FORTUNE MAGAZINE ARTICLE ON CUBAN INVASION WORTH REREADING IN LIGHT OF RECENT DISCUSSION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200230030-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 4, 2004
• Sequence Number: 30
• Publication Date: January 30, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

SIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX January 30
The basic industry in Nevada has until re-
cently been agriculture and mining. Of re-
cent years recreation has become one of
Nevada's major industries and it is growing.
Not content to rely upon this one industry.
Nevadans have started a new State, program
to attract industry to Nevada and it is pay-
ing off in new payrolls of hundreds of thou-
sands of, dollars. Names such as Rolley,
North Aerican, Aerojet, and Sandia grace
the State roll of home industries and many
others are surveying the State as sites for
branch offices and plants.
But what is most important, industry is
discovering a political and personal climate
created by aggressive, warm, friendly, imagi-
native, and progressive people. This is the
greatest inducement of all, along with a low
and limited tax structure. So, within the
last 3 years small industries have been lo-
cating in both our large and small counties.
I do not intend to indicate that we have
scored an industrial breakthrough. But we
have started, and we must walk before we
can run.
The population of the State 10 years ago
was approximately 150,000. Today it exceeds
the 350,000 mark. Next to Alaska, we are the
smallest State in population, but per capita
we are the fastest growing State in the Union.
Informed predictions tell us to expect over
500,000 residents in the next 8 years. Of this
number, more than 135,000 will be of school
age. This would be 25,000 more than the
entire population of the State in 1940.
As we daily lay the solid foundations for
the future, we can also expect a record pros-
perity. The personal income of Nevadans,
estimated at $512 million in 1960, should in-
crease to almost $2 billion by 1970. Tourism,
which should bring in about $660 million
this year, is expected to double in the same
period.
This, then is a brief picture of Nevada. We
are in a period of fantastic boom and we
must do everything we can to develop all
the resources at our disposal. Being a State
with 87 percent of her land owned by the
Federal Government, we have attempted to
use another very valuable resource at our
disposal-the Federal Government.
Along this line, I authorized the creation
of a resources council under the direct charge
of our State department of conservation.
This council, known as the Governor's natu-
ral resources council was enacted in Novem-
ber of 1959 and is made up of 14 State agen-
cies and 5 Federal agencies, all working in the
field of natural resources. The five agencies
are Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest
Service, Soil Conservation Service, Fish and
,Wildlife Service, and Indian service.
I cannot stress too much the important
work this council has done in the field of
better coordination and better operations.
It has provided a mechanism to facilitate
exchange of information so that each agency
can plan its program with full knowledge
and better understanding of the related pro-
grams of other agencies. The council pro-
vides a forum for discussion and clarifica-
tion of matters'of mutual concern. At the
present time the council is working out the
final details of a proposed State development
plan. -
Our relations with the Federal agencies
has been good. We have made every effort
to bring around good working relationship
and have made them feel they are a part of
our team. I can say that we have found the
personnel of these agencies most receptive.
This is, we think, important in a public-do-
main State such as Nevada if we are to de-
velop our natural resources to meet the ever-
increasing demands of rapid growth.
ortune Magazine Article on Cuban Inva-
sion Worth Rereading in Light of Re-
cent Discussion
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 14, 1963
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, after the
ill-fated Cuban invasion, Charles J. V.
Murphy, the respected and thorough
Washington editor of Fortune magazine,
did a full scale study of what had taken
place and this I placed in the RECORD of
September 20, 1961, A7456-A7460. It is
noteworthy that at that time President
Kennedy called the article "the most in-
accurate" published about the Cuban af-
fair, and although we have all become
more used to the heavy handed pressures
of the Kennedy administration upon the
press, we had not reached the stage of
"managed news" that exists now. The
Murphy Fortune article was later award-
ed the best foreign reporting award by
the Overseas Press Club of New York-
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, May 16, 1962,
page 7829-an organization not exactly
noted for being critical of the Kennedy
administration. What happened was
that honest reporters and editors. knew
these were the facts and were able at
that time to vote as their consciences
dictated. Now in a recent interview with
President Eisenhower, David Kraslow, of
the Chicago Daily News-St. Louis Post-
Dispatch service, in an article dated De-
cember 23, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, says:
He mentioned favorably an article that ap-
peared last year in Fortune magazine, pur-
porting to give the inside story of what
went wrong in the Bay of Pigs planning.
General Eisenhower repeated his
praise for this article and its accuracy
on CBS-TV during an interview with
Walter Cronkite, Wednesday, January 23,
as part of the "CBS Report" series. In
view of the fact that reliable reports
reached me at the time of the original
Fortune piece that the White House had
sent at least one general and others up
to New York to try to suppress this story,
and having failed to do so, sought to dis-
credit it, it does seem appropriate for
all of us to reread this Fortune article.
This is all the more necessary in light
of Attorney General Robert Kennedy's
interview in U.S. News & World Report
this month rewriting history about Cuba.
It is to be hoped that the editors of
Fortune will continue to report the news
as they find it and that efforts to black-
ball, intimidate, and otherwise harass
editors like Mr. Murphy will be stopped.
We need a free press and the members
of the press need to fight a lot harder for
it.
The above-mentioned article follows:
[From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Dec. 23,.
1962]
EISENHOWER ADVOCATES TRUTH OVER MANAGED
NEWS POLICY
(By David Kraslow)
GETTYSBURG, PA., December 22.-Former
President Eisenhower believes that truth is a
better weapon in the cold war against com-
munism than managed news.
In an exclusive 1-hour interview in his
office on the Gettysburg College campus,
Eisenhower spoke with feeling on the contro-
versy that erupted in the wake of the Ken-
nedy administration's handling of news in
the recent Cuban crisis. He spoke as one
who had lived with the problem during 8
years in the White House.
His comments implied criticism of Presi-
dent Kennedy's news policies, but not once
did Eisenhower refer by name to Mr. Ken-
nedy or any official in his administration.
However, when Eisenhower wanted to urge
more truth and less news management, he
chose to turn around a statement made by a
Department of Defense official in the Cuban
crisis. The statement he chose was the one
made by Arthur Sylvester, Assistant Secre-
tary of Defense for Public Affairs. Sylvester
admitted that news was used as a weapon
in the showdown with the Soviet Union.
