COMMUNIST BUILDUP IN WESTERN HEMISPHERE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200240040-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 18, 2004
• Sequence Number: 40
• Publication Date: January 1, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

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.19 6--, -
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8577
ve i,.on of the Common Market. Its 1nde-
ptndent behavior and successful develop-
ment set an instructive example for other
members of the Soviet bloc. Above all, Yugo-
slavia is a living manifestation of the fact
that a country may be Marxist without being
a satellite of the Soviet Union or serving its
political purposes.
And beyond this, Yugoslavia is something
more.
If one looks at this country for what it
is, and resists the tei1 ptation to lump all
"Communists" together for mass condemna-
tion, it is clear enough that common slogans
and quotations from Marx cover a very large
spectrum of political and social attitudes
within the Communist world. The simple
fact is that the contradictions which sepa-
rate the Yugoslavs from say the Communist
Chinese are a good deal more fundamental
than the contradictions which divide Yugo-
slavia from the West.
EXERT GREATER INFLUENCE
It would be an exaggeration perhaps to
describe the system in Yugoslavia as liberal.
The Yugoslavs themselves prefer the word
"progressive" in contrast to the "reactionary"
outlook of their Chinese comrades. Yet it
is no exaggeration at all to say that com-
munism as it exists here is unique. And that
in the historical development of communism
throughout'-the world Yugoslavia may well
exert the greater Influence in the long run.
When it comes to the internal system a
certain degree of caution is advisable. For
an outsider-or for that matter for the aver-
age Yugoslav-it is hard to say exactly how
the system works. What one can say with
reasonable assurance is that Yugoslavia has
gone further in the process of decentraliza-
tion both in political control and in the con-
trol of the means of production than any
other Communist country in the world.
. This principle of decentralization is firmly
written into the new Yugoslav Constitution
adopted this spring. Though it assures Tito's
position as president of the country for the
rest of his life (he is now 70) it also assures
that no one in the future" will exercise the
same amount of personal leadership. Presi-
dential terms are fixed by law as in the
United States to two. 4-year terms, Less im-
portant positions are fixed except in special
circumstances to single. 4-year terms.
ALLOWS FOR DEBATE
Though, as in all Communist systems
there is only one party, there is room in the
Yugoslav political setup for very considerable
dissention and debate. The process, as one
observer describes it, operates more like that
of a board of directors who agree on objec-
tives but argue over ways and means of
achieving them.
The new constitution provides, among
other things, for four separate houses of par-
liament which, together with a Federal
chamber, legislate in specific fields of eco-
nomics, education and culture, social welfare
and health and political organization. Some
American political theorists see in this sys-
tem a possible improvement on our own sys-
tem of congressional committees.
Apart from its central political organiza-
iron mines and railroads-lie in the hands of
separate workers' collectives. Workers coun-
cils name their own directors, raise their own
money and, again in theory at least, decide
on the distribution of profits.
ENCOURAGES MERGERS
Once again, a degree of caution is neces-
sary. Most certainly the central government
through its control of central banks and
other mechanisms exerts a very real" degree
of control over a system which otherwise
might come close to anarchy. It encourages
mergers. between competing enterprises, dis-
courages foreign competition and generally
sees to it that the economic development of
.the country conforms with the overall plan.
Even so, however, in a country approxi-
mately the size of North Dakota there are
some 29 separate railroad systems. If it con-
tinues in its present tendencies the economic
organization of the country will inevitably
lead to what one observer describes wryly
as the "restoration of many features of a
capitalist economy" with the single proviso
of collective ownership.
It is not, however simply the nature of, its
internal development or the fact that Yugo-
slavia has managed to dispense with some of
the more disagreeable aspects of communism
that sets it at the other end of the spectrum
from a country like Communist China. For
more fundamental in this regard is Yugo-
slavia's attitude toward the non-Communist
world. And most specifically the attitude of
its leaders on the issue of peace and war.
This is, of course, the great issue that
divides the Communist world today. It lies
at the heart of the Chinese charge that the
Yugoslav leaders are revisionist, while they,
the Chinese, are the true disciples of Marx
and Lenin. It is the basis for the growing
dispute between China and the Soviet Union
upon which the whole future of the Com-
munist movement depends. And In this
dispute Yugoslavia plays in its own right a
singularly important and prophetic role.
In its approach to the non-Communist
world, as in its internal development, Yugo-
slavia has been on the side of pragmatism
as opposed to dogma since Stalin's day.
"You must understand," a Yugoslav intel-
lectual explained to me, "That when we
speak of 'capitalist', we are speaking of the
system as we knew it-as kit existed here and
in Eastern Europe before the war. In many
ways it was almost like the capitalist system
that Marx wrote about in the 19th century.
We realize of course that it does not much
resemble the system in Western Europe or
in the United States today."
CHAMPIONED COEXISTENCE
Thus when a leader like Mr. Kardelj speaks
of the "disintegration of capitalism," he is
speaking of the dissolution of a system
which, for all practical purposes, has long
since ceased to exist. His own revisionism
consists of the bold assertion that "since the
time of Marx and Lenin the world has con-
tinued to change, that capitalism has
changed in many features, and that socialism
too has changed in many features-these
changes, of course, taking place in two dif-
ferent directions." -
Thus also, since the days of Stalin, the
mal Communist state is notably subdued in Yugoslavs have championed the idea of "ac-
Yugoslavia. Police activity is restricted and tive coexistence" with the West, rejecting
political prisoners are few. Within limits the idea of- the forcible imposition of the
freedom of expression is tolerated and legal Communist system on -other countries and
protections for the individual are being in- the Chinese theories about the inevitability
creased. Religious freedom is guaranteed by of war between the "socialist" and "capital-
the Constitution and, after a brief experi- - 1st" worlds. Peace, in the Yugoslav book, is
ment in collectivization of farms, 84 percent in the elementary interest of socialism as it
of agricultural property is now privately is in the elementary interest of humanity as
owned. a whole.
In the economic organization of the coun- All this, of course, is quite incompatible
try, the- principle of decentralization in with the whole basis for Chinese doctrine
theory at least, goes even further. Under and policy. From their point of view- it
the general blueprint of successive 5-year represents a fatal heresy and a very real
plans, control, and development of industrial threat to their own position of power and
enterprises-from beer factories to hotels to . influence within the Communist world.
With Soviet Russia edging cautiously In the
direction, of a similar "revisionism" of its
own, the stakes are enormous. And the in-
terest of the West in the outcome of the
struggle is no less than that of the countries
directly involved.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, I wish
to comment briefly on the remarks made
by the Senator from Wisconsin concern-
ing the article written by Mr. Noyes. I
read the article. There seems to be a
paradox between the recitation of facts
and the conclusion which he draws from
those facts. In the article he points out
the repetition with which Tito has pro-
claimed his devotion to communism.
Time and again Tito has reiterated his
subscription to the Communist philos-
ophy. Then he points out that in the
United Nations Tito has voted with Com-
munist Russia. Then Mr. Noyes finally
concludes that although Tito is doing
these things, it is to our interests to give
him aid. I have some difficulty in fol-
lowing that argument.
COMMUNIST BUILDUP IN WESTERN
HEMISPHERE
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, I wish
to speak briefly on the subject of Cuba.
