HOW LONG DO WE WAIT FOR TRADE BANS ON CUBA?

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200230003-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 7
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 4, 2004
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: October 13, 1962
• Content Type: OPEN

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- APPENDIX A7693
First appropriations came under the Eisen-
hower administration and continued funds
have been voted by Congress during the
Kennedy administration.
Many goodhearted men worked for the
dam for many years without thought of do-
ing so to benefit one political party or-the
other. Their sole aim was to help the future
of this area through careful conservation of
our God-given resources.
Then the New Frontier moved in. Orders
came down from Washington-we don't
know for sure whether from Mr. Udall's or
Mr. BREEDING'S office. The orders were the
dinner would be a "Democrat dinner"-no
Republican candidates to be allowed to speak.
A high lieutenant of FLOYD BREEDING
passed down these orders.
At first the New Frontier wanted the
chamber to continue to sponsor the dinner.
But the chamber refused to be involved as
sponsoring a political dinner for either party.
The dinner was taken away from the cham-
ber.
Thus the event planned by the people of
Norton County was seized from them and
given to one political party for its supposed
benefit. The implication was the $18 million
being spent on the dam is totally to aid the
New Frontier.
Secretary Udall was originally invited by
the people of Norton County. No one cared
whether he spoke on political or nonpolitical
subjects. But most of us wanted to give both
sides a chance to be heard if there was go-
ing to be any politics in it.
Instead, Republican candidates were com-
pletely barred. Mississippi wouldn't allow a
Negro to enroll, and the New Frontier
wouldn't let a Republican candidate speak
at a community dinner in Norton. It is
difficult to distinguish the difference in
discrimination.
The reason they don't want any Re-
publican candidates in the limelight is, in
effect, "it's our money that you got to build
the dam, and we intend to get credit for it."
We'll give the apostles of the New Frontier
credit, all right; credit for being the smooth-
est politicians this Nation has ever seen.
They know how to outmaneuver their Re-
publican Opponents and how to get the most
votes out of every public dollar spent.
The New Frontier has made sure that
FLOYD BREEDING has been the "dedication
speaker" at new post offices all over the Fifth
and Sixth Districts. The Post Office Depart-
ment has so ordered even when local people
would have preferred someone else.
But what they have pulled here at Nor-
ton caps them all in disregard for the rights
and feelings of local citizens.
Needless to say, the whole mess has been
extremely embarrassing to good citizens of
this community who freely gave of their
time in serving on committees, . believing
they were working for a nonpartisan effort.
The tactics of the New Frontier in this
instance smack of one-party rule of the
harshest nature.
We don't exactly expect an apology from
Mr. Udall, but this community is at least
entitled to an explanation.
Meanwhile we want you to know, Mr.
Udall, that the kind of tactics used in the
arrangements for the ground breaking events
here won't work in Kansas. They might
work in the boss-ridden cities of the East.
They might work in Massachusetts and they
might even work in Arizona.
But If I know anything about the free-
dom-loving and fairminded peoples of west-
ern Kansas, Democrats and Republicans and
Independents fed up with infringements on
personal liberties, I don't think they are
going to fall for it.
The answer will be given at the polls Tues-
day, November 6, when the people of west-
ern Kansas choose between Mr. BREEDING and
the much-slandered-by-the-New-Frontier
Congressman from Russell, Mr. BOB DOLE,
May the best man win.
The Honorable H. R. Gross
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. FRANK T. BOW
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Saturday, October 13, 1962
Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, I am de-
lighted that Walter Trohan, chief of the
Chicago Tribune's Washington Bureau,
has written such a splendid article re-
lating to the activities of my good friend,
the gentleman from Iowa [Mr. GROSS].
H. R. GROSS is a power of strength in
the Congress. Whether you are for him
or against him, you must have respect for
his courage, tenacity, and knowledge. He
is a proven patriot, a good friend, and a
worthy adversary.
REPORT FROM WASHINGTON
(By Walter Trohan, chief of Chicago
Tribune's Washington Bureau)
WASHINGTON, October 12.-There are three
parties in the U.S' House of Representa-
tives-Democrat, Republican, and HAROLD
ROYCE GROSS. A slight, mild mannered gen-
tleman from Iowa, GROSS is a champion of
efficiency and economy in Government.
Although he is nominally a Republican,
the first concern of the former editor and
broadcaster, who has served in Congress for
14 years, is as guardian of the public pocket-
book. He began his political career batting
left-handed on the liberal side, but was
moved to switch to the right by shock over
the free dealing of public funds,
At times he has been a much of a thorn
in the side of Republican spenders, when
that party ruled Congress, as he has been
to the Democratic opposition. Yet he has
the respect, admiration, and even envy of
Members on both sides of the aisle for
his courage and industry, as was evidenced
recently when he was honored by almost a
hundred colleagues at a breakfast as "the
conscience of the House."
GROSS, who prefers to be known by his
initials, H. R., is the most frequent objector
in the House to unanimous-consent requests,
by which considerable legislative business
and a good deal of monkey business are
transacted. With the retirement of 87-
year-old Representative CLARE HOFFMAN, Re-
publican, of Michigan, at the end of this ses-
sion for reasons of health, GRoss will fight
alone on this front of the battle for economy
and efficiency. Over the years they teamed
up on the economy front.
PREPARES THOROUGHLY FOR ECONOMY WAR
GRoss does his homework. He studies
every bill. Then, armed with a rule book,
he goes to the floor of the House to battle
for the taxpayer, poised to Imp to his feet,
the bird dog of economy. He is the dread of
proponents of legislation who rise to speak
without preparation. His points of order,
parliamentary inquiries, and questions have
tied the House in knots, demolished preten-
tious champions of spending legislation,
forced bills back to committee for revision,
and frequently knocked their, out altogether.
When an attempt was made to pass a bill
which was not on the calendar, establishing
a $10 million aquarium and fisheries center
by unanimous consent, GROSS was on his
feet with an objection. This delayed the bill
and forced the leadership to bring it to the.
floor under proper procedure. He saved $2
million by objecting to a bill which would
have erected a memorial to Roger Williams
in Rhode Island merely to please former Sen-
ator Theodore Francis Green, Democrat, of
Rhode Island.
When Congress sought to appropriate
$500,000 for research on the advisability of
adopting the metric system, GROSS was there
with an objection again. He isn't against
the metric system itself. He pointed out that
since the decimal system has been adopted
by 90 percent of the world, no study Is
needed. He suggested bringing out a bill
which would put the system in effect in
about 5 years. He saved taxpayers more
than $600,000 by stopping a move to take
over an Arizona trading post.
He has warred on increasing the liquor
allowance for ambassadorial entertainment
and on junketeering. He charged officials
of the Truman administration with "out-
landish spending" of taxpayers' money for
oil portraits of themselves at $1,500 each.
He objected to providing a military driver
for Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford,
brother-in-law of the President, when the
entertainers staged a gala on inaugural eve,
1961.
