OSS - "SPECIAL BLACK REPORTS" ON POLITICAL ATTITUDES OF RELIGIOUS LEADERS/GERMAN CATHOLIC RESISTANCE TO HITLER/POPE PIUS XII EXPLANATION AS TO WHY HE DID NOT PUBLICLY CRITICIZE THE POLICIES OF THE THIRD REICH, 1944

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: OSS Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP13X00001R000100040001-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 110
• Document Creation Date: November 3, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 17, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 4, 1944
• Content Type: MISC

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Although gsgwasiant fritifite is the source of this report
it was perraissablo to reveal his name in P. P. Re:port /161 as this
account has already been published. It was lisa, permittedthowevert
that he should 'r.+.e connected With the Jesuit orii,r of tbich he is a
Priest. The following comment is therefore secret:
OMMEEL
Fraisse who belongs to the Jesuit order, affirmed that
Doilnicans and Xeenits were the first and most important in the under
-
(rood,* He ineisted,as welOie Guetet, (source of speeial black report
aoro 01 on the revolution in the spirits, which has come to fall maturity
ih.Ma%nis. There is no doubt that this tendency is rapidly becoming
P
a paitical force in Pr3nce. If the principles for post-war order are
owttliniod elear4en...'dirach,,by,thei victorious Anglo-Saxon powers so as to
Casrente, thepar/vanes of the aim &boys political divisions, then
Ude tendency can be orderly progress. Otherwise it may bring a rapid
wyncentration.
..auvik.ctiFfs_trafitIrliite50
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p ?i;?11,1 irriNerwyepv.olesatgototr,,,,orib.Snd, ? ? ? ?
jito_stgimadajoirt wa$ Chief of the Adenistrative Seritzes
of the IlAgeng Franotiss de Press** (attached to the Governor G3rera1
at, Algiers) upto, 1941. Having disagreed with certain policiel,
was than shifted to .another post. He is politically in s. medima
position between Pebainiste and De Gaulliste.
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isember of the Congregation of the
Child Jesus, living at the Ileasa Generalizias, 10 Via Bancompagni,
Bone, is well kaolin under her pen name, Augusta L. Francis.
informed Roman journalist, she was, up to the time of the war? corms-
rola* for the ',Catholic Times" in London, and has contributed
articles fro* ti to time to several American pt)blications.
is
an American by birth.
,
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The some of the Pope' s reaction to criticies .the
rreath Bishops is rissaliaviiist, Minister from Canada to the French
Olovernment. Re le highly esteem as a Catholic, both in his own
comity,' and abroad and was received in a private audience by the Pope
soon after the liberation a Rome. The author was told about the
interview when he delivered a mossuge from the Joeists in Canada
reetrdinti the Genera s,..mn.The General apparently condemned the
BLOW, for 3Aok ot 04.44gence and courage*
-the the affirmation regatding ths possible resipa-
,
V." of French Bisho'ps imaslaitiggs, on* of the 1*.nding rrench
Istealsetnals of Mortb ixtrian 004 sines 19t8t hie been Professor
ConstitsilrpVt at?the Alttero University and more recently
;
Assn of his 111104-* 001.i abott forty-five years of age, marriem,
with esliirea children mid bas independent teens* lie decided for
purely ideaItitie ratios., Christian anti pi9,triotic, to pp_rtieipate
.1* the pOliticel struggle and run fo-: elootion in the new French
1004110ot.
nobreft, pi kir that the eouree.of the affirmtioa teas me.de
40104eis flo Menthon, Corassissioner ;ustice. This informstion was
Aut'hor Ane 1;t? Algiers. 'end vets apparently not taken
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The source of the information regarding the appointsout
and the Pope* reasons for soaking it is the Reverand Taste, O. P?,
Settilirtary of the Biblical CoLesion. Ile is a close collaborator of
Timatrand and has been, for twenty years,
an itiMBt friend
of sad author.
Roumania. Usti saw Bishop Itt.iPin at a magnificent slipper
*en in his ,havier f Roomit, His formation pegardixtg the Popes reason
?
?Cr' 1003211 the sL-Pit9A**aCttiutke to him from a reliable source whose
?
Tist***10 Mot exam.
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---------------
Hitler ? he ocinfided that the p..1Ans (exposed above) for a GOXIMAZ1
IDosisommealth, were worked out in detail and would have been submitted
to the Allies as soon as Hitler was killed. Happily, the group was
obi* to destroy the documents before Stauffenb erg and other memberg of
the fiviap were :caught, toztured and ki.l.led. Von Braun seems to belong
to the *MO group, but it is not known yet if von Weissacker does.
The preparations for this series of talks have been very
Azatito4eittefs, 1irt0iir of confidence at dardinal Viiseraads,
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. 4* Bliwiiik- after leingait?Htiosia in 1325. ,' (Hie father, Prince
Astimpliy, ;Oast diplomat, rsgetred a visa throuoh foreign diplomatic
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lie -coati thus gradually cultivate friendship of vozt
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--,--- ! ihmikotai lors vatian international Catholic Agency work#.
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.. is itoicitsday in ah-iihiCh . he had contact.. Von Braun showed
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,.414 .c4 . -aria IA& -he mint04-zi,re contacts with Catholics and began
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eld400114 ? 11014; in Rome. Von Braun askedt
miestimg for so to 000 this gentleman?* Obolensky
In a,following talk (before the audience eith
01 hope you will enc3ceed in making an appoint-
00A-mami, ttatus and name of agency. Thus
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amimminiammma ANNA,
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*amaranth has good ociataots who knew of my visits to the Vatican
. .
"blot bad beeu?very quiet before .4be audience with the Popo. (It was
after the first slated article in "13. Qnotidienon hammer, so that
ii possible that he all have guessed, try reading this article, tbat
the. work was the sane ae the agency described in general terns by
'Oholow040
The appointetnt was made for Sunday, at twelve in, the 'toxfl.
as there were no napleitees then. Arriving at Santo Ilarthe House
''
the Itetirari 'We foreig4*Olomata iii'., the police refused to let
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. irt.... ftlhalpia/gr, who:illat_t #;11paciail paper wara;able to get through.
?-(t:141VIN4-i4n; 't to alk. for,:i....Cfspeoial ,permit iron the State Searetarkste
!,:i., ;? ' ?..ttitak' 114,,,nenik-,? '''''ti ? intiont. in St. ,teterle and re vent tip
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U*ire _,.: .._ : *, ..? , . st, spot* vbrare we Gonad talk, *ay
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imattilikatiil, Itt:**Offiliciaing likur, could not be tnrited of the
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ix-nratting,4144**.r. Area, teasel is very desi.rous ..)g har5.xtg more
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s 01,0*/1 kr 0 I Mil v0 g k WOO yesterday end told his of our talk. The come-
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:Liso ti.Oraleind. all;loiliiiind their enewers, but that I an pre.
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, iiii:'istiorlitlit is. the oiipOilitr of the German peoples
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;A ? t.. ..1-:?.0..:#t* 2410114111 C; 1:::00.1arillij 11.1144 theinpression that von
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italt .iollaiarant Olt *atter from the. begirning . It is very
?Oratf:-?.11rait I is joilt a leader of CO.
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talks confirm that even in the fag. of catastrophiss,
the erman junkeT\Ass has not acquired the necessary attitude to be
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a peaceful element. The first conditions: to admit faults and give
up exaggerated prhave not been fulfilled.
ear that pen-Germanism, the claim that
It is also c
biological sitallaritAse
not abandoned. The LAM
to stir up new wars. Evf
threats of what will hap.
et make the basis of a state, is also
nalistic aims, if not uprooted, are cure
plans.
It_ becomes .0414
in, this period of defeat, there are still
if Vie Allies do not fulfill German-made
Lilies are fimm4 determin,
ports, so that ancient, non
*Mon emu be revived. As
feel the international authc
pa ofitte**al Les 4or Germany itt
Utica that there is no Gerinal
imidividpias ro!st ;ewured t
that the Germans must feel that'the
to divide Germany, as a nation, into
tionalistic and nom-militaristie tra-
roans are admittedly servile, they must
ity is a de7?ided master and that neither
4If can ever be re-established. On con-
downt4 condittons and ti
b(,..z!Ntaiso. They mat lar, ho
'Niter a *prong 4erman
Iba t itesired
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mbloicr in the center of Europe, Gernen
t the Allies will favor for them also
opportunity to ,..taia personal
ever, that t'ae: vin never find trux
er. It must be admItted th-u
brutal means Hitler and tne; ,dpo
miO4.
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use, but it cannot be overlooked that thoy
in their desire fur nationalistic aim, an lu
au, an ersatz for happiness. It is the Gomm
streesth whid4 ineiritsbily brings aggression
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Solaro* of.matikrial fUrsiiitil, in this report is kiagjAmirjamabatit
Werion editor of th*- prima service Vides* rhich beat/ago to
tlua Congregatton. of shopaganda,iridei!la He has lived in Rome sire*
195t and is OM of the persons o, up. until the sod of 1942, aads up
to bklt-et.odostst -trtps ,a year to visit Bishops end bring their isoosages
to lkootoi. A feLl report arl the activities of MOnsignor Shonhofer accost.
Poldipit our special black report #10:,
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Fatter Marsil of the Congregation of African Missions of
Cardinal Lavergerie (Peres Blanes), is the only Father left at the
Residence for apostolate in the Casbah, Arab slum in Algiers. The
four other rittir,rs are in ;tha.army.
Matron:0*U the letnguage of the Arabs and has
so vire . the confidence by ,iiedical asitatance and the help of roll-
WO. Sisters, that he cenAntior t Arab homes, and even the Moshe?.
, 4.4
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Itts troops of scouts are now pki,nlittr because the Muesulaen, who are
141107 'oonithekAossnat, try to ponvert the boys to Catholicism.
4 "rf6t4,..
gs gimes lama and Fraogial education with excellent resulte.
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SOURCES OPSPEXI.A.A.MRAP011 # 11
a) Mainly clerical persons not only Monsignori,
but Parish Priests and Church Assistants. The
Superior of the Irish Community of Illemente
(Fr. Dowdall) gave precise detatas about the
conmunists in the vicinity of his church. He
told of fervent Catholics who refused to sign
tho meMberalip card and who came to report. about
the threats of communistic propaganda.
b) Along the various informants was M.W. who receives
clerical students from all over liberated Italy
and interrogates them about conditions in their
respectift cities. M. W. spoke of specific eases
in Siena and Cosenza.
e-d) Stories were tolkby .Parish Priests in Naples and
iithI and also byarious lay collaborators.
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Pc'
r-yrpo 4
Th3 source of this information is 1122101gratijapjaer, ,
German editor of the mission press service "FIC.es", which br-lougs
4.40 the congreption of "Propaganda. Fidel". After three telits with
lisgr. Shonhoffer, it is now possible to sketch the German situation.
Father Shorthoffert in Raze si.nce1952, is cane of the Agents
who, up to the end of 1942, went to Germany up to a half-a-dozen
tives a. year, visited bishops and brought thetr -aes..i.ages to Rome.
He has been arrested by the Gestapo once, but nothing, vas ratnd on
lats. Re is one of the most sincerely anti-Nazi C-ermitns one, CBT1 find.
tie says that formerly (up to 1936 and 1937) a itfiLority of German
bishops wers, inclined to take 'Nazi rale meekly so a .., to try' to save
some remnants of liberty'. Cardinal Bertram is the rLost representative
of the-se.' (Tor details see ,regular reports #52, August 20, 194.2,
#67A Oztob.er 29, 1942 and tr's Decerber 14, 14342). Only a small
liaimb'er fol.1.0Wed the calsborkt_pnist Bishol) von Bernina of Osnabrouck,
wtio,liae. much'eritioized ty lite collegu.es fa:: his political conts
(ftectlitent eitaire at Goerings).:and membership in the Prussian States'
'esitIneil., The leaders ix otopOsition to Nazism are von Preysing
(tier1Pr)t ArahbishoPe of Vreiburg, liairtz? Eichsta6t, Wurzburg. Bishop
Wort.01140 has been-wery,:.coure:,geous but has recent7q seemed to be
bacirAng out* , Vogr. thoOoffer attiibutes this to pia house-arrest
isteceih hindiced him greatly. Cardinal itaulhaber is generally COAT8-
itfrit4f ilIt 1.14,440.4*-.10rches.
but sometimes rather feeble in nis
Chapter swiatinglik. 1400.6hLisheffer teld stories hoe, on several
o?ceasionst he refuted ttipkta-ki,irtrong pre.otical measures ave.inst Na7I1-
- Arristirterinee it Chur_Chltottters and next day everybody wae, ourprised
' 'at-his strongly worded discouree.
The German:bishops once had a meesanger ask the Pope
(tiuS nt) why he did net speak more openly against Nazism. The
AinOierieds *it is up to you to do this for you knor haw far
Pope
kotA' tlin
ti are Ole responsibility and consequences, while the Pape
? .:400-., Vej:ct always fear that his words will bring upon German Cato-
.,,,.. '-eilio:s irefferingS which they are perhaps not able to bear."
. ,..
irsilear , Th
.e Pc). ii extremely 'tell informed on the situation f...n
:sals /stria. SlIonboffer. 'Not only are there several channels
it '0a$,!i001,1-i ArtfOrli&ACin but base Frotestants succeed in giving him
1401**Abitt.;"'NO is prude4,in haSing no personal talks ifith Fos,
or-to4;forigutol Int4 qverything is passed an to him. His opposition
stOthetl$W0s* is as decided as his o-fection for the GPrMan 9eople.
lather 6honboffer told him a story of how Hitler, haviyq, recatled
, . .
s. ecillikorstionist Catholic auxiliery bishop, had reriotrked to Ftn b.46.
eitters - liwe ow use th,ts man"? The convent came fro:n 6.3. to a
GOstape guard who told a priest, who told Fidler S. honhof!'er) . The
Pope sid* one comment:far what?" The tone was of trofound
coutooft. escRET,
ba)
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Tho German clergy uas a system of information on Nazi
crimes which may prove very useful after the var. Msgr. Neuhausheler,
head of the Cathedral Chapter, had an elaborate card system with
records of tlw main Nazi injustices. His arrest wax due to the
discover( of this, as also the arrest of the head of the B-trlin
Cha;ter. It is very likely that copies of these cards will have
been kept in a safe place. .
