physical environments are similar. In addition,
construction engineers and laborers may be moved, as a
group, from one building site to another to perform
essentially the same jobs, and the experience gained at
one site facilitates the work at the next. This is especially
important in the Soviet Union where labor is plentiful,
but experienced and proficient technical personnel are
still relatively scarce. Standard designs for hydroelectric
stations have also been attempted, although generally
such powerplants must be tailored to the requirements of
individual sites.
Soviet technology is somewhat ahead of that of
advanced Western nations in installation of the largest
hydroelectric equipment and somewhat behind in thermal
equipment. Two 500,000-kw. hydroelectric turbogenerators
were installed at the Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk GES (No.
258) in 1967, and 8 more units are scheduled for
commissioning by the end of 1970. (Krasnoyarsk
construction site, FIGURE 24A.) These units are the most
powerful in the world, with more than twice the capacity
of the turbogenerators at Bratsk GES (No. 311), formerly
the most powerful. The largest thermal units, also
installed in 1967, are the 500,000-kw. unit at the
Nazarovo GRES (No. 257, FIGURE 24B) and an 800,000-
kw. unit at Slavyansk GRES (No. 134, FIGURE 17B).
These are the first units of these sizes in the U.S.S.R.;
they are to be followed by several more by the end of the
current 5-Year Plan (1966-70). Higher-capacity thermal
units are already in operation in the United States.
Soviet technology is attempting automation of
powerplant equipment to bridge the gap which currently
exists between the U.S.S.R. and Western nations in this
field. The current 5-Year Plan (1966-70) calls for a
considerable reduction in the number of workers controlling
the operation of power facilities. Automatic control
systems have been installed and are undergoing testing
at several of the major regional powerplants and at some
heat and power plants. At the Zmiyev GRES (No. 135),
an automatic control system designed for regulation of a
200,000-kw. unit was recently installed, and at the
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Moscow Kaluzhskaya TETs-20 (No. 68) another system
was installed whereby a single operator controls the
operation of six units. With experience gained at these
and other test sites, the Soviets are planning new
automatic control systems for many of the large plants of
the electric power systems.
Two other new features that may have wide application
in the future are: an open-type thermal powerplant in
which units are installed under protective shelters rather
than in a building, and a hydroelectric powerplant in
which turbogenerators are incorporated in the spillway
section of a dam, rather than in a separate powerhouse.
Examples of new powerplants in these respective categories
are the Ali-Bayramly GRES (No. 187) and the Sheksna,
Cherepovets GES (No. 55).
Soviet power technology continues to lag far behind
that of the United States and several other Western
countries. Qualities of Western powerplant equipment
such as precise engineering and compactness are being
sacrificed to quantity production. In addition, adjustments
and machining of components, normally performed at
the factory in Western countries, must be undertaken in
the field. This is one of the main factors contributing to
frequent slippage in Soviet powerplant construction schedules.
The U.S.S.R. possesses ample energy resources to
fulfill electric power requirements. Reserves of major
sources of energy-coal, petroleum and gas, peat, and
water power-are collectively so abundant that no
shortage of energy sources will occur in the foreseeable
future. The percentage of power derived from various
sources of energy has been as follows:
1958
1962
1966
Coal ..............
56.9
58.0
45.8
Water power ......
19.7
19.1
16.9
Natural gas ........
9.2
10.5
19.4
Petroleum .........
7.0
7.0
11.3
Peat ..............
6.5
4.9
3.7
Other .............
.7
.5
2.9
2. Thermal
Thermal powerplants, including conventional and
nuclear steam plants, gas-turbine, diesel, and mobile
units, numbered about 200,000 at the end of 1966 and
had an installed capacity of 99.9 million kw. Representing
81 % of total installed capacity, they generated roughly
83% of the electric power output of the U.S.S.R. About
1,000 general purpose powerplants with a total capacity
of 77.4 million kw., contain most of the significant
thermal generating capacity. Other thermal powerplants,
although numerous, are generally less than 200 kw. in
size. Some 60,000 industrial powerplants have a total
installed capacity of about 14 million kw. and the nearly
120,000 rural plants have a total capacity of about 5
million kw. In addition, there are about 25,000 powerplants
totaling over 3.5 million kw. in a special-purpose group.
These powerplants supply urban utility and transport
systems, military facilities, research institutes, and scientific
projects.
The largest thermal powerplants in the U.S.S.R. are
big regional installations, referred to as GRES. About
100 of these regional powerplants, with a combined
installed capacity of 45.6 million kw., contained 37% of
the total U.S.S.R. generating capacity at the end of
1966. They function as public utility powerplants
supplying regional power systems and their consumers
with electricity. Fourteen of these powerplants had
installed capacities of 1 million kw. or more at the end of
1966 and accounted for 19.8 million kw., or almost 20%,
of installed thermal capacity. By the end of 1970, the
Soviets plan to have 34 such powerplants in operation,
with a combined installed capacity of 53.5 million kw.
The regional powerplants include the largest thermal
powerplant in the world, the 2.4 million-kw. Dnepropetrovsk,
Pridneprovskaya GRES (No. 138, FIGURE 17A). Its
construction, extending over 14 years, was completed in
1966 and reflects changes in Soviet power technology
during that period. The first six turbogenerators installed
in this plant were put in operation in the mid-1950's and
are rated at 100,000 kw. each. Four of these units are
coupled with two boilers each, but since a changeover
from coal to gas in mid-1957, a unit system (one boiler
per turbine) has been employed. Four 150,000-kw.
turbines were installed during 1958-61. The final stage
consists of four 300,000-kw. units installed during 1963-
66. The last four units were the largest Soviet units in
operation at the end of 1966.
By comparison, in the United States there were 23
thermal powerplants with capacities of 1 million kw. or
more at the end of 1966; their total installed capacity
exceeded 30 million kw. The largest was rated at 2 million kw.
One of the more important features of Soviet power
engineering is the centralization of heat supply based on
the distribution of steam and hot water by heat and
power plants, referred to as TETs. In 1940 the TETs
group had a combined installed capacity of 2 million
kw. and a heat output of 30 billion megacalories. By
1958, however, TETs capacity had risen to 14 million
kw. and heat output to nearly 225 billion megacalories.
At the end of 1966, 119 heat and power plants, with
capacities of 100,000 kw. or more, contained 25.4
million kw. of the capacity in regional power systems.
The combined installed capacity of all TETs exceeded
32.4 million kw. at the end of 1966 and they produced
about 500 billion megacalories of heat distributed
through mains totaling more than 11,000 km. As in the
past, the majority of new heat and power plants are to be
located in or adjacent to urban areas and industrial
concerns. Heat supply for the majority of newly constructed
industrial enterprises in such leading branches of Soviet
industry as metallurgy, chemistry, oil refining, synthetic
fibers, and machine building, as well as their associated
residential areas, comes from powerful regional heat and
power plants. In 1965, about 50% of all the steam and
hot water consumed in Moscow and Leningrad was
supplied by local heat and power plants. The largest
heat and power plant in the Soviet Union, composed
entirely of heating turbines, is the Moscow Kaluzhskaya
TETs-20 (No. 68). This plant, which began operation in
1952, contains four 25,000-kw. units, one 50,000-kw.
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unit, and four 100,000-kw. units. It includes the three
largest types of heating units currently in use. The boilers
are fueled by gas, except in winter, when low-grade coal
is burned. Hot water is distributed over an 8-km. radius
through a network of pipelines totaling more than 100
km. in length. Plans for 1970 call for the capacity in heat
and power plants to be raised to 45 million kw. and for
their heat output to reach 730 billion megacalories.
Seven powerplants operating on steam produced by
nuclear reactors accounted for more than 1 million kw.
at the end of 1966. The largest of these plants is the
Siberian AES at Tomsk (No. 240), which is reported to
have an installed capacity of 600,000 kw. Electric power
is produced as a by-product of waste heat from two dual-
purpose, graphite-moderated, water-cooled reactors. The
Arkhangel'skoye AES, Novo-Voronezh (No. 92) has an
installed capacity of 240,000 kw. and employs a
pressurized water reactor which drives three 80,000-kw.
steam turbines (FIGURES 18A and 18B). A second section,
under construction, is to raise capacity to over 600,000
kw. The Beloyarskoye AES, Uralskaya (No. 208), presently
rated at 100,000-kw. (FIGURE 24C), is being enlarged to
300,000 kw. The remainder of the Soviet nuclear
capacity is contained in the Melekess AES, Ul'yanovskaya
(No. 104), 70,000 kw.; the Maloyaroslavets AES,
Obninskaya 5,000 kw.; the Moscow TES-3 nuclear
powerplant, 1,500 kw. (FIGURE 4); and the Melekess
nuclear powerplant, Arbus, 750 kw. The last two are
experimental mobile sets located at research institutes.
They are prototypes for the transportable and mobile
nuclear sets to be utilized in remote areas of the country
and by the military forces.
Nuclear powerplants presently under construction are
the Tomsk-2 AES (No. 241), the Shevchenko AES (No.
277), and the Bilibino AES, Chukotskaya (No. 328), and
the Kola AES which went under construction not far
from Murmansk in 1967. Operation of the Shevchenko
plant will be of considerable importance to the Soviet
nuclear power program. This will be the first power
FIGURE 4. EXPERIMENTAL MOBILE NUCLEAR POWERPLANT
TES-3. Four tracked units such as this are required to house
the reactor, turbogenerator, and associated equipment of 1,500-
kw. powerplant, which can operate for 250 days without re-
fueling.
reactor of the fast-neutron, sodium-cooled type in the
U.S.S.R.; the majority of earlier Soviet power reactors
have been of the pressurized water type. The Shevchenko
plant is to support a major water-desalting plant with
heat and electric power. A considerable effort has been
made in research on the fast-neutron sodium-cooled
reactor, and the Soviets have evinced some interest in
cooperating with the United States in this development,
particularly for desalinization programs. Larger nuclear
installations associated with desalting projects have been
planned and designed, but actual construction is awaiting
the successful operation of the Shevchenko plant. By the
end of 1970, the total generating capacity of the nuclear
installations of the U.S.S.R. is to exceed 2 million kw.
Although the Soviet Union built the first successful
nuclear powerplant, the Maloyaroslavets AES, Obinskaya,
in 1954, the United States is well ahead of the U.S.S.R.
in the number and size of nuclear powerplants and is
rapidly increasing its lead. At the end of 1966, the
United States had 15 operating nuclear powerplants
with a combined capacity approaching 2 million kw.
These include the world's largest, the Hanford nuclear
powerplant, near Richland, Washington, with an installed
capacity of 786,000 kw. By the end of 1970, the United
States is to have in operation 34 nuclear powerplants
with a total installed capacity exceeding 13.5 million kw.
The first gas-turbine powerplant in the U.S.S.R. went
into experimental operation in 1957. With experience
gained in the operation of the 12,000-kw. Shatsk gas
turbine powerplant, the Soviets are building two more
stationary powerplants composed entirely of gas-turbine
units. The Nebit-Dag GRES (No. 280) has two 12,000-
kw. 825 turbine units installed and two more of the same
capacity under construction. The Yakutsk GRES (No.
309) will have four 25,000-kw. 825 turbine units
installed. In addition, a floating gas-turbine powerplant
containing two 10,000-kw. units is scheduled to be built.
It is to be towed to the mouth of the Kolyma River, in
the Yakut A.S.S.R. in eastern Siberia, to supply the local
power system. Similar shipborne powerplants are to be
situated in other remote areas, where fuel sources are
scarce and access is difficult.
Powerplants driven by internal combustion engines
are used principally in rural areas and also as
supplementary sources of electric power for industrial
installations. These plants are powered mainly by diesel
engines, and in 1966 contained about 15% of thermal
generating capacity (nearly 15 million kw.). Gasoline
engines are widely used in rural and remote locations.
Soviet attempts at direct exploitation of natural
sources of energy, principally in geothermal stations,
have been publicized. The first Soviet powerplant
utilizing natural underground steam (FIGURE 27A) was
put into operation in 1966 on the Kamchatka Peninsula
in the Soviet Far East. Its initial capacity of 5,000 kw.
was reached in 1967; it is to have a final capacity of
15,000 kw. Underground steam for this powerplant has
been tapped by drilling a number of wells, one to a
depth of 500 meters. Construction of a 25,000-kw.
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geothermal powerplant also is planned for the Kamchatka
Peninsula at Bolshe-Bannaya hot springs, some 75 km.
from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy. Other geothermal
powerplants of greater capacity, now in the design stage,
are planned for the Caucasus, Central Asia, and other
locations in the Far East.
Conversion efficiency is being increased by the
Soviets. Thermal powerplants, using a variety of fuels,
generated 452.8 billion kw.-hr. of electric energy in 1966.
Of the 1,033 million tons of standard fuel* produced in
the U.S.S.R. during that year, 31.8% was consumed by
powerplants in the production of electric power and
heat. Almost 63 % of the thermal production was derived
from solid fuels and-about 37 % from petroleum products
and natural gas. Unlike other industrialized countries,
which use high-grade coal for the bulk of their thermal
generation, the U.S.S.R. depends largely on low-grade
coal, coal fines and tailings, peat, oil shale, and lignite.
The use of such fuel (having low caloric value, low
percentages of volatile matter, and high content of
moisture and ash) has resulted in lower thermal efficiency
despite construction of specialized combustion equipment.
Total fuel consumption, therefore, has been considerably
greater than it would have been if using higher grade
fuels. As modern thermal plants, using better equipment,
constitute an increasing share of capacity each year,
specific fuel consumption in the U.S.S.R. is being
reduced considerably. The following tabulation showing
specific fuel consumption for selected years at general
purpose powerplants, indicates a considerable growth of
efficiency, and reflects the retirement of much of the
worn-out, inefficient equipment:
GRAMS
OF STANDARD
FUEL PER KW.-HR.
1940
.............
...
645
1945
............
.....
627
1950
............
....
590
1958
...................
485
1962
...................
448
1965
...................
415
1966
...................
405
Many of the larger heat and powerplants, as well as the
regional powerplants have attained rates of efficiency
much better than 405 grams. The current 5-Year Plan
calls for decreases of 11% to 14% in fuel expenditure
norms at thermal powerplants, in accordance with the
overall Soviet drive to conserve fuel.
The principal fuels used in Soviet thermal plants are
coal, natural gas, mazut (residual oil) and diesel oil,
peat, and wood. Coal is the main primary energy source
for electric power production, accounting for 55% of the
thermal output. In 1966 about 145 million tons of coal
were consumed by thermal powerplants, or about 25 % of
total coal production. Another 10% of the national coal
production is used to produce heat energy distributed by
heat and power plants. The largest coal basins currently
being exploited are the Donets Basin in the eastern
Ukraine, supporting thermal powerplants with a total
*7,000 kilocalories per kilogram.
installed capacity of 8.3 million kw., and the Kuznets
Basin in Western Siberia, supporting plants with a total
installed capacity of 3.7 million kw. Other major coal
basins supporting large power systems are located in the
Urals, Karaganda, and Irkutsk areas. Huge coal deposits
presently being developed are the Kansk-Achinsk fields,
lying east and west of Krasnoyarsk in central Siberia, and
the Ekibastuz deposits in northeastern Kazakhstan,
where a number of major powerplants are under construction.
Despite the present and future dependence upon coal
as a source of energy for power production, a significant
change in the fuel balance is being realized through the
rapid increase in the use of natural gas. About 23% of the
total thermal output is now obtained from the burning
of natural gas. Delivered to the powerplants by an
extensive and growing pipeline system, natural gas
consumption by powerplants has more than quadrupled
in the last 10 years. Gas not only is being used in new
powerplants, but also is being used on a large scale as an
auxiliary fuel at plants'burning coal and other fuels. On
the other hand, many powerplants which burn natural
gas as the primary fuel stockpile coal throughout the
year and use it in winter in order to free gas supplies for
other uses, especially heating.
Powerplants in such large urban centers as Moscow,
Leningrad, Khar'kov, Kiev, and Baku are operating to a
considerable extent on gas. Many of the country's larger
powerplants burn gas; these include some of the largest
thermal stations such as the Dnepropetrovsk, Pridneprovskaya
GRES (No. 138, FIGURE 17A), Lugansk GRES (No. 126,
FicURE 19A), Zmiyev GRES (No. 135), Bereza GRES
(No. 42), Ali-Bayramly GRES (No. 187), Konakovo
GRES (No. 51), Navoi GRES (No. 283), Tashkent GRES
(No. 293, FIGURE 25A) and Gardabani, Tbilisi GRES
(No. 176). The introduction of more gas turbines and
associated steam-gas turbines, which only now are
approaching the serial production stage, will also materially
increase the use of this fuel. The Bukhara gas fields in the
Uzbek S.S.R. are being exploited to provide natural gas
to European U.S.S.R. over the Bukhara-Urals gas
pipeline. Other major natural gas reserves are being
developed in northern West Siberia and in the Turkmen
S.S.R. Gas manufactured by the underground gasification
of coal has been developed only to a limited extent. Such
gas is presently being used in only a few powerplants, the
largest of which is the Angren GRES (No. 292).
Petroleum products, principally mazut and diesel fuel,
are being used at an increasing number of powerplants.
In 1966, 13.6% of the thermal output was produced by
the use of mazut, diesel oil, and oil shale. Mazut is
employed as a primary source of energy principally at
stations built at or near petroleum refineries. Most of
these are in the Caucasus, the Volga-Urals region, and in
Central Asia. Mazut-burning powerplants are generally
of medium size, usually less than 200,000 kw. in
capacity; the 1.2 million-kw. Zainsk GRES (No. 102) is
an exception. Many powerplants which formerly burned
coal are being converted to mazut, particularly in the
Volga-Urals region. Diesel fuel is used predominantly by
rural and small municipal and industrial plants throughout
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the country, but probably to a greater extent in Soviet
Central Asia and the Soviet Far East than elsewhere.
The use of oil shale is concentrated in the Estonian
S.S.R. and on the adjacent territory of Leningrad Oblast.
Here, thermal powerplants consume almost all of the
21.4 million tons of oil shale produced in the U.S.S.R.
One of the largest plants in the country, the Narva,
Pribaltiyskaya GRES-1 (No. 31, FIGURE 19B), burns oil
shale as will the Narva, Estonian GRES (No. 32) which is
presently under construction. By the end of 1970, oil
shale production is scheduled to reach 28 million tons per year.
As a result of its relatively low caloric value and high
natural moisture, peat is among the least valuable of the
power fuels in Western countries. In the U.S.S.R.,
however, it has played an important historical role in the
development of Soviet power engineering. At present,
almost 5% of the thermal output is produced by the
burning of peat, and 63 electric power stations with a
total capacity of about 3,133,000 kw. operate on this
fuel. The largest peat-fueled plants are the 312,000-kw.
Dubrovka, LGES-8 (No. 27) and the 259,000-kw.
Balakhna, Gor'kiy GRES-1 (No. 83). Dubrovka, LGES-8
has a peat consumption rate of 600 tons per hour. The
specific fuel consumption in peat-fueled powerplants is
very high, totaling 470 to 550 grams of standard fuel per
kw.-hr. This is partially due to the presence of old
equipment and low individual unit capacity. Large new
peat-fueled powerplants of 600,000 to 1.2 million kw.
are in the design stage. On a basis of preliminary
estimates of 229 million tons in a peat deposit near
Cherepovets, there are plans to build two regional
powerplants with an ultimate capacity of 1.2 million kw.
each. Other peat-fired regional powerplants are planned
for the north-central and northwestern parts of European
U.S.S.R. where large peat deposits are available. Although
units now operating on peat are of no more than 50,000-
kw. capacity, 200,000-kw. units are scheduled for the
new powerplants. Establishment of high-capacity, peat-
fired boilers is expected to present difficult problems for
Soviet technologists.
Use of wood for electric power generation is nearly
insignificant in the fuel balance. Wood is used chiefly by
small woodworking and paper mills, and by very small
rural powerplants.
Powerplants operating on nuclear fuel account for less
than 1 % of the thermal power output, but they are of
great local importance in areas lacking conventional
fuels. Uranium, the principal fuel for nuclear power
generation, appears to be available in sufficient quantity
to satisfy existing needs. In addition to exploitation of
domestic resources, the U.S.S.R. also imports large
quantities of uranium-bearing ore from several satellite
countries.
Conventional steam powerplants account for 83.5 % of
the thermal generating capacity and, except for some use
of reciprocating steam engines in older stations, steam-
driven turbines are used. Most of the remaining thermal
capacity is in plants operating on internal-combustion,
chiefly diesel engines (approximately 15%), and in
nuclear powerplants (approximately 1%). At present,
stations using gas turbines account for an insignificant
part of the total thermal capacity.
Before World War II the majority of Soviet
turbogenerators had capacities of 25,000 kw. or less.
Although turbines rated at 50,000 and 100,000 kw. had
been introduced, they did not comprise a significant
share of the installed capacity. Since the end of World
War II Soviet technology has successively introduced,
and put into serial production, condensing turbines of
50,000, 100,000, 150,000, 200,000 and 300,000 kw. By
the end of 1966, condensing turbines of 100,000 kw. and
over accounted for almost 35% of U.S.S.R. thermal
capacity. In the future, units of 100,000, 200,000
(FIGURE 20A), and 300,000 (FIGURE 20B) kw. are to be
the basic types for newly built powerplants. The
150,000-kw. unit, which had become of considerable
importance, is to be phased out by the end of the current
5-Year Plan (1966-70). Units of 300,000 kw. were first
introduced in 1963; these numbered 20 at the end of
1966 and are to total 82 by the end of 1970 (FIGURE 5).
