INSPECTOR GENERAL'S SURVEY OF THE TECHNICAL SERVICES STAFF

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 1
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 25, 2012
• Sequence Number: 44
• Publication Date: April 28, 1998
• Content Type: REPORT

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isroweik teivagorefflealumwes.
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THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
MEMORANDUM FOR MR. L.
SUBJECT: TSS Surv
In
request this
the excell
you made
spection o
Staff.
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Executive Registry
April 4, 1961
KFATRICKIt<
a,
i-441 1"
with
lam
lume
ur telephonic
ng herewith
eport which
ng your in-
cal Services
k Coyne
'at4. 4
43NE
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TOP SECRET
INSPECTOR GENERAL'S
OF THE
TECHNICAL SERV
il 1957
TOP SECRET
Dulles
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I. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
II. INTRODUCTION
III. AUTHENTICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Intelligence Division
1. Agent Operations
Page
1
2
5
2. Counterintelligence Support.
3. International Travel Suppo
4. Resettlement Support....
5. Domestic Documentation..
6. Psychological Warfare Sup
7. Centralization of Documents
8. Exchange of Doc jff J.nfOrMa
9. The Hungarian
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
1
The Lack of
Compromise
Tb O and Headci
Professional Pe
TDY Travel
Internal Management.
opping.. �
ree e"e
Ste/fO$4064.: z
:00)41'4$4 :4$4 Pfoo
4
16
� 17
.. 18
. 19
20
1
tion
eer Oppor
A
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
U.
12.
ollection
issemination
ization o
O.Ooo:
oo.
7
a Reprod
9 . �
,4 �
on Staf 28
sion
28
33
34
36
36
37
38
co on 41
43
The T-1I,T d Plastic Problem 50
Procurem-,v of Inks 53
53
57
61
Wage-Hour Pay Problem 64
Concluding Comments 69
The
em
Special Reproduction Branch
Research and Analysis Branch
Graphology
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D. Furnishings and Equipment Division
1. Mission and Functions
2. The Warehouse
3. Concealment Devices
4. Operational Disguise
E. Concluding Comments on the Authentication
TECHNICAL AIDS
A. Special Assistance Division
1. General
2. SW Support Overseas
3. sw Support in Headquart
4. Laboratory Services
5. SW Support of Military Ser'
6. Other Methods ofA et Comm
7. Flaps and Sea - al Censo
t 0 00
� �
Page
73
73
75
80
87
91
92
3
410:**00)St0 �
1!� .
8. Postal Contr
B. Audio Support Div
D.
A>
1. Mission and FUnct
2. Operational Branch..
3. c :�AA.Idio T
,,.,,�./..., . .).�.."?,/ :\ / ../. . . ../1. >.
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01
103
103
106
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E. Trai
aphic
eneral
uct ion Bran
tions Bran
el
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. . . . .
nit,
on
1
116
124
ouse. 126
131
131
131
134
137
139
141
1. Gene 141
2. Activirf 143
3. Photogra 4 #0, Training 144
4. Audio Training 145
5. SW Training 147
6. Instructor Personnel 152
7. Relations with Office of Training 154
8. Overseas Training 156
9. Briefings 159
ii
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Eafit
F. General Problems 160
1. Operational Intelligence Support 160
2. Technical Publications 161
3. Support of Foreign Intelligence Services 163
4. TSS vs. 0/Commo in Audio Surveillance 169
5. Status of Counter Audio Surveillance 176
6. Operational Testing .... 180
V. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREA
A. General
1. Historical Background
2. Current Organization...
B. Chemical Division
1. Mission and Fun
2. Organization..
3. Methods of
4. Activities
5. Covert Commun.'
6. Audio Survei
7. Influencing Human
8. Anti-Personnel Sabot
9.
, Sabotage
10. A \\� ivities
f
1
. t.5
a
9.
...Organization
ching and Un
otage and
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veil .
d S',
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'
445 N
. , .
D. Water-Ai
�
184
84
441
190
190
190
1
kaging
es
4fr
9
06
209
211
214
219
219
220
221
224
226
228
229
230
230
hniques
232
1. Organiza n and History 232
2. Water Branch 233
3. Air Branch 237
4. Conclusions 239
iii
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E. Applied Physics Division
Page
2143
1. Organization 243
2. Electronics Branch 244
3. Audio Surveillance 244
4. Counter-Audio Surveillance 248
440
5. Communications Systems 248
6. Automatic Intelligence Collection El i 250
7. JBINCLUDE (Electronic) .. 250
8. Research . . 251
9. General Comment 252
10. Optical Branch 253
11. Photo Surveillance
12. Concealed Camera Equipmen
13. Actuating Devices
14. Infrared
15. Automatic Intelligence Co
16. JBINCLUDE (Optica
17. Basic Research.
18. Miscellaneous
19. Conclusions
AXA
A
AA /0A4M" 257
. 258
. 258
259
6o
iftittiftiP
��
F. Technical Service
� �
6
1.
2.
3.,,
4
"
� � � .
Organization and
Reqnts and Pr].
v, e de Labor
AO - 0tion..
hnique
� /
�
/r
/#
rr
,rAk�Srr '� "41.r;ror
7.
8.
Agency Rese
y of TS
forts
3.1
search B
sory C
,p)P ie
. . . .
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9. Pe
10. mad.
11. Defici
lopment
A268
271
273
275
d Development
izat ion
Technical Reporting
P Reporting to TSS
12. Deficien 'es in the Nuclear Energy Field
VI. TSS FIELD SERVICE
278
278
283
287
289
291
294
297
298
302
303
305
307
309
A. History and Concept 309
iv
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Page
B. The Frankfurt Unit 311
1. History and Organization 311
2. Administrative Section 314
3. Documents Branch 316
4. Furnishings and Equipment Section 324
5. Concealment Devices 325
6. Operational Disguise /\\\ .. 325a
,
7. Technical Operations Branch /, �� 327
8. Electronics Section . 327
9. Chemical Section 330
10. Engineering Section 335
11. The Graphics Branch
12. Photo Section
13. Print Shop
14. Conclusions
C. Munich Operating Base
1. Organization
2. Staffing Pat
3. Administrat
4. Operations...
5. Liaison with th
7
343
343
41+
6. Support Activities
7. Operational Needs.
D. Ber
F,��0�40
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Unita
gence Se
357
357
357
quarters 359
361
361
362
365
368
� 368
368
368
369
371
371
372
372
9. Operational Disguise 372
10. Training 373
2
3. Au
4. sw
5. Concea
6. Photo Su
, .
i� � .../7 � .. �
mi(34.Vi�,'
rt
evices
7. Documentation
8. Leaflets
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F. Athens Station
1. History and Organization
2. Audio Operations
3. Audio Stockpile
4. Counter Audio
5. Print Shop
6. Leaflet Disposal
7. Photo Support
8. Documentation
� � .
9. Operational Disguise
10. Concealment Devices
11. Secret Writing
Page
374
374
375
380
381
382
384
385
386
388
389
12. Clothing and Accessories.
13. Training
14. Conclusions
15. Recommendations
G. The
Hague Station...
H. Oslo Station...
I. Rome Station
J. Paris Station
K. Yoko
�
0
393
395
Research =�,
ocuments Sec
nishings an
OOOOO
Section
M. 0th
1. Bru
2. Ankar
3. Karachi
Section
97
N. Major Field Service Problems
1. General
406
407
409
410
412
414
417
419
420
422
4214-
424
426
430
431
431
2. Lack of Field Support Planning 431
vi
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Page
3. Erroneous Concept of Field Support 434
4. Improper Field Support 436
5. Lack of Staffing Flexibility 437
6. Poor Technical Reporting 438
7. Confusion on Support to Military Intelligence
Services
8. Poor Field Coverage 443
9. Technical Operations Officers ..... 445
11.40
VI. AEMINISTRATIVE STAFF
A. General
1. Organization and Function
2. Personnel Branch
3. Fiscal and Administrati
4. Logistics Branch
5. Secretariat and Records Br
6. The Security S
B. Major Problems
646
447
447
449
. 451
.. 452
1. Logistics Sup
2. The New Buildin
3. Career Service...
If. Use of Consultants
VII. PLANS pot!A,.
A.
, 1?//
eratio
War Planning
4,
�',.L 620 a ,,003.AS
/ . . . . .
F.
id
loyees..
lanning..
vii
453
a 4/
7
58
462
462
462
4.64
466
466
469
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I. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
A. The inspection of the Technical Services Staff (TSS) was conducted
as a part of the program of systematic examination of all Agency components
imaccordance with the mission of the Inspector General.
general lack of information surrounding many TSS act
The secrecy and
444:
4444
ii4A the 9:40
0.4 activi 44;-4: ;40 'n;
caused this
Inspection to be made with more care and in grea
an is usually
necessary. This report undertakes to explai
conducted by TSS; it examines the va.lidi
the TSS mission; it evaluates the efficn
conducted; and finally, it deals
UM and the other components
B. In conducting this
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facilities and activities in he
inquiries were als
muter of ove
technica
activities
of
ties are
ations between
effort
ed in are
sea to
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researc
operating
the fie
eadquart
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itional
the Agency a
ever, it wa
and requirement
personnel during th
this
the DD/P
TSS
lye
and
fectiveness of
were held with
ea and with senior officers
effort was made to appraise the
e scientific point of view. How-
application to operational needs
500 interviews were held with Agency
inspection.
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It. INTRODUCTION
A. Historical Background
1. The Technical Services Staff (TSS) was formed in July 1951
with the merger of the Operational Aids Division (CAD), OSO, and the
Research and Development Division, OPC. Prior
merger the Opera-
tional Aids Division was endeavoring to ma 4444,
Office of Strategic Services capabilit
audio surveillance, documentation
Research and Development Division
studies in the fields of ch
related to paramilitary
these were small divisi
7e4MiN.
1951,the
of
the former
ecret writing,
and
.-�10.000.4.0vg444?
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try, app
numbered fewer than 4o peop
brought
roevesprosneass per \\\'"\\ 1 Aids 4' B 44.;'1;444
e
C efOiV'
� :44,
The
rch and
mechanics as
ogical
. Both of
rs.
August 19
44( Deputy Chi
.444!4�.0,;,�44 d �
� /.� 4\ �
,444.�,\��,t4.
. >>operating components. of the Clandestine
ideZ.$*4'
unit.
trade req
Services."
formed T
Some
hich ass
SS
ional
d Agency
ed from the Army in
under the acting direction
ubmitted to the Deputy Director (Plans)
d table of organization for the new
n was to "provide the tools of the
However, the conce
recommended in this
request was never officially acted upon.
of operations and the ten division structure
proposal have, with some modification, continued
to be the basic framework Within which TSS has conducted its business.
2
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3. In June 1952 a definitive proposal for a research and develop-
ment program and for administration of TSS was endorsed by the Project
Review Committee (PRC) and approved by the Director. This proposal
provided for the establishment of three key positions to manage the
activities of TSS. These positions included th
Board, the Director of Research and a Chief
of Research and the Chief of Operations
Chief and Deputy Chief of TSS respe
to these three positions have serve
minor modifications in basi sponsfbil
4. The PRC action
allocation for FY 53 of
cAlr,
err,
and development and $3,000,O
provide
ifs
/.
,/00.* � /.
,^4�
us provim-d to TSS in June 1952,
In June 1953 ater, th
develo
be c
. 0 ..;,Joir.. ,pw.4.A.11it, -O�i� .. "O. �
>
�z'o,,w-zt,..A&,44 �Iwo.
Since the �jA...: .,_ : � I
./.1.4:0 ,A4,,
/ ATSS has � research and development and $17,000,000
for operat otal budget of $44,500,000, not including
tg".,,,ziw,i4./
thr
:7� : .:;* 404
� design -,j
of
the
Research
ons. The Director
as the
ori:,� stees
2 with but
itial
ich $5,
eratin
istratio
funds
esearch
rations.
hat the esearch and
ablished by TSS
ed on a yearly basis
omplish its mission. From FY 1953
period of four and one-half years,
the cost of the
headquarters elemen
est Outbuilding now occupied by the major
of TSS.
3
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5. TSS, in its present state, should therefore be considered
to date from the PRC action of June 1952 and the measure of its per-
formance should commence with FY 1953. From this relatively smaji
beginning in June 1952, TSS has grown significantly. The headquarters
Table of Organization is now 330, with 337 actua
An additional 108 personnel are serving overs
of approximately 445 staff employees. TS
mented by 64 contract-type employees,
final clearance.
6. In mid-1955 the steady growth
three assistant chiefs,
TSS activity, namely,
- :404 �
@A*0944'.1"4:
�
resent for duty.
urrent total
is further aug-
re in t
nsible
Development. Each of the
mg4";;. �
Technica
direction and control of an a
trative S
COMpOn
,
7,�0.4"
(>
4.,4.4 'Aeci,, ..�.4 ()Up . .. t- '�10 COO '1' .
ne Services
lhavook.
,/)47.rned.
Chie
area an
cerned prima
fTSSh
visions
as of
reation of
jor areas of
earch and
tant chie
�
s repres
he Deputy
��ei
r the
Adminis-
re continued as separate
latively unchanged
with substantial accuracy
1-1. In theory, all three areas
he Chief, TSS. In practice, the
with the research and development
also the Chief of Operations, is con-
ining two areas.
-4
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III. AUTHENTICATION AREA
The Authentication Area is responsible for providing the documents,
clothing and accessories, concealment devices and operational disguises neces-
sarzr to authenticate agents and support other Agency operations on a world-wide
basis. The Authentication Area is in a sense a separate
devoted exclusively to agent authentication and relate
of the DD/P. Except for the development of certa'
the reproduction of documents, the Authenticat
more publicized research and development
within TSS
in support
d machinery for
separ
ea"
740;,.
The Authentication Area has a Headquarters Ta
an additional 49 staff personnel a
headquarters organization cons
4*.0�)* �ii;
;
Ii ;
Arts Reproduction Division, 52;
and Equipment Division, 15; and a
A. Intellite
)>)
The
participat- *' s of de
m the
of TSS.
f 119 and has
d oversea
fice of t
Division
d. Diss
by doc
support
:
logical war
maintains files
168. The
the Graphic
shings
Staff, five.
or agent operations,
and border crossers
n required in resettlement cases,
rovides document support to psycho-
ities the Division collects and
ntity documents, border passes, seals,
cachets and related
la)V;;A
tion dealing with fore].
!Jr. 14.14A$14�i.
procedures throughout the wo
validity of issued documents.
and establishes priorities for
� �
tes, analyzes and studies all informa-
tation, publishes reports on document control
and develops cover legends to support the
It guides collection of documents world-wide
the reproduction of documents, cachets, seals
5
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and related items required in support of Agency operations. The Intelligence
Division is, in effect, the documents division. For accuracy and convenience
it siould be re-named accordingly.
1. Agent Operations
a. The traditional role of the Intelligence ivision is to pro-
vide document support to agent operations. This
problem requiring great effort and ingenuity.
to have available sets of current docume
and complex
requirement is
/seals zwo cachets
�
�Z
indigenous to the area planned for cyp0;0- b ;O� o444e,:ois s are
available. Most basic identity docume
reproduced by the Graphic Art
and cachets can only be r
available sufficient curre
and accurate guide to the grap
b. I
the furth
and
Z 8 .�;AO:
/
card,
nature.
in the vic
the rep
roductio
))))VT
/'
.00 W,4:i 400 -010
'070�0 00 00400 �
n the In
&;4
g suff
/2)
ts, he must
.1, ficate
d exemp
s of do
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/
stamped under
Division must ha
to be reproduced
area. It is not
tion ef
painstakingly
Ii basic documents
ion has
a fair
c docum nts, there is
��#�0�0!9V*...)/
'04M:400444". .00
g documents, seals,
areas. If an agent
Polan7, in addition to basic
erve status document, an employment
orroborating documents of a personal
icial documents are stamped and counter-
d official signatures. The Intelligence
f each cachet utilized in an area if they are
L agent properly documented for operations in that
one basic document to require 50 or more
n
01(01(6(0440-
000
uncommon for
cachets. The absence of a single leave stamp from any one of a hundred
6 -
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cities in Poland may well preclude an operation in that city for which
all other documents and cachets are available. The Intelligence Divi-
sion strives to collect and have available as many geographically complete
sets of documents and supporting seals as possible. The problem is
constant, because supporting type documents and vali
ting cachets are
continually changing and the Division can never b that any set
A
ft hang- ;^
of documents will remain valid for long.
was the announcement by the Polish Gover
in certain military reserve documenta
must be alert and quickly secure info
le of this problem
pending
440 404A1� sion
of these changes if certain o 1" ions in
,
c. Assuming the uments an
'w..."3;444.*�ZW4
etWO Zzvzz
for a specific area, the se
document
document entries. Straight for
and places pre
including
execut
by
A;)/)
probl
re
the nature
ntinue.
Z. zOZZ
t is to
t entries
./
page
can o
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refug
As an e
� 44;444.. z
z eZzz "Aso ,ZmizzAz 44:404>z
>
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born consult
refugee, and who,
vailable
',4etz"44/
n mAny de
�
n.the
g dates
ied areas,
40'
ntries must be
, 44 44
in Who ar familiar with the current
ully reproduced
et area. To a large extent recent
used for these fill-in purposes.
sion is fortunate in having a German
oviet Union where he was a political
d War II, was chief of the German Army's
mobile documents suppo7 unit on the Eastern Front. This consultant is
extremely valuable. He can think and write from a Soviet point of view
and from long experience is familiar with the nature and functionings of
7
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the Soviet system. The capabilities represented by consultants of this
nature help to impart a truly professional aspect to the work of the
Division.
d. Granted a complete set of documents and the knowledge and
skill to effect an accurate fill-in, the documentati
a plausible cover legend. The prospective agent
how he obtained each of the documents and c
whole story must be developed step by st
carrying a military reserve booklet
at a specific address in Stalingrad,
obtained during wartime serv
he was treated at a mill
of Stalingrad. In short
an exhaustive knowledge of th
�
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0a00.:+
0.(z$ :40700
n still requires
zA� '00A�
told where and
possession. The
he ag
0040' 0.1004:Z0:0
z 04 41,00004:�414. '*1�N�i�10;:,'
; 74.
ows he is
ocated
ion on wounds
th a
sp
unit for which
in Lenni
accurate
and
and local cus ve vita
-
doe u
h doe
��. . .
ish basic identity documents may reveal,
The co
to a se
y of
the doe
Careful st
the east
requires
edures
of documents.
his nature produces
e would be of little
eadquarte s effort of the Division
documents intelligence.
ts intelligence also requires that
both individually and collectively.
for example, the 1$V the serial marking systems. The 500,000 series
may indicate
docuraen
Warsaw police control
ssued in Poznan; the number 606 may indicate the
area. Studies of this nature are absolutely
indispensable to the documents analysts themselves and in addition are
8
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50X1
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valuable in orienting operational personnel in documents problems. In
the past three years over 400 studies of this nature have been published
and circulated within the Agency and on occasions to other Government
agencies and to friendly foreign intelligence services. Some studies are
initiated within the Division and others are produce. at the request of
Analysis of single documents to extensiv-. .000;40W4:i'. elineat, he complete
operating divisions or other Government agencies
and Naturalization Service. These studies r
the Immigration
elatively brief
documents structure of an entire nat
are: Internal and External Travel Res
Orbit Countries; Document Co
Countries; Basic Persona
Systems in the Czechoslo
the �m,tv'z.�
s in the
� 4044r !t4 :4 4�0/
� 4 d � 44.
z 44/144p4v Aft A4t2"
Cards; and Documents Analysis
f.
sion adh
Many
Ope
)
(
I /02> 4r 4"r4 4:
land; C
t studies
of the Soviet
in Communist
Reserve
th Korean
af ogON'14AV.400�,".
documen
ience and i
to s
desired b
\true s
agent
ligence.
= 47;40
planning
data must b
�,!vt;40 ion in
,;00 r!ivtr*,z4/0.0�7� ,r
�
is not availa
tional objective
available documentati
bership
ent opera ion, the Divi-
is possible. In
tory is supportable by
e operational deviation
Frequently the Division is unable
Pe locality and with the exact cover
because a complete set of documents
In most cases, however, the basic opera-
..;44
too
eyed by modifications in the planning to fit
A high level of professional competence is
brought to bear on problems of this nature, and on occasions the Division
is able to suggest possible infiltration and exfiltration points based
9
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upon the current availability of a border zone pass. A document of
this nature may be the controlling factor in selecting the closest point
to the border accessible to the agent before he must go 'black."
g. In the past three years (1954-1956), the Intelligence Divi-
sion has documented approximately 1,300 agent operat
agencies. Of these, approximately 40 have been
Headquarters primarily against the Soviet Un
4 44444 in the 444.
have been supported by documents personn
overseas support is concentrated in
the European Satellites and in Yokosuka
against China and North Kore
seas, approximately 70 p
intelligence services pr
.0 4
;MVV"W';'zli
by CIA and other
directly from
remaining 1,260
This
against
these 1,
een in di
oper;4*.,,44:;.
A\
� ::44 :44 i9 o'
Order o
fact, as Agency interest in bla
cent of the I 4441w44:41,
�4, ',\\N\4,
�
64 4: `405,vz:4:-1. �
.t>
A� ,/ z4lre
services
in 19
ions has
going par
d well recei
ations.
414 d'.4 Z4:0Z
vo:400f:
highly traine
ram 54
ions run
ounted over-
the military
A.,Z4
414Z,(6.14 4 OA
ion. In
the per
litary intelligence
V4 *4�,./ 4 4,
0/404.
upport
n cla
/..4444444,44ing consistently over a period of years.
� 144
to collect the voluminr s files of documents, cachets, and intelligence
54 to 76 per cent
litary intelligence
phasis inAgency Congressional and
documentation discussed in the fore-
hen supported by a stable group of
Years are require
op the necessary professional competence and
studies required to support operations effectively. Document support
cannot be turned on and off at will as the Agency learned during the hiatus
-10-
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of 1946-1950. Fortunately, the substantial resources maintained to
document agent operations can be used effectively in support of other
intelligence missions, notably in the fields of counterintelligence and
international travel.
