ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE SOVIET UNION

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200190025-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 27, 2010
• Sequence Number: 25
• Publication Date: January 21, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE v
pattern which is illustrated with the map on for Tangiers along with a sub base at Alhu-
page 83. The Soviets are using the sea in cemas Bay just 100 miles southeast of
the same way they use every other form of Gibraltar and 150 miles from the big U.S.
activity-as a chessboard on which they can naval base at Rota, Spain. The Algerian
try to checkmate or outmaneuver the op- revolution is already clearing the French
position as they themselves move forward, from the southern shores of the Mediter-
And, like good chess players, they are pre- ranean.
paring each move with patience and fore- Since Soviet naval intrusion into the Medi-
sight, willing to lose now for later gain. terranean would dangerously expose the
The narrow-water thesis is based on an southern flank of NATO strength in Europe,
analysis of Soviet moves so far. It goes like the whole scheme is so logical that the Rus-
this: the seas are vast, but for reasons of sians are either doing all this according to
economy, geography
and navigational con-
,
venience, seagoing trade has settled down
over the centuries along certain routes. The
Nazis knew this well and plied along under
these routes with their U-boats. At six key
geographic spots around the world these
routes come together. To avoid, long time-
consuming and fuel-consuming passages
around huge land masses like Africa or South
America, commerce is funneled through
channels of water so narrow that sometimes
not even two ships can pass. These six points
of narrow water are the Suez Canal, the'
Panama Canal, the Strait of Gibraltar, the
Straits of Malacca, theSkagerrak leading out
of the aBltic, and the Dardanelles leading
out of the Black Sea.
The last two points are not in the same
category with the others as highways of
world commerce. - Both the Baltic and the
Black Sea are virtually Soviet lakes and the
possibility here is that it is Russian fleets
that could be bottled up to prevent them
from emerging into the Atlantic or the Medi-
terranean. But in each of the other four
potential bottlenecks, the Russians are carry-
out, a series of moves which are so con-
sistent in style and content that it is difficult
to believe that they are mere coincidence.
Take the Suez. Egypt's Nasser now con-
trols the canal. Nasser has accepted not only
tremendous amounts of aid from the Rus-
sians to help him build his big Aswan Dam
and handle his Soviet Mig's and other mili-
tary
r
h
pu
c
ases, but he has also accepted a
Soviet gift of several Russian submarines.
To help him run them, the Russians, of
course, send in Soviet sub experts and spare
parts. This gives the Russians-for the time
being, at least-effective control over the
subs. They thus have a cadre on hand for
an underwater buildup of their own which
could be used in the future to seal off the
canal or make its use impractical for anyone
but the Soviet Union and its friends.
Just in case this is not enough to effec-
tively cut off traffic from the Mediterranean
to the Indian ocean andthen on to the
Pacific, the Russians are wedging in at the
narrows on the southern end of the Red Sea,
to the south of the Suez, where they spent
3 years building a new port at Hodeida on the
coast of Yemen. From the way things have
been developing in Yemen, this seems to
have been a neat package deal. Yemen got
a fine port right on the narrow waterway,
tons of new military equipment which was
landed there even before the port was com-
pleted--and a revolution last September that
overthrew the monarchy and seriously threat-
ened the status quo in the neighboring oil-
rich land of Saudi Arabia.
The Russians have also been busy at the
other end of the Mediterranean, where
Britain's Rock of Gibraltar has guarded the
western gate to that huge inland sea for
centuries, Here, so long as Gibraltar stands
on one side of the bottleneck, the Soviets
cannot at present. plug up or cork the pas-
sage. But by establishing a commanding
military position on the other side of the
narrow corridor, they could at least imperil
its free use in the future. And this is
exactly what they are doing. As the United
States moves its own bases out of Morocco
under Moroccan. pressure, the Soviets have
already delivered Mig's, light arms, military
vehicles, thousands of tons of ammunition-
and are negotiating to build a new shipyard
stumbled across a most astute strategic
gambit. We should know by now, however,
that the Soviets seldom do anything by
accident. Some military observers have been
heard to scoff at this thesis on the grounds
that naval power moves of this kind are so
conventional- and old fashioned in this nu-
clear age that the Russians could not pos-
sibly be considering them. "Let them try
to seal off the Mediterranean," the answer
goes, "and - we'll either blast them out of
the water or turn our missiles loose on
Moscow." - The - answer-and the recent
Cuban adventure bears it out-is that the
Russians are sticking to their standard doc-
trine of making zigzag moves to advance
wherever possible, withdraw when they are
challenged and always avoid a major military
collision. The grab for the narrow waters
fits in with this doctrine because it does not
involve a single overt move of war, but con-
sists simply of keeping on the move and
exploiting all political and strategic oppor-
tunities that come along.
Cuba, of course, is another example of
the same pattern being applied. Here,
whether they have missiles and bombers on
hand or not, the Russians are using the
same combination of economic penetration,
new shipyards, fishing fleets and naval pres-
ence (there was a buildup of Soviet subs in
the Caribbean during the blockade) to get
themselves positioned strategically near
another valuable piece of narrow water, the
Panama Canal. A naval base in Cuba could
also help guard their routes to other Latin
American countries as well as bring to an end
the historic U.S, domination of the Carib-
bean. The important point of this thesis
is not that the Russians will necessarily try
to wage a hot war over any of these pressure
points, but that by planting themselves on
these narrow. corridors they gain a tremen-
dous advantage they never had before. -
One of the most important campaigns of
all in this shadowy pattern is aimed at con-
trolling the Straits of Malacca, the long, nar-
row passage between the Pacific and the
Indian Oceans and one of the great water-
ways of the world. Communist armies and
guerrillas are hard at work trying to cap-
ture southeast Asia in order to grab off the
rich rice bowl and encircle India from the
east. There is also another target-Singa-
pore, one of the best-positioned naval bases
in the world. There is already a power vacu-
um in this area between Singapore and
Suez because of the virtual disappearance
since World War II of British seapower in
the Indian Ocean. This absence of naval
force helps explain the flow of Communist
power into southeast Asia, and whichever
nation fills this vacuum could easily domi-
nate the entire area. The Russians are al-
ready at work in Indonesia, that vast archi-
pelago which stretches from the Indian
Ocean, past Singapore to the waters of north-
ern Australia. Indonesia's boss, Sukarno, is
a power-hungry man who likes to play with
ships, so the Kremlin has given him four
Soviet destroyers, -eight large and modern
patrol ships, a cruiser and two of its long-
range "W"-class submarines. Whether Su-
karno ever uses this navy in battle or not,
all of his threatened neighbors know the
ships are there, and they also know who con-
trols them. The Russians have thus set up a
strong naval position in the area by proxy-
627
with Indonesian crews and flags on the ships.