We cannot and should not be com-
placent about the condition that pre-
vails in the Western Hemisphere through
the menace of the Communist base in
Cuba; nor should we be lulled into the
belief that in spite of the Communist
buldup in4Cuba and in other Central
and South American countries, all is well
with our country. -
Have we forgotten the words spoken
by. President Kennedy in his inaugural
address when he stated that our country
was "unwilling to witness or to permit
the slow undoing of those human rights
to which this Nation - has always been
committed and to which we are com-
mitted today at home and around the
world; let every nation know-whether
it wishes us well -or ill-that we shall
in the interest of survival and triumph
pay any price, bear any burden, meet
any hardship, support any friend, and
oppose any foe. This much we pledge
and more. And let every other power
know that this hemisphere intends to
remain the master of its own house."
Is it true that "this hemisphere in-
tends to remain the master of its own
douse"? -
Unwittingly we are supporting Castro
and his Communist government. Castro
is not our friend but our foe. - We are
also hindering the foes of.Castro, thus
indirectly giving comfort and aid to this
Communist enemy of our country.
Peaceful coexistence with Castro-the
leader of totalitarianism in America-
can only lead to increased trouble and
danger. Cuba indisputably is the for-
tress of communism in the Western
Hemisphere. It is the training ground
for the Communist technique of-subver-
sion, infiltration, sabotage, and provo-
cation of riots precipitated simulta-
neously by push-botton technique. -
The Soviet military might in Cuba is
not growing weaker but stronger. Signs
of Communist growth in other Latin
American countries are being manifest.
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8578 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE _ May 21
It is blindness of the worst type for us Whether or not all the strategic mis- - I believe that something can be .,4o e.
to believe that the Soviet power in Cuba sites and bombers were removed from Before attempting to suggest one courseibf
is a trifle and, therefore, should be looked Cuba is an issue of grave Importance. action, I want to point up the central ftnd-
upon with indifference. On this subject the report, among other ings of the Stennis committee and to ex-
Out of South America the word is thingg, said: amine whether these findings are supported
by responsible, fair-minded men.
emerging that Francois Duvalier in It is fair to say, however, that this is a After takipg exhaustive, secret testimony
Haiti is dealing with Castro and has matter of great concern to the intelligence from the entire Intelligence community of
proposed the establishment of Castro community, Based on skepticism, if noth- the Government, Including State, Defense,
military bases in that country. Ing else, there isgrave apprehension on this and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, plus-more
For our own security we cannot suffer score. It Is agreed that iron-clad assurance than 70 nonofficial witnesses, the Senate
the present entrenchment of Soviet- of the complete absence of Soviet strategic committee unanimously concluded: "Stra-
the present entr nchm Cuban iol e missiles in Cuba can come only as a result tegic weapons may or may not be now in
of thorough, penetrating onsite inspection Cuba. We can reach no conclusion on this
The people of our country were led to by reliable observers, The current Intelli- because of lack of evidence."
believe that when the quarantine was gence estimates that they are not present is All of the witnesses and all of the testi-
lifted and the commitment of no inva- based largely on the negative evidence that mony from the administration said just the
Ginn of nni,a ..... ,. ,.i...... ai-,..a ?1._ ,-._.Y tha.a e- ..,... w.-___..__ . _ .._ _ .. -_ _
munist troops and technicians would be is of course, was precisely the status of
withdrawn. Six months have passed; the matter prior to last October 14,
the troops and technicians are still there. The Organization of American States
Our position is growing weaker and that through a fully coordinated and collab-
of the Communists stronger in the West- orated plan succeeded in the removal of
em Hemisphere. Trujillo from the control of the govern-
If under the agreement committing ment of the Dominican Republic. It did
our country not to Invade Cuba, Soviet so by severing primarily commercial re-
Russia committed itself to withdraw its lationship With Trujillo. The least that
technicians and troops-then our self- the Organization of America States
respect and the maintenance of our could do is now to apply to Castro the
honor requires that we demand a ful- same treatment that it gave to Trujillo.
fillment of that commitment by Russia. Among the captive nations rumblings
With respect to Cuba, ostrichlike we are being heard about the Communist
are hiding our heads in the sand, think- government through the direction of the
ingand hoping that while so doing the Soviet providing economic and other aid
problem will vanish. to nations such as Cuba at the expense
Last October 22 our country, by its of'the people of the benefactor Commu-
fearless position, won to itself the re- nist government who are denied a better
spect of the nations of the Far East, Eu- life through the fruits of their labor.
rope, Central and South} America. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Abandonment of vacillation and the time of the Senator from Ohio has
adoption again of firm decision will re- expired.
ceive the support of overwhelming nom- Mr. LAUBCHE. Mr. President, I ask
bers of our citizens and reestablish con- unanimous consent that I may proceed
fldence in the minds of the freedom- for an additional 2 minutes.
loving people of the world in our lead- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
ership which has waned as Castro has objection, it is so ordered.
grown ever stronger. Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, when
The situation and the time is critical; it was testified in the Committee on For-
we cannot afford this retrogression in our eign Relations that all missiles had been
ability to preserve the continued free life removed from Cuba, I put the question
of our country. to high echion officials, "Are you certain
i The Preparedness Investigating Sub- that the missiles are not in the caves of
committee of the Committee on Armed Cuba?" The answer was, "We do not
Services of the U.S. Senate in its report believe e there are any missiles in the
on the Cuban military buildup, among caves. I then put the question, "Why
other things said: do you say 'We do not believe'?" The
The Soviets are In Cuba primarily for the answer was that, "We have no proof that
purpose of increasing and spreading. they are in the caves."
CO I followedthat by the statement, "On
monism's influence and power In Latin in
America and we can be sure that they will the basis of that type of logic you will
exploit their foothold to the greatest ex- conclude that there are no missiles in the
tent possible. The paramount danger at caves until affirmative proof is brought
this time is that the nations of this hemi- to you that there are."
sphere may be subverted one by one and be I Could not subscribe to that type of
I exploited, in turn, for subversive and revolu- thinking,
4 tinnarv artivitioa Rv thl- T.nra~a r a. ~c ,,
rensive weapons have been removed. But
the Stennis committee was unpersuaded. It
has grave doubts that It is true.
The committee has grave doubts not only
because the evidence of withdrawal is incon-
clusivk but also because our own past sur-
veillance had these serious shortcomings:
There were several substantial errors In
evaluating the Intelligence because top of-
ficials were subjectively convinced that the
Soviets wouldn't try to put missiles In Cuba.
Not until long after their arrival, not until
after the President had spoken on October
22, did we confirm that Soviet ground com-
bat battalions were in Cuba.
Even into late October we were more than
100 percent off in our estimates of the num-
ber of Soviet personnel on the Island.
There Is Inadequate information today on
the number of Soviet troops leaving Cuba-
and the number arriving. "Some sources
estimate that as many as 40,000 Soviets are
now in Cuba."
With these doubts in mind, the Senate
committee reports as follows:
"To a man the intelligence chiefs stated
that it is their opinion that all strategic
missiles and bombers have been removed
from Cuba. However, they readily admit
that, in terms of absolutes. It is quite possible
that offensive weapons remain on the Island
concealed in caves and otherwise, They
also admitted that absolute assurance on
this question can come from penetrating
and continuing onsite Inspection by relia-
ble observers and that, based on skepticism,
If nothing more, there is reason for grave
concern about the matter."
When a Senate committee, reaching this
conclusion, is predominantly manned by
such able and objective people as Demo-
cratic Senators JOHN STENNIS, of Mississippi;
STUART SYMINGTON, of Missouri; HENRY
JACHSON, of Washington; and Republican
Senators LEvEsrrr SALTONSTALL, of Massa-
chusetts, and MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Of
Maine, It cannot be ignored.