Eisenhower had known for several weeks
that the interview would deal almost entirely
with the news management issue. He was
told so in the written request for the inter-
view.
NECESSARY COLORING
We have to recognize, he stressed, that on
sensitive international matters governments
occasionally have to color or withhold news,
but he warned that this can be heady stuff,
that such a practice, unless sharply con-
trolled, can easily lead to distortion and
manipulation of news for political con-
venience rather than for national security.
He said that there was some indication of
management of news not merely in the in-
terests of national security, but for personal
reasons. He did not relate this remark to
the Cuban crisis or otherwise explain it.
Eisenhower said that he has no reason to
think that the American people have not
been told the truth on the Cuban situation,
but he noted that he does not know all the
facts.
He said that he sees no reason why the
administration should not now release a full
and official version of what happened in the
abortive attempt to invade Cuba in April
1961. The Bay of Pigs invasion is history,
he said, and the official story should have
been told long ago.
He mentioned favorably an article that ap-
peared last year in Fortune magazine, pur-
porting to give the inside story of what went
wrong in the Bay of Pigs planning.
Eisenhower expressed surprise when in-
formed that Mr. Kennedy, at a press confer-
ence, branded the article as inaccurate. He
said that he was not aware that the Presi-
dent had made such a statement.
A TOUGH QUESTION
If management of news is to be accepted,
Eisenhower was asked, how can the people
feel assured that the Government is not
using this power to conceal mistakes and
even scandals?
That, he replied, is a really tough question,
one that'he wrestled with in the White
House. He is not sure that there is a satis-
factory answer. He was aware, he said, that
he had been criticized severely a number of
times for what was called excessive secrecy.
He said that there must be a certain
amount of trust in a, President and that a
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Appendix'
Administering a Public-Land State
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OP
HON. HOWARD W. CANNON
OF NEVADA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Wednesday, January 30, 1963
Mr. CANNON. Mr. President, on De-
cember 11 through 13 of 1962, the Na-
tional Association of Counties held its
grazing, water, and revenue confer-
ence in Las Vegas, Nev. During the
course of the conference, Gov. Grant
Sawyer gave an address entitled "Gov-
erning a Federally Owned State." In
that address he pointed out some of the
difficulties which arise as a result of the
high percentage of federally controlled
land and some of the efforts being made
to facilitate the cooperative agreements
that must necessarily be entered into.
His speech gives an interesting and in-
formative resume of the admission of
Nevada to the Union and for these rea-
sons should make interesting reading for
Members of the Congress.
During past sessions I have attempted
at different times to abate the view held
by many people that Nevada was not a
good place to hold conventions, In each
case where meetings have been sched-
uled and held these reservations have
been eliminated. Consequently, I am
pleased that Governor Sawyer chose to
begin his remarks by setting out for the
record the true facts as they relate to
some of these misconceptions.
I ask unanimous consent that Gov-
ernor Sawyer's remarks beprinted in the
Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the REcolul,
as follows:
ADDRESS BY GOV. GRANT SAWYER. OF NEVADA
I would like, at the outset of your gather-
ing, to make an observation: I am most con-
fident that you will find that the facilities
and environment for serious deliberation In
Las Vegas rank with the best in the world.
After all, gentlemen, your meetings take
place In the day time. And the dazzle of
our entertainment grows brightest after sun-
down. So, unless you Insist upon enjoying
all of the sights of this remarkable city, you
will find ample opportunity to get down to
the business of good government.
But seriously, there has been concern In
some quarters about the selection of Las
Vegas for no-nonsense conventions.
The highly proper American Medical As-
sociation was Invited In 1961 to hold Its con-
vention In this city. The bid was rejected for
an outspoken minority felt the atmosphere
was unfit for a serious-minded convention
such as theirs.
This year, however, an equally -august
group, the American Academy of General
Practice, held Its convention here in Las
Vegas. The membership was delighted with
the results. The Las Vegas site drew the
largest turnout the academy had ever en-
joyed at a convention.
In -a letter to the Las Vegas convention
director, the executive director of the acad-
emy had some words of advice for the other
cautious groups. He wrote: "To whatever
extent I may have felt originally that we were
gambling In selecting Las Vegas, I can only
say now that we hit the jackpot. To those
other groups who have waited to see how the
-academy fared, I can give hearty reassurance
that Las Vegas can be included in their
future schedules with full confidence."
So the American Medical Association also
came to Las Vegas, and enjoyed one of the
finest conventions of its distinguished exist-
ence. AMA's success has been repeated by
many other of the Nation's top-ranking or-
ganizations. During the first 9 months of
this year. 91 convention groups, totaling
89.752 delegates and associates, have been
held in our Las Vegas convention center.
Our resort hotels, moreover, provide the best
in convention facilities.
Las Vegas, then, offers the ideal package
for conventions: the proper atmosphere
for serious deliberations, and the drawing
power of the world's finest entertainment.
I am confident you will find this to be a
fact during your visit In this city.
The subject of administering a public-
land State Is perhaps not too different than
In States where a large percentage of land is
In private ownership. Nevada does, how-
ever, point the problem up more than other
States because Federal ownership controls
all but about 13 percent of the land area of
the State.
Before going into some of the statistics of
the State, you might be Interested In a brief
review of some of the early history of Nevada.
What is now Nevada was owned by Mexico up
to the time of the treaty of Guadalupe Hi-
dalgo in 1848 when Mexico ceded to the
United States the area covered by the States
of California. Nevada, and Utah, the larger
part of Arizona, about one-half of New
Mexico and small parts of Wyoming and Colo-
rado. This cession, representing about 18
percent of the total area of the United
States, cost about $16 million.
It was In 1846, 2 years previous to the
treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, that the fatal
journey of the Donner party in Its attempt to
reach California over the Sierra Nevada
Mountains a few miles westerly of Reno,
took place, and it was In 1847, 1 year later
that the Mormon people, led by Brigham
Young, arrived In the region adjacent to
Great Salt Lake. Some years after arriving
In the great basin, Brigham Young and his
people began to colonize this little-known
region, and in 1849 organized the free and
independent State of Deseret. This State
embraced a large area extending south from
the 42d degree of latitude. which Is the
northern boundary of California, Nevada,
and Utah, to the 33d degree of latitude near
the southern Arizona boundary and westerly
from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra
Nevada Mountains, and including a section
of territory now in southern California, with
Salt Lake City as Its capital. Congress re-
jected a memorial asking for recognition as a
territorial government. In 1850 California
was made a State, the territory of Utah was
created, and also the territory of New Mexico.