In a cold war like this, the psychological ad-
vantage of a bold -move such as this is
enough to embolden our enemies and dis-
courage our friends. The sea is, as always,
an integral part of our defenses against the
spread of communism and, it is still a likely
battlefield, whether cold or hot.
At a NATO meeting in Paris last month,
Vice Adm. Richard M. Smeeton, of the Royal
British Navy, who is NATO deputy supreme
allied commander, Atlantic, warned the dele-
gates what the Russians were up to. The
Soviet Navy was "more modern than
NATO's," he said, and it would not be easy
against this new threat to maintain free ac-
cess to the vital water routes on which the
free world depended. He emphasized four
routes, all narrow-the Strait of Gibraltar,
the Suez Canal, the Straits of Malacca, and
the Panama Canal. "If we do not control
the oceans," he said, summing up, "the Com-
munists will."
-
THE PRESIDENT'S ECONOMIC
MESSAGE
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, I com-
pliment the President on his candor. He
has recognized that the country cer-
tainly is not moving again. The eco-
nomic report acknowledges that our
growth rate is lagging, capital invest-
ment is in the doldrums, unemployment
remains high, and the need to improve
the education and skills of our people-
upon which in the long run economic
growth is dependent-remains unmet.
The message presents taxes as a kind
of composite answer to these problems.
While all of us want our taxes cut, and
I favor a tax cut as a stimulus, I doubt
if the American people will want to use
this measure as the be-all and end-all
answer to continuing fiscal problems such
as the zooming public debt and continu-
ing deficits. In this sense the message
revealed an urgent need fornew ideas
and new approaches in our fiscal and
economic existence.
ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE SOVIET -7
UNION
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President
nearly
,
every day brings new reports of anti-
Semitism in the Soviet Union. The clos-
ing of the last remaining synagogue in
Lvov, U.S.S.R., leaves 30,000 Jews in that
area deprived of a place of worship. We
see the continued persecution of Jews for
so-called economic crimes, the drastic
crack-down of Jewish cultural activities
of all kinds, the'consistent application of
capital punishment where Jews are in-
volved, and the monotonous reference to
Jewish criminal activities ranging from
treason to usury and drunkenness in the
synagogue. -
Mr. President, there can be no doubt
that the Communist rulers of the Soviet
Union are using every means at their dis-
posal, both obvious and subtle, to wage
an active campaign against the Jewish
minority in the Soviet Union. It is cer-
tainly significant that of all the Stalinist
crimes which Premier Khrushchev has
denounced, Khrushchev has made no
mention of the vicious terror which
Stalin waged against the. Jewish people.
In a veiled form, this terror and depriva-
tion is continued in the Soviet Union.
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628 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE January 21
Mr. President, the hypocricy and false- to the action which precludes any possibility Thus. In the official Soviet census returns
hoods of Communist methods are well of freedom of worship. This results from of 1969, published in Pravda on February 4,
illustrated by this continual persecution the closing of the last remaining synagogue 1960, Jews are listed among the official na-
in Lvov, U.S.S.R. This leaves the 80.000 tionalities. in all previous censuses, citizens
of a minority group. This Is what re- Jews in that community and area without a of were their required provide proof their, theifo form of to
spect for human rights means to the single hour of worship.
Communists. This is what any minority The hypocrisy of Communist attempts belong to one or another nationality. In
group or any religious people can expect "to seduce racial and religious minorities 19b9, for the first without time, they were wernatione volunte
proof
t where the Communists actually take spotlighting thSoviete eligmust iousbepe~utions with which they chose to be identified. De-
within the II.S.S.R., said Mr. London. He spite the possibility thus provided for Jews
r. The United States can play an +.. - , 2.2b8_000 people specified their
Impo
clear throughout the world. Certainly
our Government should leave no stone
unturned in the United Nations and else-
where to publicize and document the in-
famy of religious persecution which did
not die with Nazi Germany but continues
in more subtle forms throughout the
Soviet Communist empire.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
Sent to include, following my remarks in
the RECORD, an excellent article from the
January 1983 issue of Foreign Affairs by
Moshe Decter, whose research on the
ubjent lot widely minorities i~ and accls Soviet
Trr
I also ask unanimous Consent co inciuue dJews of their faith, history, and re- which is the traditional language of speech
a recent article from the Jewish Veteran, deprives epri ligious concept of brotherhood of man under and literature of East European Jews, as
monthly publication of the Jewish War the fatherhood of Clod." aand mother tongue.
Veterans of the United States of America, Mr. London said the failure of the free Jews are also rsecondarily, as
a religious eus group. This regarded, complicates theis
And a dispatch printed In the Jewish world to forcefully confront the Soviet Union The
dress on the subject of Soviet anti- bold n d w the an ma 11t1 eares ~of patheism." s a$e status and makes it even more precarious.
iSeTherm. referred to the Soviet actions as increasingly For though their unique dual character is a
There being no objection, the articles natural outgrowth of Jewish history and
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, arrogant' "Nazi-like steps ." tradition, it creates unusual difficulties for
The Lvov Pravda newspaper, speaking for them under Soviet conditions. An assault
as follows: the rime, and seeking to link the spas- upon the Jewish religion, for example, will
[From the Jewish Press] gogue with alleged economic crimes termed inevitably be taken, by Jews and non-Jews
8ovwr S yrzNCES MORE JEWS To DSATH religious Jews "idlers, speculators. parasites, alike, as an attack upon the Jewish national-
PASIa-Nine Jews were sentenced to death and money grabbers." Several members of ity as a whole-upon Jews as such. And they
the synagogues board of directors were or- have come increasingly to be considered an
and ten others were given long prison terms rested and charged with profiteering and alien group in a land where they have resided
in two separate mass trials in the Ukraine, hooliganism. for more than a thousand years.
all charged with economic fcrimes, accord- Mr. London found the synagogue closing Their vulnerability v than is increased by the fact
ing to press dispatches from Moscow ie- reminiscent of the early days of the German that, unlike most other Soviet nationalities,
ceived here today. Nazi regime." which have their own geographic territories,
Six of the Jews sentenced to death were Be made it known that the Jewish War the Jews are widely dispersed throughout the
charged with illegal financial operations. Veterans plan a vigorous fight to challenge country. They are also the only Soviet
and three others with corruption and han- this Soviet policy through all available nationality, a majority of whose total world
diing stolen property, the dispatch reported. means. population lives outside the U.S.S.R. Be-
Fn one of the ed illegal financial an opera- - cause the SovietJewish minority has historic
bona were allegedly committed committed in Kharkov, [From the Foreign Affairs magazine, and traditional ties of culture, religion and
involving 10 million rubles and large quan- January 19631 family with Jewish communities throughout
titles of gold, platinum, diamonds, watches THE STATUS OF THE JEWS IN THE Sevier UNION the world outside the Communist bloc, it is
and other precious objects. In the second b act to even greater suspicion.
