BAY OF PIGS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200220012-5
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• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 7, 2004
• Sequence Number: 12
• Content Type: OPEN

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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
3449
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the To us this proposal must be a complete It is said by the administration that
Senator yield? oversight. I say that because I am con- this is being done in only 12 States; and
Mr. AIKEN Sts not have any time vinced that the administration would that the other 38 States certainly will
to yield, unless 1. am given additional not go back on its commitment, given to not complain. I hope the other 38
time. us so solidly. States are not deluding themselves in
Mr. MORSE. I ask unanimous con- When we heard about it, we went to any way; their turn is coming. As soon
sent that the Senator may be given ad- the White House, I believe that is the as the administration has abolished the
ditional time so that he may yield to euphemistic way of referring to people offices and destroyed the pride of man-
me for a question. without describing them further. At the agement of good offices in 12 States, it
The VICE P> ESIDENT., Is there ob- White House we voiced our protest will certainly select 12 more States. The
jection? Does the Senator from Ver- against this proposal, administration has not tried to touch
mont yield to the Senator from Oregon I trust that the commitment given to any State south of Delaware yet; but it
so that the Senator from Oregon may us will be honored. If the Treasury De- will. I assure the Senator from North
ask him a question? partment has any concern about getting Carolina [Mr. ERVIN] and the Senators
Mr. MORSE., I ask unanimous con- a tax bill through Congress, it ought to from the other Southern States that
sent that the Senator from Vermont double check its relationship with Con- their turn. will come. The administra-
may be given an additional minute, gress. The proposed step is not one tion is selecting a few States at a time
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob- which will be found in any basic text on in order to accomplish its program, but
jection to the Senator from Vermont how to get along with people or how to it is following a pattern of concentrating
being granted an additional minute? Win friends. its power in a few great urban centers of
Mr, AIKEN. I should like to have 5 Mr. AIKEN. I really appreciate the the United States, from which opera-
or 10 minutes or a half hour. comments of the Senator from Michi- tions can be more easily controlled by a
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President- gan. few persons in Washington.
Mr. AIKEN. I should like to have 5 Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the I hope I have made it clear that I do
minutes. Senator from Vermont yield me an- not approve of the action taken by the
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob- other 10 seconds? Secretary of the Treasury.
jection. The Chair hears none, and Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I ask
the Senator may proceed. unanimous :consent that the Senator I CMr, oobserve the
New York
on his Senator feet. from If he wishes
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I have a from Vermont may have an additional to defend New York, that is all right. I
feeling that the Senator from Vermont, 3 minutes. believe the regional office of the Inter-
as the dean on the Republican side of The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
the aisle, may be able to get some in- jection? The Chair hears none, and the nal Revenue Service in New England has
formation from my party's administra- Senator from Vermont is recognized for been well handled. and has been under
tion. If he is able to do so, we will be an_ additional 3 minutes. good management. When the Govern-
very grateful to him. I cannot get an Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I am par- ment now seeks to consolidate district
answer from the administration. There- titularly proud of myself for having offices on a flimsy pretext, it is time for
republican side
from Vermont If he will try to find out to get this information for me from the
what the xeason.is for moving some present administration- particularly the
dreg., out of my State. There is only who, after all, must assume some respon- Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
one-way traffic with regard to Oregon. sibility for some of the moves. I should our sympathy goes out to the widows
All the offices are being moved out of like to work with the Senator from Ver- and children of the four Americans who
the State, whether they concern the mont to see if, between us, we can get were killed in the Bay of Pigs invasion in
Treasury, the regional offices of the Post an answer from the Secretary of the April 1961. They were mature men, not
Office, or the Federal Power Commission. Treasury. - boys seeking adventure. Possibly they
As I say, it is, all one-way traffic in Mr. AIKEN. I do not know what de- were employees of the Central Intelli-
Oregon. We cannot understand the gree of responsibility is assumed by the gence Agency who had-been given the
reason for'this ,mo-ve. If the dean on the Republican Secretary of the Treasury. job of training anti-Castro Cubans in
Republican side of the aisle can obtain Over the years, the Internal Revenue Guatemala for the invasion then being
the answer for. us, he will be doing a great Offices of Maine, New Hampshire, and planned. This was during the Eisen-
personal favor for the people of Oregon. Vermont-and I think I may include hower administration. According to
Mr.. HART. Mr. President, will the Rhode Island, too, since Rhode Island news accounts, their pay was $1,900 per
Senator yield? also is affected by this order-have been month. Whether this big pay made
The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the efficient and respected and have never them soldiers of fortune, if they volun-
Senator from Vermont yield to the Sen- been touched by the breath of scandal. teered for combat just before the ill-
ator from Michigan? Why at this time should all these of- fated Invasion, is a matter for argument.
Mr. AIKEN. I will yield, if the time flees be moved into Boston? The per- Undoubtedly, it was not expected that
is not taken out of my 10 minutes. sonnel of those offices have served well they would themselves engage in combat.
Mr. HART. Mr. President, I ask for 20 years; yet now they are told that Their job was to teach and train. Pre-
unanimous consent that the Senator they will have to fight for their new jobs, sumably in the excitement of the inva-
may be given an additional 2 minutes. if they can get them. The only assur- sion, they offered to go in fighting. They
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob- ance they have is that they will not have became casualties of the Bay of Pigs in-
jection? The Chair hears none, and the their pay cut or will not lose their jobs vasion. It may be that the checks for
Senator may proceed, until after the next election-or 2 years $225 received every other week by each
Mr. HART. First I should like to say from now. of these four widows come from the
that the commitment which had been Why should a system which has CIA. It is said that these payments will
given to the people of Michigan and to worked so well over the years now be continue until the widows remarry. Let
their delegation in Congress has gone upset in favor of one which is dubious? us see: $225 every other week amounts to
competely by the board. After a careful In reply to the question asked by the approximately $487 per month. Unfor-
and intensive survey it was determined Senator from Oregon [Mr. MORSE], this tunately there are a number of widows,
by the Internal Revenue Service that a latest act on the part of the Internal with children now of college age, of offi-
data-processing center, one of nine Revenue Service merely follows a pat- cers of our Air Force who lost their lives
throughout the country, would be located tern which, while it originated a long in combat in the service of their country
in the Detroit metropolitan area, which time ago, has been accelerated rapidly in World War II. Have those war wid-
embraces a region of many counties. during the past 2 years, namely, the pat- ows whose husbands, Air Force pilots or
The reorganization plan proposed tern of breaking down State lines and bombardiers in World War II who died
yesterday by the Treasury Department concentrating the activities in a few ur- heroically for their country, received as
has removed that data-processing cen- ban centers of wealth, population, in- much as $487 per month from a grateful
ter. dustry, and political power. Government?
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 $450
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE March 7
A niece of' mine, whose husband, a
#oung lawyer who became a tank cap-
in and was killed in action in Europe
1944, leaving her with a child who is
4ow a college boy, must have read with
durorise the newspaper accounts of the
iery substantial amounts of the checks
eceived by these other widows, whose
usbands were unfortunately killed in
he Bay of Pigs invasion.
WELFARE OF OUR FARMERS
though I am no longer a member of
he Committee on Agriculture and For-
try, on which I had the honor to serve
or 4 years under the chairman of that
ommittee, the distinguished senior Sen-
tor from Louisiana [Mr. ELLENDERl, I
till have a great interest in the pros-
erity of our farmers. I am glad to ob-
rve the chairman in the Chamber. I
hold him In high admiration for the
hievements and the leadership of that
committee during the 4 years of my serv-
cce under his chairmanship.
I The present administration has done
much toward making less burdensome
the serious problems with which our
armers were and are faced. I am posi-
tive that we in Congress shall continue
to legislate for the welfare and pros-
perity of our farmers. I feel certain
that this will be done so long as the
present majority and the present chair-
man control the operations of the Com-
mittee on Agriculture and Forestry.
Therefore, I read with interest the edi-
'torial response to President Kennedy's
farm message in two of Ohio's widely
(read, outstanding metropolitan news-
,papers, the Akron Beacon Journal and
the Columbus Dispatch. Both recognize
t that farm legislation enacted by the 87th
j Congress reduced the surplus of wheat
and feed grains, increased farm Income,
and put surplus foods to worthwhile use
? through school lunches, food stamp pilot
programs, distribution to needy families,
i and the food-for-peace program. Both
recognize that the President's farm pro-
posals point the way to further farm
program Improvements.
Inasmuch as these editorials are
thoughtful reviews of the farm situa-
{ tion and the operation of farm programs.
I believe they merit the attention of my
colleagues. Therefore, Mr. President, I
wk unanimous consent that they be
printed at this point in the RECORD, as
art f m remarks
The President and his farm adbisere feel
that the system, while not ideal, is beginning
to work and already has made progress toward
its goals.
The goals are considerable: Reduction of
surpluses, reduction in expenditures for
price-support programs. improved income for
farm families, lower prices to consumers for
food and fiber, and expanded exports.
Nevertheless, the President tells us. there
to a substantial Improvement in farm in-
come, a substantial decrease in Government
holdings of agricultural products, and a sub-
stantial reduction in costs to the taxpayer for
carrying farm surpluses, without increasing
the consumer's burden.
Probably the most vital phase of the pro-
gram for Ohio is the part which pertains to
feed grains. The President's proposals in
this field include the following:
Extension of the current voluntary
acreage-cutting program for perhaps 2 more
years beginning with 1964. but with a con-
templated easing of curbs next year. The
general goal of keeping Government feed
grain stock from dropping below the 45-
million-ton supply deemed adequate as an
emergency reserve, but continuing the re-
duction from the record high of 85 million
tons In mid-1961. The reduction has come
about mainly because of acreage cutting, In-
creasing domestic consumption. and heavy
exports.
The President called for an affirmative vote
in the forthcoming wheat referendum to be
held under the legislation enacted by Con-
gress last year.
If two-thirds of the wheat producers in
the Nation vote this spring to approve the
bushel marketing law authorized by that law,
the President declared, the present income
of wheat farmers will be protected and "the
overhanging surpluses of wheat will be fur-
ther reduced."
Failure to approve the wheat program will
leave the wheat farmer without either sup-
ply management or effective price supports---
"at the mercy of unlimited production and
unprotected prices."
If the wheat stabilization program is re-
tained In the upcoming nationwide referen-
dum, each wheat farmer will be assigned an
acreage allotment. As previously, marketing
quota penalties apply to excess wheat. Mar-
keting quotas do not apply to farms that
have 15 acres or less of wheat for harvest,
A-support averaging $1.82 per bushel, na-
tionally, on the 1963 wheat production will
be available to a farmer who complies with
his farm acreage allotment. In addition, an
18-cant-per-bushel price support payment
will be available if the farmer complies with
the 1963 stabilization program in Its en-
tirety.
Ohio wheat farmers traditionaly have re-
jected the Government program because of
deep-rooted opposition to Government in-
tervention. As in the past. If the control
program is voted this year. It will be because
of the favorable vote in the Western States,
ng progra
e
to approve the bushel mar
There being no objection, the editors- with their huge wheat acreage, where the
be printed in the farmers want to make sure they receive the authorized by the 1962 law, wheat farmers
alb were ordered to Government price support. again will be at the mercy of unlimited pro-
RECORD, as follows: The Ohio farmer then is in the position duction and unprotected prices. New legis-
[Fromthe Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch, Feb. 3, of being able to take advantage of the price lation is necessary to preserve the gains made
19631 supports, meanwhile submitting to the con- in corn and other feed grains. The cotton
FARM PaocaAra OrYERS SOME Hors OF trol features which are distasteful to him. industry is in trouble; help is needed both
i3oLVrfox An imponderable in the farm picture and for producers and for textile mills,
President Kennedy's farm message to Con- the efficacy of the intricately devised pro- And as for the dairy Industry, the Presi-
grew omits most of the mandatory crop gram, replete with political concessions one dent reminded Congress that he warned last
control proposals that stirred up a hornet's way and the other. Is the weather. One year that failure to pass legislation in this
nest of opposition last year. In most re- drought year, for Instance, could wipe out field would cost the Treasury $440 million
spects the proposed program would retain the surplus In feed grains. The effect of pro- a year in price support payments. The legis-
the present system of voluntary controls in longed subzero winter weather or a late lation was not passed. What happened?
feed grains (with some amplification), make planting of corn due to heavy spring rains "Costs have recently been running at a
little change In the wheat program launched and flooding, perhaps followed by unfavor- rate in excess of $500 million a year, and
last year, and retain such features as the able growing weather, could throw even so the income of the dairy farmer has fallen
wheat referendum and the current system of cleverly-devised a program Into disarray, with by over $100 million a year," Mr. Kennedy
price supports and bonuses. deeply disturbing results. said.
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Because of Its voluntary compliance fea-
tures and some Evidence that the program is
working favorably in most of its several as-
pects, farmers generally, we believe, will look
with reasonable favor on the President's
latest version of his farm program, although
some organized elements already are arrayed
against it.
For one thing, the administration, we un-
derstand does not plan to put all its pro-
posals in one package, on which all its provi-
sions would have to rise or fail. Instead, the
various phases of the program are to be
presented In separate bills, which will allow
fuller debate and separate votes on the pro-
posals affecting various crops and dairy
products, food distribution, land use adjust-
ment, rural electrification, vocational train-
ing and water retention.
Whether the program will bring order out
of chaos, or produce more chaos, remains to
be seen, but there Is more reasonableness In
the President's program as laid down In Con-
gress last week than in some of the earlier
approaches and recommendations.
Akron (Ohio) Beacon Journal,
Feb. 1, 19631
THAT FARM PROBLEM
President Kennedy yesterday talked about
the problem which is the envy of Premier
Khrushchev-the over-production of farm
commodities.
Whereas the Russian Communists-and
the Chinese Communists, too-carry on an
endless, uphill struggle to expand agricul-
tural production to meet the bare require-
ments of their people, the chronic problem
here Is just the opposite.
The President summed it up when he said:
"Our capacity to produce still outruns the
growth of both domestic and foreign demand
for food and fiber. Our abundance must
still be harnessed In such a way as to bring
supply and demand more nearly into balance.