The Utah territory extended from the Rocky
Mountains to the California State line and
from the 42d degree of latitude to the 37th
degree of latitude.
At that time, what is now Clark County
with Las Vegas as Its county seat, was In the
territory of New Mexico and remained so un-
til It became a part of the territory of Ari-
zona which was created in 1863.
On March 2, 1861, the Territory of Nevada
was created and James Nye was appointed
Governor of the Territory by Abraham Lin-
coln. When Governor Nye arrived to take
over his duties he brought with him Orien
Clemens as his secretary. Orien Clemens was
accompanied by his secretary, his brother
Samuel Clemens, better known by his nom
de plume of "Mark Twain," who subsequent-
ly related in one of his books that he found
out after arriving his job carried no salary.
On October 31, 1884, the Territory of Ne-
vada became a State. Clark County and
parts of Lincoln and Nye Counties were not
in the State but were still in the Territory
of Arizona. In 1868, by a congressional act,
this southern boundary of the State was
moved 2' southward, which took In Clark
County. However, it was provided that this
area could not be added to the State without
approval by the State legislature, which was
not obtained until 1867. History relates that
during the legislative deliberations there was
some discussion as to whether or not they
should add to the State such a barren waste
of volcanic rock. Little did the early pioneers
visualize the present-day Las Vegas.
Nevada has an area of 70,265,000 acres of
which 61 million is owned by the Federal
Government. This represents 86.9 percent
Federal ownership. Other than Alaska, Ne-
vada has more Federal ownership than any
other State. California follows with 45 mil-
lion acres representing 44.9 percent, then
Utah with 36,400,000 acres or 69.1 percent
federally owned.
The federally owned land in Nevada Is un-
der the jurisdiction of a number of agencies,
the major ones being Bureau of Land Man-
agement, 47,360,000 acres; Forest Service, 5,-
058,000 acres; Air Force, 3,331,000 acres; Fish
and Wildlife, 2.927.000 acres; and Bureau of
Reclamation, 1.160,000 acres.
The 9,240,000 acres not.in Federal owner-
ship includes the grants to railroads com-
prising 5,086,000 acres. The remaining lands
In private ownership represent about 6 per-
cent of the State's total area.
In 1867 Nevada, through its legislature,
consented to take advantage of the 16- and
38-section grant, but in 1880, also through its
legislature, It consented to relinquish the 16
and 36 section grant and to take In lieu
thereof 2 million acres to be selected on any
part of the surveyed open public domain.
Apparently the State at that time felt It nec-
essary to enter into that compromise. The
surveys of the public lands were proceeding
to slowly and the young State so desperately
in need of revenue on which to exist that, at
that time, there seemed no alternative.
Nevada received in total grants 2,733,564
acres of land. At this time, in 1962, there
are only a few hundred acres of land remain-
ing from the grants in State ownership. Of
the 11 Western States, Nevada received by
far the smallest acreage in grants. The next
lowest was the State of Washington with
3,077,000 acres In grant land. New Mexico
received 13,153,000 acres, Arizona 10,589,000
acres, California 8,837,000 acres, Utah 7,550,-
000 acres.
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CQ?GRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A395
President should apply a rule of reason con- Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, and
tenant with Jew- Our primary concern is for the laws of
tees of a free the first an guaran- ish clergymen confessed that their churches God. We, Americans of all religious faiths,
press, had done little in focusing their peoples' have been slow to recognize that racial dis-
As a matter of principle, he said, he is attention on the immorality of racial preju- crimination and segregation are an insult
against censorship, even in wartime, because dice. Frequent references were made to the to God, the Giver of human dignity and
he regards it as self-defeating. "We don't possibilities that if the churches had spoken human rights. Even worse, we all have par-
want to tell the enemy anything, of course," out in a united voice more than 100 years ticipated in perpetuating racial discrimina-
he noted, "but the important thing is to keep ago the Civil War might have been avoided. Lion and segregation in civil, political, in-
faith with the American people and our heri- The conference did more than lament the dustrial, social, and private life. And worse
tage. We must not confuse our people and failure of the churches and issue a state- still, in our houses of worship, our religious
undermine the credibility of our Govern- ment. It decided to set up 10 pilot projects schools, hospitals, welfare institutions, and
ment." to provide religious leadership in an attack fraternal organizations we have often failed
REGRETS ACTION IN U-2 CASE , on racial bias on an interreligious basis, our own religious commitments. With few
Eisenhower then indicated his regret that These cities were selected on a regional basis: exceptions we have evaded the mandates and
he did not, obey his instincts when Francis Chicago, Detroit, New Orleans, Oakland, San rejected the promises of the faiths we
Gary Powers and his U-2_ reconnaissance Francisco, St. Louis, San Antonio, Seattle, represent.
plane were shot down over the Soviet Union. and Pittsburgh. There is a possibility that We repent our failures and ask the forgive-
His advisers urged him to put out the cover other cities-including Milwaukee, Wash- ness of God. We ask also the forgiveness of
story that had long been prepared to dis- ington, and New York-will undertake the our brothers, whose rights we have ignored
guise the spying mission in such an even- project at a later date. and whose dignity we have offended. We call
tuality. . The conference was convened by the social for a renewed religious conscience on this
His instinct told him to say nothing, he action department of the National Catholic basically moral evil.
said, but he finally acce
Welfare Conf
ted th
p
e strong ad-
erence (its chairman is Arch-
vice of his aids. bishop Cousins) ; the Department of Racial
Soviet Premier Khrushchev then proved to and Cultural Relations of the National Coun-
the world, by producing Powers and photo- cil of Churches; and the Social Action Com-
graphs of his plane, that the U.S. Govern- mission of the Synagogue Council of Amer-
ment had lied, ica.