!other Shonhofferconfirms that Cardinal Innitzer re-
-eel/14 severe reladke_froOhe,Pope after his action of collibora-
tionisit'ead that he As aot ver( reserved ahd e4en sometimes sharp
in, opposition*
Father Shonhaffer a Bavarian. Hie! family lives in
St#,:crenberg, near ifiunghAt.0
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SEPVICFS
INTEROFFICE MEMO
TCh
FROM'
SuasEa.
Lt. 2. Z. Putzell
Ferdinand L. Mayer
Attached report
With reference to paragraph one of the
attached msmorandum to General Donovan fro Mi.
Hughes, on further eansIderation and discussion
between the New York office and myself it has
boon thought wiser not to do any regular dissem-
ination of special black report No. 7. Copies,
thereftre? will not be forwarded to the Reporting
Board.
"4-
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
SEC TARIA620 FIFTH AVENUE
F?F
NEW YORK. N. Y.
4 1410/
1944 NOV 6 AM 10 22 SE
We spoke, in Washington, about the Black memorandum
on which the General had written an endlrsement. I am return
ing the original herewith for your confidential records.
I enclose. likewise, a formal memorandum dealing,
actually, with the same subject, addressed to the General,
and destined for Special Funds after he has endorsed
In case the General asks, you may my that we are
in touch with Rodrigo, and both Wilson and this office will
explain to him all the details, according to the General's
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We i
bolbea
11 c!'
4? p (now called Black) about ? left here abo August 1st
:1
and 14i140 in Lisbon ten days later, word having been sent in
adv-aelp to gus, who came over to Lisbon to meet him.
Defeo already had a representative there, but he has
now engaged a new man who has begun to send in reports. We are
not prepared to evaluate this service but would draw attention
to one report received here late in September and forwarded to
Belie under date of September 28 as "P. P. Report" No. 6. The
eubstance of the report was that the Portuguese Government wen
prepe,ring an expeditionary corps to be sent to Timor to occupy
the Portuguese zone when the Japs abandoned it. He added that
the Portuguese Government would avoid a declaration of war on
account of their inability to defend Macao. The expeditionary
oorpe would establish headquarters in Mozambique. Recent re-
ports from Lisbon seem now to attest the accuracy of the fore-
goisg. Defeo sent us, else from Lisbon, a report of an inter-
view with Dino Grandi and his conclusions on Salazar and con-
on the present situation in Portugal.
Defeo arrived in Algiers at the end of August, from
which point he sent us several memoranda dealing with the
Catholic representation in the French Provisional Government
there and probable attitude that mould be taken toward certain
ethos' French Collaborationist Bishops. He established a
working arrangement with two or three of his friends there who
eouId deliver certain material to Matthews through a cut-aut.
On, Beptember 5th, he arrived in Naples and was taken
on to Rose, where he met Ricca and Glavin. He established
idagiar with his Dominican colleagues in Rome.
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???
I
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SECRET
Previous to his arrival, Hugh Wilson had spoken with
Glavin and Rodrigo to impress on them the importance of this
opportunity and to ask for their cooperation in dealings with
Black. He has been in Rome continaouely since that date and
has sent in thirty or more reports, some of which have not, as
yet, been received. Those which are at hand vary in interest
and importance, and those which seem to be outstanding are being
processed as rapidly as possible, to be forwarded to the General
for his personal use. Cthers dealing with the Intricacies of
Italian politics will be routed through Mayer to Brerman for
further dissemination.
Black is anxious to proceed to Paris, Switzerland and
Brussels to re-establish, in Brussels, his old central office.
howeve?, feel that he should be persuaded to remain in Rome
for a further period, primarily to collect additional information
and also to make sure his permanent group will function satis-
factorily. He has engaged two helpers and a sum of $1800 has
been authorised to pay them agreed amounts for one year; they
will work under the general supervision of the head of the
Angelicum.
We feel, also, that it is Lost important to bring him
into contact withlturns who knows him well and is desirous of
certain collaboration with Black.
Le his original plan, Black wished to return to New York
about tlio middle of January. It seems to us a mistakb, since
be is more valuable it Europe and also because passage home is
difficult and it would be even more complicated to arrange a
second visit to the Continent for him. On the other hand, we
have no authorization of funds for expenses after January.
It seems to us that he can reach certain personages
otherwise difficult to approach, and that he is energetic in
obtaining information and thoughtful in his comment. He should
be of much value in respect to the problem of Germany and Cath-
olic influences there.
A benevolent outsider supplied him with 45000. for this
trip; ond to set up small offices at Lisbon and. Boise. The Lisbon
anti loge ogponditurea hay:. however, been taken over by our 'mitts
thole. Mros, nimeelf, requi:es about 4500. a month for travel,
liv-
b4, telegram, etc. Of course, in the meantime, it has been
easly logical to continuo our basil, payments to the C. I. P. net-
wotk, but I have oonstentliy warned them that these might be termi-
aided at witless. I figure that if we had some kind of an annual
budget to rely on, we could continue a regular payment here in New
Y01144 apowst%t lower thin our present one, and supply the necessary
amoniatetoDeffeql, oaktypg un* whol9 operation some such total es
425000.
It
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?
?
r. John C. Lughes
Executive Office
Your memorandum of 4 lovesber
G,ft)neral Donovan approves disseMination of thAl.
special BlaA reports to 110 as outlined in your meacrandum
to me of 4 401/1011be1.
_ .
' ?
4-, ? ?
E. J. Putzell Jr.
Lieutenant (4.g.), USNR
ASSiStallt Executive ?Meer
-
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
aQ FIFTH AVENUE
Cr/CF Ai A I
NEW YORK 20, N.Y.
Wt * reform.s to the Brutal Sleek reports, shish
ars delivered to you to be headed to amoral Donovan,
Seib's*** sad I feel that these would be of very groat in-
terest to Sallee at this partioular time. As you probebly
kaew, Dulles* etas here, expressed great ilaterest in sat-
Ws with laid' these reports deal and asked us to keep
hiss supplied with, notorial relating to sUbjeets of this
sort* $ine*, hoover, those 'postal Sleek reports are bow
lag oast to Oesersl Doeevaa for disseuinatioa, we hesitate
hero to rests espies to OlIes, eltAmort his impress per
-
*1114411i? 1PerbilIM be has already thought of doiag this.
If sato and if be approves, we osa arrange to have dupli-
Otos of these reports out, by poach. to Dulles, to be
wpm' demlyilybas6 la ease this is dome, it would be our
totmetime to cued this without amities of the scare*, as
Wise Imam nadir weaselly ead it 'mold be initfloisat
for Nix to loess that they eteie fres his.
an you please skim& this with General Disavow',
eas ihes let se be his wishes in the natter?
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, N. Y.
Ass I understand it, General Donovan had the intention
of showing certain of the "Special black reports" to a few people
in the high echelon; It would be natural for them to ask ques-
tions as to the reliability of our informant. I, therefore,
inclose a brief Biography which could be the answer to that
question*
Thin description of this informant explains, I hope,
how it is that be can reach sources in definitely authoriative
positions.
If it is found desirable to name his original sources
in writing, / hope it may be found possible to place such names
on smalls separate sheet, with a request that it be destroyed.
TO BE ACCESSIONED
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? = rt r
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m ? ? xtte m e ? e 'itsiziPtiostaf?mov?v steexwent tollerm's
4
.?
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Rev. Felix A. korlion is a Belgian national and a piesber of the
Dominican order. Re is fluent in half a dozen languages, an easy writar
and speaker, and abounding in vitality. His work as a teacher in Bei.-
gills expanded rapidly with the founding of WC. I. P. " * in Breda-Bruseels
in 1957. Within two years this information service was servicing 1,500
papers througAout 50 countries. The C. I. P. is a foimdation dedicated
to the development of the Pro Deo movement for the penetration of reli-
gious ideas into public opinion. "We Catholics all know that there are
men of good will who are not members of the Catholic Church. It is the
task of reaching these others that the Center of Information Pro Deo
is founded*.
With the invasion of1Belgium 1211bl 1940, Father Morlion, with
part of the staff, moved to Poitiers and thence to Lisbon. (His associate,
Dr. Raabe% was captured and died in an S. S. prison in Berlin.) In Lisbon
in July, a new 'network was set up and in Septeiber 1941, in New York.
The new service first caught the attention of leading Catholics, but it
own ire, commendation from many non-Catholics, leaders of national re-
news. BIshopir and archbishops and colleges have subscribed. Its special
news items and backgrourid information have been utilized by the metro-
polite:a press and by agencies cf the Government. It now reaches out to
Canada ( in Trench), to W , and Urugmy ( in Spanish) and in Curacao
pertly in "English and partly in Dutch.
father Morlion is now occupied with reestablishing the C. I. P.
OlivarS in itelit Trance, and Belgium. His work of reconstruction, while
primarily for religious purposes, carries also the message of practical
NOT TO BE ACCESSIONED
----t-??77e 41,
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1-9
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democracy as he has seen it operating in the United States. His purposes
given him ready access to statesmen and leaders of the Church.
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Following notes are the conclusions of the examinations made
by Father Delos, 0. P., during his work of the last six months. They
were gathered during three confidential talks which were very complete
because of the close personal relations between this writer and Father
Delo. Ha is one of the most famous French writers on international
affairs, was also one of the main speakers at the "Semaines socialesw
in France, highlights of French Catholic political and social life
before the war. He has been, for may years, professor of international
affairs at the University of Lille, and participated in most of the
international Catholic conferences in Germany, Poland, Switzerland,
Austria, England, etc. Having left France shortly after the capitula-
tion, he became professor at the School of Social and Political Scien-
ces, now faculty of the University Laval, Quebec.
In a telegram, Francis de Menthon, Commissioner of Justice (and
personal friend of Delos), asked him to accept a mission to help in
the study of met war problems. After two or three months, in Algiers,
he was appointed 'ecclesiastical consultor' at the French delegation
in Rome. He had a private audience with the Pope who estimates him
greatly.
His conclusions are those of a specially s:ble theologian, with
balanced practical judgment and a keen political sense. His opinion
carries weight at the Vatican, and also in the circles of the French
government. In the attached memorandum, Father Delos is called S.
t' - t ttc-atatit?-?,.: . t
,e.
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4 rs
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rg
Herewith the most recent Keck
reports of an especiolly interesting
caracter. We would appreei;;%e your
letting us know wbat distri .tion you
make in regard to these reports.
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hh:
.,to correspond with number in To column.
Y4-iteet under **oh (tenement.
,Aleed
To column.
660k murk insufficient, before further
enould=be indicated in Comments
P11440 to Registry.
itt
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The source of this report and the author of the Appendices is
Moaiqor loots (Amoral of the "Premonstratensos" (lorbertine Order). (See
Special Report lo. 63).
It is now clear that Monsignor !loots is one of the best informed
poisons about the Vatican policies. He told this writer haw he has several good
friends, both in the section of Monsignor Mo4tini1 and of Monsieor Tardimi
(Soorstaries of State), who are two of the most trusted collaborators and who
tell him what is going on. As head of an important,/ Order, of a study-house
of religion, nembor of the Superior Counoil of the Pontifical Association of
$t. Peter for the indiginous Clergy (be represents Belgium) and Consultor of
the Congregation of Religious, be is very often in oontaot with high Vatican
Confirning sources of this report are Father Shonhcfer and Father
&abr. 6007., as well as on 'easel. As shown in the final paragraph of this
report (first section), von, Iassol does not trust von Braun. As reported in
Special Report No. 14, von XI/mei had stated that von Braun would be present
when this writor net bin. Von Braun was not present; perhaps it was not a
mistake on the part of von Iessel but because he wanted it SO.
Tho *Sortain person" named by this writer as the Catholio emissary
Imo Males,. This is the person also referred to as the "other contacts" who,
with, the eniosorios of the General Staff told Monc...12...sj_ioots that von Brcun
WS* not trustworthy. The use* of the Protestant emissary Vie Danova (name may
art be ~root as writer was not oertain it was heard correctly and did not wish
to inetet). Tether Loibor is the person who talked with the Protestant emissary.
-t
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'...7,t0W-t'64.471Art _4
Fraa a particularly well.informed source the following was
learned about the relations between the Vatican and Russia:
The source was nervous about the case of the Flynn mission
reported in the papers and said this harmed Roosevelt, wham he considcred
to be too much of a politioian giving travel facilities to those who get
Ma votes. He added that he thought the favorable attitude of Roosevelt
towards the Vatican was mostly political: to have the Catholic votes. He
said Flynn was not a statesman, but a politician, and probably a doubtful
ens. (This is reported only so that the report may be tamplet? and objective:
it is the persoztal opinion of the source of this report, but probably re-
flects re-actions of sass* groups An Vatican circles, probably not leading
The *cure* said that, according to his latest information
(last week) mese of the most important' Foople at the Vatican are in favor
of establishing some relations with Russia, as this is the second power of
the world and mu no longer be ignored. Re was told by this writer that an
important Cardinal bad told hist that one of the persons referred to as fay-
orabte. to Russia, is opposed to treating with Russia. This information dat
tram seven 1 weeks ago and the source said that there was no doubt but that
hts must have cheagard his mind. He says that these persons are trying hard
theta trim that beginning, the Pope has been very personal in the direction
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of Vatican policy and that it is very rare he listens to advice. The source
confirms what has been r sported by this writer several tines that the
daily influences on the Pope are from the re.actionaries and those who are
not considered particularly intelligent. The source says the Pope is a
hard worker, a Holy am, but doubts if he is really very intelligent. Be
says next Vatican people feared his election to the Papacy and that he is not
popular. He says the Pop. is more probably the type of *first of the class*
who is diligent, with minute care for details, but he thinks not flexible nor
with 'broad views. It is probably the points regarding Russia reported in
Special Report No. 65 were part of an effort of one of the Pope's closest
associates to bring the Pope to consider treating with Russia, but which was
Tho source said that the current view is the Vatican was that
Voleri would be made State Secretary: Monsignor Valeri has
the sow oharacter as the Pope and will have no opinions of his own, executing
with ninate care, ar the Pope does, the different pre-established natters.
