MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): MATERIALS FROM A CONFERENCE ON ESTABLISHING A NEW SYSTEM OF COMMUNICATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP10-00105R000202020001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 15, 1976
• Content Type: MEMO

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20505
15 June 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
FROM
SUBJECT
William W. Wells
Deputy Director for Operations
MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): Materials from
a Conference on Establishing a New
System of Communications
1. The enclosed Intelligence Information Special Report is
part of a series now in preparation based on the SECRET USSR
Ministry of Defense publication Collection of Articles of the
Journal "Military Thought". This article summarizes material
from a conference held by the Military Communications Academy to
discuss establishing a new communications system to use in
automating troop control. Certain reports presented at the
conference dealt with automating data processing and establishing
a unified communications system for all levels of the armed
forces. Other speakers presented proposals for reorganizing
communications for control of the rocket troops, and described
technical developments such as an automatic error query system,
telecode communications equipment to use with computers, and
non-protruding antennas. The final speaker recommended thatsoxi-Hum
research and development efforts be concentrated on the
employment of high-speed, automatic, multichannel and secure
communications equipment. This article appeared in Tsslica Nn
(63) for 1962.
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2. Because the source of this report is extremely
sensitive, this document should be handled on a strict
need-to-know basis within recipient agencies. For ease of
reference, reports from this publication have been assianed
William W. Wells
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Distribution:
The Director of Central Intelligence
The Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Assistant to the Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Department of the Army
The Assistant of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
Director, National Security Agency
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Deputy Director for Science and Technology
Deputy to the Director of Central Intelligence
for National Intelligence Officers
Director of Strategic Research
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COUNTRYu s SR
DATE OF
INFO. Early 1962
SOURCE
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Intelligence Information Special Report
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SUBJECT
DATE 15 June 1976
MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): Questions of Establishing a
New System of Communications
Documentary
Summary:
The following report is a translation from Russian of an
article which appeared in Issue No. 2 (63) for 1962 of the SECRET
USSR Ministry of Defense publication Collection of Articles of
the Journal "Military Thought". The author of this article is
General-Mayor of Communications Troops I. Kurnosov. This article
summarizes material from a conference held by the Military
Communications Academy to discuss establishing a new
communications system to use in automating troop control.
Certain reports presented at the conference dealt with automating
data processing and establishing a unified communications system
for all levels of the armed forces, which also would involve
increasing the number of channels to handle the flow of
information. Other speakers presented proposals for reorganizing
communications for control of the rocket troops, and described
technical developments such as an automatic error query system to
improve communications reliability, telecode communications
equipment to use with computers, and non-protruding antennas.
The final speaker recommended that research and development
efforts be concentrated on the employment of high-speed,
automatic, multichannel and secure communications equipment.
End of Summary
Comment:
The author, who is deceased, was a lecturer and candicarm
military sciences. He also wrote "A Useful Book on Setting
Communications in a Front" in Issue No. 3 (76) for 1965
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Questions of Establishing a New System of Communications
(From material of a military scientific-technical
conference of the Communications Academy)
by
General-Mayor of Communications Troops I. Kurnosov
A scientific-technical conference, devoted to a discussion
of the questions of establishing a new system of communications
from the standpoint of automating troop control, was held in the
Red Banner Military Communications Academy.
Senior officials of a number of the central directorates of
the Ministry of Defense and a large number of representatives
from the troops, scientific research institutions, higher
military educational institutions, and industrial enterprises
participated in the work of the conference. In all, 73 reports
and 10 scientific papers were presented and discussed at the
conference in the plenary sessions and during the work of the
eight sections.
Particular interest was aroused by the reports of
General-Leytenant Shkodunovich, Candidate of Military Sciences
Colonel Zakharov, Colonel Koletskiy, Honored Scientist and Doctor
of Technical Sciences Professor Engineer Colonel Kotov, Candidate
of Technical Sciences Professor Engineer Lieutenant Colonel
Muravyev, and Candidate of Technical Sciences Engineer Colonel
Petrovskiy.