Apparently the incident still nettles Eisen- At the plenary session on Monday evening,
hower, and perhaps helps to explain the Cardinal Meyer was the Catholic spokesman
strong views he expressed on the danger of on the subject: "Interracial Justice and
tampering with a flow of honest news in a Love: Challenge to a Religious America."
free society. It is so easy to misuse power. Archbishop Cousins was chairman of this
Government should never fool the people for meeting. In addition to these members of
the sake of fooling the people, he said, the American hierarchy, there were 2 more
Msgr. Franklyn J. Kennedy and Catholic lay people from the 68 participating religious
groups
cial Prejudice
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. HENRY S. REUSS
religious faiths commented publicly that the
conference was an outgrowth of the Ecu-
menical Council called by Pope John XXIII.
Archbishop Cousins said: "He has shown
us all the way to work together. In the past,
misgivings and misunderstandings have
hampered cooperative effort. Now, following
'
OF wlscoSlsxl3. our Holy Father
s example, we meet as
brethren in the fullest Christian sense."
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, January 24, 1963 - . _ +. AN APPEAL To THE CONSCIExscs OF THE
q
y o
a
men under God.
Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, America's AMERICAN PEOPLE We dedicate ourselves to work together to
position in the world today requires that We have met as members of the great make this commitment a vital factor in our
we remove from our shores all traces of Jewish and Christian faiths held by the ma- total life.
jority of the American people, to counsel to- We call upon all the American people to
prejudice, discrimination, and segrega- gether concerning the tragic fact of racial work, to pray, and to act courageously in the
tion. One of the most important leaders prejudice, discrimination and segregation in cause of human equality and dignity while
In this fight is Msgr. Franklyn J. Ken- our society. Coming as we do out of various there is still time, to eliminate racism per-
nedy, editorial manager of the Catholic religious backgrounds, each of us has more manently and decisively, to seize the historic
Herald Citizen, of Milwaukee. to say than can be said here. But this state- opportunity the Lord has given us for heal-
The Herald Citizen recently covered ment is what we as religious people are ing an ancient rupture in the human fam-
the National Conference on Religion and moved to say together. fly, to do this for the glory of God.
R
c
a
e in Chicago. This conference was
attended by 700 Catholic, Protestant,
Orthodox, and Jewish leaders from all
over the pountry. I include an article
from. the Catholic Herald Citizen cover-
ing this conference. I also include the
'$nal statement which the conference
issued, "An Appeal to the Conscience
of America." Monsignor Kennedy has
said of this document that it "is not only
a stirring reminder of the 100th anni-
versary of the Emancipation Proclama-
tion, it is a call to action": _
RACIAL PREJUDICE IS AN INSULT TO GOD; IT
MUST Go Now, CONFERENCE STATES
CsilcAGo.-More than 700 representatives
of the Nation's major faiths met for 4 days
here last week in a National Conference on
Religion and Race. Because they agreed
unanimously that "racial discrimination and
segregation are an insult to God," they issued
"An Appeal to the Conscience of the Amer-
ican People."
Z
Racism is our most serious domestic evil.
We must eradicate it with all diligence and
speed. For this purpose we appeal to the
consciences of the American people.
This evil has deep roots; it will not be
easily eradicated. While the Declaration of
Independence did declare "that all men are
created equal" and "are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable rights,"
slavery was permitted for almost a century.
Even after the Emancipation Proclamation,
compulsory racial segregation and its de-
grading badge of racial inequality received
judicial sanction until our own time.
We rejoice in such recent evidences of
greater wisdom and courage in our national
life as the Supreme Court decisions against
segregation and the heroic, nonviolent pro-
tests of thousands of Americans. However,
we mourn the fact that patterns of segrega-
tion remain entrenched everywhere-north
and south, east and west. The spirit and
the letter of our laws are mocked and
violated.
n
Our appeal to the American people is this:
Seek a reign of justice in which voting
rights and equal protection of the law will
everywhere be enjoyed; public facilities and
private ones serving a public purpose will be
accessible to all; equal education and cul-
tural opportunities, hiring and promotion,
medical and hospital care, open occupancy in
housing will be available to all.
Seek a reign of love in which the wounds
of past injustices will not be used as ex-
cuses for new ones; racial barriers will be
eliminated; the stranger will be sought and
welcomed; any man will be received as
brother-his rights, your rights; his pain,
your pain; his prison, your prison.
Seek a reign of courage in which the peo-
ple of God will make their faith their bind-
ing commitment; in which men willingly
suffer for justice and love; in which churches
and synagogues lead, not follow.
Seek a reign of prayer in which God is
praised and worshiped as the Lord of the
universe, before whom all racial idols fall,
who makes us one family and to whom we
are all responsible.
In making this appeal we affirm our com-
mon religious commitment to the essential
dignity and e
ualit
f
ll
art 4: Let's Keep the Record Straight-
A Selected Chronology of Cuba and
Castro, March 12, 1962-September 13,
1962
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. DON L. SHORT
OF NORTH DAKOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, January 24, 1963
Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, I now offer
part 4 of my chronology of Cuba and
Castro, as my continuing effort to refresh
the memories of the Congress and of the
American people on the course of events
taking place between Cuba. and the
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Herald Citizen Lead Fight Against Ra- More than one speaker from each of the
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A396 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX Januarj?'311'
United States and which now are a part clans, goods and weapons, arriving in Communist Party assumption of authority
ofOur modern history. Cuban-with an acknowledgement 2 days in the Castro regime at Havana" (New We find detailed here the desperation later by the President that this was in- York Times. Mar. 17,1982) .
