MILITARY COLD WAR EDUCATION AND SPEECH REVIEW POLICIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000100210016-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 65
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 5, 2004
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: April 5, 1962
• Content Type: REPORT

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t~I~~r ~nt#rd t$tates ornate
Report of Proceedings
Hearing held before
Special Preparedness Subcomm1ttes
of the Committee on Armed Services
MILITARY COLD WAR EDUCATION AND
SPEECH REVIEW POLICIES
Thursday, April 5, 19h2
Washington, D. C.
WARD & PAUL
1760 PENNSYLVANIA AVE., N. W.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
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18.4269
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SPECIAL PREPAREDNESS SUBCOMMITTEE
CT THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES
JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi, Chairman
STUART SYMINGTON, Missouri LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, Massachusetts
HENRY M. JACKSON, Washington MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine
STROM THURMOND, South Carolina FRANCIS CASE, South Dakota
E. L. BARTLETT. Alaska
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CONTE
TEST I= OZ
T? S
Edwin A. Walker
Accompanied by
Medford Evans,
Consultant;
-and-
Clyde J. Watts,
Counsel (Looney, Watts, Looney, Nichols &
Johnson, Esgs.) -- resumed
Pages at which material is to be inserted
273-3
Zj%GE
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MILITARY COLD WAR EDUCATION AND
SPEECH REVIEW POLICIES.
Thursday, April 5, 1962
United States Senate,
Special Preparedness Subcommittee
of the Committee on Armed Services,
t"Washington, D. C
The Special Subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at
10:00 o'clock a.m.
in Room 318, old Senate Office Building,
Senator John Stennis (Chairman) presiding.
Present: Senators Stennis (Chairman), Symington, Thurmond,
Bartlett, and Saltonstall.
Also present: Senators Cannon and Beall of the Full Armed
Services Committee.
Special Subcommittee Staff: James T. Kendall, Chief
Counsel.
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Senator Stennis (presiding). The Committee will come to
order, please.
General Walker, are you ready to proceed?
TESTIMONY OF EDWIN A. WALKER
ACCOMPANIED BY:
MEDFORD EVAN S , CONSULTANT;
AND
CLYDE J. WATTS, COUNSEL
(LOONEY, WATTS, LOONEY, NICHOLS & JOHNSON ft ESQS. )
RESUMED
Mr. Walker. Yes, sir.
Senator Stennis. Gentlemen of the Committee, when we con-
cluded last night, I believe that we had just had questions of
Senator Thurmond and the Chairman was last, so that brings us
beck to Mr. Kendall.
Mr. Kendall, do you have additional questions?
Mr. Kendall. Yes, sir, Mr. Chairman.
Senator Stennis. All right.
Will you proceed?
Mr. Kendall. General, I have a few questions for clarifica-
tion.
I believe that you indicated that in the 1953 suit filed by
the Overseas Weekly to enjoin the Defense Department from banning
it, the court issued an order holding that the Defense Department
did not have that authority.
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Did I understand you correctly?
Mr. Walker. That the Defense Department did not have
authority to ban the Overseas Weekly?
Mr. Kendall. Yes, sir.
Mr. Walker. I do not remember making such a statement, no,
Mr. Kendall. What was it?
Mr. Walker. I referred to some form of litigation by the
Overseas Weekly.
Mr. Kendall. Yes, sir, you did.,
Mr. Walker. Which concluded in finding that the Overseas
Weekly complaint did not justify placing it back on the news-
stands, based on their complaint and legal action.
Mr. Kendall. Your information was that this was court
action or a holding by the court?
Mr. Walker. OW sued to be restored to the stands, to
the newsstands, and the Judge was a man by the name of Judge
Mr. Kendall. The point I am getting to, General, this is
just my information, that, of course, it would be important to us
if the court had actually issued an order holding one way or the
other.
My information was that the court did not ever actually
act upon the complaint, but that the order was rescinded by
Secretary of Defense Wilson without any court order.
