MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): NATIONAL AIR DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN NAVAL OPERATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP10-00105R000100530001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 2, 1974
• Content Type: MEMO

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20505
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT : MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR: National Air
Defense Participation in Naval Operations
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2 May 1974
1. The enclosed Intelligence Information Special Report is part of a
series now in preparation based on the SECRET USSR Ministry of Defense
publication Collection of Articles of the Journal "Military Thought". This
article characterizes the air defense capabilities of the Soviet navy and
discusses the extent to which the Soviet coordinated national air defense
system can provide air defense of naval operations. Limitations on warning
ranges are cited,_ with the authors recommending radar ships and radar
aircraft to extend this capability seaward. Long-range land-based missiles
are said to provide cover out to 120 kilometers, and the YAK-28P fighter is
granted a capability out to 400 kilometers. Required warning distances for
various weapons systems are stated. This article appeared in Issue No. 2
(84) for 1968.
2. Because the source of this report is extremely sensitive, this
document should be handled on a strict need-to-know basis within recipient
agencies.
David H. Blee
Acting Deputy Director for Operations
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TOP SECRET
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Distribution:
The Director of Central Intelligence
The Director of Intelligence and Research
Department of State
The Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Assistant to the Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Department of the Army
The Assistant Chief of Naval Operations (Intelligence)
Department of the Navy
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
Director, National Security Agency
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Deputy Director for Science and Technology
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
for National Intelligence Officers
Director of Strategic Research
Director of Scientific Intelligence
Director of Weapons Intelligence
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COUNTRY USSR
DATE OF
INFO. Mid-1968
Intelligence Information Special Report
Page 3 of 16 Pages
SUBJECT
DATE2 May 1974
MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): The Cover of Naval Forces by Air
Defense Forces of the Country in Operations on a Maritime Axis
SOURCE Documentary
Summa
The following report is a translation from Russian of an article which
appeared in Issue No. 2 (84) for 1968 of the SECRET USSR Ministry of
Defense publication Collection of Articles of the Journal "Military
Thought". The authors of this article article are General-Mayor of
Aviation I. Lyubimov and Colonel V. Zemlyanushkin. This article
characterizes the air defense capabilities of the Soviet navy and discusses
the extent to which the Soviet coordinated national air defense system can
provide air defense of naval operations. Limitations on warning ranges are
cited, with the authors recommending radar ships and radar aircraft to
extend this capability seaward. Long-range land-based missiles are said to
provide cover out to 120 kilometers, and the YAK-28P fighter is granted a
capability out to 400 kilometers. Required warning distances for various
weapons systems are stated.
Comment:
Gen.-Mayor Lyubimov wrote "Coordination of National Air Defense Troops
with the Navy", Military Thought, Issue No. 3, 1969, the RESTRICTED
version. Col. Zemlyanushkin wrote "Certain Aspects of the Scientific
Approach to Troop Control", Vestnik PVO, No. 5, 1968. The SECRET versisoxl-Hum
of Military Thought was published three times annually and was distributed
down to the level of division commander. It reportedly ceased publication
at the end of 1970.
End of Summary
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The Cover of Naval Forces by Air Defense Forces of the
Country in Operations on a Maritime Axis
by
General-Mayor of Aviation I. Lyubimov
and Colonel V. Zemlyanushkin
Front (army) operations on maritime axes will be conducted, as a rule,
in close coordination with the navy.
In the process, the navy can accomplish such extremely important tasks
as the disruption and prevention of enemy maritime shipments to reinforce
his ground groupings; fire support of front (army) troops when they are
seizing important areas on the coast, and cover of their flanks from the
sea; amphibious landings; anti-landing defense of the coast; the transport
of forces and material means; and other tasks.
The successful fulfilment of these tasks
on haw re laelv we are a. - o cover naval forces at sea, and also their
bases, airfields, and other shore installations, from enemy air strikes; to
what extent we are able to prevent enemy aviation from laying mine barriers
and conducting aerial reconnaissance; and to what extent we can protect
naval missile-carrying aviation from attacks by enemy fighter aircraft
during flights to and from a target.
The urgency of this problem and the difficulty in solving it are due
to the capabilities of modern enemy aviation and the assumed nature of his
actions against our naval forces.
