NOTICE: In the event of a lapse in funding of the Federal government after 14 March 2025, CIA will be unable to process any public request submissions until the government re-opens.

THE SITUATION IN VIETNAM

Document Type: 
Collection: 
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170010-3
Release Decision: 
RIFPUB
Original Classification: 
K
Document Page Count: 
4
Document Creation Date: 
December 15, 2016
Document Release Date: 
September 24, 2003
Sequence Number: 
10
Case Number: 
Publication Date: 
December 9, 1963
Content Type: 
OPEN
File: 
AttachmentSize
PDF icon CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170010-3.pdf811.55 KB
Body: 
Approved For.Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170010-3 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 22759 junta in South Vietnam be squared with our policies toward ruling juntas In the Do- THE SITUATION IN VIETN M 14 (Mr. ZABLOCKI asked and was given permission to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend his remarks and to include extraneous November 4.) Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, under permission to revise and extend my re- marks, I include the response I have re- ceived from the State Department on questions I asked on Vietnam in the House of Representatives on Wednesday, November 4. Regrettably, the letter does not rep- resent a satisfactory reply to my ques- tions, but is largely an exercise in State Department gobbledygook. In all fair- ness it must be understood, however, that all the facts could not be made public at this time. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, D.C., November 26, 1963. HON. CLEMENT J. ZADLOCKI, House of Representatives. DEAR CONGRESSMAN ZADLOCKI: I am writing you in response to the questions you raised regarding Vietnam on the floor of the House of Representatives on Wednesday, Novem- ber S. I shall list in sequence each of the ques- tions and 'then provide a response based on the Department's best knowledge and judg- ment' of recent developments in Vietnam. 1. "Was the advisability of a coup against Diem and the U.S. role in such a development the : subject of high level discussions subse- su6nt to the August 20 raid of Buddhist pagodas?" Coup reports have been endemic to the Vietnam situation for at least 3 years; their frequencyincreased in the period of tensions letweenthe GVN and Buddhists leaders. The tl.5. -Government has regularly sought-even at the highest levels-to evaluate the credi- biiityof such reports. 'The coup d'etat of November 1, 1963, was a thoroughly Vietnamese affair. Although we were *ell aware of increasing Vietnamese dissatisfaction With repressive measures tak- er by the Them regime and had received re- ports of various coup plottings, we had not reached a determination on the basis of available information as to whether any of these reports would prove to be correct. 2, ""When the decision was made to cur- tail ` U.S.`economtc and military assistance to` the Diem regime, was consideration given to the effect such action might have in en- couf aging "the military to perpetrate a coupp?" ollovring the visit of Secretary McNamara- and General Taylor to Vietnam, certain of out" aid programs were put under review. The purpose `bf these actions was to carry out President Kennedy's declared policy of eLlppbrt for those things that furthered the wax cilort against the Communists and of i5piositton "to those things that impeded the War effort; and to indicate to President Diem the increasingly urgent need to use our aid more effectively and to take measures to regain the dangerously waning. support of his own people in order to pursue the war ef'fort' succetsfully. To be sure, our aid cur- taillnent'1nvolved S. calculated risk that our actions "ziight encourage coup plotters. Given the circumstances, however, this was a risk that we were obliged to accept in the light of the greater risk that the war would be lost if we took no action. S. "How can our policies toward ^the ruling inican Republic and Honduras?" There is little similarity between the sit- uation we face in Vietnam, where an active war against communism is in progress, and that prevailing in Latin America, where our relationships are Influenced by our commit- ments as a member of the Organization of American States. The Revolutionary Council In South Viet- nam displaced an increasingly authoritarian regime; it has committed itself to free elec- tions, religious liberty, a free press, and con- stitutional government. The new Cabinet is essentially civilian In composition; it is made up of 11 civilians and 4 military per- sonnel. In adition, the Revolutionary Council has established a "Council of Sages" which will act as an advisory group in the political field. Martial law has been lifted, the press has been given greater freedom, and the curfew restrictions have been ended. Immediately after the coup all Buddhist prisoners and most other non- Communist political prisoners were released. On the other hand, the coup d'etat in the Dominican Republic involved the overthrow