TWO CASE HISTORIES OF ESTABLISHED PROGRAMS, (A) (Sanitized) SUMMER AREA PROGRAM AND (B) (Sanitized) CENTRAL ASIA PROGRAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 21, 2000
• Sequence Number: 75
• Publication Date: January 1, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : 9.1pApp,56-00403A000100020075-5
laCciCt I
!Ratify Information
3, TWO C:E ITCR1ES CF '2TAi3LISHED PROGRAM,
25X1A Summer Area Program and (B)
UniversMilltrl Asi:t Program.
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 :4a61356-00403A000100020075-5
wurity Information
25X1A
25X1A
25X1A
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RIMT03A000100020075-5
25X1A Security Informatian
Sumner Areii Program
"The Impact of Soviet Imperialism, on the Free World"
Pr9gran (iun, 29 - 1319,0736)
The total program consists or five courses and a weekly seminar,
supplemented by a five-day conference, A full-time academic program
consists of (a) two elected courses taken on a full-participation basis,
(b) one elective on an audit basis (c) the 'weekly seminar and (d) the
one-week conference, Hach course basis,
meet for two two-hour sessions
each week. All claeses meeting during the time from 0730-0930 and 1930-
2130 hours. Total --st ear-student for the o
?41 of
: I
Attached is a schedule of the courses and the speakers.
A one-week conference is being held at the Shillif Park Hotel.
This conference will ,bp by invitation only and the has issued 125 25X1A
invitations for CIA participation. The 46 people attending the full
program are automatip4ly issued invitations. therefore we are entitled
to total 171 participants. The cost per student will be a $5.00
registration fee. CIA has a total or 165 participants in the Conference.
Attached is an ennouncement giving the speakers and subjects for
the conference,
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA- U4014000100020075-5
Security Infprrnatum
?
'
Approved
,
,Re
: CIA-RDP56-00403A0001
"
1eorniati.-011
_
?
Sessioac 1953
5X1A
' .
ACT SO -le4i,L641.,I:all ON T1L1 F'REL V,JORLD
:? ,
OA' 1.1
C"rse D7S4-r1Zs
10 _u_aour4 and.,Deve122m9.4 or oTrAirt
A study of the historical, roots of contemporary Soviet
foreign po4cies together vvith an historical examination of
their devaIopment since the 1917 lisfolution, The course will
be concerned .vath the correlotla% Lateen Soviet internal and
te mat -Affairs ands, in paLi 11;11 the shaping of forei8,4
pollz;:, prior to world W.- I ? 7,1th the dyhar.iic a of Soviet ex-,
pans Lonism, as expressed in Soviet 1,;-3,r--tioe policies; with Soviet,
diplomatic tactics in World W".r. II and with Soviet instruments
of :'priperial control.
ins Armstron1..
Deprtiient of State)
tte motional Communism and t rent o1cies of the Soviet
rinico
This course uill
aspose at- 1 e ternatzi
cifjct policy,? The :-.1,...thods aud
nd 'ehlot.ie.al. us rf ar op ri,J1
pondsnt .parties or front Groups,
di se ant,en ts wi11 Le c ely exam
si taati on z
hevries
o rraal zational and Xuactiomil
is t ixaent a all
techniques of 'Soviet politicciAl
z throuLh the media of de-
the exploitation of local
d, by ref erenae to concrete.
,
- /
-
of State) '
rjr' 11 S 01 T 7 3truigle for World Fewer
or Lti,eliand(kok
as it has been ads p ted
v 9 the ends of 0 c.6v1 et
and doctrinal aspects of
Particular. reference to.
challenges Of situation
reeearch4n the semiddi'
o'vecr
trio theory, particularly
cp;? hyS-oviet leadership to
' ei1 iicy. The organizational
Coamuni9t theory will he examined; with
adaptations made by Communist :leaders to
and locale insofar as practicable 9
Vill be f oc us ed upon the Far:qrast4
hobel:LAWelltit4-
- (scaool of Jriental Studies, UaiversitY
'
y 4
RZSZUCerlill
?ZIA-REIRS6.-0a4C3A00.0%6ONI
4240AL,
,
A detailed study- of the Communi-st movement as ,an trwneii
Soviet imperiallem in .1kircpe% the methods Of 'SoViet 'doslinatibn'.and
control, local leadership internal ten...dons and tacties?,,Uhile
attention. will be centered primarily upon the satellite states, ,the
nature of Consun..i.st ZieveicPments in France, ?Ithly Germany, end'
Austrl, will, also be examined
atiliam Deakin
t Antny College ? Oxford University
and_th,palc,k1le Jacit
A study of soviet foreign policy; especially in respect to
Turkey, Ira,'.4 Iran and Israel, and of Cemraunist- activities through-
out the Middle East since the end of World War II, ecumenist
prospects and possibilities will be examined in light of existint,
ec.onond e dif.fieulties and natio.rxall LA, drives and of traditional
culturmL and religious patterns,
1%1_,C9.41-eraagUE ?