2. Counterintelligence Support
a. Virtually every citizen in the world
tion of some nature. Communist police states
'5,J a;
documenting every facet of each citizen' .1'ectors" der crossers,
and other individuals of intelligence; 4c ;
.o.o ry dcom,460,4A. ich under
ries documenta-
ally active in
proper analysis provide extensive info
history and background. From ounterint
information often contrib
fides. Intelligence Divi
# / V
cantly in
- A
4.4 ..00,:400.44;,*
VAA4*.:Ais)0.1004�
pate actively with operational
alleged defecto
reconstruc
tail f
er border
istory
4-44
.0.4,4444 the inter
The Inte
aphic
))
)
107. ,14,,Li'l ocP'�� Z
'0 e,. �4:44'.:W.A ;Ail
usually 1
stablishi
;044.
frequent
pancies an
igc4, M-ntS th,74MtA0,1.
� ;�4:A.
identity doe
the year and plan
from the serial patte
ocuments
1
life
of view such
ent of bona-
partici-
fides of
lyst will
vities in great de-
d information is used
serves as the basis for
ncies in the individual's story.
ften disclose incriminating errors.
lent information on the Soviet basic
Ing systems to determine the validity of
alleged for such documents. Deviations
aise questions of irregular issuing procedures
and cast doubt on the credibility of the bearer. Sometimes cover legends
are inconsistent with known Soviet or Satellite document procedures.
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Recently, a Soviet border crosser was interrogated in Iran concerning
a hand receipt from a factory official for his military reserve booklet.
This was known to be at variance with standard Soviet practice. The
agent had been improperly briefed by a Soviet case officer and this flaw
in his cover story pin-pointed by Intelligence Division played a major
part in breaking him down. During the past three the Division
�
'4.474efecto eception
Staff, Germany, where Intelligence Div 4.#40)4�nnel p:
. on in
f
I
has participated in over 400 counterintelligen
Approximately half of this number originat
this nature.
the establishment of bona fides as
cedure.
c. A valuable cor
support is known as agent
returns from a mission an
visas, stamps, cache
fact, the a
has not
age
s and other
this coun
90' gO4:
"zi,, ;40:4A 404gz
ing pro-
documents
When a
tiner
� :404:::!OM�40IN 4; .,aa*
Ora 44.7.
he i
ce agent
cuments,
establi
f the
hether, in
his mission. If he
or doubled. This
pecific 1Vication of the standard
uments carefully for deviations or
e increasing Agency emphasis on
ivision activity in this field.
oth
legal
3. Int
� .,:!,v".0...it?.v; it
a. The
z
404, 4 4
'40 -
international trave
ort
ivision is active in supporting so-called
object of this activity is to permit agents and
other personnel of interest to United States intelligence to move around
in various parts of the free world without revealing their true identities
-12 -
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50X1
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or other aspects of their past. Recently, a U. S. agent of German
background was completely documented as a resident of Lebanon to enable
him to travel freely in South America. In this case, the Division pro-
vided all the documents needed by the agent, including passport, inter-
national health card, university degrees, drivers' lenses, credit cards
and a variety of support documents. In the past
been 62 international travel cases documente
b. To date this international t
ars, there have
vision.
entati.
limited
to the free world. There has been n*. 4o4.0.00. of t .P � � �./
44w$0�:4,� areas
solely on the basis of fictitious doc
on this problem and hopes t
amongst the Soviet and S
cross-border movement wit
IM:4444444J/
cent re
ons may
May
46 44. '44(Z.
tion. The problem remains di
frequently re
time limni
doe um
e borde
,z444 J44444 :4z 4i4,z4,44 4 '4el.
lo,so0A4�,� �Avslid9
er, one se
when
sed on
sas for c
oes so 4;44 ,*4tm
tral bureiril and one held at the
1
on is working
restrictions
es of some
com�lotoo4:,
documenta-
countries
set pointS/Within fixed
nto thre
point to b
4.
ountry.
-k-AAL ,,W1/Za!
\/>
44 44 '444 /
Anot
resettlement.
stationed in Germany
re a three-way visa
the border, one kept
y the traveller's part of the visa
of documentation support is in the field of
ork is now being handled by Division personnel
h indirect support from headquarters. In 1956, for
example, 595 resettlement cases were handled by Division personnel in
Germany. Most of these cases are limited in scope as pointed out in the
-13 -
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50X1
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field section of this report. Occasionally, however, the resettlement
or relocation of an important defector or refugee may require that his
entire life story be reconstructed and redocumented to conform to his
new identity. One high-level defector chose to be resettled as an
electrician severing all connections
Division developed a complete set of
new status including certificates of
Division maintains an extensive file
academic and professional degrees fr
with his country
of origin. The
A� ���
iocumen
�,, tUtiO 44,54
required in resettlement or other typ
the past month, for example,
of Honor be reproduced to
Berlin.
5. Domestic Documentatio
41:
documents to
proficie
of s
/4/014/)0///0)0 iz/11
Division
this
defector's
tronics. The
e cover o
a. The
ence Divi
� �\
domestic de40=6,t4O4***) 4\
4.#
alter
�$04/ ii00//ti
States.
pose
. ,
certai tate, county and local
staff
including
of
identiti
card. This
purposes and is
ed. or wh
4�.
If a contract employ
ncluding
de
ort. During
the French Legion
ting out of
in a ce amount of
tion is to provide
employees travelling
enses, birth certificates, and bills
sary reproduced to support alternate
nt reproduced is the Social Security
on is used solely for identification
ntended to convey any privileges to the issuee.
aring alternate identity documents is arrested
for speeding he is to produce his true drivers' license, not his cover
document. In 1956, 40 drivers' licenses, two birth certificates, three
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50X1
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,
fictitious bills of sale, and three Social Security cards were issued for
alternate identity purposes. In the past three years, 185 domestic docu-
ments have been issued by Division Headquarters.
b. This is an activity fraught with some danger. The Division
states that fictitious domestic documents are only issued with the con-
currence of the Security Office and the Central
An accurate follow-up file is maintained on t
sion, FI Staff.
of all documents
of this nature and in theory once the doc erved J.,; .urpose it
some dcoo,mowf#
is to be returned to the Division.
accounted for On the basis of a destru
component concerned. To date
ing the use or misuse of
uneasiness surrounds this
SSA
�s4SS 440wIr
1,0i44;
44,f4 A A At.
ere has b
right forgery of state, local
Agency is enga
legality
dinate
ac
444:0:
/// . 4.
� 4444
he operating
incident involv-
nts. How
in effec
orm of do
urity A
1
documen
ence acti
apart
,t,�%ro4v
4
most know
Agen
FBI and.
� �pAziA-'ze4 V./A0 , . S SssS S Ss z
SSS
se publicity or criticism arising from
protect the
sense of
e out-
The
ty of questionable
hen it is not coor-
fbility for this
dgeable of the scope of
o insure the maximum protection of
some liaison arrangement with the
uthorities can be established which will
some incident bas
omestic document reproduction.
It is recomme
that:
The Chief, TSS, confer with the Chief, FI, and the Director
of Security and establish an agreed Agency policy on the use of
fictitious domestic documentation acceptable to the Federal Bureau
of Investigation and to selected state police authorities.
-15 -
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50X1
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6. Psychological Warfare Support
a. Another area of documentation support engaged in by the
Intelligence Division relates to psychological warfare and propaganda
activities. Support of this nature is only provided upon direct request
from operating components and to date has been limited to relatively
few cases in contrast to cases involving other br
understood responsibilities of the Division.
'3644:4/
port involves such things as reviewing f ess re es for
d more generally
cal warfare sup-
idiomatic accuracy, reproducing lotte
lotteries will be discredited when fo
prize, and participating in
ups by disruptive documen
example of propaganda sup
71;.4,F*.400
. � . .
to dis
� s'�/�. �:.4444,./
the United Nations that only
fingerprinted.
to the D
as a
igence
e *4410te-i,;..
ing
o tha
04 the same
-00- 00,0 ,
e chain
. 0-0
-sponsored
e deb
USSR
tely
bilization call-
* t od recent
41/1/ed exemplars
ims in
ically
amen are fingerprinted
and deta ed documents knowledge
1 suggest that they have the capa-
s more effectively in this area and
i?
�,��, �4000,..., ,,,,
bili 0, ',0* ::�000.090,00 .,U,.
even on //,4 \ \ �
0040.000vw and ingenious approaches to psychologi-
cal warfare 0004'. .90,4 )0v0,0,0040100. '004.0qties� A recent example of this was the
-0...4.4.00. �:0000,0,0000
Intelligence Di
matic and service pe
el
tion to CI Staff that selected Soviet diplo-
be discreetly advised that the fluorescent
markings hidden in some Soviet passports indicate that the reliability
of the bearer is suspect. No action was taken on this suggestion; however,
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50X1
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it does suggest the possibilities inherent in the knowledge and experience
of the Intelligence Division. To date there is little evidence that the
capabilities of the Intelligence Division in this field are widely known
or utilized within the DD/P.
It is recommended that:
The Chief, TSS, confer with the Chief,
CI, and develop a program to insure that
warfare and propaganda capabilities of
sion are utilized to the maximum in D
V: , :604/41,�
ogyv:vi4et4
m,:zvzov4"
Chief,
ogical
gence Divi-
P ing�
7. Centralization of Documents
a. One of the principles ba
documents support effort is t
ments information and inte
A fragmented effort seri
� ""'
1100,=CA't:,*"1
/
onal
I,
>
>
of/Vf ;4(.0t(Z. t/
,VCii A4I" ,Atgi
centrali
available
having on ham sufficient d
few operations.
dissip
is
for
Concentration o
u:.sp "re.115/,
/0v# of this
the U. S. mi
support
e probab
/
ence to
tivet
ng um.
o the max
',40� iwoo" tat
ing of pers
wide documents
with
the take.
hence co
:4.4z
in a major
of all docu-
Of' ;444,
/
central
sources.
unit
than a
ents unit
ponding effort
lligence Division
liaison with and
lligence services and friendly
exchange for extensive Division
ations and in the training and brief-
y intelligence services conduct world-
*vities and provide the Intelligence Division
large extent, the total U. S. documents
capability is centralized in the Intelligence Division, TSS.
b. In line with the foregoing principle, liaison with foreign
intelligence services is approached on the basis that the Intelligence
-17-
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Exempt from Automatic Declassification 2014/11/28: CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
Division will render support to foreign services in the form of document
intelligence studies, counterintelligence document analysis and on
occasions with actual documents. In exchange for this intelligence
support the foreign services provide the Intelligence Division with
the documents and information they collect. During -.1'56 for example)
Intelligence Division personnel briefed represe ten foreign
on support
intelligence services on various aspects
of
including stay-behind planning. In a s
in order to perfect its capabilities
world documents intelligence center.
in improving the total doc
enhancing the position o
AV
0* A'
e,
capabilit

404446s:4v
ligence services on other
8. Exchan
of Documents
a.
the Brit�
tot
� , . �
ission)
free
not only
on but also in
n negoti
4"99t."V/
f docume
,4 4t044044N4 40'411��1-. 404
� �v4 ei,
/* ,o/ $ivisjC
Jr
with
reproduc
doe urn
d in the
i444t404f4ata*4a7.4 .
/
document ser
where the fictit
will be disclosed.
d by the Intelligence
ountry. For this
ents and o her users of fictitious
ion or other permanent identification
possible. No matter how perfect the
bureaucracy may eventually refer the
r information back to some central bureau
of the documents and the cover of the agent
routine central checking procedures usilally take
a long time and there is no record within the Division of such a routine
procedure blowing an operation. In fact, there is no record in the
- 20 -
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50X1
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Intelligence Division of any agent operation being compromised by faulty
dcoumentation of any sort. This is a sweeping assertion and it is possible
that agents who have disappeared without trace were compromised through
documentation failures. Experience in hundreds of� agent operations indi-
cates that this is most unlikely. DD/P area divisions and senior staffs
praise documentation support highly and agree tj/
generally not a limiting factor in operation
11. Compromise of Documents
a. Although documents issue
ntation is
ellig
not compromised any known agent opera
Division have been compromise
failures. This has occ
low-level Army Order of
areas. Much thought has been
when Division d.\\
)))
consensus
a prac
double
�=0.0001),-).,
**40)00....w0; ;0.. )0w....
00,0. A40 44J:,,,
4401( 4,406.11%
�
wiwber of
emi4:,;.4i*v� zk#:47.
z46
on have
ssued by the
operational
ations
y-documented
uestion o
are compr
d
)g7:1oc
imposs
issued
and virt
least one case o
Zd.$4.0
unwittingly by the R
nts to b
ent in t
it,e
is lost
fashion. The
ly perfect that as
Satellite bureaucracy
on the lookout for a weak
the sixteenth sentence from the top
In most cases the basic documents
Division are as good as the originals
the bearer is compromised. There is at
American intelligence agent being doubled
an Intelligence Service without any change being
made in the basic documents issued by the Intelligence Division, TSS.
b. On the other hand, the compromise of a supporting document
of limited use such as an employment certificate from Factory X greatly
- 21 -
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50X1
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narrows the opposition's area of search as contrasted to the compromise
of a basic identity document issued to all citizens. In the case of
Factory X an alert could go out to all check points to hold bearers of
the compromised employment certificate for further interrogation. Even
such a procedure as this will sorely tax the bureaucracy of even the most
efficient police state. In practice, difficu2ti
and supporting documents are relatively easy
is known to the Intelligence Division.
12. T
0 and Head uarters Or
aniz
To accomplish the documentat
"���
LI
*0:���'
is type are rare
the compromise
n the preceding
paragraphs, the Intelligence 00vision ha
in headquarters, 13 in W
quarters component is or
and 101
� .
.P;440 � 7.,41.
. ,
Office
0 of 68 slots, 45
The head-
ur slots),
Foreign Branch No. 1 -USSR 0,40 '''', /'�,reignB Central
0,0/ , 4,,
European Sate t slots ,, h No. 3 ar East through
Pakistan � ,
� �
Worl
,�VP.4.04z �;�����4.�:.1:4 .a����
� ��.,aa; :aaaa:.� ,
v4 ava.:1-
qco' 7iyo, ;;��,(0,� �
...4;4*404 Z/ti,j0
Branc
men
ch No.
the basic functions. In addition,
whether
������a"4.t,,;r4i.44�. ���
supports So
briefed 13 SR
v.:�alaa*40,,olla)014
*4441aa.
of counterintellige
to support
�
Europe and Free
(six slots). Gen-
sfbility for international travel docu-
11 passports held by the Division
copies. Foreign Branch No. 1 actively
ted directly in Headquarters. The Branch
during 1956 and participated in a number
analyses.
Foreign Branch No. 2 is hard pressed
Division personnel stationed in Frankfurt where agent opera-
tions run by the U. S. military services account for over 50 per cent of
- 22 -
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50X1
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the U. S. world-wide agent documentation effort. Foreign Branch No. 3
supports Southeast Asia directly from headquarters by TDY trips to the
field and provides headquarters backup to Division personnel supporting
expanding agent operations into China and North Korea. Foreign Branch
No. 5 is least active in supporting current operatis, however, there
are indications that documents activity may inc
13. Professional Personnel and Career 0
a. The 58 professional personn
tdt?,,L17
he Balkans.
telli
Division
1 A . 4.
divide roughly into three categories I;.1./..., "4,sere :. ty3., $.4.;: .W.,0111 core
�
documents experts who are willing to
basically prefer documents 14.0 as a care
o
are the backbone of the
basis for the continued e
`.5��* e�pr.0).�:* � �;;kzA�:,.v.�
ents, but
These individuals
ffort an
category of personnel are the
Division on
per cent
lige
as a resul
Ae
A.,..izOr.zAA4z
Age
notewor
4'
igher than
/
4stfie,-.tL
b.
the firm
Division
These
officers
onal st-44W* ee
'vision. The Intel-
e and res sect for the Agency is
e second
to the
ute an invaluable 18
and jud
on Chief
*06/E0e..A4.4,*0 00.
Ao.
most part young
the Division. These
the use of these
the case in other areas of the
icular, deserves credit for this
Division professional personnel are for the
duates with three or four years experience in
unger personnel have proven very effective� in
documents intelligence and several have worked up to branch chief status.
Most of them have good morale and are interested in and enthusiastic
-23-
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50X1
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about documentsintelligence. However, a substantial number are not
satisfied with the prospects of an Agency career limited exclusively to
documents work or to TSS. They work with personnel from the operating
divisions, and would in time like the opportunity to move into similar
work. Many documents analysts have area and language qualifications
needed in the operating divisions. The Chief B
ferred to SR Division on an ad hoc basis to
career prospects. Some orderly pattern
documents analysts is essential if p
in the Division.
14. TDY Travel
In addition to t
stationed overseas PCS,
'al
.0:4.a(je
Vv
�4Z �V
evelo
recently trans-
long-range
for younger
moral
110;
:
4-Z�ni
t14
AAS� 44.'0,�4a:;.4k,111
::�:4 'OW �4�:t
quarters in the form of TDY
ves furth
uring the
26 headquarters ..k0). � *s
purposes slt../." kiet St tO
have b
tions
41.44t>.4.
� . (
The
the ha
,
ungar
'.4;10)C ��;,4.0. , � ,
41MV�44"4';'.. Al: 4640'
004 ;.4 ".�4 *IOC:
and field
fully controlle
15. Internal
ent
d.
ction ef
ument
maintained
ersonnel
nuMbe
head-
years,
. The
port to field opera-
g; second, to provide
; and third, to acquaint
'th field techniques and problems.
counts and further serve to improve
tion between Division headquarters
be continued under the present care-
The internal management of the Intelligence Division is sound and
well ordered. Branch Chief meetings are held several times a month for
- 214. -
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50X1
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the review and discussion of technical and administrative problems and
for the development of Division policy. Notes on each of these meetings
are circulated to all Division personnel. Meetings of all Division
personnel are held whenever special projects must be reviewed. Internal
Division operating procedures covering both technic and administrative
matters are issued by the Division Chief.
drawn and reflect good judgment and sound
Division submits a semiannual progress
upon monthly reports from the branc
are sound and to the point, tranmmitt
unnecessary verbiage. The
information required in
value of such reports is
Thes
Z440104.4. /A.
units ob
Division
only in
but also in maintaining effec
should be co
16.
�/X.
es are carefully
owledge. The
gher
uni
Division
sent fo
4
ity based
reports
without
certain
ver, the
nature,
that they
on of t rder of Division man-
te of current hot war planning.
y planning cycle to generate require-
th practical measures to improve
the event of war. A basic concept of
t extending down to Army level has been
found in the
ment
for the fo
Alto24zA,4) has go
document
three echelo
developed,
colle
ilitary documents is increasing, reproduction
of basic foreign, esi-cially Soviet, military identity documents is
under way, and, perhaps most importantly, five shipments of selected
documents, cachets, and source materials have been shipped to the Vital
-25-
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50X1
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Documents Repository with more tofollow. In short, Documents Division
knows what it must do in war and is taking realistic measures to achieve
a state of readiness.
17. Training
The active training program of the Intellige e Division deserves
special comment. The average strength of Divisi
persons, including individuals on TDY and
ments. Calculated on the basis of 42 he
spent 5.5 per cent of its available
pr
1,)//4444.:
overseas assign-
/
sem)
ers totals 42
1W0#1�0000z. ',4C
)
)
tain
per cent of this training was devoted
other TSS fields of responsi
cent in DD/P operational
training is proving most
.*0#4400400:"
capabilities of the Division.
deal with any
and th
misce
the Division
6. Two
per cent in
and one-half per
added
blem tha
r4. e
in the 1 4 ,
The Di
suppo ,/,/4.,04,,�: �
(PO
VVOW',. W
*12L,tti
the Agency
tion
18.
viding Inst
Inte
in a. highly pkofe
eration
the Of
Or:
S now f
This
the
ent -to
here i the world
nds many man-hours
raining and of other
31 hours ere spent by Division
such basic Agency courses as Opera-
0
ng, and Covert Economic Action.
performing an important Agency function
er at relatively small cost. The total
budget for the Divisi headquarters component has yet to exceed $300,000
per year. Liaison and working relationships with the area divisions
which are far from satisfactory in many areas of TSS have steadily
-26-
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50X1
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improved until now it can be stated that the operating components view
Intelligence Division as an integral part of the DD/P team. There is
room for improvement in the operations of the Division but on balance
the Inspector General believes that the documentation support being
provided by the Division is, in fact, what the Divi on claims--the
best in the world.
-27-
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50X1
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B. Collection and Dissemination Staff
The Collection and Dissemination Staff is responsible for improving
the collection of authentication material and information, especially in the
documents field, and for disseminating incoming intelligence reports within
T. The Staff consists of five individuals; four profes
c3Lerical. Historically, it was part of the Intellige
moved directly under the Chief of the Authenticat
tion of July 1955. This was a logical step a
Steff was expanding to include the requir
as a whole.
1. Collection Activitie
a. Collection re
gence Division and the Co
ional and one
ies are d
44w e)q z*NTi /.0%
gence Division deals directly
field stations
�
',404�7,/ 0(1i/1'4041
S;fr we.
:Ao44
\a'.11 matt
quests.
cover
4404.
. �
44 4hii4� �84444�:
sseminati
semina
ion but was
the reorganiza-
tion
Aut
/zio's=A
84: ;484 .M84
'444 444
of the
Area
the Intelli-
ivisions
includ
da�
hampere
0 2,N j,jr,'"!*:4 �
.///
in TSS. In fact(
tion and Dissemination Staff extends the
aimed at est
ecific c
ere is,
4,4
ntelli-
Agency
ection re-
he other hand,
nior staffs in the
course, some overlap
is a sound arrangement in that
sts and operating personnel is not
vel, but general collection liaison
programs is centralized in one point
latter activity to c collection liaison with other Government
agencies, especially with the Departments of State and Defense, and
with the Tmmigration and Naturalization Service.
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50X1
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b. The Collection and Dissemination Staff's basic mission is
to develop and foster broad collection programs designed to increase
the flow of documents and supporting information on a long-term basis.
To this end, the Staff published and sent to all Chiefs of Station on
3 November 1955, the Agency's basic documents colle tion guide known
as Book Dispatch No. 15. This is a detailed
describing fully the various types and cate
equirement
ocuments and
/N.
related materials desired and establi 4,01. hic ar -6:4; quiring
primary emphasis. The Collection
active liaison, prevailed upon the D
and Air Force to issue simi
intelligence collection
00; .
'0 04i 4000 .0.>>
*de-type
Staff has furnished detai
various headquarters elements
OCR and 00/0
lection
age
,0e
orId-wide
/
? ion '444 ', '4ove t �
/>'
',;4:-4%4�
collectio
4(44604440tOft"
4;4a0!664.76!