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Mr. Walker. The Judge ruled that by the OW's action, it
could not force itself back on to the newsstands by this litiga-
tion.
Mr. Kendall. General, there is another point that I think
the record needs clarification on.
I think I understood you correctly, and this is with respect
to the authority of the commander to ban the distribution of a
publication which he might consider morally objectionable or
subversive, or objectionable or harmful on some other grounds.
It is my understanding -- and I so understood you, but I think
that there is some confusion about it in the record -- that there
is a regulation which does give the commander such authority
with respect to such publications.
Mr. Walker. Yes, sir, there is a regulation, and the
number of it is A. R. 381-135, which authorizes taking off the
newsstands literature which.counters the necessary purposes and
responsibilities of a commander.
It does not have to be subversive, and I would like to
refer in much of this discussion that the word "subversive"
does not necessarily have to apply to Communism, by any means,
sir.
It can be subversive to American principles, efforts and
responsibilities, particularly in the military service.
This Army Regulation authorizes the commander at any echelon
to remove such a publication from the newsstand.
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Mr. Kendall. And all the commander has to do is to take
action and report it to a higher command, this is correct?
Mr. Walker. If he follows the Army Regulation, he would
be obeying the Regulation and has that authority. But there are
other things now that are superseding those regulations which I
have explained.
Mr. Kendall. Yes, sir, but --
Mr. Walker. Evidently, which are hidden.
Mr. Kendall. Just a moment, General. Let me get this
clarification for the record and then you, of course, can ex-
plain.
Mr. Walker. Right, sir.
Mr. Kendall. I am just trying to straighten out what, to
me, was a confused situation.
Your position you have stated, as I understood you, that
t1z re was a Regulation that gave this authority, but in this
particular situation what you were saying, that while you had the
naked authority under the Regulation, that, because of certain
forces, you did not actually have the power to act under the
Regulation.
Is this what I understood you to say?
Mr., Walker. Because I had been informed that I could not
ban it from the newsstands.
Mr., Kendall. Who informed you of this?
Mr. Walker. Through staff channels.
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Mr. Kendall. Where did the information originate?
At what level and through which particular charnel?
Did it come through Army channels directly, or did it come
through Norstad'js Command, for example?
Mr. Walker. It came through military channels. I do not
know where it originates.
Mr. Kendall. So you do not know who actually sent you the
word that you could not do it?
Mr. Walker. I could have identified the staff officers at
one time or the commanders, but I cannot remember them now.
Mr. Kendall. You wanted to make some further --
Mr. Walker. I definitely had the word not to ban that
Mr. Kendall. But you do not know from whom?
Mr. Walker. No, sir, just like we cannot find out who put
it back on the stands and who is giving General Norstad the
rer.;""onsibility for keeping it there.
He has not a free decision to keep that paper on the news-
Mr. Kendall. Do you know what channels it came through,
General?
Mr. Walker. Military channels, sir.
Mr. Kendall. Which particular line?
Mrs Walker. By normal line from Army to Corps to myself,
or direct from Army. There are two channels. One is administra"
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Live and one is operation, and they overlap.
14r. Kendall. So it came through Regular Army channels
and not the European Coma mand channels?
Mr. Walker. That is correct.
Mr. Kendall. Now, you wanted to make some other comment
with reference to this matter and for the purposes of getting
this clarification in I interrupted you, and I certainly will be
glad to hear whatever you have to say on that point now.
Mr. Walker. Yes, sir.
I would like to add that I am not here to be investigated
or to defend myself.
I am here to show why there is no adequate cold war
indoctrination program in the Army, and, in my opinion, to include
the military services.
I should like to clarify my own testimony and certain facts
about The Taro Leaf, the ACA Index, and --
Mr. Kendall. Just a moment, General, this is not respon-
sive to my question.
Senator Stennis. Just a moment, gentlemen.
The General wants to make a statement, you say, clarifying
something about the ACA Index?
Mr. Walker. Right, sir.
Senator Stennis. Let it come now, that will be all right.