7ineston University)
St
'fteseadnar vd,1 focus attention on key points. in Soviet'
, pressure operations againt, the non-SeViet world, The foil:Owing
.preblew U1 b6,?:- taken up in 3t,I.creslors..T. the. role of pSychologioal
wnrfare. in Soviet strategy; s bid et utilization of international
foreign trd oJJ. e c Soviet tactics with Itgard
t nationalUst, irtsvercents; ceutricil and direction of non-Sorlet
c :iamanist parties; the l'ole o,yaw in Soviet et.rategy? '
? ,
(-J ice, i)epartment of Stale)
proVect For Re ease 2061-kir/it : tfA4kDI*561.01I443-
CPYRGHT
Friday, August 14
V. THE SOVIET CHALLENGE IN
THE NEAR AND FAR EAST
a. "The Eastern Mediterranean
in the East-West Conflict"
Speaker:
T. CUYLER YOUNG
Princeton University
Discussion Leader:
EDWIN M. WRIGHT
Officer in Charge of Turk-
ish Affairs, Department of
State
b. "India in the East-West
Struggle"
Speaker:
MERRILL GOODALL
Visiting Professor in Po-
liticul Science, University
of Delhi
Discussion Leader:
WILLIAM C. JOHNSTONE
Former Deputy Adminis-
trator of Field Programs,
international Information
dm inistration , De pa rt -
ment of State
c Current Techniques of
Communist Penetration in
Southeast Asia"
Speaker:
GERALD F. WINFIELD
Technical Cooperation Ad-
ministration, Rang ?o n,
Burma
Discussion Leader:
EDMUND GULLION
Policy Planning Staff, De-
partment of State
d, "China's Role in the Com-
munist Revolution in Asia"
Speaker:
U. ALEXIS JOHNSON
Deputy Assistant Secre-
tary for Far Eastern Af-
fairs, Department of State
Discussion Leader:
KARL WITTFOGEL
Columbia University
9:15 a.m.
9:45 o m.
10:45 a.m.
1115 o m
2: 3 p.m,
2:45 p.m.
3:45 p
5 D.m.
8:00 pm.
Banquet
THE UNITED STATES IN THE
FACE OF THE COMMU N ST
CHALLENGE"
Speaker to be announced
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
SCHOOL
OF
ADVANCED
INTERNATIONAL
STUDIES
OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
CONFERENCE ON
"the problem
of soviet
imperialism"
SHERATON PARK HOTEL
(Formerly the Wardman Park)
WASHINGTON, D. C. ? AUG. 1014, 1953
CPYRGHT
PROGRAM ?
Monday, August 10
9:00 a.m.
10:30 a.m.
10:45 a.m.
11:15 a.m.
2:15 p.m.
2:45 p.m.
3:45 p.m.
4:15 p.m.
5:00 p.m.
Registration
Introductory Remarks
DETLEV W. BRONK
President of The Johns Hopkins
University
I. THE SOVIET POSTURE TOWARD
THE NON-SOVIET WORLD
a. "The USSR and the Non-
Soviet World in Historical
Perspective"
Speaker:
GEORGE F. KENNAN
Former U. S. Ambassador
to the USSR
Discussion Leader:
FRANK ALTSCHUL
Chairman of the Board,
American Investors Co.,
Inc.
b. The Motivation of Soviet
Policy Toward the Non-
Soviet World"
Speaker:
GEORGE A. MORGAN
Foreign Service Officer on
assignment in Washington,
D. C.
Discussion Leader:
J. H. ADAM WATSON
First Secretary of the Em-
bassy of Great Britain
c. "The Basic Strategical and
Tactical Concepts of Soviet
Expansionism"
Speaker:
MOSE L. HARVEY
Chief, Division of Research
for USSR and Eastern
Europe, Department of
State
Discussion Leader:
JOHN HIGHTOWER
Chief Diplomatic Corre-
spondent, Associated
Press, Washington, D. C.
Reception?Burgundy Room
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
Tuesday, August 11
II. TECHNIQUES OF SOVIET SUB-
VERSION AND ATTACK
9:15 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
10:45 a.m.
11:15 a.m.
2:15 p.m.
2:45 p.m.
3:45 p.m.
4:15 p.m.
a. "The Role of Trade"
Speaker:
WILLIS C. ARMSTRONG
Deputy Director, Office of
International Materials
Policy, Department of
State
Discussion Leader:
ROBERT C. LEE
Vice-Chairman of the
Board, Moore-McCormack
Lines, Inc.
b. "The Ideological Weapon"
Speaker:
FREDERICK BARGHOORN
Yale UR iv e rsity
Discussion Leader:
ANTHONY LEVI ERO
The New York Times
c. "The Role of Diplomatic In-
tercourse and Negotiations"
Speaker:
CYRIL BLACK
Princeton University
Discussion Leader:
RAY THURSTON
Deputy Director, Office of
European Affairs, Depart-
ment of State
d. "The Role of Force"
Speaker:
WILLIAM DEAKIN
Warden, St. Antony's Col-
lege, Oxford University
Discussion Leader:
MARIO El NAUDI
Cornell University
"Is
Wednesday, August 12
III. AN ASSESSMENT OF SOVIET
STRENGTH
9:15 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
10:45 a.m
11:15
2:15 p.m.