';664,4
t year
/./6666:/ 66:�f.:46606,6 -4.�
6.
n addition
04084040
00 '04& fie, 4 4444
, ion re.
, W4 '4!! 4,t1 Al
and a
hands
Navy
their respective
ition, the
,040t0V4v,,,a;.00104:
0400 ,00
ices of t
especially
rehensive document col-
in the
ollection r
requirement
es
ntelligence collection
ng and pr ssing for implementation
s the Staff services large numbers
h request is assigned a case number
ed in a central log book. Specific
which on the basis of the Staff's ex-
perience and knoWr most likely to collect the desired information.
Within the Agency,
� 64t
e of the best sources for the collection of docu-
ments information are 00/C, FBID, OCR, and ROV/FI. Specific requests
are also served on other Government agencies with whom liaison arrange-
ments have been established.
710 7041
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50X1
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d. Arrangements with the Immigration and Naturalization Service
are particulArly effective. Several times a year personnel from the
Staff and from the Intelligence Division travel to New York and Miami
and with the assistance of Immigration and Naturalization officials,
photograph selected documents, primArily passports and visas,
by travellers arriving from overseas. A conceal
equipment is set up and the documents photo.g.
gration Service personnel cooperate by rr,,*,*t: docume of possible
/
value and feeding them into the boot c en no � *ol.w r#,* moothly
submitted
with Recordak
he spot. Immi-
that no delay in the Immigration and
collection from this source
produced current authent
O*77
MO; 44 zoo' zo'o'ol
:1
W "0�1)10
oat valua
ments from 30 or 40 forel
44.
pa and o
was used to obtain a copy of
for reproducti
speci
A \\
elves
In additi
ts. The
trip to New York
es on docu-
the Fren
has a
f document
Zo
and Vis
sales and
t of State are cooperative but returns
2.400
tes are spotty and largely dependent on
the interest of
from U. S.
source o
n connect
echnique
t required
Ion support from
operation producing
with visa applications
Satellite areas. This is an
and Polish documents. The Passport
ful in efforts to ha
ments submitted in
�
onnel. The Staff has been generally unsuccess-
� consular officials photograph foreign docu-
eonnection with visa applications. Such a program
would parallel the Israeli effort and would yield valuable information.
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50X1
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The Department seems loath to engage in any activity remotely connected
with intelligence and further expresses the fear that indigenous personnel
working in U. S. EMbassies would make such operations insecure. These
are working level arguments and insofar as can be determined no high-level
Agency request has been made to the Department of S te for such document
photographing support.
It is recommended that:
The Chief, TSS, confer with the
to the Department of State for mor
through the resources of U. S. c
f. Cooperation with the FBI
occasions the FBI has provid
Such support was notable
discovery that certain So
. 4 �
.44,aposovi-.,8
:404 ee up 4
*4:4.. 4 request
iocument AW4 on
cials I
����144 4 4 444 4 444444'N
4..4 4444
ssistance
n GLOW
,/444 004 4404444
111 4*0 *4'44
fluorescent markings reveale
to the maxim
ports.
been
4�44'...1";;;,, 44.' 4����,10!
*4444 444 44 444 r 04, 4*
several
a crash basis.
111 � 44444. 44444/4
� � 444444,44e 4, 44
and serv
pg speci
444" 44444'
ttern
t of the
et light.
...��������/ 4�04a,fr:
ntained
cooperated
of scores of Soviet pass-
,4 000, n 444444*,
'4444444
hese ma
r through 4he CI Staff which is the
Unfortunately, no single Agency
the Immigration and Naturalization
ination Staff, the CI Staff, the
significance has
All liaison with the
Um.
PO 4.4 44 4 04zt/4,,,
Service.
.. .,
'444 fie, 4 444/4:4.2 I �01 44�
>
>
>
Security Of
tion and Natura
" 444444 44
444
overlapping Agency
Staff is endeavoring
of Operations all deal with the Immigra-
vice. The possibility of conflicting or
ests is a cause for concern. For example, the
to obtain Immigration Inspection Reports on sus-
pected aliens directly from the Service at the same time the CI Staff is
already receiving the same reports.
- 31 -
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50X1
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It is recommended that:
The DD/P and the DD/S examine the scope of Agency liaison
with the Immigration and Naturalization Service and take action
to insure that such liaison is properly coordinated.
g. The Collection and Dissemination Staff is not fully
informed of the specific collection requests dispatched to Agency field
stations by the Intelligence Division nor is it
collection take received by the Intelligenc
or from unilaterally established overse
GRENGULF. The possibility exists t
eable of the
rom such requests
such as
44,404 on pro
ion is
being requested by Intelligence Divi-'-4o� ...:40,,4\zi; information
known to the Collection an
utilized. Relations bet
the Intelligence Division
emination
pi ection
sound; ho
4400P/Z4,041 �
;40/z
requires that there be a full
tion between
�
,0464:46.
,t0He �
tion
ence Divisi
4� -all collecti
�
0...;6�*
�044z, A 4r
is in d
gence Divisi
�
being fully
Staff and
=,w7":4� fitz4.4inp14,
lete int
efficiency
of informa-
Area, tJ ,,on to insure that
n Staff advised of
requests to the field and that
es of both units are more closely
90 pe
A \ .
4.
\/>
.0).. � L. LA*0
o�
in placing coll
for nearly two year
the collection effort of the Staff
tication Area, primarily the Intelli-
easingly assisting other divisions of TSS
rements. This arrangement has been in effect
d is proving increasingly useful. For example,
the Staff submits requests to the Department of Commerce for patents on
radio circuits for Applied Physics Division/R&D and it levies require-
ments on 00/C for information on the characteristics of foreign
- 32 -
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50X1
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explosives for Eni3incering Division/&D0 This is a valuable function
but it has not grown sufficiently. to warrant establishim; the Staff as
an inUel)endent collection unit for TSS as a whole. .The principal col-
lection reettireents and prr 41115 of TSS continue to be in the field cW
docullents, hence for the foreseeable futuxe the Coile--ioi and Disscmina-
tion Staff is properly located under the Chief A
theless, it is appareht that the other' areas
,USQ of tne capabilities at: the Collection
only would the other areas profit fr
None-
dt wake greater
tion
'T. Not
. of
in addition,' TSS would operate more effi
�It
collection liaison with a 1;10.1 traflzed
It is recommended
Chief, TSS, establi
scope of C&D Staff functir
,zence support collection fai
semina
humbe�
00
I rt
stribu
/gradually
y include
f but,
mucb. ad hoc
t.'ftdrt.
�
ives a large
including CS and
t-sat reports, and inforation reports
. CIA Library Acquisition Lists
iidely within TSS and requests for
j tiip Staff. ApproxImately i,O00
information anti orts are received each -week in response
to specific reques 'woad guides furnIshed by. the Staff to OCR.
These reports are kiss mated within TSS by. the Staff according to
primary interests down to the division level except in Intelligence Divi-
sion where distr:'itbution is made directly to tho branches. Even with the
-33-
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50X1
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use of multiple routing, 20 per cent of the Staff's effort is devoted
to this dissemination function. Further distribution of information to
field personnel is the responsibility of the divisions and branches.
b. Much of the information received in the reports is of
limited value to TSS. Although analysts must keep abreast of condi-
tions and current events in foreign countries f
responsible, there is, nonetheless, a stron
1/',4e,404t.
of the Authentication Area that the flo. r.",ts is
,;f IirI4-
they are
many segments
unnecessarily broad and should be m
It is recommended that:
The Chief, Authentic
further refine the
information reports
TSS.
zo4,�on Area,
7.4cnished
bjects of
4 4. 4 e 040 ee
ca4V4'04 404":40
3. Or anization of th
a. The work of the St
collection
and. th
mi
4.44.444�4444 41.k.4
aison o
.\ ization
,Imlito.4p:*4wt
CDS, to
flow of
ue to
ted in te
major
e Department of State

0 040P.Z,R0
40,
ces,
/L:
assignments
the
professio
ers the
hat the abs
. 444. 4*44410t'44444, *
4.
tary officer
useful in establi
arrangements are
largely
ther covers the
s of the DD/I. These
ice substantial overlap in coverage
ne individual will not unduly haver
hief is from. Army Intelligence, one
is from DD/P and the third is a mili-
This diversified background has proven
aison arrangements. However, now that the
established and operating smoothly, it msarhe
that detailed knowledge of TSS based upon prior service within the various
divisions and staffs will prove of increasing value in guiding specific
collection requirements.
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50X1
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It is recommended that:
The Chief, Authentication., on a 8radual basis, rotate persona,Yl
frQm. tne InteMEence and. Furnishings and. Equipacht Dions into
the Collection and Dissemination Staff and where feasaae rotate
poi'sonael into the Staff from other areas within TSS.
b. The Collection and. Disseiaination Staff in its pre$cnt fenz
i r orning increasingly useful wer. In the past/lonths the flow
/
of doonments and information into TSS has inere:A44, or cent.
Part of the credit for this Improvewent can A4 A7A77,A,ed tO the work of
the Staff in securifig a world-wde diss
'requirements and, in alertly Pursuing
is safe to conclude that since June 1
collection program upon Wilie impro
,:f' eoiipe
S'..gu� & 4 g g,f/A A., ies of acquiring dependable paper and
ly on co
act
negati
ye is by
-hours
engraving,
inding, sewing,
related graphic
employees and external
and cloth indispensable to these
he major problems and difficulties
rriding technical obstacles faced by
cloth without wh
past three and one-
re GARD effort is crippled. Although in the
years GARD has spent $8014,000 for the procurement
of paper and $251,000 for the procurement of cloth, it is still without
reliable sources.
-42-
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Exempt from Automatic Declassification 2014/11/28: CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
5. The Paper Problem
a. GARD has three main sources of paper at present: 33 Japanese
contract employees, several domestic manufacturing concerns, and the
National Bureau of Standards. In addition, GARD endeavors to maintain
a full-time paper chemist to provide headquarters direction to the total
paper reproduction effort. Unfortunately, good p
scarce and GARD recently lost an excellent co
loss is keenly felt and he will be diffic
paper poses no reproduction problem;
papers of fine textures and tints whi
A hilly trained paper chemist
fine precision-made wate
and technical supervision
u:AAAAA
:11
...40AAA/AA.:" .'440,11
. > A
�
IA
essenti
Witho
well be misdirected and valua
documents.
highly
4w.1
.044'4444�,
4,4.
ecisio
ists are
industry. His
entional
rmarked
fficulty.
e analysis of
�.;;AAVAk/',:.. AA:a0i 4,7;
paper re
/�0;0
� 4 ilf 0.1;; 0 if tA,;4 /
004 h'04 4
Nati
Soviet F
cards were
World
in the re
ument
:AV:0/0400044W,
vav'
rd. Dep
4404
commenced to
rec
Today, 33 are employ
� ;
ted on
1 direction
00ki .A0 MdAA4A0,
rt may
of key
anese developed a
organization attached
t of the Ninth Military
counterfeiting the Chinese
ncluding the Soviet ruble. The
t booklets, and military identification
the advent of the Korean War the Agency
ghly trained Japanese artisans and technicians.
a contract status and paid an average of
$2,000 a year. Twenty-five
are located in a reproduction plant in
Yokosuka (AKZIRCON) where they in effect duplicate the entire GARD effort
-43-
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Exempt from Automatic Declassification 2014/11/28: CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
on a small but highly efficient basis. Eleven of these Japanese are
actually papermaking specialists who concentrate on the reproduction
of all watermarked paper required in documents used against hostile
countries in the Far East, primarily Communist China, North Korea, and
the Soviet Union. The remaining 14 Japanese are dye chemists, photog-
raphers, printers and other specialists engaged
common to GARD headquarters.
phic arts
c. An additional eight Japanese
every
years to
a small Agency-owned paper mill NEU' under
/
N4.40/
/0/ :� .40/4/4;
t,140.�
'
San Bruno Base, headquarters, 12th Na
location 3,000 miles from
reasons. The Japanese ar
less likely to raise unnec
adquarte
OUB in th
rrw
$10 a day during the tour as a
not bring famil
Agency co
marked
th
The
k,z,zo.. :0;0101*.Oza
"ve:.4cf/OV4
skil
They
tion all
concen
ng Sate
. . . .
�.
N\,/>-�
plant wa
has been achl
. � // >
d. The h in the Far East and on the West Coast,
g the Wes
on the
inconvenient
ary for security
anese ope
area, hence
tional
e they do
te under an
roduction of water-
documents. One of
Coast Plant was to enable
learn from the Japanese the unusual
document reproduction. Since the
al effort has been made and no progress
ersonnel in acquiring the Japanese skills.
are clean,
meticulous
the paper, and 90 per
.0/4o
efficient. They account for 85 per cent of all
cent of the watermarked paper, required by GARD in
all document reproductions world-wide. Without this highly skilled
- 44 -
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50X1
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capability, the effectiveness of GARD would be significantly curtailed.
After seven years the Japanese continue to possess techniques beyond
the capabilities of domestic U. S. reproduction. GARD is having dif-
ficulty in producing paper for counterfeiting the Russian ruble. The
Japanese could handle this problem but for security reasons are prohibited.
The Japanese also constitute a remarkably economi
when compared to domestic paper reproduction
of the Japanese paper making effort since
during the same period one domestic
Institute of Paper Chemistry, receive
one-tenth of the Japanese con
e. As long as th
cold war objectives and a
16,
ation especially
total cost
;4.v* turinl ..0/004v4;
bution to
e artisan
rfwicLLL
with the United States they
performance.
but they
the N
7
$253,000;
the
ess than
requirements.
z�v:;, �404.4.4is
that Japan's
cies depe filiation
their pre/o. 41,44
that the
>
,:1:0,0t al. *4000 .00;
ese have
\\.:f espi
aere have
WOr � 7,�*�� "04(either
reactio
ever, two r
04-0,0
work on the Wes
ncy'
securit
/:
reliable
rk for CIA,
presumed, despite
ince their original
olations and no dis-
were polygraphed prior to commencing
r on the West Coast. No strong
e noted in these initial tests. How-
panese textile craftsmen selected for
yed strong reactions to the question, "Have
you ever passed infou ion on your present activities to the Japanese
unauthorized persons?" While this reaction and
subsequent explanation was not regarded by the Security Office as
- 45 -
Government or to other
7,
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50X1
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sufficiently serious to prevent the two individuals from coming to the
U. S., it nevertheless, highlights the security hazards of prolonged
employment of Japanese personnel by the Agency. Future political
developments may well result in an attempt by the Japanese Government
to regain control over this unique group of artisans and technicians.
This possibility requires that a more rigorous s
applied to the Japanese including periodic
po
�
TSS should also recognize that the prese wiot .
,0%.,-z4z.� delay ; �;041ip:
rogrmn be
re-investigation,
may not continue indefinitely and tha
Japanese reproduction techniques an
f. The second major
domestic paper manufactur
is the Institute of Paper
ce of G
� /),&
" Aftr;re -
.741
Idt�oe'T,�co/\0
. Them
at Appl
original contract was made ov
has invested $4o
premises.
$1o7,
fi
research
he Japanese
ng the
ly costly.
of several
by OSS.
equipment
,
to th
ted for
'40 44 4*,
Z*0�a , "vie. \���v
types of ban
little progress
g. In Sept
dation in Savannah,
'
in 1956
these
The
GARD
eling . the IPC
d $93,000 in FY 1955,
FY 1957. Of the
nly one involved water-
paper it must subcontract to other
rmaking jobs, IPC is also doing
t to produce watermarked and other
ally. This is a desirable goal but
in return for the substantial funds expended.
1956, a
contract was signed with the Herty Foun-
Georgia. This company is initially to produce non-
watermarked paper. GARD hopes the Herty Foundation can be developed into
- 46 -
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50X1
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a useful source, but there is no present evidence that it will be capable
of meeting more than a fraction of the exceedingly complex and demanding
paper requirements of GARD. The contract for FY 1957 is budgeted at
$50,000.
h. GARD experience with domestic paper manufacturers, especially
the Institute of Paper Chemistry, has proven uns
reasons.
First, there is no effective contro
ry for several
priority assigned
to a job. Second, the amounts of paper r
- #e / e- SO S 40 :4 ,� that the
more efficient companies are not inte
there is no direct control over the r
4
/
bus
work must sometimes bs accept
These factors plus the in
that TSS cannot rely on d
paper supply.
of Stan
allot
1. Th
� ft4,0,4�
ce of
� : �����: �
�./AZi� /
k�
� � it�6Z4/ �P:"
because t
:0y:4
the B
costs
turing co
ntract.
tunate
'4$/.:00�0,:4:, 4 , '
/'1:44:.�/://4-:�a
manufacture
contracted out
'V.4/14:40/4:'
technical liaison
by
of Standards has been
or timely. Transfers
/1,V
firms
V �
rd,
or quality
source available.
t strongly
ce of
on is the ational Bureau
ing facilities were
tely $47,000 has been
A9900o4mt
enovating e secure area of the
all types of non-watermarked paper are
strength and glass-fiber papers. Unfor-
roduce the plates necessary for the
Procurement of the plates must be
causing serious delays and hampering
personnel. However, the work done by the Bureau
reasonably satisfactory although scarcely economical
to the Bureau of Standards for papermaking total
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$85,000 in FY 1955, $122,000 in FY 1956, and are budgeted at $153,000
in FY 1957. During 1956, the Bureau completed nine paper projects,
only one of which was required in a basic document reproduction. The
Bureau is particularly ineffective in watermarked paper reproductions.
Paper for the reproduction of the French passport was ordered in January
1956 and is still far from available. TAB A of thz :�r.nal copy of this
.v;be
x#,z.
!I
to t
report contains samples of the actual French
recent Bureau of Standards reproduction ef
the color and in the RF watermark are
j. GARD is clearly facing a
The only reliable source of 2A2,U:ked p
For policy and security re
reproductions. The Burea
=1=1.4$7 Atz$
tt$tto$0;4$04= =
t,tt ttortt$14.7,A
er and the most
variat'
,N;ler:A2...poc*4,y"..,, �
/2 n problem.
both in
ted.
:0v00
-1000..
...f4f;4;vfla04t,;;
104
can only
deficient in a number of resp
papers for frie
ese contingent.
d domes
neutral
available ..,40-,i42 1?)�., o'.,,,�;.4,2%kit..);:las bee
)\\\
In sho
re
t$4.40,t4z, 29$701t"
Bure
and Satellite
in repr
s are
ermarked
ese will
0 0 0 0, 001�
s of e Eot .; a yet to develop a
e to its 0,�erations.
t be
ce their capability.
$40 'IP $$=ttat=dit
Bureau b
ing is sched
approximately $1
Fifteen paper specia
ed an oral agreement with the National
S papermaking unit in the new
Gaithersburg, Maryland. The build-
y 1960. The cost to TSS would be
chinery, equipment and installation only.
will be required to staff the new plant; TSS
now has four. TSS feels this new plant will solve the GARD papermaking
problems and make it independent of the Japanese and domestic manufacturers.
-48-
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50X1
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capability in Yokosuka should be continued subject to Security
approval as an economically sound operation provided GARD-
recruited papermaking specialists acquire and maintain proficiency
in the Japanese techniques and skills. Should it prove necessary,
the Institute of Paper Chemistry (IPC) may be retained by GARD for
research and development purposes only.
6. The Textile and Plastic Problem
a. Concurrently with the papermaking prob
a textile-,making problem of equal or greater s
per cent of all basic documents, includi
t 2,:,:tve,/:
ments, are clothbound. In some cases-s coun'.,&6/'4Z/6 64fr �
4 s. 2.S0.11
(/>
4. ...*..0...
and
is faced with
Ninety-five
id ntity docu-
curable; in many cases the basic cl
In all cases, the basic cloth ust be d
with exactness the cover o
and coating operation r
ument be
11 and t
analysis of the cover meter
obtain a perfect match.
be further
in doc
e,sgit0/44:4;
4040 �40,0/Z,
6' 6, 6,0 et AO
6i /04i: Z�240 '''A(o, 4/.
�444.14'�
�4�4.' �'''''2';'38i/4 jig�
ro-
actured.
oth, to match
This dyeing
A.
00. 4$ '0�4��' .�'W4-t�
erimen
Indica
1
ed to
this prob 11 soon
intro
stic c
s,
GARD
the gen
not occur un
error.
anese Gov
indi
ment cover pro
tics to replace cloth
ognized as superior
ntroduction of plastic
e in the future. However, several
sued a high-grade plastic covered
ii GARD 's original estimate may be in
th or plastic, GARD has a serious docu-
b. As in e of paper, GARD relies entirely on external
contracts for the procurement of cloth required for document covers. In
July 1953, a contract was established with the National Bureau of Standards
for the procurement, dyeing and coating of all types of document cloth
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covers. The Bureau was envisioned as the principal source of all
cloth required by GARD. From July 1953 to December 1956, a period of
three and one-half years, TSS transferred $214,531 to the Bureau solely
for this purpose. The Bureau's performance has been substantially less
than satisfactory. The quality of the finished product has often been
poor and delays in meeting deadlines are frequen
c. Three technicians were employed
to handle all the GARD cloth dyeing and
resigned from the Bureau during the
GARD suggesting that coordination be
all that it should bei The B
for provision of the bas'
and the failure of the B
au of Standards
4t7 All `.Pio. ee
A
Two
we
040 .44004404
>''..'000000 44.0.;f: 004\ �;Aik4, 0000044
au relie
.0 044004,
140400. 40 404424
410444040 004401440>04
/ � � ��' � � � �� �� �
0414.44:4440 4
/ .
04441W4
he small
contracts, caused several do
contracts.
expert ce
GARD
maintal
er had a
rectio
000�00004. '40
';40i14.4:00.444 �
(144.�;0 '44 04000
plan
444004;50 , 4, .4'4�.t.t4
required in
d. Pre
point
point towards direc #/v. urement from domestic manufacturing concerns.
n.
ers to
by
is not
ufacturers
h ordered,
444404040v
the
their
'le chemis to provide
on
rocurement efforts.
asis. The Japanese
in the East and through native
ent of the total cloth requirements
hain of command have failed to
r the acquisition of cloth covers
both in the cloth and plastic fields,
Clearances have been obtained and negotiations are under way for direct
dealings with Columbia Mills for this purpose. Based upon experience
- 51 -
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50X1
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in the papermaking field, it is doubtful that GAB]) will meet its cloth
and plastic requirements in this manner without an exorbitant expendi-
ture of funds. The resources of commercial textile manufacturers are
geared for quantity production of standard cloths. GAB]) requires the
reproduction of minute quantities of rare cloths at maximum speed. For
a commercial manufacturer to realistically meet
must unconditionally allocate part of his ea
acquire specialized machinery, train per
arrangements and generally disrupt
,,/;0As�fit to
rements he
this purpose,
ity
g ,C." ,�0(e4L �\urse o V....0.0.44040;k
7 .., :. .. .. : .. : 11, ............."
will pay all these costs plus a subs
will have no more than a ten
facility. Experience in
be proceeding along uns
.004,�;�
. �;�/". ./7
plastic requirements through
sound policy fo
control
������ �'�0 4';' *',�194"V';
ing fiel
TSS
and still
tor's reproduction
� ;41.4 .',:.(1���; .:5� At��.