Mr. Walker. We will go ahead, air.
Senator Stennis. All right, proceed with the questions.
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Mr. Kendall. In view of what you said, I take it that you
never actually imposed a ban on the distribution of the OW in the
24th Division?
Mr. Walker. That is correct.
I was denied the right to do so.
Mr. Kendall. I know that on May 26, 1961, and June 3, 1961,
you made certain written recommendations that OW be barred from
the Army newsstands, and that was after the completion of the
investigation, of course.
Did you ever make such a written recommendation prior to,
say, April 16, 1961?
Mr. Walker. I made an oral request before that it be
banned.
I believe the one you refer to was written at Heidelburg
May 26, 1961.
Is that correct?
Mr. Kendall. Yes, sir.
Mr. Walker. I had made several requests to ban the Overseas
Weekly and had discussed the necessity and requirements of banning
it, and the failure in responsibility was in command not to ban
it.
Mr. Kendall. Was this in writing, General, prior to
April, 1961, say?
Mr. Walker. There is no use following up something in
writing when you have made an oral request in the United States
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Army and you are told you cannot do it.
Mr. Kendall. General, I believe you testified yesterday that
you had seen "Operation Abolition" and that you classified it as
a good, hard-hitting information film?
Mr. Walker. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Kendall. What about "Communism on the Map," have you
seen that; and, if so, how would you classify it?
Mr. Walker. I have not seen that film.
I would classify it also as a good, hard-hitting, anti-
Communist film and one that is absolutely necessary in our train-
ing activities.
Mr.. Kendall. You have not seen that?
Mr. Walker. No, I have not, sir.
Mr. Kendall. What about "Blueprint for Conquest," have you
seen that?
Mr. Walker,. i have not seen that, but I understand it is
typical of the weakness in the program as initiated from the
top.
Mr.. Kendall. "Blueprint for Conquest"?
Mr.. Walker. I missed the name of it. I may be referring
to the wrong film. This name is what, sir?
Mr. Kendall. "Blueprint for Conquest"..
Mr.. Walker. I am sorry, we do not know anything about that
film. My reference was to "Challenge of Ideas".
Mr. Kendall. This is the one that you testified yesterday
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that you had not seen, but you thought it was entirely inadequate
for a Troop Information Program?
Mr. Walker. This one?
Mr. Kendall. "Challenge of Ideas".
Mr. Walker Yes, sir, "Challenge of ideas"'.
Mr. Kendall. Now, what about the film, "Communist Target --
Youth"?
Have you seen that one? I will identify it.
Mr. Walker. I believe you can identify that further as an
official film, is that correct?
Mr. Kendall. Official film recently issued by the Depart-
meat of Defense, yes, sir.
Mr. Walker. I would be happy to use anything that comes
from J. Ldgar Hoover, I can assure you.
Mr. Kendall. This was a film released and prepared by the
Department of Defense, General. Have you seen it?
Mr. Walker. No, I have not.
Mr. Kendall. How did you yesterday --
Mr. Walker. If the Department of Defense prepared it, I
would still be skeptical of it.
Mr. Kendall. In other words, anything that the Department
of Defense prepares, you would --
Mr. Walker. Under the present Training Program --
Mr. Kendall. Let me finish my question.
Mr. Walker. Yes, sir.
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Senator Thurmond. Mr. Chairman, I think he is entitled to
answer. He was cut off.
Senator Stennis. I think that we can take a little more
time. Let us not have each one talk at the same times
Mr. Walker. Sorry, sir, my mistake.
Senator Stennis. Those things often happen.
Mr. Kendall. Go ahead, General.
Mr. Walker. I am sorry, sir, will you repeat the question,
Mr. Secretary Kendall?
Mr. Kendall. I was asking you:
Would you be skeptical of anything that was produced by the
Department of Defense in Troop Training or Troop information?
Mr. Walker. I would at the moment under the soft-line
approach that is being used as the policy.
Mr. Kendall. How did you evaluate the series of pamphlets
"Democracy vs. Communism" in your testimony yesterday?