And the benefits of our agricultural progress
still need to be translated Into improved in-
come to farm families, lower prices to con-
sumers for food and fiber, expanded exports,
and reduced expenditures for price support
programs."
Mr. Kennedy's message was not'entirely
gloomy.
Net farm income at the end of 1962 was
$1.8 billion a year higher than In 1960.
Government stockpiles of surplus grain are
down by 929 million bushels from their 1961
peak, Exports of farm commodities reached
a record $5.1 billion In fiscal 1962. The
emergency and temporary feed grain legis-
lation of 1961 has been successful. Surplus
foods have been put to good use through
a variety of programs--school lunches and
surplus commodity distribution to needy
families, the food stamp experiment, and the
oversea food-for-peace program.
But there was much to be reported on the
negative side.
Unless wheat producers vote this spring
m
ti
k
 1963
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CONGR1SSIONAL' RECORD - SENATE 3457
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the REboRD,
as follows:
GAUS, MAN WHO SAVED POLITICAL SCIENCE,
VISITS UNIVERSITY ALTER 16 YEARS
(By Elliott Maraniss)
Prof. John M. Gaus, the man who saved
political science from dying of irrelevancy-
the Dutch elm disease in the groves of s.ea-
deme-has returned to the University of
Wisconsin campus.
Dr. Gaus will spend a week here visiting
his old classes In public administration, re-
gional planning, and political theory.
Among the political scientists in South
Hall, this has aroused the same kind of ex-
citement that would be found among his-
torians if Frederick Jackson Turner suddenly
showed up at old Bascom.
In the opinion of Prof. James McCamy, one
of Dr. Gaus' hosts this week, the comparison
is appropriate.
"Professor Gaus is to political science what
Turner was to history," Dr. McCamy said
Monday.
"He took it out of the law books and put
it into life, among the people and in the
communities in which they live. He said
government is not just statutes and consti-
tutions, but people dealing with other
people."
For 20 memorable years between 1927 and
1947 the Wisconsin campus and the Badger
State were the vineyards of Professor Gaus'
fruitful labors.
A graduate of Amherst College with a mas-
ter's degree and a doctorate from Harvard, he
came here to become part of an Amherst
triumvirate which made an imperishable
contribution to Wisconsin's rise to greatness.
Dr. Alexander Meikeljohn had been presi-
dent of Amherst, and Dr. Walter Agard had
been an Amherst classmate. Dr. Gaus hap-
pily responded to their invitation to join
them here in establishing the famed Experi-
mental College. Dr. Agard taught the first-
year course in Greek civilization and Dr.
Gaus taught the second-year course in
American civilization.
In those years the`Wisconsin idea-putting
the resources of the university in the service
of the people of the State-provided a perfect
basis for Dr. Gaus' ideas about political
science.
Gov. Phil LaFollette named him executive
secretary of the Wisconsin State Planning
Board, an advisory board of legislators and
-citizens, charged with the task of "making
a continuing inventory of the State govern-
ment and its functions and suggesting ways
as to how the State may operate more efl-
ciently and economically."
Together with Robert Goodman, who later
became chairman of the Conservation Com-
mission, F. L. Sensenbrenner, then president
of Kimberly Clark, Charles W. Nash, then
president of the Nash Motor Co., Dr. Gaus
and his board made many important recom-
the most lasting of which was
mendations
,
a far-sighted plan for the uses'of the State's regime in its vicinity. tern about the date when the administration
forest resources. With that view I am in full agreement. decided that the Soviet arms buildup was
As a member of the Madison Area Plan- Our concern must be with the danger offensive in character and so dangerous as
ning Council, Dr. Gaus helped devise an Soviet Cuba poses at the present mo- to require the strong measures that were
orderly plan for the growth of the city. taken. The charges that the administra-
In every one of those 20 years Dr. Gaus ment. This is a much more important tion knew of the offensive character of the
was the object of flattering and bountiful of- issue than what the situation may have weaponry long before it disclosed its knowl-
fers from rich and famous universities such been in the past. edge and acted on it is essentially political
as Harvard and Chicago, but he turned them These editorials clarify the perils of in character. If the charge ever is proven
all down, saying "Wisconsin is where my the present situation and, in my judg- true or false it will leave the future quite
heart belongs." ment, emphasize the need for a firm and unaffected.
ironically, it was during one of those dark effective policy to meet the problem, a Perhaps the administration erred in try-
periods. when the Wisconsin spirit faltered policy which, so far as I know, has not ing to make a distinction between defen-
temporarily that Dr. Gaus finally left here. been made evident. sive and offensive arms. Certainly it is a
In 1'947 the board of regents refused to ap- I ask unanimous consent to have both very difficult thing to do. The argument is
point Prof. Howard J. McMurray to the poli- largely a semantic one. The antiaircraft
tical science faculty. Dr. McMurray had editorials printed following my remarks. weapons, the defending fighters and the
served a term in'Congress and had sought There being no objection, the editorials antimissile missiles are defensive in one
political office as a Democratic candidate two were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, sense of the word. They are, at the same
other times while a member of the faculty. as follows: time, components in any offensive weapon
Dr.` Gaus disagreed with the regents' de- [Fronk the Washington Post, Mar. 4, 19631
cision and accepted an offer to go to Harvard No PEACE WITH CUBA
as professor of government. At Harvard, Dr. Peace in this hemisphere will not be secure
Gaus' reputation continued to grow and was as long as Castro rules in Cuba. That is
culminated with his election as president of the meaning of the events of the past
the American Political Science Association. week-whether they relate to disclosures of
In June of 1961, Dr. Gaus retired as pro- Cuba's role in training subversive forces in
fessor emeritus of government at Harvard neighboring countries or to the movement
and returned with his wife to a farmstead in Soviet personnel from Cuban ports. No
the lovely dairy and forest country the one will ever be sure how much subversion
Adirondacks in New York State, where he
was born 68 years ago, the grandson of Ger-
man immigrants.
There, Dr. Gaus said in an interview Mon-
day, he has found a perfect laboratory for
his lifelong interest in the interaction of
city and country.
"I really don't know what kind of society
we are coming into," Dr. Gaus said. "There
are thousands of people who live in the open
country, yet are city oriented in their work
and their recreation."
:Dr. Gaus said the metropolitan areas of
the country are faced with "tremendous
problems" presented by the profound
changes in distribution of the American pop-
ulation, not only in terms of space but also
in terms of employment and technological
development.
.He remains hopeful, however, that the
problems will be solved.
"It's amazing how people will respond to
a really objective, factual diagnosis of what
is going on if you put it to them in human
terms," Dr. Gaus said.
Pitting things in human terms is what
D}'. Gaus has been doing all his life.
SOVIET CUBA
fine editorials dealing with the problem
of Soviet Cuba. While it is believed by
Government officials that last fall we
were successful in forcing removal of
Soviet intermediate and medium range
missiles and bombers, it is now recog-
nized that the Soviets are continuing to
maintain a powerful military base in this
hemisphere.
The first editorial, published on March
4, strongly affirms:
Peace in this hemisphere will not be se-
cure as long as Castro rules in Cuba. * * *
The regime in Cuba is one with which its
neighbors will not be permitted to live in
peace.
The second editorial this morning is
still more explicit. It suggests that the
distinction between defensive and offen-
sive weapons may have been erroneous
or largely a semantic one. It then calls
for an end to recriminations over the
past and a recognition that Castro's
Communist regime in Cuba is a very real
threat to the safety of every democratic
is going on and, in spite of the efficacy of
aerial surveillance, no one can be certain'
how large are the remaining Soviet forces.
The regime in Cuba is one with which its
neighbors will not be permitted to live in
peace. The threat to the security and peace
will rise and fall as their own precautions
are extended or contracted. There is every
present indication that no country can af-
ford to allow its guard to relax.
As long as Cuba remains a center from
which Communist infiltration is carried on,
it cannot expect the United States or any of
its other neighbors to make any firm pledge
against the invasion of Cuba. The day may
arrive when these belligerent operations will
reach a level of military significance to which
there will be no appropriate response but
military operations. To make sure that
this pitch of activity is not achieved in total
secrecy the scrutiny of operations on the
island must be maintained at the highest
ldvel.
The Western Hemisphere must live in dan-
ger while this situation persists. The pre-
cautions necessary tocontain this threat are
so onerous, disagreeable, and unsettling that
the United States will be under continuous
pressure to take arms against this sea of
trouble and end it. Were there any as-
surance that it could indeed be ended by
extreme measures, it would be harder to
resist such counsels. There is, however, no
assurance that even this dangerous alterna-
tive would end the crisis. It might only
start a greater crisis.
There is no easy escape from the Cuban
nuisance. There is no present alternative
to the maintenance of a high state of readi-
ness for extreme action, a continuous scrutiny
of Cuban measures for signs of increasing
hostility, an unremitting readiness to de-
fend any threatened country in the hemi-
sphere. All that we can be sure of for the
moment is that as long as this regime lasts,
there can be no real peace.
[From the Washington Post, Mar. 7, 1963]
PAST AND FUTURE IN CUBA
What is going to be done about Cuba to-
morrow is a question of such pressing
urgency for the survival of freedom in the
Western Hemisphere that it is too bad to
see it put into eclipse by a debate over what
was done about Cuba yesterday.
The intellectual resources of the adminis-
tration and of its opponents, unfortunately,
seem to be going chiefly into the controversy
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3458 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
system. As It turns out, these weapons in
Cuba were the first components in a total
offensive weapons system that became com-
plete with the arrival of intermediate range
missiles. In this sense, they were offen-
sive weapons--or, at least, parts of an of-
fensive weapons system, from the beginning.
'There is some evidence that Chairman
John MoCone of the CIA began to suspect
this before the heavy missiles arrived. If
this Government had acted on these sus-
picions, however, Its posture might have
been difficult. Could it have acted with the
firmness It exhibited once the intermediate
range missiles were in place? If it had,
wouldn't Cuba and the Soviet Union have
blandly asserted that only defensive weapons
were installed? And wouldn't the vigorous
measures of the administration have seemed
premature, In this context? Surely, they
would have seemed premature to most of our
NATO allies and to many South American
governments. A strong case can be made
for the argument that the American tim-
ing, whether due to ignorance, concealment
or design, was well suited to achieve the de-
sired result. A little earlier would have
been too early and a little later might have
been too late.
The debate over what was right or wrong
With the operations of last October is not
as urgent as the debate over what is the
right thing for this country to do now.
Castro's Communist regime in Cuba is a
very real threat to the safety of every demo-
cratic regime in its vicinity. The adminis-
able to, disclose, measures for dealing with
it that seem adequate. In the absence of
plans for dealing with it, those who argue
for the most extreme measures are having
a field day. They can enlist behind dan-
gerous and oversimplified solutions the
well-known American belief that you can
"do something" about every problem. The
administration runs the risk that this im-
pulse will push it into doing something
reckless and unwise unless It can perfect
and disclose a policy that Is eater and
sounder than the policies its critics pro-
pose:
VETERANS IN THE STATE OF
MONTANA
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
several days ago my attention was di-
rected to a new and very Informative
pamphlet on the veterans in Montana.
The document is based on information
gathered in the 1960 census.
I am proud, as is every. Montanan, of
the major contribution made by the men
and women of the Treasure State in
World War 1, World War II, and the
Korean war. eight out of every ten
Montana men between the ages of 35 and
89 years are war veterans, a record of
which we are extremely proud.
The research staff at the Veterans'
Administration has brought together a
number of Interesting and helpful facts
on the veterans of my State. The sta-
tistics cover such things as length of
service, residence, occupation, education,
and a number of personal details. The
Administrator, J. S. Gleason, Jr., Is to
be complimented for a Job well done.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed at the conclusion of my remarks
in the RECORD the summary which ap-
pears on pages 1 through, 4 of the
pamphlet.
There being no objection, the sum-
mary was ordered to be printed In the
RECORD, as follows:
VrrsRANS IN THE STATE OT MONTANA, 1960
sn7LMAaT
Three out of eight of the civilian males 18
or more years old living in Montana In April
1980 had served In the U.B. Armed Forces
during World War I. World War II, or the
Korean war. Another 8 percent had served
only during peacetime-
Fifty-four percent of the State's 89,300
male veterans, as compared to 47 percent
of the 114,800 nonveteran males 18 years old
or over, were living In cities and towns.
One-third of both veterans and nonveterans
lived In rural nonfarm areas. Proportion-
ately fewer veterans than nonveterans lived
on farms (veterans, I out of 8; nonveterans,
I out of 5).
Of the 89.300 veterans in Montana, 51.100
had served in World War II; 17.600 in the
Korean war (of whom 2.800 were also World
War II veterans): and 11,400 In World War I.
The remaining veterans (12,000) were peace-
tice ex-servicemen. except for about 180
Spanish-American War veterans.
The median age of the 89,300 veterans in
April 1960 was 38.3 years. World War I vet-
erans were the oldest-median, 68.4 years.
World War II veterans were 402 years old
(median), and Korean war veterans were
292 years old (median). The other service
veterans were the youngest (median-25.0
years). reflecting the fact that most of them
had served in the Armed Forces since the
Korean war ended In January 1955.
ffight out of 10 men in Montana between
the ages of 35 and 39 years were war veterans.
Four out of every 10 men 25 and older had
served in the Armed Forces during a war
period. The lowest proportions of war vet-
erans to total males were 1 out of 8 for the
55- to 59-year age group; I out of 8 for the
70 years and over group; and I out of 20 for
the youngest males-18 to 24 years.
Of the 56 counties In the State, Yel-
lowstone had the most male veterans: 10,100
war veterans and 1.500 peacetime ex-service-
men, Petroleum County had the smallest
veteran population: 103 war veterans and no
peacetime ex-servicemen.
Of the State's 89,300 male veterans, 80
percent were married; almost 15 percent
were single; 4 percent were divorced; .and 2
percent were widowed.