� t���� �&e./t �
0.��(�.,��;�1�;. ,
empting t
maintain
arts capahz ;
!!,v
than
� �frk����71...: vu � AO, � :���,10
GAB]) may
turing c
"; � 0.�W;-� � � ��.: � � '� �?..�
VA
e eq
plasti
and p
�
ef, TSS,
\,
,v. � ��Ni.
�-�; � A� A.M.
upon
progr: ?�;$����� iwro�v4s4_ row A
fields
.�;* a:, �2��
Bureau of
procurement
subsidiary, ma �ft"Z. 'OW
',4
ontract
. . . � . � � . . .
vz� q�a/4�����
�
and
If it is
r a graphic
to maintain rather
to support the graphic
oration with the DD/S, study
oduction problem and agree
=4;�'0
stic and economically sound
requirements of GAB]) in these
sted that an arrangement with the
to the one in negotiation for the
the establishment of a wholly owned
most desirable arrangement.
b. The Chief, TSS, take priority action to implement the
cloth and plastic reproduction program when approved by the
DD/S and other appropriate Agency authorities.
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7. Procurement of Inks
The most successful external contracting by GARD is in the pro-
curement of printing inks. Printing inks apparently do not represent
unusual technical problems and are not widely used as checks in detect-
ing the unauthorized reproduction of documents.
A distinction
between printing inks; the responsibility of
the responsibility of SAD/TA. GARD collects
-440
4444.4. 4044:
printing inks for reproduction purposes. 44.4
by the Sun Chemical Company which ha
1943. Expenditures under this cost p
about $15;000 per year.
worth noting that even i
Operational availability
The
440
contr
is made
iting inks;
ortment of
41,4 .4i0 44,
1)4 -" 44, 4V 0 4 � 44."-4.0 004440':4444
angement
1P40. 44v14Z04
644 00t 440004w44
/////7
.444644 44z47
04 W4(0.44040t408i
'004 004.4
present
delayed about four months in
tint faded fr
and effor
perso
GARD.
�111
ight pink
7 ',44444 , �4 VS :40 � ,"040
0010 40
0,0040044400000,
4044040t
are met
about
run
weverl it is
basic i
ink use
the
, 4g' Z ',� 4 di
roblems.
.44w04#0.4
4t 04/4,
40_
k . Inte
ity of
A;�
;4�A .�W
>>
of foreign
require an inta
140044. 0400 044,/,4
004
and requires skills
�
t was
ackground
lye research
and by GARD
Fortunately; the
the time .f the Hungarian uprising.
Branch is the largest Branch in
is responsible for the counterfeiting
eiting and some document reproductions
ng capability which is exceedingly complex
equipment limited to no more than five or six
firms in the U. S. Al]. personnel in GARD are cleared for counterfeiting
since few reproductions are exclusively intaglio and hence the total
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50X1
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capabilities of GARD are customarily required to produce a finished
documPnt reproduction or forgery.
b. Since 1952, only Albanian currency has been successfully
counterfeited. Work is in process on North Korean currency and Soviet
currency. GARD has no information on the use,
counterfeiting effort. No information has
operational success or failure of reproduc
the only possibility of detecting its
serial numbering. GARD exercises
numbers and uses a skip numbering mac
difficult. The Deputy Ch'
Chief, GARD, and senio
no knowledge of any past
is the
eve
va
� 4 .6*
,0/ 10"Ciod If
.0 00 e�;,0�,�/
icials.
,A":44.40)0Z ee,./Z
f0et $46/,
operational use of counterfei
rency
)>>>>>
. o the
,."
counterfei
wfl,.,,,
*Pt
in th'
e4,
*�.0
GARD
3,500 resp
Branch
on intaglio
engraving
callin
and
or purpose of the
ived on the
es. GARD feels
billsough the
e 3-0 ti0 V0A.10.
e (((>
"
:4C %64
� :0Woo*i0:#
erence and supplies
� 40, 60004 for at ."
ion for the
ant is an
4,zoei4A
�
a ; jel 004 e;e�
P9
�311V;�4-04,0 h �
flirt
file
ied into a n
require de
t the
e celebr
Saudek
ividua
consultant.
rights from her
z
ds of
j.
questioned
ormation
gence interest
��
a4/\:a�
aza aa.,tt I
ted woman
estioned
ped a
handwriting specimens
of:0�4�,:g/..
and character by
ting samples organized
or categories. Application of this
wledge of graphology, and it is
subject to machine indexing. The
stem is now the property of this Branch
pparently tried to buy the file and copy-
personnel management work. The consultant
refused because of tie restrictive application contemplated for its use.
Instead,
according to the Chief of the Branch, the consultant gave the
file to the Agency. Unfortunately, the Branch has no place to put the
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50X1
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file and cannot take possession. If graphology is as important to
the Agency as certain operating components have indicated, and if the
Saudek file is as good as claimed, then the Agency should take advan-
tage of the consultant's offer.
It is recommended that:
The Chief, TSS, in collaboration with 4.+ /,)*":44, Management
Staff (Machine Records Branch), analyze.,04',./4.00/4/1 value to
the Agency of the Saudek file and take '0%v: ' 7Ccept it as
a gift should this prove desirable.
f. The Chief of the Branch
tioned documents specialist with
In addition to his other dut s he ha
development of the speci
at the request of the
ication
orking
� . . -
AOtz,g-
Ae A
transparent sheets, each
vision.
a separ
upon it. An individual can
,
features
is c
Vo la �
� ci;.4' ,AAje
ostii(zAA4t4.,,s4V'
��*,z1�04
fe:0 ,v0t4A4t,,
� .�
raanne
for his e
re
undreds
holder
assemble
employees
itial re
es
;4*.4#'/:qoa idJ,r4ott'iSo4V4s
P444:00.4.)it
Aikit zgeii
the status of
widespread lethar
sed. on
ques-
telligence.
ributor to the
S.z feature
oduced by TSS
ts of many
by. simp
edbling the
sheets. Each sheet
of the world can
information received by
tation personnel can be identified
at an airport, for example, in this
alysis Branch, should be commended
and for his perseverance in advancing
cuments work in the Agency in the face of
inaction.
11. Wage-Hour Pay Problems
a. Most of the personnel in GARD are highly skilled artisans
trained through apprenticeships in one of the graphic art crafts. At
- 61+ -
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Exempt from Automatic Declassification 2014/11/28: CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
least 11 different trades and crafts are represented in the various
branches of GAB!). Many of the artisans were recruited from the Bureau
of Engraving and Printing, others came directly from craft work in
"industry. Prior to 1951, these craftsmen were included in and paid
according to standard GS pay scales. This arrang t proved unpopular
because GS pay scales did not reflect raises
scales common to graphic art craftsmen in
departments. In 1951, a referendum of
a change to the wage-hour pay scal
but unfortunately the pay situation
problems, especially in
b. Under the
based upon the agreed so
1
. wage-hour pay
,0044440,A4�4er .04
tOtt44 4)4k*-:-1�4 I ei he,ovi*
other Government
7P.
- �
...touo� 440i4s444,
manag
graphic arts industry, compu
cities or o
Agency
ac
rat
arrang
wh
Z4iff-Z.144',
the
between
1�0� 494 �
'04 �Oi4.�
� .o)6 ;4-z: :404,40.04f
EV,40�il� /sr
favored
made,
resent many
scale is
0i4s4 .4
d averag- �eading
1
14.:� Z.)1
S S
ated scale.
certain c.t1
'*/;* i44*7
erenti
per
*oo. �
"toist,t4z,. �
AOZV
industry negotiated scales. In industry these two
intaglio press
based upon the unio
. To tis pay, the
en are
nt for working in
GAB!) at the top of
s for advancement are limited to
ositions or attaining a branch chief
of 50 cents per hour. Under this
issatisfact ion exist.
ter-craft and trade jealousy. For example,
eive 50 cents per hour more than offset pressmen
categories of pressmen work in different shops, but in GAB]) all the
crafts and trades are mixed in together in such a way that a continual
-65-
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exchange of views and information occurs. Differentials in wage scales
are common topics of conversation and create morale problems amongst
those craftsmen whose negotiated scale is lower than that of fellow
craftsmen whose work in GAB]) may not appear to justify the difference
in pay.
d. Second, each craftsman receives th
trade irrespective of his efficiency, ski
if led for his
to the success of the GAB]) effort. In4I,
AA,AAs the � 4\�'
ii s SC:444.V' 14e ducement
11 contribution
mediocre craftsman receive the s
or and the
to maximum performance by even the
problem is intensified in
bination positions.
It � �*49,44;:"14i1Xkffi�kk;-.
"
*0004404A.M,.
0
oyee. This
uarters b
� 4; ; 0:4;
Personnel affected by the
equally ambitious individua
achieve due
signed
upo
Governm
did� ddd'idfdddedd;;;;;� .;;;;k"
�*...;$06b*4 �v� -
4444�
',Oodd
ple,
assig
�cation of corn-
appro
qualify
.04wddd d*vdd;
vdd .dd4dody/
zdzdz
S overs
when ass
re
upon subseq
:444t
4%,4V:W44$(
fact that GAB])
report which is spec
have no
;0
'';','2444= � �
ions to date.
hich
ity to
hermore, personnel as-
increases in pay
non-combination positions.
a constant source of irritation to
urden on the Chief, GARD. The com-
e require that personnel for overseas
to prevent future morale problems based
tials. A further anomaly stems from the
are all rated on the standard Agency fitness
fically designed to measure differing levels of
performance. This is contrary to the union principles under which CARD
is operating.
- 66 -
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50X1
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f. The Chief, GARD; and other senior personnel are conscious
of the problems posed in GARD by the wage-hour situation. Principal
efforts to solve the wage discrepancies have been directed at Obtaining
further combinations. Progress in this direction is slow and encounters
opposition from standard wage and classification practices. At best,
further combinations, though desirable, especi
promise but a limited solution to the prese
pay problem is admittedly complex, but
tion has lacked imagination. It is
own basic wage scale related to but
negotiations. This scale wo
mon pay scale based upo
in GARD work, and would
upon such factors as experie
work. Such a
\\\'-
would re ,ft.*./1.
effici
tive 4,4w4 vo0.4;
404
would pr
itz4,,z '464r
/
zt$i:Vt4e, �S4e
A ,4
verseas stations,
approa
provide
skills
.e
es with a cm-
, A
aptitude ligence
hat
graduat
;44t.
*Isi..�� � 0.� �43�1144
0404 4�1
4A....sfactorily, but the
ton mate
0e44on and ui
� "r; 6, 666,06
4/,
AAt,
a small
the woolen
d. The
64006 �V,060p01
��
the Division are th
this
t the
shers, dryers and
es in the warehouse subjects woolen
hs. Much material is received in
stroyed. FED would like to purchase
liar dry cleaning unit to maintain
condition.
el in the clothing and accessories work of
-called area specialists. There are three
specialists currently working in the warehouse covering the SRI EE and
FE areas, respectively. The Division would like to add two more
-76-
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50X1
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specialists to cover the NEP and SE areas. The area specialists are to
index and classify all warehouse material in their respective areas,
stimulate collection of additional material needed, develop area ex-
pertness, publish area authentication studies and support operations
with authentic clothing, accessories and area knowledge.
specialist is a relatively new concept which FED
and gain acceptance in the area divisions
/
1 0 / ,0000 ,0* .
attained by the documents analysts of t , ,w-t,,,-nce Di tA
-AA Aws .t.etent 444 44ti
>
in the basic concept of ward #0000 , � �P.
The area
ill develop
imilar to that
e. Two of the area speciali
equipped to perform the assigned tas
on.
mountable.
(1) First,
Ing suppo
�r,/ A'4 As
no operations being mounted
accessory sup
but in e
ion of SR
ivision
s well
e are flaws
ually insur-
rs requir
upport on
the are
offi
.Ass As4AAs ole
Wi
twt0 44 4 e conduct �
1k
:WV,OAV)
Second,
the
St comp
aspects
the area di
etailed
:04 "4..yer;;:* . 1%,t4;\.z �
. . . . , . . .
t4'.4-44W.04t: much information of this nature as part
vtft.*;.
e are
g and
ee occasions
e a logistics supply
ender professional
on personnel generally consider that
edge necessary to authenticate most
logic in this position and certainly
of their basic
di. Separate support units generally are
justified only when complexities of the subject matter require the
long-term training of personnel, the development of doctrine, and the
establishment of other professional standards and qualifications.
-77-
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Exempt from Automatic Declassification 2014/11/28: CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
Document support falls clearly within these criteria; however, clothing
and accessory support does not.
(3) Third, the nature of agent operations places definite
limits in the amount of clothing and accessory support required. Most
agent operations run into the European satellites today are mounted by
the U. S. military departments for low-level orpttle informa-
tion collection. Most of these agents are i0E44040 ..ersonnel whose
personal clothing and accessories are e4v:.v6.�opriatl*,. their
cover. As pointed out in the overs-,,, of thi 4� irtually
no clothing and accessory support o
provided either to Agency o litary ag
the Far East, the indig
that considerable clothi
4,00 tz W 40.0
t# 0WwWW:
logistical as for authentica
provided dire
The h
in
00 w w.W.w
WOW WWWWWAMWW
ng situat
sing prov
4W4 WWWWwWw
ED stora
. �
.,wwWwt 1.wwWWWw
."! /0800WWW�
�
.4sort is dir,.
,..
e more sophi
to his
area
by its
ested or
Europe. In
wwwwW)4..
W4 W wW4Aw
vO/w� WW4
in Jai): and in Korea.
so poor
In this
ort is
' 4000
level bla
ce. Th
�
.. 4,*�
��;4.(
f.
:111ents
:mot.
of direct suppo
of no present value.
First, it is necessary
�
virtually no role
e clothing and ac-
agent operations in
d desirable recruitment of higher
the latter type agent is intrinsic
accessory support is required,
make it clear that for purposes
ions, the FED warehouse in headquarters is
nly two arguments can be advanced in its favor:
to support FED headquarters on authentication
studies. As already indicated, the Inspector General believes that in
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headquarters such area authentication knowledge is the responsibility
of the area divisions. Second, in the event of hot war, a central
warehouse of foreign clothing and equipment would be necessary. In
theory, and assuming unlimited Agency resources, some merit may attach
to this argument. In practice, clothing and equipment to support
wartime agent operations will largely be availab
refugees and from prisoners of war for all p
of the Soviet Union by agents under non-
g. In further assessing the
warehouse, consideration must be give
priority that should be acco
The original impetus to
came in earlier years whe
were not fully recognized.
based upon ill
in value e'eneez
reli :04.4
ection an
/
ing and
raton an
4;;� 44. '0,
AV,VV:14.
ve/e4.6.t "e!p\e
field from
ept penetration
),Ae
'el's '40
ver.
FED
agent cl
400.e.Ceot e.4eee�e;-...
d -wide cl
a current
intel
/
4046.04t
ing obsta
:4X;M4t
ed on
',.z4041.0v441,,�port ac
../ e
0V..V0 "nn*.4.6
. en.
technical suetow,� 7e44.4 .,*4044. now receive a disproportionately smaller
:�;/'
class lea
rs
tance and
sory support.
sory mandate
-z4Z;e4ie
,4" �
erations
erations
ve stea ily declined
on. Greater
ellers, automatic
and more ngenious lines of effort.
relative priorities to be assigned
ould undoubtedly place agent cloth-
list and substantially below other
allocation of th
accessory headquarte
/0
effort. For example, the clothing and
is five, compared to the questioned documents
Tb O of three. This conclusion is in no sense a criticism of the Chief,
FED, who for the last year and a half has accepted and endeavored to
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implement the world-wide clothing and accessory mandate with skill
and vigor. The very energy of his efforts has only served to accentuate
the need for a realistic evaluation of the proper role that clothing
and accessory support should play in the Agency.
It is recommended that:
The Chief, TSS, drastically reduce the
accessory program in headquarters by taking
actions:
a. Eliminate all clothing and at
headquarters except for a small sel
civilian clothing and accessories
b. Retain in Concealment De
and accessory material needed in in
concealment devices.
c. Return to the
ing and accessories
quarters.
d. Transfer to the
intelligence services any c
military uni which the
.ng and
ng
ehousinvrA
4+ �
of So
� -
o one s "/
�
/70:141 ���4
/*'� � � " ;" � � /\.
>>>
othing
cted
erseas st
value no
cloth-
ng and to
essories
lig
\\
\\\\
/ 4 , :..4.4.4, *91 � 4 :,,,' ....�4 :
ining
ehous
'4AW$
clothing
am and co
10.4.'ZgOCZ4.,Q ,61;
fr
Z4$(2 .004Z,44
>
oz
3.
a.
devices. TSS was
years and has only re
e)Wi
pecially
cessories and
cessory posi-
inate field activities.
area specialist to the TSS
ining area specialist slot
transfer these slots to higher
sewhere in this report.
responsibility is for concealment
in meeting this responsibility for four
ntly begun to assume responsibility for this
area of support in a satisfactory manner by a more specific allocation
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of responsibility to the Furnishings and Equipment Division. Until
mid-1956, there was no central TSS monitoring point for concealment
device activities. Each Division in TSS was in a sense responsible
for concealment devices based upon its primary technical interest;
Audio Support Division (ASD) was responsible for
cone
alment of audio
equipment; Photographic Support Division (PW) w fble for conceal-
ment of photographic equipment and so on down 404
central files of concealment devices requ
ities :#04
or cam-
There were no
promise. Area division case officers
contact and follow-up on concealment d
issuance was on an ad hoc bas
or opposition use of cone
d no fil
,e,40w#0 es�
b. Under the � pres-,k
are routed to FED. Informatio
of operation,
recorded
space
;WO
or comp
Reque
equests
initial
roduction and
'ther friendly
device,
###4
woe/ :;.44404V065,
"."44-;fi00.044-
devices
use, area
related data is
ED relyi
items
by FED in
'44tVOVIUV.O.O7uch as,
'
4.4
FED generally d4;6V f56
.Z4.401444./
camera or other devic- 'o be concealed. In these cases, FED retains the
device, while the
4.
oncealed hiding
e production facili-
tory, Rese rch and Development Area,
or the concealment of specific
mitters and cameras are coordinated
chnical division primarily concerned,
case, arm chair or other concealing
division provides and installs the transmitter,
coordinating and record keeping responsibility, but the technical
effectiveness of the concealed device is the responsibility of the division
making the installation.
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c. In this connection the distinction between concealment
devices and surreptitious placement tradecraft should be understood.
The clandestine placement of a microphone in a wall falls in the latter
category and is no concern of FED's. The placement of a microphone in
a chair or other moveable object falls within the ition
414440: ��
coordinating the production of the finished qvvvvv: Vi s is a sound
cealment device and Fa) is responsible for provi
de
of a con-
hair and
arrangement. FED is a logical choice
bility. Conceivably another area in NA ASA. Iry form AgA.
provided the indispensable element of
However, no change in the pr
fo
natin
:
contrary, the Chief, TSS
was over-long in being es
-
arrangen
A
�Potc.-
ncy has
lOkte:/
,VelQ:0;
ployees.
or on th
tA0VIf&A,; ,f00;4�4*.
6; 0;�;*; Z4:1; OW WO'
rte, 05; 4tz eoPk\`�V,
is of
stify
4,(:0114...Atyt
devices a
briefcase
the retur
of operationa
device to unneces
ion tha
nal effec
. . .
ept
ions.
creasing
4t4
ces. Ta4e are clearly
ted in
e storage
temporary
curity
A: .ot:s:A,4,,A,A. �
abuse
; � Z ;;�`A;*' ;;\kt.
;00;,4� �
;�;'; 4-4aZ
AO'
g. The Concea
se of
concealment
xists. The majority
ble item yet as a practical matter
ssued
device. The Inspector General
cealment devices, especially in the
operating personnel beyond the period
ractice is wasteful and exposes the
of compromise.
ent Branch maintains in headquarters and in the
field an excellent six-volume photographic manual on every concealment
device contributed by TSS. A review of this manual, copies of which are
-83-
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50X1
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available in Frankfurt, Yokosuka, and. Athens, provides case officers
and other specialists with a good indication of current capabilities
and suggests new possibilities. A card file is also in operation indi-
cating where each device is used operationally, any search procedures to
which it has been exposed, and any indication of corn romise. The file
is limited in scope at present because of the sh
use and because information available in the
in the file. An accurate up-to-date fil
to a sound concealment device progr
z
h. Agency use of concealment
maximum knowledge of foreign
The Branch is endeavorin
little progress because o
operating divisions are not
foreign techni
its own
matio
$144
,V4' ..of �
't has been in
ot been incorporated
ature
ispensable
004", 04 �44(0./A.,
ecially
e such a
41 Of\
004 .06 0�t
e . Eac
./... ,...>
. ...�
gence
21/N
"
4'..:61"4.1tit� � 4 � �
esent fragm
greater fr
is
Agency
ersonnel
based upon
in this field.
.4 4, 0..
.4f.0 / 000-400"4. 404
0.14 z.
has made
th comple
400; ir.0 :4 40$
in DD/P
440004444 ..;44/
es sho
fessiona
1.
adequate productiO4 /
of a CSI or to genera other formal publicity on the capabilities and source
is of l'
DD/P
tion on
intains
radecraft. Infor-
tained in these files
tie value to TSS. Some
S access to the area division files,
t device program is to achieve pro-
oblems facing the Branch is the lack of
es. FED is unwilling to sponsor the issuance
of concealment devices until production facilities are improved. Under
present arrangements principal reliance is placed upon the Technical
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Services Laboratory (TSL)Ithe two overseas workshops located in Yokosuka
and Frankfurt and on two cleared contractors. The cleared contractors
are exclusively leather craftsmen and do not have the combination of
skills needed for the most efficient production of concealment devices.