SUGGESTS TIN CUP REPLACETORCH
When the House voted to give New York
City more than $3 million to reimburse it for
the "extraordinary expenses" of its police
department during the United Nations visit
of Russian Premier Nikita Khrushchev,
GROSS suggested that the Statue of Liberty's
torch be replaced with a tin cup. He has
suggested every Member of Congress who
votes for U.S. purchase of $100 million of
U.N. bonds, buy a $1,000 bond himself. He
has fought official secrecy and waste in civil
defense.
While the successes of the Congressman
are few, in his own opinion, and mostly tem-
porary and relatively small as measured
against the total volume of spending, his
daily presence on the floor is a guarantee to
taxpayers that nothing is going to slip by
unnoticed. He is dedicated in purpose and
steers his course by this statement of Calvin
Coolidge, which is framed on his office wall:
"Nothing is easier than the expenditure of
public money. It does not appear to belong
to anybody. The temptation is overwhelm-
ing to bestow it on somebody."
The Honorable John H.. Ray
SPEECH
OF
HON. JOHN W. BYRNES
OF WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, October 11, 1962
Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr.
Speaker, I would like to join and associ-
ate myself with the statements that have
been made about the character and serv-
ice of our colleague, the Honorable JOHN
RAY, of New York. The tributes paid to
him are most highly deserved. I concur
in them completely.
The district he has represented and
the Nation he has served have been
greatly benefited by Congressman RAY'S
membership in the House of Represent-
atives.
We shall all miss him. I will particu-
larly feel his absence. My hope is that
in his retirement I can still call upon.
him for counsel as I have so many times
during his membership here.
He is a great statesman, combining a
keen mind and sound Judgment with a
willingness to work untiringly for the
good of his country and his neighbors.
As he leaves, I join in saluting him
and wishing him and his wife many years
of pleasant retirement.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX
EXTENSI T OF, EMARKS
HON. ARMISTEAD I. SELDEN, JR.
dffi' ALABAMA - _ _ _
IN THE HOUSE,QF REPRESENTATIVES
Saturday, October 13,.1962,
Mr. SELI2EN.Mr. Speaker, the gen-
tleman from Florida [Mr. ROGERS] has
been among the leading advocates in the
Congress for strong action against Cuba.
His work in this, regard has been recog-
nized in the ,press, and I include the fol-
lowing editorials, in the REECORb :
[From the Palm Beach Post, Sept. 11, 1962]
\. Slow LONG Do WE WAIT?
'Florida's Representative PAUL G. Rociss,
to a resolution Introduced in the House last
maeek, urged reaffirmation of the Monroe
Doctrine as national policy in the face of
the Russian arms buildup in Cuba.
No such reaffirmation should be necessary,
'but apparently it is.
And merely giving lip service to the Mon-
roe -Doctrine is not enough. Failure to im-
plement it will be equivalent to abject sur-
render to communism.
"Adoption of this resolution," said Repre-
-vel tative ROGERS, "will give clear indication
to those who administer our foreign policy
that the American people want to revitalize
this. Doctrine, return to our proud heritage,
and establish an effective course in dealing
with this new threat of communism to the
American hemisphere."
Certainly it is obvious that "those who
administer our foreign policy" are thinking
f'lorig lines widely divergent from those of
the American people in general. The very
Tact that communism has been allowed to
gain a foothold in Cuba is proof enough of
that.
Many of them apparently, subscribe to the
prevailing liberal opinion that the Monroe
Doctrine is outmoded-that we are com-
mitted to action against communism in this
hemisphere only in concert with other Latin
-American States.
The time is ,past for any such temporizing.
It could be fatal.
Even, though still unconfirmed by Wash-
ington, there is substantial evidence that
Russia not only has troops in Cuba, but also
intermediate-range ballistic missile bases,
There are reports that a Soviet submarine
'base also is being constructed.
The longer we wait to expel communism
'trom Cuba, the more difficult will be the job.
And our liberty is at stake.
?[From the Hollywood Sun-Tattler, Oct. 5,
.1962]
SUPPORT REPRESENTATIVE ROGERS rN CUBA
TRADE BANS
With President Kennedy announcing a
decision to order a major economic crack-
down on shipping between the Communist
bloc, and Cuba, special recognition should
be given to our Representative in Congress
Representative PAUL G. ROGERS, for the part
he has played in urging action to check
the Soviet arms buildup in Castro's Com-
munist kingdom.
Representative ROGERS has been cam-
paigning for active policies against both
the communist bloc nations and the free
world nations which have been shipping
to 'Cuba.
What has aroused Representative ROGERS
particularly-and what should arouse every
American citizen-has been the number of
ships which have sailed to Cuba after hav-
ing put into U.S. ports.
This practice has all but made a mockery
of the U.S. decision to ban trade with Cuba.
What good has it dine us to ban trade, then
permit ships to come to the United States,
take on valuable and vital cargoes and sail
happily to Cuba?
And it's also been a mockery of our so-
called "assistance" programs to have those
free world countries which we've been aid-
ing substantially for years to continue to
trade with Cuba-poised as it is like a knife
at the jugular vein of American security.
Representative ROGERS' activities have
been distinguished by his courage to come'
out forthrightly and make it clear that we
are our own worst enemies by permitting
these practices to continue. The Representa-
tive from the Sixth Congressional District
has called repeatedly for unilateral action
by the United States to protect its own
Vital interests.
He left no doubt in anyone's mind of the
gravity of the situation when he said,
"+ * ? The United States is presented with
a clear and present threat from the Soviet
buildup in. Cuba. The weapons, arma-
ments, and personnel now in Cuba add up to
a new Soviet offensive in the Western Hemi-
sphere. This offensive is being aided by the
28 free world tankers which ran petroleum
products to Cuba in the June-August
period."
If these free nations of the world are in-
deed our friends and allies then we should
show no hesitancy in calling upon them-in-
sisting, in fact-to follow a course of action
which is not at complete variance with our
national aims and purposes.
Certainly these allies never have been hesi-
tant about calling upon the United States
to desist from any actions which they
deemed contrary to their security-and the
United States has been more than coopera-
tive in adjusting its policies to suit those of
anyone and everyone who had a complaint.
It is the height of folly for us to walk
timidly for fear of hurting anyone's feelings
when our very security is being threatened by
a military buildup a scant 90 miles from the
shores of Florida.
Moreover, Representative ROGERS has
pointed out that assertion of our national
Interests can bring results. In his remarks
before the House Select Committee on Export
Control this week he noted:
"Pressures from the Congress have brought
results. West Germany, Turkey, and Nor-
way now have announced their willingness
to cooperate with the United States. With
continued insistence by the Congress and
its committees, the policies and actions of
this Government will be consistent with the
aims of this Nation."
In this regard, however, it must be re-
inelmbered that the effectiveness of Repre-
sentative ROGERS' campaign, and the measure
of his success, will be determined in great
part by the support he receives from his
constituents.
Certainly, there is no reasonable individual'
in this area who is anything but enthusiastic
about Representative ROGERS' campaign to
curtail shipping to Cuba-but this enthusi-
asm must be demonstrated if it is to be
helpful.