An
well as a study of the experience of USAF combat operations in Vietnam,
shows that carrier-based, tactical, and land-based aircraft can be used for
the delivery of strikes against ships and other naval objectives. Attacks
against ships are more likely from low altitudes (on a flight over water,
50 to 100 meters; over rugged terrain, 100 to 300 meters). Flight speeds
reach 900 kilometers an hour, and they may reach supersonic speeds of 1300
to 1500 kilometers an hour in the future. Groups of carrier aircraft for
strikes against ships may consist of from 2 or 3 to 12 to 18 aircraft,
depending on meteorological conditions and the time of day. Tactical
aviation, as a rule, operates in small groups of 3 to 5 aircraft for each
target, and in a strike against an objective a total of 12 to 48 aircraft
or more may take part, not counting support groups. Coastal and
deck-landing antisubmarine aviation seeks out submarines in prescribed
is
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areas (about 50 x 100 meters for one aircraft). The extent of the search
on the antisubmarine fens line can be as much as 350 to 500 kilometers.
The search for submarines is carried out at law speeds (250 to 450
kilometers per hour by aircraft, and 150 to 170 kilometers by helicopters
of antisubmarine defense), and at low altitudes (500 to 2000 meters for
radar scanning, 250 to 550 meters by sonar, and 15 to 50 meters by
magnetometers).
Enemy air defense means are destroyed by Shrike homing missiles, and
radar sets are subjected to active and passive jamming. The density
(level) of the jamming is expected to be as follows: passive, up to 12 to
24 packets per 100 meters of route; active noise jamming, 60 to 100 watts
per megahertz (selective) and 5 to 15 watts per megahertz (barrage); and
active response (deflecting) jamming, 100 to 250 watts.
All this puts great demands on the air defense of naval forces and the
places where they are based. Air defense must cover all altitudes, and it
must be stable and capable of waging combat against various types of
aircraft and cruise missiles.
It is obvious that the full range of these requirements can be
fulfilled only by the combined efforts of the Air Defense Forces of the
Country, the air defense of the front operating on the maritime axis, and
the air defense forces of the navy.
Let us examine what the capabilities of the Air Defense Forces of the
Country are for accomplishing these tasks, and what coordination between
the forces and means of naval air defense and the Air Defense Forces of the
Country involves.
Analysis of the combat capabilities of the forces and means rif Air
?- ? la M IS.
g?
Antiaircraft missile systems do not destroy aircraft operating at
altitudes of less than 100 meters, while at other altitudes they possess
limited capabilities for covering ships and objectives in the coastal zone.
The depth of the coastal zone of cover, depending on the altitude and speed
of the target, varies: for long-range systems, from 10 to 70 kilometers
(at altitudes of one kilometer or more); for medium-range systems, from 10
to 25 kilometers (at altitudes of 300 meters or more); and for short-range
systems, from 3 to 5 kilometers at altitudes of 100 meters or more. When
firing at air-to-surface missiles, these figures drop by 25 to 35 percent.
The capabilities of fighter aviation are shown in Table 1.
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In order to realize the maximum capabilities of fighter aviation of
the Air Defense Forces of the Country over the range of cover of ships at
sea, it is essential, as is clear from the table, to have the proper radar
control equipment on ships and a radar field of detection. A proper field
of detection is necessary also for antiaircraft missile troops.
In order to make timely use of fighter aircraft from Readiness No. 1
(the status of "duty on the airfield"), and antiaircraft missile troops
from Readiness No. 2, the system of detection and target designation must
meet the following requirements (see Table 2).
The existing radar stations in the armament of the Air Defense Forces
of the Country have a detection range at low altitudes of up to 80 to 90
kilometers, and at medium and high altitudes of up to 450 kilometers.
Therefore, for timely warning and target designation for antiaircraft
missile troops and fighter aviation, and also for the realization of the
capabilities of fighter aviation in providing cover for ships at sea, it is
necessary to build up the radar field in the direction of the sea by 400 to -
450 kilometers. And in order to commit long-range fighter aircraft to
combat on the necessary line before the launching of air-to-surface
missiles by enemy aircraft, it is implIttaut_talkue_the warning line at a
distance of up to 18019_kilomiters_from the airfields of fighter aviatim.
This_kind_of_buildup_oLthP radar field is possible only by using special
ships or radar patrol aircraft. But, at the present time, owing to the
insufficient detection range by the radar stationg-bl-the Air Defense
Forces-Or-the?Country, ththatcaaetie-soffihtex_ayiatjsaLin_cona
maritime sector may be realized by_only 50 to 70 percent.