Furthermore, the contractors are limited to work on items of indigenous
U. S. manufacture and cannot support the higher
for concealment devices of foreign design
t***47*
all of TSS and is reluctant to produce c devices &ess they
requirements
ion.
TSL supports
are directly required to support a c
fault of headquarters facilities, an i
j/
.000444,z Aom4,A*.
******tP
tion.
devices are being manufactur TSS in
deliberate, this decentr
tinued and expanded in pre
many ad
The field workshops are close
of indigenous
report f
not t
As indi
alment
=4400,;4�44-,. .
he one hea
becoi
are loca
evices is c
'010041/440tN eotyped .
tam n pens an
Ocz4 �W44010ms vt
p/7
displayed in the
an agent to manufact
her headq
,
0,0,0 ion.
requir-
ld sectio of this
by de-
ncealment
gh not entirely
uld be con-
A-
to sources
are managerial and
lligence fficer devoting full time
bout Agency concealment devices
the currently produced devices
umbrellas, shaving brushes, foun-
nal accessories. Some ingenuity is
t of do-it-yourself soap kite which enables
bars of Soviet soap on the spot with messages
concealed inside. Basically, however, the Branch is operating without
definite guidance from DD/P on the value of concealment devices, the
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priorities to be accorded various categories of devices, areas requiring
special emphasis and other information of an operational nature. Are
concealment devices essential operating equipment, or are they just
nice to have? Under what conditions should staff employees use con-
cealment devices? Should a major effort be made to devise new and subtle
methods of concealment, or are current concealment
short, where is the professional doctrine on t
devices? Within the context of a fixed TS
wwf.4.1,Z4,
,z W
.�S 0/0'' dget wps,
should be allocated to concealment dev*A. AeA4.;e4.. s some t.
acceptable? In
oncealment
priority
questions is obtained, concealment devi
on an ad hoc basis irrespectiv
two or three hour conferenc
by Chief, FI, and briefed
the ene
ivision c
developing agreed Agency doctr
informal express
acceptable
conce
cre
`44tCi0..
� - ))\\
NeWotww. ;40. W�iz.
igwW wo, 0-"
terest
0,
directi
5
, >
pi44e
4/404 zow
hould pro
"'
0".)44.44:441i4Wil.�A,
i�4,4":;!,4Wit4401
these
operated
of FED. A
ion, chaired
alment de
stage
ed the
estine opera
nded tha
vices we
grow in
a�
the DD/P a study of past efforts,
'o0,- k
current
> pa> ,
ing problems in the TSS concealment
device Pr� 44, ould set for all the facts, ,indicate
the current Te,./9eJe/a , a' planning and conclude with a positive
request for , #4 gency concealment device policy, doctrine,
priorities, and /0;0,,,,- eeds. The study should explain the absence
of a central file 00 oreign, especially Soviet, concealment device
activities, and should request approval to maintain such a file in
TSS.
's.
for
Past
perhaps
however, the TSS
e it must have con-
a solid professional
b. Pending action on the foregoing recommendation, Chief, TSS,
should place priority emphasis on the expansion and updating of the
FED file on Agency use of concealment devices, and should decentralize
the production of concealment devices to the field to the maximum
extent possible.
-86-
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4. Operational Disguise
a. The third major responsibility of FED is termed operational
disguise. Two intelligence officers and one stenographer, located in
the FED warehouse, constitute the Disguise Support Branch responsible
for development of this Agency program. Operational disguise is con-
sidered to extend from the tradecraft of confusi
removing coat and hat and developing a limp
requiring plastic surgery.
b. In practice, operational
with the temporary disguise of staff _
4'A#'
ance by
nt disguise
cone
fication with U. S. intellig
operation. For example
the true identity of an em.
defector, or operational di
ties of audio
building
ago
ily
eir identi-
during t
�.�
to canoe
0
disguise
engaged
p.4vt).
/ However, fee.
ise. Many
becaa
ualphy
"74?;
'0*4.
cold pi
sensitive
ncealing
was a
)/>
oviet-c
as a pro
requires subs
approximately 40
alternate identity wi
includes the
ue identi-
tious en .y of a target
'4444444404
fully several years
zone of Vienna.
stand the limitations inherent in
is are virtually non-disguisable
acteristic or personal trait such
Furthermore, operational disguise
A case officer with some aptitude requires
raining to insure that he can assume an
a reasonable confidence. The training not only
techniques
of glueing on false mustaches and eyebrows, but
also includes instructions on changes necessary in posture, mannerisms,
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personal traits and clothing. Even after such training it is doubtful
that the case -officer could deceive a, close friend. However, he should
be able to disguise his true identity from acquaintances based upon
casual or infrequent contacts.
d.� There is a definite need and place for operational disguise
in the tradecraft of intelligence. The section 4,,e
in the field indicates that the demand for o
greater than current resources. Six mon
train a field disguise technician wh
tics and some manual dexterity. The
of
asic "
.4&
,V00;,.:1;.:14,W;', �
1".
.� ,
'74,:W"440,w- sa Z414
'VA0;4 ,S; 441 4*
eport on TSS
disguise is much
uir-d
operly
aracteris-
assigned
overseas are primarily conce with fur
cealment devices. Altho
disguise, none aresuffici
a case officer properly.
positions ava
by expert
arran
\Kas for
44:1? torti;4>
p4":altaio�^47;:.
ipment and con-
had some
t to trai
O'g t
e4=14rAdi,V,
/
unusua
/ 4'0
no TSS
ent fie
rational
yotop
.4
guise
oyee
ise tech icians. TDY
� �
tuations� but such
r operational disguise
ged with this the Chief, FED, is endeavoring
to a rational disguise training to key
overseas 's of this nature employing the wives
p,t>
of staff empV in Germany and working smoothly at this
'WWemployee '1
time. Such arra
t4it84$6',4# '4(0
"Ola
disguise technicians
only provide the field with operational
also provide additional administrative and
clerical support to the field stations.
- 88 -
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f. Although the Chief, FED, and the two intelligence officers
in the Disguise Support Branch have trained extensively and have some
background in operational disguise work, they do not purport to have the
breadth of experience and expert knowledge essential to train Agency
personnel and support other aspects of the disguise program. To fill
the requirement for the most expert disguise knowl :ildble, the
Branch has recruited from Warner Brothers Stud
best known Hollywood make-up artists. One
'A.st ZA '90
'OP A9(949 9
four of the
isguise onsultants
performed similar work for OSS during A toA :4444 is insAAAA
obtaining the cooperation of his asso
selected Agency personnel,
selected for assignment ov
disguise materials, and
inc
AA, AIL ',AAA,.
ise technicians,
AA A, At chase of
:-4464.4A-49), that the
;40
ng the
z4, tv
.4'44 :99
for expert on-the-spot disgui
Branch relations
or unneces
th
llywood
ovide cut
10,vt,t0;.460.0
�4;6.t',0460./:
,4
obta
stage.
upport
ained techn
partia
se value
t94
� 9..
A .9V49',4.9949 4.
*4�40
is 6L elop operational doctrine.
disguise is
whereas in the
but the problem
on
ealment
in
train
overse
ere is no
eed arise
by too
station
ent trips
large extent in
h as Athens and Yokosuka
urther operational experience is
of operational disguise will remain
the present problem in operational
which doctrine can be developed
devices, the experience is available,
It is recommended that:
a. The Chief, TSS, support aggressively the efforts of the
Chief, rED, to assign contract employees trained as operational
disguise technicians to overseas stations actively engaged in
clandestine operations.
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b. One year from the date of this report, the Chief, TSS, in
collaboration with the Chief, FI, should conduct a comprehensive
evaluation of Agency experience in the field of operational dis-
guise, and based thereon, specific operational doctrine and tech-
niques should be formalized and serve as a basis for developing
a sound technical support program.
ho FED has striven hard in the past 18 to 20 months to accomplish
the mission assigned to it in CSI 1-1.
Unfortuna
the confusion and
uncertainty surrounding the scope and purpose ..vision's mission
has resulted in some unrest and frustratio. ,looblem t.,s accentuated
when the Division acquired several mar
components as part of the Prize of
through all of these difficult:es the D
associates have persevered
one of the more chaotic
ed dilig_
/*nue' fr.o .;0. ,. TSS
/
I �,/A
is senior
al suppo
the Division to accomplish
stems f
ingenuity and effort on its part
-90-
eless,
der out of
�ty of
. "Wit. 44.Z60,
in a lack
irm guidance
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E. Concluding Comments on Authentication Area
1. In concluding this section of the report dealing with the Authenti-
cation Area, certain general observations seem in order. The criticisms
of TSS encountered in various segments of the Agency are rarely directed
at the support areas for which Authentication is responsible.
d.
contrary, there are many expressions of praise
ting components
0
evel pe"onnel in
On the
for the support provided by the Authenticatio
fields of documents and graphic arts. Th
the Authentication Area are largely
who contribute significantly to Agenc
ecially in the
devote
' sivv&-;040peovo, to.cwz.y;;
>
high, and real pride and espr exists in
The three Division Chiefs
managers, and hard worker
to their efforts. They shoul
performance duni
2. Th
text!?
in
.004
�
in their
.4t
040.a;
0,Z 4AVM1.0Z006%0#
Area's s
st year.
ans
generally
lob well done.
ds
or the e
he area
ack of
he Divisio
se major
tial critic
only
e Chief
an aggre
report.
91
good
utable
f their
rucial paper and.
ndate in FED, are
ficiencies constitute
Authentication Area. They can
his principal assistants, through
recommendations contained in this
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50X1
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KIDS' .
Techn'cP1 Aids ari. is responsible for the active operntionz0
support of the ClaneAstido Services in the f'iolds of' audlo and photo
villance�Ci,tcomunii.lations and. special devices.
dncts an fr..ntra- anU inter-Agency liason servicefr vidos
. personnel for overseas field, service; partiitt
In oenerai� it con-
coordinates or initiates rovirca;onts for R&D;
ment for secrot coamundpations, audiosurv-
sabc,tage operations; and. nondncts technic
ant Personnel. It is tho princi
area divisions of DD/P.
2. _The area, consists o
Division, Auclio Support Division,
Unit, and Trainins The t(
;./..� �
- opo:rations;
ra:ter-ie eauitt
4:�;.; � !
;i IOW '6'
011. 4h4..;.��"� staff and.
o and
//
' link be:w4.,w. and. the.
approximately 9r
%.
visory respo
acIdi
\as fo:Li.o,9t,,
ivision,
-92-
-itance
'Ices
ved is
s a staff suuer-
Tai; stations.
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A. Special Assistance Division
1. General
a. The Special Assistance Division (SAD)
ble for providing the Clandestine Services with
support other than electronic or cryptographi
it is concerned with surreptitious entry
of sealed communications; poetal cont
judging authenticity of foreign pe
is primarily responsi-
t communications
In addition,
emical ceneorship
ations
�j4cw:*.0:..4.t
S
fabrications of personal mail; matchin
used in documentation; an
with secret communicat
* O..
b. Secret commun
ing coun
some definition. Secret co
radio, tel
type�
1111
telegr
�;,�4;4"*4 V�6)*$ '0.*:***-..4.0
z , �*;�;*.veyefQ. biIit N*.OU
is assigned
SAD.
is consi
are th
sorship;
ing Agency
and glues
concerned
d in this
d contr
c communic
. � * {z, �14.1.0nz,C.,*
communication
of
1**/.****.� 4.1 OD;
� r. t
includes secret
biological materials,
equires
electron stems including
.00*
rays, and any other
ty of 0/Commo. The
cryptography in the
Cryptography, however, may be used
terns including those provided by
ibility assigned to SAD, cryptography
rather than an integral peat of, secret
these exceptions, secret communications
using invisible inks and other chemical or
microdot and other photographic methods, open
codes, and any other means of communicating secretly and covertly.
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c. The main effort of SAD is in secret writing systems (SW).
The Agency is well equipped with a variety of SW systems of all levels
of security. Forty-five systems are available of which 35 are in actual
operational use.
The remaining 10 are in process of
These are chemical systems involving both wet
All the systems are considered to be renal)
The materials used are not subject to r
normal care will retain their use
d. The issuance of SW sys
headquarters or through TSS
all systems issued incl
whom issued, and the i
�1:
es overs
��af�ta' e.t:E1";
involved. Systems are issu
neither are
provide.
anot
Of� �
ends of
�;,i �
�
operational evaluation.
,1 1
f issue,
,v:14,00.
nyms or
*ar, :4;kia
of o
/ "V\
osite en. *At
.�
iting methods.
t circumstances.
oratio
d with
for
ore.
either in
being kept of
where and to
11'011101;.,k7 Acz,r
era an
e is re
omise of a c
ces ha
.� !0*(4. ,Y�004...�
The reques
SW system an
received, SAD must
ent
usually,
The ag will be
veloping material of
e case officer will
/4
ens. Th is a security measure to
av*piaq,
tem. At the time of inspection a
o be issued is also controlled by SAD.
d information concerning the need for an
ances of its use. Based on the information
rcise judgment with respect to the determination
of a system which will meet the operational requirements with minimum
exposure of Agency capability in the event of compromise. The operational
use of the SW system is the ultimate factor in determining the kind of
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50X1
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system to be issued. Such things must be considered as the geographical
area, climatic conditions, known censorship methods, training and skill
of the agent, availability and quality of materials, ability to supply
and resupply agent, and many others. It is sound policy to use the
lowest level system that will meet the operatio
avoid exposing higher level systems unnecessar
f. The levels of SW systems are
quirements and to
,i4740o4aoatii by their ability
to pass defense tests. Four categorie 4. throu.0
been established and each system i
A -4 - ��,. "
' ' . ",4.'-'6.4:-,Ad 4;46 ; .',.,.: , ,.. S !!,Z,4"V'M 4" ,444 �AZ
The assignments are not necessarily
techniques may cause a sys
are top-level and must
A 04440AAA:�. .44444 AA.:40t-
be reduc
test. Class D is the lo
Most susceptible to detection
are usable
low
SW s
are the
te circ
Ai� 4A4:4444, � ;
� .^441 A444A444A... 444444
'AAA, 4A44:44A4::A4
ItAA40,4,4
any
kn
D--have
egory.
in defense
ontains t
'ACAA4,4ii;A
ilA44444444
are
vig
A systems
sorship
sorship
SAD. S
foundation.
n failed o
wAA: 4444v0404 A044
:AA4-4
A41414
fully unders
merits of the sys
hat are
but which
in about the so-called
laints are without
has been offered to demonstrate
agent was compromised because of the
ally believe that their operations
ntly demand high-level systems without
ficance of their requests or the relative
ued. They tend to be dissatisfied with low-level
systems simply because they are called low-level and not because they
understand the distinction between levels and the security factors involved.
Perhaps SAD has erred in classifying systems by levels or at least in
making such classification known to operating personnel without adequate
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50X1
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explanation. The security of SW systems must be tightly controlled
and the responsibility is properly assigned to SAD. There can be no
division of responsibility and SAD is capable of conducting this function
competently. However, operating personnel should be better informed on
the subject. Security standards controlling the go..:ace of SW systems
have not been clearly defined or published in :.. e;k:: .:uthoritative
document. At the present time, a compreh
"SW Policy Paper," is in process of pr
governing the issuance and contro
for maintaining security of informati
Idealistic in its present
requirements of operat
and its publication in
SW
a
*toAAAt.. 40.440tio �
,;AOAAAAO** It es :ow: 000a es policy
.1:�..� � ;.7-Zo' ;? 4 ,-0Z�
a" ,4
nt entitled
d should
However
It is recommended t
4
116 .4 666�66 4 64.
P,06664
4e'r
xpedite
iderat
stine Se
enunciating
W systems.
be a mat
* OA
reparatioa publication of
tion and oampanion Field Regu-
ing the issuance and use of
ocedures
is somewhat
meet the practical
66. 6,0:616t661
dable effort
of a realistic
and, upon its
Overse
the sectio
appropriate h
pation in the supp
are carried
SW support in the field is given in
ncerned with TSS overseas bases. It is
escribe here the extent of headquarters partici-
of field activities. SW technicians in the field
on the T/0 of the area division and come under the admini-
strative control of the station or base to which they are assigned.
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50X1
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Technical and staff supervision are provided by SAD. This supervision
consists primarily of advice and guidance to field technicians and the
coordination of overseas activities in headquarters. SAD also is
responsible for providing personnel for field assignments and conducting
the rotation program.
b. Field technicians support operat
SW systems by training case officers and
:00� !Ing the use of
messages and in many instances prepar *)04.0 messaal> ey also
,;06. //;\ de 774../.14-0�,,t4.,
by headquarters. Records of the iss maintained
developing incoming
issue SW materials to case officer
established
in the field and periodic
submitted to headquart
;0
c. SAD exercises
of all a
the field. They are assigned
are comman
his de
the fiel
1.7
�� ,/ .
:10;t4.
44*-iace te440:
for the iss
the iss
who
�444'4Z,44
644 4: f,,A 4#
:44�
04 444! 44 1,
thority o
repared and
Germany
ians in
pan which
to the Chief, TSS, or
authori
riiance �"
"...#.�`0. (0' i(z. 4;44. 4H-Vt�z610(4.,.. *
,Z4.� 4446
ZI:kB0f;.:
to arise When
supervision to th
affect on relations
cting SW activities
been delegated to TSS
ystems under specified circumstances
er level systems is retained in SAD.
been the source of friction between
lems of personnel administration tend.
ities intervene in giving direction and
group of individuals. This has had its adverse
between SAD and its SW technicians in the field but
within its capabilities, SAD is discharging its overseas responsibilities
effectively.
-97-
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3. SW Support in Headquarters
a. Headquarters support of the Clandestine Services consists
of participation in the planning of operations involving the use of SW,
training of instructors and staff supervision of SW training of case
officers and agents, and the preparation of supp
There is also some activity in the preparati
munications and development of incomin
operations run from headquarters.
on R&D copponents for the develop
and on FED when concealment vices ar
b. The plann*
munication requires co
are i
f SW materials.
ing secret corn-
tions us
S ss.s.
th the
Negotiations for field ope
and senior staffs headquar
to the e
the
� s.
IS.,SiZ,SWW/,400 �44(0. OCZ.0�:
�
:40";. occas -
not p
technical
on but sinp
the t
dtra
these r
,ZS*
ot,
C.POS,VVOP.WI. ,4.0.1!!)"04,.
in the planni
success. That thl
V'V�
not
covert
;Ss
d.
S
d levied
techniques
ds of cop-
.ss . �
4,,,Lvw43.0.04t *wV,);
///
"V: s4f '4.'"1"��
ctedt
ipates
4/s+
.4.4641 z4;;:tvz,40r
etzsoil
is not co
ents.
4a divisions
is planning
lity of SW support to
. Unfortunately,
ted in the planning stages
to provide support for a preconceived
e made on a "crash" basis which do
cess to take place. In all matters of
ive that technical personnel participate
ation if it is to be given every chance of
done more in matters of SW support is not
entirely the fault of the operating components. SAD is in the fortunate
98
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50X1
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position of offering a service which cannot be found elsewhere. It
has the effect of compelling the area divisions to cone to SAD for SW
support. In this respect, SAD is demonstrating an area of weakness,
for support to be really effective mist be dynamic rather than passive.
SAD should take a much more aggressive position
operations by an active program of liaison
varters case officers to include consi
in the planning stages of their oper
e. The training in headq
40 ,ft
44444,100
41-7A4wo
z 444.isg:
support of
influence head-
secret onmunications
(>
(>
in the use of SW systems is respon
SAD exercises staff supe
nature and extent of t
ver this
this
rooms provided by SAD it i
closely and on occasion partic
technici
of te
lusive
014%4.
"P;/�61;4;ii,PZ
,;Pp�;;, AAA,A
�e: e �0�eveeeeete toz4;0z,z.. ztiv�
0'at
ce the t
to obser
The tral
f ot vtio 41)
ould be
ed to op
to SI,
assigned
if they have
extensive trainin
support to operations
d agents
ng Division.
.Ci0.0.4.1�
,r0%.4q.�
rmining the
ace in
on
g of SW
onsidering the training
n those assigned to
ing bases. The former
of SAD, have a background in chemistry,
ers. They devote their entire time
y designated as specialists. Technicians
normally generalists whose speciality,
n another field but who are given rather
W techniques to enable them to provide effective
conducted by the base.
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6 :4. � 4
d. A specific problem with which atID is concerned is to tutc:h
the generalist enough about SW to enatle'him t, perfom nds functions
effectively. The technician who is completely lacking in any background
in chemistry is severely handicapped. He will be unable to comprehend
the action and effect or thc various chemicals an.L� compounds used in SW
materials and will be lLmitee in his ability to
to SW problems. Given average intelligence,
versed in the mechanics of the various t5
degree of skill beyond that of the ca
support service to the base.
e. While this appro
it has also failed in othe
to grasp or retain the,
".1 has bee
4.441�'
412444144z4 4*4o0
44-4444.4.4. 444
boratory techniques
can become well
stems ni acquire a
thu
ently,
in providing the kind of st
Xe
A,,,/ �
are unable
ected o.
instances
CXC
have an authoritative voice it
It be pr ac
direct
fielc
hazard inv
id
"
4ich a.ut
noto,
ossible
vtion SAD co
are no to
is tn
)0�44w.opi
" 444,4e.
methods but it
SW security- and
F
444
,
successful
;MAdoes not
the gene'?-44. t nor would
bring SAD into
ices components
ion. However, there
h would offer some improvement.
luals pertaining to SW to aid the
that there is a considerable security
of data concerning secret connunications
t proper precautions can be taken to preserve
the technician with a useful manual.
It is recommended that:�
A technical manual be prepared containing basic data concern-
ing the proper use of SW in secret communications for the use of
TSS technicians in the field.
'� 100 "
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50X1
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defense tests. It has a laboratory at West Outbuilding and additional
laboratory facilities are being installed at Technical Services Labora-
tory in Ft. Belvoir. The most practical division of responsibilities
would assign Chemical Division all laboratory
to concentrate exclusively on operational
reason for having a laboratory function
for the natural desire of a chemist to
he has learned through years of tr
personnel in SAD are chemists and ge
effectively in the analyt
laboratory work is pre
4
basic responsibilities;
eld.