Six out of ten Montana veterans were liv-
ing in a different house In April 1080 than
they had occupied 5 years earlier. Three
out of ten moved within the same county and
one out of eight moved from one Montana
county to another. One out of seven male
veterans had moved to Montana from an-
other State since 1955. The movers (those
who had lived In a different house In 1955)
were more than 8 years younger than the
veterans who remained at the same address
(median age: movers, 352 years; nonmovers,
43.6 years). Veterans who moved within the
county were almost 2 years older (median
age. 36.9 years) than those who moved to
another county In Montana (median age,
35.2 years). The veterans who came to Mon-
tana from another State were even younger;
median age, 33.2 years.
The average veteran in Montana had fin-
ished part of the first year of college. One
out of eight had completed i to 3 years of
college; another one out of eight was a col-
lege graduate (1 out of 20 had finished 1
or more years of postgraduate study). Three
out of ten completed high school, but not
a year or more of college. One out of five
(19 percent) completed his education with I
to 3 years of high school; and one out of
four (28 percent) bad completed no more
than 8 years of elementary school.
Eighty-eight percent of the Montana male
veterans were members of families-9 out of
10 of them were family heads, the others
were related to the family head (son, father,
or other relative). Another 1 out of 10 were
living alone or with unrelated persons, Of
March 7
the 2 percent (1,800) who were not living In
househcida, 4 out of 10 were in institutions,
and 6 out of 10 lived in roominghouses, col-
lege dormitories, and other group quarters.
In April 1960, 84 out of 100 (74,500) male
veterans inMontana were working, another
5 out of 100 (4,800) were unemployed. The
11 out of 100 veterans who were not in the
labor force were about 27 years older than
those in the labor force (median age-64.1
years as compared to 37.5 years).
One-third (34 percent) of the employed
Montana veterans in 1960 were craftsmen,
foremen, operatives, and similar workers.
One-fourth were professional and technical
workers, managers, officials, and proprietors.
One out of eight employed veterans was a
clerical or sales worker; 1 out of 6 was a serv-
ice worker, laborer, or farmworker; and 1
out of 10 was a farmowner or manager.
Median personal income in 1959 of Mon-
tana male veterans was $4,653. Veterans be-
tween 35 and 44 years old had the highest
income (median, $5,502); those 70 years old
and over had the lowest (median, $2,041).
Six percent of all veterans reported incomes
of $10,000 or more. One out of five (18
percent) had less than $2,000 and 1 out of
12 had under $1,000 of income in 1969.
Five thousand, eight hundred and fifty
seven dollars was the median income in 1959
of the Montana families headed by male
veterans. Twelve percent of these families
bad an annual income of $10,000 or more;
36 percent had between $6,000 and $10,000;
30 percent reported income from $4,000 to
$8.000; and 22 percent had under $4,000.
One out of eight veterans' families had a
1959 income of less than $3,000.
Of the 9.900 Montana veterans who were
unrelated Individuals-living alone, or with
nonrelatives, or In noninstitutional group
quarters--4 out of 10 had less than $2,000
of income in 1959; 3 out of 10 reported be-
tween $2,000 and $4,000; 2 out of 10 (18
percent) had between $4,000 and $6,000; and
over 1 out of 10 had $6,000 or more. Their
median annual income was $2,580, compared
with the $4,853 median personal income of
all veterans.
THE ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, for
all its emphasis on the need for increased
material benefits to the people of Latin
America, we should not lose sight of the
fact that the Alliance for Progress repre-
sents first and foremost a battle for
men's minds. This makes the work of
the Alliance in the field of education of
crucial importance.
Although largely unpublicized, the
work of Alliance and AID people in
raising educational standards is going
forward on several fronts. The magni-
tude of the operation Is summarized very
well In a speech by the Honorable Teo-
doro Moscoso, coordinator of the Alliance
for Progress, before the California
Teachers Association in Los Angeles on
March 1.
After reviewing the general problem of
illiteracy in areas of Latin America-
and the factors contributing to it-Mr.
Moscoso outlines what is being done in
the field of teacher training, school con-
struction, furnishing of school supplies,
assistance to higher education and stu-
dent scholarships. Even with luck, it
will be a long time before significant re-
sults of our effort can be pointed to.
Yet some of our first steps have been
very promising.
For instance, some 2'/ million primary
readers-costing only about 12 cents
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-l Y d J -'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 3571
needed in the education of exceptional Committee for the transition period pre- bipartisan national interest. The use of
children, ceding the inauguration of President political party funds for such an activity
Title V of the bill authorizes appro- Kennedy totaled at least $360,000. is not desirable. Nor can we escape the
priations of $5 million for fiscal 1964, These figures cover only a proportion fact that there is a lack of dignity in a
$10 million for fiscal 1965, and such sums of the costs involved in the transition system which requires party solicitors
as the Congress may thereafter deter- period between changes of administra- to seek out private funds to support the
mine to, be necessary for research and tion. During this time the President- necessary activities of the President-
demonstration. grants to State agencies, elect must select his Cabinet, the Am- elect of the United States.
colleges and universities, or public and bassadors to man diplomatic posts all Briefly, the bill I am bringing before
other nonprofit educational or research over the world, top echelon administra- you does the following:
organizations for projects which hold tive officials, as well as key personnel to Section 1 gives the title: "The Presi-
promise of improving special education staff governmental and White House dential Transition Act of 1963."
and related services to exceptional chil- executive offices. Section 2 declares its purpose to pro-
dren. Some of the individuals chosen by the mote the orderly transfer of Executive
President-elect to fill crucial roles in the power during the several months of
CORRECTION OF RECORD construction and maintenance of the transition from one administration to
Mr, MA,cORE&OR. Mr. Speaker, I ask new administration, in the past, have the other.
unanimous consept that, the RECORD of been able to do so only at considerable Section 3 authorizes certain services
yesterday, Wednesday, March 6, be cor- personal sacrifice. Transportation of to be provided by the- General Serv-
ester a
in the y, following Mach 6 such individuals is in itself an expen- ices Administration to President-elect
Page 3359, "recently" should be "re- slue item. Housing during the confer- and Vice-Presidents-elect, such as of-
cently:"-add colon. ence period is also costly. When the flee space, compensation for staff per-
Corrections .for: Minnesota Taconite, conferences end in an appointment, the sonnel and experts, travel expenses, and
3380- 84,. new appointee in most cases must incur so forth.
pages $3: hotel expenses until permanent housing Section 4 authorizes necessary services,
Page 3387, `department of 'taxation'is procured. The requirement to work office space, and so forth to outgoing
should be capitals "D and T", without
Page 3381, "taxation"-should be capi- pay for 2 or 3 months Presidents and Vice Presidents for 6
tal "T". while incurring the increased personal months following the expiration of their
Page 3381, "makes" should be "make", expenditures is an unreasonable demand terms.
Page 3382, "whom" should be "which", upon persons of limited means. Some of Section 5 authorizes the Congress to
Page 3382, "Anderson" should be "An- the special studies requested by Presi- appropriate such funds as may be nec-
`dersen", dent-elect Kennedy were produced essary to carry out the purposes of the
Page 3384, "a" should be "at". through the generosity of his consul- act.
Page 3384, "told" should be "said", tants, not only with respect to their own In conclusion, Mr. Speaker, may I
The S SPEAKER pro tould b .. Is there time but with respect to the substantial draw your attention to the fact that this m oectiOn to the request of the. gentle- clerical and administrative costs as well. bill to provide Federal Government funds
OF 1963 American President rrg dispense with Dwight D. Eisenhower, as well as former
(Mr. all but a few preliminaries in assuming presidential candidates Thomas E. Dew-
FASCELI a ked and was given office. The size and complexity of to- ey, Adlai E. Stevenson, and Richard M.
permission to address the House. for 10 day's Federal Government, the Pressing Nixon.
minutes and to, regise and ext
remarks..? end ills domestic and international problems John M. Bailey and Congressman Mr. facing the President, all combine to make WILLIAM E. MILLER, the chairman of the
r. FASCELL. Mr.- Speaker, I have it imperative that' the machinery of two major political parties, have also
today introduced a bill entitled the transition be as efficient as possible and lent their full endorsement and support.
"Presidential Transition Act of 1963." sufficient resources available for the re- Mr. Speaker, I can see no valid reason
This, is similar to H.R. 12479 which I in-
trodced in the 87th Congress. quired orientation of the new leader. why this body should not enact the nec-
This orientation can only be provided essary legislation to meet this kind of
This bill was introduced re me to carry
n ln;lde to the Con- by the outgoing administration. There- transition as a matter of organized pro-
out a recommendatio
gress re President,T exuaad t fore, it must be recognized as a legiti- cedure and as a matter of law in order
gress
with certain edyo on the Con-
May mate function of government and a to orient and in order to effect the order-
1962, expense of government. Un- ly transition of power into the new Gov-
dealing with the financing of presiden- der present conditions, a new President, ernment, particularly, Mr. Speaker, at
tial election capaigns. The various in one sense, begins working for the Gov-' a time when it is extremely necessary
proposals resulted I from
a study and re- ernment the morning after the election. for a new Government taking over this
port prepared by the President's Com- It is understood that both President- Government of ours to be able to meet
mission on Campaign Costs. This was elect Eisenhower and President-elect almost immediately the challenges
a bipartisan committee made up of Kennedy were given the cooperation of which are constantly hurled at us, the
members with varied and extensive ex- their predecessors and access to needed American people, every hour of the day.
perience in political finance, such as information. This is a tribute to the in- Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance
Alexander Heard, Chairman; V. O. Key, telligent and friendly attitude of all these of my time.
Jr.; Dan Kimball; Malcolm C. Moos; gentlemen. But at this period of our
Paul A. Porter; Neil O. Staebler; Walter history, I believe it more fitting that we
N. Thayer; John M. Vorys; and James establish a formal process supported by (Mr. LIPSCOMB (at the request of
C. Worthy, law. Rather than leave this important Mr. FINDLEY) was given permission
My bill deals withthe transfer of ex- matter to the discretion or whim of the to extend his remarks at this point in
ecutive power when there is to be a individuals concerned, it would seem the RECORD and to include extraneous
change of administration. It is related wisdom to guard against the dangers of matter.)
to the problem of campaign financing noncooperation, remote as they may be. [Mr. LIPSCOMB'S remarks will ap-
because it was estimated by the Com- Under certain circumstances, such as a pear hereafter in the Appendix.]
mission that in 1952-53, the cost to a campaigning incumbent defeated by the
special Republican committee of the President-elect in a hard fought cam- ,.,
transition period between the .election paign, such dangers could arise. C T,TBAT CAVES
and the inauguration of President Eisen- I submit that the vital transition of (Mr. CLEVELAND (at the request of
hower exceeded $200,000. In 1960-61 Executive power from the outgoing to the Mr. FINDLEY) was given permission to
the cost to the Democratic National incoming administration is a matter of extend his remarks at this point in the
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19 63 C01VGR
ESS
eral courts, but at the same time to preserve What kind of a tomorrow are we going to economy will mean in more of all the things
existing State law in the same field. Most build?
for the cases of unfair competition tend to be What will the United States be like In the consume the people who
brought in the Federal courts and it is ex- mid-1970's and by the year 2000?
of a fabulous age.
pected that in the future such cases would Fortunately we have some solid forecasts tax seandrine 1959family do's early incomefter
llars, mind you -will
invoke the new statute. However, a plain- in figures. Our Government joined two na- soar to $14,750, the survey states.
tiff who wished to invoke State law would tional planning associations in predicting Fifteen times as many families will be
be free to proceed in the State court based what Americans will achieve in the last one- earning $20,000 a year and up.
on the same facts that also would create third of this century.' a right of action under the new Federal Their report, just issued, stimulates me tre- foreI don't for a casts like thesein* * bllfremem remember being
statute; such a party would be entitled to mendously. The experts look at the long- warned years ago, "Henry, dont' be fantastic
all the benefits of State law if he chose to pull trends. don't r into the pursue them, either in, addition to or in The trouble with short-run estimates often I urged-let ss set ours goalsblue for otherpostwar
substitution for the Federal right of action, is that forecasts just for this year may be at 60 million jobs and a 400-billion-a-year
entirely unaffected by the provisions of the conflicting and confusing, perhaps Influenced economy in the United States. Yet that
bill. by a temporary situation or clashing theories. target has been well exceeded. These fore-
Section 10 contains definitions of a num- Under short-range estimates, the forecaster casts force us to raise our sights.
ber of terms used In the bill. Most of these may miss the forest for the trees. Spending for housing will triple, the re-
are borrowed almost verbatim from the defi- But this long-range forecast takes account port forecasts.
nition section of the Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. of. the historic past performance of our econ- Five times as much probably will be in-
1127). omy and projects the trends that should pre- vested in plant and equipment.
Section 11 is the customary saving clause vail.
for artial invalidit By the turn of this century, are told
p y. So here are highlights of this official fore- we will almost double today's number of
Section 12 provides that the new statute cast for the year 1976: jobs. There gain-
shall take effect immediately upon its enact- Only 13 years from now-this country's an- fully employedill be 135 million people gain-
ment, but that it shall not affect any pro- nual output of goods and services will reach Their average workweek will be 30 to 31
ceeding pending at that time. ? about one thousand billion dollars. hours-some 8 hours less than now.
Section 13 provides a short title for the Our employment will exceed 92 million They will have month-long vacations as a
statute, viz., the Unfair Commercial Activi- with the labor force one-third again as large rule. They will travel nearly three times as
ties Act. as now. much as now-on the average 11,000 miles a
Almost 70 percent of American families year per person.