The people of this area should write to
Representative ROGERS telling him of their
wholehearted support of his efforts, and they
should write to as many other Members of
Congress as they can, urging these legislators
to cooperate with Representative ROGERs in
accomplishing what is best for our Nation.
At the same time that we commend Rep-
resentative ROGERS for what he is doing, let
us also give him our full support in every
way that we can.
October 13
In Defense of Eagles
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. MORRIS K. UDALL
:Or ARIZONA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Saturday, October 13, 1962
Mr. MORRIS K. UDALL. Mr.
Speaker, on October 12 the House
cleared for the President a bill to pro-
vide protection for the golden eagle.
There have been many vividly written
stories about the so-called strength of
these birds but the veracity of such tales
is open to question.
My good friend, Mr. Lewis Wayne
Walker, associate director of the world-
famous Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
near Tucson, Ariz., has written an in-
cisive study of this issue which I would
like to share with my colleagues:-
HEADLINES ON EAGLES
(By Lewis Wayne Walker)
Since the dawn of history eagles have been
described as culprits that carry oil babies,
sheep, deer, and goats and a variety of other
victims. Even today, when we are sup-
posed to be so scientific and so reasoning,
such stories crop up periodically in our
newspapers. The following news dispatch
from Seattle, Wash., is a typical master-
piece of reportorial romancing. It has ac-
tion, suspense, and in fact everything a story
should have to make good "copy"-except,
of course, the truth.
"A shadow circled high overhead, the child
lay on its back and watched it interestedly,"
reads the news story. "The shadow nar-
rowed its circle flying in a narrowed spot in
the sun. Suddenly it swooped down with
a terrifying whirr of strong wings, glistening
black in the sunlight. The child screamed.
Cries terrible and pained filled the air,"
From the town of Gunpowder, Md., comes
another. This one was headed by a picture
that was captioned: "Bird Weighed 50
Pounds; Had a 6-Foot Wingspread." It
would be interesting to have a reliable air-
plane designer specify the horsepower needed
to lift such a weight. But the story goes
on:
"Attacked by two immense eagles as she
played in the yard of her home here, 3-year-
old Betty Earnestburger was saved from
possible death, or even from being carried
away, when a friend of her parents fired
on the huge birds."
And then from anther publication: "The
Meece boys and the Phelps boys were star-
tled by a scream. Eight-year-old Jim Mecca
had run a short distance away from his
brothers. A great, bald eagle had swooped
down from the sky and fastened its talons
in little Jim's leg. For perhaps 2 seconds
there was a struggle, Jim fought wildly and
cried out. The bird succeeded in lifting him
from the ground, his head hanging down.
The struggle continued as the eagle flew to
a height, according to the estimate of the
other children, of about 75 feet. Jim kicked
out violently. The eagle flew lower. The
boys on the ground screamed too. And at
last the bird released its grip and Jim fell.
It had flown a distance of 200 feet. There
were bruises on Jim's legs from the grasp
of the talons and bruises and cuts on his
body from the fall at a height of about 12
feet, but otherwise he was sound and whole.
Jim weighs only 35 pounds. If he had been
a little lighter, the eagle might have suc-
ceeded in carrying him away."
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NGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A 7697
A Look at Communism . d CuI
EXTENSION OF REM KS
nc
HON. FRANK C. OSMERS, JR.
OF NEW. JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Saturday, October 13, 1962
Mr. OSMERS. Mr. Speaker, the Na-
tion and the world views the situation in
Cuba with great trepidation and concern.
It must be recognized that the Castro
government is a Western Hemisphere
foothold of international communism.
A number of leading Americans have
spoken out on this subject. One of them
is George E. Stringfellow, of East Orange,
N.J., former business associate of the late
Thomas Alva Edison, passed Imperial
Potentate, AAONMS and a director of
the Freedoms Foundation- at Valley
Forge, Pa.
His address "A Look at Communism
and Cuba" was delivered before the New
York Kiwanis Club on October 10, 1962.
I ask unanimous consent to place this
address in the Appendix of the RECORD.
A LOOK AT COMMUNISM AND CUBA
Officers, members and distinguished guests
of the Kiwanis Club of New York City, thank
you for the privilege of speaking to you today
on the subject that is worrying all liberty
loving people-communism.
Some primitive societies practice a lim-
ited brand of communism. Tribes lived in
common and shared property, food and hous-
ing. The principle of communism is, there-
fore, not new.
Modern-day communism, known as the
"science of Marxism-Leninism" is about a
century old and made little progress during
the first 60 years. Communism as. we know.
it today had its beginning largely in the
mind of Karl Marx. May I briefly refresh
your memory of his background?
Marx was born in Trier, Germany in 1818,
son of a prosperous lawyer. He was an
intelligent but temperamental child. His
school marks were superior. He made arro-
gant statements and wrote satirical verse. He
was smart, vain, bitter and rebellious.
He did not have a job at graduation and
didn't seem to care. A lifelong trait. He
preferred to dabble in atheism and socialism.
Marx had hoped to teach but drifted into
journalism. He wrote acidly, pouring ridi-
cule on everything and everybody with whom
he disagreed, strongly influenced by the
teachings of Ludwig Feuerbach, a German
philosopher who preached materialism.
Marx, an atheist, called for war against
religion, a war that to this day is the Com-
munist cornerstone and philosophy. In 1842
he became editor of a leftwing Cologne news-
paper and undertook a bitter tirade against
the Prussian Government. The paper was
suppressed and Marx went to France. In
1849 he went to England with his family.
Frederick Engels, a fellow German, living
in England became his intellectual comrade,
his financial supporter and his faithful
champion. Engels was from a wealthy
family.
He is most appropriately called a "collab-
orator" of Marx. He had an encyclopedic
memory and his farflung interest and knowl-
edge of industrial techniques equipped him
to supply Marx with important informa-
tion. He also wrote independently of Marx
and, in some instances, under Marx's name.
Together Engels and Marx conceived and
formulated the doctrine of communism.
Engels spent much of his time in Man-
chester, England managing his father's tex-
tile business. Marx lived in London. Engels
lived out of wedlock and when his common-
law wife died he lived with her sister for
years. He finally consented to marry her
shortly before her death.
Marx lived in poverty. He suffered from
boils, headaches and rheumatism. His wife's
health was poor. Her seventh child was born.
dead. "Daily my wife tells me," wrote Marx,
"she wishes she was lying in the grave with
the children. And, I can't blame her."
Marx depended on pittances for his living,
especially from Engels. He lived from pawn-
shop to pawnshop. It is a bitter irony of
history, that the founder of communism
should have been literaly kept alive by a
wealthy industrialist. Engels, a "capital-
ist's" son turned Communist was cofounder
of this revolutionary movement.
It was in the minds and hearts of such
characters as Engels and Marx that com-
munism was conceived.
RECOGNITION OF RUSSIA-COMMUNIST
GOVERNMENT
Understanding the nature, objectives and
philosophy of communism, Presidents Wilson,
Harding, Coolidge and Hoover refused to
recognize the Communist Government of
Russia.