2:45 p.m.
3:45 p.m.
4:15 p.m.
a. "Economic Realities and
Prospects of the Soviet
Bloc"
Speaker:
HARRY SCHWARTZ
The New York Times
Discussion Leader:
RAYMOND FISHER
University of California at
Los Angeles
b. "An Evaluation of Soviet Sci-
entific Capabilities"
Speaker:
CONWAY Z I RK LE
University of Pennsyl-
vania
Discussion Leader:
LAZAR VOL1N
Department of Agriculture
c. "The World Communist
Movement"
Speaker:
ROBERT N. CAREW HUNT
School of Oriental Studies,
University of London
Discussion Leader:
NICHOLAS TIMASHEFF
Fordham University
d. "Present and Potential Mili-
tary Capabilities of the So-
viet Bloc"
Speaker:
VICE-ADMIRAL
LESLIE C. STEVENS
Former U. S. Naval Atta-
che to the USSR
Discussion Leader:
SAMUEL L. A. MARSHALL
The Detroit News
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
Thursday, August 13
IV. THE SOVIET UNION AND THE
WESTERN WORLD
9:15 a.m.
9:45 a.m.
10:45 a.m.
11:15 a.m.
2:15 p.m.
2:45 p.m.
3:45 p.m.
4:15 p.m.
a. "Soviet Policies and Suc-
cesses in Eastern Europe"
Speaker:
JOHN CAMPBELL
National TVar College
Discussion Leader:
S. HARRISON THOMSON
University of Colorado
b. "Soviet-Communist Pressures
in Western Europe"
Speaker:
A. ROSSI
University of Paris
Discussion Leader:
RICHARD SCAMMON
Diu isioit of Re-
search for Western Eu-
rope, Department of State
c. "Communist Exploitation of
Anti-Colonialism and Na-
tionalism in Africa"
Speaker:
D. VERNON McKAY
Specialist on Dependent
Area Affairs, Department
of State
Discussion Leader:
MANFRED HALPERN
Division of Research for
Year East and Afri.a, De-
partment of State
d. "Communism in Latin Amer-
ica"
Speaker:
DANIEL COSIO VI LLEGAS
Collegio de Mexico
Discussion Leader:
; RON BURG! N
Chief, Division of Re-
search for Latin American
Republics, Department of
State
25X1A
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : ClAstat00403A000100020075-5
Seeurity Information
Special Program on Central Asia
The Program is divided into
Sumner Session
(June 29 -
eptember 4, 1953)
CHINESE CENTRAL ASIA
Northwest China
Tibet
Sinkiang
Mongolia
three sessions:
Fall-Winter Session
(September 21, 1953 -
January 22, 1954)
RUSSIAN CENTRAL ASIA
Kazakhstan
Kirftizstan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
25X1A
Spring 3ession
(January 29 -
June 1)
(1) RUSSIAN
C:NTRAL ASIA (2)
Caucasus Region
Black Sea Region
Caspian Sea Rerion
The Program is regarded as a three-quarter time academic program equal
to 7 credits per semester, with the exception of the Sumner Session which is
4 credits. Classes meet Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, 0830-1030 hours
and occasional evening sessions with guest speakers.
25X1A The Program will be conducted with the
assistance of six or more outstanding authorities on selected areas. General
scope includes climate and resources; agriculture, industry and communi-
cations; administrative structure; population distribution; languages and
literatures; religion; art; archaeology; regional histories; periods of
Chinese and Russian control; recent developments; and bibliography and
references.
CIA has 15 students participating in the Summer Session on Chineqe
Central Asia. Fourteen students are scheduled for Part 1 of the course on
Russian Central. Asia and nine students scheduled for Part 2 of the Russian
Central Asia course.
Participation in the program is intended primarily for personnel of
Federal agencies with concern for these areas. Possible participating
agencies include the Department of State, the Department of Defense (Army,
Air, and Navy) and the Central Intelligence Agency. A few non-government
students concerned with Communist areas of Eastern Europe and Asia may
also narticipate.
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-Sitatifii0403A000100020075-5
Security lefermetioff
1,-"111110
Ale 'low'
25X1A
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
C7E0GRAPHY AND RELATED P17:0BL113 OF CHINESE IlUr. ASIA - Outline
p. 3, 7/22/53.
1?25
II. Sinkiang (also spelled Hsinchiang,' or called Chinese Turkestan
A, Physiography
1 Area: 662,000 sq. mi.
2. Population (1950) 3,730,000
3. Boundaries: Kuen-lun Ht.; Pamir Plateau, & Altai Mts.
4, Geographic divisions:
N.: Dzungarian Basin
Ttien-shan
S.: Tarim Basin
5, Sources and tributaries of the Tarim River:
Khotan-daria (Khotan oases)
B.
c,
Yarkand.6daria (Yarkand and Yangl-hissar oases)
Kashgar-daria (T:ashgar oases)
6'. Ili River Valley
7. Climates of Sinkiang
Ethnic and historical geography.
