USE OF INDUCEMENTS OR PRESSURES ON FREE WORLD COUNTRIES IN SUPPORT OF THE U. S. ECONOMIC DEFENSE PROGRAM

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CIA-RDP63-00084A000100110001-3
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RIFPUB
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C
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18
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December 9, 2016
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July 10, 2000
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1
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Publication Date: 
June 7, 1955
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REPORT
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Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001001106*e3_-'?00*M CONFIDENTIAL Staff Study No. 11 Draft of June 7, 1955 CFEP, DRAFTING GROUP Use of Inducements or Pressures on Free 'dorld Countries in Support Of the G. S. Economic Defense Program Revised June 7, 1955 This draft of Staff Study No. 11 on Use of Inducmer~ts or Pressures on Free World Countries in Support of the U. S. Economic Defense Pro ram is transmite for your use in connec on with the work oft~~P Drafting Group on Economic Defense Policy Review. In compliance with the request of the Chairman of the Drafting Group, the Executive Secretary, EDAC, is providing repro- duction and distribution facilities as a service to further the work of the CFEP.Drafting Group. *DOC Exempt Letter On File* Irving I. Kramer Executive Secretary Distribution: CFEP Drafting Group Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 C O N F I D E N T I A L CFEP, DRAFTING GROUP Staff Study No. 11 Draft of June 7, 1955 "USE OF INDUCEMENTS OR PRESSURES ON FREE WORLD COUNTRIES IN SUPPORT OF THE U. S. ECONOMIC DEFENSE PROGRAMS' INTRODUCTION This paper describes the various techniques which the U. S. has used or may consider using to obtain the closer cooperation of other free world countries in the Economic Defense Program. An evaluation of these techniques is attempted, based upon examples shown in Appendix A, and general criteria for their use are suggested. In view of the many variables present in real situations, no attempt has been made to develop definitive rules for the selection or application.of the tech- niques described. In general, however, it is suggested that it is better to use the "Carrot" of possible benefit rather than the "Stick" of possible loss of benefit or actual punishment, where the alternatives are open. Likewise, it should be noted that in general multilateral use of induce- ments or pressures is theoretically superior to U. S. unilateral action. Thus it is likely to be of more value if all the Cocom countries or at least 3 ,or 4 of the leading countries approach a third country with the suggestion that certain steps be taken to support the Economic Defense Program. Obviously there will be occasions where U. S. unilateral action may be necessary. It must also be borne in mind that area considerations are extremely important and techniques which might be satisfactory in Western Europe, for example, might be quite unsatisfactory if used in South Asia. Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 Approved For Release 3Q9Q/ 9/i1 % : Rpf 3-00084A000100110001-3 ------------ Study of the various techniques and of examples of their use has also brought out that some of them, whether of a positive or negative nature, are general in impact. They may be used effectively in creating an atmosphere in which agreement to take specific actions can be more readily obtained, but may be quite ineffective where specific acts or items are concerned. Others, on the other hand, may be used so as to bear directly and solely on the particular problem. However, in the latter instance action on specific problems may influence positions of governments, firms or individuals on more general issues both within and outside of the Economic Defense Program. The judgment that certain of the techniques described below cannot be use- fully employed in solving specific problems of Economic Defense is not to be taken to mean that the action could not or should not be taken in support of other important Government objectives. It should likewise be understood that not only can these techniques be used as specific devices to obtain individual objectives but also that occasionally they may be used in a broader sense as a means of creation of a more favorable climate of opinion. DISCUSSION OF TECHNIQUES 1. There is reproduced in the Appendix B, a check list of the individual techniques constituting the types of inducements and pressures which have been utilized by the United States up to the present time and including a few which, although not as yet utilized, are theoretically possible. 