Mas*dgeor 'Wert was completely formed by the Pope when he was State Beare-
taxis, mad was one of kis closest helpers. When the news first was received
that do Gaulle would not accept Monsignor Valeri as Nunoio, the Pope was very
espy. No told the soure? *this is a personal affront to me". The source
ewe that not, however, relations with France are very good. De Gaulle has
as it ilea, Idisit he has no grudge against Monsigaorleri, and knows he
Otedi correctly, but he could not make an exception for the Nuncio when all
MN." diplomats aoereditiod to Viohy, had to leave. Monsignor Ronoallimust be
slain a very good impression. lawn there was a New Tsar's reoeption, the
Aiihairsador was standing alone as Diplomats were not used to considering
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a Communist as a Diplomat. Monsignor Roncalli went straight to him to greet
him in a friendly manner. It seems the Russian Ambassador shaved he was
pleased with this, and the episode is making the raunds in Vatican circles.
The source says that if Monsignor Valeri is made Secretary of
State, this will not be considered an offense by the French Government.
COMMENT: In this information from the source, this writer has stressed
not what is his personal opinion, but what this writer knows is confirmed
by many other "echoes". It must be remarked that the rather formal, legal
way of considering things (not very open for new situations) ix counter.
balanced in the Pope by his innate prudence. As in the case of de Gaulle,
mon-clerical persons who have unflinching attitudes, end by seeing their
action accepted, when the Pope realistically sees he cannot stop it. It is
probable the Pope will be willing to discuss matters with Russia when he
realistically sees it is imprudent to carry on a purely negative attitude.
S. OOMMENTs Tb. adjective "intelligent" seams to be used almost exclusively
to mean "having political awareness".
* * * * * * * * * *
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The attached documents (Appendix 1 and 2) are copies of
reports made at the request of French Intelligence which works in Rome
through the Embassy (the author says that other intekligence services also
work through Embassies), Copies have also been given to the Vatican (Secre-
tariat of State). The au.hor saw the notes written by it in the margin which
were, according to him, notes of approval, The Pope also sees these notes,
and they are then kept in the archives of the Secretariat of State.
The author of these documents, who holds many offices and is
very close to the Vatican, (during the ear when Rome was Fascist dominated,
and also under the German occupation), VAS in regular contact with Allied
Intelligens, and gave thcm many documents regarding political affairs, He
*lee anaggled documents through to Spain and Portugal for Allied statesmen.
Es gemers,..4 gave a copy to the Seoretariat of State (they knew and approved
his being in contact with Allied intelligence),
The first paragraph of Appendix I ox)resses the personal opinion
of the author, which he says is accepted at the Vatican. The rest is a summary
of the douses* made by the anti4it1er organisation of the General Stat r in
10412* The author says this organisation started an a counter-espionage group
of U. Gemeral Staffs they did not trust the information given them by the
Jasi esplemage groups and made their awn organisations, sucoeeding also in spying
MU. Yowl Gestapo. Es confirms that this group consisted of a close collabo-
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ration between German Catholics and Protestants, among which the predominant
The author of the attached documents says the heed of the
counter-espionage was A. Canaria, and he does not know if it is the same group
for which General Beck was responsible. Es did not give the names of persons
with whom he talked, but when this writer pronounced the IMMO of a certain
person as the Catholic emissary* tile impression received was that this was one
of the men the source had seen, Re then asked if this writer knew the Protestant
emissary who, is stated, came on official mission to Rome but never saw the Pope,
although the Priest to whom they talked reported all talks to the Pope.
Regarding Appendix II, the author insisted that the Pope is
not favorable to dismemberment of Germany, and certainly not to the creation of
*kin*lend State, Re says the Vatican is convinced that. German unity is so
strong that breaking up the country will create grave troubles.
Appendices III and TV were made in the beginning of March, 1945
(this writer 4441 not stress the question of whom they were made for; the im-
pressien? however, was that they also were for the same French personality).
The CU re. ways that the Pope is very active in this German question (he stresses
that this Pepe is, mainly, busy with political questions and confirms that he
dees the work aeot the eretatesi Secretary himself, and decided alone very often
against the advice of the State Secretariat). The source says that he is
adenelet, en keeping Gersuusy as a unit, as it is the only hope of securing Europe
legthism" liolehroist domination. He says that the cession of Eastern Prussia, the
wart/her, sad parts of SiThsia to New Poland, however, is not opposed by the
fejleto The soareisf says that, up to two years ego, there was a current in the
iretioao favoring the eenetitmtillos of a Catholic State, comprising Austria. and
411, .0101111111111111k
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1117abria. He says, however, this is no longer current and that, in general*
the leaders (including the Pope) do not favor the idea of & Confessional State
beaus* then the errors of this State are attributed to the Church.
The scnroe says that pitmBrUn is a very dangerous Nazi-party
van and that this had been told to hi* by the Germans themselves* (This writer
inferred that it was the emissaries of the General Staff and other contacts
sito told him this). The same people must have told him that von 'Kassel is a
trust-worthy muni. Although officially von Braun and von teasel s.re in good re-
lalamet?" von teasel does not trust von Braun.
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In imposing the peace, it should certainly be strong but, at the
sans tine, just and tolerable for the vanquished, and not, as after Versailles,
the immediate motive for another war. Let us then put amide all sentiments
Of lOrimigiranos ( I do not say of the proper punishment of the guilty), and of all
exaggeratod nationalism. Let us keep in mind that the Germans constitute a
people of approximately 70 millions, limited, industrious, disciplined tc., excess,
hails% the saes language, an identical culture and development, a factor with
vizi& it is absolutely necessary to reckon in Europe as much for the well-being
at the interested countries themselves as for that of the Germans. It is not
possible to suppress this people, nor to discount them, nor to persuade them to
give up the desire of repining the upper hand after an indeterminate lapse of
time, perhaps brief, and to re-unite in the event that the territory is divided
up In the hope, alsole'sly vain, that this will make it easier to dominate the
easiquerodt In this, one should be realistic, not idealistic.
It would ohain the Germans, not suffocate thee. It would raise
up again in Germany, the warped methods of education, the ideas f superiority
soeb to those of Segel and liestohe, its too centralized, organised, and its
Milteristis spirita It is sufficient to consider those points to persuade
tbet the results ounnot be obtained by force, and even less by force
aloask. I put aside, at this nowento the necessary suppression of their twit:s-
triae and areassente, to speak of that which will make a, true work of interior
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reform and re-education. In truth, that work is not easy but possible, and in
this respect, it is well to give, as an example, one of the numerous interior
refcerms which the Holy See constantly makes in religious and eohleeiastical
institutions. In these oases a representation of/Visitors or Inspectors are
sent to discover the trouble and the reasons and then to dictate what measures
are to be taken, the changes to be made under the higher supervision of the
Inspector, the measures and this is of primary importance - to be successful,
mil* be executed, not by outside elements, but by interior forces, the better or
the lees bad who are well-disposed and capable of carrying out this lork.
This being granted, an official plan made three years ago by a
Grum officer who is entirely intelligent, wise and prudent, and attached to
the GOMA General Staff. This plan makes known the intentions of large sections
of the German population all opposed to the Nests and made up of Protestants
and of Cetholies. In this connection it is helpful to reutexk that the collabora-
ties between Protestants and Catholics in Germany has been truly admirable and
lwetherly in the struggle against Nazism, especially during the entire war.
Here Von is the projects
Everything whisk Germany has conquered by her aggression, all
that is net Germany, should be taken tram her, and arrangement for oxchsuige of
ilhe miniertty grotps in the mixed population should be made.
fesismy should be taken from under the influenoe of Berlin, of
Preietemiam mat of militarism, by a federated organisation of "Lander", or
difforest Somas territories autonomous or miserly so, like the Urited States
et jimertese
Pruett& should be divided into 5, 4, or 5 *Lander", with Berlin
ieeleitot and replaced by a new federal capital in the center of
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Germany, like Washington in the Utited nate.. Then a Federal Charter like
that of the United States with the same guarantees, and a Federal Court (to
insure against) unjust measures or eventual law of oppression or injustice of
police force is not made up of non-commissioned officers as happened after the
lest erarik for these under officers form the unyielding frame-work of the Gera=
The federated States should have a proper constitution, a parli-
most, representative at the capital and in the federal parliment; they could be
mobiles, monarchies or principalities, but the re-making of a German Empire
&toad be forbidden.
Complete elimination of all members of the Gestapo and of the
1611.04 if necessary by executing them, or by deportation. It should be stated
bare that, for two year* now, members have been enlisted from the military re..
orate, some voluntarily, others against their will, in the 8.8, Moreover,
theft are two 8. 8. Divisional one constitutes the army police, the other is
I. will make, they say, the reform; the Allies will be successful
tat-asking it asly if they do not allow it to be imposed by an outsider.
/bete is no doubt that the project contains much of advantage; it
is slew* lb* pay me possible for arriving at the desired end.
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C SECRET
SPECIAL REPORT NO 81
REPORT MADE ?OR FRENCH DTELLIGENCE REGARDING
POSTWAR TREATMENT OF GRANT IN ROME 1942
Tory justly, in France and even in England, it is said that the
A:Imre frostier :should be the Rhine. The idea is, without doubt, excellent,
but where would you send the truly German populations of the Saar, the Palatinate,
and the Rhinolane One can say that they are anti-Prussian, for the most
part, but they are sincere Germans. An annexation to another country would
them, so it seems, be a tremendous error* Let us keep in mind the pas-cl What
moult. be the result if they united in an autonomous territory - a State feder-
stet with Trance, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg? Would it organise and gu;ml
that terrtitory during the three long years without barring a return to the
ot tiermanit Mass deportation of the populations would be unhappy, unjust,
Di the event of annexation, in every oases the errors made by Italy
Tool and thee* made by other nations should be avoided: in no way
suAda O. culture., the language,, the religion, or the customs of the people
Lorglikile Jetta. 1019 the disposition of the population for the most part
tuts against the French because of imprudence committed in the points
* * * * * * * * *5*
Ilk
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A
The opinion of the Holy See is, without doubt, that Germany, from the
torritoilal viewpoint, should retain what she ha& before the war, understanding
by this taint this does not include conquests or results of the Anschluss
*brought about by Hitler. Thus, not separation of the Rhineland nor a, new terri-
torial organisation of Southern Germany nor Austria re-united to Germanle
but en Avistria restored to independence with the chance of living; a federated
system in Germany only.
The talk of General de Gaulle does not seen to have
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'
?
The personal position of lionh...=tear...i jt aa remains what is formerly
was. A former intimate collaborator of the Holy Father in Germany, he has con-
tinued, to be a personal friend of the Pope who sees him very often and for what
he is am authoritative voice. He oertain17 has a great influence. From the
point of view of the reconstruction of Germany, he shares the Vatican ideas
previously exposed. As for Austria, he pretends that she can either re-unite
herself with Germany, or remain separated according to her own will. He is
of the opinions
1) That Catholios should abstain from the negotiations for the peace.
2) That, at the end of the war, Catholics will find themselves re-
not
grasped as they vere before Hitler, s regime. 1tonsijnor_ Xmas has/had, up to now,
Oemsmniastica with the Gerson Ambassador to the Vatican, avoiding, moreover,
fin ssisk as possible* relations with the other Germans (reoently he has entered
late a little content with the Ambassador). Ambassador von Weizsacker, a man
ast the tenser Gerson regime* is highly esteemed at the Vatican. His counsellor,
10111,10104, has never been a member of the.lasi party ft cm which he has separated
Smasilt dearly; be is also well esteemed. The Secretary, Baron Brim is s
party, sad does not merit confidence; he has been in Rome since
11145 eat is known to have gained the good graces of the Vatican epis-
Simms the Noir lather was Nuncio at Munich, he has maintained as his
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personal secretary and collaborator, Father Imiber, German Jesuit, most heedot
by the Holy Father; besides him there are also one or two German Jisuitiii.
Szvertbeless, the Holy Father has such fixed opinions on the subject of Gr..
many that their influence on him will diminish only with difficulty; this is
in conformity with the aharacter of the Holy Father. It is clear that the
Holy lather loves Germany, where he worked for twelve years and where, in his
omm, words, he met an excellent Catholic population. But it would be false to
say that he loves Germany above everything or that he could love it more than
Preacoe The Holy Father is very Latin.
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Malor General William J. Donovan
Terdinand L. Mayer
Attached special Black report O. 14
The attached. special Black report No. 14
Was received this 'morning from the New or Office.
It bas 'been so edited that tb.e in.dividual through
ilif011latiOrt Caine Will Ilot be revealed.
Tor your versonal information Blackts
40taiptiou bis source is conta.inedtn tb.e
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/17: CIA-RDP13X00001R000100040001-9
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Declassified and Approved For Re
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of Ti bad_ b... *lied, by a concentration, camp guard, to model
_
is eathiMiral- la lamas -diMtg? he had, thought this a wild exaggeration.
iiiiiiiiig ,silipeked the case" he found it to be correct.
A 1.0400 likerWiew with tie illernsignor disclosed how, in
noir-4metancent. the .reitsoms for *the imprisonment and torture of
00***;:k0444 ,priesto "ri--4110k /UAW and far-fetched. rather
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1
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L. The intelligent younger Arabs are very embittered
about practical discrimination. ThecrAically they are equal,
but in fact they cannot rise to higher posts in the Army and the
Administration, even *hemtbey are capable and honest. The mill-
tary-7.1iscipline has been the best moral education for Arabs up to
now. Their religion allows all moral faults except inhospitality.