Economy
D, Recent events
III. The Tibtan Plateau
A. Ch'ing-hal Prove
1. Physial geography -
Altin-tagh (Astin-tagh)
Tangla Hts.
Amn-mac41n Hts,
Hsi-Oin-shan
Kuku-nor (Lake)
Tsaidam marshes
Climatic differentiatj
2. Human geography '
Area: 317,000 sq.
Population (1950) 1,319,00n-
Historical and ethnic glography
Economy
Ow.%
aan)
B. Hsi.:.ktang (also s?elled (3ikang) Prove
Area: 204,000 sq. mi.
Population (1950) 1,756,000
Ethnic groups
Bhysiography
Economic geography
C. Territory of Tibet'
Area: 349,000 sq. mi.
Population (1950) 1,000,000
Historical and athnic geography
Economy
Recent events.
IV. The new Political geography of Innter Asia
1, Former stabiliaation of the frontiers
2. The British and German schools of geopolitics
3. Differences between Chinese and Russian empire
4. present political geography
a, 7rontiers between China and US1R
Frontiers between China and India
c. Recent economic. development.
a,
Approved For Relea
a ear
ed
P g tvJ
4
J"W
2001/9/25f: dIA-R11_4141 10470 20075-5
building
25X1A
25X1A5a1
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
1061
CENTRAL ASIA - Tibet - Food 7/27/53 Pe 1.?
Based on atthias Hermanns, DIE NOMAD 1N VON Tr3fT, 'lien, 1952,
(1) MEAT: mutton, yak, -leer, musk deer, gazelle, mountain goat
Tibetans do not normally eat horse or donkey meat, pork (they
dislike to see the Horlgols and Chinese eating prok), chickens,
fowl, eggs, or fish. - Meat consumed half-cooked; meat-broth
often eaten with Chinese condiments. - yak meat is cut into
long narrow stripes, air-dried, good for travel.
(2) Tsamba (tzam-pa), a cold-resistant kind of barley that grows in
altitudes where wheat does not grow.
Preparation: Housewife roasts daily portion in the morning.
She pours sand into a flat pot or pan (to prevent cracking)
and heats it; she pours some bowls of barley on the sand;
the grain pops open through the heat; Grain and sand separated'
in sive and ground in handmill; flour kep in leather bag ot box.
Prea.ration for meals: pour boiling milk-tea into drinking
bowl, &eel a piece of butter, flour, and some dry cottage cheese;
knead the dough (cf. descriptions by Kawaguchi and Huc & Gabet).
(3)T:2;A: brick-tea, most Grown in Szechwan (Indian tea never be-
came popular); old leaves, stalks, shoots and other waste are
steamed in Szechuan tea houses and pressed into wooden frames
where they dry. 2hes tea-bricks are specially prepared for the
nomads of Inner Asia: Tibetans, Mongols, Kirgiz, etc., also
used by the Chinese of the borderlands. Brick-tea has a bitter
and harsh taste, and a cooling effect.
Preparation: MitIAX a piece of tea is broken off the brick, pow-
dered in a small mortar and poured into hot water before boiling;
boiled for about five minutes; milk is added generously, also
salt and soda. (Amdo) In some regions milk, butter, and tsampa
are added. - Poor people use various blossoms and leaves of
various flowers and weeds.
(4)MILK: never consumed without boiling, but usually taken in
tea; most of it turned into butter.
(5) 9UTTER: yak milk asp. rich in fat. Milk heated but not boiled,
poured into sheepskin and rolle' on the floor or into leather
bags loaded on to pack-animals while marching until butter forms.
'"hen large quantity of milk, it is put into a butter-barrel.
Tibetans and 'Mongols produce butter; the Turks less; butter
mixed with tea and tsampa, also recom.ended for medical purposes:
for old people, chillen, weak people, anemics, ineieestionsetc.
Also used for for lassaee to lake the skin smooth in the cold
dry air, women rub it into their hair. Tibetans eat only fresh
butter, 'aancy butter is used for the lamps of the lamaseries.
Much butter is used for cultic purposes in the temples and houses
of the monks, votive lamps, etc, During Tibetan New Year festivals
huge butter sculptures are made which are burnee the next day.
(6) cuaps (cottage cheese): dried in the sun becomes very hard;
eaten mixed with tsampa or in milk-tea in which it is softened.
In contrast to the Hongols,BEAI;Ci=t1111 the Tibetans do not
produce real cheese.
(7)
cax: AN) THUD: if cream is needed, it is taken off the milk be-
fore butter is made. Flat cakes are formed with this cream.
They are dried and pieces put into the tea while eating.