General-Leytenant Shkodunovich's report set forth the
present-day requirements imposed on troop control and by specific
examples showed the incompatibility between the new powerful and
long-range means of destruction and the status of means and
methods of control. It was the speaker's opinion that the
existing system of control is cumbersome, insufficiently mobile,
and does not provide the necessary operating efficiency and
flexibility. The delay in receiving information on events taking
place has become especially intolerable. 5 OX1?HUM
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Staffs are processing materials manually, which does not
allow them to prepare the required data in compressed periods of
time and makes it difficult to arrive at the most correct
decisions. As a result, modern means of armed conflict do not
always achieve proper results.
The only correct way of resolving this problem is to
establish an integrated automated system of troop control based
on the use of multi-purpose computers and automatic transceiver
equipment.
A unified system of communications. Continuing to develop
the propositions stated in General Shkodunovich's report, Colonel
Zakharov examined the problems associated with the establishment
of a unified system of communications for the Supreme High
Command, the front, the army, and the division. He stated that
not only are the demands more stringent on communications in
automated systems of control, but that there also arises a
variety of new tasks associated with providing for the automatic
input and output of information, and with linking communications
channels with data sensors and electronic computers, and also
with further increasing the required number of channels and
improving their quality.
The essence of the organizational unity of a communications
system consists in the fact that it is not split up into sections
of component affiliation. We must set up a net of electrical
communications channels capable of passing a large volume of
information with the necessary rapidity from the General
Headquarters of the Supreme High Command down to the lowest
tactical levels.
The General Headquarters communications system should be
made up of the communications centers of the General Staff and of
the main staffs of the branches of the Armed Forces, the lines
and channels connecting the territory of the Soviet Union with
the countries of the socialist camp, and the special-purpose
communications centers that have been set up by the forces and
means of the communications large units and units of the GeneraL
Headquarters of the Supreme High Command.
The special-purpose communications centers must provide for
linking the nation-wide communications net with the
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communications net of the theaters of military operations, and
for linking the network of a theater of military operations with
the communications system of its fronts (armies). The number of
these centers is determined by the nationwide communications .
net, the development of the communications net in the theaters of
military operations, and the operational-strategic deployment of
the troops.
The presence of such a well-developed system will eliminate
to a considerable degree the threat of having communications
disrupted by the effects of modern means of destruction and will
also provide for the passage of any flow of information within
the required period of time.
In a front, the communications system must be set up along
the very same principle with only this difference, that the
capacity of axial and lateral communications lines will be lower
and that the special-purpose communications centers will be
replaced by zonal, supporting, and auxiliary centers. For each
first-echelon army it is necessary to establish a communications
link with the use of cable, radio-relay, and radio means. In
addition, a main artery line with greater capacity than the
communications links must be established.
In Colonel Zakharov's opinion, the presence of such a net
will make it possible to provide communications with more than
just the first-echelon armies. Any formation, large unit, and
unit which is in need of establishing communications with the
front communications centers can do this easily by setting up a
connecting line to the nearest zonal communications center of the
system. And what is more, in this case there will be no need to
preserve the well-known principle that the higher level is
responsible for communications to the lower level.
It should be noted that the suggestion to provide
communications only through zonal, supporting, and auxiliary
centers, abolishing the principle that the higher level is
responsible for communications to the lower level, was not
supported by the conference participants. And this, in our
opinion, is correct, for the more complex the communications
system is, and the higher the requirements imposed upon it, the
more strictly should we observe the principles on which it is set
up and the responsibility for its operation. We also consider
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the classification of the communications centers to be incorrect.
There is no practical necessity to introduce the new terms
"zonal" and "supporting" centers. It is better to leave alone
the already established term, "auxiliary communications center".
As concerns the system of communications, in principle-there are
no objections to it. However, we believe that for communications
with the troops of the first echelons and with the rocket troops,
priority should be given to direct communications, with bypass
communications going through the auxiliary communications
centers.