2 Racial hatred., Anti-Frendh ana still more, anti-Semitic,
eawa "bI. German, propaganda, is still growing. French authorities,
It is
ignorant or the l4i4e, seem to be insufficiently informPd.
reported that 'Rene Capitar_t., Commissioner of Education, attended
congress of Uussulmen chieftains recently, at Tettgini, and the
rebel agitator leader "Tarhalt Abbas" had the whole assembly sing
revolutionary ,4ndependen0e songs in his presence. Their political
is rising more and more, and a secret traffic in arms is
,beitatingtetter organised. There is no fear of immediote danger,
,ZAWKWis inadvisable to make any concessions at this time as the
Aldbet are evidently not ripe for self-government.
The only men who really on the respect of Mussulmen
GenOrs1 Weygand. He knew how to be very sever,, and Mussulmen
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like a man who can show himself a "Great Chief". He snowed respect
?
Petain was conoiderod in a favorable light, more or less,
because he was the "Marshall", and because of the anti-Semitic laws.
The latest Governors and also Catroux are considered by Mussulmen to
be feeble and ignorant of their problems.
I.
40,
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-
CoNFIDENTIAL
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ft Injingloe0axen countrW as well aa in otrt' :lized demo-
;,cracierele such-ast;aqa,udinavia, Holland, Belgium and Switzerland, it
is clear that communism is not a real danger but a bogey. In Itely
theta is no poseible doubt that communiem is a real danger. The
concrete revolutionary program of socio-communism (both parties
are intimately linked) has an immense appeal to the poorer classes
is 1091,p41 **redo Pf,I#t4 signs., including the sale of
newsmen. Take the Communiit* paper for inst^nce:
daily paper of the Communist Party, has a eirculation of about 60,000.
The sales in Rome are between 50,000 to 55,000; in the provinces about
10,000, and the rest are given away.
If the Communists should obtain a majority and dominete
the government, there is serious fear that they will introduce
dictatorship. This fear is based on the brutal dicteLurial methods
they are using;
a) for gathering memberships. In Rome, impressive proofs
were given to show how communist propagandists go
from house to house to demand signatures on communist
membership cards. Threats aro often added, and in
some cases, the propagandist is armed. Large numbers
of poor and ignorant people sign in ordee. to avoid
trouble. Reports from the country show the erme
phenomenon happene there and even many small factory
owners join the party, convinced that communism will
win anyhow.
b) Whore communist mayors or officials hay? been appoint-
ed/ they are quasi-dictetoeial in trying to avoid the
growth of other parties. Meeting aro broken up, pos-
ters forbidden, etc.
c) in Italy, communism does not produce, with brutality,
greater efficiency, but only eith bruthiity, anarchy.
Numeroue cases are quoted of mob ctIn; violently.
People who live in the country are often awalconvd by
abate at night; the proprietorc iinv to defnnd their
goods against -obbers or excited be1,43.
Italian communism, though officielly rospectlul of
religion, is showing siena of reeurring hnti-claricfaism.
Many aeries about communist mobs threptentee priests,
making anti-religious inscripLlons, etc., have been
checked.
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These facts do not produce the conclusion that freedom
should be suppressed in Italy for communists, but do indicate that
a strong executive power is necessary to safeguard the essential
'Inman rights and principles of democracy, if necessary, against the
claims of an excited proletarian majority.
rtSdeSitt Further studies on this subject are being made.
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I
and Approved For Release 2013/09/17
+
yia?N,_Rerverk
06,4406_- October 26, 1944)
CIA-RDP13X00001R00
14' "
CONFIDENTIAL.
GERMAN CATHOLIC RESISTANCE
TO TJ NAZIS
Typical stories of solid resistance of German Catholics
to Nazi totalitarianism were told in an interview by a German priest
who has, for several years, visited bishops and clergymen regularly
on special missions. His name and Whereabouts may not be revealed
for obvious moons. Although no arms are available for offensive
action against Nazism, the ideological opposition is systematical
and undoubtedly considered very dangerous by the Nazi Masters. The
best proof of this is that the arrest of priests ie steadily mounting.
More than two hundred priests are known to have died in concentration
eampe. Sonetimes their ashes are sent to relatives; eometImes no news
at all is, available and the news of death leaks out through guards at
the concentration camp. More than three hundred priests are now in
those- concentration camps. Among them is Msgr. Neuhausheler, head
of the Cathedral Chapter at Munchen (and right hand man of Cardinal
Faulhaba0. To Judge about the numerical importance of these arrests
it is necessary to remark that most of the younger priests are in the
army so that the fact that 300 cases of opposition were grave enough
to compel the Gestapo to act, is a sign of widespread resistance. That
the Gestapo is reluctant, for political reasons, to imprison priests,
and more still, bishops, is oh9n by the following episode:
bishop Ehrenborg Ot Wurzburg had defied certain Nazi
regulations and the Gestapo recurred to an o13 trick used before on
Cardinal Pouhabert Cardinal innitzer and others: they staged a popular
demoustretion against him with the aim of frightening him. The masses,
spetly imparted from outside, had shouted menaces and thrown atones for
some time 'before the Geotapo entered the Bishop's palace to takA him
*todorr. protection. The Bishop opened the balcony window and cried to
the peoidok- *God be praised the Gestapo is finally taking a bishop
sonee4 The arestapo chief then ntarted backing out and nothing ha7-
paned' the OeWtapo has orders to avoid at ell twice, ma4ing mertyrs.
In one ease the Nazi methods succeeded in drivtn6 , bishop from his
diocsfet JihapSproll of Rotteriburg is still not allowed b-,ck, and
is 1$ving as an ill man neer Munchen.
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iiii-4414401Aeg*4-
(SepteMber 11, 1944)
41,41Affit-F
CONFIDENTIAL
Er' #p
Mt, DARO.241._2_,Wigans
c DjimuLszaulazumumillA
11.11
Commandant Lemoine, second to the Chief of the "Mavis"
341, the now famous Colonel Bayard, arrived by plane in Rome today/
having left Lyon yesterday and bringing an authentic account of the
powth of the "SudAst". R.1 means "Resistance lere region" and
grompe,the departments of Drape, Jura, Ain, Rhone, Savona et Loire,
Savoie, Saute Savoie, 'eery, Ardeche and Vercors. The Maquie of
L.35 which has now come intoVe open as French Force of the Interior,
countiv4Gi000 men, divided irea great number of small groups which
Ao**01,- supplied systematically, although irregularly, with Amer-
Jean arm. SOmetiles seventy planes came over from Algiers, London,
ONtirtgandy; sometimes only one dropped it fifteen parachute supplies.
Owkparichute alone generally Drought fifteen containers with machine
gun's, ehmechine:guni4-boMbe or the most appreciated ammunition,-
the Implastice, smell sticks ofvery powerful explosive. The Maquis
A41,haVie disrupted the Garman communications that the Allied troops
which were tehodetled t4,frrive at Atberieux in sixty days got there
In seventeen days. '
When the American troops had encircled Lyons on Saturday,
SepteMber 2nd, the *quits entered the town in stolen motor care and
tanks and managed to subdue the stubborn German resietance in the
toWno Arms had also been taken from hidden depots organized at the
***it of the Trench capitulation and a great part of the FFI was
elabiliCin the-French uniforms Which had also been kept for D-day.
Commamdant Lemoine bears his assumed name truthfully
4 Othe name signifies, he is a monk of one of the great old orders.
,0 moor the founders of the now famous illegal "Cahiere du
71/4gnage Chritien" of which he brought to Rome the last issue (July
printad in 180,090 copies and also the last issue (No. 10) of
Pr*Meaie dui Tesoie00110 Chreti#h"', Voisakr edition printed
* coPies. He collaborated in the foundation
St %mai* tit Seveyet and of 1941. The leader of the group
1.1rer whose real name may now be known: La Vatelle dtOsia, French
ifftes, tither of seven children who organised the first armed bands
tbi-kivitaits# LaValletta was taken prisoner by the Germano, but
iiampodi toigns from the train which was to take him to nrison. He
4604$1.4 to IteirtAt Afrt through Spain and ir now back in France,
P; 47+4. eRe114.1klit.f...0.4pre .."1.1M1r11,1,01.11, 4 ee,
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CONFIDENTIAL
member of the Staff of general Cachet, who leads the French Foltes
of the Exterior in Southern France, as General Koenig does in the
Paris region. Similar armed groups of other provinces were united
in the RA of the Southeast region by Colondl Bayard who is still
leading the FPI groups there. Commandant Lemoine who was a reserve
officer before the war was regularly mobilized by mandate of General
Pe Gaulle after having served "illegally* for some time. He travelled
Several times in various disguises to Paris, Belgium, Switzerland for
contact work and led military operations during the lost five months.
Hi, 'worked also with the president of the "Maavements Unis de la
Resistance* orgaLized at Lyon (Allem). The Communists who are organ-
ized'apart have their delegate's at all the central headquarters and
though working efficiently, refuse to be meMbers of the "United
Movement of Resistancei" receiving their orders only from their dele-
'gates. It is typical that 'the present general leader of the FFI
'BUd$t asirell ae the iV4tiatorLavallette dlOsia, and "Alban"
the President of the LyoWtroap of the United Movement of Resistance
siviola, as GeorgosAidaUlti-iptesident of the General Council of
Besietance in Paris, are fevvent Catholics. It is touching to hear
that:the leader of-the:ILI IfigudEetft, Colonel "'Bayard" received Holy
06mmun4on frote,thehends gelds second Commandant Lemoine every day
104/A-spent together iticthe Algae. Commandant Lemoine is now back
in France, having left by plane one day after arrival.
The' roecife.4f,the FFX who have been partly instructed
by' the officers paraebOted to them, or coming from tne regular army,
are unanimous in the 44tre to carry the fight into Germany. Their
tale* of GerMan atrocity are convincing. The cooperation of Catholis
411Ma,nomr-Catbolios Is splendid for even the non-Catholics feel that
'the potrlorqo sicit*vee have deeper roots in the revived Christian
tra4?tian otII-ranee.
Thit,i4formation bole been received from an unusually
4reliAbleHand well4eormed source in Rome.
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Ver
Y4:
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tszt. 1-12
14 A
In a4Cordance with the wishes of Our Holy 'Father ?ins 7.1,
of holy memory, to restrict itself in the beginning to a purely reli-
gious character, the Vatican Radio still has its original experimental
nature. In its very functioning it proves the general inadequacy of
its equipment to serve as authoritative and effective instrument for
spreading tb.e,wards of the Hoty,,rather througlout the world, as is so
eseenti4 to do, especially is this chaotic period when so many men
hale loft their consciences.
Supplied with six short-save lengths and a single trans-
mitter,. it is set up to broadeast its news in successive transcriptions
in'brder to, cover the. surfe.oe of the civilimed world; hampered by
atMoSpheric diaturtiances" by differences in time and by interference
trcirother ste.tienst it is not able to use I% group of air-waves sigma-
To the laek Oatransmitters must be added the lack of medium
tatiepOU$11.
waves which- eblige Radios Vatican& to ask Radio Vs.sionale for relay towers
. ?_ .
So, as not to eseixidet from its broadcasts of universal interest, part
or Italy, /ranee,',Germany, and of the Balkan countries, and all of
SVitaterland and Austria; a serious if not humiliating relationship of
depemdeMoe,
and one diplomatically exploited by the former Fascist GOV8r11-?
mei* beeause it was not always of the same interest.,
father rilippo, SoccOrsis, director of the Radio Vatice.na'
ed*thla diecouraging state of inferiority which in the future
aireadr in the preeent,,' Stan have most serious consequences, has
11 i.
tiodit'lt
an Oblocti of salial Scruple, and with very sharply-worded memo-
iiiamda :Out with 'detailed and precise plans, has denounced the danger to
14400.1stideleftithdritiest Aiming thein to foresee it.
'IVA uxtent request has remained a dead letter; in this
*WI toner& of grave international anxiety, Radio Vaticancl can and should
perfarO Et porsOaatie work of propaganda on behalf of justice and peace,
et:toted.* errors and misunderstandings, dispelling doubts, defining
tuiti ttbariatting costaenc, situations of people and of nntions, spurring
poopis on to work, togiting them to order, instilling in them the spirit
Of -sierifiee - end instead., it is silenced; even thrlt little, emaciated
Maletic Skeleton whidh gave it a reason for existin.3 has been sup-
proseedf for reasons not justified In the eyes of all. Is thls due to
00000.41autIousuees?
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This tremendous work, discontinued becaiase of the Office of
Inf:mmationt is not such as to exclude absolutely an organic program,
even though it be circumscribed.
There is a feeling of running into the obstacle of absurd
and deplorable incomprehension on the part of a narrow group of opponents
'Oho are either blind or unconscious.
The Catholic Radio Center Ws, eine? its foundation, been
concerned with the, technical inadequacies of Radio Vaticana, and has
carried on an active work of trtoPelAnda, both among Italian Catholics
it,d with the Papal Seeretary 'oState, to find suitable moral aud finan-
cial **int to overcome the 1i:ore-mentioned deficiencies. Rio Eminence
Colima; Levitrenp,,ilthdip of Palermo, President of the Cardinal's Com-
mission for pirliction of Italian Catholic Action, having been informed
ok.plti*Atttert'Agade hiMself _our spokesman before the Holy Father and
met with arm interest; eindo'_ in consequence of this first meeting, the
muse iffered by the _Church of Sant Eugenio to the Holy Father on the
ssi of his -jubilee Witt. defignated, by the committee, for Radio
Ifiticsie*
and this contrlitratj,on was the first to the fund necessary for
re'p74Fs to the, it:trait!' :z.e#:#4.ng.eguipment and for new installations -
tae.erogfk of *Mph gas ,jiiiit.4*.ted at the time, by the Reverend Father
Soccori#4 at 20,0004-000:144,-,that sum today, if Italian money does
i4t'uidergo further dev4Witions, would ha-v to be maltiplie4 by ten.
If it were possible for America, through the local Catholic
or through direct intervention on the part of authoritative Com-
4 to voice its Condern over these limitations of Radio Vaticana
? dfldrik, for effective facilities for broadcasting programs which
e abet. liiiiIdasat. apt reOplid with enthusiasm by Catholics in non-
Cstbolie we TioP14.;tieve-.044.4esUrance that our efforts would
not ui* ith further Altecles:,42*._ dangerous deferments. For it is
*ithitt*oediuts wave-lengths so necessary, at
the pr*e time, to the40dietribiitiOn of *AVO -lengths, almady secretly
AnglOrAmeri0*n authorities.