Thud, the only candy in -A.? is formed by a mixture of cream,
butter, curds, and sugar, in the shapes of cookies, cubes, or
sticks, They are eaten separately or dissolved in tea. Thud
and cream (sri-ma) are very rare and represent Great delicacies
among the nomads.
(8) Yoghurt (zho): boiled stronely, placed next to the kitchen stove
(about 50? C, add fermenting acid. Ready after about five hours.
It does not contain alcohol because the milk is somewhat eecomposed
but does not really ferment.
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5 ?
C2T-1AL A3IA Tibet - Food, etc. p* 2.7/29/53. io62.
(9) 2/Elk UM:at: name for alcoholic drinks is "chang"
na.ehan idistillel liquor bought from the Chinese.
lanr - wheat beer or liquor
bra ns - rice beer or liquor dar-bai-chanA butternilk
bu-ram-chanrc- suGar liquor liquor
laaaLagjmna - honey liquor
airan (Altaian) according to Badlov, fermented cow's milk
. fermented mare's milk
arak (a-rag) (Arabic: araq) perspiration, juice, moisture;
oriGinally juice flowing from date palm which was used
for the distill.ation of liquor; term eventually applied
to all alcoholic beveragess'spread all over the world: in
India used to indicate rice-wine, in Tibet barley liquor
(10) T03A000: Tibetans smoke pipe and trAke snuff; tobacco im
ported from China, esp, cheap pipe tobacco mixed with various
dried leaves. - Pipes made of sheep's shanks, yak, sheep, and
antelope horns; banboo, copper, jade, silver pipes imported
from China; tobacco kept in a leather bag.- *.lomen smoke rarely.
Tobacco for snuffing vary strong, thus mixed with ashes from
the kitchen stew).
(11) 1arTZTA-31435, etc.: very few veGetables Grow in Tibet, except
some wild on:.ons, etc. :lushrooms are dried and strung up.
11ealthy people import rice from China. ?? In spite of this
health of Tibetan Good, incl. teeth and bones; half raw meat
and butter tea contain enough vitamins.
HANDICRAFTS
Tibetan nomads despise artisans, even sedentary population looks
down on most artisans. Few handicrafts, except for manufacture
of ordinary domestic utensils and dress, made of wool, furs, and
skins; incl. leather ropes, baGs, sacks, boats, shoes. Lime is 7
used to tat skins; beets usually bought from the Chinese. Tibeta.
ens make rafts of yak and sheep skins, closinG all openings ex-
cept one to inflate them. Large round tubs made of yak leather,
inside walls strengthened with woody for crossing of rivers.
Saddles, wooden buckets, metal and pottery ves-els usually
made by Chinese craftsmen, even in agricultural sedentary dis-
strictst carts not used; loads carried by animals or humans.
Tibetans do some spinning and weaving of coarse serGe; cut-
ting and sowing of materials done by women with yakhair thread.
Wealthy people rant out work to Chinese. Among sedentary population
are carpenters, masons, and workmen in Gold, silver, copper, and
iron (considered impure caste).
. . . . Nonks usually disinclined to do manual labor; some lamaseries
Nue
haveXMAJOIMX workshops for painting and modelling in order to
manufacture objects .used for cultic purposes.
0:17,33
MIN: men wear long sheepskin coats, tucked up high to form a
a.blouse in which objects are carried (bowl, flour bag, rope,
.etc.); coat reaches below the knees to upper part of boots. -
Well situated people have a border of blue or red woollen
material, of leopard or other skins; collar high; sleeves reach
1215 inches below hands; belts made of leather, wool, or silk,
Coat must be protected agabnst prolonved rain, onerwise begins
to crack. - Trousers usually made of blue cotton. - Hats made
of felt, a kind of tophat with a broad brim, ir conical, worn
in the sumler; during the winter and even .during the summer
Tibetans wear a Groat variety of fur caps, dependin on the
reGion; cpots half-long, right and left foot exchangeable
(cf. Chinese shoes), usually worn without socks. Socks for
sick people and ehildren made of felt or wool. - Usually nothing
worn under coatit
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
'Am:wed For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
CaNTRAL ASIA Zarly Catholic Missionaries in Bitet. 7/27/53.
Legend that Friar Odoric of Pordenone visited Tibet in the 14th
cent.; disproved by Berthold Laufer, "las Odoric of Pardenone
ever in Tibet?" TIourla Pao, sr, 2, XV, p. 405-418 (cf. also
CammansTrade throuFE the Himalwras, p. 18, n. 65).
Jesuit missionary, Antonio de Andrade cam from Ara, India,
disGuised as a Hindu, in 1624; he reached TsarapanG, capital
of ancient kinGdom of Guce. 2stablished mission at Tsarapanc;
mission closed in 1640 because of political disturbances in
liestern Tibet.
Jesuits IrLstevao Cacella and Joao Cabral attempted to establish
mission at Shicatse in 1626 but failed.
Jesuits John Grueber and dtOrville left PekinG in June 1661 for
Rome via Lhasa; because Chinese ports were closed to them by
Dutch fleet; they travelled overland throuGh Inning and
TanGut desert and reached Lhasa after six months; they
studied Lamaism in Lhasa for two months.