of President Juan Bosch who had been elect- ed President by the Dominican people in De- cember 1962. These elections were remark- ably free of violence and fraud, according to OAS observers. As the constitutionally elected President, Bosch had the full support of the U.S. Government. He had been in of- fice only 7 months when his administration was overthrown by a military coup on Sep- tember 25, 1963. On October 4, Secretary of State Rusk stressed the importance of rep- resentative democracy in the attainment of the goals of the Alliance for Progress and as a requirement for normalization of relations between our two countries. As reported by the President in two recent news conferences, we have been in consultation with authori- ties in the Dominican Republic with a view toward their taking steps to bring about more representative government which would enable the United States to reconsider its po- sition on nonrecognition. To date, these conversations have not yielded results that would make it possible to reconsider our po- sition. In the acse of Honduras, the military de- posed a civilian representative government which had been In office since December 1957, and under which there had been substantial progress, particiularly since the initiation of the Alliance for Progress. The military ac- tion was taken to prevent the elections scheduled for October 13, 1963. As you may know, in his statement of Oc- tober 4, 1963, Secretary Rusk pointed out that the events in the Dominican Republic and Honduras had created a situation in which there is no opportunity for effective cooperation with the United States under the Alliance for Progress or for normalization ,Of diplomatic relations. We are now engaged in an extensive dia- log with the principal elements in Honduras in order to develop a reasonable basis for re- storing normal relations. 4. "Is it not the policy of the United States to extend asylum to save those whose lives are in danger? Why was Ngo Dinh Can sur- rendered to the military after the Diem-Nhu experience?" When an individual is granted refuge In an American Embassy or consulate, he Is not released until adequate assurances have been received regarding his personal safety. In the case of Ngo Dinh Can, Vietnamese au- thorities gave assurances to Ambassador Lodge guaranteeing Can's physical safety and promising to deal with him "legally and juridically." On the basis of these assur- ances Can willingly departed from the Amer- ican consulate in Hue and was flown to Saigon in an American military aircraft, where he was released to Vietnamese author- ities. 5. "Did Ambassador Lodge go to Vietnam with any Instructions which might have made him sympathetic to a coup attempt?" Ambassador Lodge did not go to Vietnam with any instructions to show sympathy toward a coup attempt. 6. "What effect will these developments in Vietnam and U.S, involvement in the coup have on our allies in SEATO, in Europe, and most particularly in Central and South America?" So far, all of our allies in SEATO and In Europe, as well as in Central and South America, have shown a positive response to the assurances that the new regime in South Vietnam will strive to set up a democratic form of government. Some of these coun- tries recognized the new government before the United States did, and almost each day brings official statements of recognition from other countries which recognized the preced- ing government in Vietnam. 7. "Is there any evidence that the CIA and the DIA might have been working at cross purposes, with one of the agencies favoring a coup and the other opposing?" No. 8. "Does there not seem indeed to be a need for a Joint Congressional Committee on Intelligence to look into these matters?" The Department of State has previously expressed its views on this matter. In our judgment, recent events in Vietnam provide no basis for altering these views. I hope that this information will be of as- sistance to you. Please let me know if we can be of further help on this matter. Sincerely yours, FREDERICK G. DUTTON, Assistant Secretary. Concerning the situation in Vietnam itself, I regret to see that recent devel- opments tend to confirm the fears I ex- pressed in early November after the mili- tary coup and brutal assassination of President Diem. My major concern at that time was that the new military government in Vietnam, by its initial acts of violence, had jeopardized its chances of obtaining the broad popular support so necessary if it is to rule effectively and carry for- ward the campaign against the Vietcong. Let me assure those of my colleagues who have expressed to me their own concern over this issue that the Sub- committee on the Far East and Pacific of the House Foreign Affairs Committee will continue to study the situation in Vietnam. In that regard, the subcom- mittee will, from time to time, hold hear- ings beginning tomorrow with 2 days of executive hearings. It is my hope that the testimony received in these hearings ultimately can be made public. As in the past, press comments on Viet- nam are conflicting. There