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ferft.r.
\
Octolar-TerZ.1944)
A H
It.
`7=.;..ASIMEtaii
?
QA IV N T
CONFIDENTIAL
The Catholic Radio Center was established by the CardiLal's
ComMission for the Direction of Italian Catholic Action (founded by
the Holy Father), in May 1940, with the aim of morally and spiritually
influencing, by direct and indirect means, the national radio programs,
wt&th had been monopolized by the Government and used exclusively for
7044 political, cultural, informational, educational and military
pro0aganda after that Party pined its foothold, and especially from
the -time of its conquest of tile; ;mpire,
radio=prograinueven the most harmless 4ae, for example,
programs of Chamber music) had in some way to comply with the absurd
rsgaations set up by Ministerial functionaries placed in charge of
program revision, and had also to meet with the approval of the heads
orthe various institutions of the totalitarian State: G.I.L.;
1:4141.1614 schools; etet regulatione which, Go one may easily realize,
soaghtblindlx to exalt power-drunk and rapacious military nationalism.
4104Ahis could notibut 1404'0 fatal inuring of morals and of reli-
es.*
The broadcast of Sunday Mass, the Utopia comment (controlled),
a few plays with relikioue themes during the periods of the major Church
tenets, and a few selections of liturgical music occasionally included
in regular concert programs, should have satisfied (according to the
Fascist directors) all the spiritual needs of a Catholic people, and
Silenced their scruplos in that carectioni
/*At this situation arose the necessity of influencing the
grape, not. wits the negative system of destructive criticism, of
polemics* at recrimination and protests, but with the activity
0,intelagent and wise coIlaboration,Which would interect liriteners
swilthtsh would prow" at the same time accejltable to those in chirge
riient AU*,
But -to Obtain ouch a form of collaboration, without having
WM% previous4 enrolled in the Fascist Pnrty? or without offering the
guarantees of blind Obedience which were exacted (by which no one,
royally reesollo oomId be presented over the micrnphone unlmes his name,
~them/ his text, were approved by the huthorized section of the
Wisistry el Popular Culture) was almost impossible - especially in
1,10W of the foot that the Catholic Radio Center was careful to select
ft.'sollaborators from among those artists and scholars who had pre-
in the race of dictatorship, their faith in independence and
cUieirfiTI, hope that the prople would return to normality
? after a hank struggle).
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CONFIDENTIAL
Nevertheless, drawing on the faithful friendship of certain
functionaries of the E.I.A.R. (Italian Committee for Radio Auditions),
the Catholic Radio Center succeeded in securing a?proval for a modest
schedule which, from year to year, was improved and developed;
1) Monthly broadcasts of organ concerts of sacred music,
polyphonic ane Gregorian;
2) Periodic commemorations of saints;
5) Notices of activities at abbeys, Basilicas, Catacombs,
etc;
4) Inclusion, in the regular schedule of radio-drama of
plays by Catholic authors chosen by the Catholic Radio
Center and of plays on sacred themes or basically spirit-
ual, chosen by the Catholic Radio Center.
All this wal; grante4 no.
The requests for talks on higher religious and liturgical
culture were adatantly refused, as were those requests for catechetical
lessonn, for a fifteen minute Mission program, (informative broadcasts
OL k the activities of missionaries throughout the world with backgrounds
of song. and musics dialogue presentations of carefully authentieatcl
opisedes, anecdotes, etc.)
The colleborati?began in OctOber 1940, six months after
the orgmmismtiom of the Cathotic Radio Center. The names of the chosen
coraWboreters were 04334 gOrded, even thOUgh they were religious -
tho may moos to *hostas granted the right of exclusion from the
hisciet Party ple4e* without being suspected of subversive activities.
Very few laymen were found suitable, and, in any case, thsty
itertilesio4 the right of reading directly over the microphone but had
to hroadealit through moans of an authorized "reader ff - a specialist
itholimmiolOblytHrobbed tAe 'most significant passage.; of their intended
eto
althoUgh relationships with representatives of
the General Governing:Board of the E./..A.R. preserved an appearance
of car41aittfr end corrIctness, contacts with the technical under-staff
were eharaittf#244 by brusquanesa and animosity. Each one of these
Ow* seOcepod ti* taaustre privilege of his professional capacity and
OA, the 40ctretutry of the Catholic Radio Center should limit
mstivitl. to acting as intermediary between the religious authori-
ties of the places from 'Lich were to be broadcast radio adaptations
4reaCred 400useuts, vin to them (these techninians) the liberty
Of Interporang the the4600 from the historical, artistic and liturgical
attriette* This 'we asking a bit too much.
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The Secretary of the Catholic Radio Center, of anything but
a conaliatixtg temp -eratiout in religious anti artistic matters, knowing
Mal the organic inospacit/ and the culturel insufficiency of these
#ttila ersOng, roosters, held firmly to his rights of spiritual and
Sitkistic sure, :Tirisor, and the first broadcasb which, was to be made from
tba lower Chapel itif St. Peter's on June 29, 1941, vas called off rattler
them have it go over the air Wily bandied.
The second, which was made from the underground Basilica of
Sest Clements in Baas, turned out like a militaryoperation between two
opposing, eraties. But the Secretary a tits Catholic Radio Center gained
his ;Oita.
The program director of the E.I.L.R., confronted with con-
Otruttion ;Coble** exiting from thearchitectural differences of build-
WO cit -I a r 10 as tames born to ,iiik:At that he was a bit confused; he
bad; to exehantik Wnedcastinii studio of the republican era for a catacomb,
,, ., YAW of; 1110- 31010,410:040.00 waxed hie; he was completely
iiiiiiim.* -, froomid, ,04-cOrtiiiikil::. 'third osiSry which, told a the
introgenaimist4Ost
of the Sa1ntec:e0 was non.pluntod by writings in thin
60004400 1040m,iftlitit)000i)net. CleolAy tafluenoed by the toib
047A4.00*!1.011of Si100Yiil anCOOthodiun he oaracterizel those
110,04itionNorravi by .*4 11
,-SlatiaAtirittOry as haying pale blue
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Thi e finia ei**.,rstcffime all his objections. He calmed
tF4dei
.i. . , 'blot teams that he found. hi:oaf
to biSii s *Aura equipment was lac in
-ona (pas, why not admit it) even In
The 1iefille49.11;1114qh the 'broadcast of that documentary drama
ste:piroOt anaeigh, sad as a rieult of that fact, in
.40114 thelan ..t4n Stations mobs from the 13e,silica of an
althOu4 he did not think it o,:.portune
TAOS* HIS face, that the fol3.0wing gem be included
cttylet?o00101mt) in an serlior tyroadcaet from the cats-
gtoori intinast tin the Aippion like, he had added, without &litho-
. of sauto; itssiAt lose, prey for use'.
iS :fitt tp tflb SOU& tbik% the good man was frott Viterbo; perhaps
ttiltextto0,400 forth, patroness Saint of be countryside of bie
0444 101,130 oversight, the 1Patber5 of the Church had
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NF1DFNTIAL
In this atmosphire of happily won cooperation, the organized
collaboration of the Catholic Radio Center was progressing rerplarly
when an unforeseen event took place on May P8, 1943.
The Secretary of the Catholic lIndio Center was arrested by
the Fascist police, accused of subversive underground activities and
sentensid by the Special Tribunal to Political imprisonment.
The Secretary of the Catholic Radio Center boasts now of
having made the accusation legal through an authentic underground work
of anti-Fascist propaganda and organized spreading an attitude of defeat-
ism towards the Italian war. It wee the only useful way for a man such
as he to occupy fruitfully the free time which was at he disposal in
prison.
During his stay in the .Roman prison of Regina Coen, the
Catholic Radio Center's radio schedule, in collaboration with the E.I.A.R.,
continued to be broadcast regularly, thanks to its having been very well
planned.
The famous and now hittoric sidly 25, 19450 restored Italy to
the free Italians and the SeStetary of the Catholic "Radio Center to
liberty.
Zr. the periO4 from July 26 to September 8, 1945, relationships
'between VI* Catholic Radio'Cidter and the E.I.A.R. became most friendly,
and,, after the momentary confiiion natural in such crises, n study of
thie?programe in need armlet careful -consideration, especially those
dirleted to boys and young men, was earried on between the Catholic
Radio Center and the directing officer of this program division, with
mutual satisfaction.
. On Sept,Mber 8th, everything stopped. In the collapse of the
tuition *II promising projects for the future were destroyed. The
WAX ormed iiitoRadio Remo, became a German stronghold with
Useist lioim
Our collaboration would have been, It is sufficient to say,
*Get 1004oXis, but it would have signified collaboration with the enemy,
eittO? of the repOblic, and serving the *Om end worse Fascism.
The order" and thecedvice of the Italian Catholic Action lertdorm
!Or? ms slemys oeutious and prudentt act according to oneortunity, in
Osbert possible say.
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CONFIDENTIAL
Of opportunities, the Secretary of the Catholic Radio Center
from September 8th on, found only one: immediately to resume his anti-
Fascist and anti-German work, participating actively in the most danger-
ous but stimulating plans of the Underground Resistmce Front movement
of which he was one of the first initiators, organizing, controlling,
arming and assisting one of the largest partisan groups of Rome: thAt of
the district of Monte Mario.
The office of the Catholic Radio Center, in Via Stazione San
Pietro No. 5, became the "quartier generale" of the partisam group of
Monte Mario, and, in view of the futility of attempting to produce radio
programs under current conditions, its Jecretary studied plans of sabo-
tage and counter-espionage; organized the G.A.P. (Active Partisans Groups)
of that area, assistance to disbanded soldiers, and the hiding of Auglo-
American prisoners-of-war loblo were escaping from concentration camps.
Among the many activities carried on by the asari Partisan
group (nAmed after the Secretary of the Catholic Radio Center who was
its leader), the group Whih later became the head of the Coordination
Center of the Partisan Bands of Monte Mario - one activity was parti-
cularly close to the heart of its leader: the radio situation in ROI*.
Nothing would have been more natural.
The Germoos took over, destroyed and dismantled all the local
radio-sending statiOns !Cad threatened the buildings and the equipment
rooms. It was necessa* to resort to a most daring act of anti-sabotage
and of retrieval*
It was too late to intervene by means of the short-wave station
Of Prsto Smeraldo (Rome II), whose dismantled equipment had already been
harried on to Hazen?.
There followed the work of dismanteling the long-wave sending
004pment of Mont. livio (Bose III), done by disarmed Austrian soldiers
Supifir4agia t.y German S.S. um.
nth lalip of two resolute Signal Corps officers stationed
atireat ikast* Mario, we were successful in carrying off, In an almost
manner, sight large,valves and the complete nucleus of three
reoeilOing stations with radio dials; but the rvoinder of the
410044044' tOalosed. until it reached the railroad station of Porta S.
Padle, Mims impoeetble to recover, due to the last-minute failure of
a key group whit& *as terrorized from acting because of intensified
mitehfulnollo on the part of the German S.S.
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CONFIDENTIAL
Meanwhile, at the medium-wave station of Banta PaloMba
(Roel), in collaboration with the engineer Blasucci of the E.I.A.11. end
hia techniciaria, a work of sabotage was successfully begun in attempt
to destroy anti-tank mines hidden, by the thousands, in the installations;
a band of fiftey men magnificently armed, under a navy lieutenont was
prepared for action coordinated with the advance operations of the Amer-
ican Are.
The delay of the liberation offensive permitted the Gt/rmans
to discover the plane to render the mines uaeless and all was lost.
The Secretary of the Catholic Radio Center went to the radio
station of Santa Rose ails. Storta, noar Rome (most powerful sending and
receiving military station, then controlled by the navy) taking with
bi.tatwo-prtitall leaders fro be Italian navy; he organized a band of
04'otiars among the Italian personnel impressed by the Germans into the
Al..3miLnqi5.ng, and. gave -them the task of destroying thirty-six
giott:;t4:0 ante installed in the equipment chambers of that monumental
woik tot' whOh the. 4overnment had engaged the talents of the most bril-
1.10A taUaist?liittimPtdp,, thm.'best possible kind of specialized labor,
alit had spent 12406),000 lire - and which the enemy wanted to destroy.
The'ffork .4!loring been begun, the Secretary of the Catholic
Radio Osnter ail.iowed,Atitobp carried to its conclusion by the navy parti-
O0a grotip comMar*Trifiate Captain Gomel, now head of the Marine
Miniotery in the Cabinet.'
Commander Gomel was a man who knew what he was doing: the
wttoks succeeded perfectly. All thirty-six mines were sabotaged and the
station 'ems dived.
kt Mout* Mario, the military radio-receiving station of Via
Malirp VIM &t ted, again at the instance ot the Secretary of the Cath-
olic Rodio Centex us- head of the zonal partisan movement, and it flit S
hidden1
Eight receiving stations complete with antennae and radio
ales, *42'0 ttUtt saved from German vandalism and from the creed of the
raifciat t:optilWAcana.
On April 18, 1944, betrayed by an officer of his group, the
eetrettiry of the Catholic Radio Center was arrested for the secc.nri timp
Ist his offico which was invaded by a band of thirty police while he
was in the full owing of his anti-Fascist activities.
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CONFIDENTIAL
t
Five chaiges were brought against hilsby his accusers, proved
and shown: it only remained to await more or less aurimary execution.
And he awaited it with a spirit and a strength of sytd which on his the
admiration of his companions of adventure and misadventure, after having
constantly made sport of and confused his prosecutors.
The accelerated march of the Allied arwies for the liberation
of Rose saved his skin and led him once again to his family and his work.
Now, the American Control of Radio Rome, the deficiency of
equipment, the lack of sufficient electrical energy, contribute te hin-
dering a speedy resumption of collaborative activities.