2. In general, these techniques fall into two categories: a. Methods of expanding or contracting U. S. Government procurement of foreign goods and services; b. Methods of expanding or contracting the availability abroad of U. S. goods and services. CONFIDENTIAL Approved For Release *2000/09/13: CIA-RDP63-00084A000100110001-3 Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 C O N F I D E N T I A L - 3- - 3. In this first group i.e., expansion or contraction of Government procurement of foreign goods and services, are included the various techniques; such as off-shore procurement, stockpiling, the Formosa Clause, and use of the selection of spots for military bases as an inducement. In the second group i.e., the expansion or reduction of the availability of U. S. goods and services, are the techniques such as the making available of short supply items, withholding of export licenses, off-shore bunkering controls, punitive actions under the administrative action program, (although certain of these punitive actions such as the withdrawal of FOA contracts are of the nature included in the first group), denial of visas, financial loans and grants (here there will be occasions where this technique will fall into the first category such as the procurement of locomotives in one foreign country for shipment to another foreign country under the FOA program), technical assistance projects, use of agricultural surpluses, and health and sanitation projects. 4. Some of these are applicable on a country basis (such as action under the Battle Act or under the Department of Commerce Anti Frustration policy, i.e., PD 810), while others are directed at an individual or company. Normally those techniques applicable on a country basis are more drastic than those applied on an individual basis. However, experience has shown that the technique applicable to a firm or individual frequently has more scope for selectivity of action. These techniques can often be used over and over again while the techniques applicable on a country basis do not normally bear repetition. 5. It will be noted that some of these techniques involve lines of action undertaken solely in order to obtain greater conformity in other countries with the U. S. Economic Defense policy. Other of the techniques involve already C O N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084A000100110001-3 CONFIDENTIAL -4- established U. S. government actions which are being undertaken originally for other reasons and where their increased or decreased use in an attempt to obtain closer adherence to the U. S. Economic Defense policy is collateral to their main purpose. It is believed that in general those techniques which are solely applicable to our effort to obtain closer adherence to our Economic Defense policy are generally superior to those techniques which infringe upon other policy objectives of the U. S. Government since, in the latter case, the Economic Defense benefits obtainable may frequently be more than offset by the possible losses to other programs. In other words, the techniques attached hereto should be regarded as illustrations of possibilities which might be used. In no case would the technique be employed if a judgment were made that U.S. foreign policy objectives would suffer in the net through its use. 6. It will be noted that certain of the techniques are specific in their application in that they are designed solely to meet a given situation while others are much broader in their implications and may have adverse collateral effects. An example of this latter situation is to be found in the possibility that the use of the Battle Act may be more damaging to the military program than the economic defense gain which might result. CRITERIA 7. The following are suggested as guidelines for the use of any or all of the techniques discussed above and described in detail in the Appendix. These relate solely to considerations in connection with supporting the Economic Defense Program and in no way are intended to imply that certain of the actions described should not or could not be taken completely apart from that program. C O N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000/09113 : CIA-RDP63-00084A000100110001-3 Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 C O N F I D E N T I A L -5- 8. Guides in considering possible use of any or all of the techniques described in support of the Economic Defense Program: a. There should be an economic defense problem which warrants-special attention. b. The use of one or more of these techniques should be effective in producing a net gain to the Economic Defense Program (any particular technique should be continued only where past results in somewhat similar circumstances justify its continued or expanded use). c. The net gain to the U. S. should outweigh the resulting costs to d. other U. S. programs and objectives. If the particular problem permits a choice between the use of inducements or pressures, costs permitting, it is preferable in general to use inducements. (Inducements of relatively high cost to the U. S. should be employed only on determination that the objective cannot otherwise be attained by means such as mild pressures). CONCLUSIONS 9. The techniques described in the Appendix are of varying degrees of use- fulness in influencing other countries and their nationals to cooperate more closely with the U. S. Economic Defense Program. 