ease, the charges alleged, five directors of a (By Moshe Decter) subjectt Jews are especially sensitive to their Sovie manufacturing plant at Ivan Frankovsk had During the past quarter-century, enllght- vulnerable condition because their memory
produced extra merchandise, valued ued at at more ened public opinion throughout the world of what they themselves che "bl ck
than 2 million rubies, selling the stuff In has become keenly sensitive to the treat- years" -the the last 5 years of call l l rule, when
the black market through assistants. ment of minorities as a barometer of moral assumed a viciously and openly
anti-Semitic terror assumed
Jewish circles here today took a very grave decency and social sanity. The w some his
form-has not been openly have drawn ar- view of these latest mass persecutions of experiences of this period One reason on they have not obeen erased that forg is
Jews, seeing in the trials another instance titular attention to the symbolic and actual policy n toward not and Judaism has
hs
in which Soviet authorities have made Jews position of the Jewish minority. In this Soviet seo an the same since 1948
the scapegoats for the regime's financial light, the statusof the Jews in the Soviet remained .with the essentially imhets esinc of
difficulties. Union warrants special concern. course, that the terrorpor is gone. And thf n be earn- ( Washington. National Commander r The d ~om~lyowithin`vtheaframework are not less keenly cognizant of the fact
Morton London. , of the Jewish War Veterans ns pr of Stalin catalogued
of the U.S.A., today made known his organl- of Soviet nationalities policy. That policy, that. of Premier all She the crimes
s and his colleagues at
nation feels that not enough is being done in as reflected In Communist party directives, by remi and u Con and his the agues at
acceptance of the his crimes against the Jews were passed over
s. challenge rising Soviet tbd ontthreoIdteological and
the United States
action
campaign Jews. He with the the for opening of ingoof concept of national self-determination and in utter silence. .
cue ca new gn coinciding session of Congress. Mr. London on the legal recognition of the right of all The significance of Soviet policy toward
was n nationalities within Soviet borders to cul- the Jews was dramatically highlighted in
the
said the Jewish War Veterans waas planning tural freedom. Actual Soviet policy toward September 1961 by the publication of a
f campaign gn in against Russia new anti-Semitic through all available e mani- the Jews clearly violates these principles. poem, "Sabi Yar." in the Literary Gazette,
f It Is tantamount to-a policy of discrimina- organ of the Soviet Writers Union. This
means.) Lion for it denies to the Jews such ethnic- poem by a loyal Communist, Yevgeny Yevtu-
cultural rights as are generally accorded all abenko--one of the most popular young
[From the Jewish Veteran, January 19631 other Soviet nationalities. Soviet poets--caused a sensation. It is a
JEWISH WAS VETERANS ASKS FREE WORLD To The Soviet Union officially recognizes Jews searing indictment of anti-Semitism both
CHALLENGE SovrET ANTI-SxasI'rISM as a nationality. In the personal identifi- his t ca society. In his y and as a facet of contemporary
A massive protest by the free world was cation papers which all Soviet citizens carry
asked today by Morton L. London, national (the internal passport), Jews must list their protests that there is still no monument to
commander of the Jewish War Veterans of nationality as "Jewish" (Yevrei) just as other the scores of thousands of Jewish martyrs the Nazis
his Staes of America, to challene
1941 the anti-Semitism. He called for reaction Georgians and ch as Russians, list tnhe rs. Yar Sa vale on the outskirts of Kiev. TBabi
called for an intensification or eaorsa us sun nationality as Jewish (there are reasons to
year 1983 and by toward all this free end, peoples at and the govern- United believe that the total number more closely
ments. approximates 3 million).
Mr. London pointed out that direct and Soviet Jews constitute 1.09 percent of the
massive confrontation is the best way of population, but they occupy a far more
checking Soviet excesses. He cited the Com- significant place than this figure suggests.
munist retreat in Cuba in the face of open Of the considerably more than 100 diverse
confrontation as evidence establishing the Soviet nationalities, the Jews are 11th nu-
validity of this argument. merically. The great majority of them live
Reviewing the strangulation of religious in the three most populous Union Republics:
and cultural Jewish life in the U.S.S.R.. Mr. 88 percent in the Russian Republic, 37 per-
London said Soviet policy placed the Russian cent in the Ukraine, 7 percent in White Rus-
Jew in an unmerciful vise; that they are not sia; but there is no republic of the U.S.S.R.
permitted to live a religious life, nor eml- where Jewish communities may not be
grate ito Israel or any other country, or any- found. And an Important reflection of their
sense of identification after several decades
Jews
l
y as
where they can live free
of direct and Indirect forcible assimilation
. where else
He said this is & ,,spiritual strangulation and Is that 472,000 (20.8 percent) gave Yiddish,
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
Is a pointed reflection of the fact that Soviet
authorities have been consistently silent
about the nature, dimensions and even the,
very existence of the unique Jewish tragedy
during the Second World War. Though not
himself a Jew, Yevtushenko identities him-
self in his poem with persecuted Jewry
throughout history. He thus points up the
existence of a historic Jewish people, which
Soviet doctrine denies-and of Jewish his-
tory, which Soviet policy prevents Jews from
learning.
Yevtushenko is not alone in mirroring the
mood and sensibility of the literate younger
Soviet generation. There is a whole under-
ground literature that passes from hand to
hand among the university and literary
youth, and one of its frequent leitmotifs is
isolated, disadvantaged Soviet Jewry. in
this, as in their general quest for a purified
idealism, Yevtushenko and his confreres are
in the main stream of the honorable tradi-
tion of the liberal Rursian intelligentsia from
Pushkin to Tolstoy and Gorky.
it
The Jews are the only nationality which
is deprived of the basic cultural rights ac-
corded to all others in the U.S.S.R. These
rights have recently been reaffirmed by no
less an authoritative source than the new
party program adopted by the 22d congress
in October 1961: "The Community Party
guarantees the complete freedom of each
citizen of the U.S.S.R. to speak and to rear
and educate his children in any language-
ruling out all privileges, restrictions, or com-
pulsions in the use of this or that language."
. Until 1948 the Jews were permitted a cul-
tural life in their own language, Yiddish
(though Hebrew was forbidden), on a large
scale: newspapers, publishing houses, thou-
sands of books, a variety of literary journals,
professional repertory theaters and dramatic
schools, literary and cultural research insti-
tutes, a network of schools, and other means
of perpetuating Jewish cultural values, al-
beit in a Communist form. In 1948 (and in
some cases during the purges of 1937-39), the
whole vast array of institutions was forcibly
closed.