Jesuits Ippolito Desideri and aganuel Freyre arrived in Leh,
Kashmir, on Hay 10, 1714; arrived in Lhasa on March 18;
1716. Desideri remained the until 1721, when he was re-
called by the Pope in laome to leave this mission territory
to the Capuchins.
At the same time, a Dutch traveller, Samuel van de Putte,
passed twice throuGh Lhasa on his way from India to China
and back aGain, but he destroyed all his notes; thus no
record left by him*
Capuchin Francisco Orazio della Penna with 12 other Capuchin
missionaries reached Lhasa from Nepal and established a
mission there; they were expelled in 1745 and took refuGe
? in Nepal, (exclusion of all foreiGners from Tibet since 1745.)
French Jesuits at the order of emperor kranc-hsi prepared in 1717
a map of Tibet. The materials were partly collected by two
Tibetan lamas, partly supplied by Chinese collaborators who
had collected materials prior to 1717' and were workinc-on
them,. (Cf. Walter Fuqhs, Der JesuitenAtlas der Kanghsi-Zeit,
2 pts. Peking, 1943.;
3,3.3. "diAnville's map" of Tibet, publ. in his Neuvel atalas
de la Chine, de la Tartarie chinoise et du Thibet, The HaGue,
T7377-maps no. 32-41, are based on the Jesuit atlas. The maps
and data were sent to Are J. B. du Halde, whose History of
China, ap)eared in French in 1735, the Znclish trans'. in
EFrinn, 17364 dtAnville's atlas was composed to accompany
this history.
Vincentian missionaries, 2variste R4Gis Huc and Gabet journeyed
for 18 months from Pekinc via Dolonor (Honcolia) and Ninchsia
to Lhasa (Jan. 29 to Har. 15, 1846). They were favorably re-
ceived by the Tibetan :aecent, but forced by the Chinese
Ambassador to return to China.
Selected biblioGraphical references:
Bell, Charles, THZ 72LIGION 02 TIBZT, 1931
Desideri, Ippolito, AN ACCOUNT OF TIBET, 1937
Huc-Gabet, any edition; ILL Library has:
Hue, Zvariste R4Gis, HIGH ROAD IN TARTARY, 1948 (popular)
Huc and Gabet, =AV MS IN TARTARY,THIB2T AND CHINA,
1844.4846, 2 vols. 1928.
Wesselsi 0. (S.J.), _ARLY TRATZLLERS IN C2NTRAL ASIA
1693-1721, The Ha3ue, 1924; out of print, not in ILL Library
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
INOIFproved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
CT,iT2AL ASIA - Chinese Comaunist Oddupation of Tibet 7/27/53. p.l.
In 1949 deterioration of Chinese Nationalist forces in Sinkiang.
Chinese Nationalist representatives in Tibet asked to leave the
country by Tibetans. Aug, 11, 1949, Dalai Lama called for religious
war against Communists, aiming at Tibetan independence from China
Sep, 3, 1949 Chinese for the first time announce their intention to
"liberate" Tibet; reiterated on various occasions during the followina
months. Jan. 1, 1950, Tibet claimed independence from China.
On or about Jan. 22, 1950, Stalin and Chin. For, Minister, Chou
came to agreement in Moscow that China should obtain control
Over Tibet, directed against Western powers,
2nd of Mar. 1950, Chin. Com .unists in full control of Sinkiang. As:
early as Jan. 8, 1950, General Liu Po-cheng announced EX= Tibetan-
speaking Chine Communist troops were being trained in Chinghai prov.
for the "liberation" of Tibet,
Last Americans in Tibet: Lowell Thomas and son (1949); Trank 3esnac
on his flight from ainkiang (Aug. 1950).
Tocternal situation: G.71AT 717I-PATN'eliminated as a decisive factor '
by independence of India (1947). - INDIA: =MAAR alarmed by Chin.
Communist actions, Indians declared they would defend Nepal frontier
(Feb. 1950). Re-iterated by Nehru (Nov. 1950) that India would de-
fend McMahon line on the northeastern frontier with Tibet (boundary
line agreed upon at Simla Convention of 1914 by British, Chin? and
gov'ts.). - U.S. too far removel to render practical assistance,
May 23, 1950. Peiping radio broadcast promised autonomy to Tibet,
announcing simultaneously continued military preparations, Tibetans
claimed to have 40,000 troops (only partly trained and armed).
The following months filled with border clashes and rumors, but in
Oct. 1950, Tibet definitely invadel by Chinese. Indian protests to
China rebuffed (Nev. 1950). Nehru firm on defending Nepal, Sikkim,
Bhutan, Assam frontiers, (Chin. Communist maps widely circulated
in Asian countries, incl. various Indo-Tibetan border areas in China).