Why shouldn't President Kennedy renew
his urgent exchanges with Soviet Premier
Nikita Khrushchev to establish the onsite
inspection which the Premier himself pro-
by nation until the entire hemisphere is lost sent to nave printea in the itECORD an LU oe wicnarawn. as promises, Lnen onsite
and the Communist goal of Isolating the article written by Mr. Roscoe Drummond inspection should be welcome to Moscow.
United States has been attained. entitled "Cuba: Unresolved-Time for Unless Cuban Premier Fidel Castro, in
New Action." objecting to on-site Inspection, is doing ex-
The importance of making every effort to There being no objection, the article aetly~ what Moscow wants, he Is now in no
ter cannot be overemphasized. The criti- as follows: to President Kennedy.
'
cality of it can best be Illustrated by the fact The time is opportune to reopen the in-
that the testimony established that, upon Cues: UNRESOLVED-TIME rOR Now ACTION spection Issue and to reopen It with urgency.
the assumption that all missiles and associ- (By Roscoe Drummond) I think most Americans will agree with
ated equipment and the necessary personnel When John J. McCone, Director of the Cen- the Stennis committee's - unanimous ap-
were readily available near preselected sites tral Intelligence Agency, and all of the in- Peal:
I In a state of complete readiness, mobile telligence chiefs of the Pentagon combined "The entire Cuban problem, both military
medium range missiles could be made opera- are unable to convince the Preparedness In- and political, should be accorded the high-
tional in a matter of hours. Thus, if these vestigating Subcommittee of the Senate that est priority by our governmental officials to
missiles and their associated equipment re- Soviet offensive weapons have been with- the end that the evil threat which the So-
main in Cuba, the danger is clear and ob- drawn from Cuba, something needs to be vlet occupation ot'Cuba represents will be
vious. done about it. eliminated at an early date."
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1903-
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8579
:' Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, I point
out to Mr. Drummond that while he
states that promises were made for the
removal of missiles and the removal of
troops and technicians, an examination
of the documents exchanged between
Khrushchev and the President will dis.
close no mention by words that on-the-
site inspections were to be made and no
declarations that the technicians and
troops were to be removed. I think that
is one of the unfortunate sequels on the
exchange of messages last October.
THE COMMUNIST PRESS VERSUS A
FREE AMERICAN PRESS
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I have
just stumbled across a fascinating edi-
torial which ran recently in Pravda, the
newspaper in Russia, which I would like
to share with my colleagues and, indeed,
all Americans.
For it demonstrates, I think, a funda-
mental and irrevocable difference be-
tween the totalitarian Communist soci-
ety that Soviets practice and the free
society Americans. know in a very basic
area-the press.
The Pravda editorial, published on
May 5, 1963, to mark the 51st anniver-
sary of the Communist Party paper, has
this to say about the purposes and duties
of the press in its closed society:
Thanks to the constant concern and care
of the Communist Party and its Leninist
Central Committee, our pres has grown, into
a giant and has turned into a mighty ideo-
logical force.
The great Lenin, standing at the source of
the Soviet press, determined its lofty pur-
pose as a weapon in socialist construction.
The party attaches great importance to the
education of the new man, who will approach
his work and his duties in the society in a
Communist manner. This requires much
tireless work. We must not think that Com-
munist consciousness will grow, on its own
among the people along with the growth of
our economic successes.
Preparations are now developing on an
increasing scale in the country for the com-
ing plenum of the CPSU Central Committee,
which, will discuss the tasks of ideological
work of the party. The duty of the press
is to give wide coverage to these preparations
and to increase attention to questions of
ideological life, political work among the
masses, and education of the masses,
The Soviet press always has held high the
Leninist banner, a banner of communism
and proletarian internationalism.
The high appreciation by the party of
the services of our press and of the work of
the Soviet journalists as party assistants puts
many obligations on the workers of the press
and on its wide activities and testifies to
the increasing significance of the press in
Communist construction and in Communist
education.
That, in sum, is the essence of the edi-
torial. Just think of it, Mr. President.
Ideological force, weapon, brainwasher,
mouthpiece, apologist, propagandist-
that, practically in Pravda's own words,
is the function of the press in the Com-
munist society.
Nary a word, of course, about simply
giving the news and letting the reader
decide. Or of giving the news at all. Or
of presenting both sides of a question.
A few minutes before I ran into the
Pravada editorial, an aid showed me a
hostile editorial from one of our Cali-
fornia newspapers, which was not at all
pleased with something I had to say
recently.
I grumbled and groused a bit.
Then I thought of the Pravda editorial.
And I thanked the Lord that I was lucky
enough to have been born an American
and into a free society, where we all too
often take a free press for granted.
THE MEANING OF FREEDOM
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, the
Supreme Court's decision yesterday in
the sit-in cases is another major step in
the struggle to remove unfair discrimi-
nation against Negro citizens. The
Court's decisions make it clear that the
power of the State cannot be used to en-
force segregationist practices. Those
who loudly object to Federal legislation
to enforce civil rights have never hesi-
tated to enact State legislation to deny
civil .rights. The Supreme Court has
said, in effect, that such State laws can-
not stand against the constitutional
guaranty of freedom of assembly.
In a perceptive and moving editorial
in today's New York Times, it is noted
that-
The Court's new rulings should reinforce
respect for legal process that is the only du-
rable foundation for all liberty.
As the Times points out, these deci-
sions have provided "every American
with a clearer definition of what free-
dom means."
Mr. President, I know that this edi-
torial will be of interest to many Mem-
bers, and therefore ask unanimous con-
sent that it be printed at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York (N.Y.) Times, May 21,
19631
THE MEANING OF FREEDOM
Two weeks ago, when 1,000 Birmingham
Negroes were arrested for chanting demands
for freedom, the commander of the city's
police sneered as the youthful demonstrators
were swept off to jail. "If you'd ask half of
them what freedom means, they couldn't
tell you," he declared. Yesterday the U.S.
Supreme Court made some important new
contributions toward providing every Amer-
ican with a clearer definition of what free-
dom means.
One thing it was said was that in Birming-
ham and all other cities that make segrega-
tion a matter of public policy, whether by
ordinance or official ukase, no Negro can be
prosecuted for seeking service in a white-
only restaurant or other public place. An-
other thing it said was that, where attempts
are made to enforce such encrusted patterns
of segregation, no Negro can be arrested for
insisting on his equal right to use a public
park. These fresh breaches in the wall of
discrimination will make it increasingly hard
to stem the tide toward implementing the
constitutional guarantees of racial equality,
to which the Court gave such impetus with
its historic ruling on public school desegre-
gation 9 years ago.
Their most immediate effect will be to
bolster the pact between leaders of the
Negro and white communities of Birming-
ham, and thus to help end the repression
that has made it so hard for the Negroes of
that industrial city to realize genuine free-
dom. The desegregation of lunchrooms and
other store facilities was a keystone of that
pact. So was an upgrading of job oppor-
tunities for Negroes.
The Court's new rulings should reinforce
the respect for legal process that is the only
durable foundation for all liberty. Extrem-
ists in the Ku Klux Klan and the White
Citizens Council are once again put on notice
that equality of opportunity is the inexor-
able wave of the future. The advocates of
nonviolence and orderly methods in Negro
ranks now have powerful new ammunition
to use against the Black Muslims and other
advocates of total warfare with the white
community. The Court has again proved
its worth as a force for national unity based
on justice.