No basic change in this policy of cultural
deprivation occurred, despite Stalin's death
and the gradual easing of the tyranny, until
1959, Since then, a grand total of six Yid-
dish books has been published-by writers
long dead. (None has been published in
1962 as of November.) They were put out in
editions of 30,000 each, mostly for foreign
consumption, but those copies that were
available to Jews Inside the U.S.S.R. were
eagerly and quickly snapped up,
This total of six books is to be compared
with the facilities made available to many
ethnic groups far smaller than that of the
Soviet Jews, and which do not possess as
ancient, continuous, and rich a culture.
Two striking examples are in order. The
Maria and Yakuts are two tiny primitive
Asian groups which number 504,000 and
286,000 respectively. In 1961 alone, Soviet
printing presses produced 62 books for the
Maria and 144 for the Yakuts, in their own
languages.
The Soviet Yiddish theater was once con-
sidered one of the prides of Soviet artistic
achievement. Today there is only a handful
of amateur theatrical groups, made up of
Jewish workers banded together after work-
ing hours, existing on a marginal basis; there
is not even such a group in Moscow or Lenin-
grad, the two major centers of Soviet Jewry,
together totaling nearly 1 million.
In the autumn of 1961, for the first time
since 1948, a Yiddish literary journal, Soviet-
ish Heimland, 'began publication as a bi-
monthly. Welcome though this is, it is no
more than the exception proving the rule.
But it does' represent, along with the meager
half-dozen Yiddish books (and the concerts
of Yiddish dramatic readings and folk songs
which have been permitted and which have
been attended by millions of Jews in recent
years) a tacit repudiation of the oft-repeated
Soviet assertion that Soviet Jews have lost
interest in their culture. This state of af-
fairs is again to be contrasted with the press
available to the Marls and Yakuts. The for-
mer have 17 newspapers, the latter 28.
A frequent Soviet rationalization for the
absence of cultural institutions for the Jews
is that the Jews are so widely dispersed.
This is invalidated, however, by the fact
that tiny minorities like the Chechens
(418,000), Ossetian (410,000), and Komis
(431,000), which do not have their own
territories, yet have their own newspapers
and literatures in their own languages, and
schools where their languages are taught.
The Tadjik minority in Uzbekistan (312,000
out of a total Republic population of 8,106,-
000) has similar rights and institutions, as
have the Poles in White Russia (539,000 out
of 8,055,000).
It is not just schools that are forbidden
to the Jews.' They are not even allowed
classes in Yiddish or Hebrew in the general
schools; nor, for that matter, classes in the
Russian language (comparable to Sunday
school education in the United States) on
Jewish history and culture. Nor are Soviet
Jews permitted to have contact on purely
Jewish cultural matters with Jewish institu-
tions abroad.
ui
All religions in the U.S.S.R. exist very
precariously within a context of official anti-
religious ideology and propaganda. In a va-
riety of fundamental respects, however,
Judaism is subjected to unique discrimina-
tion, Jewish congregations are permitted no
variant of the right enjoyed by the others
to maintain nationwide federations or other
central organizations through which reli-"
gious functions are governed, religious needs
serviced, religious belief bolstered, and com-
munication between congregations strength-
ened. Rabbis and synagogue leaders have
nothing at all comparable to the Holy
Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, the
All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians-
Baptists, the National Ecclesiastical Assem-
bly of the Armenian Church, the Lutheran
Churches of Latvia and Estonia, or the Mos-
lem Board for Central Asia and Kazakh-
stan.
These churches are permitted a wide
range of religious publishing facilities, pub-
lishing houses, and paper supplies. Thus,
the Russian Orthodox version of the Bible
was reprinted in 1957 in an edition of 50,000.
In 1958, 10,000 copies of a Russian-language
Protestant Bible were published by the Bap-
tists. The same year the Moslem Directo-
rates in Ufa and Tashkent produced editions
of 4,000 and 5,000 copies, respectively, of
the Koran. And in May 1962 the Moslem
Board for Central Asia issued still another
new edition. It should be noted that these
editions of the Korans are in Arabic, a lan-
guage not spoken by Soviet Moslems, but
used for religious study and other religious
functions. This is comparable to what the
status of Hebrew might be there.
Judaism is permitted no publication facili-
ties and no publications. No Hebrew Bible
has been published for Jews since 1917. (Nor
has a Russian translation of the Jewish ver-
sion of the Old Testament been allowed.)
The study of Hebrew has been outlawed, even
for religious purposes. Not a single Jewish
religious book of any other kind has ap-
peared in print since the early 1920's. In
contrast, prayerbooks are available to the
other denominations in relatively ample sup-
'Though Soviet law permits any 10 par-
ents who request it to organize instruction
for their children in their own language,
Jewish parents have been understandably
loath to take advantage of this provision.
629
ply: the Baptists were authorized in 1956 to
publish 25,000 hymnals; the Lutheran
Church of Latvia has produced 1,500 copies
of a psalter and is now preparing a new edi-
tion of its 1954 hymnal. Religious calendars,
Indispensable guides for religious holidays
and observances, are freely available. Other
types of religious publications are also per-
mitted. The Russian Orthodox Church pub-
lishes the Journal of the Moscow Patriarch-
ate, its official monthly organ. It has also
published collections of sermons and several
annuals. The All-Union Council of Baptists
puts out a bimonthly, the Fraternal Review.
No such prerogatives have been vouchsafed
to the Jews. Until 1958, no siddur (Sabbath
prayerbook in Hebrew) was printed. In that
year, an edition of 3,000 copies of a pre-Revo-
lutionary siddur was provided by photo-off-
set-a ridiculously small figure for the hun-
dreds of thousands of religious Jews whose
prayerbooks are tattered and worn. No edi-
tion at all has been allowed of special prayer-
books which Jews use on their high holidays
and major festivals. As for calendars, the
Jews have had to depend on photographed
copies of handwritten ones, surreptitiously
circulated from hand to hand.
A subtler but harsher form of discrimina-
tion has resulted from the ban on Hebrew.
The Russian Orthodox, Baptist, Lutheran,
Georgian, or Armenian believer is not handi-
capped in his participation in religious serv-
ices, for they are conducted in his native
spoken tongue. But the half-century-old
ban on Hebrew has made it impossible for
Jews educated under the Soviet regime to
make sense of their synagogue services.
Thousands come-and must stand mute and
dumb.
The other major ecclesiastical bodies are
authorized to produce a variety of religious
articles-ritual objects such as church ves-
sels, vestments, candles, beads, crucifixes, and
ikon. The mass sale of such articles, espe-
cially candles, is an important source of
church income. But the production of such
indispensable religious objects as the tallis
(prayer shawl) and tefillin (phylacteries) is
prohibited to Jews.