FREE ENTERPRISE-THE TRUE will be earning, at current prices, more than Turning to California, I dug into the 434-
$6,000 a year. page book of projections and thought back
FOUNDATION OF A FREE WORLD America's population will top 235 million 15 years ago when skeptics scoffed when I
(Mr. YOU (at the request of people. predicted this State's population by 1970
Mr. r. YOU) Was g(aeri Two-thousand-miles-an-hour planes will would gain 50 percent and would reach 20
permission to fly us from Los Angeles to New York In 90 million, I was too conservative. California
extend his remarks at this point in the minutes-New York to Moscow in 2 hours. Is headed for 18 million people this year and
RECORD and to include extraneous mat- Those are some of the official forec
t
as
s.
fir) To me they emphasize that there lie im-
Mr. YOUNGER,. Mr. Speaker, recent- mediately ahead times of spectacular change,
ly one of America's leading industrialists challenges of revolutionary impact, yet un-
and builders was honored for his contri- dreamed-of opportunities.
butions to the free enterprise system we Science and industry are jet propelling this
cherish so much. The man selected to generation into lightning progress of mate-
rial far
receive the first International Broad- m
ankindih si ever known outmatching anything
casting Award was Henry J. Kaiser. Mr. Scientists and free enterprisers are making
Kaiser has played an important role in breakthrough in every field,
the growth of the industrial might of In electronics alone, you well know how
this country, and more recently, the de- millions of robots are at work for us in our
veloping nations of the world. daily lives with computers and pushbutton
True to his credo, "Find a Need and control systems making it possible to do
jobs It," Mr. Kaiser is searching the that before eforr factories, have been eeoffices, too tom plexratora-
corners of the earth for opportunities or la -
corners borious for humans. In television, there
e
that will help all mankind enjoy a fuller, are the wanders of transistors and of Telstr
more rewarding life. It has been said spanning the continents, as man learns how
that Mr. Kaiser never looks back upon to send messages millions of miles along a
his accomplishments-instead, he con- beam of light.
stantly is looking ahead, seeking out new Our lives will be affected by the peaceful
areas of neod. use of atomic energy and new, vaster sources
As he accepted the Free Enterprise istry, drugs, and living cells by new uses of
Award lee presented such an inspiring metals and other materials and new processes
appraisal of the future that I wanted to providing us with thousands of new products
call your attention to his enthusiastic for you to advertise and sell.
forecast. I ask unanimous consent to I have just quoted you the forecasts for
place into the body of the RECORD his 13 years from today. Now let's consider the
remarks at the International Broadcast- forecasts that this same important report
ing Award dinner on February 26 in makes for the year 2000.
Hollywood: Here are some of the things that the able
economists state will take place in the next
FREE ENTERPRISE-THE TRUE FOUNDATION OF 37 years:
A FREE WORLD The Naton will have 350 million people-
(By Henry J. Kaiser) almost twice as many as today.
Tonight I salute the great world of broad The goods and services produced annually
casting and advertising, embracing, as you do, will be almost four times our current gross
drama, entertainment, music, song, art, the national product. They will reach $2,000
printed and spoken word-the most power- billion.
ful force of all time to, bring pleasure, en- Just imagine what this 2-trillion-a-year
lightenment, and the fruits of free enterprise
to people. "Projections to the Years 1976 and 2000:
I am grateful with all my heart for the Economic Growth, Population, Labor Force
award you have presented me. Yet after say- and Leisure, and Transportation," reports to
ing "thank you more than I can voice"-I Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Com-
would prove unworthy of the honors if I mission, to the President and Congress; U.S.
didn't say-"now let's get on with our jobs Government Printing Office, Washington,
ahead." D.C,
IONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3575
The forecast is that California In a mere 37
years will have 41 million people.
Now I'm leaving the figures on the ma
ni
g
-
tude of the growth ahead, and looking to
the deeper meanings.
More skills and' knowledge than ever be-
fore will be called upon in coming years.
The that not morel than one-fifth of the average
man's brain is ever used as it might be, and
perhaps half of one's brain remains unused
from birth to death. We should not be
satisfied with that.
For the future that's right upon us, our
youth must be educated to their maximum
capacities trained to the skills that will be in
serious shortage for this Age of Science.
And equally important-they desperately
need to be grounded in the humanities-in
human relations-and the realms of the
spirit.
The jobs ahead call for more ideas and
ideals-more courage and will-more zest
for work-more brainpower. There always
will be still tougher so-called "impossibles."
Personally, i occasionally look back on the
past only to goad myself to the faith that
the pending "impossibles"' CAN be done.
We should take the "t" out of "can't."
The skeptics said a new cement plant
could not make it in northern California
which they claimed already had too much
capacity, Yet that company's capacity has
been multiplied seven times.
Doubting Thomases said the west coast
could not mass-produce ships; It didn't have
the shipbuilders. Yet ships were built at
record low cost at a rate of one a day.
Hardheaded men argued that the west
coast had neither the raw materials nor the
markets to build Its own integrated steel
industry. However, a 3-million-ton-a-year
steel plant today feeds the industrialization
of the West.
Sixteen reasons were given why a new-
comer would flop trying to enter the alumi-
num Industry. * * * 200 firms turned down
operating the wartime aluminum plants,
convinced "aluminum will be running out
of our ears." Yet that aluminum business
has multiplied nearly six times.
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2963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
established, have been ratified and held as thereof or in an ordinance appended there- defeated. This was the last direct military
valid; and all the rights legally acquired by to," would define future relations with the i
t
t
vi
f th
r
n
ue o
ervention by the United States in Cuba.
ose acts shall be maintained United States as follows:
and protected. However, we did subsequently send a fi-
1. Cuba should never make any treaty with nancial adviser to Cuba, Gen. Enoch Crowder.
ARTICLE III any foreign power which would impair its- In 1922 our Government asked Cuba to recog-
Until the two contracting parties agree to independence, nor permit any foreign
-iuus vi tine agreement In regard to the
lease to the United States of America of lands
in Cuba for coaling and naval stations signed
by the President of the Republic of Cuba on
February 16, 1903, and by the President of
the United States of America on the 23d day
of the same month and year, the stipulations
of that, agreement with regard to the naval
station of Guantanamo shall continue in
effect. The supplementary agreement in re-
gard to naval or coaling stations signed be-
tween the two Governments on July 2, 1903,
also shall continue in effect in the same form
and on the same conditions with respect to
the naval station at Guantanamo. So long as
the United States of America shall not aban-
don the said naval station of Guantanamo or
the. two Governments shall not agree to a
modification of Its present limits, the station
shall continue to. have the territorial area
that it now has, with the limits that it has
on the date of the signature of the present
treaty.
pro-
2. Cuba should agree not to contract any t sts
C
,
rowder proceeded to carry on such an
debt beyond the capacity of its ordinary investigation. Under Crowder's direction
revenues to pay. the budget was cut, crooked contracts un-
3. Cuba should consent that the United covered, and the formation of an "honest
States might intervene "for the preservation cabinet" imposed. This latter step was the
of Cuban independence, the maintenance of U.S. requirement for consent to a loan to
a government adequate for the protection of Cuba by a New York bank. Crowder left
life, property, and individual liberty," and Cuba briefly, returned in 1923 as American
for the discharging of treaty obligations Ambassador, and this advisory form of in-
which would now devolve upon Cuba from tervention was over.
the United States.
4. Cuba should ratify all the acts of the ABROGATION OF THE AMENDMENT
V.S. military government. During the late 1920's and early 1930's
5. It should agree to execute the sanitary the regime of President Gerardo Machado
program instituted by the military govern- grew steadily more repressive. However,
ment. President Hoover's administration in this
6. Title to the Isle of Pines (an island country refrained from intervention. When
south T
of of itle the western end Cuba) should the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
be left to future adjustment by treaty with assumed office, Sumner Weller was sent as
the United States. Ambassador to Cuba, as Dr. Julius Pratt
7. Cuba should sell or lease to the United wrote, "ostensibly to mediate between Ma-
or chado and his enemies; really
States the lands necessary for coalin
there is reason
,
g
ARTICLE IV naval stations at points to be agreed upon. to think, to secure Machadesi resignation." "
If at any time in the future a situation S. These provisions should be embodied In In any event, Machado did resign and flee the
should arise that appears to point to an out- a permanent treaty with the United States. country on August 12, 1933. Several short-
break of contagious disease in the territory The American demand that these stipula- eventually recognized ived rally refollowed.
of Car-
tThe regime of C United
of either of the contracting parties, either of tions be included in the Cuban constitution -
Col. Car -
the two Governments shall, for its own pro- were at first resisted by the constituent as- a eaty wit th and ov May 1t b negotiated
tection, and without its act being considered sembly, but were eventually accepted after a treaty h his government d which the
unfriendly, exercise freely and at its discre- Secretary Root assured the Cubans that the Ulitt States re was only teh, nigh the
i tion the right to suspend communications intervention contemplated in the third use the o
United naval base at Guantanamo the Bay u l
between those of its ports that it may desig- article would take place only in the event that naval base at G etaside b Bauntil
nate and all or part of the territory of the of foreign threat or domestic disturbance. consent. might be set aside on mutual
other party, and for the period that it may The amendment was added as an annex to 9ns. The treaty was Senate on May 29,
consider to be advisable, the Cuban constitution, and embodied in a 1934, and approved. by the Senate 2 days later
ARTICLE V. permanent treaty between the United States without a dissenting vote. According to one
and Cuba in 1903. source, it represented a growing sensitivity
The present Treaty shall be ratified by the to Latin American opinion, and an attempt
contracting parties in accordance with their OCCASIONS FOR INTERVENTION on our part to convince Latin America of
respective constitutional methods; and shall The first test for the Platt - amendment our got and ti imperialist intentions
go into effect on the date of the exchange of - came in 1906. The first President of Cuba,
their ratifications, which shall take place in Estrada Palma, had been reelected, but r`'?~
the city of Washington as soon as possible. within a few months there was a revolution. TJ S TAXPAYERS DOLLARS USED IN
In faith whereof, the respective Plenipo- Little fighting actually took place, but ~ CUBAN PRISONER EXCHANGE
tentiaries have signed the present Treaty and Estrada Palma appealed for help to Presi-
have affixed their seals hereto. dent Theodore Roosevelt. - President Roose- MARCH 7, 1963
Done in duplicate, in the English and velt sent William Howard Taft to Cuba to (Mr. CRAMER (at the request of Mr.
Spanish languages, at Washington on the try to get the quarreling Cuban factions to FINDLEY) was given permission to extend
29th day of May 1934, settle their differences. This mission failed, . his remarks at this int in the [SEAL] CORDELL HULL, the President of Cuba then resigned, the and to include extraneous atteR>coaD
[SEAL] SUMNER WELLES, Cuban Congress received his resignation and Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, after a
[SEAL] M. MARQUEZ STERLING. then adjourned without choosing a Sue-
eessor. 5-month delay the General Accounting
THE PLATT AMENDMENT With Cuba thus left without any effective Office has finally answered my inquiry
Following the Spanish-American War, government, Taft proclaimed a provisional addressed to the Comptroller General
Cuba was occupied by American soldiers un- regime. President Roosevelt appointed on October 9, 1962, relating to the Cuban
til 1902. In 1900, Governor Leonard Wood, Charles Magoon provisional governor of prisoner blackmail proposals by Castro
acting under orders from Washington, an- Cuba. A "handful of soldiers" occupied Cuba, and the action of the U.S. Government
pounced an election of an assembly which while Magoon strove to carry out various relating thereto.
would draft a constitution for a Cuban reforms. After reasonably honest election
government to which the United States in 1909, the United States withdrew. It appears that contrary to what has
would transfer authority. When this assem- In 1911, dissension, riots, and armed up- been reported to the American people by
bly was eventually convened, it met with risings flared again in Cuba. The United the Kennedy administration the Gov-
American, stipulations. These stipulations, States took measures preparatory to inter- ernment of the United States did par-
largely drafted by Secretary of War Elihu vention. These measures consisted of the ticipate financially in the Cuban prisoner
Root, were introduced in the Senate by Sen- dispatch of a few companies of marines to exchange.
ator Orville H.,Platt, of Connecticut, as an Guantanamo, to aid the established Gov-
amendment to the Army appropriation bill ernment In the event anarchy threatened? This becomes apparent as a result of
of March 2, 1901, and was adopted by Con- As events worked out, no greater troop the reply I received from Joseph Camp-
gress in that form. According to one his- movements were necessary at the time. bell, Comptroller General, dated March 1.
torian, the Platt amendment "was designed Again In 1917, intervention followed on The Comptroller General's answer,
to place such limits upon the island Repub- the heels of a disputed election. Declaring though 5 months late in coming, did re-
lic's activities as to make her a safe and that this Government would not recognize veal "the U.S. Government provided 5
tractable neighbor." x The amendment au- a regime established by violence, Secretary
thorized the President to terminate the mill- of State Lansing urged Cubans to refrain
-tary occupation of Cuba as soon as a Cuban from civil war. Marines were landed to pre- 8 Pratt, Julius W., "A History of U.S. For-
government should have been established serve order, and the rebellious faction was eign Policy." New York. Prentice-Hall.
under a constitution which"either as a part 1955, p. 613.
gBems, Samuel Fl `Thomas, Ann Van Wynen and A. J.
1 T erring, Hubert, "A History of Latin tory of the United Sta es."(4 h edition, New Southern Methodist University Press. Dallas 1956,
.America." New York, Knopf, 1959, p. 404 York. Henry Holt & Co., 1955, p. 506. p, 28.
3577
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3579
intercourse with any foreign government or
any "officer or agent thereof, with intent to
influence the measures or conduct of any
foreign government or agency or officer
thereof, in relation to any disputes or con-
troversies with the United States, or to defeat
the measures of the United States, shall be
fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not
more than three, years or both."
This provision of law, in that it contains
fine and imprisonment terms, is criminal in
nature and not' within the purview of the
General Accounting Office to enforce. Re-
sponsibility for application of the .Logan Act
lies with the Department of Justice.
"5. The U.S. Government was in no way
committed by Mr. Donovan's agreement with
Cuban officials, and Mr. Donovan had no au-
thority to commit the United States during
his discussions in Habana.
"The final terms of the prisoner exchange
agreement reached as a result of Mr. Dono-
van's efforts call for the delivery by July 1,
1063 of $53 million worth of goods, c.i.f.