In his letter to the President of the All
Union Central Executive Committee of Mos-
cow, dated October 4, 1933, President Roose-
velt opened the door to the recognition of the
Communist Government. Mr. Roosevelt
said, "Since the beginning of my administra-
tion (he had been in office about 6 months), I
have contemplated a desirability of an effort
to end the present abnormal relations be-
tween the 125 million people of the United
States and the 150 million people of Russia."
If you are of similar mind, I should be glad to
receive any representatives you may desig-
nate to explore with me personally all ques-
tions outstanding between our countries.
On October 17, seven days later, the Com-
munist President replied in part as follows:
"I am glad to accept your proposal to send
to the United States the representatives of
the Soviet Government to discuss with you
the question of interest to our countries.
The Soviet Union will be represented by M. M.
Litvinov, the peoples commissar of foreign
affairs, who will come to Washington at a
time to be mutually agreed upon."
A few days later, Mr. Roosevelt recognized,
the Communist Government of Russia.
In 1933, Hitler became the target of Soviet
Russia. The Bolsheviks, fearing German
military power, attempted to enlist the sup-
port of the non-Communist world to combat
facism.
Russia joined the League of Nations and
became a strong supporter of the collective
security program aimed at holding Hitler in
check. Fascism, shouted the Communists,
represents a danger to everybody, Commu-
nists and non-Communists. All must work
together to destroy Hitler's fascism.
In August 1939, the entire world was
shocked to learn that Hitler and Stalin had
signed a nonaggression pact. Here was Mos-
cow making an agreement with that Fascist
beast Hitler, whom it had denounced several
months sooner in the bitterest terms. Hitler
and Stalin made a deal. German forces in-
vaded Poland from the West and the Rus-
sians from the east. Russia and Germany
annexed large slices of Polish territory.
The Soviets became the "defenders of the
peace" and everyone, except Stalin and Hitler,
were "imperial warmongers." Hitler, the
former enemy, now a friend and ally.
The war between Germany and the West-
ern Allies was termed by the Communists
the "imperialist" war. There was Commu-
nist opposition in our country to lend-lease,
the draft, and military production; the Com-
munists advocated strikes and circulation of
antiwar literature. "The Yanks are not com-
ing," was the Communist slogan. Pickets
marched around the White House 24 hours a
day urging the United States to stay out of
the European war. On June 21, 1941, the
pickets were withdrawn. A change in tactics
was eminent. Strikes stopped. Reason:
After his nonaggression past with Stalin,
Hitler became deeply engaged in a war on
his western front on learning that Stalin
was ready to strike him in the back.
Hitler attacked Russian before Stalin had
an opportunity to strike Germany. The Eu-
ropean conflict, now said the Communists, is
a "patriotic war," a "peoples' war." The
United States must get into the war at once,
must give support to Russia, war material,
money, and manpower. United States must
help keep Russia from being overrun by
Stalin's "friend," Hitler. A virtual night-
mare gripped the Communists who pleaded
for lend-lease and second front. Send relief
to Russia was the cry.
In 1943 Moscow dissolved the Comintern.
The purpose was to mollify the Western fear
and distrust of communism. In 1944, the
Communist Party in the United States of
America was "dissolved." Actually, it merely
changed its name to CPA, a "political educa-
tional association."
In 1945, the war over, Hitler defeated,
Moscow reverted to its former hostile "line."
She denounced the Allies and claimed full
credit for destroying Hitler and the Jape
too, even though they entered that war 5
days before the Japs surrendered.
Communism has made its greatest prog-
ress since recognition by this country in 1933.
At the time Mr. Roosevelt recognized the
Communist Government of Russia it was
practically bankrupt.
Many people are today concerned about
the welfare of our country and the preser-
vation of our way of life. Millions are ask-
ing, "Can capitalism and communism co-
exist in the same world?"
The founders of communism told us they
cannot. Their successors by act and deed
have confirmed it.
"I cannot forecast the action of Soviet
Russia," said Winston Churchill in 1939. "It
is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside of
an enigma."
Let us now discuss Cuba for a few minutes.
In his campaign for the Presidency 2
years ago Senator John F. Kennedy used as
his theme, "The Decline of American Safety
and Prestige." Candidate Kennedy pointed
to the rise of Castro in Cuba as evidence
that, "our security and our leadership are
both slipping away." His Cuban policy was
to "let the Cuban people know our deter-
mination that they, will some day again be
free * * * to let Castro know that we do
not intend to be pushed around any
longer * * * to let Mr. Khrushchev know
that we are permitting no expansion of his
foothold in our hemisphere * * * and es-
pecially to end the harassment * * ., of lib-
erty loving Cuban forces in Cuba and in
other lands.
"Thus far," Candidate Kennedy said,
"these fighters for freedom have had virtu-
ally no support from our Government" and,
"the way to put the ideals of the American
Revolution into significance is to act on
them, not to talk about them." Hopefully
he said, "events may once again bring us
an opportunity to act on behalf of the cause
of freedom in Cuba."
Events did bring President Kennedy this
opportunity. It was on April 16, 1961, which
he muffed.
May I now read excerpts from an article
which appeared in the U.S. News & World
Report on September 17, 1962 entitled, "The
Inside Story--Kennedy's Fateful Decision:
The Night the Reds Clinched Cuba," which
appeared in the appendix of the.CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD.
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A7698 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
"A fateful decision," made by President
Kennedy on Sunday, April 16, 1961 is rising
now to plague the United States.
On that Sunday evening, an armed force
of Cuban refugees, trained by the United
States, was at sea, sailing secretly to Invade
Fidel Castros Cuba. The American Presi-
dent, a few hours earlier, had given final
approval to that Invasion. Only the day
before, on April 15. a surprise attack by
B-26 bombing planes belonging to the in-
vaders had knocked out all but seven planes
of Castro's tiny air force. A second air
strike was scheduled for Monday morning,
April 17. It was to coincide with the land-
ing of the invaders. It was supposed to
finish the job of wiping out Castro'a plans
and to provide air support for the Invasion.
Secure in this assurance of air support, the
invaders went ashore in the early morning
darkness of Monday, April 17. Their landing
was successful: 1,400 armed men reached the
beaches of a place called the Bay of Pigs.
In the battle that followed. Castro's troops
suffered heavy casualties. Castro's tanks,
coming up to the battle, were sitting ducks
for an attack by air. Confidently, the little
Invading force waited for Ita air support
to arrive. Its leaders had assurance of that
support. It was provided in the preinvasion
planning. Hours before, on Sunday evening.
a small but potent force of B-26s was sitting
in readiness on an airfield 500 miles away,
waiting to take off for the Bay of Pigs. Those
were planes of the Invasion force, with
Cuban pilots. But those planes didn't take
off.
That was the fateful decision President
Kennedy made on that Sunday evening, He
decided that the anti-Castro Cubans could
not have the support of their own air force
during the invasion. Without that sup-
port, the Invasion failed. When the inva-
sion began, in the predawn hours of Monday,
the need of air support became apparent.