Units of 500,000 kw. and 800,000 kw. were installed for
the first time in 1967; by the end of 1970, seven of these
large units are scheduled for operation. At that time
units of 100,000 kw. and over are to account for more
than 50% of the planned 144,400,000 kw. of thermal
capacity. A unit of 1.2 million kw. is now in the design
stage and may be constructed after 1970.
By comparison, in the United States at the end of 1966
there were in operation more than 70 units of 300,000-
kw. or greater capacity. The largest unit presently in
operation in the United States is a 1 million-kw. two-
shaft turbogenerator at the Ravenswood thermal
powerplant in New York City. A unit of 1,130,000 kw. is
scheduled for operation at the Paradise thermal powerplant
in Kentucky by late 1969.
Turbogenerators installed in heat and power plants
(TETs) were until recently rated up to 25,000 kw. and
operated primarily at low and medium pressures. During
the 7-Year Plan (1959-65), turbines of a larger, higher-
pressure variety were introduced into the Soviet power
industry. Several 50,000- and 100,000-kw. units have
been installed since 1961, allowing a great increase in the
size and efficiency of heat and power plants. At several
TETs, heating turbines have been grouped with 150,000-
kw. condensing turbines to produce a fairly large-size
thermal powerplant. The Yerevan TETs (No. 180), for
example, contains five 50,000-kw. heating turbines and
two 150,000-kw. condensing turbines. More powerful
heating turbines are in the design stage. Units of 135,000
and 250,000 kw. are being developed to be installed for
the first time after 1970.
The use of gas and steam-gas turbines to generate
electricity has been under development for several years.
Fewer than ten gas turbine units with installed capacities
totaling about 130,000 kw. are presently in operation.
Thirteen additional units, totaling about 325,000 kw.,
are planned or under construction. Originally the Soviets
planned to use gas turbines for base-load operations.
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Thousand kw.
T
housand
kw.
T
housand
kw.
26 to 99 (nonstandard
units) ................
37
1,626
2.6
41
1,785
1.8
41
1,785
1.2
25 .....................
462
11,550
18.2
515
12,875
13.0
556
13,900
9.6
50 .....................
206
10,300
16.2
330
16,500
16.7
439
21,950
15.2
100 ....................
76
7,600
11.9
105
10,500
10.6
150
15,000
10.4
150 ....................
30
4,500
7.1
67
10,050
10.2
89
13,350
9.2
200 ....................
11
2,200
3.5
51
10,200
10.3
96
19,200
13.3
300 ....................
0
...
20
6,000
6.1
82
24,600
17.0
500 ....................
0
...
0
...
...
4
2,000
1.4
800 ....................
0
0
...
...
3
2,400
1.7
Not pertinent.
* Percent of total U.S.S.R. thermal capacity.
** Remainder of thermal capacity is provided by smaller generators.
Experimental units of 25,000, 50,000, and 100,000 kw.
were designed and built; the first two were installed at
the Kiev TETs-2 (No. 151) and Khar'kov TETs-3 (No.
137) heat and power plants. Economically and technically
they have proved to be extremely inefficient as compared to
conventional steam turbines, and at present the use of
gas turbine units for base-load operations is to be
restricted to powerplants being built in areas with
limited water resources, such as at Nebit-Dag (No. 280)
in Turkmen S.S.R. and Yakutsk (No. 309) in eastern
Siberia. The Soviets now consider the most promising
applications for gas turbines during the period 1970-80
to be for meeting peak loads and for provision of
emergency service. Besides eliminating boilers (FIGURE
6) the relatively short time required between start-up
and full-load operation makes gas turbines well suited
for peak-load use. Gas turbines are highly flexible,
require little cooling water, and can be installed in
relatively small spaces; however, low efficiency and
reduced hours of operation are prevalent. One promising
development for gas turbines is the utilization of their
exhaust to heat water for domestic systems. The Soviets
are standardizing designs for gas turbines with capacities
of 25,000, 50,000, and 100,000 kw.
Steam-gas units utilize a gas turbine and an associated
steam turbine. The gas turbine discharges its hot exhaust
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into a boiler furnace for further burning in combination
with a solid fuel or low-ash liquid fuel to provide steam
for the main turbogenerator. The furnace operates under
several atmospheres (about 30 to 60 pounds per square
inch) pressure, increasing the rate of heat transfer into
the water tubes and making the installation more
compact. Four of these units with a total capacity of
74,000 kw. are currently in experimental operation. A
36,000-kw. steam-gas unit has been in operation at the
Leningrad, LGES-1 (No. 21) since 1964. The advantages
of steam-gas installations over ordinary boilers and
turbines are as follows: they promise to be compact and
highly efficient, their boiler installations can burn all
types of organic fuels, and they can be produced in large
unit capacities. The disadvantages are slow adaptability
to load fluctuations, large requirements for cooling
water, the need for higher-quality metals in boilers and
turbines, and the relatively great capital investment.
Steam-gas units ranging in size up to 200,000 kw. are
planned for installation at Salavat TETs-2 (No. 217),
Nevinnomyssk GRES (No. 164), and other plants.
Altogether, current plans call for the installation of 14
steam-gas units with a total capacity of about 1.6 million kw.
The Soviet Union has developed and is producing a
fairly complete range of equipment for nuclear
powerplants; several types are in operation, ranging from
large industrial installations to transportable, mobile,
and special-purpose types. At least seven large nuclear
reactors, actuating eleven turbines, are known to be in
use at the five major nuclear powerplants. The largest
working units at the end of 1966 were probably at the
Tomsk nuclear powerplant (No. 240), where some
100,000-kw. turbines may be in use. At the Arkhangel'skoye
nuclear powerplant, Novo-Voronezh (No. 92), a second
reactor is under construction to power five turbines with
rated capacities of 73,000 to 80,000 kw. each, while the
Beloyarskoye nuclear powerplant, Uralskaya (No. 208)
also has a second reactor under construction to power a
single 200,000-kw. turbine. The Bilibino nuclear
powerplant, Chukotskaya (No. 328) is scheduled to
receive four 12,000-kw. turbines, supplied by four
nuclear reactors. Two standard types of steam turbines
for nuclear powerplants are to be introduced. The first
type, rated at 200,000 kw., is already scheduled for
installation at the Beloyarskoye powerplant and probably
also at the Tomsk-2 nuclear powerplant (No. 241). The
second type, rated at 500,000 kw. is presently being
developed at the Kharkov turbine plant; it is unlikely to
be ready for construction until the 1971-80 period.
In 1967, construction began on one of the largest
nuclear powerplants in the U.S.S.R. The design calls for
two reactors and an installed capacity of about 800,000
kw. It is to be built on the Kola Peninsula in far
northwestern European U.S.S.R.
Prior to World War II, the greater part of U.S.S.R.
thermal power was produced by equipment operating on
steam at 29 atmospheres (426 pounds per square inch)
and 400?C. (752?F.) or lower pressures and temperatures.
In 1940 less than 3% of thermal capacity was in high-
pressure units, defined as those operating at 90 atmospheres
(1,323 p.s.i.) and 500?C. (932?F.) or higher. Following
the war, high-pressure units were emphasized, particularly
for condensing plants and later for the large heat and
power plants. During the last few years, the Soviet power
equipment industry has produced several new types of
boilers designed for supercritical pressures and for
burning different types of fuels. There appeared boiler
units capable of burning various grades of coal, gas,
mazut, and combinations of fuels. High-capacity boilers
for burning peat are being designed; currently, peat-
fueled powerplants are predominantly low-capacity
installations. Almost all of the generating capacity now
being installed in thermal plants consists of high-
capacity, high-pressure units. The 300,000-kw. units
(FIGURE 20B), operate on steam at supercritical pressures
of 240 atmospheres (3,528 p.s.i.) and 560?C. (1040?F.),
well below the pressures and temperatures used by
modern equipment in the United States. At the Slavyansk
GRES (No. 134) thermal powerplant, an experimental
800,000-kw., two-shaft unit was put in operation in
1967. It operates on steam at 255 atmospheres (3,744
p.s.i.) and 565?C. (1050?F.) produced by two boilers
having a steam productivity of 1,250 tons per hour each.
These boilers are designed to burn culm, and for possible
future conversion to burn natural gas. At the Nazarovo
GRES (No. 257) thermal powerplant, a single-shaft
turbine rated at 500,000 kw. was also being installed in
1967. It operates on steam at 240 atmospheres, (3,528
p.s.i.) and 565?C. (1054?F.) produced by two boilers
each having a capacity of 800 tons of steam per hour.
These two designs are the latest steps in Soviet power
.engineering, and will be utilized at several plants now
tinder construction, such as the Novodneprovka GRES
(No. 144) and the Troitsk GRES (No. 225). An experimental
100,000-kw. unit (FIGURE 6) using steam at a pressure of
300 atmospheres (4,410 p.s.i.) and a temperature of
650?C. (1170?F.) was put in operation in 1966 at the
Kashira MoGRES-4 (No. 78). These are the highest
steam parameters in use by Soviet power engineers and
are expected to result in much higher efficiencies in
power generation. The new turbine set, designated SKR-
100, is expected to save 4% to 5% in fuel and to result in
further economies by feeding the steam exhausted by the
turbine into three 50,000-kw. turbines operating at 30-
atmosphere pressure (441 p.s.i.). The overall gain in
efficiency could be between 25% and 30%, representing
a savings of over 180,000 tons of fuel a year. The new
turbine and boiler units are designed to use less expensive
heat-resistant metal than is usual in such installations.
Until recently, few boilers manufactured in the U.S.S.R.
had capacities equal to those of the large turbogenerators.
Steam plants, therefore, often contained many more
boilers than turbogenerators, the practice being to direct
steam output to a central collector before applying it to
the turbines. The introduction of the boiler-turbine bloc
system, whereby one or two boilers and one turbogenerator
operate as a unit, has led to the production of boiler units
with larger capacities. At present, Soviet-made boilers
producing 230 tons of steam per hour are used extensively
with turbines of up to 100,000 kw.; boilers producing up
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to 950 tons of steam per hour are coupled with larger
units up to 300,000 kw. The steam parameters, the
calculated overall efficiency, the overall dimensions, and
the weights of Soviet boiler units are basically in line
with boiler construction engineering in Western countries.
However, many problems remain unsolved, principally
in the installation and operation of the units. Poor Soviet
construction techniques have resulted in extended periods
of partial operation, testing, and repairs before the unit
can be made to operate properly.
Condensation of steam at thermal powerplants is
handled in various ways, including the use of cooling
towers, spray ponds, rivers, and reservoirs. Powerplants
situated in areas of inadequate water supply are
characterized by massive cooling towers, such as those at
the Moscow, Lyubertsy TETs-22 (No. 70, FIGURE 21A).
On the other hand, the new major GRES powerplants
are characterized by huge reservoirs, such as the one
associated with the Zelenodol'sk, Krivoy Rog GRES-2
(N o. 143).
Most of the machinery in thermal powerplants is
relatively new, over 80% of the capacity being in
equipment installed in the past 15 years. Equipment in
many of the older plants is undergoing reconstruction
and reconditioning, while other outmoded equipment is
being replaced. A considerable effort is being made to
increase plant efficiency which has been generally poor
in the past, and to improve methods of installation
which have heretofore led to numerous breakdowns and
unduly high expenditures of fuel. Lack of replacement
parts, poor quality of those available, and shortages of
qualified personnel add to the difficulties in maintaining
operating efficiency.
In the past the primary consideration for physical
location of thermal powerplants were their proximity to
consumers and the local availability of fuels. However,
the considerable advance in transmission technology has
made it possible to establish power facilities in fuel-
bearing regions and then supply consumers over high-
tension lines. In the future, therefore, the largest
powerplants will probably be constructed in the eastern
regions of the country near the major sources of fuel.
3. Hydroelectric
The hydroelectric construction program is one of the
U.S.S.R.'s outstanding successes. Always granted a
prominent and publicized place as a national endeavor,
liberally funded and enjoying fairly high priorities for
materials, the program has provided the U.S.S.R. with
the world's three largest hydroelectric stations: the
4,050,000-kw. Bratsk GES (No. 311), the 2,563,000-kw.
Volgorgrad GES (No. 117), and the 2,300,000-kw.
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109). These stations
also contain the largest individual generating units:
225,000-kw. size at the Bratsk station and 115,000-kw.
size at the Kuybyshev and Volgorgrad plants. In
November 1967, the first two 500,000-kw. turbogenerators
were commissioned (for partial output) at the Divnogorsk,
Krasnoyarsk GES (No. 258). If this station receives ten
such units by 1970, as planned, it will surpass Bratsk as
the world's largest powerplant. At the end of 1966 the
U.S.S.R. had in operation four hydroelectric stations of
more than 1 million kw. installed capacity, totaling
9,913,000 kw. In comparison, the United States had six
such stations in operation but their total capacity was
less, 8,417,000 kw.
At the end of 1966 total hydroelectric capacity was
more than 23.1 million kw. (FIGURE 7), nearly 19% of
total U.S.S.R. generating capacity. Although there are
almost 3,300 hydroelectric stations, the great majority of
them are small rural plants averaging less than 200 kw.
each. Eighty-two stations with capacities exceeding
25,000 kw. have a total installed capacity of 21,559,000
kw., or over 93% of the U. S. S.R.'s installed hydroelectric
capacity. When all additional units planned for installation
in these major hydro powerplants are completed, the 82
stations will have a generating capacity approaching
23.4 million kw. In addition, 24 very large stations with
an ultimate capacity of 30 million kw. are under
construction, and during the 1967-70 period 14 more
stations with a total capacity exceeding 9.5 million kw.
will be started.
A characteristic feature of the major hydroelectric
plants is the use of huge reservoirs. The initial development
FIGURE 7. UTILIZATION OF HYDROPOWER RESOURCES, SELECTED RIVERS, 1966
TOTAL NUMBER
ESTIMATED
CAPACITY
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
UNDE-
OF EXISTING
POTENTIAL
INSTALLED
UNDER
CAPACITY
RIVER
USABLE
PRO-
VELOPED
AND PLANNED
CAPACITY
PRO-
CAPACITY
DUCTION
CON-
PLANNED
CAPACITY
HYDROPLANTS
DUCTION
STRUCTION
Million
kw.
Yenisey ........................ 6 31.0
Lena ........................... 3 23.0
Angara ......................... 6 15.0
Volga and Kama ................ 13 13.1
Ob' ............................ 10 11.6
Amur .......................... 7 9.7
Irtysh .......................... 16 4.5
Dnepr .......................... 14 4.1
All other rivers .................. approx 3,500 128.0
Billion Million Billion
kw.-hr. kw. kw.-hr. - - - - - - Million kw. - - - - - -
158.0 0 ......... 11.4 19.6 31.0
144.0 0 ......... 0 23.0 23.0
94.0 4.7 24.6 4.3 6.0 10.3
66.7 7.2 29.9 3.8 2.1 5.9
51.0 0.4 1.8 0 11.2 11.2
83.0 0 ......... 1.0 8.7 9.7
25.0 1.0 4.2 0 3.5 3.5
14.6 2.1 8.7 0.6 1.4 2.0
1,193.7 7.7 22.6 9.0 111.3 120.3
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took place in regions of flat terrain, particularly European
U.S.S.R., where rivers have gentle gradients and great
seasonal variations in flow. Long dams were constructed
to provide the tremendous water storage needed.
Construction of new plants of this type is being carried
out at the Balakovo, Saratov GES (No. 113) and the
Cheboksary GES (No. 97) on the Volga River, and at the
Naberezhnyye Chelny, Nizhnekamskaya GES (No. 100)
on the lower Kama River.
A new development in Soviet hydroelectric schemes is
the utilization of gorge sites, which are most common on
Siberian, Central Asian, and Caucasus rivers. Such sites,
offering possibilities for higher heads and requiring less
reservoir area, are being utilized for construction of the
largest hydroelectric powerplants both in the U.S.S.R.
and throughout the world. The Bratsk GES (No. 311),
the largest hydroelectric powerplant in the world,
exemplifies this type of installation (FIGURE 26A). Other
major examples are the Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk GES
(No. 258, FIGURE 24A) and the Mayna, Sayan GES (No.
260), both of which are under construction on the
Yenisey River and whose capacities will exceed that of
the Bratsk station. Similar hydroelectric stations with
dams at gorge sites and scheduled capacities exceeding 1
million kw. are under construction in the Caucasus,
Central Asia, East Siberia, and the Soviet Far East.
These include: Novyy Chirkey, Chirkeyskay GES (No.
167), Dzhvari, Ingurskaya GES (No. 169), Toktogul GES
(No. 297), Nurek GES (No. 286), Nevon, Ust'-Ilimskaya
GES (No. 313), and Berezovka, Zeyskaya GES (No. 330).
Turbines built in the Soviet Union are similar to those
produced elsewhere; both Kaplan turbines for low heads
and Francis turbines for medium heads are installed, the
former type having the widest application at present.
The manufacture of encased horizontal turbines to be
emplaced directly in the dam is currently being undertaken.
Two experimental units are currently operating at the
Sheksna, Cherepovets GES (No. 55).
Because of local shortages of cement and other
construction materials, the Soviets have developed
techniques for constructing large hydraulically filled
earth and rock gravity dams which limit the use of
concrete mainly to locks, spillways, and powerhouses.
Such construction is used for dams with low or medium
heads built on flat terrain. Widespread use is made of
precast elements which can be fabricated in working
areas protected from the weather. Such prefabrication is
being used in construction of the Balakovo, Saratov GES
(No. 113), the Jaunjelgava, Plavinas GES (No. 38), and
the Kiev GES (No. 152). Designs for the Balakovo,
Saratov GES provided for standard precast blocks up to
70 tons each for the combined spillway and powerhouse
structure; precast elements amount to 45% of the total
volume of concrete to be used. Another illustration is the
Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk GES complex which includes a
gravity concrete dam with a maximum height of 124
meters and a crest length of 1,150 meters (FIGURE 24A).
High-capacity hydroelectric stations with extremely
high heads also are under construction. The 2.7 million
kw. Nurek GES (No. 286) in Central Asia will upon
completion have a maximum head of 258 meters. The
1.3 million kw. Dzhvari, Ingurskaya GES (No. 169) will
have a maximum head of 445 meters. The dams for these
power stations, a rockfill at Nurek GES and a dome-
type, thin concrete arch at the Dzhvari, Ingurskaya GES,
will be approximately 300 meters high, somewhat higher
than the existing 221-meter Hoover Dam in the United
States and the 284-meter Grande Dixence Dam in Switzerland.
Most of the hydroelectric powerplants in the U.S.S.R.
are base-of-dam type; however, in the Caucasus and
other mountainous sections, diversion plans are often
used, with powerplants located away from the dams.
Such designs achieve higher heads for the generating
equipment (FIGURE 8) but may require long tunnels and
open canals, to convey water from reservoirs to penstocks.
The Dzhvari, Ingurskaya GES (No. 169), under
construction, is another example of this type of separated
plant; a tunnel 19 km. long will carry water from the
Inguri River to the underground powerhouse.
Some of the longest dams in the world have been
constructed in the Soviet Union. The dams of the
Tsimlyansk GES (No. 121) and the Gorodets, Gor'kiy
GES (No. 82) are almost 14 km. long, and the
FIGURE 8. TYPICAL HIGH-HEAD HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANT.
Water is conveyed from high-level reservoir through tunnel and
long penstocks to achieve great pressure for turbines of Tsalka,
Khram GES-1 (No. 173). This is one of the highest-head
hydroelectric stations in the U.S.S.R.
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Kremenchug GES (No. 145) dam is approximately 12
km. long. All three are gravity earthfill dams.
The Bratsk GES reservoir, the largest in the world, has
a capacity of 179 billion cubic meters (140 million acre-
feet); it is 540 km. (340 miles) long and covers an area of
6,000 square km. (2,306 square miles). The capacity of
the Krasnoyarsk reservoir will be 73.3 billion cubic
meters (60 million acre-feet); it will become the second
largest in the world. The capacity of the Kuybyshev
reservoir is 52.3 billion cubic meters (42.4 million acre-
feet). The United States' Lake Mead (Hoover Dam) has,
in comparison, a capacity of 36.7 billion cubic meters
(29.8 million acre-feet).
Plans have been drawn for the construction of the first
three pumped-storage hydroelectric powerplants in the
Soviet Union. The first of these is to be built in
association with the Kiev GES (No. 152). The others will
be built in the area of Zagorsk, north of Moscow, and
near Mogilev-Podol'skiy on the Dnestr River in the
western Ukraine. Their respective capacities will be
180,000 kw., 585,000 kw., and 300,000 kw. These plants
will serve peak-load requirements, delivering power for
about five hours daily, and should all be under
construction by the end of 1970. Plants of this type are
contemplated for other parts of the country.
The first tidal powerplant (FIGURE 21B) is under
construction at a bay, Kislaya Guba, on the Kola
Peninsula in northwestern European U.S.S.R. Although
only 1,200 kw. in capacity, it is to be the prototype for
several very large tidal powerplants planned for the
northern European part of U.S.S.R. and the Soviet Far
East. Tidal powerplants with capacities ranging from
384,000 kw. to 14,000,000 kw. are planned for bays of
the Barents, White, and Okhotsk Seas.
The U.S.S.R. possesses extensive waterpower resources.