NATIONAL ACTORS EQUITY WEEK
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, last
Friday, May 17, the President signed into
law Senate Joint Resolution 39, desig-
nating the week of May 20-26, 1963, as
National Actors' Equity Week.
Next Sunday, the 26th of May, the
Actors' Equity will celebrate its 50th
birthday. During that period, Equity
has provided responsible and capable
leadership in the performing arts, and
has greatly encouraged and enhanced
the cultural life of our Nation.. It is my
hope that the enactment of this resolu-
tion into law will call nationwide, and
perhaps even worldwide, attention to the
essential place of the legitimate theater
in our society.
I am pleased to have introduced this
resolution, and grateful that the Con-
gress and the President have acted on
it in time for the observance of the his-
toric occasion of Equity's 50th birthday.
Mr. President, on Monday, May 20,
Victor Riesel, in his nationally syndi-
cated column "Inside Labor," paid trib-
ute to Actors' Equity for its efforts in the
past and its goals for the future on be-
half of its more than 13,000 members. I
ask unanimous consent that this article
be printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York (N.Y.) Mirror,
May 20, 1963]
IT's ABOUT TIME WE GAVE OUR ACTORS A HAND
(By Victor Riesel)
Let's give the actors a great big hand.
Literally. Why? Because there isn't a
cause or' a charity which has not asked-the
performers of the land, members of Acto;'s
Equity, to go on stage without pay.
The players, whose union is 50 years old
this month, are willing to give benefits, but
they frankly now want a few of their own
in return.
They want no charity. They want the
public's support in making the actor's life
easier, more secure economically. They
can't eat glamor.
My good friend Ralph Bellamy, Equity's
president since 1953, sat recently with some
colleagues, each of them stars of the theater.
Some suggested they jot down on pieces of
paper their average earnings from the work
on stage and drop the slips, unsigned, into
a hat.
The average income of these performers
who are famed household names was re-
vealed as $6,000 a year from live theater.
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8580 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE - - Mae '21
This is not much above the union contracts
Broadway minimum of $115 a week.
That is when actors work, of course. And
most of Actors' Equity's 13,500 membership
don't work too often. There will be more
opportunities in a few weeks when some 200
rural theaters brush off the straw-as many
as 4,000 of Equity's members will find work
on bucolic stages. However, during the
winter season the total employment figure
is nearer 2,000, including Broadway.
What do they want of the public and the
Government? Many things. They want
some tax breaks. Today, for example, If a
writer takes 3 years to finish a book. he can
spread its earnings over the entire period
for income tax relief purposes.
But If an actor invests cash and work In a
career and gets a break the third year after
earning very little previously, he can't spread
anything but his waistline.
Actors' Equity wants the international
theater exchange program revived. On our
side It Is dead. Next year not a single pro-
fessional American theater company will be
abroad under Government auspices. How-
ever, the Soviets will be touring their Moscow
Arta Theater and other quality performing
groups.
Actors' Equity also decries "the increased
invasion of the American stage by foreign
actors." They come in greater numbers these
days. The Immigration Service is lax with
awaiting actors, says Equity. Stars from
abroad such as John Glelgud, Lawrence Oil-
vier and Vivlen Leigh are welcomed.
But the actors' union objects to those of
lesser ability coming here, getting stage jobs
"not on the basis of their talent, but mostly
because they will work for less or because
they appeal to the snob set that will flock to
the theater to hear anyone-good or bad-
from abroad."
On the other hand. very few American
stage people are permitted to work In Eng-
land. The London Government protects its
players. Americana who do land theater jobs
in Britain after a short time, are told to pack
up and leave.
Yet the American actors are reasonable.
They have a strong union. They have struck
only twice since they were organized in 1913.
But the public takes Equity's members for
granted-as though acting was an obsession,
a hobby, and not a profession chosen for
life.
These actors deserve a great big hand.
Let's give it to them to help get what they
want from the Government.
NEW YORK RAIL RATE CASE
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, yes-
terday the Supreme Court put an end
to railroad rate differentials that have
traditionally favored the ports of Balti-
more, Philadelphia, and Norfolk. This
represents a great victory for the State
of New York, and, in the long run, for
th'e national interest.
Since 1877, shipments from the Mid-
west to the so-called southern ports have
enjoyed lower rates than shipments, to
New York and the New England ports, so
far as these goods were destined for the
export trade. The same rate differential
has also been in force with respect to
import shipments traveling in the other
direction.
The result of yesterday's decision will
allow the rail carriers serving the ports
of New York and New England to lower
their rates to the level of the roads serv-
ing the southern ports.
Such lower rates had been filed with
the Interstate Commerce Commission in
1956. The Commission failed to approve
these, but a three-judge Federal court
in Boston reversed this decision. It was
the judgment of the Boston district
court upholding rate equalization that
was sustained yesterday when the Su-
preme Court affirmed by equally divided
vote.
This development, Mr. President, will
be of enormous benefit not only to the
citizens, the businesses, and the railroads
In and around the port of New York, but
also to the import-export trade of the
United States, which is expected to ex-
pand considerably under the historic
legislation enacted last year.
Elimination of the archaic rate differ-
ential will put a finish to the diversion
of considerable commerce from the port
of New York that has worked great hard-
ships on workers and business alike. To-
day, we In New York can look forward
to reinvigoration of the port of New
York's historic role as the great entrepot
on the North Atlantic trade route.
Great credit for this victory is due the
Port of New York Authority and the
New York Central Railroad, and the bril-
liant legal representation that they re-
ceived throughout this long fight. In
the end, I am sure that the southern
ports will not regret yesterday's decision,
for they, too, have an immense stake in
the overall expansion of the Import-ex-
port trade that yesterday's decision will
surely foster.
TEACHER RECOGNITION DAY
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, Gover-
nor Rockefeller has designated today,
Tuesday, May 21, as Teacher Recogni-
tion Day in New York State. He has
urged all Jo join in expressing the ap-
preciation that is due teachers for the
inestimable contribution they make to
our society.
It is fitting that New York, with a
tradition of excellence in education
should honor the devoted men and wo-
men who have given their lives to teach-
ing the future generation. But the honor
which is due to the members of this pro-
fession cannot be confined to any one
State, and the recognition of their con-
tribution to our society should not be
confined within the geopraphic borders
of any one section of this country.
During the last session of Congress, I
Introduced a joint resolution to designate
a National Teachers' Day. The resolu-
tion was passed by the Senate in the last
days of the session, but was never con-
sidered by the House of Representatives.
Early during this 88th Congress, I re-
introduced the same resolution which
would authorize the President to issue a
proclamation designating the second
Monday in April as National Teachers'
Day, inviting the people of the United
States to display their esteem and respect
on such a day in schools and other suit-
able places with appropriate ceremonies.
The teachers who are charged with the
responsibility of providing higher stand-
ards of education for the American peo-
ple are called upon to perform vital serv-
ice to our Nation. If we are to compete
with other countries In science and tech-
nology and if we are to move forward in
the fields of economics and technical as-
sistance to the world's underdeveloped.
lands, we must provide our children with
the finest schooling available anywhere
in the Western World. This goal cannot
be achieved unless we are willing to rec-
ognize, honor and end encourage our
teachers.
I have asked the Senate Judiciary
Committee to move forward quickly in
reporting this bill and take occasion to-
day, on Teacher Recognition Day, to sa=
lute the teachers not only of my own
State but of the whole Nation, and to
promise them that I will do all within my
power to see to it that a national day in
their honor is proclaimed and celebrated.