A brief statistical examination illuminates
the extent to which the faithful are served
by churches and priests, synagogues and rab-
bis. For the 40 million Russian Orthodox
there are some 20,000 churches and 35,000
priests (quite apart from those in the 69
monasteries and convents). This comes to
one place of worship for each 2,000 believers
and one priest for each 1,100 believers. For
the 3 million Baptists (including women and
children who are affiliated through family
membership) there are roughly 6,000 parishes
and pastors, which amounts to one place of
worship and one minister for each 500 be-
lievers. The Lutheran churches of Latvia and
Estonia have 100 churches and 150 pastors
for about 350,000 communicants-approxi.
mately one church for each 3,500 believers
and one minister for each 2,300. By contrast,
there are some 60 or 70 synagogues and rabbis
for the nearly 1 million Jewish believers-
which amounts to one synagogue and one
rabbi for each 15,000 to 16,000 Jewish be-
lievers.
Most religious groups also maintain edu-
cational institutions to prepare men for the
priesthood. The Russian Orothodox have
two academies and five seminaries; the
Moslems have a madrassa where their mul-
lahs are trained. In addition, quite a few
Moslem clerical students have been per-
mitted to advance their studies at the theo-
logical seminary in Cairo. Young Baptist
seminarians have attended theological
schools in Great Britain and Canada. Such
programs serve 'the twofold function of
maintaining spiritual contacts with co-
religionists abroad and of enhancing the
quality of religious education at home.
Until 1957, religious Jews had no institu-
tion to train rabbis. In that year, a yeshiva
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630 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE JanuarJ- 01
(rabbinical academy) was established as an bidden. This was the first time In Soviet his- usually named and their public positions
adjunct of the Great synagogue in Moscow. tory that a total ban on matzah was en- (teacher, engineer, nurse, etc.) noted, as
Since then, precisely two men have been or- forced throughout the country. The ban well as their places of work and, where rele-
dained as rabbis, neither of whom has func- was actually part of the larger offelal at- want, their party membership. Thus, not
tion as a synagogue leader. Of the 13 tempt to destroy the bonds between Soviet only the parents but the presumably loyal,
students at the yeshiva until April 1982, 11 Jewry and the traditional roots of Judaism nonreligious Communist children are held
were over 40-which means that very little that have a national historical significance. up to public obloquy, In a not very subtle
provision was made for replacing the rabbis Since Passover is the ancient feast that com- effort to exert social blackmail on them.
now serving in the U.S.S.R., all of whom are mesnorates the liberation of the Hebrews 7. Propaganda assaults on private prayer
in their seventies and eighties. This is to from Egyptian slavery and their establish- meetings are also frequent. Since many
be contrasted with the "accent on youth" ment as a religious people, this holiday is synagogues throughout the country are
for Russian Orthodox seminarians. The subjected to especially virulent assault in closed, Jews have taken to foregathering in
Jewish community is thus being deprived the Soviet press. It is linked with Zionist each other's homes for prayers. Such gath-
of needed religious leadership. ideology, the State of Israel. chauvinism erings are frowned upon, indeed unauthor-
A most serious restriction was Imposed on and so forth. The propaganda goes so far Ized, and have regularly been dispersed, and
the yeshiva in April 1982, when a majority as to brand Jewish religious holidays, and their members warned and even punished.
of the students, who came from the oriental Passover In particular, as subversive. "Juda- Articles list those who organize and attend
Jewish communities of Georgia and Daghe- tam kills love for the Soviet motherland"- such prayer meetings.
atan, were forbidden to resume their studies this Is a slogan from a typical press article. S. Perhaps the most ominous of all the
in Moscow, on the ground that they lacked All this adds up to a systematic policy of themes is the consistent portrayal of the
the necessary residence permits for the capi- attrition against religious Jews and their tenets and practitioners of traditional Juda-
tal city which is suffering from a housing religious practices. The synagogues are the ism as potentially or actually subversive.
shortage. This left just four students in an only remaining institutions in the U.S.S.R. The following references are typical: The
Institution that has been transformed Into which stilt embody the residues of traditional Jewish clericals and bourgeois nationalists
a virtually empty shell. Nor has any Jewish Jewish values and where Jews may still for- provide grist for the Mills of our class ene-
seminarian In the last 6 years been allowed gather formally as Jews. The objective of mies, distract workers from their class and
to advance his studies at institutions of this policy to clearly to intimidate and atom- Communists Interests, and weaken their
Jewish learning abroad. Sze Soviet Jewry, to isolate it both from consciousness with chauvinist poison."
In addition to their prerogatives at home. Its past and from its brethren in other parts "The traditions bolstered by the synagogue
other Soviet ecclesiastical bodies have en- of the world, to destroy Its specifically Jew- are doubly harmful. First of all, they con-
joyed the privilege of regular and permanent lab spirit. tribute to the perpetuation of the false
ties with coreligtonists abroad, an Incalcul- IV religious world outlook. Secondly, they
ably Important boost to their morale. since This policy of cultural and religious re- serve as an instrument for the propagation
1958 there have been Innumerable exchange pression is conducted within the charged of bourgeois political views which are alien
visits of religious delegations-Russian Or- atmosphere of a virulent press campaign to us."
thodox, Baptiste, and-Moelems-between the against Judaism. From it the image of the This must be contrasted with the resolu-
U.S.S.R. and Western Europe, the United Jew emerges In traditional anti-Semitic tion of the Central Committee of the Com-
States and the Middle East. The Soviet stereotypes. The majority of the articles ap- munist Party, signed by Premier Rbruahchev
Moslems have for years been associated with pear in the provincial press-in the larger on November 10. 1954, and reechoed in Prav-
a World Congress of Moslems. At the end of cities. frequently the capitals, of the various da on August 21, 1959: "It must not be for-
October 1962 a national conference of Moe- republics, primarily the Russian Republic, gotten that there are citizens who, though
1em leaders, meeting in Tashkent, was the Ukraine, and White Russia. These are actively participating in the country's life
authorized to establish a permanent depart- the regions where the bulk of Soviet Jewry and faithfully fulfilling their civic duty, still
ment for International relations, with head- lives and where popular anti-Semitism is remain under the influence of various rell-
quarters in Moscow, which would speak for still widespread and endemic. gioua beliefs. Toward these the party has
all Moslem boards in the country. And A study of a dozen such publications re- already demanded, and will always demand,
within the past year, the World Council of veals that the following themes recur re- a tactful, considerate attitude. It is espe-
Churches (Protestant) accepted the full- peatedi eially stupid to put these under political sus-
fledged membership of the Russian Orthodox 1. Thef stereotype that emerges most bla- piclon because of their religious convictions."