Habana. Cuban officials accepted 15 percent
as the calculation for charges of handling
freight and insuranace which is to be includ-
ed in the $53 million total. The wholesale
value of the goods eventually to be delivered
is therefore estimated at approximately $46
million. In addition, before the transaction
could be consummated, the fines for the 60
wounded prisoners who were released on
credit in April 1962 had to be paid in cash by
the Cuban Families Committee. The
amount of the fines, totaling $2,925,000, was
raised primarily by Gen. Lucius Clay on be-
half of the committee entirely from private
sources.
"6. A full disclosure of the facts concern-
ing the Cuban invasion prisoner transaction
could not be made by the U.S. Government
before agreement was reached (1) because
the U.S. Government was not a party to the
negotiations; (2) while the negotiations were
still in progress, it was not known what the
final terms of the exchange arrangements
might be, or how soon the negotiations would
be successfully terminated, if at all; (3) it
was not possible to say before the terms
were agreed upon whether the private com-
mittee planned to request U.S. Government
assistance in meeting these terms; (4) pre-
mature disclosure of information available
to this Government would have constituted
U.S. Government intervention in the matter
and might have prejudiced the negotiations.
"The position of the U.S. Government to-
ward the prisoner exchange has been fully
and currently reported in the press, except
during the period in which there was a
-hazard that publicity might endanger the
safety of the prisoners. Attention can be
called to the extensive and generally accur-
ate reports printed immediately after the
exchange in the Washington Evening Star
of December 24, the Washington Post of De-
cember 25, and the New York Times News
Service of December 26, 1962."
In summary, it appears, aside from the
nominal administrative costs that may have
been involved, that the entire transaction
so far as the Government's interest was con-
cerned involves matters of policy and the
applicability of criminal statutes within the
jurisdiction of the Executive Branch of the
Government to determine." Regarding the
provisions of the Trading with the Enemy
Act, 50 U.S.C. App. 1-39, and Presidential
Proclamation 3447 of February 3, 1962, 27
F.R. 1085, declaring an embargo on all
trade with Cuba, it should be noted that
provisions are made in paragraphs 2 and 3
of the Proclamation for the Secretary of the
Treasury and the Secretary of Commerce to
make exceptions to the restrictions on im-
ports from and exports to Cuba. In view
of all of the facts and circumstances as dis-
closed by the report of the Secretary of State
and since the essential basis for controversy
over the transaction as finally consummated
lies in the realm of policy and statutory con-
siderations outside the scope of the jurisdic-
tion of this Office, we do not propose to take
any action in the matter.
Sincerely yours,
JOSEPH CAMPBELL,
Comptroller General of the United States.
THE 1963 LINCOLN BANQUET
(Mr. SCHWENGEL (at the request of
Mr. FINDLEY) was given permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, on
the evening of February 5, 1963, the Lin-
coln Group of the District of Columbia
again sponsored their annual Lincoln
banquet in observance of the birth of
our most American American, Abraham
Lincoln. This year it was held at the
National Press Club. Some 150 avid, in-
terested, and recognized students of Lin-
coln were present to enjoy the occasion
and to learn more about the life and
work of this great American.
The president of the group.is Dr. Paul
Gantt who pointed out that there was
reason for us to commemorate the an-
niversary of Lincoln's birth on the 5th
of February rather than the 12th as is
our custom when it can be arranged.
He pointed out some of Lincoln's activi-
ties on February 5 which included the
following :
February 5, 1861, while still in Spring=
field, Ill., Lincoln visited with Horace
Greeley.
February 5, 1862, Lincoln received his
salary warrant of $2,083.33. Mrs. Lin-
coln gave an unprecedented White
House ball and 633 people filled the East
Room.
February 5,, 1863, he again received a
salary warrant, this time amounting to
$2,022.33. On the same day he wrote to
Gen. Franz Sigel:
General Schurz thinks I was a little cross
in my late note to you. If I was, I ask
pardon. If I do get up a little temper I have
no sufficient time to keep it up.
February 5, 1864, he again received a
salary warrant of $2,0-22.33. On the
same day he wrote to Secretary Edwin
M. Stanton:
On principle I dislike an oath which re-
quires a man to swear he has not done wrong.
It rejects the Christian principle of for-
giveness on terms of repentance. I think it
is enough if the man does no wrong there-
after.
February 5, 1865, at 7 p.m., the Presi-
dent read to the Cabinet a proposal to
pay $400 million to 16 States pro rata on
their slave population in return to cessa-
tion of all resistance to national author-
ity by April 1, 1865.
The "Lincoln Day by Day" book
tersely notes:
Cabinet unanimously disapproves.
After these remarks he extended the
greetings of the group, paid tribute to
the committee, and then introduced the
master of ceremonies for the occasion,
Mr. Eldon Billings, the vice president of
the Lincoln group, a student of history,
an authority on Lincoln, and a very ca-
pable economist at the Library of Con-
gress. His background and capabilities
fit very well the opportunity he was
given to be master of ceremonies. He
performed this task with tact, appro-
priateness, and dignity.
The group heard the Singing Ser-
geants give several renditions which
were interesting and appropriate.
Again we were reminded of the great
talent and sense of dedication that the
young men in our armed services have
and were impressed once more with the
ability of our leaders to bring out and
display in a very fine manner the tal-
ents that are present among those who
serve us in our Defense Establishments.
They were given a generous hand and
were appreciated beyond measure by all
who heard them.
One of the features of the banquet
each year is the announcement and
presentation of the Lincoln Award of
the Year to someone who, in the opin-
ion of the awards committee of the
Lincoln group, has through the years
made contributions in the general area
of Lincolniana. This year we were
pleased to honor a man who was most
deserving of this recognition-Ralph
Geoffrey Newman-for 30 years of un-
selfish devotion to the Lincoln story,
and those who tell it. Servant, stu-
dent seeker, scholar, discoverer and dis-
cerner, propagator and expositor, coun-
selor and critic and comrade, editor,
writer, collaborator, publisher, often
fastidiously anonymous, always the
happy, the generous participant, form-
ulator, fashioner and founder of tables
round, bookman rare and bibliographer
learned, acknowledged authority and
changeless, exuberant, eager amateur,
friend to the Lincoln men, preceptor of
the past for the enlightenment of the
present.
SPEAKERS
As is our custom, we again had out-
standing speakers who talked from both
great knowledge and feeling for the
heritage of our country as reflected in the
life and work of this noble citizen in
our heritage.
This being the 100th, anniversary of
the Proclamation of Emancipation, it
was natural that Carl Haverlin, last
year's winner of the Lincoln Award,
should talk on the Proclamation of
Emancipation. Because what he said is
so meaningful and is worthwhile for us
to know about as we contend with the
complex problems of this age, I am ask-
ing that this be placed in the RECORD
so that every Member of Congress and
all who receive the CONGRESSIONAL REC-
ORD may have the opportunity of read-
ing this splendid dissertation in which
he points up the salient fact that Lincoln
regarded our kind of democracy as."the
last best "hope of earth." And, because
Lincoln had such strong feelings about
this he was moved to issue the Emanci-
pation Proclamation at a time when it
could be implemented and in a way that
made it legal: In pointing out its many
ramifications and great impact he quotes
Dr. John Hope Franklin, who was our
principal speaker 2 years ago when he
said.,
The ramifications as well as the implica-
tions of the Emancipation Proclamation
seem endless.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A1241
won't wash away the loose pieces of soil and
other things on top of the ground.
That's why water that flows fast will wash
or erode land more than water that flows
slowly. If the water runs fast, it will carry
more soil with it.
The amount of soil that will be washed
away in a given time will depend also on
how easily the soil will erode.
For example, water may be flowing over
two different kinds of soil at the same rate,
at the same depth and for the same length
of time. Yet one soil will wash away much
faster than the other. This is because the
two soils differ in their ability to resist
erosion.
Twenty-two percent ' of Johnson County's
390,400 acres are considered by soil experts
to be susceptible to excessive erosion, 26 per-
cent susceptible to severe erosion and 52
percent to moderate erosion.
The result of a drop of water falling on
bare soil somewhat resembles the action of
an exploding bomb. Each raindrop digs a
small hole in the ground surface. The
loosened soil can then be easily washed away
if the water is not held where it falls.
Basically, the process of soil erosion by
water consists of three principal steps: (1)
loosening soil particles by the impact of
raindrops or by the scouring action of run-
off, (2) moving the detached particles by
flowing water, and (3) depositing the par-
ticles at new locations. In a watershed, these
steps occur in sequence from ridge to river
or stream.
Whenever the rain falls faster than it can
soak in, . a sheet of water collects on the
surface and moves downhill.
The: rain continues .to dislodge soil and
keep it suspended in the moving sheet or
feed it into the little streams of water flowing
off the field along crop rows or hills. Min-
eral nutrients and organic matter are
churned into the runoff and carried away,
leaving the coarser, less fertile particles
behind.
The combined actions of bdating rain and
flowing water remove continuous layers of
soil from fields. This is sheet erosion.
On rolling land, soil is removed more
rapidly from the hilltops and steep slopes
than from the gentle ones lower down, often
exposing lighter colored subsoil as erosion
progresses. But sheet erosion takes place
wherever muddy water moves off a field dur-
ing a rain without ponding.
If the water in the little streams -moves
fast enough, it, too, dislodges soil and carries
it along with that splashed up by the rain-
drops. This scouring action carves out chan-
nels that join farther down the slope. This
is rill erosion.
The little streams or rills carry more soil
as they pick up speed or grow in size. The
abrasive particles they carry help scour the
sides and bottoms of the channels. Sheet
and rill erosion in combination remove enor-
mous amounts of soil from unprotected
Further cultivation smooths the rills and
mixes subsoil with the surface layer. The
result in most soils is a surface layer harder
to work and less productive than the original
one.
As the rills join to make larger channels,
the runoff becomes more and more concen-
trated as it moves downslope and its scouring
action increases.
A sudden drop, or overfall, in the channel
multiplies the cutting power of the stream
and enlarges the channel as the overfall ad-
vances upstream.
The result: gullies. They are channels so
deep they cannot be sniootlied out by ordi-
nary cultivation. Soil conservation officials
say gullies in Johnson County are feeding
large amounts of sediment into the county's
streams, the Ionia River and the Coralville
Reservoir.
rill erosion have been going on a long time.
Sometimes they divide fields into small areas
Impractical to cultivate, even where erosion
is not serious between the gullies.
The banks of some large gullies slump and
cave. This is especially likely to happen if
the soil is underlain by a deep crumbly ma-
terial. As the plunging stream of water
undercuts the head and sides of the gully,
great masses of soil break loose and are
swept downstream.
In this way gullies advance rapidly across
some fields and often make otherwise pro-
ductive land impossible to farm.
When erosion is active on the uplands of
a watershed, the stream that drains the
watershed may be cutting away its banks,
also. This usually is the result of more
floodwaters than normal from the unpro-
tected watershed and the scouring action of
the sediment load in the stream.
The final step in the erosion process is the
depositing of the soil particles that have
been moved. This sediment deposit may oc-
cur in upland fields or on bottom lands
where it damages crops.
Or the sediment may fill streams, ponds,
and resorvoirs. In any event, deposition of
the soil where it is not wanted may be as
damaging as its removal from its original
position on the watershed.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HARRY FLOOD BYRD
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, March 7, 1963
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President,
I ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the Appendix of the RECORD a letter
addressed to me as chairman of the
Senate Finance Committee by Mr.
George J. Burger, vice president of the
National Federation of Independent
Business.
There being no objection, the letter
was, ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
NATIONAL FEDERATION OF
INDEPENDENT BUSINESS,
San Mateo, Calif., March 5, 1963.
Hon. HARRY F. BYRD,
Chairman, Senate Finance Committee,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
MY DEAR SENATOR BYRD: I know that you
and the members of your Committee on
Finance will be interested in the fact that
the federation recently concluded a poll of
its more than 190,000 individual members in
the smaller independent business and inde-
pendent professional pursuits on the sub-
ject of the tax reduction phase of the
administration's program.
In thousands of signed ballots sent to
their Congressmen in the House of Repre-
sentatives a majority of these members
voted in favor of the three-stage reduction
in personal and corporation income taxes,
also in favor of the administration's pro-
posal to reduce personal income taxes by
various percentages, also to reduce corpora-
tion tax rates to 22 percent on the first $25,-
Q00_of taxable income and 47 percent on all
aboye that figure. Additionally a slightly
larger majority voted in favor of the corpora-
tion rate revision proposal by Senator JOHN
SPARKMAN, chairman of the Senate: Small
Business Committee and Senator LEVERETT
8ALyON,STALL, ranking minority member of
the Senate Small Business Committee to
reduce corporation tax 'rate to 22 percent of
the first $50,000 taxable income leaving the
rate at 52 percent above that figure.
It is most significant to note that while a
majority of federation members voted across
the board in favor of the administration's
tax revision proposals an even greater ma-
jority stated they favored Congress match-
ing tax cuts with Federal spending cuts on a
dollar-for-dollar basis. In other words,
Senator BYRD, there is a definite consensus
among our members for reductions in Gov-.
ernment spending to accompany tax cuts.
For your further information I set forth
below the questions asked our members,
with the percentage response received:
In percent]
1. President's proposal for 3-stage
tax cut_______________-------
2. President's proposal to reduce
personal income taxes------ _ _
3. President's proposal to reduce,
corporate income taxes ------
4. Senate Small Business Com-
mittee plan to cut corporate
taxes------------------------
S. Congress match tax cuts by
spending cuts ___________
No
vote.
5
4
7
7
3
GEORGE J. BURGER,
Vice President.
Administration Not Blazing New Trail
With Tax Theory
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES E. CHAMBERLAIN
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 7, 1963
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Speaker,
editorial interest in tax reform is cur-
rently running high, stimulated by the
President's recommendations to the
Congress. It was inevitable, though,
that attention would be directed to.
alternatives to the proposals now before
us, or to modifications aimed at more
workable methods of stimulating the
economy-the President's announced
aim. I submit for the consideration of
my colleagues, as an indication of such
editorial reaction in the Sixth District
of Michigan, an editorial from the Flint
Journal of February 26, 1963, which
makes some interesting points in favor
of the principle we have had before us
these many years in the Herlong-Baker
bill.