EXTREMIST ACTIVITIES IN THE
ROCKY MOUNTAIN WEST
Mr. MCGEE. Mr. President, through-
out history there have always been many
people quite willing to say and to believe
that "it can't happen here." This has
usually been the case when extremists,
from either end of the political spectrum,
threaten to warp our political system to
their own ends.
Such was the case, at least until re-
cently, In my area of the country when
the John Birch Society and its fellow
travelers and front groups stepped up
their campaign of fear and hysteria.
Mr. President, I am confident that it
will not happen here, that the dedication
to truth and fairplay, the reliance on
facts and democratic process will con-
tinue to characterize western politics.
One reason for this is that the activities
of the Birch Society have been and are
being exposed for what they really are.
And like all activities that operate in an
undercover fashion, the light of exposure
is a severe handicap for these societies.
Therefore, I would like to commend the
Washington Post and Reporter Julius
Duseha for a very excellent series of arti-
cles which began Sunday on the ex-
tremist activities In the Rocky Mountain
West. The first three of these articles
have already appeared, Mr. President,
and I ask unanimous consent that they
be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the REC-
ORD, as follows:
BIHCHEas AND ALLIES OUT To WIN THE WEST
(By Julius Duscha)
SALT LAxz Crrr.-It's springtime in the
Rockies and the Birchere are blooming in
the? valleys. The John Birch Society and
other radical rightwing groups have found
fertile soli in the thinly populated, highly
individualistic and extremely conservative
Mountain States of the West.
Western conservatives and liberals alike
are concerned over the efforts of the Birchers
and their rightwing allies to intimidate op-
position and to take over State legislatures
and the Republican Party as well as parent-
teacher associations.
From the wind-swept high plains of North
Dakota to the hot deserts of Arizona, there
Is mounting evidence that America's right-
wing radicals have picked the Mountain
States as their political target for 1964.
What disturbs responsible Democratic and
Republican political leaders in the West is
the fearmongering of the rightwing move-
ment
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Appendix
Another Crisis Building Up CuVWhile
White House Fidd
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BRUCE ALGER
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 20, 1963
Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, last Octo-
ber the failure of President Kennedy to
recognize the buildup of a crisis in Cuba
brought us almost to the brink of war.
Unfortunately, the firm stand enunci-
ated by the President at that time was
immediately replaced with a return to
a policy of accommodation of the Soviet
Union with the result that a new Cuban
crisis is developing. The same dangerous
lack of intelligence and the same tragic
misunderstanding of the situation by the
White House seems to be taking place.
Mr. Speaker, it is time we face the
realism of Cuba. The President must
tell the American people the truth about
Cuba and the Soviet buildup there. He
must take positive action to end Com-
munist aggression in this hemisphere by
reimposing the Monroe Doctrine, by en-
acting an effective blockade to halt the
shipment of strategic materials into
Cuba, including oil, by setting a time
limit for Khrushchev to get all the Rus-
sian troops and weapons out of Cuba.
The dangerous intelligence gap now
existing is exposed in the following ar-
ticle by Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott
in the Washington World. Apparently,
President Kennedy unilaterally, through
limited surveillance, is denying us in-
formation on missile, arms, troops build-
up, and on the export of subversion. If
these buildups are indeed going on, Pres-
ident Kennedy is guilty of both with-
holding information from the American
people and failing to protect them from
the military danger.
The article follows:
CONCILIATION CAUSES INTELLIGENCE GAP ON
CUBA-TRUCK TRAFFIC HEAVY TO AND FROM
CAVES; HUGE TENTS ARE ERECTED, RAIL LINE
BUILT
(By Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott)
photos they produce are raising more ques-
tions than they answer.
In recent weeks, at least four wide-hatched
Russian freighters have docked in Cuban
ports and unloaded their cargoes under cover
of darkness. The same kind of drum-tight
secrecy prevailed last year when the nuclear-
armed missiles and IL-28 bombers were
shipped there.
Several of these wide-hatched Soviet
freighters were armed with 3-inch guns.
These are the first armed Communist cargo
vessels to appear in the Caribbean.
The administration's iron-handed crack-
down on refugee raids is seriously impairing
the flow of information from Cuba, partic-
ularly from the anti-Castro underground that
has been an important source of military
information. That has been valuable in
planning U-2 reconnaissance flights, pro-
viding them with specific targets and mis-
sions. Intelligence agents have worked
closely with the raiders and the under-
ground.
"DON'T ROCK THE BOAT"
Inside explanation for this extraordinary
backstage policy is the President's determi-
nation that nothing be done to "rock the
boat" in Cuba.
That's the reason given congressional
leaders who have been apprised of this un-
disclosed intelligence gap- and are greatly
disturbed. They have been told the Presi-
dent believes his conciliatory course will lead
to the withdrawal of more Russian troops
from Cuba.
The congressional leaders have been in-
formed that the President and Premier
Khrushchev have exchanged a number of
letters on this thorny issue.
The intelligence gap is causing particular
concern among U.S. military authorities be-
cause of three baffling developments in
Cuba.
These showed up in recent high-level
photos, but beyond bringing the disturbing
discoveries to light no detailed information
has been obtained-due to the lack of low-
level reconnaissance flights, the drastic curbs
on raiders and the adverse effect- that has
had on contacts with, and the operations of,
the underground.
THREE MYSTERIES
McCone, are privately making no secret of
their uneasiness over this backstage situa-
tion.
FIVE SOURCES OF DATA
They point out that information about
Soviet military activities in Cuba is now be-
ing obtained chiefly from five sources, as
follows: (1) U-2 reconnaissance flights,
which are not effective when camouflage is
extensively used and when such flights are
made infrequently; (2) Cubans allowed to
leave by the Castro regime; (3) naval sur-
veillance of ships going to Cuba; (4) news-
men and others invited by Castro; (5)
foreign embassies in Havana.
All these sources have seribus shortcom-
ings. This is graphically demonstrated by
the fact that none of them has been able
to provide any definite information on the
number of Soviet forces in Cuba,
The totals range from President Kennedy's
13,000 to 60,000 reported by a former Cuban
bus driver. Before coming to the United
States recently, he traveled extensively
throughout the island and carefully noted
the number and size of Russian camps and
their forces.
A potentially highly dangerous -intelli-
gence gap-strikingly similar to that im-
mediately preceding the war-fraught missile
crisis last October-is again developing in
Cuba.
Following is what is transpiring there:
Low-level reconnaissance flights have been
suspended since February 9. It was such
sorties that produced the irrefutable aerial
photos of the medium-range ballistic mis-
siles and IL-28 bombers on the Red-ruled
island. The halting of low-level reconnais-
sance flights since February is on direct or-
ders of the President. No reconnaissance
flights of any kfnd can be made over Cuba
without his approval.
High-level U-2 reconnaissance flights are
being kept to a minimum and the aerial
The three disturbing mysteries are as fol-
lows :
The appearance of large numbers of Rus-
sian tents, some of them big enough to
enclose missiles and their launchers.
Heavy `transport traffic to and from areas
where large caves are known to be. It has
long been reported, by -refugees and other
sources, that the Reds are storing missiles
and arms in caves.
Construction of a rail line to a major Soviet
camp area. Apparently this camp is to un-
dergo extensive development of some kind.
Intelligence authorities are divided on the
reason for the appearance of the armed
Russian freighters.