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Table 1
Capabilities of Fighter Aviation of Air Defense of the
Country in Providing Cover for Naval Forces in a Coastal Area
Altitudes of enemy action Low altitudes Medium and
(500 meters high altitudes
Descri tion of characteristics or less)
Maximum distance of the line of inter-
ception according to the fuel supply
Distance of the enemy line of task
fulfilment from the objective (when
bombing)
Depth of the battle zone
Necessary distance of the line of the
beginning of destruction of enemy
aircraft from the objective of a
strike
Range of control of fighter aircraft
(according to the range of radar
stations located on shore)
Distance of objectives from the
seacoast at which cover is
provided by fighter aviation controlled
from shore
Distance from the seacoast of
objectives being covered at which cover is
provided when fighter aircraft are
controlled from ships (from a status of
("duty in the air")
* Only YAK-28P fighters
300-450 km 400-550 km
5-10 km 25-30 km
40-60 km 80-120 km
up to 70 km up to 150 km
up to 70 km up to 350 km
On the Up to 200 km
coastline (in the
direction
of the sea)
230-380 km 250-400 km*
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Table 2
Requirements
Weapons
Long-range air-launched
missile system/interceptor
(ARICP DD) r 2 A t ;
High-altitude, high-speed
fighter aircraft :1,1, 34-)5)
Low-altitude fighter aircraft
( OX-2$)
Long-range antiaircraft
missile system (;A.-7)
Medium-range antiaircraft
missile system ( ,)
Low-altitude antiaircraft
missile system (SA ))
Maximum necessary detection range
Line of warning
(approximate)
Complete radar
coverage (exact)
1200-1800 km
700-900 km
950-1100 km
550-700 km
620 km
220-650 km
900 km
350 km
600-650 km
250-280 km
370-500 km
220-250 km
Thus, based on actually existing combat capabilities, the Air Defense
Forces of the Country can provide effective cover, by means of fighter
aviation and antiaircraft missile troops, from air strikes against naval
bases, ports, ships in dispersal points, aircraft on airfields, and other
naval shore installations. In addition, they can provide fighter aircraft
cover for ships at sea at a distance of up to 200 kilometers from the shore
(by their own means at medium and high altitudes with the support of a
radar field of detection and control of fighter aircraft), and up to 250 to
400 kilometers (given the availability on ships of radar means of
reconnaissance and control of fighter aircraft, and from the status of
"duty in the air"). It is possible to accompany naval aviation to this
depth (when they take off on a task and on contact when returning) in order
to interdict attacks by enemy fighter aircraft.
It is also possible, to a certain extent, to carry out the search and
destruction of antisubmarine defense aircraft, mine-laying aircraft and
reconnaissance aircraft at a distance of up to 450 to 500 kilometers, bsoxl-Hum
law-altitude aircraft missile systems of the YAK-28P type.
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As for antiaircraft missile cover of ships operating in the coastal
zone, the capabilities of the Air Defense Forces of the Country are
extremely limited, with the exception of long-range antiaircraft missile
systems, which can reinforce the cover of ships to a depth of 70 to 120
kilometers (at medium and high altitudes).
The provision of cover for installationa_located on shore and also
L
for nayafaies_ar_their bases (dispersal points), is, as is known,
caTried_out hy_the Air Defense Forces of the Country within the general
system_of-adx-deiense, along with the accomplishment of its basic tasks;
while for fighter aviation cover of ships at sea, independent air defense
forces and means will have to be allocated. 4= Silace_tbALVI0Iti_Df_ships at -
sea '
result
in an extremely large expenaiture of f ter aircraft. Thus, for the
continuous cover of a group of ships for one day by Our aircraft
standing patrol at a distance of 850 kilometers from an airfield (in order
to destroy enemy aircraft even before they deliver strikes against ships
400 kilometers offshore), up to 90 to 100 air sorties will be required.
Or another example. For fighter aviation cover of the first echelon
of an amphibious landing force during the sea crossing and in combat duringl
the landing (at a landing depth of 350 to 400 kilometers), an effort of 4
three sorties per crew requires the involvement of three to four fighter
aviation regiments. At least half of these aircraft should be special
low-altitude interceptors.
It is unlikely that a maritime air defense formation (large unit)
could have enough fighter aircraft to be able to provide direct cover for
every ship grouping at sea. We must therefore seek additional capabilities
in order to solve this problem in the most effective and rational manner.
In particular, we feel that such measures could consist of the following.
The buildup of a radar field of detection and control of fighter
aviation of the Air Defense of the Country requires a speed-up in supplying
maritime large units of the Air Defense Forces of the Country with radar
patrol aircraft, and in supplying fleets with radar patrol ships capable of
controlling fighter aviation. We obviously must also increase the number
of long-range interceptors in the aviation of maritime air defense large
units, which will make it possible to allocate part of the forces
specifically for the cover of naval forces at sea.