The article follows:
ADMINISTRATION NOT BLAZING NEw TRAIL
WITH TAX THEORY
Backers of President Kennedy's tax recom-
mendations to Congress sometimes get car-
ried away. They imply that the theory on
which the revisions are based is a novel idea
stemming from the New Frontier. This is
not true.
The theory, of course, is that a lower rate
of taxes eventually will produce more money
from a greatly expanded national economy.
In subscribing to such a theory Mr. Ken-
nedy is neither propounding something new
nor blazing a new trail in the implementa-
tion of an old doctrine.
The principle is ss old "as taxation itself.
It is what is known as the law of diminish
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A1244 CONGRES_. 1 AL RECORD - APPENDIX
Ing returns which decrees that after a tax
passes the maximum level of toleration any
further increase in the rate produces less
rather than more revenue because It dam-
We Handle Khreshchev With Kid Gloves
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
ages the source. or
In reverse application, a lower rate of taxe- HON. STEVEN B. DEROUNIAN
tion-down to a given point-eventually pro-
duces more revenue because It makes poo-
slble the creation of more substance to tax.
This is more than a theory. It has been
demonstrated In actual application of the
Federal income tax.
The Wheeling (W. Va.) InteIligencer re-
cently pointed out that Andrew W. Mellon,
secretary of the Treasury under three Presi-
dents-Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover-sold
the idea of a rate reduction to a skeptical
Congress. He argued that a rate reduction
actually, would yield more revenue in time
than the rates in force because the incen-
tives would create so much more income to
tax.
Congress went along with Mellon and ex-
pe-lence proved him right. But the theory
hasn`t been applied In a substantial way
since Mellon's day.
This doesn't bean that the Idea was swept
under, the bed and forgotten until now. But
those who have been advancing the same
arguments Mellonused haven't been listened
to in recent years. Now the Kennedy ad-
ministration is trying to take credit for
coming up with a startling new Idea.
One group which has been pushing for
such tax action for at least 5 years is the
f handful, of Congressmen supporting the
Herlong-Sakes bill, aimed at lessening the
tax obstacles to economic growth. That's
how long attempts have been made to get
the proposed legislation to the action stage.
In making his tax recommendation, the
President accepted the principle on which
the Herlong-Baker bill is based. However,
he stopped short of the full Implementation
caller( Sor in the bill sponsored by Repre-
sentative A. S. EmONG, Democrat, of Florlda,
and Representative HOWARD W. BAKER, Re-
publican, of Tennessee.
For one thing, the administration plan
would apply more tax reduction more
abruptly-3 years as against 5 years,
a $8 billion first-year reduction as against
one of just under $4 billion. For another,
the Kennedy goal Is shorter-an eventual
reduction of $10 billion as against one of
slightly more than $10 billion.
For another, the President's program puts
less emphasis on economic stimulation
through the encouragement of investment
by keeping both the corporate and individual
top brackets much higher.
Also, although Mr. Kennedy has promised
to curtail nondefense spending, It seems
inevitable that enactment of his plan as sub-
milted would result In an even larger budget
deficit, at least In the beginning. The Her-
long-Baker bill contains a suspension provi-
lion toguard against deficit increases.
Because of the political implications, it Is
unlikely that either the administration or
Congress will endorse In its entirety a bill
which has the backing of the business
world-which Herlong-Baker has. But the
President's latest proposal agrees in principle
with the bill (as compared with his recom-
mendation to Congress last year). And it
seems not too much to hope that sufficient
modifications can be worked out and a pro-
gram formulated that will overcome the
weaknesses of the administration plan and
be acceptable to those who believe in fiscal
regularity.
, As the sponsors of the Herlong-Baker bill
pointed out after Mr. Kennedy's recommen-
dation was made, It is not Important whose
name is on the bill finally adopted or
whether it is a combination of several bills.
The goal of more growth and jobs through
spaced-out rate reform, while strengthening
the Federal budgetary situation, is our over-
riding concern.
Or NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 7, 1963
Mr. DEROUNIAN. Mr. Speaker, the
amazing story of our refusal to make
U-2 flights, last fall, could have been dis-
astrous. We were quite lucky, as it
turned out.
President Kennedy, in his program of
being blunt with our friends and soft on
our enemies, was the one responsible for
the failure to use our full Intelligence
facilities during the period, last fall.
In yesterday's Washington Evening
Star, Jules Witcover tells us about the
photo-gap:
CvwAw PHoTo GAP Tim To PEAR Or U-2
RacKna
(By Jules Witcover)
Fear of another International U-2 Inci-
dent appears to have been the major im-
perjlment to earlier discovery of the Soviet
missile buildup in Cuba.
The Kennedy administration was -deeply
concerned that heavier aerial reconnaissance
of the island might erupt Into a replay of
the U-2 propaganda brawl that scuttled the
summit conference in May 1960.
Every evidence, both public and private,
tends to support, the conclusion that for 5
weeks, high-altitude flights were avoided over
areas where the Russians were preparing to
build offensive aites, for fear that loss of a
U-2 would ignite another diplomatic uproar.
The fear apparently was based not so much
on the possibility of a diplomatic setback in
the court of world opinion. Rather, It grew
out of concern that the bold Soviet gambit
might be obscured in a sea of semantics and
shifted to the United Nations before conclu-
sive proof could be obtained.
atrsslLa THREAT TO U-S's
Discovery of Soviet surface-to-air missiles
by a U-2 on August 29 posed an immediate
threat to overflying U-2's, and the shooting
down of a Nationalist China U-2 over Red
China on September 9 confirmed the surface-
to-air missiles' capability.
It Is believed now that the U.S. policy-
makers were sufficiently concerned by the
downing of the Chinese U-2 that they
stopped all U-2 overflights of Cuba for nearly
a week while that incident could be ap-
praised in the light of the Cuban situation.
Finally, it apparently was decided that
flights should be resumed, but not over areas
protected by the surface-to-air missile sites.
Thus, Defense Secretary McNamara was able
to report only last week that flights were
made four times during the 5-week period
of the so-called photo gap and that pictures
were taken. but that they didn't relate to
the Soviet offensive buildup.
CHRONOLOGY or evzwvs
What appears to have happened then was
thin;
1. A U-2 flight was made for the first time
In 12 days on September 17, but cloud cover
prevented effective phototaking.
2. Other U-2 flights were made on Sep-
tember 28, 29, October 5 and 7, but they flew
patterns that avoided the surface-to-air mis-
sile sites and hence yielded pictures of Cuba
that were unrelated to buildup, since the pro-
tective surface-to-air missile sites were con-
structed in the buildup areas.
3. In response to a number of develop-
ments-more provocative refugee Intelli-
gence, the pressures of leading members of
March 7
the intelligence community, an increasing
clamor from Capitol Hill-the President
around October 9 and 10 ordered U-2's to
photograph the surface-to-air missile-pro-
tected areas.
4. It was here that the discussion took
place that led to transfer of overflight re-
sponsibility from the Central Intelligence
Agency to the Strategic Air Command of the
Air Force. In Itself this discussion did not
cost time, because bad weather would have
prevented flights for these few days anyway.
5. SAC was given flight responsibility on
October 12 or 13, ostensibly because it had
more planes but probably also because of
the military implications of potential at-
tacks from the surface-to-air missiles.
6. The President authorized a SAC U-2
overflight for October 14 on a specially pre-
planned flight pattern taking it directly over
the ran Cristobal area protected by surface-
to-air missiles. The Sight yielded the telltale
photo of the Soviet offensive buildup well
underway. From then on, overflights were
stepped up regardless of the surface-to-air
missile threat.
STATEMENTS BACK OUTLINE
This chronology of the 5-week "photo gap"
period is reinforced by several public state-
ments by high administration officials and a
number of private sourcesIn and out of the
administration.
John Hughes, the Defense Intelligence
Agency expert who brief the Nation in the
February 8 televised report on Cuba, set
August 29 as the date on which high-altitude
photos provided the first evidence of Soviet
surface-to-air deployment in Cuba.
It was this Information, magnified by the
downing of a Chinese U-2, that Is believed
to have accentuated deep concern within
the administration about the possibilities of
a diplomatic or propaganda short circuit of
the Intelligence effort.
A high administration official, discussing
the mood of the decision-makers sometime
later, emphasized the extreme caution with
which the administration approached the
matter of sending U-2's over Cuba.
He recounted the propaganda mess that
accrued from the downing of Francis Gary
Powers' plane over the Soviet Union on May
1, 1960, and emphasized that the memory
of this affair was in the minds of key ad-
ministration advisers throughout this time.
Accordingly, he said the administration
proceeded with great care against the chance
that a plane might be shot down. causing
the loss of U.B. psychological initiative as
well as loss of the plane.
Proposals
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. STROM THURMOND
Or SOUTH CAROLINA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, March 7, 1963
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, the
State and the Columbia Record of March
3, 1963, contains an excellent editorial
which presents some good food for
thought to those supporting the so-called
civil rights proposal which would sub-
stitute a sixth grade education for vote
of qualification tests in the States. This
editorial points up the fact that such
legislation would water down rather than
improve the quality of the ballot in the
United States. I commend these edi-
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-, APPENDIX
being is suffering, there Is Christ likewise the proportions now being disclosed in
suffering? Washington.
2. Am I antagonistic when a person of an- Arthur Sylvester, Assistant Secretary of
other color joins my parish, sits in my pew, Defense for Public Affairs, actually boasted
attends my church society, or kneels next of the way the administration had care-
to me at the altar rail? According to 'his fully timed relea,ses to news media to pro-
or her reliability and devotion, am I glad duce the proper effect in the Cuban crisis.
to have a person of a different race on my For a top administration official to declare
vestry or hold a -parish office? that news is a weapon must give the free
3. In my daily work, am I willing to labor world the shudders.
side by side in union' jobs, in office posts Then came a directive by Sylvester to all
in any kind of honest employment with of the Defense Department's military and
decent people regardless of race or religion? civilian personnel to report to him the sub-
Am I Willing to be helpful to such persons, stance of every interview or telephone con-
cooperative and understanding and to con- versation with a newsman. A similar order
duct myself in the spirit of Christ and the has been put into effect by the State De-
Constitution of the United States? If I partment. In plain words, officials are be-
am an employer, am I willing to hire those ing told not to talk to reporters.
of different races when they are qualified Most disturbing is the attitude on the
for positions and are willing to give of their part of top U.S. officials that these develop-
best abilities? Am I doing my best to end merits reveal. They are saying that the only
economic discrimination so that our free news American citizens should receive is
enterprise system will remain free for every that in governmental handouts. It would
willing worker? Do I want full, employment be easy to extend this to matters not in-
for all sorts and conditions of en as long volving U.S. security. The next step is tell-
as they are honest, reliable, and industrious? ing selected untruths to influence public
4. Am I too hard of heart to have a sense opinion.
of shame when I drive through blighted This is a situation about which all Amer-
areas, overcrowded slums, filthy, and dete- icans should be concerned, regardless of
riorated living quarters? Does my heart go their political or ideological beliefs.
out to the needs of the children and the
delinquency that follows from such living
conditions? Am I moved to help improve
these conditions or do I simply "pass by on
the other side" without care or action?
5. When people of other races move into
my neighborhood, am I courteous to them or
do I seek ways of preventing their presence?
6. Do I seek special privilege, regardless of
my race or religion, when I lack depend-
ability, courteous manners, and sincere will-
ingness to work and search for truth and
7. Am I provincial, unwilling to study the
world conflicts now being fought along lines
of racial and religious hatred? Have I tiled
to understand the consequences of spiritual
Ivry friends, few of ' us will find ourselves
without guilt on one or many of these ques-
tions. May we approach them' with calm
understanding, spiritual insight, persistent
prayer, and openness of mind. May those of
us who feel strongly on one side or the other
of these questions, ask God to rid us of the
self-righteousness that breeds a haughty air
of intolerance. May we approach this issue
of the hour with intellectual integrity, emo-
tional discipline, Christ-like humility, and
patriotic devotion. May we not judge some
other part of the world or nation without
first examining our own consciences in the
community in which we now live.
Faithfully yours in Christ,
AUSTIN PARDUE,
Bishop of Pittsburgh.
No Propaganda Ministry
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. RALPH HARVEY
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 7, i$63
Mr. HARVEY ' of Indiana. it r,
Speaker, under unanimous consent I In-_
elude in the Appendix of the RECORD an
editorial from the fl.ushville (Ind.) Daily
Republican, issue of March 4:
No PROPAANAMINISTRY
Management of the news is, a growing:
practice in the fJnited States. It shows up
on all, levels, But nowhere has it reached
Employment-of-the-Handicapped Contest
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. CLYDE DOYLE
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 18, 1963
Mr. _DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, by reason
of unanimous consent heretofore granted
me so to do, I present the text of the two
prize-winning essays in the employment-
of-the-handicapped contest conducted
in the great 23d Congressional District of.
California on the subject of "How My
Community Benefits From the Abilities
of the Handicapped Worker."
The. first-place winner was Ralph A.
Sorensen, of Lynwood, Calif., a student
at Lynwood High School, who won a $50
bond, and the second-place winner was
Cheree Noyon, of Compton, Calif., a stu-
dent at Dominguez High School, who won
a $25 bond. I am sure you join with me
in complimenting these young Americans
and the contest committee under the
leadership of Mrs. Lillian Karnes, a.dis-
tinguished veteran, now of Lakewood,
Calif., but who for many years lived in
the congressional district which I have
the honor of representing.
The essays follow:
HOW MY COMMUNITY BENEFITS. FROM THE
ABILITIES OF Th E HANDICAPPED WORKER
(By Ralph A. Sorensen)
How does my community benefit from the
abilities of handicapped workers? I am
proud to be a citizen of a community that
has realized that the physically disabled are
valuable assets, not pitiful liabilities.
"Valuable asset?" one queries. "How can
can an individual, deformed or demented by
war, disease, or accident, be of any practical
use to anyone?" Let us look at the record.