Actually, a request for collaboration is in progress, through
present tentativie schedule:
I) A, weekly fifteen minutes tn maintain contacts with the
Catholic Action organizations of the North of Italy; to
give courage to parish-priests who are aiding and shel-
tering petViote; to re-awaken in the people the mystical
religious firior of the great Crusades; to urge the
Bishops to inteneify the work of moral, spiritual and
material asetatance among the most unfortunate people;
to encourage,rengiOus institutions to continue their
protection f patriots in the countryside and in the
jouptaint;
2) Resumption of broadcasts of mystical and spiritual plays;
5) PUblishing labor news;
4) Publishing news about the destruction.
ItikAsericats placed in charge of the programs of Radio ROMA
are aiding the artswer; to the question ot a weekly program fur inclusion
lAigpipmogrlel of 'IlIeslia cosibattes they prefer not to answer.
is have great hopes for the future, and abevs all we are not
distouralgood$ God and ourselves; our cause is a holy one.
.111.
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.4..
Talks with anti-Nasi members of the :unker class whose
mimeo mer not, for obvious reasons, be disclosed, allow us to sketch
? state of mind which is now certainly widespread in Germany.
junker circles violently reject the accusation that the
wars of 1870-1914 were caused by the Germans. They say that not so
mnah the economic and other material climes of the Vergailles treaty
offendod them, but the accusation in the treaty that they were cul-
pable. Ther left the pall.? refutations of this to demagogues and
kept silart in the conviction that tho general international situation
and not German provocation was the cause of the war of 1914. They were
eure of reestablishing German honor br peaceful means. When Hitler
teak over power they thoughts the fool will crash in six weeks. When
thie did net happen, they then thought it was a matter of six months,
or two years. They say the most dangerous support to Hitler was given
by Ingland refiling to act against him after Rhineland, Saar de-mili.-
lorisation, etc. They AT the aims of the greater German Reich (including
Austria. and Oudontenland) are those of the great majority of Germans;
mismweftha Austrians and Sudetenlanders. They say Alsace is not really
dersant And desire it rssain with France, for the Alsatians always have
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iS44&-ta"..:N.1 .WM44. r.ti".--r'r...:77
insisted that German unity is strong in the people and that the
people would rebel against divieion. they admit the opposition
between Bavaria and Pruseia, Baden and Wurtemberg, etc., but say
th...t it is only natural for brothers to quarrel as long as they are
together, but unite when anyone dares try to divide the house.
Our spokesmen absolutely denied that the German people feel theme--
selves superior to others and claim this is a Nazi propaganda
theme. Thor sq the youth is not indoctrinated by Nazism and that
this can be explained by the fret that the youth is naturally
against those who are in authority. They claim that the Lutheran
Zunkers have now close relations with the Catholics in common re-
SiStense, and that the Lutherans often go to Catholic mass and
vice "WU. One theme of conversation seems to be common in these
circles* it is not dogma that mettere, but the common norme of a
deemat and bappr life. They Weep that the auffertngs of the
German people. are unimaginable and that the terror wielded by the
Gestapo is even wore* than can be described.
?WY insist that their class, and the miOrity of the
Germs people, has a "socialist faith" which is the belief that all
een 100 be OVIA ibat is necessary for a docent life through planned
eeenony. Ai tbe lasts have already expropriated, or control most
of the proper*, liberalietio capitalism is already a thillg of the
past. tor fear Communist brutalities more than anything also and
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a longing for the other side, for France, When they are incorporated
spokesmen say that German-speaking Swiss, LuxeMburgers, re not to be
considered as Germans either.
These Junker groups claim they have made three efforts to
oust Hitler, the last of which was the attempt on Hitler's life made
by von Stauffenberg. They say that their plans for a German ?Common-
wealth* have been worked out. This would not bs on the basis of a
federation, and would not include the reestablishment of the King of
Bavaria and other prime.. It would include the general establishment
of popular rule by elections, first of village, then county authorities,
Prussia (including Brandenburg, East Prussia, Silesia)
Hanover (including Hamburg, Kiel, Schlesing Holstein)
They suggest that two years after the war, a plebescite should decide
If Austria is to join the German Commonwealth. They insist that the
German democracy would not be parlimentarian, but authoritarian, as
the Germans are servile, like to obey, and want a Fuehrer. They
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say they would coLlaborate with Anglo-Saxons if these occupy the
whole of Germany with an international control.
231121211egi$
Wel stress was laid in this talk on the point of inter-'
nation1 control of Germany. The Junker Spokesman said that if the
Allies carried through the plan of having one part of Germany occupied
by the Bolsheviks and the other parts by English and Americans, then
the Anglo-Saxons would find refusal to collaborate also in the parts
occupied by them. The reason for this, he said, is that the Germans
act as one people and will not admit that Prussia be subjected. to the
Bolsheviks. Re strongl,y advocated a joint Allied Committee for the
control of the whole of 001110.1V ? )Ie gave me the impression that there
aro official talks of junkor groups in this direction, and that he
desires to enlist public opinion agencies in this direction.
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I.
November 27, 1944
3
r General 'William J. Donovan
Tot
Trost John C. Rugbes
I am sending you as special black report No. 15, the
semorandust herewith enclosed. It has been so edited that the
individnathrolmOilebou this information came will not be re-
veal/ad, and it is suitible for normal dissemination. Copies are,
therefore, being forwarded to Mr. Ferdinand L. Mayer for proper
distribution.
For yet= personal information, I quote Black's des-
cription of his source as follows, so that you may knot to whom
be talked am this bubject. The name of the source, which is not
revealed in the following sunoary, you will find in the enclosed
sealed envelope*
*Source of Rosie Report #47 (dur Black No. 15) dated
November 2, 19441
Thie *aerial wee furnished by a German prlest who
had bean in and out of\Germany on frequent missions
=Ail the ond of 1942. Ha is in constant contact with
persons who have 0093310043.01113 in Germany and from wham
& oteedy flow of material is expected. One of these
is a personal friend of the faaily of Staaferoberg,
the officer who made the attempt on Ritlart s 15.fe.
The sesibors a this family were highlyconsidered in
Cburch circles and tato= knowledge that they have been
fontirely wiped out through marder by the Nazis is being
quietly' circulated.
I'm scare. says that an important GeTnen archbishapp
as sal as most other bishops, excepting only those in
lawaria, fear Colo:nig* more than anYth.ing. Re says
they bold that, if the is no solid hope for a demo-
cratic reconstruction of Germary, the bourgeoisie, having
tows, troletarian, will help in violent Coisamist re-
volutions. Our source svidently expresses the minds
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/0--) r
'tut
of the Bishops when he says they will accept Allied
Americangnglish authorities readily and will be pre-
pared to oe of use to them. Asked if they would admit
a division of Germany, he replied that he was sure they
would not take any decided action to defend German unity.
Then the statement was made by this writer, who is himself
a Bavarian, that a suppression of the nitional-Pangerman
reality was the best way to obtain rehabilitation for
individuals from the Bavarian--Rheinland sections but not
German-national, he admitted that Bavaria felt strongly
for autonomy.
COMMENT: There seems no doubt that the Bishops have the intention
of being favorable to the Allies when they occupy Germany
and of being a factor in hindering the development of a
resentment mentality."
rAa-,
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el"ks
NOT TA BE ACCUrbtlINED
OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK. N. Y.
SECRET
November 25, 1944.
To: Brigadier General William .7. Lonovan
Front John sC Hrethea
Subject: pja2k1,.... black..reaszztag21.24
Y 73 1-
I am sending you herewith, as special black report
No. 12, the attached memorandum. It has been so edited that
the individual through whom thiu information came, will not
be revealed and it is suitable for normal dissemination.
Copies are therefore being forwarded to Mr. Ferdinant L. Mayer
for proper distribution.
For your personal information, I quote Mack's
description of his source which you will find in the enclosed
sealed envelope.
...
, 1. , ..;,,. ?,,,,, , i.-o?it,RosropmostnivAetiofoosseriowswiski, atosioAbiamwr,100411040-- ' 4aiiit*Kilitli 1.3;1?'44;11?4-444.'4,16'.-12
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NOT TC3E ACCESSIONED
OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK. N. Y.
EMMA November 24, 1944
y -732.
To: Brigadier General William J. Donovan
From: John C. Hughes
Subject: AutakilaolluiLmsattill.
I am sending you, as special black report No. 11,
the attached memorandum. It has been so edited that the in-
dividuals through whom this information came, will not be re-
vealed and it is suitable for normal distribution. Copies are
therefore being forwarded to Mr. Ferdinand Mayer for proper
dissemination.
For your personal information, I ouote Black's
descriptions of his various sources which you will find in
the enclosed sealed envelope.
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NOT BE ACCESSIONED
OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK. N. Y.
Brigadier General Villiam J. Donovan
I am sending you, as special black report No. 10,
the attached memorandum. It has been L:o editnd thnt the in-
dividual th-ough whom this Information came, will not be revealed
and it is itable for normal distribution. Copies are therefore
being forwhrded to Mr. Ferdinand Mayer for proper dissemination.
For your personal information, I quote Black's des-
oription of his source wliich you will find in the enclosed
sealed envelope.
? A ,
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_
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NOT
r
OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES SECRE1.
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK. N. Y.
t?CCES,:.110z4p,:?3
Novecil.,61- no, 1944
3 0 /
Tot Brigadier General William J. Donovan
From: John C. Hughes
SUbject: S ec
I am sending you, as special black report No. 9, the
memorandum herewith enclosed. It has been so edited that the
individual, through whorl:this information Caine, will not be re-
vealed, and it is suitable for normal distribution. Copies are,
therefore, being forwarded to Mr. Ferdinand L. Mayer for proper
.dissemination.
For your personal information,
aription of his source as follows, so that you may know to whom
he talked on this sUbSeett
"Source of Rome Report No. 14 (our Black No. 9) dated
frog:Rome SepteMber 11th, 1944, but delayed in transmittal to
this office.
I quote Bla
ck's des-
These anecdotes and facts come from tom Guetet, a
French priest of the Benedictine Order who, before the
war, belonged to the St. Jerome Monastery near Rome.
kfter capitulation of France, he joined the "Charitiers
de la JUsnesee which were meant to maintain the sound
spirit and good health of French youth. When this
organisation became co3laborati0nist and even helped
In sending French youth to Germany, he started working
in, the underground. He represents the current French
resistance opinion in complaining that the Americans
do not permit the battle against the Germans. He admits
that, although the Maquis forces have qualities of daring
and exceptional persistruce, they lack in di:leinline
and are inclined to follow personally chosen lelders
who disagree among themselves and may cause aiv5sion.
Oustet who Is responsible for military affnire was
accompanied in his mission by Father Fraisse of the
Jesuit Order, commandant of the Maquis R.1 in charge
of political contact/0p propaganda, etc., Ind by a
Secretary and ft chauffeur (two students from Grenoble
twenty and twenty-three years of age). All four are
La French military clothes with the arMhand of FFI.
k.
?
?
?ro.:
C48N.rar,
,
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"The FFI refuses to join the 1414 (French Forces of the
Exterior). They say these are professional soldiers
(employees) and conscripts. The spirit of FFI is rather
impatient and revolutionary.
As they are the heroes for the French people, it would
seem necessary for American authorities not to risk
new psychological oppositions such as are developed
in French and Italian circles. The solution might be
to allow the small groups of FFI who have always existed
separately, to participate in separate companies in
further battles, and to place them sl that they cannot
form one block of opposition. They are stubborn and
will not give in, in what they consider rightful claims
of existing separately: they would be dangerous if left
to foster bitterness among the population that admires
them."
?
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK. N. Y.
SECRET
17 November 1944
X $7af4)-7
To: Brigadier General William J. Donovan
From: John C. Hughes ,Z7:4-.4/.
Subject: Snecial black retort No, S.
I am sending you, as special black report No. 8, the
memoranda herewith enclosed. It has been so edited that the indi-
viduals, through whom the information came, will not be revealed,
and it is suitable for normal dissemination. Copies are, therefore,
being forwarded to Mr. Ferdinand Mayer for proper distribution.
For your personal information, I quote Black's description
of his sources as follows, so that you may know the various indivi-
duals he talked to on this subject:
"Sources of Rome Report No. 57 (our Black No. 8) sent from
Rome undated but an aplroximate date would be October 12th.
(R. i37 B-I)
(R. #57 - 1-2)
Enrico asari has defended, during Fascist
domination, the idea that re-action against
Fascist domination of the radio was nscessary
as even the preachers on the radio were chosen
so as to give a Fascist tinge to religious talks.
The Cardinals Piazza (Venice), Nasalli-Rocca
(Bologna) and Lavitrano (Palermo), members of
the Cardinal's Commission for Italian Catholic
Action, accepted to sponsor this. Basari, who
ia very daring and ingenious, succeeded La organ-
izing non-Fascist transmissions, and, as seen
by B-1 (attached) worked successfully with the
Underground. His Catholic Radio Center is now
financed by the Catholic Action Center (Centro
Catolico Ciuimatographico) which, with the fila
"Pastor Angelicus" made a substantial profit.
hitibaLleggatil Director, with whom I had three
talks, hopes that he will receive more freedom
from the State Secretariate after the war; now
he is Obliged "to say nothing even when Radio
Vatican speaks". The RV short waves cannot be
,.s... ?- - --?-::?.:,. '-'-
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?
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heard in Italy, Spain or Southern France: and
he hopes the peace conference will allow the
Vatican some medium waves although thls is given
only to a national State. He argues riFhtly
that if the liberty of the Vatican to broadcast
is accepted, the concession of the efficient means
(medium waves) to do this must follow.*
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e
To
?roma
Subjects
NOT TOE ACCES,SIONED
OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES j4,0ii Af
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NSW YORK, N. Y.
SECRET
November 2, 1944
X X 72/
Brigadier Geiteral William eT4 Donovan
John C. Hughes
p!oie Pk reorr No
as sending you, as special black report No. 7, the
memorandum herewith enclosed. It has been no edited that the indi-
viduals, through whom the information came, will not be revealed, and
it is suitable for normal dissemination. Copies are, therefore, being
formarolood to the Reporting *Board.