March 20, 1962: Guatemala formally ac-
of Premier Fidel Castro in his efforts to deed true. cuses Cuba of aiding an uprising in Guate-
cope with economic chaos in Cuba. We This recalls to mind the press con- male: the charge is made in a note to the
find the Cuban youth being urged to ference on November 29, 1961, in which President of the council of the organization
develop a more intense "Marxist spirit, President Kennedy declared that the ofAmerican 22. 1Cates. use Government Opera-
a more Communist spirit." and their Pre- United States would be "most concerned" committee. the V.S. Government
mien promising them the glories of a if the Castro regime in Cuba attempted Lions to press a $99.4 million claim against Cuba
"more advanced stage, not socialism, but to overthrow the existing government in for seizure of the Nicaro nickel plant in
communism." the Dominican Republic or in any other Oriente Province, because the plant had
Then we find on March 28, 1962, the Latin American state. And that prior been operated by the V.S. Government.
first U.S, State Department reports of to the news report of the shipments to March 23, 1962: V.N. Security Council re-
Soviet bloc military aid to Cuba. Latin American countries of weapons jects by a vote of 7 to 2 a Cuban charge rican We find $62 million in ransom de- and propaganda, the Guatemalan Gov- that thetOrganizN. Charter in ation of Amery ring t bs
manded for Cuban prisoners taken dur- ernment-on March 20, 1962-formally The Be-
ing the abortive uprising of the exiles. accused Cuba in a note to the Organi- vrfom om Council the inte Irater--AAmerericaican by a system. . The S 4
t that the question of the
And we find the odd spectacle of Presi- nation of American States of aiding an a Cuban requesalso vote of to
dent Kennedy announcing that these uprising in Guatemala. legality of the OAS action be submitted to
Cuban prisoners are really a responsi- The chronology details our military the World Court.
bility of the United States because they callup of 150,000 members of the Re- On the same day, Fidel Castro and his
were "trained and armed for this inva- serves to active duty and that three of brother Raul are named to the two top posts
sion by the Eisenhower administration" our Republican Senators proposed in the Secretariat of the Integrated Revolu-
and given the "signal to let them go by amendments to the Presidential request ti nary rg nization, the a 5-m poditica-which the Kennedy administration." However, for authority for the cailup, which would pity Cubais set UP
The Premier n a named the
he states the U.S. Government will not give him added authority to prevent vie- organization's first secretary and Armed
negotiate with Cuba to ransom the lation of the Monroe Doctrine and to Forces Minister Raul Castro is named second
prisoners. And the thought occurs to intervene in Cuba, if it became necessary. secretary.
us that the American public then must The American public, along about this March 26, 1962: Premier Castro (in a ra-
pick up the pieces and be responsible for time, was admonished by the President dio-television broadcast) denounces Anibal
Government actions of which they were to "keep both their nerve and their Eesacall= e. haa ving ti Cuban chaos Communist
all
never really officially informed-and at heads." This brings to mind Plutarch, leader, having brought '.tried to create aall
an
co r tnt to pursue and h 'trends" He adds
this late date still have not been-if we who in commenting on a man being the the count for
at Ecsalante has been "separated" and that
analyze the President's thinking car- praised for his foolhardy bravery, stated: thappara personal
rectly. And our thoughts further turn There Is a wide difference between true he had much to do with inspiring a spirit
to the four Americans known to be im- courage and a mere contempt of life. of "sectarianism," leading many to believe
prisoned in Red China: Hugh F. Red- And this quotation-in a nutshell- that the only ones who could be given im-
mond, Richard G. Fechteau. John T. describes the difference in the attitud portent posts "were the old and militant
e revolutionaries."
Downey, and Bishop James E. Walsh. of a truly republican form of govern- March 2e, 1962: U B. State Department is-
These men are known to be political ment-and the Communist form of gov- sues report of Soviet bloc military aid to
hostages and our State Department de- ernment-toward human life. Cuba; it estimates that Cuba has received
dares their relanissue and return to this The chronology follows: $ 00 million of military aid to train se and
country to be an Of utmost IM- A S9LRCr~ CHRONOLOGY ON CuzA, MARCH 12 revise 6Cuban 76 MIG lots jet Seders, and pro
portance. TO OcroBazR 24, 1962, Br THS LRGIsLATIvz provide for Cuba's ground
of 3 modern weapons These win-
In-
We remember, too, the 21 prisoners of SeRVIC6 TAE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS vide modern
war who first refused repatriation after March 12, 1962: Premier Fidel Castro an- forces : f to 250 heavy and These weapons eap tanks,
the Korean war was ended. Ten finally nounces nationwide food and soap rationing 50 de 150 to 250 500 to medium
y
became disillusioned with dialectical ma- to become effective March 19. He links 50 to assault guns, hepieces, 500 to 1,000 antiai1,000 rcraft field ank r il-
terialism and returned to this country. shortages of food and consumer goods to a guys, ace mortars, 200.000 small alms, and
One diedin Red China. And 10 still re- "brutal economic blockade" against t Cuba. some pa00 trol vessels and torpedo boats.
main there. He denounces "Yankee imperialism" March 29, 1982: Government begins trial
We think of the 389 American soldiers making ""desperate efforts" to destroy the (at Principe prison, in a suburb of Havana)
Cuban revolution. He also says that ""we of 1,182 prisoners captured after the unsuc-
still officially regarded as missing out whom have the shame of not being able to fulfill cessful invasion last April.
the original figure of 944-and of whom promises because we made subjective anal- On the same day, the Council of the Or-
no trace, report, or record has been yses" and because many of Cuba's most Kann then of American states votes by 18
found--since the Korean war. skilled workers were either "taken away by to 0 with 3 abstentions, to express a firm
And we finally think of the eight imperialism" or "driven away by our mis- hope that the rebel prisoners will have every
American prisoners-one being held in trust although they could have been won legal guarantee of their trial.
the Soviet Union, three held in the Soviet over." April 3, 1982: Ecuador severs diplomatic
March 14. 1982: Premier Castro (at a Uni- relations with Cuba, and becomes the 15th
Zone of Germany, one held ! ht e versity of Havana rally) urges Cuban youth nation of the Americas to do so.