One- group is of the opinion the Reds' in-
tent is to ward off refugee attacks. Another
group sees a great deal more behind this
move. It contends the armed cargo ships are-
Khrushchev's warning,to the United States
that another naval blockade will not be
tolerated, and that these armed vessels are
being used to transport Castro agents to
Latin American countries. -
Members of the U.S. Intelligence Board,
headed by Central Intelligence Director John
Maryland Community Racial Armistice
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. J. GLENN BEALL
AOF MARYLAND -
IN THE SENATE: OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, May 21, 1963
Mr. BEALL. Mr. President, a Mary-
land circuit judge, who secured an armi-
stice in a racially disturbed community
in Maryland, has come in for some
worthy praise in the lead editorial of
yesterday's issue of Washington (D.C.)
Evening Star. Under the heading "Un-
easy Armistice," the newspaper editor
refers to the role of racial negotiator
assumed by Circuit Judge. W. Laird
Henry, Jr., in Cambridge, Md. The edi-
torial points out that the armistice
secured by Judge Henry is a vitally im-
portant and necessary step toward nego-
tiation ' and -ultimate settlement. Mr.
President, in my own opinion, the action
prompted by the Maryland judge is deft-
nitely d step forward. -
I ask unanimous consent to have the
Evening Star editorial printed in the Ap-
pendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows: -
UNEASY ARMISTICE
Circuit Judge W. Laird Henry, Jr., of
Cambridge, Md., has shown that he is both
a moderate and a sensible man.
He emerged as a moderate when he took -
the lead in trying to arrange a settlement
between Negroes who- have been directing
demonstrations in Cambridge and white ele-
ments of that small Eastern Shore commu-
nity. It could hardly have been easy for
Judge Henry to assume this role. A descend-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX May 21
ant of Maryland's first Governor, he had been
an opponent of integration. And since the
judgeship he holds is an elective office, he
is taking an obvious personal ripk. The great
need, however, is for moderates on both sides
to assert themselves in racially troubled com-
munities, and.Judge Henry is to be com-
mended for the example he has set.
The judge has also shown himself to be a
sensible man in saying that what prevails
in Cambridge is an "armistice"-not a
settlement.
This, of course, is true. But without an
armistice, one could hardly hope for that
climate in which useful negotiations become
possible. Now, in Cambridge, negotiations
can go forward. Judge Henry will continue
to take the lead, and unless extremists on
one side or the other kick over the traces a
settlement is at least possible. Eventually, a
negotiated settlement will come. Judge
Henry's big contribution is that he has made
this possible now-and without further racial
strife.-Editorial, The Evening Star, Wash-
ington, D.C., May 20, 1963.
The Secrecy Boomerang
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. BOB WILSON
Or CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 21, 1963
Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, un-
der leave to extend my remarks in the
RECORD, I include the following article
from Aviation Week and Space Tech-
nology, March 18,1963:
THE SECRECY BOOMERANG
The Kennedy administration is obviously
bewildered by the persistence and the scope
of attacks on its major policies in the field
of foreign relations and defense that have
driven it back into defensive positions at a
time when it expected to be basking in the
sun of public plaudits for its actions. Its
bewilderment over why this has happened is
rather sad, because it is obvious to most
of its critics and questioners that the pri-
mary reason for this state of affairs has been
the boomerang of its policies of official se-
crecy and attempted management of the
news. Top level administration officials from
the President through the Defense and State
Departments feel the heavy Impact from this
boomerang, but don't appear yet to know
that It was launched many, many months
ago from their own hands.
The Kennedy administration began its
tenure with an amateurish approach to the
problems of military security, perhaps be-
cause so few of its top-level policymakers
had had much prior experience with this sub-
ject in its modern context. They were hor-
rified by the amount of information available
through normal channels, and they had no
real appreciation of what was genuine mili-
tary security and what information was really
necessary to lubricate the wheels of technical
progress in the type of society we are dedi-
cated to maintaining- They looked enviously
at the tight information control in the closed
society of the U.S.S.R., and, whether delib-
erately or subconsciously, they began to emu-
late many of Its worst features. There is
also a theory that these administration in-
formation policies stemmed from the Boston
Brahmin tradition that even though democ-
racy prevailed, it should be operated by a
special class of superior people who should
tell those they governed as little as possible
about what is really being done with their
tax dollars, and Government.
POLICY OF DECEPTION
At any rate, When the first major crisis of
the Kennedy administration broke In the
Bay of Pigs, It adopted the policy later ad-
vocated so shrilly by Arthur Sylvester, As-
sistant Secretary of Defense for Public Af-
fairs, that the Government has a right to
lie In an attempt to deceive an enemy even
if this also means deceiving Its own people.
It is now evident that the Government did a
great deal of lying about what went on just
before and during the Bay of Pigs fiasco.
While this official lying may have been in-
tended to deceive the enemy, we think it
would be difficult to make a valid case on this
score. The subsequent record suggests that
It was really motivated by a self-serving
desire to preserve a governmental image that
the facts would not support.
In any event, the administration made Its
decision at the time of the Bay of Pigs in-
vasion to manage the news to suits its own
ends, and it has continued to try to do so
in every major International crisis since. In
a free society with a free press It Is difficult
to suppress the facts for long, and it is im-
possible to manage the news very effectively
to maintain the desired image for very long
If the facts do not support it. Thus the
facts have been popping up about what
really occurred in Cuba from the Bay of
Pigs to the missile crisis of last fall, and
each new fact pulls a prop out from under
the version dispensed by the official news
managers and their talented amateur assist-
ants. Each new fact that proves to be at
variance with the official stories told at the
time also erodes public confidence both at
home and abroad in the integrity and cred-
ibility of the public officials involved.
This 1s why the Kennedy administration
Is receiving precious little credit for any of
its recent maneuvers even when those ma-
neuvers, If fully and honestly explained,
would merit plaudits instead of brickbats.
The entire problem of NATO nuclear deter-
rent forces has been handled with the same
cavalier disregard for the facts and crudely
managed attempts to conceal what is really
occurring. From the Skybolt cancellation
through the Polaris submarine and surface
ship NATO deterrent proposals, it to difficult
for anybody here or In Europe to follow the
swift shifting of contradictory justifications
under which real motivations and policy are
thinly concealed.
SUSPICION ABROAD
There Is now a widespread suspicion in
Europe as a result of all this that there is
some secret or tacit agreement between the
White House and the Kremlin Involving a
U.S. nuclear disengagelpent in Europe in ex-
change for the Soviet withdrawal of missiles
and troops from Cuba. Certainly the net
result of the Skybolt fiasco was to take Brit-
ain out of the effective nuclear deterrent
business for a long time. When the real
costs of Polaris submarines are faced In the
British defense budget, this proposed force
will disappear like a mirage. The withdrawal
of Jupiter IRBM's from Turkey and Italy
appears to be part of this pattern, even
though the administration stoutly denies It.
The ire directed against the French effort
to maintain a nuclear striking force under
its own flag also lends credence to this theory.
It Is Ironic that the louder the Kennedy
administration now denies these rumors, the
more credence they gain because people re-
member the similar denials and assurances
given at the time of the Cuban crises-that
later proved to be deliberate errors df fact
justified in the name of expediency.
This Nation Is still a free society and Its
policies must rise or fall on their degree of
public support. The people of this Nation
are not used to being deliberately deceived
by their elected or appointive officials, nor
will they tolerate it for long. Until the
Kennedy administration recognizes this sim-
ple fact and revises its methods of explain-
ing its policies to the American people, it is
likely to encounter increasing 'suspicion of
its motives and diminishing support for its
policies.