Mr. Walker. As the best thing I could find at that time
available. They show some weaknesses. They are not too strong.
Mr. Kendall. General, in your prepared statement yesterday
you characterized Secretary McNamara' s testimony before the full
Committee last September as and here I quote -- "slander and
defamation of my character and reputation in the privileged
sanctuary of a Senate Committee".
Were you referring in this remark to the fact that, when
testifying before a Senate Committee, he was immune from any
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action for slander or libel?
Mr. Walker. Not necessarily so.
Mr. Kendall. What did you mean by that remark, sir?
Mr. Walker. That could be included with respect to the use
of releasing an investigation in the military service unprece-
dented, which immediately was misused, and, in itself, by its
release, became misrepresentation.
Mr. Kendall. That is all I have, Mr. Chairman.
Senator Stennis, All right, thank you.
Mr. Walker.
May i clarify?
Senator Stennis. Yes.
Mr. Walker, I should like to clarify my own testimony and
certain facts about The Taro Leaf editorial, ACA Index --
Senator Stennis. General, before you move into that, the
Chair would like to inquire what time does the Senate convene
today?
Senator Cannon. Eleven o'clock.
Senator Stennis. There is a rather important debate going
on over there.
While the Senators are here, I am going to give them a
chance to ask questions, if they have any, and we will clear up
your matter later.
Gentlemen, I think we can have any other questions now by
any members of the Committee and any members of the full Com-
mittee.
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Senator Thurmond. Mr. Chairman, I do not have any further
questions right now.
Senator Stennis. Senator Bartlett?
Senator Bartlett. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
General, it is my recollection that yesterday you described
the Overseas Weekly as being subversive. Is my memory right?
Mr. Walker. That is correct, sir.
Senator Bartlett. Did you have any investigation relating
to this made by Army Intelligence?
Mr. Walker. I did not have an official investigation
made by Army Intelligence.
I had a l6thAir Force study and recommendation, which I
have referred to in the previous portions of the investigation
of this hearing -- not investigation -w and X mentioned that
"subversive" does not necessarily mean Communist.
It can be, as the Regulations indicate that I have referred
to for ba-suing it, it can be subversive to the interests of the
military service and/or the responsibilities of a commander.
Senator Bartlett. The 16th Air Force is located where,
in Spain?
Mr. Walker. At that time it was a Major General, now pro-
moted to Lieutenant General, who was in command in Spain, sir, of
a major unit in Spain.
Senator Bartlett. Do you know if the Army, other than the
24th Division, made an investigation into the Overseas Weekly as
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to its possibly being subversive?
Mr. Walker. I would say yes, that the Army has made investi,
gations for a period prior to, continuously and prior to General
Volpe's banning it on the newsstand, certainly for a ten-year
period.
When I got to Europe, I was informed by professional
BIO's that certain members of the Overseas Weekly staff bragged
about their capability to relieve an officer, and the figure that
was around was that there were 11 senior officers had been either
reassigned or their positions made untenable by this paper's
activities.
I found recently an officer that is now stationed in the
Pentagon that told me he took it off of the Headquarters news-
stand in leidelburg himself.
I know that General Gavin in Munich, when I was there,
Major General Gavin, commanding the Southern Area command in
support of that area, ordered Mr. Haujocks, the reporter', off
of his concern and only allowed him back on with an escort.
The Overseas Weekly had published statements that were false.
Senator Bartlett. Do you know if the Army ever officially
described the Overseas Weekly as being subversive by any
definition of that word?
Mr. Walker. Sir, I am very sorry, but I missed the ques-
Senator Bartlett. Do you know if the Army ever officially
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determined the Overseas Weekly to be subversive by any definition
which might be applied to that word?
Mr. Walker. Yes, sir.
It is my information from a senior officer that there was
a staff study in the Pentagon which he saw that classified the
overseas Weekly as subversive.