10. With reference to East/West trade there is a broad field of items where trade interests conflict with security objectives. These items shade from those of minor strategic importance to others approaching the importance of items directly related or principally used for military materiel production. In this area some of these techniques are being or can be used to influence other free world countries to support the U. S. views of an adequate Economic Defense Program. C O N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 C O N F I D E N T I A L -6- 11. Clearly those techniques listed as inducements which provide alternate markets for the materials or products for which restrictions on sale to the Soviet Bloc are desired, are the most effective as they lessen the pressures to ship such items to the Bloc. Off-shore procurement in connection with FOA or defense programs _/ (5,6 &7); and/or increased stockpile procurement (4 & 15), provide such free world markets and can be very effective tools in support of this program. Naturally caution must be exercised to avoid over-procurement or payment of highly excessive costs. This device is not intended as a "payoff" but instead may better be described as ordinary business transactions being handled in a slightly special way. 12. The pressures which could be related directly to the Economic Defense Program mostly are the reverse of those described above. In general, it is preferable to take such actions only as a last resort; rather using the implied threat of the use of such techniques than actually employing, them. 13. In this category falls: Withholding export licenses (la, 23); reducing availability of short-supply items (24, 19); curtailment or withdrawal of off- shore purchasing (16, 22); and reducing stockpile purchases (21, 26). 14. Another pressure technique is the withholding of export licenses for specific commodities (19,23), where the country of destination is shipping the same item to the Bloc or shipping a strategic product made therewith or therefrom, These numbers relate to the items in the attached Appendix A, which provides examples of the particular techniques. C 0 N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 C 0 N F I D E N T I A L -7- 15. Reference should be made to the actions taken under the inter-agency "Administrative Action Program" (28, 29). Here where it is determined that individuals are negating the objectives of the U.S. Defense Program various disciplinary actions are taken until agreement is obtained from the individual for conformance with that program. Related to this is the denial of visas (27), to persons who flagrantly disregard the objectives of the U. S. security program and as a result cannot expect such considerations. 16. Two other techniques listed: Treasury overseas bunkering regula- tions (31); and the Formosa Clause (30), are aimed at hampering the transport of items to the Bloc or precluding the use of ships by the Bloc where such ships are gainfully employed in carrying aid goods to friendly areas. 17. With these points in mind it is believed that the following tech- .i.ques are those most advantageous in that they attack directly the problem confronting us and also in that they are less likely to have undesirable indirect reactions. a. Procurement (5,6,22,16) b. Stockpiling (4, 15, 21, 26) C. Availability of short-supply items (19, 12, 24) d. Withholding of export licenses (23, 28, 18, 20, 25) e. Formosa Clause actions (30) f. Bunkering restrictions (31) g. Punitive actions under the administrative action program (28, 29) h. Denial of visas (27) 18. On the other hand, the following types of actions are felt to be of less value because either they do not directly address themselves to the problem at issue C C N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 0 0 N F I D E N T I A L -8- or because they may have indirect reactions of an unfavorable nature: a. Financial loans and grants (1, 2 3, 14, 17) b. Technical assistance (3) c. Military bases (7) d. Agricultural surpluses (9) e. Health and sanitation projects (10, 11) f. Disposal of military surplus materiels (8) APPENDIX A Listing techniques and examples of each. APPENDIX B Check list of techniques C O N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 Approved For Release 200O/1091113 D (RIA-MCIP,63r00084A000100110001-3 APPENDIX A Examples of Pressures or Inducements which have been, or may be used, to obtain foreign support of the U. S. Economic Defense Program. 1. Inducements which may be offered to countries or individuals to persuade them to cooperate with the U. S. Economic Defense Program. a. Country-wide (Examples of aids and grants) 1. $10 million has been made available to Japan in the form of a grant for the support of defense production industries. 2. Approximately $45 million has been used to finance the trans- portation, relief and resettlement of refugees from North Vietnam to Free Vietnam. (Example of technical assistance) 3. Afghanistan. An American technical advisory group, called the Helmand Valley Advisory Service, has been created to assist the Afghan administration in all phases of engineering, agriculture, health and sanitation, community development, public administra- tion, and training, in connection with the Helmand Valley Development program. A Community Development Training School and Demonstration Farms have also been established in the Helmand Valley. (Example of increasing stockpile procurement) 4. It has been suggested that Turkish cooperation in the denial of borax to unfriendly countries might be improved by arranging to purchase from Turkey, for the U.S. Strategic Stockpile, quanti- ties of chromium or copper greater than would otherwise be acquired from this source, in such fashion as to be of more bene- fit to Turkey than the sale of this material in the open market. C O N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000/09/13: CIA-RDP63-00084A000100110001-3 Approved For Release JQ110 /I : 15AIP-0-00084A000100110001-3 (Example of off-shore procurement) 5. The U.S. Armed Forces buy approximately $200 millions of goods and services abroad, per year, for subsistence and maintenance of troops and installations. It is suggested that the placement of contracts for such items might be used to increase cooperation with the Economic Defense Program. 