Mast of the Battleship U.S.S. "West
Virginia" Dedicated as a Memorial to
War Dead in Impressive Ceremonies
at State University
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH
or WEST vIRGINIA .
IN TIIE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, May 21, 1963
Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, on
Saturday, May 11, 1983, West Virginia
University was the scene of a significant
tribute to the gallant crew of the U.S.S.
West Virginia, and to all those West
Virginians who have so nobly served in
the Armed Forces of our country.
More than 1,000 spectators gathered
on the campus as the mainmast of that
once mighty battleship was dedicated as
a memorial. The ceremony brought to
successful climax a project which cap-
tured the imagination of the student
body, and which required the coordi-
nated efforts of private industry and pub-
lic officials and faculty members.
Taking place during West Virginia's
centennial year, 1963, and as a part of
the university's greater West Virginia
weekend, the dedication ceremony was
impressive in its direct simplicity. Adm.
Felix B. Stump, U.S. Navy, retired,
from Parkersburg, W. Va., was the prin-
cipal speaker. Following his remarks,
the mast was officially presented to uni-
versity president, Dr. Paul A. Miller, by
Lt. Comdr. Ralph L. Hooton, U.S. Navy,
of Rowlesburg, W. Va. The Preston
County hero gave meaningful remarks
reminiscent of the ships stirring battle
encounters. Lieutenant Commander
Hooton was stationed aboard the U.S.S.
West Virginia when she was sunk by
enemy action at Pearl Harbor, December
7, 1941.
Also in attendance on this notable oc-
casion were: the Honorable W. W. Bar-
ron, Governor of West Virginia; Joseph
C. Gluck, past department chaplain of
VFW, and now director of student af-
fairs at West Virginia University; of-
ficials of the West Virginia Department
of Veterans of Foreign Wars; leaders of
the American Legion in West Virginia;
faculty members; and representatives of
the student body. It was indeed a privi-
lege for me to be present and to have the
opportunity to participate in the dedi-
cation of a memorial so rich in history
and meaning.
The 55-foot spar, which weighs 8 tons,
stands in the center ofr a beautifully
landscaped terrace centrally located on
the university's main campus. As an
18-gun salute boomed, and flags of the
United States, the State of West Virginia,
and West Virginia University flew at
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The truth is that the Goulart-Dantas fol-
lowing is powerful in the government em-
ployees union that spearheaded the wage-
increase demand, so the two leaders in effect
"pressured" themselves. The huge raise will
pay off a political debt to the army-which
sustains Sr. Goulart's power-and Is insur-
ance for Dr. Dantas' election as Sr. Goulart's
successor in 1965.
President Goulart is often described as an
opportunist. But his heir-apparent, Dr.
Dantas, is wedded to his own set of princi-
ples. He remains viscerally anti-American,
with a political philosophy little changed
since he was a uniformed Brazilian Nazi be-
fore World War II.
President Goulart and Dr. Dantas have
maneuvered the United States into subsidiz-
ing their pblitical ambitions. Latin America
is watching. to see what President Kennedy's
team does about it now.
A Major Threat to the united
States
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. WILLIAM C. CRAMER
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 21, 1963
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, that
Cuba poses a major threat to the United
States is a view shared by one of Ameri-
ca's most outstanding and capable news
columnists, Mr. David Lawrence, editor
of U.S. News & World Report. In a May
20, 1963, syndicated column, Mr. Law-
rence discusses this problem in view of
the Stennis committee report and pre-
sents a point of view that I too share.
I recommend this column to my col-
leagues and am asking that- it be in-
serted in the RECORD at this point:
CUBA HELD MAJOR THREAT TO U.S.
(By David Lawrence)
The greatest danger to the security of the
United States today Is in Cuba. There is
enough Soviet military strength remaining
on the island to launch an attack on this
country.
Yet the American people are being led to
believe that Soviet military strength in
Cuba is negligible and that an attack is as
unthinkable,as the missile buildup last year
was supposed to be.
This was the reasoning used by Govern-
ment agencies here in the autum of 1962 to
minimize the meaning of the Soviet troop
movement and of the preliminary steps for
the setting up of missile bases.
The most important official document on
the Cuban situation has received only pass-
ing attention In the last 11 days from the
American people. No announcement has
been made of what the Kennedy adminis-
tration intends to do about the facts that
have just been disclosed. There are no signs
that the Soviet Government Is being prodded
to get its troops, technicians; and military
equipment out of Cuba, or that any demand
is being made to permit on-the-spot inspec-
tion in order to find out whether any missiles
are still concealed inside the island.
The latest word to the American people
about the gravity of the Cuban situation
comes not from Republican critics trying to
make a political issue but from a subcom-
committee of the Committee on Armed Serv-
ices of the U.S. Senate headed by a Demo-
cratic chairman, Senator JOHN STENNIS, of
Mississippi. All sevenmembers-four Demo-
crats and three Republicans-signed the
unanimous report. It tells the unvarnished
truth about what has happened and points
out a lesson for the future. Here are some
extracts from the report, dated May 9, which
was written after hearing for many weeks
secret testimony given by the intelligence
agencies of the Government, civilian and
military: "While a reasonably competent job
was done in acquiring and collecting intelli-
gence information and data, in retrospect it
appears that several substantial errors. were
made by the intelligence agencies in the
evaluation of the information and data which
was accumulated * * *
"Even though the intelligence community
believes that all (strategic missiles) have
been withdrawn, it is of the greatest urgency
to determine whether or not strategic mis-
siles are now concealed In Cuba. The crit-
icality of this is illustrated by the fact that,
assuming maximum readiness at preselected
sites, with all equipment prelocated, the So-
viet mobile medium-range-1,100 miles-
missiles could be made operational in a
matter of hours.
"Some other sources-primarily refugee
and exile groups-estimate that as many as
40,000 Soviets are. now in Cuba. Bearing in
mind the lack of hard evidence on the ques-
tion and the substantial underestimation
of last fall, we conclude that no one in offi-
cial U.S. circles can tell with any real degree
of confidence, how many Russians are. now
in Cuba and we are of the opinion that the
official 17,500 estimate Is perhaps a minimum
figure * * *
"The evidence is overwhelming that Castro
Is supporting, spurring, aiding, and abetting
Communist revolutionary and subversive
movements throughout the Western Hem-
isphere and that such activities present a
grave and ominous threat to the peace and
security of the Americas * * *.
"It is agreed that ironclad assurance of
the complete absence of Soviet strategic
missiles in Cuba can come only as a result
of thorough, penetrating on-site inspection
by reliable observers * * *.
`The Importance of making every effort to
ascertain the truth with respect to this mat-
ter cannot be overemphasized. The criti-
cality of it can best be illustrated by the fact
that the testimony established that, upon
the assumption that all missiles and asso-
ciated equipment and the necessary person-
nel were readily available near preselected
sites in a state of complete readiness, mobile
medium-range missiles could be made opera-
tional in a matter of hours. Thus, if these
missiles and their associated equipment re-
main in Cuba, the danger is clear and
obvious
"Assuming without deciding that all stra-
tegic weapons have been withdrawn, there
is the ever-present possibility of the stealthy
reintroduction of strategic missiles and other
offensive weapons, using the Soviet forces
still in Cuba as camouflage and security for
the activity * * *.