The staff study was brought to light when this officer,
before a Congressional Committee, was asked by a Congressman some-
thing about an article the Overseas Weekly published regarding
the fire in Germany of the Hotel Frankfurt Arms, Frankfurt Arms
Hotel, a transient military hotel, at Fifth Corps Headquarters,
and the Congressmen were curious about the Overseas Weekly report
that this covered up a lot of money lost, this fire.
So he rushed back to the Pentagon to find the answer to
this question in his hearing to be able to produce it before
Congress, and he got the study, and he saw the study classifying
the Overseas Weekly as subversive.
That is the information by a senior officer.
Senator Bartlett. Do you remember when the fire occurred,
General?
Mr. Walker. Sir, not accurately. I would say probably in
the area of 1955, 1956 or 1957.
Senator Bartlett. And do you know when the Congressional
hearing took place?
Mr. Walker, It was not on this subject, sir. It was a
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hearing, he was before a hearing, a financial hearing here.
Senator Bartlett. Do you know when that was?
Mr. Walker. No, sir.
Senator Bartlett. Now, General, I wonder if you would
expand a bit more on the allusion you made to the Columbia
Broadcasting System being involved in your own personal situa-
tion.
You mentioned that on page 29 and page 30, I believe, of
your prepared statement, but did not amplify it. How did CBS
enter into this?
Mr. Walker. I referred to Mr. Schorr's remarks. I have a
copy here of the Dallas News-Times Herald, and a panel of the
CBS people before the World Affairs Council in Dallas, Texas.
During this panel discussion there was a question from the floor
regarding General Walker.
Mr. Schorr said to Mr. Sevareid:
"Let me have the question. After all, I sent him back
Here is the tape.
Senator Stennis. General, what was that last quote you
gave, "after all" what?
Mr. Walker. "After all, I sent him back here."
Senator Stennis. "Sent him back"?
Mr. Walker. "Sent him back here."
Senator Bartlett. I still do not understand yet how this
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relates to your situation, General.
I wonder if you would amplify that a bit.
Mr. Walker. How this what, sir?
Senator Bartlett. Relates to your own situation.
Mr. Walker. I do not understand it either in detail, but
I can assure you that I consider that it is all involved in the
overall intent to stop a hard anti-Communist line in a Division
in Europe.
Senator Bartlett, With the Chairman's permission, I wonder
if I might ask the General if he would be willing to make the tape
available for the use of the Committee.
Senator Stennis, Yes, you may ask,
Senator Bartlett. Could you do that, General?
Mr. Walker. Yes, I will, sir.
Senator Bartlett. Thank you.
General Walker, in your opinion, what should be the proper
role of the military officer with respect to the public in such
areas as speeches and seminars?
Mr. Walker. I might add to that other question that I am
sure Mr. Schorr could explain more to this Committee on this
point than I can.
The relationship between the public and the military on
speeches, I feel the National Administration? as well as we here,
should take full cognizance of the necessities that are involved
in this area.
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You will find the public, to a certain extent, in bewilder-
ment at our peril and our national policy.
You will find the military hunting a cause and a purpose,
which naturally originates from the people through this Congress.
So there is a natural, instinctive drawing of the two together
in search of the answer.
There is a great vacuum, and the only solution brings
these two areas together; the military as the agency of implement-
ing a national policy that basically should, and under the
Constitution, originates with the people.
So this is inevitable and, of course, it is a very threat-
Erring condition to an Administration that does not want it to
happen.
They must divide it and divide it fast:, and they are so
doing. The greatest power in the world is the power of a great
nation, unified in its cause and purposes as a team.
The day that this happens, the people understand the condi-
tions of the peril and the international conspiracy's threat upon
it, a public cause and purpose of 180 million people is so
great in extent and its capability that no country on earth could
threaten it.
This is the only circumvention to war, and the reason we
become closer to war and dire peril is because we have been in-
filtrated, disunified, and our causes and purposes, intentionally
headed in many and various directions.
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People would indicate that I or a military man naturally
wants to go to warn
This is untrue.