More than 108,000 rivers, totaling over 2.5 million km.
in length and with an annual discharge of 3.9 billion cu.
m., make up about 11.4% of the world's waterpower
potential. Waterpower, as a primary source of energy,
accounted for almost 17 % of the electric power output of
the U.S.S.R. in 1966, or approximately 91.8 billion kw.-
hr. Comprehensive surveys of more than 1,800 of the
larger rivers indicate that the country has a potential
hydroelectric capacity of 378 million kw. This capacity,
based on mean annual flow, is theoretically sufficient to
produce about 3.3 trillion kw.-hr. annually. In addition,
the power resources of smaller rivers, which were not
surveyed, are estimated at 56 million kw. Thus, the
maximum potential installed waterpower capacity of the
U.S.S.R. is about 434 million kw. and sufficient to
produce 3.8 trillion kw.-hr. It is estimated, however, that
only about 240 million kw., or 55% of the theoretical
capacity, is practically usable and this would produce
approximately 1.8 trillion kw.-hr. annually (FIGURE 7).
Estimated practical potential production of all rivers in
the United States and Canada are 550 billion kw.-hr.
and 220 billion kw.-hr., respectively.
Of the estimated total water power potential, 70% is
in the central and eastern parts of Siberia and in the
Soviet Far East, 15% in Soviet Central Asia, 10% in the
Caucasus, and only 5% in European U.S.S.R. Twenty-
three rivers have about 75% of the potential installed
capacity of hydroelectric resources; of these, 15 are in
Siberia, 5 are in Central Asia, and 3 are in European
U.S.S.R. The most important of these rivers, having
more than 45% of this potential are tabulated in FIGURE
7. To date, only 9.6% of the practically usable capacity
of 240 million kw. has been utilized, while an additional
12.5% will be utilized by stations now under construction.
4. Other
The U.S.S.R. has been experimenting with several
types of power generation using direct conversion
methods for producing electric power. These include
thermoelectric, thermionic, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD),
and thermonuclear conversion methods, and also fuel
cells. At present, Soviet scientists are working on a
prototype for an MHD powerplant, in which a stream of
ionized gas heated to 2,500? or 3,000?C. and moving at
high speed through a magnetic field, induces electric
current. One of the greatest problems involved in this
project is the dearth of materials resistant to extremely
high temperatures. The experimental MHD generator
"U-02" (FIGURE 9) is located in Moscow. Engineers of
the Ministry of Power and Electrification, working in
FIGURE 9. U-02 EXPERIMENTAL MACNETOHYDRODYNAMIC DI-
RECT CONVERSION UNIT. One of the largest units of its type
yet built, it is expected to attain a 25,000-kw. level of
output.
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conjunction with scientists of the Institute of High
Temperatures of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, are
conducting experiments on this converter. Practical
application is not expected until after 1980. Soviet
specialists also have been experimenting. with the use of
solar radiation to produce electric current. One of several
methods under investigation is the use of photoelectric
cells, where electric energy is generated by directly
employing solar light.
A relatively small number of wind-driven powerplants,
mostly of low capacity, are operating. Development so
far has been limited to Central Asia, some remote areas
in the Arctic, and the Ukraine, where the velocity and
constancy of winds are favorable. The largest, with a
capacity of 480 kw., is located in Tselinograd Oblast' in
the Kazakh S.S.R.
POWER SYSTEMS, 1966
European U.S.S.R., unified power
system:
Southern system
Central Ukraine...........
Donbass area .............
Lower Volga area..........
Northwest Ukraine ........
Moldavia-Odessa area......
8.9 FIG. 23
7.8 Do.
3.5 Do.
2.1 Do.
1.1 Do.
Total .................. 23.4
Urals system
Sverdlovsk area ........... 4.7 FIG. 24D
Chelyabinsk area .......... 4.2 Do.
Northwest Urals area...... 3.8 FiGs. 23 and 24D
Bashkir A.S.S.R ........... 1.6 Do.
D. Transmission and distribution facilitie Total .................. 14.3
The U.S.S.R. has developed some of the most powerful
and extensive transmission networks in the world in
recent years, and has in immediate prospect the sending
of far larger blocks of power over even greater distances.
Transmission networks now incorporate nearly 90% of
the country's generating capacity, and cover virtually all
developed areas. They provide generally reliable service
and are adequate to meet normal demands, but there is
relatively little provision for alternate routing among the
major intersystem powerlines.
There are approximately 90 major power system
authorities, conforming generally to U.S.S.R. administrative
subdivisions. In the western and southern parts, these
district power systems have been joined together into
regional networks, which are in turn linked by high-
capacity, long-distance powerlines to form a consolidated
system serving almost the entire area from the Urals
westward and from approximately the 60th parallel (the
latitude of Leningrad) southward. The Soviets call this
the Unified Power System of European U.S.S.R. Other
major district system groupings cover central Siberia
from west of Novosibirsk to east of Irkutsk, and southern
Soviet Central Asia from west of Bukhara to east of
Tashkent. Some of the district power administrations in
outlying areas, as in the Yakutskaya A.S.S.R., have
several small, isolated, local systems under their control.
Further interconnection is progressing, both within and
among the major subsystems.
The power networks in the Soviet Union comprise
more than 330,000 km. of powerlines operating at
voltages from 35 kv. to 800 kv. (FIGURE 14). The main
systems and subsystems as of 1966 (FIGURE 10) included
plants whose combined capacity accounted for nearly
90% of the U. S. S. R.'s total capacity. Selected transmission
lines and substations are described in FIGURES 15 and 16,
respectively, and indicated on the maps, FIGURES 23,
24D, 25B, 26D, and 27B.
In European U.S.S.R., the Urals, and the Caucasus
areas, interconnection of power facilities has left few
sizable powerplants or local systems operating separately.
Central Regional system
Moscow-Gor'kiy area ...... 12.3 FIG. 23
Voronezh-Lipetsk-Tambov 1.0 Do.
area.
Saransk-Penza ............ .6 Do.
Total .................. 13.9
Northwest system
Leningrad-Baltic area...... 5.8 Do.
Belorussian S.S.R.......... 1.5 Do.
Karelian A.S.S.R .......... .4 Do.
Total .................. 7.7
Middle Volga system ......... 6.4 Do.
North Caucasus system ...... 2.7 Do.
Total European U.S.S.R.... 68.4
Central Siberian system
East Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, 9.1 FIGS. 24D and 26D
Irkutsk areas).
West Siberia (Kuzbass area). . 6.9 FIG. 24D
Total Central Siberia....... 16.0
Transcaucasus system:
Azerbaijan S.S.R ............ 2.6 FIG. 23
Georgian S.S.R .............. 1.5 Do.
Armenian S.S.R ............. 1.2 Do.
Total Transcaucasus....... 5.3
Central Asia system (Tashkent- 3.0 FIG. 25B
Fergana area).
Altay Pavlodar system ......... 1.7 FIG. 24D
Karaganda system ............. 1.6 FIG. 25B
Murmansk system ............. 1.2 FIG. 23
Petropavlovsk-Omsk system .... .9 FIG. 24D
Orsk-Aktyubinsk system........ .7 Do.
Noril'sk system ................ .6 FIG. 27B
Dushambe system ............. .5 FIG. 25B
Primorskiy system (Vladivostok .5 FIG. 27B
area).
Total (systems with 500,000 100.4
kw. or more generating ca-
pacity).
Total of other systems ..... 9.6
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Most of these are in the sparsely settled northern reaches
of the country. Isolated powerplants or localized systems
serve Vorkuta and Inta in far northeastern European
U.S.S.R., and Syktyvkar, Kotlas, and Archangel in the
central far northern area. The Murmansk area is served
by a better-developed system, based largely on hydro
powerplants, linking facilities from the U.S.S.R.-Norwegian
border and the Murmansk vicinity in the north, to
beyond Kandalaksha in the south. The Murmansk area
system comprises powerplants totaling 1.2 million kw.,
linked mainly by 154- and 110-kv. powerlines. A higher-
voltage circuit is soon to link the Murmansk area system
to Kem', the present northern terminus of the Northwest
system, one of the major regional networks.
The Northwest system serves the Karelian S.S.R., the
Leningrad area, the Baltic States, and Belorussia. It
incorporates powerplants having capacities totaling over
7 million kw. Hydroelectric stations predominate in the
north while thermal powerplants are more typical of the
southern subsystems.
The Karelian subsystem consists mainly of groups of
small hydroelectric stations linked by 110-kv. powerlines
to their load centers, such as Petrozavodsk and Kem'.
These are joined by higher-voltage lines to the powerful
Leningrad area network.
The greatest concentration of transmission facilities in
northwestern European U.S.S.R. is centered on the
Leningrad-Narva area. This network serves the area
from Lakes Ladoga and Onega on the north, to
Novgorod, Pskov, and Estonia across its southern periphery.
Its most important circuits radiate from the 1.6 million-
kw. Narva, Pribaltiyskaya GRES (No. 31 FIGURE 19B)
from which 330-kv. lines extend southwest into Latvia
and Lithuania, and eastward beyond Leningrad. Two-
circuit, 220-kv. powerlines also link this powerplant to
Leningrad and to Tallinn. Other 220-kv. lines connect
Leningrad with hydroelectric stations situated 100 - 250
km. from the city, which is also supplied by several local
thermal powerplants. A 330-kv. powerline extends southeast
from Leningrad to the Moscow area, providing a tie to
the Central regional network.
The various power systems of the Baltic States and
Belorussia have been effectively linked in recent years by
the 330-kv. powerline from the Leningrad-Narva area
powerplants through major load centers at Riga, Kaunas,
Vilnius, and Minsk. At these points and others, local
powerplants are linked to the intersystem tie by lower-
voltage lines. The main generating plants are the
825,000-kw. Jaunjelgava, Plavinas GES (No. 38)
hydroelectric station, and the 600,000-kw. Elektrenai,
Litovskaya GRES (No. 39) thermal powerplant. A high-
capacity line bringing power to the Riga area from the
Plavinas GES is being extended eastward toward Polotsk,
where it will form a second connection for power
exchanges between the Baltic States and Belorussia.
The main components of the Belorussian subsystem
are 220-kv. circuits linking Minsk to thermal powerplants in
southwestern and southeastern Belorussia. A giant thermal
powerplant, the Lukoml', Belorusskaya GRES (No. 47)
under construction northeast of Minsk, are to be the
focal point of high-capacity lines providing a second tie
between the Northwest system and the Central regional
network, and possibly also to the Southern system.
Central European U.S.S.R., especially in the vicinity
of Moscow, contains the most highly developed
transmission network in the U.S.S.R. A major fraction of
the area's needs are met by inputs from the giant Volga
hydroelectric plants, Zhigulevsk Kuybyshev (No. 109)
and Volgograd (No. 117) through 2-circuit, 500-kv.
powerlines linking them to Moscow. These lines join the
local network at five main substations on the periphery
of the urban area; one 500-kv. circuit from the huge
Konakovo GRES (No. 51) thermal powerplant also
connects through these substations, thereby forming a
ring of 500-kv. powerlines joining the peripheral
substations. FIGURE 22 illustrates the size of substation
equipment at one of the Moscow 500-kv. substations,
Moscow/Zapadnaya transformer station (18).* A similar
ring of 220-kv. substations nearer the city's center
receives the input from the large thermal powerplants-
Cherepet' GRES (No. 72), Shchekino GRES (No. 75),
Novomoskovsk GRES (No. 76), and Kashira GRES (No.
78)-to the south of the city, and from the Uglich (No.
52) and Rybinsk (No. 53) hydroelectric stations to the
north. Through the Vladimir transformer station (21)
this Moscow area system is linked to adjoining, formerly
independent subsystem serving the Yaroslavl' -
Kostroma - Ivanovo area and the Gor'kiy area. Major
ties project to Cherepovets and Vologda on the north, to
Saransk and Penza on the east, to Orel and Bryansk on
the south and southwest, and to Smolensk and Kalinin
on the west and northwest.
From the Arzamas transformer station (23) on the 500-
kv. Kuybyshev - Moscow line, 220-kv. circuits tie in
power facilities to the south at Saransk (No. 88) and
Penza (No. 89). Similar powerlines from the Gryazi
transformer station (24) on the 500-kv. Volgograd -
Moscow line link up a subsystem comprising Voronezh,
Lipetsk, and Tambov. In all, this Central Regional
Network comprises powerplants with installed capacities
totaling almost 14 million kw.; the 500-kv. lines from the
Volga hydroelectric stations contribute about 3 million
additional kw. The network is being augmented by the
construction of two very large (2.8 million kw. each)
thermal powerplants, the Volgorechensk, Kostroma GRES
(No. 81) and the Perkino, Ryazah' GRES (No. 80). High-
capacity powerlines from the former will strengthen the
system's connections to the north and east, while lines
from the latter will provide added ties to the south and
southeast.
The power systems serving the major cities of the
middle and lower Volga regions have not yet been
consolidated by high-capacity ties. The network serving
Kazan' draws most of its power from the 1.2 million-kw.
Zainsk GRES (No. 102) thermal powerplant, situated at
the extreme east of the Tatar A.S.S.R. From this plant, a
*Substation reference number in FIGURES 16 and 23.
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220-kv. powerline extends west through Kazan' to
Cheboksary, with a 110-kv. branch north to Yoshkar-
Ola. The system will be greatly augmented by million-
kw. hydroelectric stations now under construction on the
Volga at Cheboksary (No. 97) and on the lower Kama
(No. 100); as these near completion, they will be linked
by 500-kv. lines extending into the central European
U.S.S.R. region through the Gor'kiy area system and the
big Volgorechensk, Kostroma GRES (No. 81), and
similar powerlines into the Urals system on the east.
Farther down the Volga, Kuybyshev is the focal point
of a sizable power network, although most of the power
from the giant hydroelectric station, the Zhigulevsk,
Kuybyshev GES (No. 109) goes to central European
U.S.S.R. and the Urals. Main sources of the local supply
are medium-sized thermal powerplants in and near
Kuybyshev (Nos. 106 through 112). These are joined by
220-kv. lines to similar powerplants in Ul'yanovsk (No.
105), Syzran', Balakovo (No. 114), and Saratov (No.
115). The relatively small power output of the atomic
facilities at Melekess (No. 104) is linked to this system by
110-kv. lines. As the Balakovo, Saratov GES (No. 113)
hydroelectric station nears full power, 1,290,000 kw.,
high-capacity lines from it are to unite the middle and
lower Volga systems.
To the east of the Middle Volga power system area,
the networks of the major subdivisions of the Urals area
have been consolidated into another of the U.S.S.R.'s
largest power systems. In all, the Urals system comprises
thermal powerplants with nearly 12.5 million kw.
capacity and hydroelectric stations with nearly 2 million
kw. The component subsystems are effectively joined by
500-kv. powerlines from the 2.3 million-kw. Zhigulevsk,
Kuybyshev GES (No. 109) on the Volga and the 1
million-kw. Chaykovskiy, Votkinsk GES (No. 192) on
the Kama River, to Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk,
respectively; the terminal substations at these cities are
linked by a 500-kv. line extending north from the 1.2
million-kw. Troitsk GRES (No. 225) thermal powerplant,
and reaching Nizhniy Tagil. These high-capacity circuits
make possible massive inputs of power from the west,
and allow substantial exchanges of power between the
northern and southern halves of the Urals system. As
construction progresses on the 2.4 million-kw. Karmanovo
GRES (No. 193) thermal powerplant and the 1,080,000-
kw. Naberezhnyye Chelny, Nizhnekamskaya GES (No.
100) hydroelectric station, both near the border between
the Bashkir A.S.S.R. and Perm' Oblast, their associated
powerlines will form a high-capacity tie in the western
Urals similar to that between Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk
on the east.
Within the Urals network there are four well-defined
subdivisions. In the northwest, the Perm' system links a
group of small to medium-sized thermal powerplants
(Nos. 194, 195, and 196), near coalfields north of Perm',
with the Perm', Kamskaya GES (No. 197) hydroelectric
station and with thermal powerplants (Nos. 198, 199,
and 200) closer to the city. Farther south, powerlines
radiating from the 1 million-kw. Chaykovskiy, Votkinsk
GES (No. 192) hydroelectric station link power facilities
from the Kirov area to Sverdlovsk. Generating capacity
in this northwestern Urals area exceeds 3.8 million kw.,
but most of the output from the large hydroelectric
station is transmitted to the Sverdlovsk Yuzhnaya
transformer station (65), for support of the entire Urals
system. Within the Perm' network, the main transmission
lines are 220-kv. circuits, with 110-kv. lines radiating to
the west.
In the northeast, the well developed Sverdlovsk system
also consists mainly of north-south 220-kv. lines with two
major branches to the west to link up with the Perm'
system, and 110-kv. lines east to Tavda and Tyumen'.
The system's 5 million-kw. capacity includes only a few
very small hydroelectric plants. The largest plant in the
system, the 1.6 million-kw. Verkhniy Tagil GRES (No.
205), sends most of its output to the neaby Verkh-
Neyvinskiy uranium isotope separation plant. The other
largest powerplants, the Serov GRES (No. 202) and
Nizhnaya Tura GRES (No. 203), are near the northern
end of the system; much of their power is transmitted
southward to load centers at Nizhniy Tagil and Sverdlovsk,
to meet needs beyond the capacity of local powerplants
(Nos. 204, 206, and others).
In the southern Urals, there are the relatively simple
Bashkir A.S.S.R. system in the west and the more
complex Chelyabinsk regional network to the east. The
Bashkir system is centered on the Ufa transformer station
(61) on the 500-kv. powerline across the southern Urals,
focal point for the main powerlines linking the Ufa area
powerplants (Nos. 211 through 214) and those in the oil-
producing centers to the south (Nos. 215 through 218). A
220-kv. powerline from Ufa links these powerplants and
extends southward to Orenburg. This is the main circuit
of the system, which includes generating plants with a
total capacity approximating 2 million kw. The 1.2
million-kw. Zainsk GRES (No. 102) and the 237,000-kw.
Urussu GRES (No. 103), in the Tatar A.S.S.R. to the
west, contribute a substantial part of their output to the
Baskir system.
Like the Sverdlovsk system to which it is linked by
high-capacity 500- and 200-kv. circuits, the Chelyabinsk
area system is dependent almost entirely on thermal
powerplants; hydroelectric stations constitute barely 1%
of the system's 5 million kw. of installed capacity. The
main powerplants of the system, the 1.2 'million-kw.
Troitsk GRES (No. 225) and the 1 million-kw. Yuzhno-
Ural'sk GRES (No. 224) are connected by 500- and 220-
kv. lines to load centers in the major cities, which also
have local medium-sized thermal powerplants, chiefly at
Chelyabinsk (Nos. 220 through 223), Magnitogorsk
(Nos. 227 and 228), and Rudnyy (No. 229). The network
extends into neighboring districts, reaching Kurgan on
the east and Kustanay in Kazakhstan on the southeast. A
high-capacity (probably 500-kv.) line is to be extended
from the Troitsk GRES (No. 225) to the southwest to join
the power facilities of Orsk (Nos. 231 and 232) and
Aktyubinsk (No. 233). This is being done in connection
with building a 1.8 million-kw. thermal powerplant, the
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0
Iriklinskiy GRES (No. 230), near Orsk. Within the next
five years, the 500-kv. lines in this vicinity are to be
extended to join the North Kazakhstan system centered
on Karaganda and Pavlodar.
The Southern power system, extending throughout the
Ukraine and Crimea, and beyond to Kursk on the north
and Volgograd on the east, is second only to those of
central European U.S.S.R. and the Urals in capacity and
complexity. Power facilities are developed much more
intensively in the eastern half of the Ukraine than in the
less industrialized western parts. The Southern system is
linked to the Central Regional system through the
Volgograd GES (No. 117) hydroelectric station along the
500-kv. lines to Moscow and over the unique 800-kv.
line (FIGURE 11) to the northern Donbass industrial area.
The Lower Volga area also has several medium-sized
local thermal powerplants (Nos. 116, 118, and 119)
linked by 220-kv. lines, which extend north to Kamyshin
and west to the Tsimlyansk GES (No. 121) hydroelectric
station. A 110-kv. line extends to the southeast to serve
the Kapustin Yar missile test area. Astrakhan', at the
mouth of the Volga, operates in isolation.
The adjacent network of the Donbass industrial area is
one of the most powerful subsystems in the Ukraine. This
network serves the area southeast of Khar'kov, its limits
being Slavyansk and Lugansk on the north, and
Zhdanov and Rostov on the south. The grid comprises
some very large powerplants and is almost entirely
thermal. The main components are the 2.1 million-kw.
Staro-Beshevo GRES (No. 129) and the 1.5 million-kw.
Lugansk GRES (No. 126) thermal powerplants. There
are six other powerplants more than 300,000-kw. size
within the system, as well as many smaller powerplants.
FIGURE 11. HIGH-VOLTAGE, DIRECT-CUR-
RENT, 800-Kv. TRANSMISSION LINE. One
of the highest-capacity circuits in regular
operation, this links the Volgograd GES
hydroelectric station (No. 117) with
Mikhaylovka substation (34) in the Don-
The Donbass system totals about 7.8 million kw. in
installed capacity. It receives nearly a million kw.
additional input over the 800-kv. d.c. powerline from the
Volgograd GES hydroelectric station, and smaller
increments over a 330-kv. connection with the Zaporozh'ye,
Dnepro GES (No. 139) on the west, over 220-kv. lines
from the Khar'kov area on the northwest, and from the
Tsimlyansk GES (No. 121) hydroelectric station on the
east. Within the Donbass system, the network consists
chiefly of multiple-circuit, 220-kv. powerlines joining
the generating plants to large substations near major
load centers in the cities. The Mikhaylovka transformer
station (No. 34),.terminus of the 800-kv. d.c. connection
with the Volgograd GES hydroelectric station, is the
focal point of the internal lines of the network. A "super-
giant" 3.6 million-kw. thermal powerplant, the Uglegorsk
GRES (No. 127), is under construction in the center of
the Donbass area. Its associated powerlines will make the
network considerably more dense and provide many
alternate routings for its power.