6. The FOA sold U. S. coal to private individuals in France and with the francs bought cement in Tunisia for shipment to Iran; tires and tubes in France for Turkey; logs in French West Africa for Israel. (Establishment of US bases abroad) ? 7. The US has expended approximately $250 million in Germany and $100 million in Italy, as well as large sums in other countries, for the construction of military bases. It has been suggested that the location of bases and the letting of construction con- tracts may be used, to some extent, to obtain greater cooperation with the US Economic Defense program. (Disposal of military surplus materiel) 8. The U. S. Armed Services possess thousands of tons of surplus materials of many kinds, which may be disposed of locally. The sale of such surplus material should be confined to countries which maintain satisfactory controls over the movement of strategic materials to the Soviet Bloc. (Disposal of agricultural surplus commodities) 9. The 1956 budget estimate of MSA proposes that $30 million in agri- cultural surplus commodities be given to India, and that the Approved For Release 20 O(dQ/g 3j:]cJANR)?6A3jQ0084A000100110001-3 Approved For Release %080A0p/13D: c41RpR6L3-00084A000100110001-3 _3- sales proceeds of these commodities be used for agreed economic development purposes such as local costs of irrigation, flood control and power. Such aid might also carry a condition relating to the Economic Defense program. (Health and sanitation programs) 10. Through the work of the Iran US Public Health Cooperative, malaria has been brought under control and should be virtually wiped out within a few years, and serious epidemics of conta- gious diseases are now less frequent, 11. Substantial progress has been made in malaria control in Indonesia. For example, in one area sample tests on infants made before the program was undertaken showed that 30% had malaria. Two years later, a similar test showed no cases of malaria. (Increasing availability of items in short supply) 12. A supplemental allocation of copper alloy scrap was made to West Germany for the second quarter, 1955. It is expected that this allocation will strengthen West German support of the US in COCOM and other Economic Defense activities. b. Inducements for individuals. (Loans and grants) 13. $3 million have been made available for the making of technical surveys and engineering reports for the Tata Steel Company expan- sion project, India. 14. A loan of $1.2 million to the Rio Tinto pyrites mine, Spain, was made for the general purpose of increasing production. The C O N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000109M 3-:-C1 RDP63=00084A000100110001-3 Approved For Release 200Mj113 D (ZI4-?DPr63 -00084A000100110001-3 -4- licensing of certain equipment for the mine, however, and the final implementation of the loan were held up until it could be ascertained that this development would not increase the avail- ability of pyrites to the Soviet Bloc. (Increasing Stockpile Procurement) 15. The GSA might direct its purchases toward particular mines or companies, if so directed by ODM, in the interests of the Economic Defense Program. (Off-shore procurement) 16. Both Defense and FOA purchase large quantities of materials and services of many types, in foreign countries, either for use locally or for shipment to some other country. The nature of other business carried on by the prospective suppliers could be taken into account in the placement of FOA or Defense contracts. II. Pressures which may be exerted to persuade countries or individuals to cooperate with the US Economic Defense Program. . a. Countries (Curtailment or withholding of US aid) 17. The preparation of an aid program for Ceylon was interrupted because of failure of Ceylon to discontinue its exports to Commmunist China of rubber. (Withholding of export licenses) 18. Export licenses were withheld on certain excavating machinery for the UK, under the provisions of PD 810, following upon the withdrawal by the UK Government of assurances with regard to the possible transshipment of such items to the Soviet Bloc. Approved For Release 2000%09/13 7 (CIA-RffP3T 00084A000100110001-3 Approved For Release 249W#PW1j31j cl -ftlPA63-00084A000100110001-3 -5- Licensing was resumed upon receipt of the necessary assurances from the UK Government. (Reducing availability of commodities in short supply) 19. Licenses for the export of dusting sulfur required for rubber production were denied to Ceylon, because of the refusal of Ceylon to discontinue its exports of rubber to Communist China. This was unsuccessful as other friendly countries supplied the required sulphur dust without demanding discontinuance of ship- ments of the resulting rubber to Communist China. (Restricting availability of