does seem, however, to be rising criticism of the policies of the new military government. Therefore, I requested permission to in- clude articles from the Milwaukee Jour- nal, the Washington Star, the Washing- ton Post, and the New York Times at this point in the RECORD and commend them to my colleagues: [From the Milwaukee Journal, Dec. 6, 1963] DICTATORSHIP LIVES ON When the Vietnamese regime of Ngo Dinh Diem was overthrown, people danced in the streets of Saigon. The jails were emptied Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDO,65B00383R000200170010-3 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE f 4d political prisoners who had been held and tortured for months and even years re- joined their families and friends. To most it seemed. like the dawn of a new era. But the jails are fast filling up again. The new regime, backed strongly by a sec- tion of the military, has been making nu- metous and arbitrary arrests. People are be- ing seized without warning and hold with- out charge. Under Diem, most prisoners were allowed visitors twice a week. Under file ,need regime, visitors are not allowed. e arrests were to be expected. Some axe usually necessary when a junta ousts a regime-for those who remain loyal to the old regime could be dangerous to the new, But what troubles the Vietnamese people and just jails people-without formal charge. 'Without chance of obtaining a lawyer, with- out ally opportunity for defense. And most arrests are purely political. made,by the Government in its attempt to lid, the countryside of Communist guer- riRas. The Communists have increased their activity and have won several recent engage- ments. The new Government seems chiefly tsken no steps to liberalize Itself or to plan for elections as it had promised. The hopes that were so high after the fall of Diem are all but gone. Tragedy is still the fate of the Vietnamese., [Prom the Washington Star, Dec. 8. 18631 BONY uI Vrsuus Lsat month, when President Diem and Mr. Nhu were brutally slain in South Viet- nam's military coup, there was much talk among the Starry-eyed about a new birth of freedom and a new birth of democratic order. Well, let us take note of the reali- tiea: ..(1) There is continuing tension In Qalgou and surrounding areas. (2) There Is oontinuing political repression- And (3) there is continuing danger of a great later- nal blowup. Supporting evidence Includes the fact that hundreds of individuals are being held as political prisoners under grim conditions. And the grisly rite of self-im- molation still goes on. The so-called Buddhists, of course, are happy. Mr. Diem is dead. Mr. Nhu is dead. And Madam Nhu, whose sharp tongue has abmetimes spoken truths that should have been listened to more attentively, is In exile. But the affair Is not ended. Trouble and Intrigue still plague South Vietnam, and few things could be more foolish than to drug off that fact. Ironically enough, the day may come when the Diem regime will be remembered as a relatively enlightened one. [From the Washington Star, Dec. 7, 1983 J Nsfw VB6rauM MEia BrsING (By Marguerite Higgins) President Johnson is faced with a new and ugly mess in Vietnam. And it is going to become increasingly to light despite the ap- parent determination of some American of- Acigis. in Saigon to brush it under the rug. The newest situation causing concern is the police terror that the military junta has launched, and that has already reached hun- dreds, of hapless Vietnamese. They have been thrown into jail without notification to their families, without benefit of lawyers, without even being told the charges against them. With few exceptions, the only apparent reason is the suspicion that the imprisoned Vietnamese did their duty in carrying out. prior to the coup, the orders of the then duly constituted authority, the late Presi- dent Diem. In a word, they had been loyal. On a tour of Vietnam in November, this reporter talked to a half dozen persons who had lost relatives to the military junta's jails. And such was the atmosphere of fear, that in evrey single case, this reporter was asked not to write about it, until she was out of Vietnam. ISN'T HELPING MAN Quite apart from the principles Involved, the junta's wave of political repression isn't helping the war against the Vietcong. For the persons loyal to Diem were-like their chief-deeply committed to fighting the war against the Communists. A case in point is the chief of Quangnai Province in north central Vietnam, Nguyon Van Tat, who has been fired and jailed. But look at Mr. Tat's record. In I8 months as province chief, he turned Quangnai, which for 20 years had been overwhelmingly pro- Communist, into a model and prosperous area In which the peasant population joined the military in beating off Communst attacks. At the height of the Buddhist crisis last summer, the leaders of the Quangnai pagoii da approached Mr. Tat and informed hint that the Buddhist leaders at the Xaloi pagoda in Saigon had ordered them to go on a 72- hour. hunger strike. The local Buddhists added, that while they had