Another very large group of powerplants are linked
together in the area from Khar'kov to the south and
southwest; this is referred to as the Central Ukraine
system. It includes the world's largest thermal powerplant,
the 2.4 million-kw. Pridneprovskaya GRES (No. 138) at
Dnepropetrovsk (FIGURE 17A), several other major thermal
powerplants, and large hydroelectric stations on the
Dnepr River. In all, the system comprises powerplants
having about 9 million kw. installed capacity. The
system serves the area between Chernigov and Belgorod
on the north, and Nikolayev and Kerch' on the south.
Several 330-kv. powerlines link up the major generating
plants; Kharkov, Kremenchug, Krivoy Rog, Dnepropetrovsk,
and Zaporozh'ye are the main focal points of this high-
capacity transmission system.
In northwestern Ukraine, a system links Kiev and
L'vov, and numerous smaller urban areas. The main
sources of its power are two large thermal powerplants:
the 700,000-kw. Dobrotvor GRES (No. 154) and the
800,000-kw. Burshtyn GRES (No. 155), north and south
of L'vov, respectively. Numerous smaller powerplants
raise the total capacity of the system to nearly 2 million
kw. The L'vov area powerplants are linked to Kiev by
220- and 330-kv. lines, and from Kiev to the Central
Ukraine system by 330-kv. lines to Chernigov and to
Kremenchug. The Northwest Ukraine system exports a
substantial part of its output to Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
and Rumania by 400-kv. powerlines into those countries
from a key transformer station at Mukachevo (49). The
Dobrotvor GRES (No. 154) powerplant also exports
power into Poland by a 220-kv. line.
A small system in the southwest Ukraine links Odessa,
Kishinev, and Chernovtsy. Its main power source is the
800,000-kw. Dnestrovsk, Moldavskaya GRES (No. 159)
thermal powerplant, which supplies over two-thirds of
the capacity in the system. Transmission within the
system is handled mainly by 220-kv. lines, but a higher-
capacity 330-kv. line is being built to link the Dnestrovsk,
Moldavskaya GRES to the Central Ukraine system at
Nikolayev.
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The Caucasus area is served by two major systems
with only low-capacity connections to each other and to
the rest of European U.S.S.R. The North Caucasus
system unites the small networks around Krasnodar,
Pyatigorsk, and Groznyy. Its main power sources are
thermal: the 800,000-kw. Krasnodar TETs (No. 163), the
600,000-kw. Nevinomyssk Gres (No. 164), and the
350,000-kw. Novogroznenskiy TETs-1 (No. 165) at
Groznyy. From the centrally located Nevinnomyssk
GRES (No. 164), a 220-kv. powerline to Krasnodar and a
330-kv. powerline to Groznyy constitute the main
circuits of the system. Small hydro and thermal powerplants
raise the system's total capacity to 2.7 million kw.
Through powerlines from Krasnodar to the Rostov area,
the North Caucasus system is linked to the Donbass grid
and to the Trans-Caucasus network. A 110-kv. circuit
serves the railroad joining the North Caucasus and
Transcaucasus regions, but does not permit exchanges of
significant amounts of power between the two systems.
The Trans-Caucasus system joins together the networks
of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Exchanges of
power among these three are accomplished through the
Akstafa transformer station (56). The most extensive of
the networks is the Georgian, with subsystems in the
vicinities of Kutaisi and Tbilisi. Each of these sub-
systems comprises several small hydroelectric stations
and one or two larger thermal powerplants. The former
are linked by 110-kv. lines, but the larger thermal
powerplants and major substations are connected by
220-kv. circuits. The Georgian system will be greatly
improved by the commissioning of the Dzhvari, Ingurskaya
GES (No. 169) hydroelectric station, now under
construction. This 1.3 million-kw. project incorporates
the world's highest dam. The powerplant is to be
connected to the Tbilisi area by a 500-kv. powerline, a
high-capacity tie which will facilitate power exchanges
throughout the Trans-Caucasus area.
The main circuits of the Armenian system connect
Yerevan with a series of hydroelectric stations on the
Razdan River, north and east of the city. Major thermal
powerplants have been added in the Yerevan area, and
powerlines are being extended to the southeast where
more hydroelectric stations are to be built. The system
now has about 1.2 million kw. installed capacity. A 220-
kv. powerline connects it to the Akstafa substation.
The Azerbaijan system is the most powerful in the
Trans-Caucasus. Several large thermal powerplants in
the vicinity of Baku are linked by 220-kv. lines, and from
this area, a 330-kv. powerline extends westward to the
Akstafa substation.
A major power system is being formed in the areas of
northern Kazakhstan and southern West Siberia. The
networks of the Urals and of the Novosibirsk area are
linked by powerlines intended primarily for electrification
of the Trans-Siberian Railway; these 2-circuit, 110-kv.
lines do not have sufficient capacity to transfer significant
amounts of power between the systems involved. The
main power facilities of the area, in Petropavlovsk and
Omsk, are therefore somewhat isolated and localized.
The situation is to be remedied by the extension of high-
capacity lines to these cities from the power system
evolving in northern Kazakhstan.
At the end of 1966, this area contained the extensive
Karaganda system, the more compact Altay system in
easternmost Kazakhstan, and between them, the localized
but rapidly expanding Pavlodar system. A series of giant
thermal powerplants are to be built around the extensive
deposits of easily mined brown coal near Ekibastuz, and
west of Pavlodar. Construction on the first of these, the
Yermak GRES (No. 270), is well advanced. As its units
are commissioned, 220- and 330-kv. powerlines are being
extended to join the Karaganda, Pavlodar, and Altay
systems into a single network. As other, even larger
powerplants, such as the Zhingyldysor, Ekibastuz GRES-
1 (No. 266) are built in this area, higher-capacity
powerlines are to be extended northward to Omsk and
westward to join the Urals system at Kustanay, thereby
creating a new major system covering the broad area
between the Urals and central Siberia.
The central Siberian area is served by a major system
extending from west of Novosibirsk to east of Irkutsk.
The system now contains three well defined sections,
linked together mainly by 500-kv. powerlines radiating
from the 4,050,000-kw. Bratsk GES (No. 311) hydroelectric
station, the world's largest single generating plant.
Within the component networks, the main circuits are
220-kv. lines.
On the west, the Central Siberian system incorporates
the Kuzbass network, which unites the power facilities
between Novosibirsk and Barnaul on the west, and those
from north of Tomsk to south and east of Novokuznetsk.
The Kuzbass grid joins powerplants with capacities
totaling about 4 million kw.; less than 5% of the
capacity is hydroelectric. Each of the large cities in the
area has several medium-sized thermal powerplants and
these concentrations are linked together with 220-kv.
circuits, now being augmented by a 500-kv. line. The
biggest powerplants serving the Kuzbass grid are situated
outside the main cities; the 1.3 million-kw. Myski, Tom-
Usinskaya GRES (No. 253) and the 500,000-kw. Kaltan,
Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya GRES (No. 254) are near the
southern end of the network, while the 800,000-kw.
Belovo GRES (No. 249) is near the system's center and is
a focal point for its principal circuits.
The two-circuit 500-kv. powerline extending west
from Bratsk forms the backbone of the Krasnoyarsk
regional power network. The other major circuits are
220-kv. lines radiating from the main powerplants-the
900,000-kw. Nazavovo GRES (No. 257) and the 650,000-
kw. Zaozernyy, Krasnoyarsk GRES-2 (No. 310)-and a
220-kv. line extending from the southern Kuzbass area
through Abakan to Tayshet. At the end of 1966, the
Krasnoyarsk system included powerplants, nearly all
thermal, with an aggregate capacity approximating 2.2
million kw.
Power facilities in the Krasnoyarsk region are being
developed rapidly and on the largest scale. Soviet power
planners believe the region offers sites for both hydro and
thermal powerplants that should provide the lowest
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intrinsic power costs in the country. Two hydroelectric
stations even more powerful than that at Bratsk are
under construction on the Yenisey River, upstream from
Krasnoyarsk and Abakan. In areas near the Trans-
Siberian Railway, for hundreds of kilometers east and
west of Krasnoyarsk, there are rich deposits of brown coal
suitable for open-pit mining and several rivers to furnish
great quantities of cooling water. On these coal deposits,
Soviet power authorities intend to erect a series of
multimillion-kilowatt thermal powerplants to work in
conjunction with the huge hydroelectric stations being
built on the Yenisey and Angara Rivers. These 4- to 6-
million kw. powerplants are to be connected by extremely
high-capacity powerlines to a central substation; this
will probably be built near Nazarovo. From this point,
the bulk of the power is to be transmitted to the Urals
and European U.S.S.R.
The other main powerlines from the Bratsk GES, two
500-kv. (FIGURE 26B) and two 220-kv. circuits, are the
principal components of the Irkutsk regional system.
These lines terminate at the large substation (98) near
the 1.1 million-kw. Angarsk, Sukhovskaya TETs-10 (No.
317). This substation also is the focal point for powerlines
from several other nearby thermal powerplants and from
the 660,000 kw. Irkutsk, Angara GES (No. 318)
hydroelectric station. From Irkutsk, 220-kv. powerlines
extend to the east along the Trans-Siberian railroad;
these are the main element of the rudimentary Buryat
A.S.S.R. power system. Lower-voltage lines radiating
from Irkutsk constitute the remainder of the regional
power system.
To the north and east of the Irkutsk region there are a
number of isolated small local power systems. Those near
the Trans-Siberian railroad are to be consolidated by the
gradual extension of 220-kv. lines for electrification of
the railway. In the vicinity of Chita (No. 322) and much
farther to the east from Svobodnyy through Khabarovsk
(No. 332) to Vladivostok, construction of these lines is
well advanced. For the sparsely populated region
between Chita and Svobodnyy, no specific plans for the
construction have been published by the Soviets.
The Amur Oblast, east of Chita, has a relatively
simple power system, now based primarily on a medium-
sized thermal powerplant, the 160,000-kw. Raychikhinsk
GRES (No. 331). A million-kw. hydroelectric station, the
Berezovka, Zeyskaya GES (No. 330) under construction
in the northern part of the region, is to be the basis for
extension of the network, especially to the west.
The powerplants and local systems serving the main
cities of the Khabarovsk region have not yet been
interconnected. More progress has been made in the
vicinity of Vladivostok, where a network of 110- and
220-kv. powerlines links the main thermal powerplants
to load centers in the cities and towns of the area. A 2.4
million-kw. thermal powerplant, the Nadarovka,
Primorskaya GRES (No. 337) is under construction
between Vladivostok and Khabarovsk. High-capacity
lines from this powerplant will link up the Amur,
Khabarovsk, and Vladivostok area power facilities.
There are several noteworthy power systems in northern
Siberia. The most powerful is that serving the Noril'sk
mining area, in the far northern part of Krasnoyarsk
Kray. The system at present depends almost entirely on
the 575,000-kw. Norilsk TETs (No. 303), but another
thermal powerplant and a hydroelectric plant are being
added. In eastern Irkutsk Oblast, a system based mainly
on the 84,000-kw. Bodaybo, Mamakanskaya GES (No.
307) serves nearby gold and mica mining centers.
To the north of Bodaybo, recently discovered diamond
deposits in the Mirnyy area are to be served by the
600,000-kw. Chernyshevskiy, Vilyuyskaya GES (No.
306), a hydroelectric station now under construction.
From Lensk (formerly Mukhtuya) on the Lena River,
base for the construction operations and site of a small
thermal powerplant, a 110-kv. powerline extends to
Mirnyy and the dam site; a 200-kv. circuit is being
extended to the north to newly-found deposits at Aykhal.
In the Soviet Far East, an extensive system has
developed to link the port of Magadan with gold fields
along the Kolyma River and its tributaries. The main
power source is the 120,000-kw. Myaundzha, Arkagala
GRES (No. 325), from which 110-kv. powerlines go to
the principal mining and dredging centers. A circuit is
being extended to Magadan, and the system's capacity is
to be greatly increased by construction of the 750,000-
kw. Debin, Kolyma GES (No. 326). Even farther to the
northeast, to permit the exploitation of valuable tin
deposits near Bilibino, a small system has been developed to
transmit power from the 42,000-kw. Pevek, Chaunskaya
GRES (No. 329) and a smaller thermal powerplant at
Zelenyy Mys over 110-kv. powerlines to the Bilibino
area. Because of the extreme difficulty of delivering fuel
to this area, a 48,000-kw. nuclear powerplant (No. 328)
is being built near Bilibino to augment the system. Other
small systems in the Soviet Far East similarly connect
remote deposits of valuable ores with powerplants near
coal deposits or at places where fuel may be delivered
without long hauls over difficult terrain.
Across southern Soviet Central Asia, another extensive
system is being evolved, linking up the once widely
separated facilities of the Turkman, Uzbek, and Kirgiz
Republics with those of southeastern Kazakhstan. Before
1970, this area is to have an effectively integrated system
extending from west of Ashkhabad to beyond Alma-Ata
on the east. The central part of the system, between
Samarkand and Tashkent, has good proportions of
thermal and hydro power, but the outlying segments are
almost entirely dependent on thermal powerplants.
Smaller, isolated systems operate in the vicinity of
Gur'yev and Krasnovodsk on the east side of the Caspian
Sea, in the Amu-Dar'ya delta area, and in the Tadzhik
Republic.
The best-developed power network in Soviet Central
Asia serves the Tashkent-Fergana Valley area. The
system comprises powerplants totaling about 3 million
kw. About one-fifth of this capacity is in hydroelectric
stations, but the main base loads are sustained by' two
large modern thermal powerplants, the 750,000-kw.
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Tashkent GRES (No. 293) and the 600,000-kw. Angren
GRES (No. 292). The main generating plants and
distribution points are connected by 220-kv. powerlines
with 110-kv. connections to outlying components. From
the Tashkent area, a 220-kv. line extends through
Samarkand and Bukhara to Mary, with construction
under way to Ashkhabad. This circuit links up the power
facilities of the main oases in the broad desert.
A 500-kv. connection is being established between
Tashkent and the rapidly developing network serving
the area from Chimkent to beyond Alma-Ata. The main
generating plants now are located in Frunze (No. 299)
and Alma-Ata (No. 300), but a much larger thermal
powerplant (No. 298) is being built near Dzhambul, and
a 1.2 million kw. hydroelectric station (No. 297) is under
construction at Toktogul, between Frunze and the
Fergana area. High-capacity powerlines from these
facilities to Frunze will link up the communities lying
between the larger cities, and provide ample power input
to the now inadequately served local networks. A 110-kv.
line to the northwest from Chimkent meets the modest
needs of the small communities along the Syr-Dar'ya
River and the adjacent railroad, while similiar lines from
Frunze serve sparsely settled areas to the north and to the
southeast.
One of the largest of the isolated systems in Soviet
Central Asia is that of the Tadzhik Republic, south of
the Tashkent-Fergana area. A thermal powerplant (No.
287) at Dushanbe and hydroelectric stations nearby-
Kalininabad, Golovnaya GES (No. 284) is the largest-
furnish the bulk of the power in a system which is being
extended to the west. This Tadzhik system also will be
linked to the Tashkent and Samarkand areas by high-
capacity powerlines when sufficient generating plant has
been installed at the 2.7 million-kw. Nurek GES (No.
286) hydroelectric station, now being built east of Dushanbe.
A number of international transmission lines are now
in operation across the western borders of the U.S.S.R.
From the Mukachevo transformer (49) in the southwest
Ukraine, 400-kv. transmission lines extend to substations
at Lemesany in Czechoslovakia and Ludus in Rumania,
and two 220-kv. lines are connected to a substation at
Saj6szoged in Hungary. Another 220-kv. line to East
Europe operates between the Ross transformer station
(10) in Belorussia and a substation in Bialystok, Poland.
These connections are all part of the Mir (Peace) grid, an
international power system under development to join
U.S.S.R. and East European Communist countries into a
single network. The control system for the Soviet Union's
portion of the Mir grid is located at Mukachevo
transformer station. The U.S.S.R. contributed a net total
of almost 1.6 billion kw. in exports to the system in 1966.
The system is being strengthened by the addition of
another 400-kv. powerline which is being bl~ilt between
the Mukachevo transformer station (49) and Sajoszoged,
Hungary. Two smaller international connections are also
in operation: a 110-kv. line between Kaliningrad,
U.S.S.R., and Ketrzyn, Poland, and a 110-kv. powerline
from Svetogorsk, Enso LGES-11 (No. 19) to Imatra,
Finland. Each of these lines furnishes about 200 million
kw.-hr. to the respective foreign country.
The Soviet Union has been negotiating agreements
with most of the surrounding countries for the utilization
of power resources of boundary rivers. Generally, such
agreements have provided that each country build
powerplants at separate sites on respective sides of the
river, rather than pool resources and benefits. Such
powerplants have been built on rivers separating the
U.S.S.R. from Finland and Norway, and construction
was to be started in 1967 on a project on the Araks River
between the U.S.S.R. and Iran. Joint efforts between the
U.S.S.R. and Communist China for exploitation of the
great power potential of the border section of the Amur
River have been abandoned.
Power distribution is generally standardized throughout
the country as 3-phase, 50-cycle, alternating current.
Centralized administration of the Soviet electric power
system has resulted in standardization of transmission at
a small number of voltages. The following tabulation
shows the range of voltages, by percent of use, in 1966:
PERCENT OF OPERATING
334,000-KM. NETWORK VOLTAGES
Kv
.
39.6 ..... ............. .
35
40.0 .................. .
110
15.6 ......................
220-330
2.9 .......................
400-500
1.7 ......................
154
0.2 ......... ...........
800
The 90-km. Konakovo GRES to Moscow 750-kv.
transmission line, put in operation in 1967, is the first
powerline in the Soviet Union to operate at that voltage.
One of the largest transformers in the country (FIGURE
12) is on this powerline.
Local distribution is accomplished by 35-, 20-, 10-, 6-,
and 3-kv. lines. The length of low-voltage distribution
lines totaled almost 2 million km. in 1966. During the
recent 7-Year Plan (1959-65) more than 1 million km. of
low-voltage lines were installed, while 1.4 million km.
are planned for installation in the current 5-Year Plan
(1966-70). Almost all transmission is by overhead lines,
except in the centers of the largest cities, where some
underground cables are used. One such long-distance
high-voltage transmission line, employing underground
conduit, was the experimental 200-kv. direct-current,
Kashira-Moscow powerline.
Current for consumers is being standardized at 220/380
volts. In many of the older cities, especially in European
U.S.S.R., current is now supplied to private and communal
consumers at 127/220 volts. However, these will gradually
be converted to 220/380 volts. All industrial consumers
receive their power at these standard voltages.
E. Consumption
Consumption of electric power in the U.S.S.R. is a
significant indicator of industrial growth and of the
expansion of the transportation and agricultural sectors
of the economy; the absolute increase in power
consumption in these areas during the last 7-Year Plan
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
FIGURE 12. A 417,000-KV.-A. AUTOTRANSFORMER FOR THE
KONAKOVO GRES (No. 51)-Moscow 750-KV. TRANSMIS-
SION LINE. One of the largest transformers manufac-
(1959-65) has been outstanding. Production of electric
energy in the U.S.S.R. amounted to 544.6 billion kw.-hr.
in 1966; after discounting energy consumed by
powerplants, transmission losses, and net exports, 466.5
billion kw.-hr. were consumed by end users. As in the
past, industry consumed the bulk of the available
output, although allocations for transport and rural use
have increased sharply in the past few years. The 1966
power production was distributed as follows:
Regions of highest power consumption are in the vicinity
of Moscow, the Donets Basin, the central Urals, the
Kuznetsk Basin in western Siberia, and the Angarsk-
Irkutsk region in eastern Siberia. Areas of lesser power
consumption are in the vicinity of Leningrad, the
Krasnoyarsk-Zaozernyy region in eastern Siberia, and in
Soviet Central Asia in the areas surrounding Karaganda,
Tashkent, and the Fergana Valley; these are now
growing rapidly. Other significant power consumption
centers-especially along the Volga River and in the
Ukraine-are scattered around the country, but the bulk
of the power consumption in the U.S.S.R. occurs in the
areas named.
During the past several years, there has been an
increase in the development of power production facilities
and accompanying consumption in the eastern half of
the country, based on the availability of huge 'fuel
resources. Although a further extensive build-up of
power production facilities is anticipated over at least
the next 15 years, the consumption pattern in eastern
Siberia and Central Asia, would remain substantially the
same as a result of transmission from these areas to the
Urals and to European U.S.S.R. European U.S.S.R. and
the Urals will continue to account for as much as two-
thirds of the power consumed.
In 1966, industrial consumption of electric power
amounted to approximately 61.5% of the total output of
the U.S.S.R.; the industrial share of final consumption,
after deduction of transmission losses, powerplant use,
and net exports, was more than 70%. These percentages,
though high, are somewhat less than those prevailing in
the past, as the basic needs of other consumers are now
gradually being fulfilled.
The principal industrial consumers of electricity are
the metallurgical, nuclear, chemical, and heavy machine-
building and metalworking industries. These use almost
70% of the industrial consumption and will continue to
account for the largest share. The 1966 power consumption
by various industries was as follows:
BILLION PERCENT OF
KW: HR. TOTAL OUTPUT
BILLION
KW.-HR.
PERCENT
CONSUMED
Industrial ................ 334.9 61.5
Ferrous metallurgy ............
55.6
16.6
Municipal ............... 52.6 9.6
Nonferrous metallurgy ........