Two of the greatest military generals of his-
tory, Julius Caesar and-Napoleon Bonaparte,
,were both epileptics. Halleyrand, Darwin,
Franklin Roosevelt, Steinmetz, and Toulouse-
Lautrec were all crippled, yet the philoso-
phies, inventions and works of art of these
.A1,261
handicapped men have changed the course
of history. Ludwig von Beethoven was so
deaf he could not hear a note of his sym-
phonies, yet his music has thrilled genera-
tions. Incredible? Yes. But these are just
a few of the world's celebrities who, in spite
or maybe because of their disabilities, became
great. The list goes on and on, each example
a blow to the myth that handicapped means
useless.
In our community, the situation is one of
give and take-the community gives the
handicapped the tools and training, and in
turn reaps the harvest of an able and produc-
tive working force.
A prime example of the work being done
in our community can be found in the near-
by Community Rehabilitation Industries, a
private foundation designed to rehabilitate
the handicapped person so that he may face
the world again with as much to offer as the
next man. , Inside the walls of this center
can be found men, some crippled, some blind
or deaf, yet all performing tasks that benefit
themselves and their communities. For these
men are re-learning to perform simple tasks
that they once performed without a second
thought until fate struck them down.
When they graduate from the center, as have
over 200 persons, they will move Into industry
as very capable employees. Community Re-
habilitation Industries is but one of several
such Organizations in our area, both State
and private, all with the purpose of tapping
this oft neglected resource.
Our community today is a better place in
which to live because of the abilities of
handicapped workers. When it becomes
common knowledge that the handicapped
worker is an able, diligent, and productive
member. of society; when man realizes that
the physically disabled person is an asset to
his community, rather than a millstone
around the community's economy; then the
entire world. will be a better place in which
to live.
NOT CHARITY-BUT A CHANCE
(By Cheree Noyon)
The handicapped are not first blind or
deaf or crippled; they are first human beings.
This means they should not be designated
as a faceless mass, but rather judged as
individuals. Many times we have a tend-
ency to forget that the deaf or blind are
not all alike, that they all have personalities
and skills of their own.
These people do not like to be lumped
together, pitied and predjudiced against.
They want to prove their worth as individ-
uals, and they are determined to have an
equal chance. Being handicapped seems to
endow them with a will. They work harder
and better at their jobs. They are more
careful in industrial work knowing well what
kind of consequences an accident may have.
They are also very conscientious, because
there are few second chances for the handi-
capped in employment. Their roles in so-
ciety are useful and varied. They range from
housewives, draftsmen and industrial
workers to authors, artists, lecturers, and
teachers. They fulfill their roles as well or
better than anyone.
It is a mistake to single out the handi-
capped as objects of pity. For they do not
want pity or charity-only an equal chance.
The odds against them are high, therefore
their triumphs are double victories. They
must have spirit and they do. Beethoven
did much of his greatest work after he had
lost his hearing. When he realized he would
be deaf, he bravely challenged, "I shall take
fate by the throat." And that he did. He
wrote the most beautiful, powerful music
the world has heard. He wrote it without
ears-from his heart. He is a wonderful
example of a great man with perseverance,
strength and soul. He should serve as a
lesson to us that even though the handi-
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A1262 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX March 7
capped have physical deficiencies. their souls
and minds are sound and true. They are
courageous, faithful people and there are
no tier virtues than these. Helen Keller,
Frances Butler, Helen Morgan, and many
others surmounted seemingly impossible
odds to become useful contributors to our
culture. These people are certainly not to
be pitied but honored and respected. Why
then should be pity others so afflicted?
The handicapped often have to cope with
pitying stares and comments. It is to their
credit they receive these calmly and even
with humor. There Is a story of a disabled
KoreaFn veteran who had lost one of his
legs? At the hospital where he was con-
valescing, a woman looked at him with too
obviot}s pity and exclaimed, "Why you poor
boy. You've lost your leg?' This would
have been a very embarrassing moment for
the C}I, but he was equal to the situa-
tion god responded with a tone of surprise
while glancing at his leg, "Why I'll be dog-
goned if I haven't."
The handicapped's biggest problem is so-
ciety's general condescending opinion to-
ward them. In order to eliminate this feel-
ing, If is necessary to promote understand-
ing. This can only be done by Interaction
between them and general society. The
Paul Ginner classes of today's public schools
are a 'start. Here deaf children attend the
same schools as the other students. Through
association students learn to regard the
deaf and dumb not with aversion or pity:
they learn to accept them as individuals
just like themselves. We need more educa-
tion of the public in these matters.
Where there is understanding there is
no fear. And it is true we often fear the
handicapped. We do not know how to treat
them. We feel somehow they ought to be
treated differently from other people. This
to not so. Try to imagine yourself as a
handicapped person. Would you be any
less a person? Would you feel less, care
less, understand less?
They don't either.
Cook County Group Backs Antidetergent
Pollution Legislation
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. HENRY S. REUSS
CT WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 21, 1963
Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, the wide-
spread support for legislation to prevent
continued detergent pollution in Ameri-
ca is ,a reflection of the seriousness with
which the people of this country view
this growing problem.
Groups that have focused their at-
tention on the Nation's water resources
have been in the forefront of those en-
dorsing the efforts to force a switch to
decomposable detergents.
Such a group is the Cook County Clean
Streams Committee. Because the feel-
ings Of this group are typical of those of
organizations in other metropolitan
centers, I partlcular!y call the Cook
County committee's stand to the atten-
tion of Members representing urban
areas.
Excerpts from their statement follow:
Our Cook County Clean Streams Com-
mittee is delighted to learn that you have
introduced into Congress H.R. 2105, which.
it passed, would make it unlawful to import
into the United States or deliver for Intro-
duction into interstate commerce, any de-
tergent after June 90. 1965, unless such
detergent conforms with standards of de-
composability prescribed pursuant to sec-
tion 3 of this act.
The rapidly growing use of detergents
in the United States is making our rivers
and streams not only unsightly but also is
threatening the purity of our water supplies.
We feel that H.R. 2105 is a sorely needed
measure that should receive the full support
of the Izaak Walton League, sportsmen's
clubs, and all organizations interested main-
taining pure water supplies. We shall do all
that we can to support this measure.
I would note that the approach em-
bodied in H.R. 2105 together with
amendments to add to the effectiveness
of the legislation have been included in
a new antidetergent pollution bill, H.R.
4571. 1 1
t People Have No Intention of Keeping
Quiet When They Feel Threatened
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. LOUIS C. WYMAN
O7 NEW HAMPSHIRE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 4, 1963
Mr. WYMAN. Mr. Speaker, in these
days when there is so much controversy
over Cuba it is of considerable interest
to read the views of responsible people in
Florida who are so close to the situation.
One of the best statements I have read in
recent weeks is expressed in the editorial
of Jack Gore in the Fort Lauderdale
News of February 12.
Under unanimous consent. I am in-
serting this editorial in the CONGRES-
S=AL RECORD so that others may bene-
fit from its message:
PEOPLE HAVE NO INTENTION 07 KEEPING
Qatrr WHEN THEY FEEL. TIIEEATENED
The appeal voiced by Under Secretary of
State George W. Ball this past Sunday night
for Americans to stop talking so much about
the Cuban situation and sit back and let It
develop, emphasizes once again the impor-
tant role that public opinion plays in the
determination of national policies
Under Secretary Ball strongly believes that
now that all the facts about the Cuban deal
have been given to Congress and the public
everybody should unite in a common shell.
keep their traps shut and throw their un-
limited support behind our Government's
efforts to resolve the situation.
In ordinary circumstances Ball's advice
would be very sound counsel well worth
heeding. But this advice presupposes some-
thing that just does not exist in the Cuban
situation. It presumes that our Govern-
ment is taking direct and forceful action to
protect the interests of the citizens it repre-
sents and that a great majority of these
citizens are well satiailed with the results
that have accrued from this action.
We wish this were true but the commotion
that is currently being raised over Cuba
signifies just the opposite, and a large part
of this commotion Is being engendered by
people who don't have any political axes
to grind but who are definitely interested
in preserving basic policies this Nation has
followed for a good many years.
There are, we think, just as many Demo-
crats as Republicans interested in trying to
find out what has happened to the Monroe
Doctrine these past few months. We
wouldn't call abandonment of the Monroe
Doctrine a partisan political issue. Yet, to
hear some people talk today, anybody who
brings up such a basic question Is trying to
make political fodder out of the Cuban situ-
ation.
We have always felt that partisan politics
should stop where the real security of this
Nation begins. Thus, anything that affects
the security of this country, in our book,
should be argued not on a political basis but
on an America first basis.
People can disagree with national policies
that affect our security without being con-
sidered disloyal. In fact, we think they not
only have a right but a responsibility to do
just this as we haven't yet reached the point
in this Nation where a political administra-
tion's word is the law and everybody has
to bow and scrape before it.
It is argued that all the current furor over
Cuba Is apt to create the impression abroad
that we are a disunited people not capable
of throwing our shoulders behind a common
wheel. But, In this respect, we are like two
brothers fighting among themselves but who
can and do instantly unite when they are
threatened by an outside force.
Fortunately, In our political system, the
force of public opinion cannot be ignored
too long. When it is mustered behind any
given objective It can literally move any-
thing before it including a stubborn Con-
gress, a muddle-headed State Department
or a recalcitrant administration.
It was public opinion, as evidenced by a
rising furor in the Congress, that eventually
forced administration officials to suddenly
change their tune last fall and recognize the
seriousness of the growing Russian missile
threat in Cuba before it was too late. Now,
It is public opinion again which has once
more forced administration officials to come
out in the open and admit facts which, if
they had their way, would be better left
covered up.
All this goes far beyond partisan politics.
It is not just Republicans or Democrats who
are threatened by the growing Soviet menace
in Cuba and the rest of the Caribbean. It
is America and Americans and anytime any-
body starts playing politics with their secur-
ity it is time to call a halt to such a danger-
ous game.
Personally, we don't give a whit whether
the Cuban problem started primarily with
the Eisenhower or the Kennedy administra-
tion. This Is water under the dam and bick-
ering over this serves no useful purpose be-
yond a certain point. But we do care about
what is or isn't being done about the Cuban
problem right now, and so should every
other American who is the least bit inter-
ested In winning the fight against com-
munism.
If this administration has committed itself
to scrapping the Monroe Doctrine and living
with a Communist bastion 90 miles from
our shores then It ought to have the guts to
say as much instead of beating around the
bush. If it hasn't scrapped the Monroe
Doctrine as the basic policy of our country
then it is time not only to say this forth-
rightly but to take firm action to give its
words weight.
People get confused and petulant pri-
marily when they don't know or can't find
out In just which direction their leaders
are taking them and their country. That is
why Americans are confused and petulant
right now. They see an admitted menace
to their security in their backyard but they
see little being done about it. They want
something done, and until they have some
clear evidence that it is being done, we doubt
they will take Undersecretary George W.
Ball's advice to stop asking embarrassing
questions of the administration.
JACK W. Goss.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A1269
Khrushchev promised to pull out some of an area has not been as fully integrated Board member E. Thomas Moulder, who
the estimated 17,000 military personnel by into the defense system of Western Europe. cited an article in Tuesday's Springfield
March 15-and indeed a handful, not more Recent reports have hinted Spain is seek- Daily News as the basis of his worries, re-
than a few hundred, have left in the last ing NATO membership as the price for Po- ferred to the show of "Operation Abolition"
few days. Four other ships are known to laris use of its big Rota naval base at Cadiz. and "Operation Correction."
be on the way. Careful reconnaissance and Well, I fail to see why this should even be Calling for the teaching of "pure, unadul-
intelligence estimate, that they can take ap- an issue.
proximately 7,000. There seems to be little logic in continued scools, Moulderi said Americanism" ais s not In
seekingcity to
Thus it becomes a matter of simple sub- exclusion of Spain from NATO.
traction. Deducting 7,000 from 17,000 leaves If the dictatorial nature of the Spanish butithatt this freedom does not include the
10,000, and there has been absolutely no regime is offered as the reason, how can one right of a teacher to teach anything he or
indication-at least as .far as the admin- rationalize the membership of Prime Minis- she may want to teach.
Istration has put out-that Khrushchev has ter Salazar's Portugal, hardly a parliamen- The "Abolition" movie was based on 1960
any intention of removing any more. In tary democracy If his association with Ger- riots in San Francisco, which the House Un-
fact the indications are . the other way many and Italy is offered as a reason-then American Activities Committee says were
around; that, he is determined not to re- how come they are in NATO?
move any more. The Pyrenees Mountains, separating the to be ua i correction Theofsecond
the first purported
situation film
Informed guesses are (A) that he will use Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Europe, shown.
the Soviet military presence in Cuba for all constitute the only really effective natural Former Congressman O. K. Armstrong and
its propaganda worth throughout Latin land barrier in NATO's sphere of interest. Dr. William McClure conducted a commen-
America, (B) that he does not trust the A huge U.S. investment, in the form of great tary on the two films.
Cubans to handle Soviet "defensive" weap- air and naval bases, has been poured onto Moulder's statement:
one on the island, and (C) to protect Castro, Spanish soil. And one merely need look "Gentlemen, I wish to read into the min-
All are probably correct. back again to World War II and the crucial utes of this meeting this article taken from
It is fantastic to fear that the Soviet necessity of the Straits of Gibraltar to recog- page 15 of the Tuesday, February 12, 1963,
troops would be used to invade the United nize the immensely strategic nature of this issue of the Springfield (Mo.) Daily News.