In Colonel Zakharov's opinion, the primary means of
(communications at the General Headquarters-front and front-army
levels should be wire and radio-relay. However, in case the wire
and radio-relay communications channels are disrupted, no more
than 10 percent of all the information can be transmitted by
radio, considering its limited number of channels and low
quality. In doing so, the most important information must be
included in this 10 percent. While the majority of the
conference participants did not object to this assessment of the
role of the different means of communications, they proposed that
all measures be taken to increase the multichannel capacity and
to improve the quality of radio communications so as to enhance
their role in the overall system of communications. This is
needed all the more because the stability of the operation of
radio-relay, and especially of wire, means of communications
under conditions of missile/nuclear war gives rise to serious
apprehensions.
Substantiating the necessity of considerably increasing the '
number of communications channels on the axial and lateral lines,
the speaker brought up certain data characterizing the flow of
information. According to the calculations of a military science
group of the Academy i/n M. V. Frunze, the flow of information at
the front-army level will reach 120,000 words (groups) per day.
In order to ensure the timely passage of this information it will
be necessary to have no less than 300 to 320 standard telephone
channels from the front command post and 80 to 100 of the same
kind of channels from the rear control post.
In sum, to provide communications from all control posts of
a front we need approximately 8C0 standard telephone channels.
To establish such a system in a front offensive zone, the speaker
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asserted, would require deploying up to 55 auxiliary
communications centers, approximately 350 radio-relay sets, up to
45 tropospheric communications sets, up to 30 powerful shortwave
transmitters, and up to 4,000 kilometers of long-range
communications cable; and in order to establish and service such
a system, it would be necessary to have no less than 30
communications battalions with a considerable number of
personnel.
The communications system of an army is one of the levels of
the unified front system and represents the sum total of the
communications centers and lines deployed in the offensive zone.
It was estimated that from the control posts of the troops of an
army it is necessary to receive information from 110 to 150
sources, which requires 200 to 210 communications channels. To
provide this number of communications channels an army has to
have 120 to 150 radio-relay sets and 500 to 550 kilometers of
cable. Six to seven communications battalions can service these
means.
In each division a system of communications, unified for all
the branch arms, is also established. The total number of
information sources ranges from 62 to 88, which requires a
considerable increase in the number of channels compared to the
existing number.
The conference participants expressed doubt as to the
necessity of such a large number of information sources and
proposed a serious revision of the flow of information. Only in
this way can we decrease the number of communications channels,
and consequently increase the mobility and stability of the
entire communications system. It was also suggested that it
would be undesirable to have several electronic computers at such
a level as the division level, and that it would be more
advantageous to solve all problems on a single multi-purpose
computer.
Speaking on the subject of the communications of the rocket
troops and artillery, Lieutenant Colonel Grishin said that in
order to provide for the control of the rocket troops, the best
means at the disposal of the front chief of communications troops
should be allocated. For this purpose, all of the communications
forces and means must be concentrated in the hands of the front
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chief of communications troops; to allocate some portion of them
to establish an autonomous communications system for the rocket
troops is not advisable, since in this case it would lower the
level of responsibility for the state of the most important
communications.
One cannot exclude the possibility of establishing and
deploying small communications centers in order to receive direct
channels right in the staff of the rocket troops and artillery.
This would take place only in case the staff of the rocket troops
and artillery were found to he territorially distant from the
front staff.
In this connection, the opinion was expressed that the
control batteries and battalions of the staffs of the rocket
troops and artillery should be reorganized into communications
companies and platoons and placed in subordination to the chief
of communications troops of the front (army). The conference
approved the proposal to introduce the position of a front (army)
deputy chief of communications troops for rocket troops and
artillery.
The technical principles of setting up a communications
system. In his report, Colonel Koletskiy set forth preliminary
considerations on the technical principles of setting up a
unified system of ground communications for the Armed Forces. He
emphasized that extremely high requirements are imposed under
present-day conditions on communications means and systems with
respect to both the number and the quality of the channels.
These requirements should include, first of all: to provide for
the automatic and semiautomatic transmission of various types of
telecode information at a high rate of speed and with the
required reliability; to transmit all types of information using
automatic secure communications equipment with the necessary
degree of stability; to automatically extract information from
the different data sensors and transmit it via communications
channels; to transmit information directly to the working areas
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The solution to these problems can only be found by
extensively using multichannel means of communications. In doing
so, one of the most important tasks in organizing communications
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is to develop a schematic diagram which will most fully exploit
the advantages of multichannel communications lines.