48.6
14.5
Transport ................ 40.6 7.4
Nuclear materials ............
46.6
13.9
Rural ............. ..... 23.2 4.3
Machine building and metal
Construction ............. 15.2 2.8
working ..................
41.5
12.4
Transmission losses ........ 38.5 7.1
Chemical ......' .............
40.5
12.1
Powerplant use ........... 38.0 7.0
Solid fuel ...................
22.4
6.7
Net exports .............. 1.6 .3
Petroleum extraction and proc-
essing ............
.
20.8
6
2
In 1966, the United States power industry produced
.
......
Construction materials ........
18.8
.
5.6
about 1,327 billion kw.-hr., and consumption of electric
Light industry ...............
13.7
4.1
energy was almost 2.5 times that of the Soviet Union.
Timber, wood, paper .........
11.4
3.4
The distribution by class of consumer also differed
Food .......................
8.0
2.4
h
l
th
i
l
t
i
d
i
t
th
U
it
d
Other ......................
7.0
2.1
s
arp
y as
e e
r
c power
ec
n
us
ry
n
e
n
e
States is geared to meet the requirements of non-
industrial consumers and less than half of its power
output is allocated to industry.
The pattern and distribution of consumption is
extremely uneven and is governed by concentrations of
industrial development and major urban populations.
During the recent 7-Year Plan (1959-65), the greatest
gain occurred in the chemical and nuclear industries,
moving them up among the industrial leaders as volume
consumers of electricity. In the current 5-Year Plan
(1966-70), additional Soviet output is to be concentrated
in the chemical and non-ferrous metallurgy industries to
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promote their planned rapid growth. Significantly increased
electric power allocations are also planned for machine-
building and metalworking, nuclear, and light manufacturing.
Among other industries a sizable increase is planned for
the production of consumer goods and household
appliances. By the end of 1970, industrial consumption
of electric power is to approach 500 billion kw. -hr. per year.
The principal use of electricity in Soviet industry is as
motive power for production machinery; this takes more
than 60% of the supply. Electric motors account for
almost 100% of the machine driving power in stationary
processes. However, the share of electric energy consumed
for electrothermal and electrochemical processes is
increasing rapidly. In 1966, these processes required
more than 30% of industrial consumption as compared
to less than 20% in 1940. Less than 10% is used for
lighting, ventilation, and other purposes. In 1965, the
per capita consumption of electric power per industrial
worker was 11,800 kw.-hr.
Despite industrial priorities, there are periodic shortages
in all branches of industry. As a result, industrial
enterprises are expected to operate within specified
norms to conserve electricity. Since the beginning of the
7-Year Plan (1959-65), a great deal of effort has been
expended in national power-saving compaigns; monthly
accounts on the fulfillment of electric power norms have
been maintained by the industry, and permanent local
commissions have been organized to supervise consumption
at individual industrial enterprises. The resultant savings
have been reported at between 6 and 9 billion kw.-hr.
annually over the last 7 years. The current 5-Year Plan
(1966-70) calls for an average reduction of consumption
norms for electric power by 6% to 8%.
In the transport category, an extensive railroad
electrification program has necessitated a steady increase
in power allocation. It is estimated that from 75% to
85 % of the electric power consumed for transportation is
for traction. At the end of 1966, more than 27,000 km. of
railroad were electrified, or more than 20% of the
railroad lines in the U.S.S.R. Almost 16,000 km. of
electrified railroad operate on direct-current catenary
systems, but at least four-fifths of all newly electrified
lines use alternating current throughout. In 1966, almost
42% of the freight and more than two-thirds of the
passengers were transported on electrified railroads.
According to the current 5-Year Plan (1966-70), about
37,000 km. of electrified route are to be completed by
the end of 1970. This and other increases will raise the
consumption of electric power by transport to almost 60
billion kw.-hr. Also included in the transport consumption
statistics, is power used to operate navigation locks and
canals, and that used for pumping stations on oil and gas
pipelines; these are estimated to have required approximately 8
billion kw.-hr. in 1966. Consumption by pipeline
pumping stations will probably be allocated an increasing
proportion of transport consumption in the future.
Rural electrification has lagged far behind agricultural
power requirements in the past, and only in the recent 7-
Year Plan (1959-65) were concerted programs initiated to
improve the rural power supply. In 1966, 23.2 billion
kw. -hr. of electricity were allocated to the rural economy, as
compared to 6.9 billion kw.-hr. in 1958. Almost 120,000
small rural powerplants with a total capacity of about 5
million kw. supply less than 25% of the rural consumption,
with the remainder being supplied by connections to
regional, industrial, and municipal power systems.
Intensive efforts are now underway to link the rural
economy to the regional grids and to retire thousands of
the small, uneconomical stations now being used. Of the
power supplied to the rural economy, about 60% is used
in agricultural production processes, while the remainder
is supplied to the rural populace. Only about two-thirds
of the farm houses have electricity, utilized almost
entirely for illumination. The per capita consumption of
electric power in the rural sector amounted to about 218
kw.-hr. in 1966.
The current 5-Year Plan (1966-70) calls for consumption
of electric power in the rural sector to reach 60 billion
kw.-hr. by the end of 1970, with the entire increase to be
supplied by the power systems. Almost all state and
collective farms are to be connected to the systems and
an adequate base for the mechanization of all production
processes in agriculture is to be formed; secondarily, an
effort will be initiated to improve living conditions of the
farm workers, based upon increased allocations of
electric power.
The extensive building program of the Soviet Union
requires a significant expenditure of power. The share of
consumption of electric power by the construction
industry has remained fairly constant over the last 20
years. The current 5-Year Plan (1966-70) includes
widespread construction of new industrial enterprises,
large-scale renovation of cities, and a considerable
extension of the electric power transmission facilities,
pipeline systems, and railroad networks. Most of the
electric power consumed by construction is used for the
operation of construction machinery. By the end of 1970,
the total amount of electric power allocated to the
construction sector will probably exceed 25 billion kw.-hr.
By U.S. standards, consumption in urban areas for
public, residential, and commercial purposes is extremely
low, amounting to less than one-sixth of the U.S. level,
and there is little prospect that the inadequacies of urban
electrification will be appreciably relieved. The development
of additional housing in the urban areas and the growing
output of electrical products for household use, has
resulted in a gradual increase in consumption in the
major urban centers. Despite Soviet claims that massive
progress has been made in the electrification of urban
housing and communal facilities, the Soviet householder
is losing in the domestic competition for electric power
resources. In contrast to the U.S., where householders are
gaining an increasingly greater share of the total output
of electric power, the Soviet householder is being allotted
a constantly decreasing share. At the end of 1966, the
municipal sector consumed about 9.6% of the total
output, while in 1962 the share was 10.9%. By the end of
the current 5-Year Plan (1966-70), the consumption of
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electric power by the municipal sector is expected to be
about 77 billion kw.-hr. or 9.2% of the total output. In
the U.S.S.R., electrical appliances are perennially in
short supply, electrical circuits in new apartments are not
built to carry heavy appliance loads, and residential use
of electricity is discouraged if not actually rationed.
Charging high rates for electricity is another effective
means used to reduce domestic consumption. Consumption
is about equally divided between household and public
needs. The latter principally consists of electricity for
government buildings and utilities, with only a negligible
amount used for street lighting and virtually none for
commercial advertising.
In order to increase the amount of electricity actually
reaching the consumer, efforts are underway to reduce
losses in transmission by a more careful selection of
transmission-line voltages and distances, and to reduce
the use of electric power within powerplants. However,
the introduction of longer lines means that transmission
losses will continue to appropriate an increasing percentage
of output. It is estimated that by the end of 1970, about
7.5 % of production will be lost in transmission. On the
other hand, for the past few years, the Soviets have
succeeded in stabilizing electric power for powerplant
use at approximately 7%.
Consumption of electric power in the U.S.S.R. has
increased spectacularly in the last seven years and is
expected to make considerable gains in the future. The
greater availability of electricity is still primarily directed
toward increasing productivity and only secondarily to
provide amenities to the populace. By the end of 1970,
the annual consumption of electric power will have
grown to approximately 680 billion kw.-hr.
F. Development
Soviet power generating capacity can be-expected to
continue its growth at a rate approximating 10% per
year, somewhat greater than most other phases of the
Soviet economy. Within the industry, emphasis on
construction of thermal rather than hydroelectric
powerplants will probably increase. During the 1966-70
period, the principal share of the increase is to be in very
large regional thermal powerplants, incorporating larger
and more efficient units. After 1970, a greater share of
growth will probably come from installation of gas-fired
heat and power plants in urban areas near their loads.
This is to follow the construction of gas pipelines and
storage facilities, to link the major population centers
with gas deposits recently discovered in Soviet Central
Asia and in northern West Siberia. Integration and
consolidation of transmission systems is to continue, with
the introduction of higher-voltage, longer-distance
transmission during the 1970-75 period. Direct-current
1,500-kv. powerlines are expected to make it economical
to transmit power into central European U.S.S.R. over
2,500- to 3,000-km. distances from concentrations of
giant powerplants in northeastern Kazakhstan and in the
Krasnoyarsk region of Central Siberia. The Soviet power
industry is supported by a well developed electrical
equipment manufacturing establishment which would
not require substantial enlargement to fully support the
prospective growth of generating capacity, transmission,
and distribution. Research and development facilities
have proven capable of originating solutions for technical
problems in equipment design and in system planning
and operation, and must be considered adequate to meet
foreseeable demands.
In the period of the present 5-Year Plan (1966-70),
generating plant capacity is to be raised from 115 million
kw. to 180 million kw. This 65 million-kw. increase is to
be distributed as follows:
TYPE OF PLANT
(Million kw.)
Large thermal (condensation) ...
38.0
58
Heat and power ...............
15.0
23
Hydroelectric .................
11.0
17
Nuclear ......................
1.0
2
Annual production of electric power in this period is to
increase 66% to reach 800 billion kw.-hr.
Growth during the 1966-70 period is to be accomplished
primarily by commissioning and expanding large regional
thermal powerplants, which would account for 58% of
the new generating capacity. By 1970 they are to provide
40% of power production. Manufacture of generating
equipment is currently focused on the production of
300,000-kw. units, but in the next 5-Year Plan period
(1971-75) emphasis is to be shifted to the production of
500,000- and 800,000-kw. units. One 500,000-kw. unit
has already been installed in the Nazarovo GRES (No.
257), and an 800,000-kw. unit has been assembled for
experimental operation at the Slavyansk GRES (No.
134). Six more of these large units are scheduled for
production before 1971. Looking farther into the future,
Soviet engineers are working on designs for a 1.2 million-
kw. unit.
Expansion of existing heat and powerplants, and
construction of new ones in the 300,000- to 500,000-kw.
size range, is to account for 23% of the total new
capacity to be added in the 1966-70 period. -In the near
future, plants of this type as large as 1 million kw. may
be built to meet the rapidly growing needs of large
industrial combines for both electric power and steam.
The largest heat and power generating units presently
being manufactured are of 100,000-kw. capacity, but
larger units of up to 250,000 kw. are being developed.
New hydroelectric generating capacity is to amount to
11 million kw. or 17% of the new capacity to be added in
this period. Most of this is to be installed at large plants
in Central Siberia and Soviet Central Asia. Despite the
propaganda advantages derived from these "power
giants," enthusiasm for new construction of this type has
flagged considerably in recent years, and for the
foreseeable future, hydroelectric plants will continue to
generate only about 17% of the country's electric power.
In the period of the current 5-Year Plan, the capacity
of nuclear powerplants is to be increased by about 1
million kw. This is to be done by expanding the
Arkhangel'skoye, Novovoronezhskaya (No. 92) and
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Beloyarsk, Uralskaya (No. 208) nuclear powerplants,
and by commissioning the Tomsk-2 (No. 241), Shevchenko
(No. 277), and Bilibino, Chukotskaya (No. 328) nuclear
powerplants. Also in this period, the 800,000-kw. Kola
nuclear powerplant will be under construction. Soviet
planners do not consider nuclear powerplants the most
attractive investment in view of the U.S.S.R.'s enormous
fuel and hydropower resources. They are, however,
vigorously pursuing research in fields closely related to
nuclear power, such as magneto-hydrodynamic generation,
heat transfer media other than water, high-temperature
resistant materials, and desalination by surplus heat
from nuclear reactors.
The U.S.S.R. also has intensive efforts underway for
development of geothermal power sources in Kamchatka
and in the Caucasus area. Research on solar power is
conducted on a more modest scale, chiefly by institutes
at Yerevan in Armenia and at Tashkent in Central Asia.
Work on devices for generating power from wind
apparently receives relatively little attention, probably
because the building of small generators is contrary to
the Soviet emphasis on large units, and the existence of
independent power sources is discouraged. Soviet
publications do not indicate a large-scale effort on the
development of fuel cells, although foreign technical
literature on this topic is closely followed.
Hydroelectric construction will be well advanced
within the next five years on the last remaining major
projects planned for the Volga and Kama Rivers and for
the major part of the Dnepr River. The Cheboksary GES
(No. 97) under construction on the Volga, and the
Naberezhnyye Chelny, Nizhnekamskaya GES (No. 100)
under way on the lower Kama River, will complete the
conversion of these rivers into a series of reservoirs. There
has been little recent mention of starting construction on
schemes to divert water from northward-flowing rivers of
European U.S.S.R. into the upper Volga and Kama to
augment their flow. On the Dnepr River, work has been
started on the Kanev GES (No. 148), which will
complete the use of all but the upper course of that river.
With the additional storage provided by the reservoirs
upstream, it has become practical to more than double
the 651,000-kw. installed capacity of the Zaporozh'ye,
Dnepro GES (No. 139).
Other major hydroelectric projects are located in the
Caucasus, central and eastern Siberia, and Soviet
Central Asia. In the Caucasus, work is well advanced on
the 1.3 million-kw. Dzhvari, Ingurskaya GES (No. 169);
this will be the world's highest concrete arch dam, rising
301 meters (988 ft.) from foundation to crest. In Central
Siberia on the Yenisey River, the 6 million-kw. Divnogorsk,
Krasnoyarsk GES (No. 258) will be completed by 1970,
and construction has started on the 6,360,000-kw.
Mayna, Sayan GES (No. 260). On the Angara River, the
4,320,000-kw. Nevon, Ust'-Ilimskaya GES (No. 313) is
being built, and farther east, the 1,020,000-kw. Berezovka,
Zeyskaya GES (No. 330) on the Zeya River. The
outstanding project in Soviet Central Asia is the 2.7
million-kw. Nurek GES (No. 286); this will have the
world's highest rockfill dam, rising 298 meters (977 ft.).
In the 1970's the concentration on sites in Siberia and
Soviet Central Asia will probably continue, as there will
be few economically attractive sites remaining in European
U.S.S.R., the Caucasus, and the Urals.
Within the next 10 years, the Soviets may be expected
to make substantial progress toward one of their primary
goals, the transmission of massive amounts of power
from low-cost sources in Kazakhstan and Central Siberia
to centers of industry and population in the western parts
of the U.S.S.R. where fuel costs are much higher. During
1967, a 750-kv. alternating current powerline from the
Konakovo GRES (No. 51) thermal powerplant to the
Moscow/Belyy Rast transformer station (11) was
commissioned. This is an extended field test of this
facility to determine the reliability or shortcomings of
the novel equipment involved. When proven, many of
the components can be adapted for direct-current. lines
to be operated at 750 kv. positive and negative with
reference to ground, and consequently at 1500 kv. with
reference to each other. Well proven conversion equipment,
now in use on the 800-kv. direct-current line from the
Volgograd GES (No. 117) hydroelectric station to the
Mikhaylovka Transformer Station (Substation No. 34) in
the Donbass, can probably be adapted to operate at the
higher voltage with little difficulty. Such 1500-kv.
direct-current powerlines are calculated to reduce losses
to quite acceptable levels over the 2,500- to 3,000-km.
distances involved. The formulation of plans for the
Ekibastuz-Center powerlines (from northeastern Kazakhstan to
central European U.S.S.R.) has been announced, although
details as to terminals and route are not yet available.
Other major transmission lines, uniting or consolidating
existing systems, have been described in Subsection D,
Transmission and Distribution Facilities.
The Soviet electric power industry has long demonstrated
ability to make the largest-scale plans and to solve major
technical and production problems related to carrying
out tremendous engineering projects. The country has
exceptionally great resources for both thermal and hydro
power development, and may be expected to devote the
necessary capital and materials to continue the
improvement of its electric power supply.
G. Statistical data
This subsection consists of detailed data in the general
order of reference in the text.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
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Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
154 Dobrotvor GRES ......................
49 Dorogobuzh GRES .....................
27 Dubrovka, LGES-8 ....................
287 Dushanbe TETs .......................
84 Dzerzhinsk, lgumnovskaya TETs ........
86 Dzerzhinsk TETs ......................
298 Dzhambul GRES .......................
274 Dzhezkazgan, Kingir TETs ..............
169 Dzhvari, Ingurskaya GES ...............
39 Elektrenai, Litovskaya GRES............
115 Engel's TETs-3 ........................
290 Fergana TETs-2 .......................
299 Frunze TETs ..........................
176 Gardabani, Tbilisi GRES ................
87 Gor'kiy, Novogor'kovskaya TETs........
85 Gor'kiy, GAZ-1 TETs ..................
82 Gorodets, Gor'kiy GES .................
165 Groznyy, Novogroznenskiy TETs-1......
166 Groznyy TETs-3 .......................
196 Gubakha, Kizel GRES-1 ...............:
276 Gur'yev TETs-2 .......................
320 Guzinoozersk GRES ....................
178 Gyumush GES .........................
301 Ili, Kapchagay GES ....................
12 Inta TETs-2 ..........................
230 Iriklinskiy GRES .......................
318 Irkutsk, Angara GES ...................
59 Ivanovo TETs-2 .......................
38 Jaunjelgava, Plavinas GES ..............
161 Kakhovka GES ........................
50 Kalinin TETs-4 ........................
284 Kalininabad, Golovnaya GES............
41 Kaliningrad GRES-2 ...................
254 Kaltan, Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya............
156 Kalush TETs ..........................
800 ....do .............. Moldavian ................. Under expansion; reached 1.2 million kw. in 1967, to be 2.4 million
kw. by 1975.
700 ....do .............. West Ukraine.............. One of main powerplants in system.
200 .... do .............. Moscow-Gor'kiy............
312 ....do .............. Leningrad-Baltic ........... Largest peat-fired Iiowerplant in U.S.S.R. No. 8 of Leningrad area
powerplants.
218 ....do .............. Tadzhik................... ...
195 .... do .............. Moscow-Gor'kiy............
300 ....do .............. .... do ....................
.... do .............. Tashkent-Fergana .......... Under construction; first 200,000 kw. unit installed in 1967. Final
capacity to be 1.2 million kw.
150 ....do .............. Karaganda ................ ...
Hydro .............. Georgian .................. Under construction; first unit of 260,000 kw. to be commissioned in
1970, capacity to reach 1.3 million kw. by 1973. Project incor-
porates world's tallest concrete arch dam, 301 meters (988 feet) high.
600 Steam ............... Leningrad-Baltic ........... Being enlarged; capacity to be 1.2 million kw. in 1968.
50 ....do .............. Middle Volga .............. Under construction; to be 200,000 kw. in 1968.
150 ....do .............. Tashkent-Fergana .......... Under expansion; to be 200,000 kw. in 1968. Located in and serves
petroleum refinery.
400 ....do .............. Frunze.................... Under expansion; to be 800,000 kw. by 1970.
450 ....do .............. Georgian .................. Under expansion; capacity to be 900,000 kw. in 1968.
200 ....do .............. Moscow-Gor'kiy............
249 ....do .............. .... do .................... Located at and serves Gor'kiy motor vehicle plant.
520 Hydro .............. .... do .................... Major dam on Volga River.
350 Steam ............... North Caucasus............
50 .... do .............. .... do .................... Under construction; second 50,000 kw. unit commissioned in 1967, to
reach 200,000 kw. by 1970.
102 ....do .............. Urals .....................
49 ....do .............. ... Under expansion; to be 99,000 kw. in 1968. Serves small Gur'yev
grid.
.... do .............. Eastern Siberia............. Under construction; final capacity to be 600,000 kw.
224 Hydro .............: Armenian ................. ...
....do .............. Alma-Ata ................. Under construc_.,.., o be in operation by 1970. Final capacity to be
440,000 kw.
49 Steam ...............
... ....do .............. Urals ..................... Under construction; first 300,000 kw. unit to be commissioned in 1968,
capacity to reach 900,000 kw. in 1970, 1.8 million kw. by 1975.
660 Hydro .............. Eastern Siberia............. ...
123 Steam ............... Moscow-Gor'kiy............ ...
825 Hydro ......... :.... Leningrad-Baltic ........... Largest hydroelectric plant in northwest European U.S.S.R.
312 ....do .............. Central Ukraine............
172 Steam ............... Moscow-Gor'kiy............ ...
210 Hydro .............. Tadzhik................... ...
90 Steam ............... Leningrad-Baltic ...........
500 ....do .............. Kuzbass................... One of main base load plants in Kuzbass system.
... ....do .............. West Ukraine.............. Under construction; first two 50,000 kw. units in 1967. Capacity to
reach 300,000 kw.
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
MAP
REF.