Worried, the nonmilitary officials in Wash-
ington who were running the invasion went
to President Kennedy for a new decision.
They suggested that U.S. Navy planes from
a U.S. aircraft carrier be used in fly air sup-
port for the Invaders.
Two U.S. carriers, their decks loaded with
fighting planes were standing by not far
away throughout the entire Invasion. Their
planes were readily available. In the plan-
ning of the Invasion (planning begun under
the Eisenhower administration), the U.S.
Joint Chiefs of Staff had recommended the
use of U.S. air support. President Kennedy
vetoed the Idea. He insisted that there was
to be no direct American participation.
Now, with the outcome possibly hanging In
the balance, military and nonmilitary men
joined in renewing the plea. Another "No.'
Once again, in the early morning hours of
Monday, April 17, President Kennedy made
a fateful decision. He said, "No" in the use
of U.S. planes. On the beaches, in the Bay
of Pigs, the invaders fought on. They did
not know that an American President in
Washington, 1,400 miles away, was in tight
control of their every military move. They
were not aware that President Kennodp had
taken away their air cover.
With no air support, the invasion soon be-
gan to run Into trouble. Castro brought up
the few planes he had left.
Castro Jets-made in America-bombed
and sank two of the five ships of the in-
vasion fleet. One carried most of the in-
vaders reserves of ammunition. The other
was their communications center. Castro
tanks, safe from attack by air, moved into
effective action.
In the face of this situation, President
Kennedy took the wraps off the Cuban fiiers.
On Monday noon he said they could go into
action. But had weather interfered at first?
Finally, an air strike was set up early
Wednesday.
On Tuesday, however, the situation con-
tinued to deteriorate. The invaders fighting
without air support, were driven back under
pressure at Castro's superior numbers. By
Tuesday night, April 18, a crisis was clearly
at hand. Once again there was ah appeal to
President Kennedy.
On this night the President, in white tie
and tails, was playing host at a congressional
reception in the White House. He left the
party to confer with his advisers--both civil-
ian and military. Again it was proposed to
use U.S. planes to save the invasion.
This time the President relented slightly.
He consented to using one carrier plane for
just I hour on Wednesday morning-Just
long enough to provide cover for the invaders
to land some supplies and for their planes to
makes quick strike. U.S. planes still were
not to attack land targets, Even this limited
plan for U.S. aid went awry. There were
communication mixups. The Cuban fliers
mistimed their strike. The U.S, planes
never got this action. And anyway, It de-
veloped It was too late. By sundown of
Wednesday, April 19, the Invasion was a
failure. The invaders Inflicted close to
2,000 casulaties on Castro's forces, suffered
only a hundred or so casualties of their own.
But without air support, the Invaders could
not hold out. Most of them wound up as
Castro captives and Castro is demanding $82
million for their release.
In his press conference on September 13,
1962, President Kennedy bad no kind words
for those who are saying today what Candi-
date Kennedy said during his campaign for
the Presidency. In addressing himself to the
military aspect of the Cuban situation,
Candidate Kennedy said, "I think Castro is
a source of maximum danger ? * * a
Communist menace has been permitted to
arise under our very noses, only 90 miles
from our shores. ICastro'si Transformation
of Cuba Into a Communist base of opera-
tions ? ? ? by jet planes, missiles or sub-
marines * ? * is an Incredible dangerous
development." Candidate Kennedy warned,
"The whole Western Hemisphere's security
system Is drastically threatened." Presi-
dent Kennedy referring to Soviet shipments
of arms and men to cubs, said that these
"do not constitute a serious threat to any
part of this hemisphere." He strongly denied
that Communist buildup Is such as "to en-
danger or interfere with our security," or
that Cuba is "an offensive military base of
significant capacity." That is what Khru-
shchev and Castro are saying and the Presi-
dent says he believes them.
Today, Castro's Cuba Is still 90 miles off
our shore, has the second strongest ground
army In our hemisphere, has received, since
the failure of the invasion in April of 1981,
over $175 million In military aid and sup-
plies from Communist-bloc countries.
Communist-made jets. jeeps, tanks, radar,
and electronic equipment are arriving daily
in Cuba's harbors. Our State Department
reports 4,500 Russian sailors and technicians
are in Cuba helping Castro. They are train-
ing new pilots, ground crews, and artillery-
men.
The military capacity of Cuba is vastly
larger now than it was when Candidate Ken-
nedy became President Kennedy.
As part of his propaganda for the election
to the Presidency. Candidate Kennedy wrote
or had written for him a book, "Profiles of
Courage" in which he Indirectly compared
himself with the great leaders of our Repub-
lic. Men, whose wisdom and courage did
much to make ours a great country. "Pro-
flies of Courage," leads one to believe that
not only did Candidate Kennedy possess the
wisdom and courage of our Founding
Fathers, but we could expect from him in
the event of his election to the Presidency,
the same kind of wisdom and courageous
October 13
leadership which they provided. Up to now,
he has evidenced indecision and he has fre-
quently been the picture of retreat.
President Kennedy with the aid of the
FBI licked the steel companies, and with the
aid of Federal troops he licked the Governor
of Mississippi and put General Walker in a
mental Institution, but he does not have
courage enough to take on Castro or to stand
up to Khrushchev.
Report on the 87th Congress
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. GEORGE M. WALLHAUSER
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Saturday, October 13, 1962
Mr. WALLHAUSER. Mr. Speaker, the
87th Congress has finally ground to a
halt and I wish to express my sincere
thanks to the citizens of the 12th District
of New Jersey for affording me the high
privilege of representing them in the
U.S. Congress. As part of the respon-
sibility of my office, I make this report
to my constituents on some of our ac-
complishments and failures.
The first session adjourned on Sep-
tember 27, 1961, which made it the long-
est since 1951, But even this was topped
by the second, just now completed. It
must be remembered that for the first
time since 1954, one party was placed
in control of both the executive and leg-
islative branches of the Government and
one could reasonably suppose that any
program advocated by the administra-
tion would have been enacted into law.
But such did not prove to be the case.
The duties of a Representative-usual-
ly referred to as a Congressman-divided
themselves into three major categories,
the first of which Is to legislate by exer-
cising considered judgment to determine
those bills that are for the best interests
of his district and country. The second,
to serve constituents who have partic-
ular problems, including matters per-
taining to the military, immigration, so-
cial security, and others which are of
vital personal importance to many resi-
dents. Third, and a very important one,
Is to receive the opinions and views from
constituents on legislation and admin-
istrative matters as~a guide to grassroots
thinking.
I have kept my sights on the diligent
effort to accept all three of these respon-
sibilities and I am proud of the fact that
my attendance record and participation
in both committee meetings and House
sessions has been extremely high and on
a full-time basis.
In the third category, I have been fa-
vored by an abundance of thoughtful
mail opinion on many subjects, and this
has been very helpful.