Nov. 13, 1950, U.N. received Tibetan appeal for help; 1 Salvador
requested MAX debate on Nov. 16 & 17, but on Nov, 24 discussion
shelved. Tibet had already sent an armistice appeal to invading
Chin, Communist forces,
Nov, 16, 1950, recency for Dalai Lama ended; 16-years old Dalai Lama
given full religious and temporal powers, two years ahead of time.
Dec. 1'50, Dalai Lama fled with treasure from Lhasa to Sikkim-Tibetan
frontier near Yatung in Chumbi valley (inside Tibet). A refuge also
prepared in Ganctok (Sikkim), in case of Chin. Communist attack.
Sino-Tibetan negotiations drac-ing on behind the scenes , pior to,
during and after desultory fighting. On Hay 23, 1951, a 17-point
Now agreement with 60 additional clauses signed in Peiping by Chin.
Communist gov't and representatives of three Tibetan groups:
(1) group of aalai Lama
(2) Chinese-sponsored group of Panchen Lama at limb= Lamasery
in Chinchai prov.
(3) Communist-sponsored People's Gov't for Autonomous Tibetan
area, established in Sikanc pray. in Nov, 1950.
Chin, Ce,T:imunist troops entered Lhasa on Sep, 9, 1951; Tibetan troops
to be re-organized and absorbed by Chin, army; foreign relations to
be controlled by Peiping; Tibet to unite with Communist China to oust
(Western) "imperialist influence" (NYT).
Chin, Communist casualties 10,000, out of 30,000 troops (rYT 3/24/51)
2,000 froze or starved to death
3,000 seriously infected by Inknown fever
2,000 killed by hostile Tibetans
3,000 disappeared when ordered to cut off Tibetans behind Changtus
Chinese and Russian anti-Western propaganda synchronized, Trouble
stirred up or intensified in Nepal and other Tibetan border areas,
Diversionary tactics used in various ways. (Maps showing North
Burma, the whole of Tibet, and part of Assam as Chin, ter itory.)
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
*Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
Ca7T7AL ASIA - Chinese Communist Occupation of Tibet 7/27/53. '
1061 P,2a
Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, chances in their positions:
Nov. 1949 - Chin. Communists captured the Panchen Lama (then 12
years old). In his name and that of Mao Twu-tung they broadcast
appeals for a revolution against the Tibetan Gov't.
Aug. 1951, Dalai Lama returned from Indo-Tibetan frontier to Lhasa,
because thsre was no response to his plea for help before the U.N.
(Nov. 1950).
nitLX952-i=o2t1114/:rdelINI116:1101tinitftETD4110:1712iilDVIU1UIRMINe1litiNIIIILIETI
May 28, 1952, formal meeting between Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama
at Lhasa as equal members of an "administrative collittee."
Panchen Lama spiritual head of the country; Dalai Lama temporal
head of the country, as provided in the 17-point agreement of
May 23, 1951 (cf. above).
Political power of the SR 14th Dalai Lama (now 19 years old)
broken, lost control over army, allowed a personal bodyguard
of 500 soldiers
Sep. 1951. Panchen Lama (now 17 years old) returned to TashUhumpo
Lamasery in ahigatse (from where his predecessor UM fled in 1923),
as spiritual head of Tibetan Lamaistic church
INDIA: Position of India reduced in 1951520 Indian Guard of
300 men withdrawn; Indian agent expelled from Tibet in
Dec. 195M. After protracted necotiations Tibet allowed
XdAhla India to send a consul to-Lhasa (1952), agreeing
that China might open a consulate-general in Calcutta,
in addition to the one operated in 3ombay. - Tibetan trade
with India now ?diverted to China.
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
PIARadied?PATIARelease 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
02,NT7,AL ASIA - Tibet Lamaism: DalilLama and Panchen Lama 1065
7/29/53
DALAI
First and second Dalai Lamas given titles posthumously
1st )alai Lama (1391-1475), pupil and nephew of founder of Yellow
Hat Sect, the reformer of Lamaism, Tsong-ka-pa; first D.L. founded
Tashilhunpo, seat of Panchen Lama
3rd D.L. (installed 1540, d, 1582); converted Hongol leaders to
Buddhism,
4th D.L. (1589c,1614), a Hongol.
5th D,L. (1616-80),"The Great Fifth" insured leadership of Yellow
Hats against aed Hats with Mongol Help; relegated Panchen L.,
his old teacher, to second place,
6th D.L. (c.1680.*-1706), in teens when recogni=d, worldly and poet.
7th D.L. AthtABNAWIAI04:704EAMZZA,MR,(inst, 1721-1758).
8th J.L. - overshadowed by Panchen Lama,
9th-12th D.L. (1805-74), apparently poisoned upon reaching age of
inauguration (18 yrs).
13th D.L. (1875-1933k.), exorcized both, spiritual and temporal power;
fled:to China during British invasion under Younghusband (exiled
1904-09); fled to India before the Chinese (exiled 1910-12), could
return to Tibet due to outbreak of Chinese nevolution in 1911;
while in India, all dealings with the British Gov't through Sir
Charles Bell; both became intomate friends,
14th D.L. (1935 ); installed Nov. 1950,MMIA when 16 yrs old, two
years ahead of time, just before fleeing to Sikkim-Tibetan border
in Dec, 1950; returned to Lhasa in Aug; 1951.