For your personal information, I quote Black's description
of his sources as followo? so that you may know the various individuals
he talked to on this subjoins
"Sources of Rome Report No. 55 (our Black No. 7) sent from
Rome fttober 12th.
Sources of the proofs regarding the non-existence of tract.-
-jos (discussions) between the ?atican and Russia are,
(1) Tr. Vanlutsem, Acting Superior of the Collegium Russicum,
and man of confidence of Cardinal Tisserand, who said that
the Oope answered definitely "No" to the Cardinal's question
in a private audience regarding the rumors that talks with
Russia had been initiated, about ten days ago.
(2) rather Penitenti, Italian priest who, after having been
deeply impressed by the religious spirit of Russians whom
be knew as Chaplain in occupied Russian territories, is now
preparing (with the sympathy of the Congregation of "Propaganda
Tide"), a society for promotion of contacts between all Chris-
tians, mainly the Orthodox, Who received from Acting Secretary
Montini, the answer that there were no tractations with Russia -
about three weeks ago.
Having checked with about ten other good sources, among whom
are Comilla, Giordani, Msgr. Fontanelle, Andreotti, Giant,
Yost., Creusen, Ba#, who would probably have known if there
was apr question of Vatican "rapprochement" with Russia, the
negative seems reasonably sure. In a long audience with
Cardinal Pimeardo, who, as Prefect of the Congregation of
Studios, has bi-monthly audience with the Pope, the attitude
on Russia appeared absolutely unchanged".
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_
k Po hnorti 07,
(R. $5 and R. 58)
(OctOber 19, 1944)
CONFIDENTIAL
The following ie a summary of reports from a reliable and
intelligarnt observer on the topic -
Very authoritative ecurcen in the Vatican are insistent that,
up to the present, (October 1, 1944), no "traotations" (diecuenione?)
have taen place between the Vatican and Ruenia. Even those individual
priest* who, deeply impreseed by the underlying religious quality ih the
lOsnians, are seeking contact with Orthodox Christiana, agree that, thus
ter, there is 40 question of a "rapprochement" between the Vatican and
NUsela.
As illustrative of the difficulties in the way of such progrees,
they recount the statemente or Metakeivich, the Soviet representative in
its immediately after the liberation. In anewer to the inquiry "What are
you planning to do with the Catholics of Wolhynia ani Galania?", the Soviet
representative *aid, "They will become Orthodox". In further discussion,
he 411141914 detailed knowIedge of the localities in question. and of the
Ablate Church. He asserted that there would be no persecution of the Oath-
4404 but indicated that there would he obstacles to provent thc forming
of enclaves of Catholicism within the Soviet territories. He smimnrized
Ulm position by stating that Russia was finding its way and that he did
set know whetbor it would he atheistic or Orthodox,. "but ehtholtoism ts
not for Aunts*.
egt..."???
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rwvio BE ACCf
OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK. N. 'T. SECRET
I cnclose herewith a further special black report
(No. '.!), setting forth the conclusions of an important Vatican
fsgure on the French political situation. In the memorandum,
for security reasons, I have merely called him "S". His name
and a description of him are contained in thi envelope attached
to this memorandum. The "Comments of the Author" on page two of
the. meaorandum are the comments of Black.
A further collection of reports have now been re-
ceived and are being processed. I shall send the most significant
and secret ones to you by this same method. Others of a more routine
mature will be given wider dissemination through normal sr channels.
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?Z".ift.
1Z;
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1.4
DonoViin
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Cardinal Tisserand who is President of the Biblical Cossission
and head of the Congregation of Oriental Rights. He is the only' for-
eign Cardinal in Ross; is French (but not a French Bishop), and has
many enemies because of his ontspoken character, but is highly es-
teemed because of his great reputation as a scholar. He has been an
outspoken anti-collaborationist and his contemplated visit to France
is bound to have repercussions.
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,
o'N el\
Fringial_11121LLejarti
lo. VI (#24)
At -.53.-f e
Ad.Y
Undated (probably about
the end of Sept-
eibar)
Conclusions on
S holds that it would be imprudent to form any definite opinion
on the new French political tendencies and their respective force, as
only tentative political formation can be observed. He forecasts that
the Government as it is now, is not stable and can be overthrown very
very soon. It is true that progressive Catholics now hold many import-
ant levers of command, but this may be followed by an anti-Catholic re-
action. For this reason, the plane for a new constitution have not
been worked out, as their presentation now might call for contrary re-
actions which would prejudice the future. The school question is bound
tobe a hard struggle; the atheist and anti-clerical tradition of the
last 100 years is still strong. Spontaneous oppositions against the
materialistic spirit of the university was already strong before the
wars, and has increased during the war. It is better to await the end
of the pendulum movement - left-right-left- etc. - for the next two to
six years before risking the proposal of important constitutional
changes.
Itt this moment, there is a certain unity for a program of reali-
sation, Which would give the state far greater control over economic
life. The Christian democratics are as radical as the socialists and,
at the moment, more radical than the Communists. S has experienced
that the Communists always oppose anossacia measures of social action
because their application would harm the "revolutionary potential" in
France. He sec the policy of Communists is to maintain enough popu-
lar unrest and dissatisfaction to allow them to appeal to the masses
for the overthrow of the existing regime. They feel that if a coalition
of parties (among which the Christian Democrats assume dynamic leader-
ship) realises sObstantially a new structure of social justice, then
their claim of being the "only savior" will be proven unjust.
has the impression that fear for triumph of Communist policies
dominates the Pope's ideas. He is most concerned how to counteract
this menace and the central part of his discourse of September 1st
stresses the economico-social reforms which should take away from the
CoMmunists the reasons for their revolutionary appeal. He uses some
Sharp expres444 regarding capitalism "Capitalism, if based on erro-
neous conceptions and assuming an unlimited right over property with-
out any subordination to the common good, the Church has condemned as
Contrary to the natural law".
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geRWRII,Nrometagotesteem
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11
This does not mean, says Sp thqt the Pope can be expected to
come out for democracy and for the Allied cause. The Pope envisages
democracy from( a purely religious angle as a form of supernatural
charity, tending to give to each human being, the conditions of life
which are favorable to his spiritual development.
S thinks that when Pius XII is convinced, in conscience. that
a measure must be taken, he will disregard all opposition of his environ-
ment and be energetic. He admiti that it is rather rare that the taking
of an attitude towards political situations should become a question of
conscience for him, as he always sees pro and contra of each politicel
attitude. The second "leitmotif" of the Pope's preoccupation at this
moment is the hunger and suffering of the Italian people. Pius XII
attaches less importance to the political reconstruction of Italy than
to the speedy intervention to procure food, clothing, housing for the
suffering Italians.
22111421A1-9..LIM_AUth2r
These conclusions (in the opinion of this writer) which are
only tentative, present an important aspect. All Allied approaches
to the Pope should be very carefully studied in their moral implications.
Whatever proposal or demand would seem to be purely political and which
would interest Vatican diplomats, would not appeal to Pius XII. As
most Allied proposals have deep moral implications, the care with which
theme implications are given their full value might decide the reception
or rejticetion of the proposals.
%,?
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FORt'
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK, N. Y.
Here is a further report for the General, similar
to the one I sent you under date of the 24th of October.
Would you b6 kind enough to hand it to him and he
will determine wh&t, disposition will be made of it.
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rtn.
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4.40.
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'1,4r
10141 p-
OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK 20, N.Y.
SECRET
Ot.)1)er 27, 1944
MEMORANDUM
TO: Brigadier General William J. Donovan
FROM: John C. Hughes
SUBJECT:_ILSeca1baclertNo.5
The attached memorandum on the State Secretariat
of the Vatican is, I believe, harmless enough to receive
reasonable dissemination, t'ut our friend Black added a few
items which I think should be reserved for you.
They are as follows: He had a conversation with
Mgr. Fontenelle, who is a Canon of St. Peteii,a Frenchman,
and a friend of Maritain. Mgr. Fontenelle has frequent
private audiences and knows the Vatican e1i. He stated
that, in his opinion, the Pope is deeply concerned about
Italy and somewhat pessimistic over the strength of Commu-
nism, which he believes would lead to Anarchy.in Italy and
elsewhere. The Pope is also badly informed on Russia, and
It is improbable that there are any actual Vatican npgotia-
tions with Russia. However, the Pope shows some signs of
doubtfulness, and it is not impossible that he will revise
his opinion on Russia. Two years ago he still said "I do
not know which is worse, Stalir or Hitler". Now, he speaks
in the sense that Hitler is worse. However, he doas not
protest against some of the German crimes for diplomatic
reasons, believing that he had succeeded in stopping some
of the harshest Gorman measures and not wishing to imperil
that achievement by speaking.
The same dignitary had seen Cardinal Villeneuve
soon after his arrival, and while he describes the Cardinal
as broad-minded and pro-Ally, he believes that he is trying
to plead on behalf of the collaborationist CardinAls of
France. The Cardinal told Mgr. Fontenelle that cardinal
Gerlier had, immediately after the liberation, issued a
Pastoral Letter telling the faithful to recognize the De
7
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Gaulle government and to oboy it, but added to it "you
must not be absorbed by 10. (Blalk says that this should
not be accepted without checking, as it comes third hand.)
I take it that you will consider my covering
memorandum as c'or yourself and not for circulation with
the attached documelt.
Ntr"0"44217!: ?
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A reliable and well informed observer has sent
word from Rome that, at the present time, it is un-
likely that a new Secretary of State will be appointed
in the Ibtican, very soon.
The Pope has an enormous capacity for work and
has been doing the work of the State Secretariat him-
self. He has all matters in his hands and no important
letter goes out without his seeing it. Emphasis is
placed on the exceptional spiritual and intellectual
superiority of the Pope - "There is no man second to
him".
A candidate for the office is stated to be Mgr.
Montini. He is very reserved and a great admirer and
follower of the Pope, democratic minded, but very Mor.
prudent. He is not believed capable of presenting in-
dependent decisions. Another candid&te is Mgr. Tardini,
who is more energetic.
In November of last year, this same source pre-
pared a memorandum on the policy making machinery of
the Vatican, which is perhaps worth includinp in Con-
nection with the foregoing.
f-t
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November 4th, 1943
Having brought up-to-date our former ext)eriences w'ts
consultation of highly placed persons in different countrles,
we can present the following summary of the present machinery
responsible fsr Vatican policies.
Some of the persons conaulted nea recent confirmation
on some points and some have been et the Vatican during the
war. This summary is made with the aim of sketching the way
in rhich reliable information regarding the present Vatican
policies can be obtained.
The S? Congregaion:J and the
.Secratarilske of State.
During the reign of Pius XI, it could be said Lhat the
Sacred Congregations and State Secretariate were not really
policy shaping. Pius XI made it clear to his advisers that
he :studied imyortant matters personally and made his own
decisions. This procedure, vhich is not traditional, was
atoppd by Pius XII. It is known that the present Pope,
altherugh very clear in his Ldeas? 1; rather timid and i,re-
fers not to impose pre:tical decisions. It MI be said
that the decisions regarding Vatican policy are nor made by
the following Sacred Congregations.
I.
I. e 5ad di! .0 s tio for e traordina a!
which handles particularly matt i's concerning Concor-
dats and civil 10#? It comprises the Fontifical
Commission for Rultiia. Normally, it is headed by the
Cardinal, ,,scretaty of State, as its matters have to
be submitted through the Secretary of Etate. Cardinal
Magliono, rho is recognized as the great practical
organiser in international affairs and is on of tie
Cardinals known to be pro-dem:.,cratic (natably ihsn he
aerved as nuncio in Paris, la the Prefect of tnis
organization. Cardinal Pizzardo, who has been prom-
inent in anti-derrooratic intrigues for mcre than
fiftesn years, is assumed to be still influential La
this eaturoigation.
2. o in Con ea o chooaes bishops
and a 4in...atrators and handles matters concernine :11
dioossaa shiCh do not bulong to mission territor'FF.
The secretary is Cnrdinnl Raba. This Csrdin.cd ie one
4 .1
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of those whlse polidlea art the least knoTn.
SECRET
3. - he.art* eAlr?L,L.8-111LO
treats matter4-Peiltaining to ',hose dioceses wnich
do not follow the Latin Rite. The ,iecretary,
Cardinal Tieserant end one of the most influential
members, Cardiva; Levitrano are known to have pro-
democratic leanings.
4. .Co atio fo Pte11011212-0:
eiTh tree e matters pertaining to missions.
The Prefect, Cardinal Fuamosoni-DuondI? was formerly
apostolic delegate in the United States.
5. The Sacred Coongregation of,Rites deal, only with
liturgical matters but the dynamic character of its
Prefect, Cardinal Salotti has given it a certain
policy-Shaping value through declarations of the
Cardinal, first strongly democratic, for a time
strongly Italian nationalists, and since 19..,0 re-
affirming certain pro-democratic tendencies.
6. 2a,..11 ationthe Jjg1
Qfie deals lath the teething of faith and morals.
It very rarely touches policies. The secretary,
MaichettiAklvaggiani, is very Italian-
7, ilit.gitizid fairiegatlanh Araillittiek.
althOekstrietly it deals only with
diacip e haactmEskuSed recently for ideological
policlea in issuing a, lilt of Anti-racist and Lntl-
tatelitarlan thi,ses to-,be taught. (1938) The
active secretaryr4Sgr, P,Uffini, is known to be pro-
demecra0C4,-'
Th* other Congrotikiont (Sacraments, Council, Reli-
gio Pasilica of St. Peter) have no
policy4ahaping influence.
ea is officially an executive
Office Omar* the hancery, the Datary and the
ffqietfver,,,it is in fact becoming more and
IkreAplicposhaping under the influence of Cardinal
Ono 40.pf the preitent,under-aocretary? Msgr.
who it now very cross to the Pope.
Xi u derdrest*Torroliie. ind 4id=vals in 'he Congre-
now generally _consist of exceptionally
byskdprlldent ecclesiastics. Pius XII, although very
illo*ing * reasonable independence, hos mairtained a
tt,c?A
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??.-
"Ndvember 4th, 143 SECRET
certain standard of unity among the leaders of the Congregations.