Additionally, In this session I afforded
my constituents the opportunity of ex-
pressing their views on 12 important sub-
jects through a questionnaire mailed to
them. There was a 19.4-percent return -
on the questionnaire, and this is a most
impressive commentary on the Interest
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A7705
ing on the President to halt all imports into
this country from Cuba.
The Rogers measure, in the form of a House
concurrent resolution, would express to the
President the will of the Congress that he
act under the existing laws of the United
States to stop Cuban imports which continue
to flow into this country.
Rogers and other Members of Congress
have for more than a year urged the State
Department to take action on Cuban imports
and have received, with each request, the
answer that the matter is under considera-
tion,
The U.S. State Department just this month
issued a white paper entitled "Cuba," which
stated in part:
"The present situation in Cuba confronts
the Western Hemisphere and the inter-Amer-
ican system with a grave and urgent chal-
lenge * * * the challenge results from the
fact that the leaders of the revolutionary
regime betrayed their own revolution, de-
livered that revolution into the hands of
powers alien to the hemisphere, and trans-
formed it into an instrument employed with
calculated effect to supress the rekindled
hopes of the Cuban people for democracy and
to intervene in the internal affairs of other
American Republics * * * it is the considered
judgment of the Government of the United
States of America that the Castro regime in
Cuba offers a clear and present danger to
authentic and autonomous revolution of the
Americas-to the whole hope of spreading
political liberty, economic development, and
social progress through all the Republics of
the hemisphere."
"But while our Government sees the 'clear
and present danger' from Castro to the en-
tire Western Hemisphere, has stopped U.S.
exports to Cuba and has broken off diplo-
matic relations with the Castro government,
we continue to allow Cuban products to be
shipped into this country and thus supply
Castro with over 60 million U.S. dollars a
year to continue domination of the Cuban
people and plan the spread of the cancer
they have planted in the middle of the
Americas," Congressman ROGERS said.
Congressman ROGERS pointed out that the
United States has always met the threat of
communism throughout the world and has
just demonstrated in the case of Laos that we
will do so there promptly and firmly as our
security and the security of the free world is
threatened. But in the case of Cuba just 90
miles from the beaches of Florida, we have
only met the threat half way.
ROGERS stated that this matter has "been
under consideration" since the proclamation
of October 1960, banning our exports to
Cuba. The State Department White Paper,
Cuba, has stated "A series of trade and
financial agreements has integrated the
Cuban economy with that of the Communist
world."
Surely it is past time for action in banning
Cuban imports into the United States.
With communism practically in our back-
yard it's time the President took a firm stand
against Castro and out off the millions of
U.S. dollars we are contributing through
Cuban imports, thereby providing Castro with
funds to carry on his ruthless campaign
against American democracy.
The only reasoning there can be for the
President's soft-handed approach to Cuba is
that he is waiting for the Cubans to wipe
out Castro and his cutthroat henchmen
through a revolution. But the period of
waiting is taking too long. The Cubans who
want to revolt cannot go against Castro's
armies with picks and shovels. They will
need help in the form of arms from the
Americans.
Even if it is necessary to provide arms
through the back door (some South Ameri-
can country opposing Castro) we should
make this help available immediately.
UNESCO and U.S. Policy
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD
E(XTENSION OF -REMARKS
OF
HON. J. T. RUTHERFORD
OF TEXAS
IN'rHE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Saturday, October 13, 1962
Mr. RUTHERFORD. Mr. Speaker,
among the leading advocates in the Con-
gress for strong action against Cuba, the
gentleman from Florida [Mr. ROGERS]
has received press recognition for his ef-
forts. I include the following editorials
in the Record:
[From the Fort Myers News-Press, Sept. 22,
1962]
A BLOCKADE THAT'S NOT A BLOCKADE
The most sensible proposal made to date
in the hullabaloo over how to deal with Cuba
comes from Representative PAUL G. ROGERS.
The action he proposes would amount in
effect to a blockade but would not be one
in fact, with all the incalculable conse-
quences that such an "act of war" could
have.
From many quarters demands have been
made that the administration impose a
blockade on Cuba, which is nonsensical. A
blockade Is a step which a belligerent
takes in wartime. If we were to declare one
against Cuba it would amount to declaring
war on Cuba, and if we are to make war on
Cuba we should go all out on it. In any
other circumstances a blockade would be
merely one of those halfway measures that
the advocates of vigorous action decry. But
we are scarcely prepared to make war on our
neighbor.
A blockade would mean we would have
to halt any ships, those of the Communist
nations or those of our friends, which re-
fused to recognize it. We would have to
stop them with our warships or warplanes,
and sink them if necessary-a sure way to
lose friends and start a war, a war that
Castro isn't worth. Furthermore we would
invite the Russians to declare a similar
blockade in other waters to stop our ship-
ments to allies such as - Turkey.
Under ROGERS' proposal we could -achieve
the results of a blockade without incurring
these dangerous risks. The Communist sup-
plies, both military and nonmilitary which
are being poured into Cuba are being taken
there principally by ships of our allies, nota-
bly West Germany, Greece, and Italy. After
delivering their Communist cargoes to Cuba
these ships come to U.S. ports to load Ameri-
can goods for their return voyage, since Cuba
has nothing to export and it would not be
profitable for these ships to return empty.
ROGERS would stop this shipping by -banning
the use of American ports to any ships which
take goods to Cuba and banning the ship-
ment of American goods in such vessels. He
also would invoke against the countries
which own these ships the provision of the
Mutual Security Act which bare U.S. aid to
any country which aids Castro.
The administration - must consider it im-
portant to stop this shipping because it has
made mild diplomatic representations to the
other countries about it. These polite ex-
pressions of our concern have been shrugged
off by the other nations. Now the situation
calls for stronger measures and the Rogers
program points the way for them.
CONGRESSMAN PAUL ROGERS SEEKS BAN ON
CUBAN IMPORTS
Hats off to Congressman PAUL G. ROGERS
for introducing a resolution Wednesday call-
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Saturday, October 13, 1962
Mr. MOORHEAD of Pennsyl-
vania. Mr. Speaker, on October 11
through 13 the U.S. National Commis-
sion for UNESCO held its 22d meeting
in the Penn-Sheraton Hotel in Pitts-
burgh. This was the first time in its
16-year history that the commission has
met in Pittsburgh.
Under leave to extend my remarks in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
material, I include speeches made at this
meeting by Han. Lucius D. Battle, As-
sistant Secretary of State for Educa-
tional and Cultural Affairs, and Hon.
Harlan Cleveland, Assistant Secretary
of State for International Organization
Affairs.
UNESCO AND U.S. POLICY
(Address by the Honorable Lucius D. Battle,
Assistant Secretary of State for Educa-
tional and Cultural Affairs, at the U.S. Na-
tional Commission for UNESCO Meeting,
Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
October 12, 1962)
This is the first time I have had the op-
portunity formally to address the National
Commission for UNESCO since I briefly met
with you at your last session. I welcome
this opportunity to meet with you again.