I want to unify the greatest force in the world for the
future of this country, and that force, even greater than bearing
arms, is the force of a unified cause and purpose in a free
Christian country, and it is the only circumvention to war.
The role of the military officer in speaking before military
groups, civilian groups or military, is the same,as it has to be they cannot be different from that -- that he is speaking to his
sons and his soldiers.
It must be absolutely the same.
Today it should be a hard, anti-Communist line approach.
Senator Bartlett.
Should that be an extensive program on
the part of the military establishment so fair as the public is
concerned?
Mr. Walker. Basically, and most important, it shoul*, hive
been done by somebody else..
It should not fall in the responsibility of the military to
do it, but certainly the military should not be denied from doing
it under the national peril and the necessity for support they
need from the public.
All true power and all true support comes from the people
of the United States.
It is a responsibility in this situation for the military
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to inform the public of the enemy, his debauchery, his means and
his method.
Senator Bartlett. General, may I quote from one sentence
of your prepared statement yesterday on page 3. I will quote the
entire sentence.
You said
"It is evident that the real control apparatus will not
tolerate militant anti-Communist leadership by a Division Com-
mander."
Will you tell us just what you mean by the words "real con-
trol apparatus"?
Mr. Walker. The "real control apparatus" can be identified
by its effects and what it is doing, what it did in Cuba, what
it is doing in the Congo, what it did in Korea. All these things
were done by people.
This country is too great for these things just to happen,
and its influences and its economy.
So the apparatus is
in those who wanted to see these things
happen, and the propaganda front that they are using for this and
the means to do it with is the United rations which is the near-
est thing to the Tower of Babel that has ever been built,
Senator Bartlett. But my inference from this statement
would be that there exists in this country in positions of ulti-
mate leadership a group of sinister men, anti-American, willing
and wanting even to sell this country out.
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Is that the correct inference I should gain from this sen-
Mr. Walker. That is correct, yes, sir.
Senator Bartlett. I beg your pardon?
Mr. Walker. That is correct, yes, sir.
When you refer to "sell-out" as a sell-out of our tradi-
tions, our Constitution, our sovereignty, our independence, that
is correct.
Senator Bartlett. General, I think that the nation is en-
titled to know the names of these men, because, according to this
statement, they are traitors and ready to let this country go
over to our enemies.
Would you name those people?
Mr. Walker. I will name people that are opposite from my
line of thinking with regard to the Constitution, the security
and the independence of this country.
Senator Bartlett.
Will you name them and tell me at the
same time if you consider them to be members of the "real control
apparatus"?
Mr. Walker? I cannot identify those that are completely
in control of the apparatus. I have identified individuals who
appear to think on the same lines as the apparatus, which has
been a "no win" policy.
Senator Bartlett. Would you name those people you had in
mind, then, please, that you were going to name before I inter-
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rupted you?
Mr. Walker. I question the following people with respect
to our constitutional system, our sovereignty, our security, our
independence:
Mr. Dean Rusk - it is my understanding he was on Stilwell2s
staff during the agrarian reform highlights of that day. He was
a member and a supporter of the Institute of Pacific Relations,
which was greatly influenced by Owen Lattimore.
I believe his story is a matter of record before the Internal
Security Committee of the Senate..
Senator Bartlett. And the other names?
Mr. Walker. All the other names are available, I believe,
through what is available in the Internal Security Committee and
their records.
Senator Bartlett. I would like you to name therm so we can
have your personal conclusion as to who the members of this "real
control apparatus" or subsidiaries might be.
Mr. Walker. I can only indicate thosethat I believe to
have influence in this apparatus.
Senator Bartlett. You have named Secretary Rusk. Do you
have anyone else in mind?
Mr, Walker. Mr, Walter Rostow, Walt -- I believe it is
Rostow -- who has been in control of the operating arm of CIA,
I believe since 1954.
Senator Bartlett. Anyone else?
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Mr. Walker. I believe their responsibilities will cover
all the others.
Senator Bartlett. Your personal opinion is