1
sup
fun
A
accomp
and permit SAD
principal
provide an outlet
ctical
of
"
;4z ',4:49z,4*
e things
sional
forming
that the
,4440o44444 44/ 4444i4
- 444.4444-.,A44,4
rt of el
requiring secret communicatio
of the
�
ection o
11 Z ,6Z40,46)e1,11Z),11 6'4
W444
time. The ac
Ag: 't
.� � ��4/\
44 &ID
of R
ofSAD's
�. �Ak
ions
here is a discussion
zi� r!m;*44,
verse t
mpleted an
o pe
re-mergi so. .ss *0)...,04' taken it should start with the union
o:possoososo..ssos
soss,
: other for R&D and laboratory services.
nal components
ision over an extended
ion of functions in the SW field
some time to accomplish. It would
sent status to remain and when a
of SAD and
unit responsible
for operations and
The ideal organization would be a single
secret communications support with a branch
-102 -
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5. SW Support of the Military Services
a. The U. S. Army receives extensive SW support from TSS.
.In headquarters it is limited primarily to the training of instructors
in the use of SW systems. The Army conducts its
at Fort Holabird but sends its chief instruc
training in Agency methods of secret co
eov.
1�0�1�44e4z4.4.46.�
training program
for intensive
In the field
the Army is provided. with SW materi-. 006e�ee �440/1trOiS ze14:44daed by
SAD. The Army does not develop s
on the Agency for this support. This
sections of this report
b. The 'Air
�e;e4 004.it�>
..;�����
�04407.4"0.0.F00., Oz,
th over
systems but its requireme
Apparently, the Navy has no r
none hay
in s
.410.*0
�r Meth.�
, .
,vw 044Z" r0
11,4.4Z. ;4.44.
00.447,41
�
In additio
meth
ci
pported
�11�����Hezeeire�
at
1.y as e
ommunica
ther metho
extreme
microdot, f
A
zie409fAf4:
entirely
fully in the
�,v0:04.� z4:
SW suppo
h SW
At least
e no SW activities
writing, SAD has responsibility
t communications. The only other
photographic and their use is
hoto reduction systems including
d latent image.
-103 -
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are limited to outgoing messages. The use of microdot is further
limited by the need for a microscope to read the message and there
are very few agents in denied areas who can explain or justify the
ownership of a microscope.
d. Film stripping is simply a method o
containing the image from the gelatin backin
emulsion is thin and tough and when remo
tubes which can be concealed in ciga
Such film has been successfully co
ving the emulsion
AO*OO400os
ozaO A oaa;o
ry film. The
rolled
to slender
S Or
cardboard. However, the sam restricti
graphic equipment are es
e. A latent
op
a 'S
o,ez, ze oe,
nvisible un,
photographically prepared
so that it rema
It is a
�
,..ao o 000.O�oloaa o�oo..i*.a.VooOzOO,
�
rrugated
a and photo-
the use
ch has be
uiring
.VO!
WoO.o�OzAtOotria440
The who
f
ations.
further
on SW.
Must be t
components or
zationally SAD is
aggressive action
resent me
A4000/of�o,
'AO
develope
AoWoototoop
et co
eated
ment proc is completed.
and has not been
ations by methods other
The Clandestine Services should not
compelled to rely almost exclusively
ative approach to secret communications
can come from either TSS or the operating
eloped jointly. It is believed that organi-
e best position to take the lead and stimulate
in this field. Since much of the initial effort will
require extensive research it will be necessary to bring the R&D area
into the program at the very beginning. SAD should confer with appropriate
- 105 -
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elements of R&D (Chemical, Applied Physics, Engineering Divisions as
a minimum) to determine areas of potential exploration and with operating
components to establish the scope of the program in terns of the need
for secret communications methods other than SW. The results should
then be incorporated into specific requirements f
techniques, methods and devices to provide b
Service operations.
It is recommended that:
a. The Chief, SAD, take
of a program for the developnen
cations other than SW, zed
b. This progr �
tric,
e)-z*404t. (".4�4il� �
of SAD, R&D, and o
development of
t to Clandestine
tion
communi-
lished t
nents
7. Fla
s and Seals
z
efforts
rship
a. Flaps and Seals
the surrept
pre
of ma
� tz. ;1! ,�as
:�.4 ",o�
if supervisi
#s�
Lie
extensively
bility
ven to th
que of
a high degree of skill
4>>>>
;�jz�,,',v4�0'rOto
trainin
'llicit task under
tors in these techniques
aining program conducted by Training
also resp
� en req
;PP( t-,00.0A4. �41;.e. �
w�;!444z4/�
04�441040
r providing skilled personnel for
ening of intercepted mail is not
out the Clandestine Services. A major
effort is being
Elsewhere scattered
in Taipei and another in Latin America.
perations are run on a minor scale. TSS currently
is attempting to negotiate with operating elements to develop a coordinated
world-wide program of mail interception which, if successful, will require
a considerable expansion in Flaps and Seals training and the development
- 106 -
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of new or improved methods of handling on a large scale. The world-
wide program is still in the "talking" stage and is not a suitable
subject for cont in this report.
c. Related to the surreptitious opening of mail is the
defensive aspect of examination of agent mail f
opening and chemical censorship by others.
to the deliberate "booby-trapping" of e
determination of covert opening.
activities has contributed to the A
opposition censorship pract
8. Postal Controls
a. Another re
of a file of information co
countries in
delive
mail
:'/0/1e�0040
&4^,,e44t1:Avvz$wf�A
fr
�z4z ,vosfo4z400ev
X0i4z:
/9440,1g:.
aid.
btaine
nee of covert
g is extended
in
positive
.141 0840
e'rfzA, 0; .4sg knM,,z4
the co
ails such
.W4z. Of 4��.#0:
!);,.*,444*�040.t/'
:4N4ti4ean6voY
"444
� oliqpW"
se
ge of
regulatio
lye col
�
he identi
d the authe
information
foreign countri
/
on postal systems and controls in all
00 ;0
o,*4
his
0>
chets, th- detection of opposition mail
rates,
tenance
ign
1 routes and
lars of foreign
eful information
f foreign mail fabricated for Agency
stablished accurate and almost complete
mail, have not yet
eas, where there is little free movement of
duced sufficient material to permit full identi-
fication of postal routing and processes but SAD is able to provide
adequate support for all areas and complete support for the most important
areas.
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c. Much of the information collected is produced by Contact
Division, 00, through its domestic field collection program. Service
attache's also are quire productive. FI is responsive to specific
requirements but not to the general guide require t . SAD conducts
fiz,41
liaison with the Post Office Department and ob 0000 /Se 01 it all published
�
,00' fort ;'fri
k.�, �
a #
material on foreign postal systems. CI St
reports which are useful for this purp
d. Through the total pos
a valuable capability to support the
defense of Agency operatio
Unfortunately, the cap
it is not even widely
in offe
s some intelligence
t being
''.40*001004000', 0
Overseas stations visited by
need for su
,. ..z,,,g...
of 1 �.\\\ ..
......v..,..t. ..,, ,,,,,,�..� ,A,A.,.,.,-...�..�.k...
. ../ . .../,
were
gn
eadquarte
wwI
team fre
A/
fki,:0�06*)0.)
ther
34.t0151*;44;
� / � � �
give co
or areas.
�A')#iregot**.
personnel cone
.)(40V�eizit
developed
oth in the
as well.
In fact,
'ACA4';')
�
d.
expressed
in their declarations
�4:)104.�04W-
p. *4ntrol information for
it was found
inadequate utilization of postal
termine. In part, it can be attributed
reports On the subject designed to
the postal systems of specific countries
accomplished because of a shortage of
pare such material. For a long time there
was only one member :(SAD available to do this work and the press of
collecting and analyzing material and maintaining the files prevented
the preparation of reports. A contributing factor is the lack of emphasis
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placed oh this effart by- SAD which has, in effect, resultea in the
ir dequate as6Lgnment of personnel. But even. if both of tLese factors
were corrected ao would still have tc,-contend wt:,t- the appazeht
of the operatIng componauts wh:ich prevents tnerl rot-11. seeI,Ing the support
they need.
e. The assigpmunt of nostai controls fun,
LnapproDriate. In some respec..s, they are rei
than to seeret communications and have spo
fulleti.ons of the Research and Analysis
have beeh successZully conducted joii
is not 'likely, however, that a
stantLal contra,ution to
'5
sfer -
ahp and none is recommendel.
f. An analysis of all
maybe sane
jU$t5
\,�
\\��
largely �
4 A
areaba s
7'e to local
.ce available. Postal control
0.4*W:n
from. headqu
for cons
SAD may be
cg4,.
eatioi
- z/�
..thehtication
t
riake a sub-
ent O4thL
,
indica
of the :
cehte.�
beih wit
centers-mad
internatior 1 maIJ.
11Llet,o, taj
nerc
i'CtiOflvr
1 controls is
the area alvit;ion.
ne need: hali ben determined, These
erations anal of
Germahy� Greece, au:a Japan to
126 of a support 'ilechanism or an
,rogra if such .16 ever developed.- With
-109-
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the functions moved to the field, SAD should retain responsibility
for headquarters supervision, coordination, and support.
It is recommended that:
a. Chief, TSS, prepare for consideration
a proposal to transfer postal control funct
quarters to the field.
b. The DD/P approve such propos
instruction for its implementation
c. Chief, TSS, arrange for
control centers initially in
subsequently elsewhere when
40Mtt
: .40
O4O(O
the DD/P
om head-
appropriate
oamr'amloo
ishment
ioor
ommorr
sArolv.toXro
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50X1
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B. Audio Support Division
1. Mission and. Functions
a. The Audio Support Division (ASD) is responsible for
providing support to clandestine operations involving the use of audio
equipment and the techniques of audio surveillan
cise definition of audio surveillance, but in
report it is described as the interceptio
means of voice communications of unwi
stood that neither ASD nor TSS
field. The 0/Communications
engage in activities Whi
However, ASD conducts Zi1;<
destine Services.
b. More specifically
make audi
gene
7.,
0`t4q0.0�.
There is no pre-
of this
ding by electronic
0/Secur
be consi
e activit
be under-
ty in this
Staff, also
urveillance.
000
the Clan-
quipment ersonnel to
assists
devel
of audio operations,
�
� 0 a 1100 0 0 0. � 0 (0 *40
;
ew equi
tO 40,� 4'00
data
branches.
2.
t for ape
ce informs..
a. The
equipment and
maintains laboratory
s and collects and maintains tech -
oreign audio equipment and technical
ASD has been organized into three
and. Equipment.
Branch is principally concerned with pro-
viding personnel to make audio installations in overseas areas Where
station technicians are not available. It is in effect an operating
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50X1
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unit that conducts its operations out of Headquarters. During
Calendar Years 1955-1956, 48 such operations were conducted. Of
these, 19 were offensive operations against recognized targets. The
remainder were for the purpose of conducting briefings, surveys, lied-
Z909.9.
Att*4�4004 ."0.1*44 t
audio
son service, counter-audio checks, or for: ainten
of equipment. Of the total operational TDY
Branch, 29 were in the WH Division area.
taken in Latin America is due to the
signed PCS to bases in that area.
b. Conducting audio operati
unsatisfactory. The audi
handicapped. Usually
in which he is to work.
� ,,/,oke�,-.
and servicing
by Operations
umber of actions
� 0
cian on
;04,, ,i44 �04i01440040�.
: ..0444 40004/,
1404: Vt4t40i40�0t:
.4.444'44
his target or participate in
to a succ
relat
1
!Oiriiii
with
He
..',.404:14���� 4*�01 t4z4z4, .�*V> �
,410 �.A044� .0�otti
4 .::.4..*40*4.4.�
0,4�00 �Qv...41..444-4
444 .4�V:444..
ha
and
ha
e or op
:1%4
�".0t).t .0
as-
rs is generally
is severely
the area
ey
planning is essential
Tj
ity to develop a good
ersonnel and estab-
ry to a 7Voperation. There are
tting equipment into the area and
quipment, spare parts and supplies.
been made and the technician returns
Fine
to He

a
lect.
with t
ing Agene
sta tW
ins di
TSS s
esDon
Sa,us of the'Vada La...I
enemy of fens
44,1
4./
44;, Aft.
.441.444*
� AV�4404.44j4g4t,
there is an ac
technical means; a
inadequate accurate
need in
ish a joint
arts, and
aeer�
Dort at the end
the extent of
range with the
0/Commo.
llama _program.
ey of TSS, both in headeuarters
of the extent and effectiveness
tect Agency installations against
. In general, it was found that
of the danger of enemy penetration by
by respect for his potential capabilities;
information concerning his capabilities; an
aggressive effort being made to develop counter measures; and task
of almost overwhelming magnitude which will require the combined re-
sources. of several Agency components to accomplish.
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b. The danger of enemy penetration A' overseas installation5:2;
is not underestimated. Chiefs of Station and Base are much concerned,
about the vulnerability of their offices, safehouses, and residences.
They nave placed heavy requirements on 0/Security personnel and have
drawn on other Agency personnel for addittonal suppo t. State Depart-
ment security teams are being used exte_sively ssible. There
has been a general tightening of security meept -44 ractices which
has been extended to�all,,working levels
c. Disco:very of the cavity
at Moscow set off a chain reaction the
felt. Not only did it give
field but it al . gave r7,4At
ten ce in the whole area of
respect for their capabilities
t
StiMUIU s in this
still being
on of th
et comoe-
n-
kealthy
vidence �J4Tth for
enemy ,pot enti Pic reset,..pot nor of complacency
�-:
in U. S.
heal
p 4
is
10,41' f4444..,
A'\;e
,A
of pan
' to ex
, serious
� -;:t 441kr
'KjjIlte paci
and eqn. p.rsa0.5. ,
� �
effort. To
The respect is
ee of apprehension
he actual danger.
in the counter measures program
wiedge of enemy current techniques
rection of their scientific research
forts of State Department, Military,
and CIA have unco 1(0 audio surveillance devices, most of
them of the orthodox
.:ety which give no real clue to enemy capabili-
ties. The mere fact that nothing more sophisticated than the cavity
resonator has been found cannot be accepted, as proof that the enemy is
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limited to the use of ordinary devices. The 0/Security is not lulled
into a false sense of security. The Agency is considered to be the
nuMber one target of the RIS and it is proper to assume that the most
advanced, techniques will be used against it. The 0/Security is very
much concerned over its limited success in the discov ry of such tech.
Available
information is not sufficient to permit the of a sound
niques. Unfortunately, it is working largely
in
defensive program. Furthermore, what inftwtoo,01.,,,4:0..;� bee.), 44, ected
� � t44 ent
(
.0.',+: .'4s4 tS
,
has not been assembled in useful fo
throughout the Agency. Just recently,
assigned responsibility for c tion and
concerning enemy audio s
effort but is expected to
audio problem.
e.
defending
taki
provi
require me
/
,iviti
ntributi
a.gain,
4 � ta,40:::-..Rtt.
'Kfw#,PMJ.�
dequate
'1,�.A:RoA
tered
been
inf'ormation
her belated
sponsi.'iity of
eillance and. is
e sures. A branch
Jzed within4.44*-41 Security Division, for the purpose
, 00
4V4A,"
Security is
veillance Counter
1956 under NSC 5618
the
Tervision to field activities,
,curity personnel, and initiate
equipment. A Deputy Director of
C Special Committee on Technic
zt,
I Sur-
This Committee was formed in late December
purpose of coordinating the technical
counter measures activities of the intelligence community. It will
attempt to coordinate research and. development in the counter-audio
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50X1
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field, provide for the indectrinatioa ad training of personnel,
arrange for the collection and disseavination. of information on both
offensive and. defenaive techniques, and, will bring its collective
competence to bear on specific aroblems of each Agency. It is now
engaged in an effort to develop government policy in
of technical counter meaaures.
f. Overseas, Security and other per aaaa/aaa
,a0aa a y ary4jrtng
rJ7 'r44
((/
aed e er Agency
and physical searches of Agency establis
the Past year, most Agency ins tallat
have been checked using whatever facili
Department security team.*
Installations are uncle
are called upon for assis
rl
I
counter-audio checks as a part
g.
protectio
is ov
no
to a
*"
\).
\
ty each cu jTT
dzed. t
irely inadeqaa
� � ncludi a.,�a:�
�w:ulte� �
soil, line
each response
of walls and cell
tried without substant
oad field
de "sweeps"
te
ea in.ician
te4
.;t ?..*?.i4,7?;44:4ta:
:V,44.9,Vgettrattg4:.,
bases fie
the
0/Commo
security
such thing as absolute
f the job itself
occupies 1141 separate
prime target. Detection equipment
aaetic detection devices respond
:res, water and heating pines,
ion boxes. To investigate
.ng down and. replacing large sections
y and flouroscopic equipment have been
success. They have good potential, but are
not easily portable and it is doubtful if such gear aaa be adapted to
these purposes. The present cavity locator weighs 400 lbs., is difficult'
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ExemptfromAutomaticDeclassification2014/11/28:CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
to use and is not positive in action. Broad band radio receivers used
to locate concealed. transmitters need much improvement but even the
best gear of this type will not uncover remote controlled transmitters.
Physical searches are still the most reliable but also the most time-
consuming. The 0/Security estimates that 10 hours
a thorough search of an average-sized room. Th
manpower in the whole security force to und
.441.441.44
equired to conduct
-ot enough
job.
h. New and better detection eq itally ary.
The 0/Security has placed requireme
progress is being made. R&D contracts
going ahead on both detectio
ticipating in the techni
generally keeping the 0/Sect
otecti

/ I
able of p
by this me
1
fac
5
4444
�
ther
�cal SW
nternally
=��� �;0';'�
401'
prgportio
balance can
systems and
be
the p
external contractors
tion
�00.:4�1�:44.4
a modest
ods of
eria as an
Another new
method which
to provide
oratory in
ng prepared at Ft.
st two competent
Some have already
is believed that much more R&D can
siderable saving of money and time.
expand its internal effort and reduce
contractual arrangements. A better
having CD work on the improvement of existing
of additional chemical systems and have
conduct basic supporting research and explore new
fields of covert communications.
196
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50X1
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g. The approximate cost of R&D in covert communications since
FY 1953 is $1,625,000. In return the Agency is well equipped with
reliable SW systems and an adequate research effort is being made to ensure
the constant development of improved methods of agent communication. Most
of the money went to A. D. Little and Ho-Par under
not always produced the desired results. Cons
to the circumstances under which the contr
allowances made for inexperience and t
action should be expedited to enab
effectively.
It is recommended
a. Chief, CD,
develop and produce
research with a propo
efforts, and
Avw,e,e4,
,
� . � � � . �
b. C
of con
red
mi
� 4,
. 41,N \01 n � 0
#v S4s0Z, Of ,7SALOZ-,0
46
''4W�tZ41;;;
�6�,11
77\
ntracts which have
ust be given
egotiated and
rective
ogram more
oft
is
to increa
tems by
e in ext
instruc /1,1 z/// >
et, litz:4.:100v,asor "0
�Or i
a hole is bein
unknown and cannot
ipates in the development of
limited extent. In response to
ivision an effort is being made to
e remaining thickness of a wall in which
en the total thickness of the wall is
etermined by common measuring instruments. Such
a device is wanted to meet the need of the audio specialist, for example,
who must plant a microphone near the surface of the wall of a target
-197-
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50X1
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room without penetrating that surface and while having access only
to the back side of the wall. This is not an everyday occurrence but
the device may make certain operations feasible and thus Justifies the
requirement. Armour Research Foundation has undertaken to develop an
instrument using gamma rays in measurable quantiti that will indicate
to the hole driller how close he is to the wa
model has been produced which shows promise
b. Related to this requiremen
faster methods of drilling holes i
with Rand Inc. to develop an instrume
methods. A laboratory mode
soft and hard masonry
for e
140/
�/\
i;�44.et
effective
gh glass.
with other methods of hol
c. Two items of audi
developed
dation
pia 4s�4' � 's
4*/ o.tori400r
/
roro/rodurrr. '4O,
o �
actory perfo
con
will
in eval
of el
A laboratory
racted.
lasting
holes in both
OtWooro//4�
applicati
oo'vooOr ,4
iNO#
n expos
racteristic
rands
� ..�frz
40
be practica
d. An
re continuing
een
Armour Research Foun-
hort distances
th liquid and
Small quantities
and offer excellent
also produced a wire conductor
e wire with an adhesive coating that
and blends into backgrounds so as to
quirement has produced unexpected results of
potential value to Agency. Sherwin-Williams Paint Company was
engaged to develop a reliable and quick means of patching plaster and
matching paint to cover audio installations which required breaking
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50X1
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into plastered walls. A kit was desired which the audio technician could
carry along with all other tools and instruments and which would enable
him to quickly measure the exact shade of paint required to match the
existing color and give no indication of disturbance of the wall surface.
Sherwin-Williams had already been working on this
purposes and expects to be able to meet the re
blem for its own
60066,-V666;$66`.
4,6666.
.cooi.4.1:4407 esults ../ .
*th an electronic
device that measures color values which,
of certain basic paints, will produce
to a numerical index
existing colors. As a result of t., e , , ///
found
tching
a little known substance having prope
which can be added to ordi
color values. Such pai
red light will give immed
tenor
6P666i, z6�4�
V.,�66,66M4Z4 :4:6 Z
0'66:66 6,066.46A46
t�: ,444ot
--t4e!vA �
ed to
surface of the wall. It has
counter -aud
use of
est
�N4.14
undert
)/
,#. -red rays
". ,
t altering
de) o infra -
of any d //7,he
techni
defensi
's new
has dev
adhere to
7ng of tamp
-tHAis rt of , 6
z 440/666e V6//66k 6Z,C6t#6606'66'66�
only to FY 1
obligated since
is considered to be
es
e in
y is considering the
1 as in overseas
ultra violet spray
pplied to Agency equipment, it
the surface film has been disturbed.
ivities has been a fairly recent
on R&D in this category date back
pproximately $138,400 has been spent or
Useful products have resulted and the effort
value.