A valuable technical accomplishment, as the report revealed,
was the fact that these high requirements with respect to
communications can for the most part be met by using the
communications equipment that has been provided for in the
seven-year procurement plan.
The speaker reported that many of the elements of the
automated troop control system have been developed by the
institute in cooperation with other scientific and educational
institutions. They have produced working models, making it
possible to test them on the communications lines and channels
At the same time, he pointed out that with regard to many
problems, particularly the problems associated with automatic
channel switching equipment, without which automated systems
cannot operate, there is a lack of clarity even in the theory of
their development.
Next, Colonel Koletskiy pointed out that in his opinion it
has become necessary to establish norms for some of the technical
characteristics of the communications system, such as for the
speed of information transmission, reliability of transmission,
the width of the frequency bands of the communications channels,
the phase and amplitude characteristics, the number of channels
in the trunk groups (trunk lines), the requirement for secondary
multiplexing of the trunk groups, the operating reliability, etc.
As regards automatic secure transmission, it must be implemented
by means of devices which organically form a part of the
channeling or on-line equipment. We must strive for the group
use of secure communications equipment in order to utilize the
equipment more efficiently and reduce the amount of it at the
control posts.
In order to simplify the technical devices in automated
systems, insofar as possible information should be transmitted in
the form of formalized commands and reports using numbers only.
With some relatively minor additions and modernization, the
existing communications means and those that are being developed
basically will be able to provide troop control during the next
few years. To do this, it is necessary to develop linking
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devices, equipment for high-speed remote control, switching
equipment, and equipment to increase reliability. Subsequently,
we must produce new means of communications that will satisfy all
modern requirements.
The lecture of Distinguished Scientist, Professor and Doctor
of Technical Sciences Kotov on the subject, "An Automatic Error
Query System with a High Correction Capability", aroused great
interest. The interest in this topic was due to the fact that in
automated troop control, communications reliability must be
extremely high, and this has not been possible even in the best
underground cable channels. Furthermore, this task has not been
accomplished with respect to radio-relay and radio communications
channels. The group headed by the speaker developed and
presented a working model of a device for automatic error query
(AZO), with the aid of which one can attain a transmitting
reliability of 10-5, that is, of not more than one distorted
pulse out of every 100,000 that are transmitted.
The circuit, upon examination, proved to be simple enough
and the device itself was of limited weight and size. Under
laboratory conditions an even more improved circuit has been
tested, one that makes it possible to achieve a transmitting
reliability that is three to four times higher.
The subsequent speakers, Engineer Captain Parshin and
Engineer Lieutenant Colonel Sidorov, described in detail the
principal elements of an automatic error query circuit that has a
high correction capability, and also described the results of
testing it on communications channels.
The development of an automated troop control system has
required the development of a new type of terminal equipment --
telecode communications equipment. In the opinion of Engineer
Colonel Petrovskiy, it must provide for the exchange of telecode
information between data sensors, automatic information
processing devices (electronic computers), and remote display
devices. The use of telecode communications for the exchange of
information by means of electronic computers requires high
transmitting reliability, which can be achieved by using those
codes which detect errors and automatically query the distorted
lines. Work in this field is being conducted at the Central
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Scientific Research Institute of Communications Engineers
together with the telegraphy department of the Military
Communications Academy.
Antenna systems. The report made on this topic by Engineer
Lieutenant Colonel Muravyev set forth the principles of
constructing highly efficient non-protruding antennas which have
electrically-controlled radiation patterns.
It is well known that under conditions of missile/nuclear
war, protruding antennas will be speedily destroyed, and that
even with the availability of spare sets of antennas this will
lead to loss of communications or loss of radar surveillance.
But non-protruding antennas, including buried ones, are not used
widely yet owing to their low efficiency. Naturally, the work
aimed at solving this problem is extremely urgent.
The greatest directivity of emission can be achieved by
means of antennas laid out in the shape of a disk on whose
surface a sufficiently large number of radiating elements have
been positioned.