Over the years, this commission has made
significant contributions to shaping our role
in UNESCO, including our position for the
important General Conference which opens
in Paris next month. I want to take this
opportunity to thank you very sincerely for
the constructive suggestions and advice
which you have given us; to report to you
on the steps we in the Government have
taken since your last meeting; and to dis-
cuss with you the general line we plan to
take at the General Conference. I can as-
sure you that we are going to Paris conscious
more than ever of the vital mission UNESCO
can play in the world today and of the con-
tinued leadership the United States must
exert in that Organization.
UNESCO today faces unprecedented chal-
lenges. The newly developing countries need
massive programs of education and training
to develop their human resources. This need
was implicit in the resolution unanimously
adopted by the U.N. General Assembly last
year designating the 1960'g as the U.N. de-
velopment decade. Indeed, it was the Presi-
dent of the United States who prompted this
joint pledge to wipe out mankind's present
plagues-poverty, ignorance, and disease.
UNESCO should play a crucial role in this
most promising project. We would all agree
that a country can develop and progress
only as fast and effectively as it can build its
human resources through education and
training. This. highly significant con-
clusion-that people provide the prime in-
gredient for progress-was pointed up at
UNESCO meetings in Addis Ababa, Tokyo,
and Santiago during the last year and a
half. The historic declaration adopted at
Santiago last March emphasized that the
next decade will be a crucial period in Latin
America in that it will decide whether or
not an anticipated 300 million people will
or will not be able to obtain higher living
standards and enjoy the benefits of tech-
nical and cultural standards "under liberty
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A7706 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
and the institutions of representative democ-
racy." Similar declarations emerged from
the deliberations at Addis Ababa and Tokyo.
UNESCO must be responsive to these new
needs; but to accomplish its mission In the
years ahead, the Organization must redirect
its program along lines that contribute di-
rectly to the objectives of the development
decade.
On the basis of a careful study of UNESCO's
proposed program and budget for 1963-84
(and I might add that we in the Department
of State are trying to make a more careful
study of the programs and budgets of all
the specialized agencies of the U.N. than
we have done in the past), we have found
that sufficient recognition has not been
given to the kind of redirection we have in
mind. The proposed program does not, for
example, sufficiently recognize the vital edu-
cational needs of the development decade,
nor does It, for that matter, adequately re-
flect the mandate of the 11th general con-
ference to give top priority to education.
The proposed budget would extend the gen-
eral level of increases in education and re-
lated programs to almost all phases of the
UNESCO operation, with the result that the
existing proliferation of UNESCO activities
would be continued. In this connection.
you will recall that In your report on your
April meeting you stated that "there was a
consensus that UNESCO should establish pri-
orities among its manifold activities and work
toward a greater concentration of effort in a
more limited number of fields in which it is
uniquely qualified to render service, rather
than permitting its resources to be spread
too thinly over a multitude of proliferating
projects." I heartily endorse this view.
We all recognize, of course, that the
UNESCO program must grow. The question
is, how and in what direction? We do not
accept the principle that such growth must
be across the board. Moreover, we feel very
keenly that the rate of growth must not ex-
ceed the management capabilities of UNESCO
and that the budget increase must not be
so high as to impose unreasonable demands
on member states.
In applying to the proposed budget the
criteria which I have just mentioned, the
Department has come to the conclusion that
the UNESCO budget level for 1963-84 should
provide for an increase of $5.5 million or 17
percent over the 1961-62 biennium. Such an
Increase would result In a budget level of
$38 million for the next biennium instead
of the budget of $40.884 million proposed by
the acting director-general. The $38 million
level would, in our view, permit the organiza-
tion to carry out all ongoing and new pro-
grams which in our judgment are necessary
and desirable.
Inasmuch as the budget level proposed by
the United States would require some cur-
tailment of program items of lesser or mar-
ginal usefulness, we recommended at the ex-
ecutive board meeting that the Acting Direc-
tor General reexamine the budget with a view
to eliminating or cutting back such activi-
ties; and that he be asked to revise the pro-
gram within a $38 million ceiling. As a
matter of general guidance in connection
with such reexamination, we suggested that
a close examination be made of the follow-
ing areas where, In our view, substantial cut-
backs could be made without sacrificing any
of the essential elements of the program.
First, we believe UNESCO should hold few-
er meetings and restrict these to topics of
genuine importance. The proposed program
of UNESCO calls for 126 meetings at a cost
exceeding $3 million. Fewer meetings would
give the Secretariat and member govern-
ments more time to prepare for them and
adequately to assess the results.
Second, we consider that the time has
come for UNESCO to determine whether the
nongovernmental organizations which it has
subsidized for many years can-at least In
some instances-become self-sustaining; and
whether or not UNESCO support, if neces-
sary. might take the form of contracts for
specific services instead of general subsidies.
While there is no question of the usefulness
of most of these organizations, It Is sig-
nificant to point out that the drain on
UNESCO for this type of support has now
risen to $1.5 million, and unless alterna-
tive ways are found to put these organiza-
tions on a more self-sustaining basis, they
will never achieve the independent status
which we consider desirable. I
Third, while we were pleased to note that
the acting director general has placed time
limits on support of regional institutes and
centers, we believe that UNESCO should, in
moat cases, try to phase out Its support at
dates earlier than those proposed by the
acting director general. UNESCO's proper
role with respect to such centers and insti-
tutes is to provide initial financial support,
based on the assumption that if the project
Is worthwhile and of value to member states.
the states receiving the service will even-
tually assume full responsibility for its sup-
port. If the centers and institutes do not
develop to the point of obvious usefulnes8
to the states In question, it is fair to con-
clude they should be phased out.
Fourth, in our opinion some activities of
UNESCO fall more properly within the scope
of other agencies such as the Food and Agri-
culture Organization, World Health Organi-
zation, and the International Labor Organi-
zation. Similarly, there may be activities
of these organizations which fall within the
purview of UNESCO. Shifting these activi-
ties to where they belong should eliminate
undesirable competition and duplication of
efforts, and should produce some savings.
Fifth, we consider that UNESCO should
abandon activities such as youth confer-
ences, tendentious publications, and those
seminars which lead to polemics rather than
scholarly results. The question is not only
one of cost, but one of integrity, for
UNESCO's standards of scholarship, like
Caesar's wife, must be above suspicion. A
special committee of your Commission has
been working on the difficult problem of
what the UNESCO publications policy should
be, and their views. I am sure, will be most
useful In our efforts to help UNESCO estab-
lish a sounder policy In this field.
In suggesting that UNESCO endeavor to
tighten up Its programs, our objective Is to
try to help UNESCO become a sounder, more
effective, and even more helpful organization
than it has been in the past.
The U.S. position, as I have outlined It,
found Immediate and wholehearted support
from the United Kingdom and New Zealand.
both of which had gone through a some-
what similar exercise and had come to about
the same conclusions. As a result of this
support. and the support of likeminded dele-
gations, it was possible to get through the
executive board a resolution to the general
conference along the lines of the U.H. post-
tion.
Although the margin of victory was slim,
the U.S. delegation viewed the executive
board action as highly significant In that it
marked one of the first Indications of a dis-
position on the pert of the executive board to
exert Itself as a true pollcymaking body in
the field of program and budget.