Slovakia, and another still thought to b to be to develop a more intense "Marxist spirit, a April 8, 1982: Military tribunal sentences
held in Czechoslovakia. more Communist spirit." and says that the each of the prisoners to 30 years imprison-
And we wonder how the families and young in Cuba will-some day live "in another meat, but offers to free them on the pay-
friends of these American prisoners feel more advanced stage, not socialism, but merit of a total of $82 million in ransom.
and if jlerhaps the American public communism." The ransom is set at $500,000 each for the
should not be reminded that these men, March 17, 1962: Premier Castro (in a tele- 3 leaders of the invasion farce, $100,000 for
vision broadcast) declares that "the revolu- 221 others, and $50,000 or $25,000 for the
too, were caught in a Communist trap Lion needs to revise all the revolutionary remaining 995 men.
and deserve to be considered a national nuclei and all the political apparatus ' ' ' April 11, 1982: Pravda (official newspaper
American to do away with the errors and abuses and to of the Soviet CParty) endorses
responsibility by the public and the
Government. gain good performance.'* He singles out the expulsion of Escalan Communist by Premier Castro
In this portion of the chronology we those "who think they are more revolution- for expu o further his personal ambitions r Catro
n exiles report from Havana that
find reports of weapons, ammunition, and ary than anybody and have the right-to mis- The Cubato .
propaganda in the form of a Communist- treat and humiliate others.- He also criti- will release 54 sick and wounded
cizes the watchdog defense committees set Cuba uba will in ereturn lease for ransom payment.
authored book on how to wage guerrilla up to guard against counterrevolution Prisoners, warfare are being sent to nine Latin (which exist in every big city and through- On the same day, President Kennedy (at a
American countries from Cuba. Then out the countryside) as having committed news conference) declares that the V.S. Gov-
we learn of 20 Soviet ships carrying from injustices. "Observers linked Premier Cas- ernment will not negotiate with Cuba to
8,000 to 5,000 Communist-bloc techni- tro's statements to the advancement of ransom the prisoners. "[These men] were
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A397
trained and armed. for tliis invasion by the August 29, 1962: President Kennedy (at a would use "whatever means may be neces-
Eisenhower administration, The signal to press conference) states that United States sary" to prevent aggression by Cuba against
let them go and the means to get them there has no intention of invading Cuba "at this any part of the Western Hemisphere. -
were given by the Kennedy administration time." He adds that "the words do not have September 7, 1962: President Kennedy asks
* * ? Can the U.S. Government * * *, some secondary meaning. I think it would Congress for authority to order 150,000 mem-
wash its hands of them? We think not. be a mistake to invade Cuba." He declares bers of the military Reserves to active duty
Though the, idea of bartering with Castro that the United States has already been in for a year, if necessary, "to permit prompt
for human lives is deeply repulsive, the consultation with NATO nations whose ship- and effective responses * * * to challenge
United States still has a responsibility for ping firms have chartered vessels to the So- * * * in any part of the free world."
those lives." viet Union to haul military goods to Cuba.- September 11, 1962: Soviet Union (in a
April 28, 1962: Premier Castro demands "Even to consider [blockade or invasion] as statement issued by Tass, Soviet press agen-
that the committee pay the $2.5 million ran- possibilities requires far greater Latin Ameri- cy) warns that any attack by the United
som within i week; if not, he states that, can sympathy for Washington's attitude than States on Cuba or upon Soviet ships bound
the remaining prisoners will be sent to the now exists." for Cuba would mean war. It asserts that
Isle of Pines to begin serving terms of 30 August 31, 1962: U.S. Navy plane on a Soviet arms in Cuba are for defensive pur-
years imprisonment. training flight over international waters near poses only. It adds that the Soviet Defense
May 14, 1962: Toss (Soviet news agency) Cuba is fired on by two naval vessels. The Ministry is taking "all measures to raise our
reports that the Soviet-Cuban trade agree- White House announces that the ships are armed forces to peak military preparedness."
anent for 1962 is to be increased to about believed to be Cuban, and that U.S. aircraft On the same day, Premier Castro (in a
$750 million under an agreement signed in and ships have been authorized to use "all speech to an educators' convention in
Moscow, a level of trade _ almost 40 percent means necessary" to protect themselves Havana) declares that the United States is
higher than in 1961. The supplementary against any similar attack in the future. "playing with fire and with war," and adds
agreement calls for the supply of consider- September 2, 1962: Soviet Union announces that "we do not want imperialism to commit
able quantities of wheat, corn, beans, fats, (in a communique issued on the talks be- suicide on our coast."
canned meat, and milk. tween Minister of Industries Ernesto Guevara Also on the same day, the Havana radio
June 3, 1962: New York Herald Tribune and Premier Khrushchev and other Soviet reports that a "pirate vescel" entered a har-
states that President Kennedy has been given leaders) that it has agreed to supply arms bor in north-central Cuba and fired more
an intelligence report of clandestine move- to Cuba and to provide specialists to train than 60 shots into a British freighter and a
ments of rifles, automatic weapons and am- Cuba's armed forces. The communique Cuban ship. An exile organization in Miami
munition from four dispersal centers in states that the arms are intended to meet the known as Alpha 66 acknowledges respon-
Cuba to nine Latin American countries: "threats" of "aggressive imperialist quarters," sibility for the attack.
Nicaragua, Honduras, Venezuela, Brazil, Co- a watershed in hemispheric history. It was September 12, 1962: Three Republican
lombia, Peru, Ecuador,. Paraguay and Bolivia, a power move in the cold war by the Soviet Senators propose amendments to President
The report asserts that file?arms have been Union, as if a pawn had been advanced on a Kennedy's reserve mobilization bill that
accompanied by hundreds of copies of Maj. global chessboard. It was also a daring and would authorize the President to take "such
Ernesto Guevara's book, "Guerrilla Warfare." defiant gambit by, Premier Castro to action as is necessary" to prevent viola-
June 16, 1962: Government parades tanks, strengthen his regime and his revolution. tion of the Monroe Doctrine and to inter-
troops, and artillery through the streets of Cuba now cannot be invaded * * * without vene in Cuba.
Cardenas, a port 90 miles east of Havana, in killing Russians. The added dangers of an on the same day, Moscow newspapers
response to popular demonstrations over invasion are clear. Far more than Cuba and publish the statement of the Soviet Govern-
food scarcities. President Osvaldo Dnrticos Fidel Castro are involved. The wrecked ment warning of war if the United States
Torrado denounces (at a. political rally in Cuban economy will take a long time to re- interferes with Cuba.