nothing against Mr. Tat, they could not very well disobey an order from their religious higher-ups In Saigon. AIDED HUNGER STRIKERS After a hurried conference with Maj. John Kelly, American sector adviser In Quangnai, Mr, Tat told the Buddhists that while he regretted their determination to go on a hunger strike, he -would do everything pos- sible to make their experience Be painless as possible. With Major Kelly's help, he brought In blankets, fruit juices, and medical attendants. And the hunger strike went off without Incident In Quangnai city hall, where Mr. Tat had made arrangements for the comfort of the Buddhists. in a country starved for good administra- tors, Mr. Tats purge scarcely seems in the national interest of Vietnam. Many of the firings and purges has been based on hysterical denunciations in the newly "friend" Vietnamese press, or even on plain rumor. This seems to have been largely true in the case of Ngo Dinh Can, the elder brother of President Diem. Mr. Can was handed over to Vietnamese authorities even though be sought refuge at the American consulate at Sue, and even though English-speaking persons heard the American consul promise Mr. Can that the American Embassy would "assure him his safety." When a Catholic priest got William True- hart, deputy chief of mission, out of a dinner party to ask why the promise had not been kept, he was told there had "been a mis- lderetanding." But there has been a curl- ova silence on the part of the Embassy concerning the military junta's promise to assure-Mr. Can of "due process of law." At the end of November. Mr. Can had not yet seen charges against him, and the American Embassy had shown no visible sign of trying to pressure the junta Into living up to Its word. QUERY US. ZMZNCE, There are many Vietnamese who ask why the Embassy and the State Department, who were so vocal about Mr. Diem. have been so quiet about the newest wave of repressions. This is a question that President Johnson Is entitled to press--even if It to embarrass- ing to those Americans to Saigon and Wash- ington who feel a certain sense of responsi- bility for the military junta because It Is in power by their encouragement. Indeed. In leaving Vietnam, this reporter gained the Impression that the three persons most anxious for the coup d'etat-Ambas- sador Lodge, Under Secretary of State Harri- man, and Far Eastern Assistant Secretary of State Roger Hileman-had unleashed forces that are turning out far different than they foresaw. December 9 One thing is clear. The American Image in Asia Is not going to profit from a kind of double standard that helps get rid of one government in the name of ending police repression and then stays silent as the new government Invokes the same tactics. (From the Washington Post, Dec. 8, 19631 PERSECUTION OF CATHOLICS VExxs SAIGON SAIGON, December 7.-Reports of anti- Catholic persecution and Communist agita- tion among students today were causing seri- ous concern to the new South Vietnamese Government. The Roman Catholic newspaper Living Re- ilglon said that 600 Catholics in northern Quang Nam province were terrorized and six arrested and tortured since the November 1 coup that ousted the regime of President Ngo Dinh Diem. At the same time, reports from all over the country said authorities were worried about Communist subversion among stu- dents. The Catholic newspaper said Catholics were afraid to go to mass and were taking down altars In their own homes. Catholics are outnumbered five to one by the majority Buddhist population. It also said that a Catholic leader has been arrested and others have been forced to at- tend Indoctrination courses. At the same time, rumors were spread that Catholic priests kept guns and that Catholics had planned to murder Buddhists before the coup. [From the Washington Post, Dec. 8, 19631 DINH ENDS VIET TOUR rN TRIUMPH Hor AN, SOUTH VIETNAM, December 7.-In this remote coastal town, the man who is fast becoming South Vietnam's most popular figure made a spectacular finish today to his stumping tour of villages and hamlets near the Communist border. His swashbuckling manner captivated vil- lagers. His words came through forcefully. He answered catcalls with a joke. -Students paraded him on their shoulders. Some saw potential danger In him; others said he is just what South Vietnam needs. He Is Maj. Gen. Ton That Dinh, 37, a lead- er of the coup that toppled the regime of President Ngo Dinh Diem in November. Dinh gave his final speech of the tour from a balcony at provincial headquarters in Hoi An, 150 miles southeast of the Communist North Vietnamese border. PARADING ENDS TALK Finishing with his characteristic flurry of gestures, Dinh stood back as 6,000 students burst into cheers. Then the students charged up the steps, hoisted him to their shoulders and carried him off. As he passed through the crowd, he called out: "I am not a politician as some of you news- men seem to think." But the fact is that this boyish-looking military officer Is emerging as the strongest national figure in Vietnam. Since the deaths of President Diem and his brother Nhu, the country has been under the control of a revolutionary junta headed by Maj. Caen. Duong Van Minh and Maj. Gen. Tran Van Dong. In the junta. Dinh is a second vice chair- man, Minister of Security, and commander of the Vietnamese 3d Army Corps. He led the army units that stormed Diem's palace during the coup and is credited with engineering the revolt, despite the fact he had served as the military governor of Sai- gon under Diem and Nhu during the Bud- dhist religious crisis. QUES'T'IONED ABOUT NHU During his speech at Rol An, a handful of students heckled him on his relationship with Nhu. One shouted: "You supported Nhu before the revolution, but then you overthrew him, Why?" Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170010-3 22762 Approved For Release 2003/10/10:CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170010-3 CONCTRESSI?NAL RECORD-, HOUSE Decern-bgr -.a very procession of his triumph, at the very - Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, the the relationships among Federal agen- beglnning of his most notable achievements. American banking system has recently ties exercising coordinate or related He can no longer lead us In the struggle been the subject of intensive study and jurisdiction over banking have deterio- for justice and decency. And yet, somehow, debate. Such as the Commis- rated steadily he leads us still. groups . Inevitably, such deterio- +,cu,ue ua m p,ana ior we crew rrontIer that made the soul of America stand taller. There was deep conviction In his voice and intellectual authority In every glowing phrase. His was a bold, uncompromising call to truth-a call to arms against Injustice and oppression that'keeps on ringing in our ach- ing hearts. We hear him yet. We see him as he stood before us, smiling, self-assured, and, oh, so tragically young. He is there--head high, waving to the cheering crowds, rushing for- ward to shake a friendly hand. Such a man cannot be eliminated by a madman with a gun-no, nor by the madness that walks abroad in the world. Such a man lives in the hope of every citizen, growing with the growth of the great country he served, alive and indestructible in our memo- ries of those few short years when his own stature grew to match those other great Americans to whose ideals John Kennedy devoted his life. Time erects his monument and history will build It high. We weep that Israel has lost this cherished friend. We are outraged at the disgrace that befell our land and took away our leader. But we are proud that our beloved Presi- dent, in death as in life, stamped the profile of his magnificent courage across the con- science of mankind. He asked not what his country could do for him. He asked only what he ecould do for his country-and no man could have done more, On this untimely day of atonement, as we sit In the synagogue along with all the generations of Israel, we pay homage to our sacred dead, We honor the, image of his remembered glory, his wisdom, wit, and eloquence. Our spirit is warmed again by the fire that lighted his love of America. In his name, let us resolve to strengthen the sinews of our national integrity, to pro- tect the principles of liberty, justice, and equality for which he gave his life. That is the greatest tribute we can pay our fallen hero in eternal gratitude for his ulti- mate sacrifice, while our hearts follow him. along with our fervent prayers, to that fur- ther New Frontier he is entering tonight. let us rise, beseeching eternal peace and the blessing of Almighty God, as we join in a minute of silent prayer, for the immortal soul of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th Presi- dent of the United States. In the last paragraph of the last speech he ever wrote, he expressed some of this phi- losophy for himself, for his country, and for the world : "We in this country, in tjlls generation, are-by destiny rather than choice-the watchmen on the walls of world freedom. We ask, therefore, that we may be worthy of our power and responsibility-that we may exercise our strength with wisdom and re- straint-and that we may achieve for our time and for all time the ancient vision of peace on earth, good will toward men. That must always be our goal-and the righteous- ness of our cause must always underlie our strength." THE AMERICAN BANKING SYSTEM: SUBJECT OF INTENSIVE STUDY AND DEBATE (Mr. LINDSAY (at the request of Mr. MOSHER) was given permission to extend his remarks at this point in the RECORD and to include extraneous matter.) Committee on Financial Institutions, as well as several committees of Congress, have given serious attention to our fi- nancial structure both In its broader aspects and in detail. They have con- sidered whether the dual banking system, with its complex of State and Federal laws and overlapping jurisdictions of State and Federal supervisory agencies, remains an effective mechanism for the allocation of capital and credit. They have addressed themselves to the ques- tion whether existing statutory and administrative restrictions upon bank- ing-many