Church and of five other major Soviet tantiy Is that of Jews as money worshippers. These standards have been clearly violated
ecclesiastical bodies: the Georgian and Ar- Rabbis and lay leaders of the synagogues where Jews and Judaism are concerned. In
nlenlan Churches, the Baptista, and the are consistently portrayed as extorting money the Soviet Union official atheism affects all
Lutheran Churches of Latvia and Estonia. from the faithful for ostensibly religious religious groups; but it is only with regard to
No Jewish religious delegation from the purposes, their object, in fact, being to feath- Jews and Judaism that the theme of lack
'It.S.S.R. has even been permitted to visit er their own nests. Thus, whether it Is the of patriotism, disloyalty and subversion Is
religious Institutions abroad. Nor are sync- religious service Itself or some ancient rite, injected into the propaganda. When the
gogues in the Soviet Union allowed to have it is all presided over by religious figures who religion of the Russian Orthodox, the Arme-
any kind of official contact, permanent ties are In reality money-grubbing thieves. nian Orthodox, the Georgian Orthodox, the
or institutional relations with Jewish rellgi- 2. Judaism Is constantly denigrated. All Baptist or the Moslem is attacked in the
one, congregational, or rabbinic bodies out- its rites are mocked in a manner which con- press he does not thereby come under politi-
side their country, cal suspicion, nor does he feel his loyalty
tracts harshly with the Soviet Union's boasts --
The process of attrition and pressure of religious toleration. Circumcision, for impugned either as a member of a given na-
against Judaism and Jewish religious instt- example, Is denounced in the crudest terms tionality or as a Soviet citizen. By the same
tutions and practitioners has been syste- as a barbarous and unhealthful ritual; "The token, the mass of nonbelleving Russians,
matically stepped up since the middle of priests of the synagogue offer the regular Armenians, Georgians or Uzbeks do not feel
1961. In June and July of that year, the that they are involved when the religious
Drunkenness their Clod, members of their nationality see their reli-
synagogue presidents in six major provincial 3. sacrifice to
other favorite te in the synagogue ynh The is an-
cities were deposed. In that same period, gion attacked in the official propaganda.
scandalous But with the Jews it is different. Because
six Leningrad ley were religious secretly lead leaders in arrested. In Moscow and rogues who pocket the money innocently of the persistence of popular anti-Semitism,
Sep- contributed by the believers are shown as
the
tember 1981, on the occasion of the Jewish devoted to drink-guzzlers who confuse their the subtly encouraged from tabove, an he portrayal ayo of the
high holy days, the authorities ordered the prayers under the influence of alcohol. The religious Jew and the
construction of a special loge in the Moe- leader of a synagogue burial society Is quoted Jewish Image in traditional anti-Semitic ster-
cow Great Syngagogue to seat the Israel Em- "In booze---I believe; In mod-I eotypes is felt even by the nonreligious Jew
as saying: officials who came to attend services- as somehow involving him too. And he is
the better to cut off the thousands of Jews don't." not far wrong in feeling that many of his
who came to the synagogue from their fel- 4. Brawling is alleged to occur frequently non-Jewish neighbors undertsand it in the
low Jews from abroad. In October 1981, In the synagogue, Invariably over the division same way. Small wonder, then, that-in the
the Moscow and Leningrad leaders were se- of the ill-gotten profits from religious spec- absence of a consistent educational campaign
cretly tried and convicted of alleged espion- ulation. The newspapers name the names against anti-Semitism, such as was conduct-
age, and sentenced to lengthy prison terms. of the religious misleaders allegedly involved ed in Lenin's time--an assault upon the
In January 1962, Trud, the central trade un- and frequently give their addresses and pub- Jewish religion will be sensed, by Jews and
ion paper, published a notorious article that Uc positions, If any. non-Jews alike, as an assault upon the
portrayed these devout religious Jews as 5. In these articles Jews often are used to entire Jewish group.
agents of Israeli spies who, in turn, were inform on fellow Jews end to denounce v
described as tools of American intelligence. Judaism. Many articles are signed by Jews; In such an atmosphere, It is hardly sur-
On March 17, 1982, Rabbi Judah Leib some contain recantations, usually by elderly prizing that Jews should be subject to a
Levin of the Moscow synagogue announced men, of their religious faith. subtle policy of discrimination in employ-
that the public baking and sale of matzah 6. A favorite device Is for the writer to ment, education, and other sectors of public
(the unleavened bread Indispensable to the single out for special attention the adult life. That policy may be summarized in the
observance of the Passover) would be for- children of elderly religious Jews. They are phrase attributed, perhaps apocryphally but
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196 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
631
nonetheless aptly, to a top-level Soviet lead- good indeed even to get into the universities, food queues: "The Jews are responsible for
er: "Don't hire, don't fire, don't promote." and they find it increasingly difficult to enter the shortages." Western travelers who were
A few especially gifted or brilliant Jewish the professions. in Vilna during and immediately after a
individuals can still be found within the The disappearance of Jews from leadership major economic trial in February 1962-
Soviet leadership. Many occupy positions in positions in political life has been striking where all eight accused were Jews, four of
the middle rants of professional, cultural, and dramatic. Soviet spokesmen have tried them receiving capital punishment and four
and economic life. But virtually all face po- to counter this fact by noting recently that lengthy prison terms-reported that the au-
tent discriminatory measures in key securi- 7,623 Jews were elected to local soviets all thorities mobilized the entire population to
ty-sensitive areas of public life. The in- over the country. This seems impressive un- attend what was universally called the
strumentality for this exclusion, carried til it is realized that, as of 1960, more than Jewish show trial. The atmosphere of fright
out quietly and informally, is the national- 1,800,000 such local deputies were elected. in the Jewish communities may be imagined.
ity listing on the internal passport. Thus, The large number of Jews thus comes to less
vie
Jews have virtually disappeared from posi- than one-half of 1 percent. Moreover, in all
tions of major responsibility in the diplo- but 1 of the Supreme Soviets of the 15 repub- In sum, Soviet policy places the Jews in
matic service and, with rare exceptions, in lies, the number of Jews is far below their an inextricable vise. They are allowed nei-
the armed forces. This contrasts sharply proportion of the population. ther to assimilate, nor live a full Jewish life,
with the, situation that prevailed from 1917 When this pattern of discrimination is nor to emigrate (as many would wish) to
to the late 1930's. The proportion in higher linked to other facets of Soviet policy toward Israel or any other place where they might
education, science, the'professions and po- the Jews, it becomes clear that they are con- live freely as Jews. The policy stems, in
litical life has also been declining for many sidered a security risk group-suspected of turn, from doctrinal contradictions abetted
years. The key to the decrease is the system actual or potential disloyalty, of essential by traditional anti-Jewish sentiments. On
of nationality quotas in university admis- "alien-ness." the one hand, the authorities want the Jews
sions. A considerable body of evidence vi to assimilate; on the other hand, they irra-
points to the existence of a numerus clausus Many nuances of the same pattern of tionally fear the full penetration of Soviet
for Jews in the universities and, in some hostility have been revealed in the massive life which assimilation implies. So the Jews
cases, of numerus nullus. This explains the campaign waged with increasing severity in are formally recognized as a nationality, as
decline of Jewish representation in import- a religious group, as equal citizens-but are
ant activities, the past few years against the widespread at the same time deprived of their national
The extent of the decline in higher educa- economic abuses that characterize so much and reli ious
tion is reflected in the fact that Jews today of Soviet life. A series of decrees, beginning g rights a group, and of full
Y in May 1961, called for capital punishment equality as individuals.