technical data) 20. The export of technical data relating to metal rolling mills was made subject to obtaining validated export license, and such information is being withheld from the UK pending satisfactory agreement upon the export control of metal rolling mills. (Reducing stockpile purchases) 21. The GSA might, upon direction from the ODM, reduce purchases for the stockpile from a particular country, if such action seemed in accord with US economic defense objectives. b. Individuals. (Curtailment of off-shore procurement) 22. During the fiscal year 1955 two offshore procurement contracts totalling about $25 million were cancelled in Italy by the Defense Department because the Communist labor union gained control in the plants concerned after the contracts had been placed. C O N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 Approved For Release 20QPV 113Q qlR-fZQ%1-00084A000100110001-3 - 6 (Withholding of export licenses) 23. Export licenses were withheld from the Italian firm SALEM until the firm furnished information regarding its transactions in molybdenum, and gave assurances that its future activities would be in accord with applicable export regulations. (Reducing availability of short su ly items) 24. The known trading activities of applicants may be taken into account when short supply quotas are allocated among the appli- cants. (Withholding technical data) 25. An application was made by several American firms to export technical data relating to metal rolling mills to FIAT, Italy. The advisability of denying this application was studied in view of the large Communist membership in the FIAT labor force and of past trade between FIAT and the Soviet Bloc. It was finally decided to approve the license, in view of the compliance by FIAT with trade controls, during recent years, and of the possession of Defense Department contracts. (Reducing stockpile purchases) 26. The GSA might, upon direction from the ODM, reduce purchases for the stockpile from a particular company, if such action seemed in accord with US economic defense objectives. (Denial of US visas) 27. Individuals known to be conducting trade not considered to be to the security interests of the US might be denied visas, for themselves, or for company representatives, thus hindering their business activities. Approved For Release 2006/99113 F(I1Ad-F,&[I~J 00084AO00100110001-3 Approved For Release 2N(N( RI I:IQWR DR63-00084A000100110001-3 _7- (Administrative Action) 28. The denial of offshore procurement contracts and the withholding of US export licenses to the firm of Wheelock, Marden, has resulted in the opening of negotiations with Mr. Marden to obtain adequate assurances that he will comply with applicable regula- tions with respect to trade with Communist China. (Administrative Action Watch List) 29. The BFC maintains a file of firms and individuals whose applica- tions for export licenses are either subjected to special scrutiny, or denied without further consideration, in view of known undesirable activities of these firms or individuals. (Formosa Clause} 30. The Formosa Clause (restrictive charter) was instituted by MSA to insure that foreign flag vessels chartered by MSA would not be placed in an advantageous position to trade with Communist China. This clause provides that vessels chartered by MSA may not go to Communist Chinese ports within 60 days after discharge of MSA cargo at Formosa. There is a provision for holding back 25% of the freight payment as a means of enforcement. (Treasury overseas bunkering regulations) 31. Under Treasury Department regulations, American firms abroad may not supply bunkers to vessels bound for Communist China if such vessels are carrying strategic cargo. The vessel Les Glieres, operated by the French line Messageries Maritimes, was denied bunkers under this regulation. Approved For Release 20 ,g(gfID/B : Fri-V0084A000100110001-3 Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 C O N F I D E N T I A L Appendix B CHECK LIST OF TECHNIQUES 11 UCEIIENTS EXAMPLE NO. Aids and grants (country wide) 1 & 2 Technical assistance (country wide) 3 Increasing stockpile procurement (country wide) 4 Off-shore procurement (country wide) 5 & 6 Military bases 7 Military surplus disposal (country wide) 8 Agricultural surpluses (country wide) 9 Health and sanitation programs (country wide) 10 & 11 Availability of short supply items 12 Loans & grants (individual) 13. & 14 Increasing stockpile individual orders 15 Offshore procurement specific suppliers 16 PRESSURES Curtailment or withholding US aids from 17 specific countries. 'ithholding export licenses for particular country Restricting availability of technical data to named countries. 18 & 20 19 Reducing stockpile purchases Curtailment of offshore procurement from non-cooperative firms 22 Withholding individual export licenses 23 Reducing availability of short supply items 24 Withholding technical data from individuals 25 C O N F I D E N T I A L Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3 C O N F I D E N T I A L Page 2: Appendix B PRESSURES (Continued) EM1PLE NO. Curtailing stockpile purchases from 26 specific individuals Denial US visas 27 Administrative action 28 & 29 Formosa clause 30 Treasury overseas bunkering regulations, 31 CONFIDENTIAL Approved For Release 2000/09/13 : CIA-RDP63-00084AO001 00110001 -3