NO.*
5 Kandalaksha, Niva GES-3 ..............
148 Kanev GES ...........................
98 Kazan' TETs-2 ........................
99 Kazan' TETs-3 ........................
37 Kegums GES ..........................
15 Kem', Putkinskaya GES ................
247 Kemerovo TETs .......................
150 Kiev, Darnitsa TETs-4 .................
152 Kiev GES .............................
151 Kiev TETs-2 ..........................
28 Kirishi GRES ..........................
94 Kirov, Kirovo-Chepetskiy TETs-3 .......
95 Kirov TETs-4 .........................
183 Kirovabad TETs .......................
4 Kirovsk GRES .........................
40 Klaipeda GRES ........................
6 Knyazhaya Guba GES ..................
34 Kohtla-Jarve TETs-2 ...................
1 Kolttakengyas, Borisoglebskaya GES.....
333 Ko?msomol'sk, Amurstal' TETs-1.........
58 Komsomol'sk, Ivanovo GRES ...........
334 Komsomol'sk TETs-2 ..................
51 Konakovo GRES ........................
7 Konets-Kovdozero, Iovskaya GES........
10 Kotlas TETs-2 ........................
Thousand
kw.
150 Hydro .............. Murmansk ................
....do .............. Central Ukraine............ Under construction; first units to be commissioned in 1970, capacity
to reach 420,000 kw. by 1972. This powerplant will complete devel-
opment of major part of Dnepr River.
... Steam ............... Urals ..................... Under construction; first 300,000 kw. unit is to be commissioned in
1968, capacity to reach 1.2 million kw. in 1970, 2.4 million kw. by
1975. Powerlines from this plant will strengthen tie between Urals
and European U.S.S.R. systems.
312 ....do .............. Moscow-Gor'kiy............ Under expansion; to be 1,262,000 kw. in 1970. Has highest temper-
ature and pressure unit in U.S.S.R.
325 ....do .............. Middle Volga ..............
... ....do .............. .... do .................... Under construction; first 50,000 kw. unit to be commissioned in 1968,
capacity to be 350,000 kw.
70 Hydro .............. Leningrad-Baltic ........... Under expansion; to be 200,000 kw. by 1969.
... ....do .............. .... do .................... Under construction; capacity 84,000 kw. in 1967.
224 Steam ............... Kuzbass................... Under expansion; capacity to be 274,000-kw. in 1968, and 374,000 kw.
by 1970.
.... do .............. .... do .................... Under expansion; capacity to be 192,000 kw. in 1968, and to reach
292,000 kw. by 1970.
Under expansion; 250,000 kw. in 1967. To be linked to the Far East
power system.
250 ....do .............. Central Ukraine............
163 Hydro .............. .... do .................... Under construction; capacity to be 526,000 kw. by 1972.
120 Steam ............... ....do....................
150 ....do .............. Leningrad-Baltic ........... Under construction; capacity to 1,350,000 kw. by 1970. Associated
with major petroleum refinery.
198 ....do ..............
200 ....do ..............
75 ....do ..............
200 ....do ..............
... ....do ..............
128 Hydro ..............
108 Steam ...............
56 Hydro ..............
125 Steam ...............
134 ....do ..............
74 ....do ..............
1,200 ....do ..............
80 Hydro ..............
100 Steam ...............
Urals .....................
....do ....................
Azerbaijan .................
Murmansk ................
Leningrad-Baltic ...........
Murmansk ................
Leningrad-Baltic ...........
Murmansk ................
Moscow-Gor'kiy............
Moscow-Gor'kiy............
Reached 250,000 kw. in 1967.
Under expansion; 100,000 kw. in 1967.
Largest thermal powerplant in system.
Under construction; capacity to be 600,000 kw. by 1975.
Burns oil shale.
Under expansion; to be 200,000 kw. by 1969. Principal consumer is
the Amurstal' steel plant.
Under expansion; to be 124,000 kw. by 1969.
Under construction; capacity to be 2.4 million kw. in 1968. Largest
powerplant in Moscow area.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
200 Krasnokamsk, Zakam TETs-5...........
201 Krasnoturinsk, Bogoslovskiy TETs.......
279 Krasnovodsk TETs-2 ...................
259 Krasnoyarsk TETs-1 ...................
122 Krasnyy Sulin, Nesvetay GRES..........
145 Kremenchug GES ......................
146 Kremenchug TETs........ e............
137 Khar'kov TETs-3 ......................
142 Krivoy Rog, Krivorozhskiy TETs-1 ......
8 Kundozero, Kumskaya GES .............
234 Kurgan TETs ..........................
93 Kursk, Ryshkovo TETs .................
171 Kutaisi, Namakhvanskaya GES..........
110 Kuybyshev, Bezimyanka TETs..........
112 Kuybyshev, Novokuybyshev TETs-1.....
111 Kuybyshev, Novokuybyshev TETs-2.....
275 Kzyl-Orda TETs .......................
158 Ladyzhin, Yuzhnaya GRES .............
289 Leninabad, Kayrak-Kum GES ...........
25 Leningrad, Kirovskaya TETs-15 .........
23 Leningrad, Krasnyy Oktyabr GRES-5....
21 Leningrad, LGES-1 ....................
22 Leningrad, LGES-2 ....................
24 Leningrad TETs-14 ....................
26 Leningrad TETs-17 ....................
265 Leninogorsk TETs-2 ....................
90 Lipetsk TETs ..........................
132 Lisichansk TETs-2 .....................
126 Lugansk GRES ............ :...........
131 Luganskoye, Mironovskaya GRES.......
47 Lukoml', Belorusskaya GRES............
228 Magnitogorsk TETs-1 ..................
227 Magnitogorsk TETs-3 ..................
282 Mary, Prikopetdagskaya GRES..........
800 ....do .............. North Caucasus............ Under expansion; capacity to be 950,000 kw. in 1968, 1.2 million kw.
by 1972.
150 ....do .............. Urals.....................
175 Steam ............... Urals..................... Located in and serves Bogoslov aluminum combine.
20 .... do .............. Under construction; final capacity to be 170,000 kw.
524 ....do .............. Eastern Siberia............. Under expansion; capacity to be 624,000 kw. in 1968.
300 ....do .............. Donbass................... ...
625 Hydro .............. Central Ukraine............ Dam impounds largest reservoir on Dnepr River; powerplant is focal
point for several major powerlines.
100 Steam ............... .... do .................... Under construction; capacity 150,000 kw. in 1967.
149 ....do .............. .... do ....................
107 ....do .............. .... do .................... ...
83 Hydro .............. Murmansk ................ ...
300 Steam ............... Urals .....................
200? ....do ..............
Hydro .............. Georgian .................. Under construction; first units to be commissioned in 1970, capacity
to reach 480,000 kw. by 1974.
150 Steam ............... Middle Volga..............
255 ....do .............. ....do....................
200 ....do .............. .... do ....................
24 ....do .............. Tashkent-Fergana.......... Under expansion; capacity to reach 98,000 kw. by 1972.
... ....do .............. West Ukraine.............. Under construction; first 300,000 kw. unit to be commissioned in
1970, capacity to reach 1.8 million kw. by 1975, 2.6 million kw. by
1978. Powerlines from this plant will link networks of central and
western Ukraine.
126 Hydro .............. Tashkent-Fergana ..........
100 Steam ............... Leningrad-Baltic ........... Under expansion; to be 200,000 kw. by 1970. No. 15 of Leningrad
area.
111 ....do .............. .... do .................... No. 5 of Leningrad area system.
101 ....do .............. .... do .................... No. 1 of Leningrad area system; acronym is applied to either thermal
or hydro powerplants within system; this practice is found only in
Leningrad and Moscow area systems.
111 ....do .............. .... do ....................
200 ....do .............. .....do....................
50 ....do .............. .... do .................... Under expansion; capacity to be 250,000 kw. by 1971.
149 ....do .............. Altay-Pavlodar............. ...
124 ....do .............. Moscow-Gor'kiy............ ...
150 ....do .............. Donbass................... Under expansion; to be 300,000 kw. by 1970.
1,500 .... do .............. .... do .................... Under expansion; to be 2.3 million kw. by 1969.
500 ....do .............. .... do ....................
... ....do .............. Belorussian ................ Under construction; capacity to be 600,000 kw. in 1969, 2.4 million
kw. by 1975. Will be largest powerplant in Belorussia.
Under expansion; to be 500,000 kw. by 1970. Serves small Magadan
grid.
152 ....do .............. Urals.....................
200 ....do .............. .... do ....................
...
... ....do .............. Tashkent-Fergana .......... Under construction; to be 200,000 kw. by 1970. Final capacity to be
1.8 million kw.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
MAP
INSTALLED
REF.
NAME
TYPE
MAJOR GRID AREAS SERVED
REMARKS
CAPACITY
NO.*
Thousand
kw.
104 Melekess, UI'yanovskaya AES ...........
185 Mingechaur GES .......................
44 Minsk TETs-4 .........................
43 Minsk, Zavodskaya TETs-3 .............
68 Moscow, Kaluzhskaya TETs-20..........
69 Moscow, Khovrinskaya TETs-21 .........
67 Moscow, Leningradskiy TETs-16 ........
63 Moscow, Smidovich TETs-1 .............
64 Moscow TETs-9 .......................
65 Moscow TETs-11 ......................
66 Moscow TETs-12 ......................
70 Moscow TETs-22 ......................
71 Moscow TETs-23 ......................
253 Myski, Tom-Usinskaya GRES...........
100 Naberezhnyye Chelny, Nizhnekamskaya
GES.
16 Nadvoytsy, Ondskaya GES ..............
32 Narva, Estonskaya GRES ...............
30 Narva GES ............................
31 Narva, Pribaltiyskaya GRES-1 ..........
283 Navoi GRES ..........................
257 Nazarovo GRES .......................
280 Nebit-Dad gas turbine powerplant........
164 Nevinnomyssk GRES ...................
313 Nevon, Ust'Ilimskaya GES ..............
Hydro .............. Eastern Siberia............. Under construction; capacity to be 1,060,000 kw. by 1971, 6,360,000
kw. by 1975.
70 Steam-Nuclear .......
359 Hydro ..............
... Steam ...............
400 ....do ..............
550 ....do ..............
300 ....do ..............
400 ....do ..............
108 ....do ..............
248 ....do ..............
300 ....do ..............
312 ....do ..............
500 ....do ..............
100 ....do ..............
1,300 ....do ..............
... Hydro ..............
80 Hydro ..............
.. Steam ...............
144 Hydro ..............
1,600 Steam ...............
400 ....do ..............
900 ....do ..............
24 Gas turbine..........
800 Steam ...............
... Hydro ..............
Middle Volga ..............
Azerbaijan .................
Belorussian ................
....do ....................
Moscow-G or' kiy ............
....do ....................
....do ....................
....do ....................
....do ....................
....do ....................
....do ....................
....do ....................
....do ....................
Kuzbass ...................
Middle Volga ..............
Leningrad-Baltic ...........
....do ....................
....do ....................
....do ....................
Tashkent-Fergana ..........
Eastern Siberia .............
North Caucasus............
Eastern Siberia .............
Under expansion; to be 1.1 million kw. by 1972.
Under expansion; to be 600,000 kw. in 1968.
One of the oldest powerplants in U.S.S.R.
Also referred to as VTI TETs; serves a Moscow research institute.
Under expansion; to be 600,000 kw. by 1969.
Also referred to as Frunze TETs.
Also referred to as Lyubertsy TETs.
Under construction; capacity to be 300,000 kw. in 1968. Also referred
to as Izmaylovo TETs.
Under expansion; to be 151,000 kw. by 1968. Serves small Magadan
grid.
Largest powerplant in Kuzbass system.
Under construction; first 54,000 kw. unit to go on line in 1970, capacity
to reach 1,080,000 kw. by 1974. Also referred to as Lower Kama
GES.
Under construction; first 200,000 kw. unit to be in operation by 1970.
Final capacity to be 1.2 million kw.
Under construction; capacity to be 1 million kw. by 1970, 1.6 million
kw. by 1974. To burn oil shale.
Largest powerplant in northwestern European U.S.S.R.; uses oil
shale as fuel.
Under expansion; 600,000 kw. in 1967, to be 1,250,000 kw. by 1971.
Under expansion; to reach 1.4 million kw. in 1968, after commissioning
of first 500,000 kw. unit in U.S.S.R. Capacity to reach 2.4 million
kw. by 1971; this is first of several giant powerplants to be built
in this central Siberian area.
Under expansion; to be 48,000 kw. by 1970.
Under expansion; capacity to be 1.1 million kw. in 1968.
Under construction on Angara River; to be in operation by 1972.
Final capacity to be 4,320,000 kw.
Under construction in 1966; first 50,000 kw. unit in 1967; to be
200,000 kw. by 1969. Power supply for builders' settlement at
construction site of Nizhnekamskaya GES (No. 100).
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
204 Nizhniy Tagil TETs ....................
203 Nizhnaya Tura GRES ...................
304 Noril'sk TETs-2 .......................
303 Noril'sk TETs-1 .......................
29 Novgorod TETs ........................
124 Novocherkassk GRES ..................
144 Novodneprovka GRES ..................
252 Novokuznetsk TETs-1 ..................
251 Novokuznetsk TETs-2 ..................
250 Novokuznetsk, ZapSib TETs ............
76 Novomoskovsk GRES-10 ...............
246 Novosibirsk GES .......................
243 Novosibirsk TETs-2 ....................
244 Novosibirsk TETs-3 ....................
245 Novosibirsk TETs-4 ....................
167 Novyy Chirkey, Chirkeyskaya GES ......
160 Odessa TETs-3 ........................
236 Omsk TETs-3 .........................
237 Omsk TETs-4 .........................
232 Orsk, Novo-Troitskaya TETs-3..........
231 Orsk TETs-1 ..........................
267 Pavlodar TETs-1 ......................
268 Pavlodar TETs-2 ......................
269 Pavlodar TETs-3 ......................
211 Pavlovka, Ufa GES .....................
89 Penza TETs-1 .........................
80 Perkino, Ryazan' GRES ................
197 Perm', Kamskaya GES .................
199 Perm' TETs-9 .........................
198 Perm' TETs-14 ........................
235 Petropavlovsk TETs-2 ..................
342 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy TETs.......
226 Petrushino, Ala-Kul'skaya GRES ........
17 Podporozh'ye, Svir' GES-2 ..............
46 Polotsk TETs-2 ........................
100 ....do .............. Urals ..................... Located in and serves Nizhniy Tagil railroad car manufacturing plant.
525 ....do .............. .... do ....................
... ....do .............. Noril'sk ................... Under construction; to be 100,000 kw. by 1970. Final capacity to be
300,000 kw. Located at the Talnakh mines.
575 ....do .............. .... do .................... Under expansion; 625,000 kw. in 1967.
... ....do .............. Leningrad-Baltic ........... Under construction; final capacity to be 300,000 kw.
600 ....do .............. Donbass................... Under construction; final capacity to be 2,400,000 kw.
....do .............. Central Ukraine............ Under construction; first 800,000 kw. unit to be commissioned in 1970,
capacity to reach 3.2 million by 1975.
208 ....do .............. Kuzbass................... Located at the Novokuznetsk metallurgical combine.
300 ....do .............. .... do .................... Located at the Novokuznetsk aluminum plant.
200 ....do .............. .... do .................... Being enlarged; to be 350,000 kw. in 1968. Located at the
Novokuznetsk West Siberian metallurgical plant.
400 ....do .............. Moscow-Gor'kiy............ ...
400 Hydro .............. Kuzbass................... Only major hydroelectric station serving Kuzbass system.
300 Steam ............... .... do .................... ...
200 ....do .............. .... do .................... ...
100 ....do .............. .... do .................... Under construction; to be 200,000 kw. in 1968, 400,000 kw. by 1970.
Hydro .............. North Caucasus............ Under (?onstruction; capacity to be 250,000 kw. in 1970, 1 million kw.
by 1972.
... ....do .............. Tadzhik................... Under construction; final capacity to be 2.7 million kw. To serve the
Central Asian power system.
138 Steam ............... Moldavian.................
450 ....do .............. Petropavlovsk-Omsk........ Located in and serves Omsk petroleum refinery.
100 .... do .............. .... do .................... Under construction; to reach 350,000 kw. by 1970.
198 ....do .............. Urals ..................... Located in and serves Novo-Troitsk steel plant.
253 ....do .............. .... do ....................
150 .... do .............. Altay-Pavlodar............. Under expansion; 200,000 kw. in 1967. Principal consumer is Pavlodar
alumina and aluminum plant.
100 ....do .............. .... do .................... Under expansion; to be 200,000 kw. in 1969.
....do .............. .... do .................... Under construction; capacity to be 50,000 kw. in 1970, 300,000 kw.
in 1975. Principal consumer will be the new oil refinery.
170 Hydro .............. Urals .....................
124 Steam ............... Moscow-Gor'kiy............ ...
... ....do .............. .... do .................... Under construction; capacity to be 300,000 kw. in 1970, 1.8 million
kw. by 1975.
505 Hydro .............. Urals ..................... First large hydroelectric station on Kama River.
200 Steam ............... .... do .................... Located in and serves Perm' petroleum refinery.
50 .. . do .............. .... do .................... Under construction; 150,000 kw. in 1967.
250 ....do .............. Petropavlovsk-Omsk........ Under expansion; to be 450,000 kw. in 1968.
24 ....do .............. Under expansion; to be 99,000 kw. in 1968.
... ....do .............. Urals ..................... Under construction; first 500,000 kw. unit to be commissioned in
1970, capacity to reach 3 million kw. by 1975. To be one of the
largest powerplants in Urals system.
Under expansion; to be 68,000 kw. by 1970. Serves small Pevek-
Bilibino grid.
160 Hydro .............. Leningrad-Baltic ...........
...
200 Steam ............... Belorussian ................ Located at Polotsk petroleum refinery.
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
MAP
INSTALLED
REF.
NAME
TYPE
MAJOR GRID AREAS SERVED
REMARKS
CAPACITY
NO.*
62 Ramenskoye, Tsagi TETs ...............
331 Raychikhinsk TETs ....................
181 Razdan TETs ..........................
36 Riga, Dole GES ........................
35 Riga TETs ............................
2 Ristikent, Verkhne-Tulomskaya GES.....
20 Roukhiala, LGES-10 ...................
130 Roya, Kurakhovka GRES ...............
133 Rubezhnoye TETs-2 ...................
229 Rudnyy, Sokolovskoye TETs............
175 Rustavi TETs .........................
77 Ryazan' TETs .........................
53 Rybinsk, MoGES-14 ...................
216 Salavat TETs-1 ........................
217 Salavat TETs-2 ........................
88 Saransk TETs-2 ......:................
264 Serebryanka, Bukhtarma GES ...........
3 Serebryanskiy GES-1 ....................
9 Severodvinsk TETs .....................
202 Serov GRES ...........................
123 Shakhty, Artem GRES ..................
184 Shamkor GES .........................
75 Shchekino GRES-18 ....................
74 Shchekino TETs .......................
55 Sheksna, Cherepovets GES ..............
125 Shterovka, Shter GRES .................
162 Simferopol' GRES ......................
134 Slavyansk GRES .......................
Thousand
kw.
36 Steam ................
100 ....do ..............
160 ....do ..............
50 ....do ..............
... Hydro ..............
125 Steam ...............
228 Hydro ..............
108 ....do ..............
400 Steam ...............
... ....do ..............
100 ....do ..............
149 ....do ...............
300 ....do ..............
330 Hydro ..............
200 Steam ............:..
100 ....do ..............
250 ....do ..............
675 Hydro ..............
... ....do ..............
100 Steam ...............
600 ....do ..............
150 ....do ..............
... Hydro ..............
1,010
120
40
....do ..............
....do ..............
Hydro ..............
242
100
500
....do ....................
Leningrad-Baltic ...........
....do ....................
Murmansk ................
Leningrad-Baltic ...........
Donbass ...................
....do ....................
Urals .....................
Georgian ..................
Moscow-G or' kiy ............
....do ....................
Urals .....................
....do ....................
Moscow-Gor'kiy ............
Altay-Pavlodar .............
Murmansk ................
Urals .....................
Donbass ...................
Armenian .................
....do ....................
....do ....................
....do ....................
Under expansion; 48,000 kw. in 1967. Final capacity to be 98,000 kw.
Serves local grid.
Under expansion; to be 460,000 kw. by 1970. To be linked co the
Far East power system.
Under construction; first 200,000 kw. unit to be commissioned in 1969,
capacity to reach 1.2 million kw. by 1975.
Under construction; to be 150,000 kw. in 1968, 300,000 kw. by 1972.
Under construction; capacity to be 384,000 kw. by 1970.
Largest powerplant in system.
No. 10 of Leningrad area system.
Under construction; capacity to be 300,000 kw. Will serve chemical
industry.
Located in and serves Sokolovskoye-Sarbay ore enriching combine.
Also referred to as Novo-Ryazan TETs.
Has exceptionally large reservoir, establishing regulation of upper
Volga River. No. 14 of Moscow area system.
Under expansion; to reach 300,000 kw. by 1970.
Dam impounds very large reservoir, providing regulation of Irtysh
River.
Under construction; capacity to be 84,000 kw.
Serves small Arkhangel'sk grid.
Under construction; capacity to be 100,000 kw. in 1970, 350,000 kw.
by 1972.
Under expansion; capacity to be 332,000 kw. in 1968, 732,000 kw. by
1970. No. 5 of Moscow area system.
Powerplant is No. 18 of Moscow area system.
Reservoir north of dam forms part of Volga-Baltic Waterway, im-
portant inland navigation route. Final capacity to be 100,000 kw.
Under construction; final capacity to be 350,000 kw. First breeder
reactor of its type in U.S.S.R. Associated with desalting plant.
Steam ............... Donbass................... ...
....do .............. Central Ukraine............ Largest powerplant in Crimea.