represent 3.1 percent of all students in higher for such offenses as embezzlement of state Though the Jews are considered a Soviet
education, as contrasted with 13.5 percent in nationality, official doctrine has consistent)
1935. During this 27-year period, the Jew- property, currency speculation, and bribery. Y
ash proportion of the population decreased The authorities have made no attempt to denied the existence of a historic Jewish peo-
ish py prom n8 to t1.1 he
percent. There is no conceal their concern over these activities or pie as an entity, and official practice has al-
m way ly from 1.6 t for per ent decline In the fact that vast numbers of the population ways sought to discourage Soviet Jews from
a country with an expanding economy and engage in them. Major pronouncements b feeling ohemselves members of that entity
y e throughout the world.
growing opportunities-except by discrimina- leading officials have, indeed, given a picture
tion. of a country shot through with corruption- Soviet policy as a whole, then, amounts
Even the present 3.1 percent is a skewed ironically, of a capitalist sort. All organs of of spiritual strangulation-the deprivation
figure, for it fails to take account of two de- the party, the Komsomol, the state, the press, of Soviet Jewry's natural right to know the
statistics, lumps together both universities it. The secret police, one of the last strong-
and many other types of specialized acade holds of Stalinism, plays a key role And
miss such as teacher training schools, music the public at large has been strenuously LAUNCHING PHOTO CARAVAN,
conservatories and journalism institutes. urged on to be vigilant, with all the over-
Jews have a strong position in the latter tones of vigilanteeism. U.S.A.
types, and this fact artificially raises the Though the campaign's objective may not Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, it was
total by balancing out the much lower pro- be anti-Jewish, there is little doubt that it a great source of
par-
portion of Jews in the universities as such. has had anti-Jewish implications and conse- pleasure for me to par-
Secondly, it is estimated that 90 percent of quences, of which the authorities-and the titivate in the sendoff for Photo Cara-
Soviet Jews are urbanized. Most universities secret police-cannot but be aware. van, U.S.A., last Wednesday, January 16.
are located in the larger cities and recruit Thus the Soviet press has especially fea- This giant photographic project, spon-
their student bodies from the children of the tured those trials that have resulted in death sored by the Eastman Kodak Co., from
urban intelligentsia, in which the Jews have sentences (frequently accompanied by the my home city of Rochester, will travel
traditionally occupied a leading position. denial of the right of appeal). To date, 36 throughout the United States for a year
To get a more accurate measure of Jewish such trials have been reported in 26 different to capture on color film scenes typical of
representation in higher education in propor- cities. In these trials, death sentences have America. The huge picture-takin
tion to the population, the Jewish proper- been meted out to 70 individuals-of whom g proje
.tion would, have to be compared not with the 42 (and possibly 45) are Jews. In a number eCt will be completed in time for the
percentage of Jews in the total population of of cases, the Jewish religious affiliation of opening of the World's Fair in April
a given republic, but with the percentage some of the culprits was made explicit: the 1964, where the photographs will be ex-
of Jews in an urban university area. synagogue was portrayed as the locus of u- hibited inside the Kodak pavilion and on
As for the professions, the declining pro- legal transactions, religious Jews were mock- its 80-foot Tower of Photography. There
portion of Jews has been as much as admitted ingly described as money worshippers, the five giant color pictures will be specially
by Premier Khrushchev and Culture Min- rabbi was shown as their accomplice, their illuminated so as to be visible day and
aster Furtseva themselves as a matter of pol- family connections in Israel and the United
Icy. (In making such admissions, they have States were pointed up. In general, the night for miles. They will be changed
referred to the necessity of making room for Jews are presented as people "whose only every several weeks.
our own intelligentsia-clearly giving away God is gold," who flit through the interstices In addition to providing pictures for
their feeling that the Jews are not truly in- of the economy, cunningly manipulate naive use at the World's Fair, which is expected
digenous.) In general, the proportion of non-Jewish officials, prey upon honest Soviet to attract over 70 million people from all
non-Jewish nationalities among professionals workers and cheat them of their patrimony. over the world, the U.S. Travel Service
has been rising at a very rapid rate, but that They are portrayed as the initiators and may plan a special exhibit of some of the
of the Jews at a much slower rate. For ex- masterminds of the criminal plots; the non-
ample, since 1955 the number of Russians Jews are depicted primarily as the recipients photographs in other countries through-
and Ukranians in science has increased by of bribes and as accomplices. out the free world.
40 percent, that of the Jews by 25 percent. The ominous significance of this publicity It is gratifying to witness the close
In 1955, Jews constituted 11 percent of Soviet is clear. It informs the conditioned Soviet cooperation between Federal and State
scientists; the figure was 10.2 percent by 1958 reader that the government thinks the tiny Governments and private enterprise that
and 9.8 percent by 1960. Even this figure is community of Jews, which constitutes little will insure far-reaching consequences for
deceptively high, for it includes a substantial more than , percent of the ,
freer access to the universities and the pro- some Yareas 100 percent-of 41 the economic The sponsors of the caravan are to be
fessions in the 1920's and 1930's. It is ob- crimes that warrant capital punishment. congratulated for their imagination and
viously the Jewish youth who are hardest hit Anti-Semitic feelings are exacerbated. From vision. The caravan will record on film
by the declining rate; they have to be very many cities come reports of grumbling on the all aspects of America, capturing the
No. 8-5
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE January 21
scenic grandeur of our cities, villages.
and farms-memorializing the lives,
work, and play of our people.
I believe in the old maxim "a picture
is worth a thousand words." The tens
of thousands of people from foreign lands
who will visit the fair will take home with
them a very distinct opinion of America,
largely based on what they see there.
Unlike the breakdown in spoken and
written communications which occur
sometimes in our relations with other
countries, there is no language barrier
in the world of photography. It is a
common language. It is a medium which
seldom leaves room for misinterpretation
or misrepresentation.
Therefore, -what better way lies open
to us than to portray all that America
stands for with pictures? They will in-
form and entertain our foreign guests,
while educating them in the geography of
our Nation. Posted high above the fair
with the sky as a background, the cara-
van photos will make a dramatic and
long-lasting impression on all who view
them.
tiringly for an answer to this knotty
problem.