of which have their origin in the economic collapse of the thirties- are suitable in the light of present-day conditions. They have examined the organization of the Federal agencies responsible for monetary regulation and the supervision of our banking institu- tions. Out of these manifold inquiries have come many proposals for change. Some of the proposals are embodied in bills pending before committees of the Con- gress, others are not. I do not Intend to speak to the merits of these proposals. I will address my- self instead to the circumstances which, in the opinion of many informed ob- servers, have made legislative action upon the more far-reaching proposals- and even upon the more modest sugges- tions-unlikely, if not impossible at this time. These circumstances arise in the main out of sharp conflicts in policy among the various Federal banking supervisory agencies-conflicts further aggravated by the absence of procedures for consultation and coordination among these agencies. The absence of broad agreement within the banking industry upon the need for many of the proposals, or the form in which particular pro- posals should be cast. Is a further factor inhibiting legislative action. The proceedings of the American Bankers Association annual convention held in Washington during theweek of October 7 revealed in harsh outline the conflicts in policy and approach on the part of the several Federal banking agencies exercising jurisdictio i over ma- jor portions of the banking Industry. The Congress is not unfamiliar with inconsistent policies on the part of agen- cies of the same Federal Government, and conflicting aspirations on the part of segments of the same industry. In- deed, informed legislative action Is built In large part upon judgments shaped by the clash of -competing interests and contradictory views both within and outside the Government. However, Con- gress has a right to expect that agencies of the executive branch will ultimately fortunate polarization of their policies on matters of vital importance to the banking community. Intervention by the President, in my judgment, is long overdue. While, con- cededly, the President lacks direct con- trol over some aspects of Federal monetary and banking regulation, the very substantial measure of control which he does have, together with the prestige of his office, afford a proper basis for his immediate action. The President. in my opinion, should desig- nate a high ranking Federal official- perhaps an Undersecretary or Assistant Secretary of the Treasury-as the co- ordinator of relationships among all the Federal agencies concerned with bank regulation. These Federal agencies in- clude the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, with jurisdiction over na- tional banks; the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, with juris- diction over State-chartered member banks; the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, with jurisdiction over State- chartered insured nonmember banks; and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, with jurisdiction over federally char- tered savings and loan associations and member State-chartered savings and loan associations. Also involved in banking regulation to a growing degree is the Department of Justice, which has advisory responsibilities to some of the agencies mentioned heretofore, as well as direct responsibility for the enforce- ment of the antitrust laws as they relate to banks. Finally, there is the Securi- ties and Exchange Commission, which has recently asserted jurisdiction over certain of the fiduciary functions of banking institutions. It should be the responsibility of the -President's designee, in concert with the agencies concerned, to work out a de- tailed procedure for their continuing consultation, and for coordination of their major policies. That official should be responsible for seeing to it that the procedure so formulated is adhered to. It may well be that such action, if taken promptly and vigorously, will ob- viate in the long run any need for a drastic legislative overhaul of the struc- ture of Federal banking supervision. In any event, intervention by the President would serve as a useful, indeed a neces- sary, interim measure to ameliorate ex- isting discord, and to prevent further impairment In significant intragovern- mental relationships. Most importantly, it would serve to end the present uncer- tainty in the banking industry and else- where as to whether the administration has a banking policy, and If so, what that policy really is. compromise their differences so that the OUTLAW THE COMMUNIST PARTY legislative branch may proceed with OF THE UNITED STATES some assurance that its action is ac- ceptable (Mr. HALL asked and was given per- expert to those upon whom it relies for expert advice. There is no evidence at mission to address the House for 1 min- this time that, such a consensus is even ute and to revise and extend his re- a remote possibility. On _the contrary, marks.). , Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170010-3