Much remains to be done it we are to have
the general conference approve our overall
position on the program and budget. We
hope for the support of other governments
for a $38 million budget ceiling and the
needed program revisions I have outlined.
Also, we are hopeful that some of the mar-
ginal activities of the organization will be
eliminated or curtailed In revisions which the
acting director general has been requested
by the executive board to propose and submit
to the general conference.
October 13
As you know, a new director general will
be elected by the general conference next
month. The present acting director general,
Rene Maheu, of France, has received the
nomination of the executive board. Who-
ever the choice of the general conference
may be. the new director general must and
will receive the full support of the United
States in facing the arduous tasks ahead. I
would like in the final few minutes to high-
light what I believe some of these tasks to be.
The first and foremost challenge is the
need for educational development which, as
I have said, is at the heart of the develop-
ment decade. We should have no doubt
about the scale of the need. One African
country alone has estimated that it will
need 20,000 teachers to achieve primary uni-
versal education during the next 20 years,
a goal set by the African countries them-
selves at the Addis Ababa Conference last
year. The Asian countries have estimated
that they will need to train 8 million new
teachers by 1980. These needs can be met
only by a concerted International effort.
UNESCO must face up to the implications
of the expanding frontier of science in other
areas. Among the prospects held out to us
by scientists are new sources of water, power,
and natural resources; desalinization of
ocean water; reclaiming the deserts; explor-
ing systematically the character of the
oceans; studying ways in which their poten-
tial can be more fully utilized for the bene-
fit of mankind; harnessing solar energy for
power; early earthquake detection; and the
enormous problem of providing water for
growing populations. All such research
henceforth will be unthinkable without in-
ternational cooperation, for such research
covering vast stretches of land, the ocean,
or outer space also affect the livelihood
of people across boundaries and are in many
cases too costly for any one country to un-
dertake.
In this short discussion, I have tried to re-
view with you our interests In UNESCO and
our objectives at the coming general con-
ference to make UNESCO an ever more vital
force for man's improvement, today and
also tomorrow. Indeed, it is not too early
to start thinking of priorities and concrete
proposals for the general conferences of 1964
and 1960. In our concern for the immediate,
we must not Ignore the long-range in the
planning of UNESCO's program. In conclu-
sion, let me assure you again of the faith
of your Government In UNESCO and of the
strong support it Is determined to give to the
improvement and revitalization of these pro-
grams in whose behalf you are giving so un-
sparingly of your own efforts.
HIGH HOPES AND A HARD LOOK
(Address by the Honorable Harlan Cleve-
land, Assistant Secretary of State for In-
ternational Organization Affairs, before
the 22d meeting of the U.S. National Com-
mission for UNESCO at the Penn-Shera-
ton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 12, 1962)
This morning you heard some plain words
from Luke Battle about the hard facts of
financing UNESCO. I think my colleague
has made it clear that the United Nations,
Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organi-
zation Is not unloved and will not be un-
done by the U.S. Government. We consider
UNESCO a priceless and irreplaceable or-
ganization-that is why we are determined
that it shall not become a catchall agency,
a refuge for dilettantism, a repository for
the tag ends of operations of other agen-
cies--or as Kipling said, "a sort of a bloomin'
cosmopolouse."
To some, however, the U.S. Intention to
hold down the proliferation of UNESCO ac-
tivities, and concentrate especially on Its
education program, may sound tightfisted
or even negative. It is tightfisted. But it
Is also an affirmative approach, consistent
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A7715
ressional District for electing me-and
.selecting me so many times.
I write this, therefore, with a deep
eeling of appreciation and some nos-
algia. As you know, I am relinquish-
rig my seat in Congress to run for the
J.S. Senate. I aspire to the 4-year term
f the late Senator Henry Dworshak. It
.iould be a privilege and a pleasure to
erve all of the people of Idaho from this
Our Friends Are at Sea: Aiding Cuba
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. PAUL G. ROGERS
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Saturday, October 13, 1962
Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speak-
r, I am sure the Congress and the
.merican people are encouraged by the
-etions of many friendly nations in stop-
Ing shipping to Communist Cuba.
While the list of countries which stand
with us grows, we all continue to wonder
t the actions of our formerly stanch
]ly, Great Britain.
Editor Don Shoemaker, of the Miami
[erald, in an editorial for October 11,
?oints out that Cuba must be supplied
-ith ships-and Britain is providing
nese ships.
Mr. Shoemaker points out:
When there are no ships handy, the jig is
p. Castro then has been isolated eco-
omically:
We have been very successful in get-
_ng true friends of the United States to
*operate with us to economically block-
de Cuba. As the editorial indicates,
'Treat Britain has reason to remember
ar actions when she was threatened-
nd should act accordingly.
I include this editorial in the RECORD,
s follows:
OUR FRIENDS ARE AT SEA
Has the United States the right to re-
uest its European allies not to provide
-lips for Russian trade with Cuba, and then
a exact mild penalties if they don't co-
aerate?
We think so. And some of them agree.
West German ships carry 12 percent of
-is Khrushchev-Castro trade and Norway's
-ansport 9 percent. Turkish vessels carry
pother portion. All of them will go along.
But this is just a beginning toward ex-
nution of a policy which is namby-pamby
best. For example, we are denying U.S.
-overnment cargoes to ships of any country
used in trade between Cuba and the Com-
munist bloc but these ships are free to pick
up commercial cargoes anywhere they can
find them.
Well, something in this case is better than
nothing at all. Thus we urge Washington to
use its best offices to get cooperation out
of Greece, which supplies 26 percent of the
total shipping, and Britain, which provides
another 15 percent.
If there is to be no blockade of Commu-
nist Cuba and if the reclamation of Cuban
soil by patriots is to be delayed, then these
halting moves against shipping must be
accepted as an alternative.
Before Castro had shown his colors plain-
ly for all to see, Cuba exported $223 million
worth of goods a year to the United States
and took $357 million worth from this coun-
try.
It is no coincidence that Cuba's current
trade with the Soviet Union almost equals
these figures.
For another way, Cuba's longtime orienta-
tion toward the United States as an economic
partner has now been switched to Russia.
This can go on only as long as the mer-
chant fleets of the free world are made avail-
able for Cuban-Communist bloc trade.
When there are no ships handy, the jig is
up. Castro then has been isolated economi-
cally.
Representative PAUL ROGERS, who has
helped keep the freeze on, thinks that Greece
can be induced to cooperate. With West
Germany and Norway doing their bit, the
only missing character in the drama is
Britain.
Our allies today are providing twice as
much shipping for the Cuban Communist
trade as the Communist bloc itself: it i?
strange, then, to hear the Economist of Lon-
don chiding Americans for a mood of
"furious impatience" over Cuba, especially
in connection with the mild ship embargo. -
Were Soviet Russia to establish a military
base at Calais opposite the coast of England,
it is likely that howls would go up from
London.
Hitler did. History remembers that Brit-
ain had some help in flushing him out, too.
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