In northern Indiana, we have a South
Shore commuter line, similar to the now
defunct North Shore. I would hate to
think of what would happen to Chicago
if the South Shore should also go out of
business. There would be more unem-
ployed and more traffic pouring into
Chicago.
Mr. President, because this national
problem deserves the attention of each
Member of this august body, I, therefore,
ask unanimous consent at this time that
the news report as it appeared in the
Washington Evening Star now be printed
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed In the RECORD,
as follows:
TEN THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED HIT END or
LINE As NORTH SHORE QUITS
CHICAGO. January 21-11; was the end of
the line today for the 10,000 daily riders and
700 employee of the Chicago, North Shore &
Milwaukee Railway.
The 106-mile electric commenter line be-
tween Chicago and Milwaukee-known as the
North Shore-rolled to a stop and ended Its
THE NATION'S TRANSPORTATION
PROBLEMS
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, in the
January 21, 1963, edition of the Wash-
ington Evening Star, on the front page,
is an article which distresses me-and
10,700 other persons-deeply.
The 10,000 persons distressed are the
..4pily riders of the North Shore & Mil-
waukee Railway, which rolled to a stop
and ended its 68 years of service at about
4 a.m. on January 21.
The 700 persons distressed are the em-
ployees. They are now statistics among
the unemployed.
The cessation of operations, Mr. Presi-
dent, of the North Shore & Milwaukee
Railway is the passing of en era-when
it need not be passed. As a member of
the Surface Transportation Subcommit-
tee of the Senate Committee on Com-
merce, I am vitally concerned when I
learn that another mode of public trans-
portation has ended, or desires to end,
its operations.
Mr. President, America cannot afford
the problem which transportation pro-
vides. This problem must be solved.
Today, as a result of North Shore & Mil-
waukee's cessation of operations, it
means that at least 5.000 more vehicles
may well be going into Chicago each day.
I am sure that Chicago has enough of a
traffic problem, just as we here In the
Nation's Capital, have a traffic problem.
I ask you, Mr. President and my dis-
tinguished colleagues, if we are going to
continue to persist to eliminate more
public transportation facilities or en-
courage their operations. Dumping
more traffic in already-congested areas
will not solve the problem. It only adds
more to the problem.
I am sure that my colleagues join with
me in anxiously awaiting the message
of the President pertaining to transpor-
tation.
I choose, however, at this time, Mr.
President, to go on record as saying that
I shall await the President's transporta-
tion message; but then I shall work un-
88 years of operations at about 4 a.m.
Thousands of commuters will have to find
other means of transportation, but the rail-
road's employes face a stiffer problem. They
have to and jobs.
To the last, some hoped for an 11th-hour
order from Illinois Gov. Otto Kerner or Pres-
ident Kennedy staying the line's death.
Allan C. Williams. a consultant to the
Lake County, Ill., Planning Commission, had
requested such orders yesterday. Lake
County embraces many of the homes of com-
muters north of Chicago who depended heav-
ily on the line.
The North Shore obtained permission of
the interstate Commerce Commission to
abandon operations on the grounds It was
losing $1,000 a day.
But the North Shore Commuters Associa-
tion has bitterly attacked the road's manage-
ment, charging it was needlessly dumping
the North Shore.
The association said the line's owners, a
holding corporation named the Susquehanna
Corp., would gain a mul timill ton -dollar tax
break on its other operations when the line
shut down.
The commuters' group, in another attempt
to keep the wheel rolling, has offered to
lease or buy the line. It offered to lease the
road for $200,000 a year, and to pay $150,000
for an option to buy the railway for 62.5 mil-
lion when it manages to raise that much.
The commuters offered to underwrite tosses
to keep the line moving during negotiations,
but that offer was not accepted.
Last runs of the trains brought out hun-
dreds of railroad fans for a final ride.
Today, Mr. President, I want to indi-
cate that my views on the subject are
strictly nonpartisan and that Maryland-
ers are quick to place their gastronomic
achievements above politics when their
worldwide reputation has been maligned.
In my hand, Mr. President, is a letter
from the charming Mrs. J. Millard
Tawes, wife of Maryland's Governor, who
is a member of the other party and a
native of our State's Eastern Shore.
In her letter, Mrs. Tawes says:
DEAR SENATOR BEALL: I have just read this
article In the Baltimore News-Post about our
Maryland crabcakes, and I'm sending you
this little cookbook of mine.
How about giving it to the chef of the
V.S. Senate dining room? Please tell them
to try the recipes with some real Maryland
'
t
seafood. Is there any reason why they can
serve superb seafood dishes there? It's too
bad to serve the kind mentioned in this
newspaper article, since we have the beat sea-
food in the world.
Do you think you could get them to try
some of these recipes? When I serve them
here at Government House, people seem to
rave about the flavor.
AVALYNNE TAWES.
As I have just read, Mr. President,
Mrs. Tawes is not content merely to de-
cry the misuse of Maryland's fair name
in connection with crabeakes in which
even the meat is admittedly from some
other State. She has also sent a recipe
on which she has noted that it is "the
best crabcake recipe I know," and I ask
unanimous consent to have it reprinted
in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD at the con-
clusion of my remarks.
There being no objection, the recipe
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows: -
CRAHCAKFB
One pound crab claw meat.
Two eggs.
Two tablespoons mayonnaise.
One tablespoon Kraft's horseradish mus-
tard.
One-fourth teaspoon salt.
One-eighth teaspoon pepper.
Dash of tabasco sauce.
One tablespoon parsley chopped.
Combine all above ingredients including
the unbeaten eggs and mix lightly together.
Form mixture Into desired size of cake or
croquette. Do not pack firmly, but allow
the mixture to be light and spongy. Roll
out a package of crackers into fine crumbs.
Do not use prepared cracker crumbs. Then
pat the crumbs lightly on the crab cake and
fry in deep fat just until golden brown. Re-
move from hot fat just as soon as golden
brown.
Drain on absorbent paper and serve hot.
I think this Is the best crabcake recipe I
know of.
AvALYNNE TAWES.
Mr. BEALL. Mr. President, in addi-
tion, the State of Maryland has offered
to send me 100 copies of Mrs. Tawes'
booklet entitled "My Favorite Maryland
Recipes," and I shall distribute them
with justifiable pride to each of my col-
leagues.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
further morning business?
Mr. HART. Mr. President, I suggest
the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
CRABCAKES IN THE SENATE
RESTAURANT
Mr. BEALL. Mr. President, last week
my home-State pride forced me to ad-
dress this body about the crabcakes
which were being served in the Senate
restaurants as Maryland erabcakes.
As I pointed out at the time, there
was nothing personal in my remarks
about our chefs nor was there any at-
tempt to belittle the tastes of those
diners who enjoy the crabcakes served
on Capitol Hill.
I was insistent, however, on the fact
that what I ate for lunch were definitely
not Maryland crabeakes.
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