7. Influencing Human Behavior
a. Influencing human behavior is a most complex subject and
very difficult to describe and evaluate in terms of accomplishment,
Exempt from from Automatic Declassification 2014/11/28: CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
50X1
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cost, and potential benefit to clandestine operations. The whole
field includes medical, physiological and psychological aspects and
while there has been much speculation on the subject very little of
a positive nature is known about the extent to which human behavior can
be predicted, directed and controlled. Chemical D*
a program having some specific goals in view an
in progress where a review of the program s
if the effort should be continued and w
b. Because of the scarcity
iO4
e/004: 00/
6000',4 / �
on has launched
eached a point
to determine
�t sho 44 ',,tvt�
��� g�cooli 0;4040. ,
,0:000�00 ;0'W sz,s
0:400(0'/ 00 0040
and money is being spent on fairly basi
and experimentation. This
of concrete results nor
*,,A*
appraisal of the objectives
operational benefits to be dem
R&D manpowe
ope
,
��, �44,1004040';'4. �
i3IJF 1W! �2
0,0/0.40100. *
me
t of impro
"400liz. 00/. *A(0
but th
tion obtai
The use of
time
sive testing
activity
ed in terms
es be ap res an
.,0011)On
jectiv
from the
0ro/41i .0/4A
inst the
designe
to break do
� /
oubt � ",
'000 '041/0.0.1'
� �ot� 0,0,94.004,400041
- 40400.
of the
ation of
ul to examine the
eet. One of the major
ation techniques. Many different
ividual's resistance to interrogation
accuracy and reliability of informa-
hods of pressure, duress or torture.
cals in this respect is not new. So-called
"truth serums" ha
ed,
sometimes successfully but more often not.
The approach being
taken
by Chemical Division is to use psychochemicals
to create within the individual a mental and emotional situation which
will release him from the restraint of self-control and induce him to
reveal information willingly under adroit manipulation.
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50X1
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d. Related to the Improvement of offensive interrogation
techniques is the development of defensive measures against opposition
interrogations. Knowledge gained in the former will lead to counter-
measures for the protection of Agency personnel and information con-
cerning Agency activities. This is another obje
e. The potential use of psychochemi
operations is well recognized, although '
of the program.
itical action
een explored as
thoroughly as might be expected. Chetio�44/o/ion in 7, t as an
objective of its program to be pre
10000,24, 4,40 Nt000e�N0 t at/20e7pNa
.P'144�40w4lAlio
/\N
tions possible. Non-chemical methods
operations are also inclu
f. Lesser ob
he progr
the development of techni
of individuals of interest to
cation a
the ob
to case
4c,.,4..OVTN,N4NN; �4�40;*,40,N4
0 derSt:0'01'
u t of intelli-
000 0, 0,0//000/ -havior or
z�. / 04rAN
ines
products hay
of them, Pl, Cl,
, ,
74 �,A*40
3413$40'' , .164.
at' �4CA AO/ ttA,
,
'AP
rhaps of
irect p
h opera-
litical action
e are
4A,NveN04', NN:
Z-0:7,44.10;
rthodox m
sessment
s of cammuni-
dling agents. In total,
o be so
orkings
research leading
human mind is an essen-
thing that contributes to the predic-
ible its direction or control is of
ts have been achieved. Six specific
and are available for operational use. Three
are discrediting and disabling materials which
can be administered unwittingly and permit the exercise of a measure of
control over the actions of the subject. These have been used in six
different operations on a total of 33 subjects. The other products are
- 201 -
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Exempt from Automatic Declassification 2014/11/28: CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
K21
a knockout material used to facilitate unconsciousness; K3) an
alcohol extender which produces a degree of inebriation out of proportion
to the amount of alcohol consumed and; A2, which is a stimOnnt similar
to Benzedrine in its effect but without its undesirable after-effects.
A manual has been produced which analyzes methods us d by Communist
4'
security forces in the arrest, interrogation and nation of
"enemies of the state." Two other manuals o vstinction have
been published. One describes methods o7 :4;ifotooring droo or chemical
materials surreptitiously and misdir
other is devoted to clandestine si
cations, methods of unobserv
free choice. Other studt_
will produce more profoun
behavior.
projects
Sine
can
vo.11f4)4
7,, a,e44. ot z0,4.40-i
j..
lfering,
in proc
the sub
t. The
t communi-
influencing
A
anticipated,
tantial
tive
ctiviti
those cont
#41#N
4,### -# ately de
..:4z,;,,,�\\(.., � \\n �
iple objecti
which the Ag
a research foun
in part by the Agenc
1
� HI
ber of active
ehavioral field.
not practical to try
ve direc V application or to apportion
total extent of the effort, however,
eing conducted by two organizations in
interests. One is the Gescbichter Fund,
headquarters in Washington. It is supported
d is used principally as a funding mechanism to
finance research projects. In addition to its use as a cover facility,
it provides useful information in several areas of medical research and
- 202 -
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50X1
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permits the inclusion of areas of special interest in research
sponsored by the Fund. The medical member of CD Staff is accredited
to Georgetown Hospital through Dr. Geschichter. The other organiza-
tion is the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology with head-
quarters in New York. This is wholly supported by th
cover facility. The Society has two full-time
Board of Directors who ostensibly provide fun
known ecological aspects of humanity. A
effective and less costly than the G
em
Agency as a
d a high-level
arch in the lesser
cility
s more
j. Substantive research in the
under contract at several uni
University of Rochester
lysergic acid, the princi
4�,,,46t40 /
ties thro
he effect
�
versity is working on knockout
is searching f
researche
def en
for s
onist
As, 44�4'1.444.444 OA,
e, \emost author
�
woo.,-A4* and mess
r. A �
z4�,,� Univers
A pro
to dete
damage to the
k. A maj
e Unive
441NO. .
iv* ,49.0044:04
eing conducted
try. The
4 olaria
1;4:40a 4�0:4'`."
� p.
. Geo
Georget
ue of
At St
�
Uni-
sity
ord University,
1 to provide a
Denver, one of the
otism is examining the validity of
ffect of hypnosis on the human mind.
cerned with research in neurology
stress and the resulting structural
sue of the human body.
in the behavioral program is that of arranging
for and conducting th ssentiaI tests and experimentation which produce
the basic data for the
development of techniques and the application of
the end product to operational use. This is a time-consuming and costly
-203 -
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50X1
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process but one which must be accomplished carefully and thoroughly.
There are no short-cuts or substitutes which can be applied. Because of
the unconventional use of the materials involved, CD has had added
difficulty in obtaining expert services and facilities to conduct tests
and experiments. Some of the activities are consid
unethical and in some instances border on the i
have not been entirely surmounted but good
problem is raised by the lack of profes
the basic substance with which CD is
� vzizaz
'0044u*0;010301;4'
�vta*;44 4.$
;
has been done by the medical profession
in its efforts to develop t
1. Preliminary
on animals. For this purp
to be professionally
ese difficulties
being made. Another
ledge o
rial for
.Q *zo.
. �
� /14t
of such institutions as the Uni
in Georgia.
ape col
MUC
of
ccomplish.
in-
�i)OooefrA.4.:: tion t .
ne
��..t
pita).,
iments
titute
as the Bos
ed the se
�is an
P1 an
Harbor Bio
Psychological
to produce valudbl
institutions there remains
ic acid,
search
new ground
ducted
ilities
niversity
h conducts tests on its
/ 4.404M 004e.;
" � � � �
I :7 0 10,0:10
erial and has provided
erimentation is more
sults have been Obtained from mental
� 0
ethic Hospital, Mantino State Hos-
Lexington, Ky., and Cold Spring
arrangement is in process with the
corders Court in Detroit which is expected
Even with all the data gathered from these
a considerable area of doubt. These tests
and experiments are conducted under controlled conditions and the results
may be quite different from those obtained in the operational use of the
-204 -
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50X1
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material. In this respect, the six occasions of operational use must
be considered as experimental as well. Much more testing must be con-
ducted before the behavioral program can be considered to have accomplished
its objectives.
m. Another aspect of the behavioral progr-11 is being conducted
internally. The Behavioral Sciences Branch
of indirect and unwitting psychological as
to find a means of predicting behavior
tion with an individual under ope
ventional tests and evaluation cannot
in the field are trying to
are doing it without p
attempting to develop tec
0.:010.4-40$4
the possibilities
t hopes to be able
*f;1;�/.4.. 0,1 ."
in the
4400 404 .
.4444444 440..440
40044440 i4;49*.Z,...
sta
0444 fr4;�, 'V.44440,'
4 0440/, ;440Z 0.4
idance or
up his agent with at least
and some of
pects o
ass
app
a
ill help
sions a
% 444 40444 444;/ 044 4L44'.'\
4.0.04, '0,00,10k
t this time.
ef associa-
h con-
case officers
agents but they
branch is
444Z, OZ4Z-4.;, 4007
of accur
...0.,..0,00..0,44.0 �
- -�4.4
The M
has bee
almost five
4C4' 000
the Inve
4:44404/0?.
the Geschich
yonstruction of a wing devoted to mental illnesses.
Concrete results ach-eved thus far are difficult to justify in relation
Hospital to aid
:40k' 'AP
r size
FI Staff
his effort and the pros-
OTR are lending
aken nor is any con-
ce Fiscal 1952 the program has cost
ludes funds to support the Society for
and part of the cost of supporting
o includes part of a grant to Georgetown
to cost. No price
can be attached to the intangible value of the
extensive contracts established with outstanding members of the medical
- 205 -
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50X1
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SE1,
and other scientific professions. At this point in time it is impossible
to assess accurately the potential of the program or to estimate the
value of the anticipated results. It is believed, however, that the
program should be continued with the adjuration that it be conducted
as economically as possible.
8. Anti-Personnel Sabotage
a. Under this heading is included
lethal agents, and delivery systems.
field was done in the past under a p
A
days of OPC. At that time, there was a
political action operations
harassment assassinatio
sition. Much money and eff
some of the products are in ope
items have no \\##
#,,0444X-
11## # D
use.
fact
arassing age
4w� � /
i4;Aei4i4, obje
4 / 4411/z �
ional use a
materi
individual
itching spray,
items are in use
a
� �
V;;,tZ � 4 4.Il
01/0 �
envisione
the
much
isabling, and
of wor
tle meth
ended on
IS
in the
sm for
use of
oppo-
major
;���!: ';.,0161.6Z� .0
-z4twAi;A.
z o(er:4,
d while
costly
n of possible future
t still a major
the most successful from the point
In stock are two varieties of stench
odor which can be used to contaminate.
re is a high potency cathartic, an
and a halitosis capsule. All of these
roven to be very effective.
Only one project
remains active. Armo Research Foundation is completing work on a
poison ivy activant and upon termination of this contract, no additional
projects are contemplated.
Downgraded by authority
of 011078 - 8/24/78
- 206 -
4i.CR.0
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50X1
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Cgok.V092tion
c. Disabling agents include a wide variety of products categorized
as biological and chemical warfare materials.
are available for use on individuals or larger
Diseases common to different localities can be
long-term illnesses can be inflicted on individuals
Some 20 of these products
segments of the population.
produced. Temporary or
natural causes. Still under study are undetecta
contamination and methods of inducing nutrit
be difficult to diagnose and to trace.
toward vitamin antagonists which wi
the body and produce a disabling illne
d. Lethal agents a
of the deadly variety.
4044:44
'th attribution to
i1/4 444'N.
44.4
ds of water
ss which would
Noa), ,vw40 effo .
;404647z, rt4:411/4.4
elude di
:74444:'1/4 ,46(444.
'41/444z, ;I: do1/41/4A
,AZ
4'n 4 t
effective treatment or an
nt.ia
directed
es can be
attributed to natural causes.
for general
short no
Aids
.41/404P0 40� F.
t.44:44.4:-:441/4i45;
.;0044',44� 4441/DDP as
044. 444aA.A4/41f...,44..
.�p,"*1/40
"A 4('z. vt..
the
rials a
'0' � 4 41/44444:44 1/44'
and which
is lis
er mate
e of both
BW and CW ma
and has resulted
.are an assortment of
ed
from
substances but
s are no
ich no
be
stock
can be p oduced on
441/444:4�
;.4t.
ed in the Operational
not advertised but is
isdbling and lethal
oposed operational use must have
and higher approval when warranted.
ivery systems for the dissemination of
a considerable amount of time in the past
uction of a number of unique devices. There
psules and small containers having controlled solu-
bility characteristics. Aerosol generators and other spray-type devices
have been developed. There are also improved contaminated bulbts of
Downgraded by authority
of 011078 - 8/24/78
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50X1
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small caliber. Of questionable value is the effort to develop a needle
gun for shooting very fine contaminated darts and another device to
generate small smoke rings as carriers of BW materials. There have been
no operational requirements for such devices and they are considered to
be the type of ill-conceived projects which are
money. No additional work on delivery syst
f. Most of the research and deve
is conducted at the Army Chemical Co
There the Army has undertaken to
eful of time and
of � *44/20'0 z.4'0 �
0000004, "W
vt. tion a .
lated.
the BW and CW field
Wk 1$4, C �
personnel sabotage and has provided f
not obtainable elsewhere
terial agents for Ag
tests on animals under co
111.0�*�01,
contamination have been condu
tion for o
air $
.14:�1000.0000;004:0-. 000:000 �
oduces an
have a
'
;fl S� 4,0
A � 04aq' 0�0- ve 000:04-z. 1,0;00400
-00000. 000 00000
���
:040 400-4..
'00000. ��004i-94 S S$
rW4V-00000.-44000. .
0000 ..10. ��� -
� /
iv, "40000;44 400 I
� � �09.v0
a
a cost of
With
cious1;y
i .w;44..0zAgO.
extensiv
ons.
� /
� ./ . � .
w4k.
�,�0..,.4.4�zogAw.0 e,
:os 6w 44
La
produced
have
etrick.
ea of subtle
and materials
tockpile of bac-
1
conducting
for BW
informa-
cealable devices for
,es are
el sabot
current Agen
or disablement o
policy and, while it
is
tion
well
clandestine operations.
ed exclusively for Agency
cc Fiscal 1954. The total cost of
since FY 1952 is about $2,500,000.
d that the money has been spent Judi-
large measure has no application to
ed future operations. Subtle assassination
forces is not advocated by U.S. Government
to be prepared, some high-level judgment
should be exercised to determine the extent of emphasis to be placed on
preparedness in this field as opposed to more urgently needed develop-
ments in other fields.
Downgraded by authority
of 011078 - 8/24/78
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Exempt from Automatic Declassification 2014/11/28: CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
g.
SE611E1
A general recommendation concerning subtle sabotage is =Ale
in the section of this report entitled "Subtle Sabotage Techniques."
For specific application to Chemical Division,
It is recommended that:
The DD/P authorize Chief, TSS, to reduce the
sabotage program to a stand-by basis giving du
the need for and cost of maintaining an adeq
Camp Detrick for this purpose.
9. Anti-Materiel Sabotage
a. In response to requirement
CAVIABLE program, Chemical Division ha
i-personnel
eration to
ty at
and subtle sabotage materials
industries principally by
items are spoilants for op
;A,
ee,di�t:Mig'4&L4VA, �
"Alo, ii4zu'
and aluminum. The optical gla
causes discolora
photograp
:0.4�
44
"�,;44* �:4*.Z .
� �
in its ef.
;4":tea4/ S
Otafge,A,.
foggin
is
ich when a
not
a
44z44/:
either in
enses ove
1 different
will cause it
quantities.
b. Research ontinuing in several other industrial fields.
The search for a rubber contaminant is being conducted by Batelle Memorial
Institute under a project that dates back to 1952. ReSults achieved
thus far have been disappointing and it is proposed to phase out the effort
chemic
ption of basic
44.4d. g stock
uel
/ /al which
develop
el cause
period im . The
ch will cause
Diesel fuel spoilant
ngine failure. Since
of Diesel fuel this spoilant is
Ie aluminum spoilant is prepared
d when applied to structural aluminum
ress. It is very effective in small
unless substantial improvement is made soon. Batelle is also engaged in
Downgraded by authority
of 011078 - 8/24/78
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50X1
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research on contaminants for chlorine and plastics. In both of these,
chemical substances have been identified which will successfully sabo-
tage industrial production and the projects are scheduled for termina-
tion.
c. The testing of lubricating oil contami
ducted by Southwest Research Institute. The de
taminants is gradually being satisfied and
project also will be terminated soon.
contAminants has been long and expe
ts is being con-
$,//;44., for su
xas
esting con-
ted that this
..,�14).�e4/666'�1., .6t.;
the burden of the effort for years an
producing substances that
vehicles it has not bee
ective w
e. 4e�lo
products in bulk. The Te
has provided a valuable servic
Chief of R&D
petrole
who
prob
)))
a means
been ex
� through
"
instr 111�1�';44. 4tV';40ig, ng together an informal
petroleum
S carried
cessful in
'ndividual
us,&404446Ak.1.
petroleum
ye and
orts of its
I 1h
the indust
.r)o,these
'
ed040:
xample, t
grams were instituted in Ge
for resist
approx
ca
z fi�.,��� �
4it,.a.4714V"
. "0047,�-,�, unus
Since June 1
a 04.�. ;Aso els4.�
item
re bur
were
� ;"',eilVP4"Al fl
efforts
sizes and con
_ 0. ,10 - � 9,,
for extended perioa .a time. In addition, the Division has experimented
Tons of
"Ofi,a4-0*/ ��
at/ata 40(--
field.
improving
or support of
1:4vzst./
:410*
sis.
are greater
1 pro-
ment necessary
In 1952 and 1953
equipment discovered
vision has expended $276,600 on
earch and development. The principal
rational use as a result of these
ial container available in three standard
de complete protection in all but salt water
with the widely known hot dip plastic coating system and with commercially
available self-sealing rubber for expedient packaging for short-term
burial. Neither of these systems have proven satisfactory and research
is continuing on the development of cold dip and nylon backed barrier
material systems for short-term burial purposes.
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50X1
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c. Present research and development efforts are directed at
solving the problem of caching in salt water. An aluminum storage
container is now undergoing tests which should result in some progress
in solving the problem of salt water corrosion. This container is to
be equipped with a reinforced plastic nose and a
nent to permit aerial delivery into shallow w
research is also being directed towards t
bag for caching outboard motors. P1
designed container for caching sna
nearing completion.
d. The expendit
and underwater packagin
ri:
:�01040
nt
arachute attach-
essary. Further
of
watertight
prodUc
esearch
t four
appear excessive in terns o
external contrac � supporting
Company : 4�
. . ,
0,;.10;:vi4s4.4 :6t:fr Y4 4
�
and p
4$0,d
gineer
for f .,,,,,.pments. In general,
am appe. . �11 managed and soundly
z � .
� .44
,
440o
equiremen
/specially
he likewise
on caching
e the Re
ds
oston.
do not
incipal
Metal
Reasonable
-;.. .4.O.. '40,:,,, -?�._ .... �,_ � .
' :4�. 00i8(:; 35474., 4 ,,/,4(.:4
part of TS
line of World
has expended an
: � s
ments.
ering Division was established as
already redeveloped a relatively complete
dbotage devices. Since June 1952, the Division
$2,558,700, largely on improvements and re-
finements of these existing devices. In the past year, development was
completed on reliable safety fuse matches and on magnets for attaching
demolition charges to ferrous metals. The German 21-day clockwork firing
221
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Exempt from Automatic Declassification 2014/11/28 : CIA-RDP62-01094R000200010044-7
device was improved and a standard 24-hour clockwork firing device
produced. The foregoing have been added to the standard list of
stock items procurable from the Office of Logistics.
b. The Division is continuing to work on attachable fire
starters, thermite wells, specially designed 1
for blasting caps, improved explosive contain
ture rocket launchers, impact fuses for s
small anti-personnel mines, anti-gas
recoiless rifle, anti-disturbance
material for camouflage purpo
is being conducted by the
cussion detonator is be
z
414 ot,fz, :
s. An
and a 30-day clockwork fir
44444.;
is under way on a arometric ft
airplane
ro
W:a 4 4:4466,6
666 nva,y
e),
,,e141:3,o
a non-
Mines
go .
tary
rEproved packaging
tiles
charges, minia-
C.:
LA�*.erti �'
>4$
; '4E;;�
improved
der deve
tonate
for
line del
device and a
ducted
of the di
leave
4 4 ;4 4&;cy
4
� ' 4 5 4104 I
;;49.,',As!Vf0;46
canoe is curre
Division DI FI
Sta
MO-
d grenades,
57 nal.
xplosive
gn explosives
loped con-
ing device
Sign work
ly after an
nt of an incendiary
ing device, a silicon
t delay firing mechanism to de-
addition, studies are being con-
ves generally and on the optimum use
tiator. Of special operational signifi-
of high temperature flame torches for
e opening projects.
d. In the field of latent sabotage the Division has produced
an operationally usable abrasive oil contaminant, road nails for attacking
truck tires, a tool for removing projectiles from cartridge cases for
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50X1
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contaminating ammunition and a castable incendiary material. In
addition, a field expedient incendiary manual has been drafted and
studies on latent sabotage of heavy machinery and industrial complexes
have been conducted. Future plans in the latent sabotage field call
for the development of a consumable A. C. delay f
corrosion materials and studies on spontaneou
are also to be made to a field expedient ;444,*.4,4,
/ SS research
/ sent require-
device, accelerated
Contributions
ual,
e. Division expenditures fo
research and development approach t
and development budget for th past fo
utilization of these devi
ments are almost non-ex
field are essentially of a
and
Operational
tion,
fiN,%�s:*v tt:4vok*z.
-
Ordnance research. Although th
the
... .4
much o
was tr
ctical
clusio
and clos
some at
Z446 :P:*/,i44174t-
otage
in this
Array
value in
ble that to date
enCy.
This situati
These were
e control.
,e0 tozA,0,0�
-V44V11.444
military type
the Engineering D*
research and development.
vice field has been
gely from two conditions over Which
during the early days of TSS, there
Agency on PP plans and operations.
uirements for sabotage and related para-
initial emphasis had a marked effect on
which in itself was a carry-over from PP
Second, there has been a lack of agreement
with the Military Services on the extent of Agency responsibility for
-223-
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50X1
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guerrilla warfare and paramilitary operations. Some confusion and
disagreement still seems to exist in this area although generally it
is now recognized that large scale paramilitary operations are the
responsibility of Army Special Forces.
g. TSS has cone slowly to recognize this
on paramilitary and guerrilla type operations.
it has drastically curtailed research and
sabotage and related military type
standing this de-enphasis, the Age
pile and a substantial research
which military responsibi
should be given to the
in this field through tran
de
ent de-emphasis
t 18 months
expenditures for
quipmen
MO
**p
:11�044!:
�
and de
this proves infeasible through
4.
z 4 A
par
most rese
0**o',0A440 �
tbeco
with-
large stock-
a field in
onsiderat ion
ment
rojects r if
tion.
s until
are s
cb,f4,44��t: � �"0, 44444044,
4. z4
4.ske.t4i
41-
2:
half year
field with t
amount
during the
for research and
eginning of FY 1956.
y was located in the Technical Services
opnent Area. Records on expenditures
ppears that in the past four and a
on research and development in this
ivision accounting for $504,400 of this
months. The General Mills Corporation managed
through a Navy cut-out, has been the prime Division contractor in this
field.