The_pIe?ence of prepared ship control posts for fighter aviation
(KPUNIA)--and, in the future, combined with automated contIgl_ayls on
SI' - .14 is s e: 0 ? --will make it possible to
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achieve more effective control of fighter aircraft when they are operating
at sea.
The creation of a special aircraft for naval aviation with an
operating radius of 3500 to 4000 kilometers and with equipment for seeking
out and destroying enemy aircraft at low altitudes, would make it possible
to wage successful combat against enemy reconnaissance aircraft and
antisubmarine aircraft in distant areas of the sea.
The organization of combat actions of the Air Defense Forces of the
Country in providing cover for naval forces in operations on maritime axes
in coordination with the forces and means of naval air defense should be
based on zones, as shown in the diagram.
The first zone. This is the zone of the Air Defense Forces of the
Country, in which they provide cover for shore installations and naval
forces with their own forces and means. The air defense means of ships
only reinforce the Air Defense Forces of the Country. This zone is
determined by the capabilities for the control of fighter aviation from
ground control posts of large units of Air Defense of the Country when the
fighter aircraft are operating by the method of "duty at airfields". The
depth of this zone from the seacoast will be no more than 150 to 200
kilometers.
The second zone is the zone of joint operations of the forces and
means of the Air Defense Forces of the Country and the navy. This zone is
determined by the capabilities of fighter aviation over their operating
radius when controlled from radar patrol ships and aircraft. The depth of
this zone from the seacoast will be 250 to 400 kilometers. Only part of
the fighter aviation specially allocated for naval cover at sea will
operate in this zone.
The third zone is the zone of operations of naval air defense forces
and means beyond the range of fighter aviation of Air Defense of the
Country. In this zone on open stretches of sea only individual aircraft or
small groups of long-range fighter-interceptors of Air Defense of the
Country, as well as radar patrol aircraft, can operate (to a depth of up to
1000 kilometers).
In the first zone, the basic forces performing air defense tasks in
support of the navy are the Air Defense Forces of the Country. Therefore,
the organization and implementation of control and coordination in this
zone is the responsibility of the formation commander of the Air Defense
Forces of the Country. Air defense tasks in support of the navy are 50X1-HUM
performed here along with other tasks (in support of the front and the
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territory of the country). Therefore, the procedure for the control of
forces and means of Air Defense of the Country, and also their coordination
with the forces and means of the air defense of formations of other
branches of the armed forces, is provided for by operational air defense
plans of formations and by the plans for combat operations of large units
(divisions, corps) of air defense.
In the second zone, the Air Defense Forces of the Country operate only
as part of the forces of fighter aviation. It is advisable on the whole to
assign the organization of the cover of naval forces in the second zone to
the navy and to provide for this organization in the appropriate plans.
These plans will obviously have to reflect the following questions: the
organization of reconnaissance of the air enemy, the organization of
control of fighter aviation, and the procedure of coordination with the
fire means of ships operating in the second zone.
In such operations as amphibious landings, where forces of the various
branches of the armed forces will take part, including the air defense
forces and means of the ground forces, the navy, and Air Defense of the
Country, the need arises to create a special air defense command. This
command will conduct the planning and will organize the control and
coordination for each period of the operation.
However, control of figh er aviation of the Air Defense Force% of thp
Country operating_in_the_s.econcl?zone_must_in_all cases he exercised by the
senior avia 1111 -6 _un.it..)_0.f_air_defens -2:to
which the fighter air D- OS: 0. on one of the ships having
ship con ro appropria
means of communications and control of fighter aircraft. As a rule, he
will be stationed in the same place as the chief of air defense of a large
unit of ships or, for example, the air defense chief of the landing forces
of an amphibious landing.
The tasks of coordinating the Air Defense Forces of the Country and
the navy may be broken down into two groups.
The first group involves questions of coordinating zones of
responsibility of the forces and means of Air Defense of the Country and
the navy, the distribution of efforts in these zones, the ensuring of the
mutual exchange of information, various kinds of support, and other
operational questions. The sequence of the performance of these tasks is
planned at the operational echelon in the coordination plan of the forces
and means of Air Defense of the Country, the navy, and the front.
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The second group of tasks involves the coordination of questions
concerning the combat use of weapons and the exchange of information during
battle, i.e., of a tactical nature. Obviously, they will be accomplished
differently in each zone.