....do .............. Donbass................... Under expansion; 800,000 kw. unit, largest in U.S.S.R., to be com-
missioned in 1968, a similar unit to be added by 1969.
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
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Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08S01350R000100030001-3
QD L . .+ N
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
MAP
INSTALLED
REF.
NAME
TYPE
MAJOR GRID AREAS SERVED
REMARKS
CAPACITY
NO.*
52 Uglich MoGES-13 ......................
321 Ulan-Ude TETs ........................
105 Ul'yanovsk TETs ......................
103 Urussu GRES ..........................
314 Usol'ye-Sibirskoye TETs ................
263 Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Irtyshskaya GES .....
262 Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Sogrinskaya TETs ....
261 Ust'-Kamenogorsk TETs ................
341 Vakhrushev, Yuzhno-Sakhalinskaya GRES.
172 Vartsikhe GES .........................
205 Verkhniy Tagil GRES ..................
60 Vladimir TETs-2 .......................
340 Vladivostok TETs ......................
118 Volgograd GRES-1 .....................
119 Volgograd TETs-2 .....................
116 Volgograd, Volzhskiy TETs ..............
81 Volgorechensk, Kostroma GRES .........
13 Vorkuta TETs-1 .......................
14 Vorkuta TETs-2 .......................
91 Voronezh GRES .......................
309 Yakutsk gas turbine powerplant..........
308 Yakutsk thermal powerplant .............
56 Yaroslavl' TETs-1 ......................
57 Yaroslavl' TETs-3 .....................
Thousand
kw.
98 Steam ...............
....do ..............
110 Hydro ..............
226 Steam ...............
... ....do ..............
200 ....do ..............
331 Hydro ..............
100 Steam ...............
110 ....do ..............
100 ....do ..............
... Hydro ..............
1,600 Steam ...............
200 ....do ..............
... ....do ..............
290 Steam ...............
350 ....do ..............
200 ....do ..............
... ....do ..............
83 ....do ..............
103 ....do ..............
324 ....do ..............
... Gas turbine..........
19 Steam ...............
249 ....do ..............
100 ....do ..............
Donbass ...................
Moscow-G or' kiy ............
Eastern Siberia .............
Middle Volga ..............
Eastern Siberia .............
Altay-Pavlodar .............
....do ....................
....do ....................
Georgian ..................
Urals .....................
Moscow-Gor'kiy............
Far East, Primorskiy .......
....do ....................
....do ....................
....do ....................
Moscow-G or'kiy............
Moscow-Gor'kiy............
....do ....................
Under expansion; capacity to be 198,000 kw. in 1969. Located in
and serves Ufa petroleum refinery, Staro-Ufimskiy.
Under construction; first unit of 300,000 kw. to be commissioned in
1970, capacity to be 1.2 million kw. in 1972, 3.6 million kw. by 1977.
Will be largest powerplant in Donbass system.
No. 13 of Moscow area system.
Under expansion; to be 326,000 kw. by 1970.
Under construction; capacity to be 50,000 kw. in 1968, 300,000 kw.
by 1971.
Powerplant is in Tatar A.S.S.R., but works in conjunction with
Bashkir A.S.S.R. power system.
Under expansion; to be 300,000 kw. in 1968.
Under expansion; to be 250,000 kw. by 1970. Serves small southern
Sakhalin grid.
Under construction; capacity to reach 170,000 kw. by 1971.
Most of power output is used by neighboring Verkh-Neyvinskiy
uranium isotope separation plant.
Under construction; capacity to be 50,060 kw. in 1970, to reach 300,000
kw. by 1974.
Also called Novo-Vladimirskaya TETs.
Under construction; to be 100,000 kw. by 1970. Final capacity to be
300,000 kw.
Also called Volzhskaya GES imeni XXII S'yezda KPSS meaning
Volga hydroelectric station named for the 22nd Congress of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Also serves the Moscow-
Gor'kiy and Donbass grids.
Reached 400,000 kw. in 1967.
Under expansion; to be 300,000 kw. by 1970.
Under construction; capacity to be 300,000 kw. in 1968, 1.2 million
kw. by 1970, 2.8 million kw. by 1975. To be one of largest power-
plants in system.
Under construction; first 25,000 kw. unit to be in operation by 1970.
Final capacity to be 100,000 kw.
Under expansion; to be 69,000 kw. by 1969.
Principal consumer is the Yarak tire and asbestos combine.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
195 Yayva GRES ..........................
179 Yerevan, Kanaker GES-2 ...............
180 Yerevan TETs .........................
270 Yermak GRES .........................
218 Yermolayevo, Kumertau TETs...........
224 Yuzhno-Ural'sk GRES ..................
102 Zainsk GRES ..........................
310 Zaozernyy, Krasnoyarsk GRES-2 ........
143 Zelenodol'sk, Krivoy Rog GRES-2.......
273 Zhartas, Karaganda GRES-2 ............
109 Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES .............
135 Zmiyev GRES .........................
128 Zuyevka, ZuGRES .....................
Not pertinent.
* FIGURES 23, 24D, 25B, 26D, and 27B.
....do .............. Tadzhik................... Under construction; to be 70,000 kw. by 1970. Final capacity to be
220,000 kw.
600 ....do .............. Urals ..................... Main thermal powerplant in northwestern Urals.
102 Hydro .............. Armenian .................
550 Steam ............... .... do .................... Largest thermal powerplant in Armenian system.
... .... do .............. Altay-Pavlodar............. Under construction; first 300,000 kw. unit to be commissioned in 1968,
capacity to reach 2.4 million kw. by 1972. Powerlines from this
powerplant are to link up Karaganda and Altay-Pavlodar systems.
125 ....do .............. Urals .....................
1,000 ....do .............. .... do .................... One of the largest powerplants in Urals system.
1,200 ....do .............. Middle Volga .............. Under expansion; to be 2.4 million kw. by 1972.
650 .... do .............. Eastern Siberia............. Under expansion; to be 1.1 million kw. by 1970. Principal consumer
is the Zaozernyy uranium isotope separation plant.
651 Hydro .............. Central Ukraine............ To be expanded; second generator hall to have first units commissioned
in 1972, to reach 828,000 kw. by 1974, making station total of
1,479,000 kw.
900 Steam ............... .... do .................... Under construction; capacity to be 2.4 million by 1970.
600 ....do .............. Karaganda ................ Principal high-capacity station of the Karaganda grid.
2,300 Hydro .............. Middle Volga .............. Also referred to as Volzhskaya GES imeni Lenin. Also serves Moscow-
Gor'kiy and Urals grids.
Steam ............... Altay-Pavlodar............. Under construction; first 300,000 kw. unit to be commissioned in 1970,
capacity to reach 1.2 million kw. in 1973, 4 million kw. by 1980.
First of the "super-giant" powerplants to be built on Ekibastuz
coal deposits. Will transmit power to European U.S.S.R. over
1,500 kw. powerlines.
1,200 ....do .............. Donbass................... Under expansion; capacity to be 2.4 million kw. by 1970.
330 ....do .............. .... do ....................
...
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
Kilovolts ------------------------- Kilometers -------------------------
35........... 500 4,125 5,681 8,000 8,465 11,941 16,418 23,900 44,400 122,300 130,942
110......'.... 965 4,111 7,780 10,575
154 .......... 0 202 438 498
220-330...... 0 0 475 1,107
400-500 .... 0 0 0 0
800 .......... 0 0 0 0
11,287 16,509 28,434 44,400 85,100 128,100 141,542
422 483 927 1,500 4,100 5,100 5,162
1,363 2,498 5,671. 9,800 25,200 42,500 46,939
0 0 0 2,700 7,100 8,300 8,985
0 0 0 0 500 500 563
VOLT_
AGE
NUM-
BER
OF
CIR-
CUITS
Main interregional powerlines:
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-Veshkayma See Remarks 500 2 Joins Central regional network and Middle Volga
substation (26)-Arzamas substation (23)-Vladimir system. One 813 km. circuit terminates at
substation (21)-Moscow. Noginsk/Vostochnaya substation (20) east of
Volgograd GES (No. 117)-Novo-Nikolayevskaya
substation (25)-Gryazi substation (24)-Mikhaylov
substation (22)-Moscow area.
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-Bugul'ma
substation (60)-Ufa/Dema substation (61)-Zla-
toust substation (62)-Chelyabinsk/Shagol sub-
station (64)-Sverdlovsk/Yuzhnaya substation (65).
Ludus, Rumania-Mukachevo substation (49)-
Lemesany, Czechoslovakia.
Mukachevo substation (49)-Sajoszoged, Hungary...
Konakovo GRES (No. 51)-Okulovka substation
(5)-Chudovo substation (4)-Leningrad/Vostoch-
naya substation (2).
Zmiyev GRES (No. 135)-Khar'kov/Podvorki sub-
station (38)-Belgorod substation (39)-Kursk area.
Tkvarcheli GRES (No. 168)-Sukhumi area-Tuapse
area-Krasnodar area.
Novosibirsk area-Barabinsk GRES (No. 238)-Omsk
area.
Northwest system:
Minsk/Yuzhnaya substation (9)-Electrenai,
Litovskaya GRES (No. 39)-Kaunas substation
(8)-Siauliai substation (7)-Salaspils substation
(6)-Narva, Pribaltiyskaya GRES-1 (No. 31)-
Leningrad/Vostochnaya substation (2)-Petroza-
vodsk area-Kem' substation (1)-Murmansk area.
Kem' substation (I)-Murmansk area.
Moscow, and one 891 km. circuit terminates at
Moscow/Beskudnikovo substation (13) north of
the city.
1,157 500 2 Joins the Central regional network to the Southern
power system. One circuit terminates at Moscow/
Chagino substation (16) in southeastern out-
skirts of Moscow, second circuit terminates at
Moscow/Pakhra substation (19), south of Mos-
cow.
1,240 500 1 Joins the Central regional network to the Urals
power system.
350 400 1 International powerline; joins U.S.S.R. to the
Mir network.
220 400 1 Under construction. To provide higher-capacity
link to Mir network. A 2-circuit, 220-kv.
powerline presently ties the two areas.
580 330 1 Joins the Central regional network to the North-
west power system.
320 330 1 Portion between Belgorod and Kursk is under
construction. Powerline will provide another
link between the Central regional network and
the Southern power system.
450 220 1 Portion between Sukhumi and Tuapse is under
construction. Line will be the first high-capacity
link between the Trans-Caucasus and the South-
ern power systems.
640 220 1 First high-capacity link between the grids of West
Siberia and the Petropavlovsk-Omsk area.
3,000 330 1 Powerline ties the grids of the Northwest into a
single power system. The portion between Kem'
and Murmansk is presently under construction.
A second circuit between Salaspils and Narva is
also under construction. Powerline is supplied
by several major powerplants along its route.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
VOLT_
AGE
NUM-
BER
OF
CIR-
CUITS
Central Regional system:
Konakovo GRES (No. 51)-Moscow/Belyy Rast
90
750
1
substation (11).
Noginsk/Vostochnaya substation (20)-Moscow/
347
500
1
Chagino substation (16)-Moscow/Pakhra substa-
tion (19)-Moscow/Zapadnaya substation (18)-
Moscow/Beskudnikovo substation (13)-Noginsk/
Vostochnaya substation (20).
Konakovo GRES (No. 51)-Moscow/Belyy Rast
substation (11)-Moscow/Beskudnikovo substation
(13).
Moscow/Belyy Rast substation (11)-Moscow/
130
500
1
Zapadnaya substation (18).
Moscow/Beskuknidovo substation (13)-Sofrino sub-
850
220
1
station (12)-Rybinsk MoGES 14 (No. 53)-
Kostroma area-Kovrov area-Gorodets, Gor'kiy
GES (No. 82)-Arzamas substation (23).
Middle Volga system:
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-Syzran'
375
220
2
substation (31)-Balakovo, Saratov GES (No.
113)-Saratov substation (32).
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-Kinel' sub-
360
220
1
station (29)-Ural'sk substation (30).
Urussu GRES (No. 103)-Bugul'ma substation (60)-
450
220
1
Zainsk GRES (No. 102)-Kazan' area-Cheboksary
area.
Urals system:
Chaykovskiy, Votkinsk GES (No. 192) -Sverdlovsk/
615
500
1
Yuzhnaya substation (65)-Nizhniy Tagil sub-
station (66).
Zlatoust substation (62)-Miass substation (63)-
170
500
1
Troitsk GRES (No. 225).
Troitsk GRES (No. 225)-Chelyabinsk/Shagol sub-
150
500
1
station (64).
Troitsk GRES (No. 225)-Rudnyy/Sarbay substation
505
500
1
(70)-Dzhetygara substation (71)-Iriklinskiy GRES
(No. 230).
Nizhnyaya Tura GRES (No. 203)-Chusovoy sub-
312
220
1
station (67)-Yayva GRES (No. 195)-Berezniki
area.
Perm', Kamskaya GES (No. 197)-Krasnoufimsk
368
220
2
substation (68)-Sverdlovsk/Yuzhnaya substation
(65).
Southern system:
Volgograd GES (No. 117)-Mikhaylovka substation
473
800
1
(34).
Zmiyev GRES (No. 135)-Kremenchug GES sub-
1,160
330
1
station (41)-Cherkassy substation (45)-Kiev sub-
station (46)-Chernigov area-Konotop area-Khar'-
kov, Podvorki substation (38).
Dnepropetrovsk, Pridneprovsk GRES (No. 138)-
640
330
1
Zaporozh'ye substation (40)-Zelenodol'sk, Krivoy
Rog GRES-2 (No. 143)-Trikhaty substation (43)-
Odessa area-Dnestrovsk, Moldavian GRES (No.
159)-Moldavia.
Highest-capacity alternating-current powerline in
U.S.S.R. To supply Moscow area. Line nearing
completion at end of 1966.
High-capacity circular link between the Moscow
500-kv. substations.
Distributes Konakovo GRES power to Moscow
city.
High-capacity northern link of the Moscow-Gor'kiy
grid.
Conveys power to major Volga River dam con-
struction site; serves Saratov; scheduled for
extension to Volgograd to link Middle Volga
system with Lower Volga grid. Section between
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109) and
Syzran' is 330 kv.
High-capacity link from Middle Volga system to
northwestern Kazakh S.S.R.
Main line of northern part of Middle Volga system.
Section between Zainsk GRES (No. 102) and
Bugul'ma substation (60) is 2-circuit and paral-
leled by 500-kv. line.
Transmits Kama River power to central Urals
area. First 500 kv. line on ferroconcrete towers.
High-capacity link between Troitsk GRES and
the Urals system.
Transfers large blocks of power to Chelyabinsk
area from Troitsk GRES.
Presently under construction. Will join the Orsk
area to the Urals system.
Northern link between the Sverdlovsk and Perm'
regional systems, also serves local needs in north-
western Urals area.
Southern link between Sverdlovsk and Perm' grids.
Direct-current powerline. Provides a high-capacity
link between the Lower Volga and other southern
power systems.
High-capacity powerline ring serving northern
Central Ukraine.
High-capacity powerline serving southern Central
Ukraine and Moldavia. Portion between
Trikhaty and Moldavia is under construction.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
Southern system (Continued): .
Kremenchug GES (No. 145)-Pyatikhatki substation
(42)-Zelenodol'sk, Krivoy Rog GRES-2 (No. 143).
Kiev substation (46)-Vinnitsa substation (47)-
Burshtyn GRES (No. 155)-Stryy substation (48).
Zaporozh'ye, Dnepro GES (No. 139)-Roya, Ku-
rakhovka GES.
Novocherkassk GRES (No. 124)-Krasnyy Sulin,
Nesvetay GRES (No. 122)-Lugansk GRES (No.
126)-Mikhaylovka substation (34).
North Caucasus system:
Novocherkassk GRES (No. 124)-Krasnodar TETs
(No. 163)-Nevinomyssk GRES (No. 164).
Nevinomyssk GRES (No. 164)-Pyatigorsk/Mashuk
substation (51)-Ordzhonikidze substation (52)-
Groznyy area.
"1 ranscaucasus system:
Gldani substation (54)-Zestafoni substation (53)....
Sumgait area and Baku, Severnaya GRES (No. 190)-
Baku/Khurdalan substation (59)-Ali-Bayramly
GRES (No. 187)-Agdam substation (57)-Kirova-
bad area.
Mingechaur GES (No. 185)-Kirovabad area-Akstafa
substation (56)-Tbilisi/Naftlugi substation (55).
North Kazakhstan system:
Ust'-Kamenogorsk area-Yermak GRES (No. 270)-
Tselinograd substation (83).
Ust'-Kamenogorsk area-Nikolayevka substation (80)-
Semipalatinsk substation (81)-Pavlodar area-
Ekibastuz substation (82)-Karaganda area-Tselino-
grad substation (83)-Yesil' substation (84)-
Lisakovka area.
Central Siberian system:
Angarsk substation (98)-Bratsk GES (No. 311)-
Tayshet substation (96)-Zaozernyy/Kamala sub-
station (95)-Krasnoyarsk/North substation (75)-
Nazarovo GRES (No. 257)-Anzhero-Sudzhensk/
East substation (74).
Anzhero-Sudzhensk/East substation (74)-Belovo
GRES (No. 249)-Novokuznets area-Barnaul sub-
station (79)-Novosibirsk/Inskaya substation (73)-9
Anzhero-Sudzhensk/East substation (74).
Footnotes are at end of table.
VOLT_
AGE
NUM-
BER
OF
CIR-
CUITS
180 330 2 Main line of Central Ukraine system; 80-km. long,
single-circuit from Pyatikhatki substation to
Kremenchug GES substation. Links power sys-
tems of north Central Ukraine and south Central
Ukraine.
600 330 1 High-capacity link between power systems of
Central Ukraine and Northwest Ukraine.
170 330 1 High-capacity link between the power systems of
Central Ukraine and the Donbass.
250 220 1 Major circuit of eastern Donbass region. Lugansk
GRES-Mikhaylovka substation section is mul-
tiple-circuit.
650 220 1 Joins the power systems of the North Caucasus and
the Donbass.
430 330 1 Basic high-capacity powerline of North Caucasus
system; being extended to northwest to Novo-
cherkassk GRES (No. 124) to provide higher-
capacity link to Southern power system.
180 500 1 Powerline is under construction. To be the start
of a 500-kv. powerline system in the Caucasus.
Line will extend north from Gldani to Ordzho-
nikidze and west from Zestafoni to Tkvarcheli
area.
480 330 1 Main high-capacity powerline in Azerbaijan.
Portion between Agdam and Kirovabad is under
construction. Line will be extended to join
Georgian system at Akstafa substation (56).
235 220 1 High-capacity line joining the Georgian and
Azerbaijan grids. A 110-kv. connection between
these points ties many urban areas to the system.
160 220 1 High-capacity powerline ties Armenia to the
Georgian and Azerbaijan power systems.
880 500 1 Powerline is under construction. This is the start
of a 500-kv. power system to link the separate
grids of North Kazakhstan into a single system.
A branch line from Yermak will be built to Omsk.
Line will extend from Tselinograd to Rudnyy/
Sarbay substation (70) to unite with the Urals
power system.
1,400 220 1 Main powerline of the North Kazakhstan power
system. Portions between Pavlodar and Kara,
ganda and between Yesil' and Lisakovka are
under construction. Will link the North Kazakh-
stan system to the Urals system.
1,690 500 2 Main high-capacity transmission line of the Central
Siberian power system. Second circuit between
Krasnoyarsk and Nazarovo is presently under
construction but the second circuit between
Nazarovo and Anzhero-Sudzhensk has not yet
started. Power flow is generally south from
Bratsk GES to the major consumers in the
Angarsk area and west from Bratsk GES to link
the grids of eastern Siberia and western Siberia.
900 500 1 High-capacity power ring of the West Siberian grid.
Portion between Anzhero-Sudzhensk and Belovo
is completed, the remainder is under construction.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
Central Siberian system (Continued):
Myski, Tom-Usinskaya GRES (No. 253)-Prokop'-
yevsk substation (77).
Myski, Tom-Usinskaya GRES (No. 253)-Abakan
substation (76)-Tayshet substation (97)-Tulun/
Perevoz substation (87).
Angarsk substation (98)-Irkutsk, Angara GES (No.
318)-Sludyandka area-Baykal'sk area-Ulan-Ude
area-Chita GRES (No. 322)-Kholbon area.
Far East system:
Tetyukhe-Pristan' area-Kavalerovo/Kintukha sub-
100
1,000
1,250
line to join the Central Siberia power system to
the Soviet Far East power system. Portion
between Ulan-Ude and Kholbon is under con-
struction. To be extended to Berezovka,
Zeyskaya GES (No. 330) in the future.
2,050 220 1 Main transmission line of the Far East power
system. Sections between Tetyukhe-Pristan and
Kavlerovo, Iman and Khabarovsk, Birobidzhan
and Arkhara, and Svobodnyy and Zeyskaya GES
are presently under construction. Alternate
routes between Kavlerovo and Lesozavodsk and
between Raychikhinsk and Svobodnyy are also
under construction. Future plans call for a
branch line from Khabarovsk, through Komso-
mol'sk to the northeast, and for the extension of
a line from Zeyskaya GES to join the Central
Siberian power system.
Main transmission line of the Sakhalin Island
power system. Section between Yuzhno-
Sakhalinsk and Kholmsk is under construction.
Powerline will be extended to the north to
encompass the entire island.
station (102)-Suchan GRES (No. 339)-Artem
vodsk substation (101)-
z
338)-L
GRES (N
-
eso
a
o.