The tradition that Vatican officials give no signs of their real
attitudes towards policies has been strengthened. Vatican
officials never give out secrets. Cardinal Maglione is more
difficult to approach than his predecessors. When Rome is
liberated, no change may be foreseen in the extreme secretive-
ness of Vatican officials, Reliable information on Vatican
tendencies can only be built up through the following approaches.
1. I_AL.A2xliheCoul The official Consultors do
not give any information but each Congregation
has semi-official Consultors 'ho can cseak mnre
freely. There are semi-official Consultors for
questions dealing with specific countries. So
for instence, Msgr. Fontenelli, is semi-official
for French questions and other Monsign,res or
Professors are consulted on German, inglish snd
American cuestIons. There are also semi-official
Consultors on the legal questiona (prefessors of
the Appolinart) on social and precise political
questions etc. Themperions cannot tell %hat
the precise Vatican policy is but if for a cer-
tain time they go on defending a certain theses
without Suddenly- atOpping, there are serious
chances that these theses represent a Vatican
policy.
2. ProcarOors.of Nigious Order*. They have
tO go around-vev much for practical affairs and
know all the4totrA#0.and gossip of the Vatican.
It piecing toOthOtA14.14 Checking their informa-
tion, the key to Ortain problems can be found.
3,ast,AritiLA.../..tAteLatioo_di,ei,j2.1.1errst_ziELS0
,...idiarlaiS214suciaRos?.04 At the occasion
of their visits to Vatican offices in connection
1 with their motbers or students belonging to
different countries, it ie often possible to
asla-cencluaionsfrom precise :reactions. So for
.inetnnee, wiIkdifferent experiences made in ar-
11110001414,tostimad:Sseitinailit or. students to dif-
fOreat CoUntrieilsitis -Often possible to mak*
' COncluSione on the relation between the Vatican
? sea thdae, Countries. The members and students
from mmtofeoliptrIgo living in Rene are also ex-
soursst,of infOrOation, mainly, if they
*eve1ror4441T to other countries, as is the
case of Cal*in professors rho teach half a year
in, ROM. and the other half in balamanca.
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4. Catholic Action lgadere of Italy. They avoid
politics and are in general definitely a-politiml.
In bringing up certain topics and studying the more
or less severe reactions, it is possible to con-
clude negatively which policies are not fa,,ored by
the Vatican.
5. ienL_vsAe_z.L_L.Ljmfa?TheVatf.canlntPucci. Since about
1919, Msgr. Pucci has had nearly the monopoly of
Vatican news items. Correspcndents know that they
could not get information at the State Secretatite or
other Vatican sources but that they could bid at the
highest price from Msgr. Pucci. The reason for this
was that the brother of Msgr. Pucci had made a bank-
ruptcy of several million liras which Msgr. Pucci had
accepted to repay, saving the honor of the family.
Prompted by humanitarian feelings, Vatican authorities
had come to accept th;14.- monopoly in the same of news.
"hen opposition in news circles ran high against Msgr.
Pucci, Cardinal Pacelli, then Secretariate of State,
was too good hearted to impose a drastic measure. His
successor as Secretary of State, Cardinal Maglione,
who is much harder in character stopped this monopoly
in 1939, but Msgr. Pucci is still the main source of
news. The news obtainable from Msgr. Pucci is mainly
straight ecclesiastical news giving no indication of
Vatican policies.: Msgr. Pucci has been very friendly
with Fascist officiels and if he changes his attitude
after the occupatiof Rome, his statements will have
to be prudently weighed.
6. lleLniguatgmfollame. Founded in the time of
the conflict between the Vatican and the Italian govern-
s/tont, the Osservatore has become less and less an ex-
pression of Vatican policies in recent years. The director,
Collet Della Torre, now ailing, has been for years an
eloquent writer without, however, touching practical
pialcies! He receives no instructions from the Vatican
tbd even when he submits questions or drafts, he rarely
niceties * definite answer. He does not actually direct
tbeotendeicies of the Osservatore. Professor Guido
Gowan*, who bap been writing for about ten years the
AJmorirtarit column in "Osservatore Romano" (formerly
%eta, Diurna"), does not submit his articles
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(there is no censor appoieted to tne Oaaerv-t're becelse
this would mean that the Vatican se?umes a c(rtnin res-
poneibility for its contents). In personal telke, Guido
Gonella hate oft4n proved to have a staunchly democrat e
In compoing the theses he prints gith those np expresses
in private conversation, certain indlcatidins or rthat the
Vatican permits can be gathered.
7. layilut.coAlgt. Thin review of the Jefe,t4 Fathers
expresser( the nearest thing to that may be called "the
Papal thought." The review01121711als, may be
considered authoritative, eithough the writers eave ine:de
information, their articles are generelly rather abstract
and only through prolonged contacts vith Liese wr'tere
can concrete conclusions on ;recticel policiee be reached.
8. belksjelt.cep.a. At its found:Won,
Vaticann was absolutely unefficiel. In tie
case of Cardinal Innitzer f.nd other case, brosd-
casts of Radio Vaticana have been puLlicly disavoped
by the Vatican. since the ear, Radio Vaticena has be-
come more or less an expreevion of certain idees -hidh
the Vatican could not express efficielly. After a
period of great prudence, Radio Vaticana has (since '42)
attacked rather openly the Nazi tenets throaen news
comments and sermons. On April 11, 1q43, a new program
(for Russia) was stArted, for the first time vith the
statement that it had, been organized at the request
of Hie Holiness thel.,Pope. This may indicate a further
step in using Radio Vaticana for the "semieofficirl"
expreaSion of Vatican policies. Radio Vatican at the
start had no budget for news and the General of the
Jesuits supplied the funds. Father Sokorei, E.J.
present technical director, is strongly pro-fascist
and has hindered American Jesuit Fathers eho were
organizing the news coverage. The organization of
Radio Vaticare at this moment is not clearly deVned
and there are th4pOraerbilitias to fop this
ebennerfOrbetterVaformation. Ae%
i?
2..
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
24 October 1944
This is the report for the General which I
spoke about to you on the telephone. The General
wants it to be handed to him and I understand that
he will determine what disposition of it will be
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
630 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK. N. Y.
Brigadier General William J. Donovan
John O. Hughes
On Saturday afternoon, Fred Dolbeare and I
showed you a report which had just come in from
Bone, and you requested a copy of it. The report
has been rewritten in a more legible form, brokert
down as to sUbjects? and is enclosed herewith.
You will note that I have labelled it "Special
black report No. 1, 2, 5 and 4". I shall use similar
hmaings for further reports received through this
same ahannel, and routed directly to you in view of
their seereey and importance.
In the enclosed sealed envelope is the name of
the "dial :shod informant" or "source", which I
did not wlba to include in the report for security
reasono,
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. 4.41.Arme?gpmaier, iellVV0451.900
My source holds that the nearly exclusive Ltelian recruit-
ing of nuncios, apostolic delegates, cufia-monsiguori, must cease
principally for the reason that Italian tradition does not comp-
prise habits of honesty and straight-forwardness. He points out
that the other extreme would oe worse: if a nuncio to France
had to be French, etc. He holds an Amorioan nuncios for instance,
ohoula be in France, a Belgian in Go:many, etc. He stresses
the great difficulties of the change. For lAshops who have to
send priests to Rome to be trained for this work, are inclined
not to send the best, whom they need, and even the beat are
Rossibly not so good in their development as young priests in
Ataly, since they are in a foreign country. The pressure for
now-Italian nuncios should corns from bishops and also from
governments.
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No. In (in)
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SECRET
My source is convinced that the Russians have not approach-
ed the Pope and that the Pope still holds that he must not make
any opening. The reports of the only priest in Russia, corres-
ponding with the Vatican, (the American Assumptionist, Father
Braun), were still very pessimistic at the beginning of the war.
They were interrupted for a time. Now they have started coming
through again, they are still more pessimistic. Father Braun
holds the leaders of Russia have not changed their ideas and
cannot be trusted.
My source has tried to change this impression by communi-
cating the results of his investigations, but is convinced that
the conviction of the Pope is firmly rooted that the Russian
Government has no intention of allowing any liberty, and intends
to pursue the suppression of religion. My source is firmly con-
vinced, since the beginning of the Russian revolution, that
Ruesia will undergo the same evolution as France. He renarked
that they copied the very methods of gradual suppression of the
Church as the French revolution: first suppress convents, then
exact oaths of fidelity for secular priests, etc. He thinks
that what happened in France after ten years (Napoleon's oppor-
tunistic concordat) is bound to happen after twenty or thirty
years in Russia.
He says he has proofs that the Russian people will come
back to religion very quickly as soon as freedom is obtained.
Ne quotes the following examples: Hungarian chaplains (and
four of his men, of the Russicum: whom he managed to send
with the Italian armies) reported that when they communicated
that mass would be said, the Russians flocked from afar -
sometimes 6,000 assisted at mass. The Russian prisoners were
found to be rarely anti-religious: about sixty percent of the
rural districts have learned their prayers in the family -
in the cities, much less*
In Odessa none of the churches have been destroyed by the
Soviets, but they were mostly converted into places for archives,
and were well kept. All the church properties, instruments,
books, etc., had been carefully kept by the faithful who were
not molested. In Galicia, also, the Russians have not destroyed
churches, but the Archbishop Szepticky fears the taxes are too
high to continue to be paid.
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My source holds that the new tendency of tolerance towards
religion, as well as private property, eterted as early as 1954
(although there were still two owitebbaco.e of persecution). My
source complains bitterly that he had livoived no literature
from America for five years, and ev61 e Ace the liberation, only
a few copies of TIME (which he appreeititao and subscribed to
before the war). He has relied mostly on Switzerland. He is
going to get me his copy of the latest book of Piccard, *La Fin
(Pune Revolution". The novelist,who left Russia only recently,
described the three kinds, of Russians; the old-guard atheists,
the people who kept their faith, and the young generation that
is honest, moral, and begtns to think that what they really need
most in religion. He says that reports from Odessa, for instance,
showed that there was nearly no prostitution - an honest and
truthful social life; that the Germane, Italians and Rumanians
introduced perversions. He concluded that the Americans, like
the Ruesians, are a naturally honest and moral people, and that
the great tragedy is that too many European Catholics are not
honest.
lb, Cale 02...211-1f40.10-4.2-Ank,,MI
A certain day, last year, my source received the visit of
one of the young priests at the "Russicum*, Father Petchanor.
This young Russian, educated in the Baltics, a convert, said
he could not give his superior the reason for his frequent 713its
in town, and thus had difficultiee. He explained how the superior,
a Spaniard, who has the communist bogey complex in the highest
degree, would not admit the reason for his visits: he was hiding
Russian soldiers who had escaped from the Nazi labor battalions
in Italy. My source arranged the matter by appointing a Belgian
Father to give the young Russian priest the necessary permission,
and warning the superior of this measure. Father Petchanor
Showed mnrvellons organisational qualities and was soon helped
by an older Russian priest, Father Serge Obolensky, son of one
of the great Russian families. The main hiding place was the
? consulate, or legation, or a house that had been abandoned.
The Italian Vico-consul who had to take care of the building,
pilrformed these duties in picking flowers in the garden every
day. Re remarked nothing unusual and was thus extremely sure
prised,on the day of the liberation of Rome, to find the worde
USSR on the door, and an armed guard with the red Soviet arm-
band, posted before the entrance. When he went inside, he found
sixty Agssian soldiers there with a priest in their midst. He
started protesting, but Father Petohanor explained that they had
saved the house from being requisitioned by the Allies, and soon
the Consul was serving them the best champagne. When the repre-
sentatives of Moscow cerived9 they found n Russian committee of
liberation formed: it took some time beSbre they got usoe. to the
404
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SECRET
priest whom all the soldiers revered. Now they are so friendly
that my source fears that Father Petchanor may give them too
much information. My source had contributed funds to feed the
Russian soldiers, and the Pope personally made a gift for this
purpose. On the first day of the liberation, sixty soldiers
with red USSR armbands, led by Father Petchanorpmarched through
the streets for the audience at the Vatican. They created a
sensation, and were much impressed by the Pope's amiability.
Note: The reports in the American press, saying a 'pope"
(Russian Orthodox priest) led them, are thus incorrect. In fact,
the Russian Orthodox priest refused to hide the soldiers out
of fear of reprisals and hid one a few days before the liberation
when there was no doubt the Germans were clearing out.
The tal. ofVagy;L the An Author t e
My source had asked the Pope if he could ask Begomolov
for information on the Catholic churches in occupied Poland.
He received permission to do so orally, but not to make the
request in writing. He missed a few opportunities to see
Begoaolov in meetings and talk about the matter unobtrusively.
He then had a friend ask the question for him, and the rather
curt answer was that my source could ask the question in writ-
ing. My source is determined to enter into relations with
Begomolov, and the following little incident may help:
The Russian minister made an official visit to my source
on the first days of his arrival. My source showed him his
library; also the old slavic books on liturgy. The Consul
was interested and read some prayers out of the book to show he
knew the languag?-(the liturgical language differs from the
present Russian and this proves that the Minister had received
a good religious education). My source then gave him, upon de-
parture, a couple of reprints of his articles published in an
American Quarterly. He described, when presenting the last
article on wrhe Action of Ultra-violet Rays for the Restoration
of Old Paintings", how he had made a little scientific discovery.
The Minister then became enthusiestic and exclaimed: "A Cardinal
who is a pioneer in Science!" My source was a chemist before
he became a priest, and showed the Minister his elaborate scien-
tific library,
My source is convinced that if the Russian leaders can come
out of their isolation and see the Western World as It is, there
will be great changes. He accepts my conclusion that the best
policy is to multip4 the contacts 30 that the division between
the, sectarian and isolated old-guard, and the open-minded and
moderate groups, should develop into a permanent political bal-
ance.
?
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IThe Pope is not sufficiently informed on Russia. Various
channels should sUbmit reports to him on the people - he reads
everything he receives from a good source.
7-FA.:93tV:5