In the first zone, the coordination of fighter aviation, antiaircraft
missile troops, and radio countermeasures means of both the Air Defense
Forces of the Country and the navy must be organized. The sequence of this
coordination is defined by appropriate instructions and will remain in
effect also when conducting joint operations.
In the second zone, the coordination of fighter aviation of Air
Defense of the Country and the air defense means of ships must be
organized. The sequence of this coordination must be provided for in the
standard plans of the air defense of large units of ships, and agreed upon
with large units (formations) of air defense. When conducting such
operations as, for example, amphibious landings, questions of coordination
are reflected in the plan of coordination of the air defense forces and
means allocated for the operation. This coordination is organized by the
air defense chief assigned to the operation.
As for the third zone, coordination in it is based on mutual
notification about the air enemy between radar reconnaissance aircraft and
aviation systems of long-range interception. It is organized by the
commanding officer of air defense of the fleet on the level: naval
headquarters--headquarters of the operational formation of air defense. 1'
The tasks of providing cover for naval forces by Air Defense Forces of
the Country during joint operations will be carried out not in an isolated
manner, but jointly with the forces and means of air defense of the ground
forces, since we are dealing here with the joint operations of a front
(army) and a fleet. But in this article we have dealt with those ?Tigks of
air defense of the navy performed only by the Air Defense Forces of the
Country, bearing in mind that providing cover for ship forces by the air
defense means of a front (army) is a no less important and complex task,
and therefore may be a special subject for study. A brief analysis of the
tasks of the Air Defense Forces of the Country in providing cover for naval
forces, and of the conditions of their fulfilment, leads us to conclude
that the full resolution of this problem is determine on the one hand by a
whole complex of organizational measures, and, on the other hand, by the
technical capabilities of air defense means and their further development.
The successful fulfilment of all the enumerated tasks by the Air
Defense Forces of the Country will be facilitated by the inclusion in
maritime large units (formations) of a greater number (compared to other
III'
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large units of the Air Defense Forces of the Country) of fighter aviation
units and armed with aircraft which will permit the fulfilment of tasks at
low altitudes and at sea far from its shores. Even in peacetime these
units and large units should master the operations of fighter aircraft to
the full radius of flight at sea, and work out coordination with the navy,'\
and control of fighter aircraft from ship control posts.
(See Chart and Key to Chart on following pages)
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Chart
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Key to Chart
1. Possible sequence of fulfilment of tasks by the navy
Delivery of the initial nuclear and subsequent strikes against
enemy groupings of nuclear weapons delivery means;
Joint seizure of the zone of the straits by front
troops and an amphibious assault landing;
Disruption of enemy maritime deliveries and the passage of naval
ship forces through straits;
Landing of an amphibious force in support of an offensive by
troops along the seacoast;
Ensuring maritime shipments in support of a front;
Participation in the defense of a seacoast against an
enemy amphibious landing.
2. Line of entry of fighter aviation at Readiness No. 1 into
control by shore radar stations (up to 200 kilometers from shore)
3. Operational groups of front headquarters and long-range aviation
4. Antiaircraft missile brigade
5. Antiaircraft missile regiment
6. Maritime army of Air Defense of the Country
7. Second echelon of a front
8. Operations group of naval headquarters
9. Maritime front
Army - 3, Tank army - 1, Air army - 1, Front missile brigade - 1
10. Maritime front headquarters
11. Front missile brigade
12. Immediate task of the front
13. Subsequent task of the front
14. Battle against enemy amphibious landing
15. Line of interception of fighter aviation from zones of "duty in the
air"
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16. Command post of the strike group
17. Zone of joint operations of forces and means of the Air Defense of the
Country and the navy
18. Maritime shipments
19. Zone of operation of the Air Defense Forces of the Country
20. Destruction of enemy ship strike group
21. Means of antisubmarine defense
22. Long-range fighter interceptor
23. Zones of operations of naval air defense forces and means
and of long-range fighter interceptors
24. Amphibious landing for the purpose of seizing the zone of the straits
25. Withdrawal of ships through the straits
26. Initial nuclear strike against enemy forces
27. Strike against port of embarkation
28. First nuclear strike against an aircraft carrier and in a base area
29. Disruption of enemy sea shipments
30. Zone of responsibility of front air defense forces and means
31. Amphibious landing for the purpose of aiding the offensive of
front troops
32. Landing
33. Tank landing
34. Maritime shipments in support of the front
50X1-HUM
50X1 -HUM
IDeclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/09/25: CIA-RDP10-00105R000100530001-7 ,