Our
States or any other part of the hemisphere. corner of Europe. The article Is headlined Our response would be immediate and over- In addition, the political complexion of es Bring Lively C aims."?2 "Operation" Mov-
the south shore of the Mediterranean has "Now, gentlemen, i do not mean to imply
But it is not fantastic at all to conclude undergone radical changes since the Franco by this statement that any individual, group,
they are being used to train Castro troops question first raised its head. Morocco and or organization is communistic or Commu-
in infiltration and subversion; that their Algeria, once French, are now independent nist dominated. I do, however, want to
continued presence would be a festering sore nations, both with dubious attitudes to the make my views quite clear concerning this
in our prestige; or finally that to acquiesce East-West face-off. matter to board of , to the
in their remaining in Cuba would be to agree In short, Franco Spain-regardless of its teachers bothof hehSpringfieldePubliceSc ools,
with Khrushchev that the Monroe Doctrine domestic politics or even lack of them- and to the general public of Springfield.
is dead. should be a solid link in the NATO chain. "I am concerned that a movie would be
The administration cannot acquiesce. Be- Britain, Norway, Denmark, and Belgium op- shown at a teachers meeting that, in the
cause the Soviet troops do not pose a direct pose this, apparently seeing Franco only as words of the newspaper, and again I quote,
military peril, it cannot condone their pres- a former pal of Hitler and Mussolini. And 'purports to correct the abolition movie and
ence as a minor irritant. any one of these can veto Spanish NATO attacks the congressional committee.' I am
I repeat a suggestion first made here Feb- membership. These countries should re- worried about the possible motivation be-
ruary 10. It has since been reinforced by orientate, at least re-examine, their views hind the organization of a teachers meeting
similar stands by former President Truman, purely in the harsh light of national sur- to hear a program on riots that took place in
Senator John Sherman Cooper, and .many vival.
others. When Hitler attacked Russia on June 22, in1960 and have not een
terest since that time a matter of public
If after X date it becomes clear that Khru- 1941, Winston Churchill addressed the world. "Of course, a program of this type could
shchev has no intention of.removing the re- He said he had been a lifelong foe of com- possibly be of interest to a teacher of po-
maining troops, I suggest President Kennedy munism and would remain so. But he added litical science or an allied field. Were all
Should give him Y days to do so. he would march with the Devil himself to of the teachers present at this meeting in
If he does not do so in Y days, the United defeat Hitler.
States and all other members of the hemi- Spain is more important to NATO than were this not category? And science whether teachers, I am were i n-political spheric family would throw a complete' Franco's old alliances are a threat to Eu- In knowing e
quarantine ring around Cuba and allow rope's safety. ofrested in knowing what use will be made
nothing-repeat nothing-into the island, by Sprifngfngfield school s In
ystemthe cTherque s of the
sea or air. . The question also
As the Common Market of the new Europe arises in my mind if this was an attempt at
begins to sound uncommonly like the old Motivation Worries Moulder indoctrination in a liberal political phil-
Europe, still another old controversy is being osophy, or if it was simply an innocuous
heard from again. EXTENSION OF REMARKS fhowinn of twh movies with a commentary
It is the relationship of Spain, its aging tollowig for the employment of a group of dictator Generalissimo Francisco Franco and OF teachers.
the strategy of the West's historic conflict HON. CLYDE DOYLE "I do not want to abridge the right of free-
with world communism. dom of speech. This is not my purpose, as
Now whenever this is raised numerous peo- OF CALIFORNIA abridged freedom of speech is one of the
plc go into tizzies,, from left to right; few IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES noteworthy disgraces of the Communist dic-
issues in recent history aroused such violent Monday, February 18, 1963 the Am the Am. However, I submit to you that
emotionalism as the Spanish civil war of the erican principle of freedom of speech
late 1930's. Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, by reason does not include a right for a teacher to
This barbaric affair, often called the re- of unanimous consent heretofore granted teach anything he or she may want to
hearsal for World War II, was won by Franco me so to do, I present the text of a news- that t any his individual orsroom. I not deny or do
by dint of massive aid in men and material paper article clipping wish, roup m i ndividuals
from the Spring- may, if they wish, view this or any
from Hitler and Mussolini. Franco's name field Daily News, Springfield, Mo., which other movie; but when en it takes place at a
is, accordingly, still undeniably a dirty word was sent forward by Hon. Morgan Moul- teachers' meeting on school premises, I be-
in many parts, here and abroad. der, a former member of the House Com- sieve that the board
But Franco later denied Hitler land access mittee on Un-American Activities for and the public have a
to Gibraltar, thus right to inquire and to know the purpose of
B preventing him from bot- several years. This statement was made such a viewing.
d
tling up id is the Mediterranean. He told pact be-
did this beaue tie felt the 1939 Now, I address mys to the following
tween me he by Mr. Moulder's Cousin, Thomas MoUl- portion of my statemene lf not only as a mem-
pact ab- der, a member of the S g t id t Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia Springfield Board ber of the board of education but also as a
solved him from any obligation to Hitler. of Education. parent, a taxpayer, a
Whatever his reasons were-he may have The article follows: field Puh patron a the Sar-
had a sneaking suspicion Hitler wouldn't BEHIND SHOWING OF Two MOVIEa TO TEACH- ecnchools , and above all a e a cngth-
h anyway sneaking suspicion
coIntry on
I that did u It, In Efts-MOTIVATION WORRIES o Mo S TO TE earl ?i the meet States of A the fac oo of
my o anyway and strictly from the viewpoint earth, the United States r America. I do not
A Springfield School Board member who Congress, or for any oPits comm tte s, or for
of military history, he has never received said he is worried about the motivation any other duly constituted authority. I
adequate recognition for this. behind the showing of two movies at a teach-don't want him to be Looking at the Spanish question today, ers' meeting Monday night demanded to any compromise with communism, that there
in the equally cold light of current military know last night whether contents of the is even a hint of a possibility that commu-
problems, it seems strange that .so strategic film might be used in classroom work. nism might be right, or that commu-
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A1270
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
nism might be anything but a threat to his
freedom and well-being.
"I realize, of course, that we cannot teach
the values of freedom and democracy in a
vacuum; that it is well and wise that a con-
trast be shown. This can certainly be done
through the medium of a well developed
curriculum and properly oriented instructors
Who will see to it that their students are
taught Americanism and not communism.
"In that connection I wish to read an ex-
cerpt from an article in tonight's Issue
(Wednesday, February 13, 1983) of the
Springfield Leader and Press, on the front
page of that paper, entitled. 'Communism
Study in State.
'tI am an American and I'm proud of it.
My son Is an American, and I want him to be
taught Americanism; pure, unadulterated,
jingoistic Americanism. I am dogmatic on
this subject, and I admit to no other way
than this in teaching about our Government.
I believe, too, that I have the wholehearted
support of the large majority of Springfield-
ians and Americana on this matter."
About -30 persons attended the Monday
night showing, which was under sponsorship
of the Association of Classroom Teachers of
Springfield. George Buckley, Parkview teach-
er 'rho acted as master of ceremonies, de-
clared:
"All comments I have heard were very
favorable that meetings of this type were of
a very high professional caliber."
vva,r y ?----
'sion of News Stories on Cuba and
Failure of Administration To TO the
Truth Makes Us Wonder What Is Go-
lag on -in Cuba
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Or
EON. BRUCE ALGER
OF TfltA5
IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 7, 1963
Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, confusion
continues to surround the question of
Cuba. We read many accounts in the
newspapers, that there are thousands of
Russian troops in Cuba, that many have
been pulled out, that a few have been
pulled out, that the missiles have all been
removed, that the missiles have not been
removed, that many weapons potentially
dangerous to the United States are hid-
den in thousands of caves In Cuba. The
President does little to clear up the situa-
tion and seems to be as much in the dark
as to the actual facts pertaining to the
Russian military buildup In Cuba as the
most III-informed citizen. We surely
cannot believe the President is complete-
ly uninformed, therefore we must come
to the conclusion that he Is deliberately
keeping the truth from the American
people and only giving out, through his
management of the news, such items as
he believes will keep the American people
In the dark.
Well, here is something to think about
in the two following newspaper articles.
Onc from the Chicago Tribune giving an
eye-witness account of the great number
of Russians in Cuba, the other from the
Copley News Service pointing to the de-
velopment of Cuba as a Soviet nuclear
sub base. Could It be that the techni-
clars In Cuba are actually submarine
personnel and maintenance crews? How
long is President Kennedy going to allow
this buildup to continue-until Khru-
shchev is strong enough to make fur-
ther demands upon us. or until just be-
fore the next election when it could well
be too late?
The articles follow:
[From the Chicago Tribune I
REPORTS MANY RUSSIANS AND GUNS IN CUBA
(By Knowlton Nash)
(Noun.-Reporters and cameramen from
the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation have
returned from Cuba, where they filmed a
report for the Canadian network, Here are
the impressions of one of the group, the
network's Washington correspondent.)
WASHINGTON. March 5-Two of the most
striking impressions you get In Cuba are
that there are so many guns and so many
Russians.
Almost half of the people carry machine-
guns, rifles, or pistols. To a Canadian, it
seems a little unusual to be greeted by a
hotel doorman carrying a Czechoslovak burp
gun or by a pistol-packing room clerk.
Militia boys and girls, some as young as 15,
carry guns. One young militia girl I saw
was carrying a rifle almost bigger than she
was.
I went to a Russian motion picture and
noticed that many boys and girls on dates
lugged along their guns-a somewhat incon-
gruous sight as they held hands with one
hand and carried their guns with the other.
MEASURE Or ALARM
While initially, at least, there is a measure
of alarm at the sight of so many guns, you
get a feeling of some frustration at the sight
of so many Russians.
Cubans constantly mistook us for Rus-
sians, apparently believing any fair-haired
person Is a Soviet citizen.
While I saw literally hundreds of Russians
dressed in civilian clothes wandering about
Havana or jammed in the back of trucks
rushing to factories, I saw few Chinese. The
Chinese that I did see were the most properly
dressed of anybody in Cuba, even wearing
ties, something the Russians and Cubans
generally do not do.
Food is very short in Cuba, although no-
body Is starving, and it is expensive In restau-
rants. Stringy pork and elderly chicken are
the main dishes, along with rice. Outside
Havana. the food Is rather less appetizing.
RATIONS ARE TIGHT
The Cubans themselves are on tight rations,
Including one chicken a month, one-eighth
of a pound of butter a month, and five eggs
a month, If you can get them.
We were in Cuba at the height of the sugar-
cane cutting season and the Government had
launched a nationwide campaign for volun-
teer cutters. The No. 2 man in Cuba and its
economic czar. Ernesto (Cbe) Guevara, spent
2 weeks cutting cane himself In Camaguey
Province.
It was In the canefields that I interviewed
him. The Interview was conducted in a
semicircle of his guards, all carrying machine-
guns, rifles, pistols, and machetes. I found
It a bit inhibiting at first, but you get used
to It after a while.
GLAD TO TALK
Guevara was only too glad to answer any
question and this seemed to be the attitude
of the Cuban people. Those who support the
Castro government are proud of their guns,
their communism, and the houses and hos-
pitals they have built. Those who oppose
Castro are equally anxious to talk, but only
when you are out of earshot of any Intelli-
gence operatives or microphones.
When I came out of Cuba the first things I
did were to sink my teeth into a juicy steak
and luxuriate in being able to say anything
I wanted without looking over my shoulder.
March 7
[From the Copley News Service]
U.S. ExpreTs Loos: TO CUBA AS SOVIET
NUCLEAR SUB Base
President Kennedy's decision to replace
land-based intermediate-range missiles in
Britain, Turkey, and Italy with Polaris sub-
marines underscores a dangerous aspect of
the Cuban situation.
The possibility of Russian missile sub-
marines operating out of Cuban ports worries
U.S. Navy and Pentagon intelligence officers.
Such a move quickly would restore the So-
viet firepower lost when Premier Khrushchev
withdrew 42 missiles and more than 30 jet
bombers from the island.
Navy experts report that they have no
evidence of Russian submarine operations
in Cuban waters. They admit, however, that
several excellent submarine bases are avail-
able. Cuban exiles have insisted for several
months that many of the Soviet "techni-
cians" on the Island are building submarine
facilities. They also have reported sighting
Soviet subs, although no missile submarines
have been claimed.
The U.S. Navy is particularly concerned
about announced Soviet plans to build "fish-
ing bases" in Cuba. Such a base, Navy men
say, easily could handle submarines.
No one in the Navy minimizes the Soviet
undersea potential. Top priority has been
given U.S. antisubmarine developments in
the face of a Red fleet of between 400 and
500 submersibles. It is the largest submarine
force in the world and at least 250 are
modern, snorkel craft built after World
War II.
An undisclosed number are capable of fir-
ing nuclear missiles. Most of these missile
subs must surface before firing, but Russia
now claims It has craft similar to the Ameri-
can Polaris fleet ballistic missile subs that
can fire while submerged.
Forty to fifty Russians subs belong to
the largest Z class. The others are Q or W
types. The first announcement of nuclear-
powered Red subs came last July 21. A few
weeks ago Moscow claimed that one of its
nuclear subs sailed under.the Arctic icepack
and surfaced at the North Pole.
U.S. Intelligence reports this distribution
of the Russian submarine force:
Northern (Arctic)-no medium range, 110
long range.
Baltic Sea-DSO medium range, 40 long-
range.
Black Sea-5 medium range, 70 longrange.
Pacific and Far East-50 medium-range,
60 ]ongrange.
This adds up to 385 operational subma-
rines. Their distribution indicates strategic
deployment in long-range operations.
Aside from being able to attack Western
sea communications, Russian subs also could,
as the U.S. Navy has said, operate directly
off U.S. coasts from their bases in the U.S.S.R.
Russian bases in Cuba, of course, would
constitute an even greater menace.
Soviet seapower's strategic threat to the
United States Is dramatized in the Navy's
huge antisubmarine warfare plotting room
at Norfolk, Va. On a giant wall-to-wall map,
black diamond-shaped markers indicate gob-
lins. That's the U.S. Navy's nickname for
Russian subs presumed to be roaming the
seas.
In one recent 6-month plotting period, the
map showed 186 separate reports of what
may have been Soviet submarines. Appar-
ently some of them, from their positions,
were probing American submarine defenses,
testing the Navy's detection and tracking
proficiency.
Close contacts between United States and
Russian submarines are rare. Soviet subs,
however, frequently are tracked by American
undersea craft as part of realistic training
exercises.
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