Panchen Lama (Panchen aimpoche, or Tashi Lama), seat in Tashilhunpo
lamasery at Shigatse (founded in 1447).
1st Panchen Lama (incarnation of Buddha Amithaba) 1447.
5th P,L, - emperor H'anghsi extended his patronage to second pillar
of Gelugpa (Yellow Hat) Sect in 1713,
6th P.L, journeyed to Peking in 1780 for celebration of emperor
Chilen-lunes 70th birthday; Given royal reception; died of small-
pox in the same year
9th P.L, .= exiled from Tibet by group around Dalai Lama in 1924, died
in 1937; stayed in Hongolia and China,
10th P.L. - Chinese rationalists decided to sponsor ntx1xxatalcaR4gx
his inauguration in ::umbum lamasery at Sinin4 capital if Ching-
hal pray, in July 1949 (NYT 7/26/49); a few months later he was ?
captured by the Chinese Communists when they overran that region.
May 28, 1952, Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama met formally under Chinese
Communist auspices; by playing out one against the other, their in-
fluence and that of Lanaism'considernly:weakened,
. Bibliography:
Bell, Charles, The religion of Tibet
Bell, Portrait of a )alai Lama
Bleichsteiner, LIdglise laune,
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5
Artemfdlyrase.:.20pila/?25 :-CIA7pDP.56-Q0403A000100020,075-3 1068
.00a, Jress, etc. e/ 50/53 P P.3.
DRESS; '10:111T - similar Gown as that of men, but it goes down to
ankles; they tuck it up less than men, but sufficient to carry
small children in blouse; wear shirts; caps & shoes essentially
the same as thos of men.
TIAIaDO: men's heads shaved; women often have numerous cues;. both
sexes frequently use additional hair bought from Chinese.
nAl-C,IAG7L: women comparatively free, have charGe of household and
property; polyGamy infrequent; polyandry frequent for economic
reasons (cf. Shen Ts,ing-lien, Tibet and the Tibetans, p. 142-143
Harriages used to be arransed EiTgr3as:-Tcf. Xawaguchi,P.352 ff,)
BURIALS: in four elements: water, earth, air, fire (fire reserved'
for hiGher lamas); embalminG in rare cases of. Dalai Lamas , etc.
(cf. TsunG-lien 3H2N, p, 149.;151; -itawasuchi, P.333. )?
HOU3ING: stone buildinGs, the most outstanding example is the Potalr
at Lhasa, built at the time of the "Great Fifth" Dalai Lama
(d. 1680) and finished after his death; parts added whenever
a victory Gained; wooden or partly wooden buildinGs; turf houses
(cf. 7:awa3uchi). Tents,- usually black cloth tents which let
in rain and cold (typical for sheep-raisins peoples); nobles and
lamas often have white or yellow tents, for travelling, (Hongol
and Turkish yurts better.) (cf, iawaguchi p. 627.)
MEDICINE: Lamaism attributes sickness (400 varieties) to ignorance
neglect, or malignant inflnences; there used to be two major
medical schools in Tibet; :lain diseases: smallpoxlmararia.
FLORA:A. VeGetation zones
1. tropical zone (under 1,000 feet) marsh flora; ferns
marsh grass, etc.
2ZXMANB24%07.:Z=4-3,54:00N10;00(I:MAII:MIVIam="tann-
dOXIAL=VIZABA4A2117,A=NE
3i73042;7,1eXIDIZAMana
2. temperate zone (1,000-5,000: feet).
3. cool, temperate zone (5,000-10,000 feet) forests
of mixed deciduous trees and shrubs, rhododendrons, V
conifers, tall herbs, varnish trees, and walnut trees
4. sub-Alpine zone (10;000.41,500 feet) conifers
5. Alpine zone (11,00-16,000 feet) - meadows and heaths
6. Glaciers (16,000-17;500 feet) moraines with herbs
7 eternal snow (17,500-25,000).
B. Cultivated crops:
1. barley - best crop for the entire country (10.42,000
2. rice (up to 4,000 feet) ft.)
3. maize (up to 6,000 feet)
4, wheat (up to 12,000 feet)
5. Irish potatoes (up to 1M,000 feat)
6. turnips and onions
7. some peas
8. straw
C. Timber; birch, poplar, coniferous trees
D. ::edicinal herbs: gentian; berberis, rhubarb, poppy.
11?16??????
Literature: SIM, Tsunglien, - and Liu, Shen-ehi, Tibet and the
Tibetans ?
Cressey, G.B.; G:0G7V2HIC YOUNDA?IONS, 1934.
ASIA 3 7_,21M1 AID 210PLZ3, 1951.
Haraini, S30: 2,T TIB3T, 1952.
Approved For Release 2001/07/25 : CIA-RDP56-00403A000100020075-5