In the opinion of Engineer Captain Zakharov, for the
non-protruding and buried ultra-shortwave antennas one can use
non-directional vertically and horizontally polarized radiating
elements. He suggested using as an antenna for this a slotted
wide-band antenna in the form of a system of four U-shaped
radiating elements. In order to increase the mechanical strength
of the channel cavities, the slits are filled with bitumen.
Tests of an experimental production run of such antennas revealed
it is possible to mass produce them.
Regrettably, the actual realization of the suggested ideas
is lagging considerably and up to now in the troops we have been
using primitive antennas with low efficiency and intolerably low
mechanical strength.
A variety of other questions were also examined at the
conference: a communications system for the air defense forces
of the country, a ground communications system for the Navy, the
organization of communications in the US Army and in the
aggressive NATO bloc, communications centers, reconnaissance and
jamming, the receiving and transmission of discrete signals,
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communications equipment, and the receiving of superhigh
frequencies.
Marshal of Communications Troops Leonov, Chief of
Communications Troops of the Ministry of Defense, presented the
concluding report. He emphasized that the joint work of
scientific groups from many military educational institutions and
scientific research institutes on the solution of wide-ranging
problems constitutes an extremely valuable and useful
collaboration. Attesting to this was the successful completion
of the scientific research work "Control". The scientific groups
of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Communications
Engineers and of the Communications Academy achieved good results
in resolving a series of questions associated with the
development of new equipment for the integrated automation of
troop control.
At the same time, Marshal Leonov mentioned a number of
deficiencies in this military science and scientific research
work.
In regard to the work "Control", he pointed out its
uncritical approach to the evaluation of initial data for
determining the sources and flow of information. The
calculations of the scientific group from the Academy i/n M. V.
Frunze were accepted as law by all the executors. As a result,
the requirements for channels have increased to eight to ten
times more than those available. This situation has led to the
establishment of an exceedingly unwieldy communications system
having limited stability, which has entailed an increase in the
amount of communications means and in the number of personnel.
And what is more, the required number of different communications
means was determined without giving proper consideration to
economic capabilities, jeopardizing the scheduled plans for the
completion of even an experimental complex of an automated system
of troop control.
The scientific research work "Control" proposes a completely
finished system of integrated automation which will solve all of
the problems associated with troop control. However, the work
does not devote enough attention to the problems of the
transition period, that is, to the period during which existing
communications means are to be improved and brought up to a state
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of full automation. It would be incorrect to expect that there
will occur some sort of abrupt transition from the existing
system; in actuality, there will be the unavoidable process of
gradually replacing existing communications means with the new
ones as these are received from industry.
In discussing the unified system of communications, Marshal
of Communications Troops Leonov pointed out that it is not fully
compatible with present-day views on the conduct of the battle
and operation. To a certain degree, the proposed system has a
linear nature and does not take fully into account the
possibility of vast destruction of communications installations,
the presence of extensive areas of radioactive contamination, and
that the war will be characterized by scattered centers of
fighting.
Touching upon the role of radio communications in the
integrated system of automated troop control, the speaker pointed
out the need to carry out scientific work on improving the
quality of radio means.
In speaking on the problems in the field of the development
of new equipment for troop control, Marshal Leonov emphasized the
importance of the following: the employment of multichannel
,radio-relay sets with automatic retransmission; the use of
multichannel equipment on cable and permanent overhead lines; the
introduction into the troops of automatic secure communications
equipment for telegraph and telephone conversations; the use of
radio sets which indicate when they are being called and which
automatically adjust frequencies; the employment of
superhigh-speed operation; the use of special-coding devices; the
mechanization of the work of laying underground cable lines, etc.
It is precisely in this field that our scientists must apply
their efforts so as to gradually provide the communications
system for the fully automated control of troops and weapons.
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Together with this, we must seriously train personnel for
receiving and servicing the new equipment which the troops will
gradually be receiving in ever-increasing numbers. Marshal
Leonov cautioned against the excessive enthusiasm of those who do
not take actual capabilities into consideration and who are ready
to make the transition to an automated system of control even
tomorrow.
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