Cardenas) "wretched counterrevolutionary build-4 or 5 years at least, if the revolution The effect on Soviet policy of the Russian
provocations." lasts that long * * *. No direct move on our people's reactions toward Cuba: "There is
July 26, 1962: Premier Castro (in a speech part could succeed unless the other Latin considerable sympathy for the Cubans
at, a celebration in Santiago de Cuba of the American powers went along with us. among the Russian people. However,, there
9th anniversary of his 26th of July Move- "It took 50 years to create the OAS, and was an adverse public reaction in July 1960,
ment) declares that President Kennedy "is only the most extreme emergency would when Premier Khrushchev implied that So-
set on launching an attack against our viet rockets would be launched if the United
justify breaking it up" (New York Times,
country," He,, announces to thousands of Sept. 9, 1962) States attacked Cuba. The Premier later
.
workers that rationing. will be extended from On the same day, a U.S. State Department qualified this remark as symbolic. Experi.
food to shoes and clothing. spokesman declares that the Moscow an- enced Western observers [in Moscow] be-
August 6, 1962: James Donovan, the U.S. nouncement "merely confirms what has been lieve that a large section of Soviet public
lawyer representing the Cuban Families going on in recent months." opinion will feel unhappy about Soviet in-
Committee, announces the opening of a pub- September 4, 1962: President Kennedy de- volvement in the Caribbean. Fear of war
lie drive-to raise the $62 million ransom re- Blares (in a statement issued after con- is often the dominant motivating factor in
quired to free the 1,180 Cuban rebel pris- sultation with congressional leaders) that the reaction of the Soviet people to inter-
oners. (Donovan is the American who ar- the United States would use "whatever national crises. The defensive tone of the
,ranged for'the,exchange of U-2 pilot Francis means may be necessary" to prevent Cuba Soviet statement in describing the nature
force or the threat of force" against "any part sneory - + ?, Mr. Khrushchev has barred
August 20, 1962: Press reports state that of the Western Hemisphere." The President world wars and * * * `imperialist local wars'
between July 27 and July 31, 20 Soviet ships adds that "there is no evidence of any or- as instruments of policy * * *. However, he
arrived at 4 ports in Cuba-3,000 to 5,000 ganized combat force from any Soviet-bloc has appended two stipulations to this rule,
Communist-bloc technicians and large quan- country: of military bases provided to Rus- both of which fit the case of Cuba * *
titles of goods and weapons are said to have sia * * * of the presence of offensive ground- First, Communists must support without
.been landed, "The equipment may include to-ground missiles * * *. Were it to be reservation wars of 'national liberation.'
ground-to-air missiles, largely defense weap- otherwise the gravest issues would arise." Then, once such a war has been consolidated
one'. There apparently is trarfsportation, He states that the Cuban question must be internally, as in the instance of the Castro
electrical and construction equipment, radar dealt with as part of the worldwide Commu- revolution, it must be shielded by the So-
vans and mobile generators.. These appear nist challenge and in the context of the viet Union under the slogan 'no export of
to be going into coastal and air defense," "special relationships which have charac- counterrevolution.' In the Soviet state-
August 22, 1962: President Kennedy ac- tensed the inter-American system." ment this thesis was translated into the
knowledges, at a press conference, that CQm- On the same day, the Latin American Free warning to the United States * * *. West-
munist "supplies and technicians - of ,rather Trade Association (in its second conference ern observers interpreted [the Soviet warn-
intensive quantity in recent weeks" have in Mexico City of the nine members who ing to the United States] as an indication
been landing in Cuba. have signed the association's charter so far) that Soviet leaders were worried over the
August 24, 1962: Several buildings in Ha- votes by 7 to 0, with Mexico and Brazil possibility that the United States might con-
vana are damaged by shellfire from two small abstaining over juridical procedure, to re- front them with the necessity of interven-
powerboats sent from Miami by the Student ject Cuba's application for membership of ing militarily in the Caribbean or retreat-
Revolutionary Directory, an exile group of the association, declaring that a Communist ing from their doctrine of "no export of
former, University of Havana students.. The economy is incompatible with the market counterrevolution: They believe that
U.S. State Department states that the.. U.S. principles of free enterprise and free corn- Premier Khrushchev, well aware of the at-
Government was not involved in the raid and petition. titude of his people, will go to great lengths
had no prior, knowledge of it. . September 5, 1962: U.S. Secretary of State to avoid a conflict with the United States.
August 28, 1962: Tass, the Soviet press Dean Husk holds a meeting with 19 Latin But few were willing to predict what the
agency, reports that the volume Of _ship- American Ambassadors in Washington and Soviet leader would do if a [rebel] motor-
ments from the Soviet Union to Cuba in 1962 informs them of the U.S. determination to boat * * * suddenly put a torpedo into a
will be double that of 1961, and that 10 prevent the export of communism from Soviet ship in Caribbean waters." (Seymour
Soviet ships and 5 ships of West German, Cuba. Press reports state that there was Topping, New York Times, Sept. 13, 1962.)
Norwegian, Greek and Italian. registry are "full unanimity" with President Kennedy's September 13, 1962: President Kennedy as-
on the way to Cuba. "containment policy" that the United States serts (at his weekly news conference) that
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX January 0
the United States would move swiftly against
Cuba if the military buildup there threat-
ened U.S. security in any way, "includ-
ing our base at Guantanamo, our pas-
sage to the Panama Canal, our missile and
space activities at Cape Canaveral. or the
lives of American citizens In this country,
or if Cuba should ever attempt to export its
aggressive purposes by force or the threat
of force against any nation in this hemi-
sphere, or become an offensive military base
of significant capacity for the Soviet Un-
ion." He says that if the United States
should ever find it necessary to take military
action against the Castro regime, the Com-
munist-supplied weapons and technicians
"would not change the result or significantly
extend the time required to achieve the re-
suit." The President adds that the Cuban
economy is crumbling as a result of Premier
Castro's "own monumental economic mis-
management" and the economic boycott by
the United States. He criticizes loose talk
in the United States which serves "to give
a thin color of legitimacy to the Communist
pretense that such a threat [of an American
invasion] exists." He expresses the hope
that "the American people. defending as we
do so much of the free world, will in this
nuclear age, keep both their nerve and their
heads."
thousands of other men did the same. Why
all of a sudden do we now have to give such
New Civil Rights Organization Formed
rewards to the veterans of the Cuban Inva-
sion. They are not citizens of the United
States and they were not fighting for the of
United States. Why do we have to reward HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS
the Cubans, we did not reward the Chinese
when they were driven from the mainland,
nor many others.