Iman area-Bikin, Primorskaya GRES (No. 337)-
Khabarovsk area-Birobidzhan substation (100)-
Arkhara area-Raychikhinsk TETs (No. 331)-
Svobodnyy substation (99)-Berezovka, Zeyskaya
GES (No. 330).
Vakhrushev, Yuzhno-Sakhalinskaya GRES (No.
340
220 1
341)-Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk/Severnaya substation
103)-Kholmsk area.
Central Asia system:
Tashkent GRES (No. 293)-Chimkent substation
100
500 1
(93).
Ashkhabad area-Mary substation (85)-Chardzhou
2,150
220 1
substation (86)-Bukhara substation (87)-Navoi
GRES (No. 283)-Samarkand substation (88)-
Yangi-Yer/Uzlovaya substation (90)-Almalyk sub-
station (91)-Tashkent/Kuylyuk substation (92)-
Tashkent GRES (No. 293)-Chimkent substation
(93)-Dzhambul substation (94)-Frunze area-Alma
Ata, Pokrovka GRES (No. 300)--Taldy-Kurgan
area.
Tashkent/Kuylyuk substation (92)-Almalyk sub-
station (91)-Angren GRES (No. 292)-Kokand
area-Fergana area-Uch-Kurgan GES (No. 291)-
Toktogul GES (No. 297)-Frunze area.
Powerline is under construction. Start of 500-kv.
power system in Central Asia. Will extend south
to Nurek GES (No. 286) to link with the Dushanbe
grid and east to serve Dzhambul, Frunze, and
Alma-Ata.
Main high-capacity powerline of the Central Asia
power system. Portions between Ashkhabad and
Mary, and between Dzhambul and Alma Ata are
under construction. Portion between Tashkent
and Chimkent has two circuits; second circuit
supplies 110-kv. powerline heading northwest
from Chimkent. Powerline will be extended from
Ashkhabad westward to Krasnovodsk in the
future.
750 220 1 Secondary high-capacity powerline in the Central
Asia power system. Portion between Uch-
Kurgan and Frunze is under construction. Will
tie Kirgiz S.S.R. and the future Toktogul GES
to the power system.
N
B
C
CU
UM-
ER
OF
IR-
ITS
500
1 Powerline feeds power from the Tom-Usinskaya
220
GRES to the existing 220-kv. transmission line
system serving western Siberia.
1 Alternate link between the grids of eastern Siberia
220
and western Siberia.
1 First leg of the main high-capacity transmission
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
MAP
REF.
No.*
VOLTAGE
RATIO OF
TRANSFORMERS
KU.
76 Abakan ................... 220/110
57 Agdam .................... 330/110
56 Akstafa ................... 330/220/110
91 Almalyk ................... 220/110
98 Angarsk ................... 500/220/110
74 Anzhero-Sudzhensk/East.... 500/220/110
23 Arzamas .................. 500/220
59 Baku/Khurdalan ........... 220/110
79 Barnaul ................... 500/220
39 Belgorod .................. 330/110
100 Birobidzhan ............... 220/110
60 Bugul'ma .................. 500/220/110
87 Bukhara .................. 220/110
86 Chardzhou ................ 220%110
64 Chelyabinsk/Shagol......... 500/220/110
45 Cherkassy ................. 330/110
93 Chimkent ................. 500/220
4 Chudovo .................. 330/220
67 Chusovoy ................. 220/110
35 Donetsk/Chaykino.......... 220/110
89 Dushanbe/Novaya.......... 220/110
A major transformer and switching substation on
lines from Nazarovo GRES (No. 257), Novo-
kuznetsk, and Tayshet.
A major substation on the Ali Bayramly-Akstafa
330-kv. transmission line.
Most important transformer and switching sub-
station in the Transcaucasus. Junction point for
transmission lines connecting powerplants of
Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.
Transformer and switching substation. A major
distribution point in the Tashkent area.
A major transformer and switching substation.
Connects the Angarsk-Irkutsk area to Bratsk GES
(No. 311) by a 2-circuit 500-kv. transmission line.
Capacity is 910,000 kv.-a.
The main substation for distribution of power to the
northern part of the West Siberian grid. Capacity
is 540,000 kv.-a.
Transformer and switching substation on the
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-Moscow
500-kv. transmission line. Capacity is 405,000
kv.-a.
The main substation of the Baku area. Connects
Baku to the Transcaucasian system.
Transformer and switching substation. Under con-
struction. Will be connected to Novosibirsk and
Novokuznetsk.
Receives power from Zmiyev GRES (No. 135).
Important point for future connections between
the Ukraine and the Central Industrial region.
Transformer and switching substation. Receives
and distributes power from Khabarovsk. Will be
connected to Raychikhinsk GRES (No. 331) by a
220-kv. powerline.
Transformer and switching substation on the
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-Urals
500-kv. transmission line. Capacity is 675,000
kv.-a.
A major transformer and switching station on the
Tashkent-Mary 220-kv. transmission line.
A major transformer and switching substation on
the Tashkent-Mary 220-kv. transmission line.
A major transformer and switching substation on
the 500-kv. Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No.
109)-Urals and the 500-kv. Troitsk-Chelyabinsk
transmission lines. Capacity is 405,000 kv.-a.
A major distribution substation on the Kremenchug
GES (No. 145)-Kiev 330-kv. transmission line.
Transformer and switching substation. 500-kv.
section under construction. Connects Tashkent
with Dzhambul. To be connected to Tashkent by
a 500-kv. transmission line.
Important substation on the Leningrad-Moscow
330-kv. transmission line.
A major transformer and switching substation
linking the Perm' and Sverdlovsk areas. Connects
the northwestern Urals area to the network.
Transformer and switching station. Receives power
from Mikhaylovka substation (34) and most of
the powerplants in the area, for distribution
locally.
Transformer and switching substation. The main
distribution point for the Dushanbe area.
40 SECRET
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
MAP
REF.
NO.*
VOLTAGE
RATIO OF
TRANSFORMERS
Kv.
37 Dzerzhinsk ................ 220/110
94 Dzhambul ................. 220/110
71 Dzhetygara ................ 500/220
82 Ekibastuz ................. 500/220
54 Gldani .................... 500/220
8 Kaunas ...................
102 Kavalerovo/Kintukha.......
1 Kern' .....................
36 Krasnodon ................
68 Krasnoufimsk ..............
Distributes power to the western Donbass area.
Transformer and switching substation. Connected
to Chimkent by a 220-kv. transmission line. Will
be connected to Frunze by a 220-kv. transmission
line.
Transformer and switching station. 500-kv. section
under construction. Receives and distributes
power from Rudnyy/Sarbay substation (70).
Transformer and switching substation. 500-kv.
section is under construction. Will connect
Pavlodar with Karaganda and Tselinograd.
Transformer and switching substation. 500-kv.
section under construction. Will eventually
connect with Dzhvari, Ingurskaya GES (No. 169)
and supply Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.
Transformer and switching substation on the
Volgograd GES (No. 117)-Moscow 500-kv. trans-
mission line. Capacity is 810,000 kv.-a.
330/110 A major substation on the Riga-Minsk 330-kv.
transmission line.
220/110 Transformer and switching substation. Receives
power for area from Suchan GRES (No. 339).
330/110 An important substation on the Leningrad-Mur-
mansk 330-kv. transmission line. Connects
northern Karelian A.S.S.R. with the Northwest
grid.
330/220/110 Transformer and switching substation. Connects
330/220/110
220/110
220/110
220/110
220/110
500/220/110
Kharkov to the Central Ukraine power system
with 220-kv. and 330-kv. transmission lines.
A major transformer and switching substation in the
Kiev area.
Transformer and switching substation. Important
distribution point in the Kuybyshev area.
To be connected to the 330-kv. system by way of the
Dnestrovsk, Moldavian GRES (No. 159).
A major substation of the Donbass power system.
Transformer and switching substation. Receives
and distributes power from Sverdlovsk.
A major transformer and switching substation. Tied
by two 500-kv. transmission lines to Bratsk GES
(No. 311) and Nazarovo GRES (No. 257).
Capacity is 540,000 kv.-a.
2 Leningrad/Vostochnaya..... 330/220/110
3 Leningrad/Yuzhnaya........ 220/110
78 Leninsk-Kuzentskiy ........ 220/110
101 Lesozavodsk ............... 220/110
145). It is also the central substation for the
Zmiyev GRES (No. 135)-Kharkov-Kremenchug-
Kiev 330-kv. transmission line.
The principal substation in Leningrad area; connects
the city to Northwest grid.
One of the main substations of Leningrad. Supplies
southern and eastern parts of city.
A major transformer and switching substation in the
central Kuzbass.
Transformer and switching station. Receives power
from Artem GRES (No. 338). Will be connected
to Bikin, Primorskaya GRES (No. 377) by a
220-kv. transmission line.
and distributes power from the Tashkent area.
To be connected to Ashkhabad.
Transformer and switching substation on the 500-kv.
Zlatoust-Troitsk transmission line. Capacity is
405,000 kv.-a.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
MAP
REF.
NO.*
VOLTAGE
RATIO OF
TRANSFORMERS
Kv.
22 Mikhaylov ................ 500/220
34 Mikhaylovka .............. 800/220
9 Minsk/Yuzhnaya........... 330/220/110
11 Moscow/Belyy Rast ........ 750/500
13 Moscow-Beskudnikovo...... 500/220/110
15 Moscow/Butyrki ........... 220/110
16 Moscow/Chagino ........... 500/220/110
17 Moscow/Kolomenskoye ..... 220/110
19 Moscow/Pakhra............ 500/220/110
14 Moscow/Reutov............ 220/110
18 Moscow/Zapadnaya......... 500/220/100
49 Mukachevo ................ 400/220/110
80 Nikolayevka ............... 220/110
66 Nizhniy Tagil .............. 500/220
20 Noginsk/Vostochnaya....... 500/220/110
25 Novo-Nikolayevskaya....... 500/110
73 Novosibirsk/Inskaya........ 500/220
5 Okulovka .................. 330/220
72 Omsk ..................... 220/110
Transformer and switching substation on the
Volgograd GES (No. 117)-Moscow 500-kv.
transmission line. Capacity is 810,000 kv.-a.
Transformer and converter/rectifier substation.
Terminus of the Volgograd-Donbass 800-kv.
direct current transmission line. Capacity is
1,080,000 kv.-a.
An important substation receiving power for the
Belorussian network.
Terminus of the 750-kv. Konakovo GRES (No.
51)-Moscow transmission line. Supplies power to
the Moscow/Beskudnikovo (13) and Moscow
Zapadnaya (18) substations. Capacity is 400,000
kv.-a.
Terminus of one circuit of the Kuybyshev-Moscow
500-kv. transmission line. Distributes power to
the northern Moscow area. Capacity is 405,000
kv.-a.
A major distribution substation for the northwest
part of the Moscow area.
A major substation southeast of Moscow on the
Volgograd GES (No. 11)-Moscow 500-kv. trans-
mission line. Distributes power to the Moscow
area. Capacity is 1 million kv.-a.
Main 220-kv. distribution substation in the southern
part of Moscow.
A major substation on the Volgograd GES (No. 117)-
Moscow 500-kv. transmission line. Distributes
power to the area south of Moscow. Capacity is
780,000 kv.-a.
A major distribution substation in the eastern
Moscow area.
Terminus of one circuit of the Volgograd GES (No.
117)-Moscow 500-kv. transmission line. Distri-
butes power to the Moscow area. Capacity is
950,000 kv.-a.
Transmits power from Burshtyn GRES (No. 155)
and Dobrotvor GRES (No. 154) to the western
Ukraine and to the eastern European Mir grid.
Connected to the 400-kv. Ludush (Rumania)-
Lemeshany (Czechoslovakia) transmission line.
Transformer and switching substation. Connects
Semipalatinsk and Rubtsovsk with Ust'-
Kamenogorsk.
Transformer and switching substation. Currently
under construction. Will be connected to Sverd-
lovsk. Capacity is 675,000 kv.-a.
A major substation east of Moscow on the 500-kv.
Volgograd GES (No. 117)-Moscow transmission
line. Functions as a major regional switching
station, sends power to Moscow and areas east of
the city. Capacity is 1,380,000 kv.-a.
Transformer and switching substation on the
Volgograd GES (No. 117)-Moscow 500-kv.
transmission line. Capacity is 540,000 kv.-a.
Transformer and switching station. 500-kv. section
under construction. Will connect Anzhero-
Sudzhensk with Barnaul.
Major substation on the Leningrad-Moscow 330-kv.
transmission line.
A major transformer and switching substation on
the Trans-Siberian Railway transmission line.
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
FIGURE 16. SELECTED SUBSTATIONS, UNC
MAP
REF.
NO.*
VOLTAGE
RATIO OF
TRANSFORMERS
k D ntinued)
Kv.
52 Ordzhonikidze .............
330/110 A major trans
former and switching substation on
33 Petrov Val ................
the Nevinno
line.
220/110 On the Kamy
myssk-Groznyy 330-kv. transmission
shin-Volgograd 220-kv. transmission
77 Prokop'yevsk ..............
line.
220/110 A primary tra
nsformer and switching substation in
51 Pyatigorsk/Mashuk.........
the southern
330/110 A major substa
part of the Kuzbass grid.
tion of the North Caucasus network.
42 Pyatikhatki ................
Distributes p
220/110 A primary tra
ower to the Pyatigorsk area.
nsformer and switching substation in
50
70
Rostov ....................
Rudnyy/Sarbay ............
220/110
500/220
32
Saratov ...................
220/110
81
Semipalatinsk ..............
330/220
58
Shinuayr ..................
220/110
7
Siauliai ....................
330/110
the Dnepr River network. Serves as a junction
and switching point for transmission lines from the
Kremenchug, Dnepropetrovsk, and Krivoy Rog
areas.
A major substation on the Bereza GRES (No. 42)-
Grodno-Bialystock (Poland) international trans-
mission line.
Main substation in the Rostov area.
Transformer and switching substation. Under con-
struction. Connects the Urals power system with
northern Kazkhstan.
A major substation in the Latvian grid. Connects
Riga and Daugava River powerplants to the
Northwest grid.
A major transformer and switching substation on the
Tashkent-Mary 220-kv. transmission line.
The major substation in Saratov.
Transformer and switching substation. Connects
Altay and Pavlodar grids.
A major substation of the Armenian power system.
Main distribution point for power from the North-
west grid to the Baltic and Belorussian republics.
A major transformer and switching station in the
northern Moscow area.
Receives power from Burshtyn GRES (No. 155) and
Dobrotvor GRES (No. 154) and sends it to
Mukachevo substation (49).
The main substation of the Urals power system.
Terminus of the 500-kv. Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev
GES (No. 109)-Urals transmission line. Con-
nected to Chaykovskiy, Votkinsk GES (No. 192)
by a 500-kv. transmission line. Distributes power
to the Sverdlovsk area and to the northern and
western Urals. Capacity is 810,000 kv.-a.
Transformer and switching substation. Receives
and distributes power from Raychikhinsk GRES
(No. 331). Will be connected to Berezovka,
Zeyskaya GES (No. 330).
A major substation on the 330-kv. Zhigulevsk-
Saratov transmission line.
Largest substation in the Central Asian grid. Serves
primarily to distribute power to large consumers
in Tashkent.
Large regional substation. Also serves electrified
railroad. Capacity is 810,000 kv.-a.
Main distribution point for Tbilisi. Receives power
from Zestafoni substation (53), Tsalka, Khram
GES-1 (No. 173), Tetri Tskaro, Khram GES-2
(No. 174), and Akstafa substation (56).
Receives and distributes power from Krivoy Rog.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
FIGURE 16. SELECTED SUBSTATIONS, 1966L__] (Continued)
MAP
REF.
NO.*
VOLTAGE
RATIO OF
TRANSFORMERS
Kv.
83 Tselinograd ................. 500/220
97 Tulun/Perevoz ............. 220/110
61 Ufa/Dema ................. 500/220
30 Ural'sk .................... 220/110
69 Verkh-Neyvinskiy .......... 220/110
26 Veshkayma ................ 500/220
47 Vinnitsa ................... 330/110
21 Vladimir .................. 500/220
28 Volgograd GES ............ 800/500/220
90 Yangi-Yer/Uzlovaya ........ 220/110
84 Yesil' ..................... 220/110
103 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk/Sever- 220/110
naya.
95 Zaozernyy/Kamala ......... 500/220/110
40 Zaporozh'ye ............... 330/220/110
53 Zestafoni .................. 220/110
27 Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES. 500/220/110
62 Zlatoust ................... 500/110
A major transformer substation on the Karaganda-
Yesil' transmission line. 500-kv. section is under
construction.
Transformer and switching substation. A major
substation of the East Siberian power system.
A major transformer and switching substation on
the Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-Urals
500-kv. transmission line. Capacity is 675,000
kv.-a.
A major substation on the transmission line con-
necting west Kazakhstan with the European
U.S.S.R. grid.
Transformer and switching substation. Receives
power from Verkhne-Tagil GRES (No. 205) and
Urals grid for Uranium isotope separation plant.
Transformer and switching substation on the
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-Moscow
500-kv. transmission line. Capacity is 540,000
kv.-a.
A major transformer and switching substation on the
Burshtyn GRES (No. 155)-Kiev 330-kv. trans-
mission line.
On the Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-
Moscow 500-kv. transmission line. Functions as
a regional switching station, serving a large area
to the north and south, capacity is 500,000 kv.-a.
Main substation of Volgograd GES (No. 117).
Feeds the 500-kv. Volgograd-Moscow and the
800-kv. direct current Volgograd-Donbass trans-
mission lines. Capacity is 3,510,000 kv.-a.
A major transformer and switching substation in the
Tashkent area. Will probably be connected to
Nurek GES (No. 286) by a 500-kv. transmission
line.
Transformer and switching station. Receives and
distributes power from the Karaganda area.
Main substation in area. Supplies city with power
from Vakhrushev, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk GRES
(No. 341).
A major transformer and switching substation on the
Bratsk-Krasnoyarsk 500-kv. transmission line.
Capacity is 540,000 kv.-a.
A major substation in the Ukrainian network.
Connects the Zaporozh'ye area, the Donbass,
Crimea, Krivoy Rog, and Dnepropetrovsk areas.
A primary substation in the Transcaucasus. Re-
ceives power from Tkvarcheli GRES (No. 168)
and Tsageri, Ladzhanur-skaya GES (No. 170)
for transmission to Tbilisi and the Black Sea
coast. A 500-kv. section is being added.
Main substation for the Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev
GES (No. 109). Transmits power over 500-kv.
transmission lines to Moscow and to the Urals
region. Supplies power to the Volga River region
by way of a 220-kv. network. Capacity is 2,942,000
kv.-a.
Transformer and switching substation on the
Zhigulevsk, Kuybyshev GES (No. 109)-Urals
500-kv. transmission line. Capacity is 540,000
kv.-a.
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A. DNEPROPETROVSK, PRIDNEPROVSKAYA GRES (No. 138). This 2.4 million-kw. installation,
central Ukraine, was the world's largest thermal powerplant at the end of 1966. Tall trans-
mission towers (left) support powerlines crossing the Dnepr River.
B. MODEL OF SLAVYANSK GRES THERMAL POWERPLANT (No. 134). New section (left-center
foreground) to house 800,000-kw. turbogenerator. Commissioned in November 1967, this
is the largest thermal unit yet built in the U.S.S.R.
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
A. ARKHANGEL'SKOYE, NOVO-VORONEZH AES (No. 92). Rated at 240,000 kw. and being ex-
panded to 640,000 kw. by 1970, this is the largest nuclear powerplant in European
U.S.S.R. 7__~
B. TURBOGENERATORS AT THE ARKHANGEL'SKOYE, NOVO-VORONEZH AES
(No. 92). These three 80,000-kw. units are sup lied with steam by a single
pressurized water reactor.
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A. LUGANSK GRES THERMAL POWERPLANT (No. 126). One of the largest in the
U.S.S.R., this powerplant has seven 100,000-kw. units in the long section (left) and
four 200,000-kw. in the higher section (right) latter is being extended for installation
of four more such units. Total capacity to be 2.3 million kw. by 1970.
imm
B. NARVA, PRIBALTIYSKAYA GRES-1 (No. 31). This 1.6 million kw. thermal plant
using oil shale as fuel, is the largest powerplant in the network serving Leningrad and
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A. SOVIET-PRODUCED 200,000-KW. TURBOGENERATORS. Installed in the 1.2 million-kw. Zmiyev
GRES (No. 135) central Ukraine. Many of the larger thermal powerplants contain such high-
B. TURBOGENERATOR OF 300,000-Kw. CAPACITY. Installed in the Cherepet',
MoGRES-19 (No. 72), southwest of Moscow. During the current 5-Year Plan
(1965-70), this size unit is to be the standard installation in the large new thermal
powerplants.
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A. COOLING TOWERS AT Moscow, TETs-22 (No. 70). Typical of the large cooling towers
needed at many heat and power plants. These must he located close to the centers of
the heating networks.
B. MODEL OF KISLAYA CUBA EXPERIMENTAL TIDAL POWERPLANT. This installa-
tion is to be situated on a remote stretch of the Arctic Ocean coast east of
Murmansk. The main components are being built at more convenient places
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air-blast circuit breakers are more than 40 feet in height. "
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 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
air-blast circuit breakers are more than 40 feet in height. "
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
air-blast circuit breakers are more than 40 feet in height. "
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
air-blast circuit breakers are more than 40 feet in height. "
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
air-blast circuit breakers are more than 40 feet in height. "
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
air-blast circuit breakers are more than 40 feet in height. "
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
 Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3
Approved For Release 2008/09/08: CIA-RDP08SO1 350R0001 00030001-3