-224-
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50X1
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b. Presently available operational equipment includes a
standard meteorological neoprene leaflet balloon, a polyethylene leaflet
pillo-type balloon, a long-range polyethylene leaflet balloon and a
polyethylene general personnel balloon. Extensive supporting equipment
has been developed to improve balloon operations
personnel carrying purposes. These include
inflation nozzles, foot-operated valves
termination timers, and launching
leaflet disperser capable of disc
has been developed, and flu
from a personnel balloon
,
c. Present re-J: ;#85 opment i
Aa
A 4.401 �
�6 t4:0 �
i(iOti4,
� 0.6
or leaflet and
neckspres.ders,
ontrol stems, flight
additio
tests of
lan
90 seconds
aft released
made.
the aero-dynamics of fallin
release mechani
the noise
on de
developing
is also
st
operations
wind sown
loon
ot air
4 A400 Ass r tczil **, \
alai,44460t
44C
are drastical
for leaflet
diaper
ving
th
gen gene
11'4..4'40,00*Z.; -:411
111
power
udying
of leaflet
and reducing
ch is also under way
d camouflaged leaflets.
he flight of balloons,
tory forecasting techniques, and
pheres under high pressure.
rements for balloons to support leaflet
in pest years, current political decisions
tivity in this field. Aircraft overflights
purposes are also largely in abeyance. Agent
infiltration by balloon is more feasible than generally recognized, but
has only been operationally used three times in recent years. In short,
although balloon and leaflet operations have a definite place in Agency
plans, requirements have substantially decreased in recent months.
, 225 -
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easily carried in a small satchel. Some success was achieved with
an abrasive particle drilling system; however, research on this project
was recently transferred to the Chemistry Division. A priority effort
must be made by the Division in this field, for' it is an inescapable
fact that an efficient and practical drilling out
developed.
d. Research is also under way o
90-day clockwork delay switch for use
detecting clandestinely placed tran
developed which will electric Uy trans
of a surreptitiously inst
�
0,4tp
expense of producing th; � ;;
operational feasibility.
e. The Batelle Memori
Corporatio
field.
�
s yet to be
c

swig
.;
,,Ak0446 g the
0,411 /10 AZ,i;,Z,
ewriter.
will
A4A A A /
�
1 A A 0 V m
Divis
4, 4z ovi.4ze ;
be
equip
to distin
,e0
be taken to c
rthele
d the Day
a
nd on a

ies of
m is being
the product
ble that the
,
erms of
Electric
n the audio support
t is unquestioned,
e a lack harpness and realism in
esearch and development in the audio
ractors actually developing prototype
gineering D
the funds being e
sible that
ezzia
on
the actualities of audio operations
peripheral requirements. Action must
f the Agency is to obtain a fair return from
audio support by the Engineering Division.
227
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6. Weapons and Silencing Techniques
a. Division research and development in this field is directed
at producing families of concealed and silenced weapons. Approximately
$624,8o0 has been expended on these two programs to date. The greatest
effort has gone into extensive applied research
of sound and on accoustics in general. The
is the major contractor in this area of re
a testing program to measure the effec
weapons, foreign and domestic.
b. A limited supply of vario
or procurable on short not
caliber foreign pistols
calibre Reising Rifle with
4*/X
1,1,;ts 04.:.4 49
. . . .
444,0
on
A 0 .1064
z1,4:44,j5 1,4i 4'
A 4 .iz)
physical properties
ch Foundation
currently includes
the Divis
Extremely lethal .45 calibre e
developed.
poison
/
tor-
es an
0 :
44,
enced
is maintained
de various
chine
eetyp
conce
a .45
pe or t
ste tube
ure plans c
proje
conce
personal
development
�
d. It a
� -
-d
ve been
ble for dispersing
d weapons or stingers
garette packages, and
development of improved hollow
ons, and a pocket flame thrower for
ures will continue on research and
eld of accou*stics and silencing techniques.
however, that in this field Division research
is now reaching a point of marginal return. No weapon can be completely
silenced. Present prototypes have very nearly reached practical Units
using explosive propellants. Extensive research with gas and livid
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propellants is primarily a military research and development responsi-
bility. Certainly there is no justification for extensive TSS research
and development in these fields based on the limited operational use
made of such weapons by the Agency to date.
e. Operational requirements for the specia weapons developed
by the Division have been extremely limited.
are received, but there is no information i
has been used in an offensive operation.
here is whether the United States is
as an instrument of national policy.
it appears that the Divisio
until more positive gui
11*4#4.. ;144
7. Concealment Devic
a. The Division has
half years on
These in
in a
II
i.46' �
�"1
�*.:**.40##.*W
e
requirements
t any weapon
n ex
.". -;40g.. ,. ) engag
,\
:U*4z .:#1***?**** 1* �"�;*�1�..*W:
the question
4,e /0
uld signi
PA I
uirements
ination
no; hence,
Its program
,VZAV"'"i4'1`0
mv 04 - -,14'4.,200 in the
140 0:40 :400cItgol+k .
�
in of v
\
ak##(�4 .z, #I#04,#.***** . . . .$?...
fabr
include
tment
am the DD/P.
and a
concealm nt devices.
glass
Ir
special dril
-;IzO/ 04 �NV�op* I.
b. Work
/s /e0/
concealed electronic, gear. Lethal firearms are also being concealed in
concealed trays
lethal capsules,
and camo ed dead drops. For
ties of cutting tools have been
�thing and personal effects. These
carborundum cutting cords, and
ed in pencils.
ing for the Air Force on a vest for carrying
indigenous wallets, umbrellas, and briefcases. G. 0. Neville Associates
and the Universal Match Corporation are providing some of the mechanical
engineering skill for these developments.
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c. Requirements for concealment devices are now coordinated
by the Furnishings and Equipment Division, Authentication Area. The
need for these devices is genuine; however, for the Engineering Division
to produce these essentially mechanical devices seems to be a poor�
allocation of expensive engineering contractual c.ence.
It is recommended that:
Responsibility for all concealme
that involving weapons, be transfe
Laboratory.
8. Miscellaneous
a. The Division has expended
past four and a half years
includes production of
44/f44ii
z :,4 444414,4;ft.
440144:4066*
A-
rk other than
Techni
rvices
000 in the
llaneous
of transparent overlays eac
work. This
tificatio
One hundred thousand dollars o
for the p
Europe
re
Ii
/ ;444
separate
data
ration
e value
hundreds
'2 ;R a 44 :;A'elitd
't;f:
eous fund
�
xpended
rench general.
Western
od will, but TSS
000. MoV the remaining expendi-
production orders rather than research
essentially procurement expenditures
ely eliminAted through appropriate
gistics.
are
arre.ngeme
9. Cone
category
. bligations
uld
, Xa9,74 'ii�z 4Y, �
a. In
In
�
to the major industrial contractors enumerated
in the foregoing sections, the Engineering Division also maintains close
liaison with and contracts for some research and development through
various Government agencies. The Army Corps of Engineers, the Chemical
Corps and the Ordnance Corps are especially helpful in this respect.
236 -
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The Division also supports Experimental Station No. 1 located in
Nattick, Massachusetts, and operated under the aegis of the Universal
Match Company. This is, in effect, a sabotage testing area where the
technical performance of various devices are measured. The decreasing
emphasis placed upon sabotage research and develop
able that this extensive testing area should c
Consideration should be given to transferr
\
"..jaaaaa0,-;�..e.�
as,
makes it question-
be maintained.
of this nature to
Isolation where suitable facilities ar
b. The records maintaine
<
<
(
(
a. *.i,,; 40.;!:,, ii*JM.i' ..C.4i,��,...n "/�,1,6:' .
� �,..,,,, , . . ,,,,^> .e\c \
a r, 0 4.Z.,P,,I.Z..0 V �� 0
d.
in some respects, made it exceedingly
of the requirement for
that in certain fields
a
active
w:�0,
�
specific requirements have
from the Materiel Board.
to mee
al le
:
, ,04*-4:�
self-init
01.A01..z\INCV
'4�01
sionp
, However; it
sufficiently close
he
ted to
hing an
rom eithe
excellent
e the source
er, it appears
leaflets,
4z t
ons or
ttedly self-initiated
ves to
ent Agency require-
to coor these Division initiated
ut this is not always successful or
nee, it seems safe to assume that
vision's research and development is
essarily an undesirable state of affairs.
work of the Engineering Division is not
Agency needs to justify current rates of
expenditure. Expenditures in FY 1956 totalled $1,572,000 and will approach
the same figure inn 1957. The Inspector General feels that adherence
to the suggestions made in this section of the report will redline such
expenditures by more than two-thirds without any adverse effect upon Agency
operations.
231 -
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D. Water-Air Division
1. Organization and History
a. The Water-Air Division is responsible for research and
development on equipments and techniques for the infiltration and ex-
filtration of agents and material into denied area
of water and air transportation. The Division
1953 with a personnel Strength of one.
sonnel strength has grown to nine and
Chief, a Water Branch of four, an A
Si
te
onsist
ough the mediums
ished in April
Division Iler.�,
z Division
1,H 0Ci ON / /01 II I
and Clerical Section of two. The Water y a USN (Ret.)
/
Petty Officers
/
istrative
submarine Captain supporte
stationed at Anapolis f
staffed by a Navy Commande
� 00,, :;
� 10, z44iko 14.
r :ke6 , t�
ivilian
purpose
military aviators detailed to t
aviator, i
/
� � . .
L. Col'
4�)�. � M**
specific A
e Divi
mpetent tee
developmental
expended s'
A
and
. .
,;��
o.
get the military t
Colone
'�U;,,4�4Me' 4./4:
the B
ortly.
xcellen ession. All personnel
have achieved substantial results
1953. _Much of the Division's work
me Maj
ch is
are
so an
an overlap with the
asic military equipment to meet
e Division, therefore, approaches each
three point philosophy of first trying to
the entire project, second, trying to get the
military to contribute money to the project, and third, only undertaking
the project alone when the other two approaches fail. The success of
this philosophy is apparent in the fact that virtually every major Division
-232-
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project is conducted jointly with one of the military services. The
Navy and Marine Corps are particularly helpful frequently contributing
planes, ships, and trained personnel to Division field tests and experi-
ments. The Chief, Water-Air Division, should be commended for the
excellence of liaison conducted with the milit
c. Within the Agency there is a
ces.
p0.1-W4o, w�
responsibilities of the Water-Air Divisit4.., thelk, Maritime
Division of the PP Staff. In theory Di44t4A.:
�
overlap in the
with the technical development of
Division is concerned with t
r operat
division of responsibilit
the purchase and develo
PP Staff. Clarification of
be achieved by s
Division
conce
:Zie� v � Ve..4 � "a
�
,z�$440
Agency ec
:M04444;���.
operation
Branch
partic
oLlowed
fi.,������4",,t������''
rformanc
!��,����t."P�i,*�;��X0+..�
�Z�r,.40t $t:
dictio
-
� A
in
cy require
1/;,,�/Z� /0)14����;frlp::
performanc
� � �
'Ofr".40, .:0n0
re
tz.7:
1�:id1,0011;
g respon
4.;
�z*VM�s�Salo0:**,
,
concerned
e Air Maritime
actice, this
".
#4#0�0��:4'"ii �
,.44�44�-�;,.4.-z-. �
ograms as
o the cre
y the
an only
of Water-Air
this nature and
scale infiltration and
maritime equipment differ in certain
" The Agency needs light, very high
Navy generally needs more durable,
basic requirements are sufficiently similar
long-lived eq
for both the Navy
ment efforts in this
ver
Agency to profit from joint research and develop-
field. Close cooperation with the Navy has made
possible significant economies so that in the last three and a half years
Water Branch expenditures have totalled no more than $408,000.
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b. The Water Branch has developed a family of rubber boats
ranging from one man, calm water paddle boats to four man, rough water,
power boats. These boats are readily cachable and have various other
features especially adapted to clandestine operations. Kayaks, both
one and two man, have been tested and modified
ments. Several types of inflatable paddlebo
approved for Agency use. Commercially
motors of various sizes and makes ha
tested. Selected aluminum and pla
outboard motors have been designated as
In addition, much underwa
swimming fins, swimmin
wristwatches, air compress�
catalogued for operational use
minisu
th
r 4$.41
h has
ng gear,
�
04,
to
t s
fully
Agency require-
en tested and
and,
40 A#
cy operations.
ders, fa
utboard
electric
thing apparatus,
ses,
uges have , ed and
Thes
orraatio
Navy
SARAH H
in beach picku
retriving a small
ii;4.rf; 0.. �
rcially available
are written up in
area division personnel,
. Numerous radar and sonar
een run in collaboration with the
or guidance to operations. The
adapted for exact direction finding
ique has been devised for caching and
oat in depths of water up to 20 feet. Auxiliary
equipment for aiding clandestine boat operations have been tested and
approved including magnetic compasses, anemometers, tachometers, fatho-
meters, gasoline fire detectors, and air rollers for moving small craft
on shore.
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50X1
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d. The work of the Division described in the foregoing
paragraphs is largely of a test and evaluation nature for the purpose
of selecting those Naval and commercial equipments suitable for Agency
operations. The Water Branch has conducted these tests largely through
the use of Navy facilities at great economy to th-/>\,1 ncy. Testing of
ui/ 44' 4/44-0.
oe eeee 4"/
this nature is continuing upon improved deal
inflatable boats, outboard engines, uncle
upon methods of quickly retrieving
boat offshore. The cost to the Age
selection has probably not exceeded
half years.
e. The bulk
developmental work on a fe
teristics. These include a se
communicat
as the
on
� ,41.t., �
ZI:44/."4! 40,6
Fet*v.�
//
40, 1 /
trans
e
lug
a
paddleboards,
�
aratus, and
om a �ty.:41... 'rloP
Ii expe
>
larger
frig and
ee and a
of uniq
,-;064,1014;4g
444'04,je'44:44:�..."4t.; �A!,
deviate
kiff,"
ter sel
miles in
The semi-sub
is Mary
efi4:4,0t4r4:. *4)Wie /44:41)-4
""���:,4z$4 Of'
accoustical
or
weeks in up to 30
able.
into
harac-
rwater
lition device known
ge for attack
iff" was developed at the Trumpy
st approximately $50,000. It can
and 120 pounds of equipment 110
with minimum possibilities of either
It can be cached for three to four
water. Two "Skiffs" are operationally avail-
One joint operation with the Norwegians using the "Skiff" was �
cancelled at the last moment in 1956 after months of agent training.
- 235 -
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g. The underwater communications system is under development
at the Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory. It is to provide a reasonably
secure voice communication system by using underwater electronics
channels. The shore-to-shore system is now operationally available.
Boat-to-boat and underwater swimmer systems are sti under development.
Costs to date are approximately $70,000.
h. The "Sea Pup" was designed an
for approximately $70,000. It is an el
enable a swimmer to covertly approa
substantial explosive charge, and ret
fully tested up to 12 miles
is late summer 1957.
i. The underwa
our knots
000.04VO4
e Philco Corporation
propel
vice to
hip 0 4� .:;40�%
/. j� �
ach a
een success-
ed charge
ment with the Navy through
te of completion
Clevit
to date have .\ 000. Th
acrizv
ep�A
ally
in harbo
strict
,�
develop-
tion. Costs
use in destroying ships
. � /
-4� z ;4�-:1-zr� � *V/
essary
s of what is essenti-
ce can be pre-aimed
ties worthy of note involve close
liai . ',000 0, of a midget submarine, development
of spec outboard engines, successful launch-
/ 10 ,
>
ing of perso,�, 0, ,, "0�,/,
/ / >
oons from fleet type submarines and develop-
ment of a 35 to
our
man hydrofoil boat for rapid infiltration/
exfiltration operati
The latter activity is of special interest as
it is being handled through a civilian cutout who negotiated a contract
with a German manufacturing firm which will cost the Agency nothing unless
all specifications are met. Agency personnel connected with the negoti-
ation of this contract deserve special commendation. This type of
-236-
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50X1
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contract is unusually economical and should serve as a model to be
followed whenever possible within the Research and Development Area.
3. Air Branch
a. The Air Branch has applied the sane philosophy of close
association with the military services followed b
The basic objective of the Air Branch is to p
well-rounded small aircraft capability fo
Water Branch.
Agency with a
operations for distances up to 200 mi A�: Nc,,,-/;ranch
lega 1W-;,i4,4,w , .404. i. Oa aai4ea,f, 1:da
'U,
fully effective until present perso
Virtually all progress in the ir Branc
past two years. Branch
and other experimental
swv.,e,d4t;�4)
b. For testing p
Cub under Army cover. The cub
Stat ion
v-ario
,�=446,
'44414it.
devise
Piper Cub
ve done
�
proto
'r4agz, 3'ava 44,
w:4*&,4;i4ea
!Marol,12ata,z
aan;,,ao a,4=kaai
a :
h bought
excell
come
1954.
ished in the
ght testing
t the Ana
tiding
oped whi
�
� � � � �/ � �
A4,.A0044::
4'0!,Y;i4
An S-55 Helico
the range to near
from
e Piper
ia Naval Air
e of this plane with
g gear and JATO
e possible landings
gh and inaccessible areas. Techniques
th a Beaver float plane have been
reduce the stalling speed of the
been tested and found impractical.
the military was modified to extend
nautical miles. The SARAH Homing Equipment was
tested and found definitely suitable for operational use in agent pickups
and drop zone identification. Decals for quick change of exterior air-
craft markings were also developed during this period.
-237-
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C. Equipments and techniques now under development by the
Branch include a "Skyhook" system for inflight human pickups, sub-
stantial noise reduction in aircraft and helicopter operations, Piper
Cub aerial towing and recovery, balloon drift and launching of a
Piper Cub, military rotochutes for low altitude,
material drops, and infrared night blackout a
Branch has also expended more than $75,00
year Rubber Company for development o
aircraft capable of 60-90 mph for
to 4;44
� : uosi
speed, accurate
dings. The
ract th the Good-
;�,4v, ible, sO%4zOlOat -
displaying some interest in this plan
further development.
d. Much oft
has fib
� � � � � � � � � � � � � v. � ..,
.:44��
devised techniques, especia
loops, and aerial towing of Pi
hazard to
of the
'ators.
buted
1
in
� .010 .040tam*.k. 0.
',400.**140�.�
xperime
ing Ian
;d0O*1*
ovov.vo*Wk
/
es
rubber
Army is
$150,000 to
occasions.
newly
� e4t,. "ground
subs
ting the
obtaining t
11,'4
/. . .
.',4,A0.110.�:- � .
developme
./
- � /o00.4 4,400111C-
..,
. . , . . .
.Z*4V.Z*O4'.44).0na. O
of such
personal
development of many
d determination of
The Agency is
outstanding military aviators
nd all personnel in the Air Branch
Z,k�
formance in devising and testing new
upport of clandestine operations.
for th �'.**
aerial t
b. A le 7J sent to the Secretary of the Navy by the
DCI expressing =4..reciation for the services of the two original
Air Branch aviators at the conclusion of their tours with the
Agency.
-238-
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e. Total expenditures by the Air Branch in the past two and
one-half years amount to $539,711. The most expensive projects are
the inflatable ribber aircraft, the skyhook system for inflight personnel
pickups, the JAM takeoff system, and the Rotochute material drop system.
The efforts of the Branch
of its mission and Agency funds have been
support has been obtained from the mill
Storage facilities and the loan of air
have been well conceive
exp
0/4.
4 v.te, 46":64:
without any charge to the Agency.
the context
ally. Maximum
whenev r possible.
/often
'k.4i �z*.4?1z4i4:Z4: .4 7 :-.0A4$4t W �411
Ocz, 44c444:44444:444.44 �4 '
' '44044 ,p44�4.6,..:;.a.
'.6.44106. 6e.4444.4 '64;464
/,
-04e.
ida,. Th - e'ose working
inflight human pickup system involving
and the full resources of
without charge by the
personne
;46 e
stantial magnitude were per
'44*�44444. � 444 :3144 4P,
14,6:::0464fi;�. 4,:h4A44/..
: I 6666:446:66:01gz f47
Piper Cub balloon drift tests c
relationsh
and Di
dete
ined
e skyhook
an aircraft
to the Agency
Air Forc
is
of sub-
separate
4444.44i4"4t,64
�io+.40
usions
Major Divisi
the Outb
ic:6.64:44,z,:/.66.414,644,Ps
440//:44440
Piper Airc
of others of 1
mately 250 consult
Division activities.
ature of both Branch
in addition to those already
e and Manufacturing Company, the
Kanan Aircraft Corporation, the
Havilland Aircraft Company and a number
and stature. In addition, there are approxi-
th military and civilian cleared to assist in
Especially worthy of note is the Johnston Air
Panel established under the aegis of Mr. S. Paul Johnston, Director,
-239-
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Institute of Aeronautical Sciences, for the purpose of providing
detailed technical guidance and suggestions to the Air Branch. The
Panel meets several times a year and is composed of some of the out-
standing aeronautical engineersand technicians in the country. It
has proven especially effective in directing the Di sion to indivi-
duals and organizations engaged in aeronautical
or complementing Air Branch activities.
suggestions with respect to specific pr
the course of Division experimentat
management, the Panel performs a use
to the usual generalization
and groups.
b. The Division
components fully advised of i
Th
it
paralleling
makes concrete
ising in
r Division
t succumbed
40(i
obstac
acterist
plans. To t
1956a
use
A
&4,;1,v40- 4.vo4z.:
ag,,I;# �
ivision
t t
� ip.,;�,
effo
and fut
and Te
,��'�0,00000:
,;�4a,
visory boards
i0AW.
ting
pment
rculated in November
ntains
in Agenc
probably the
operating compo
C. Perso
able for operational
e list and. brief
with frequent accompanying photo-
les have been sent to field stations
ive copies have been disseminated
er-Air Division catalogue represents
gle example of TSS communication with
cially in the field.
relations between Division personnel and other
components of the DD/P are good. Operating personnel occasionally bring
problems directly to the Division for techniCal guidance. In some fields,
-240-
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notably rubber boats and other small water gear, the Division has
supplied substantial support to the field. Nonetheless the fact must
be faced that the Division is geared exclusively towards the support
of agent infiltration and exfiltration, an area of activity Which has
been steadily declining in importance in past year
The Division has
�
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,#
,0406kvtoz
.1(44$7. tc,01