Why. if the U.S. Government wants to
educate someone, doesn't it retrain the coal
or MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 14,1963
miners who are fast losing their jobs because Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, the field
of machines, and this is just one of a dozen of civil rights is a vast one, and it re-
or more fields where men are becoming ob-
solete If they don't receive special training. quires a great deal of original work and
I think our first responsibility is to the study. Up to now, the American Civil
American people. Perhaps the American Liberties Union of New York, with local
people should have something to say about branches in many States, has pretty
this proposed bill, after all we will be paying much hadthis field to itself. During the
for It. I think they would rather send their past years, I have often had the occa-
sons and daughters to college with those lion both to defend and to criticize this
I feel ew we e should help those who helped us taxes than someone they don't know. organization and its work. I have done In the past, namely the ex 01 out of work, this in the spirit of caring a-great deal
the fathers and mothers who gave sons to about the men and women whose fates
die for our country, etc. If we make this a hang upon the work done by American
business of wholesale giveaway, then it will Civil Liberties Union and its opponents.
lose it's prestige to those who worked hard
to earn It.
Not only are these men of the brigade
being considered for such payments for
fighting for their country, Cuba, but they
are receiving well over a $100 a month for
living expenses. Do the unemployed In our
country receive that much money when
they are out of work, I think not. Even
those Cubans who are at present in the
armed services of the United States are
receiving special treatment. Not long ago
they were removed from Fort Knox, Ky., to
the south because of the severe weather.
If these men cannot stand all climates of
weather what good will they be to the United
States if we have to fight a future war In
Russia. Our GI's have fought all over the
world In all extremes of weather. Are these
men going to be able to rest out their days
In the sunny south. What would have hap-
pened if George Washington, that winter in
Valley Forge, had taken his army and run
off to Mexico or someplace else. I think
Americans learned long ago that nothing is
won by running, so why do the Cubans leave
their homeland by the thousands. Perhaps
If these men want lessons, they should take
& course in American history. It could teach
them many things. I could continue on and
on, such as why the brigade leaders called
the President of the United States a liar
concerning the air cover story. Possibly
they never heard the old saying, "don't look
a gift horse in the mouth."
Let me state here that I don't dislike the
Cuban people, nor am I criticizing my Gov-
ernment or it's elected officials, I only want
to know why the Cuban people are receiving
preferential treatment when, I feel, that
there are more deserving Americans. I
think we should help these people to a
reasonable extent. But I think the benefits
mentioned are beyond reason. Our country
is open to all peoples of the world as it
should be, but why can't the Cuban people
wait their turn as other peoples of other
countries are doing. I don't feel we owe the
people of Cuba anymore than the people of
I have had numerous RECORD items about
American Civil Liberties Union and its
projects. Last year I was honored to
meet with the board of directors of
American Civil Liberties Union, to share
some rather frank thoughts with them.
A new organization has sprung up called
the Defenders of American Liberties. It
will seek to handle cases which Ameri-
can Civil Liberties Union for its own rea-
sons does not want to work with, or
where limited funds allow only one or-
ganization to be active. Clearly the
makeup of both organizations and their
personnel is very different, This should
not disturb people. Competition be-
tween a more conservative and liberal
point of view in the civil rights field
should help bring out new issues and as-
sist thoughtful citizens in doing more
in this field. The Newhouse newspapers
story--St. Louis Globe-Democrat-and
the Christian Science Monitor report of
December 31, 1962, and January 2, 1963,
respectively, follow:
[From the St. Louis Globe-Democrat,
Dec. 31, 19621
MORRIS OUTLINES Civil, RIGHTS FIGHT FOR
CONSERVATIVES
DALLAS.-Two sparsely furnished rooms in
a Dallas skyscraper are headquarters for an
organization whose president says it is fight-
ing for the civil rights of conservative
Americans-and filling a vacuum by doing
so.
The new organization is Defenders of
American Liberties. Its president is Robert
Morris, attorney, former New York City
judge, former counsel to congressional in-
vestigating committees, and former president
of the University of Dallas.
In 1960, Morris, then a Point Pleasant at-
torney, ran for the Republican Senate nomi-
nation in the New Jersey primary, but was
defeated by Senator CLIFFORD P. CASE.
E'YTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. M. G. (GENE) SNYDER
or KENTUCET
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, January 24,1963
Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, under
leave heretofore granted to extei d my
remarks, I am including a letter -which
was sent to the President of the United
States, by two Senators and me.
I feel that this letter from one of my
constituents echoes the belief of may
people in this country in regard to the
conscience money which is being spent as
a result of the Cuban fiasco.
The letter follows:
LOUISVILLE, Ky., January 28, 1983.
His Excellency, JOHN F. KENNEDY.
The President of the United States.
Hon. THRUSTON MORTON,
U.S. Senator.
Hon. JOHN S. COOPER,
U.S. Senator.
Hon. GENE SNYDER,
U.S. Representative.
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT AND Snis: Enclosed is
an article from our local paper. the Louisville
Times, dated January 26, 1963. The title of
the artile, "Cuban 01 Bill Due," is enough to
make George Washington and the rest of this
country's great past leaders turn over in
their graves. Since when does the Govern-
ment of the United States give veterans of
other countries college and vocational train-
ing when it doesn't even give It to its own
veterans who pay the taxes for such things.
I am referring to the GI bill which was killed
by Congress for the veterans of the cold war
not so long ago. I ask you to tell me that
these Cubans deserve such rights when Amer-
icans don't.
I spent 4 years on active duty and over a
year in the Active Reserve. I received noth-
ing for my time except the satisfaction that
I was doing my duty for my country. I ask
nothing in return as I feel I have been re-
ceiving my reward in the form of freedom
that I enjoy every day. Thousands upon
other countries. LIMIT CASES
I feel this matter should be taken before Morris said the organization will not take
the American people. Abe Lincoln once any case in which a meritorious civil rights
said the Government was for the people issue is not involved, and in any such case
and by the people. How are you going to It limits its action to the cause of civil rights.
know what the people want unless you ask He said Defenders of American Liberties
them. is looking for this kind of man in trouble:
I would appreciate hearing an opinion "A poor guy who Is not a member of any
from each of you gentlemen. Thank you for particular organization, has no pressure
your time, and hoping to hear from you group behind him-and, say, he's losing his
soon. I remain, farm because of a tax debt."
Sincerely, In fact. Defenders believes just such a man
DoN L. T5fOMPSON- Is L. R. Gajewski, a Mitchell, N. Dak., farmer.
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