"Potentially, Cuba is a base from 'which
the Soviets could interdict our vital air and
sealanes. It can now be used for the air,
sea, and electronic surveillance of our mili-
tary activities in the Southeast United States
and the Caribbean.
"Cuba's airfields could serve as recovery
air bases for planes launched against the
United States from the Soviet Union."
This means that the range of certain So-
viet military planes has been increased sub-
stantially. They need fly only one way in a
surprise attack, drop bombs on the United
States and land in Cuba.
Yet in the last few weeks nothing has been
done to insist upon on-site inspection in
Cuba by the United Nations or by any other
agency. The Kennedy administration has
May 21
retreated on this point, and only an Informed
public opinion in the United States and
throughout the world can bring about an
advance-to verify what has actually
happened.
The Battle Over Capital Punishment
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 21, 1963
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I com-
mend to the attention of our colleagues
the following article which appeared in
the May 7, 1963, edition of Look
magazine.
A moving narrative of what happens
when a man is put to death, it is one of
the best arguments for the enactment
of my bill H.R. 545, which would abolish
the death penalty in all Federal juris-
dictions except the military services and
the treason statutes.
The article follows:
THE BITTER BATTLE OVER CAPITAL
PUNISHMENT
"The death penalty isn't punishment-it's
revenge." These grim words sum up the
feelings of Jack It. Johnson, tough warden
of`Chicago's Cook County Jail, a man whose
job it is to press the switch of an electric
chair and a man who is unalterably opposed
to capital punishment. A growing number
of lawmakers, governors, and penologists
agree with Warden Johnson and want to do
away with the death penalty. Opposing
them are police officials and other authorities
who fear that abolition would encourage
murder. The reformers argue that the threat
of execution does not deter. They also ask
this disturbing question: Most killers are
spared. Why should others die?
EIGHT-YEAR JOURNEY TO DEATH: THE CASE OF
VINCENT CIUCCI
Capital punishment is neither swift nor
certain nor just, argue those who would out-
law it. There are around 8,600 murders a
year, for which some 6,000 to 7,000 persons
are tried-but less than 50 of them are exe-
cuted. During Warden Johnson's 71/2 years
at Cook County Jail, he has had to electro-
cute only 3 of 33 condemned men. Some
of the others are still awaiting appeals and
new trials, but most have already won new
trials and had their sentences reduced to
prison terms.
Among the few whom Johnson executed
was Vincent Ciucci, 36, a Chicago grocer.
The prosecution charged that Ciucci shot
his wife and three young children and then
set fire to the house so that he could hide
the crime and marry another woman. It
took four trials before the State could ob-
tain the death penalty. One ended in a mis-
trial. At another, Ciucci got 20 years for
the slaying of his wife; at a third, he received
45 years for the killing of a daughter; at a
fourth, the death penalty was finally im-
posed for the murder of his 8-year-old son.
Warden Johnson pleaded with the State
pardon board to spare Ciucci. "We gain
nothing by imposing a death sentence," he
said. A prosecutor, opposing mercy, coun-
tered: "It Ciucci doesn't deserve the chair,
then nobody does." With death imminent,
Ciucci made public a story he had never told
at his trial, known before only to his priest,
lawyer, and the warden. He actually had
killed his wife, he said, but It was in a rage
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX -
Placed 135 professionally written
"Visit U.S.A." articles in 142 oversea
publications having a combined circula-
tion of over 100 million readers.
Planned and conducted a 13-State
tour by leading travel writers from 9
countries, resulting in the publication of
approximately 50 articles of locally-
created "Visit, U.S.A." material;
Arranged or assisted in over 50 U.S.
tours by travel agents, journalists, tele-
vision teams and carrier personnel from
abroad.
In addition to these promotional
activities, the Travel Service has also
been busy helping to facilitate travel to
this country, to create a more friendly
welcome for our visitors and to improve
our knowledge of international travel
habits. As examples, USTS has:
Led the drive for cutting redtape at
our borders, with such advances as the
waiver of personal appearance require-
ments for tourist visa applicants, the
institution of oral baggage declarations
at major ports of entry, accelerated
screening of Mexican visitors by Govern-
ment inspectors and noticeable improve-
ments in the overall efficiency and
courtesy with which all incoming
travelers are processed by Federal offi-
cers;
Designed and erected 12 welcome
signs at our principal ports of entry,
featuring a message from President
Kenr)edy
Visited nearly every State, contacting
civic leaders, community service or-
ganizations, travel industry associations,
and other local groups urging them to
begin or strengthen grassroots hospital-
ity programs for guests from abroad.
Produced and distributed over 10,500
"community kits" containing a variety of
informative material on how localities
can become better hosts to guests from
abroad;
Mounted a nationwide advertising
campaign, built upon the theme "Com-
pany's Coming," utilizing prime media
space and time donated as a public serv-
ice by magazine and newspaper pub-
lishers, and radio and television station
owners through the cooperation of the
Advertising Council. This award-win-
ning campaign, stressing how individual
Americans can make a visitor's stay more
enjoyable, has so far commanded over $2
million worth of advertising space given
at no cost to the Federal Government;
Produced and distributed over 8,300
copies of the first comprehensive in-
dustrial plant tour guide of the United
States for use by foreign and domestic
travel agents as well as the individual
traveler;
Collected and published detailed
statistics on the pattern of tourist travel
to the United States, including the
results of three comprehensive surveys
of 875 departing visitors conducted by
USTS at the New York and Honolulu
international airports and aboard the
cruise ship Canberra.
Topping the list of its accomplish-
ments, I believe, has been the Travel
Service's foresight and skill in catalysing
the efforts of private industry in support
of the "Visit USA." program. Working
through a 36-man Travel Advisory Com-
mittee, representing leading elements of
the U.S. tourist and tra'hsportation in-
dustry, the Travel Service has been in-
strumental in aiding, developing and
promoting a broad range of private pro-
grams for the benefit of increased foreign
travel. A few leading examples include
the $99,-99-day bus ticket, the flat-rate
fare plans offered by eight local-service
airlines to foreign visitors, the 15-percent
railroad coach discount, the reduced-
rate accommodations given by three
major hotel chains, the extensive foreign
visitor welcome program launched by
the American Hotel Association, the
scores of extraordinary advertising and
special promotion programs undertaken
by U.B. and foreign-flag carriers to sell
more travel to the United States of
America. and many others.
The most remarkable thing about the
Travel Service story is that all of this
has been accomplished by one of the
smallest agencies in Washington. Com-
pared with the multitudes employed by
most of our other international agencies,
the USTS worldwide professional staff
of 24 persons-12 in the United States
and 12 overseas-can only be described
as tiny. As a matter of fact, 59 of our
79 foreign-aid missions individually em-
ploy a larger number of U.S. citizens than
the total complement of LISTS person-
nel assigned abroad. Our economic-aid
mission to South Vietnam alone is 20
times larger than the entire oversea staff
of LISTS. The Travel Service's current
budget of $3,350,000 is less than one-
tenth of 1 percent of our foreign-aid
budget.
I cite these figures simply to show that
the U.B. Government does not have to
create a giant agency to get things ac-
complished around the world. Whatever
else it may stand for, the U.B. Travel
Service is a proud and encouraging
example of that fact. Paraphrasing a
well-remembered statement byour "fel-
low citizen," Winston Churchill, it can
be said of the U.B. Travel Service that
never in the history of Federal bureau-
cracy has so much been done, with so
little, by so few.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. WILLIAM H. HARSHA
or 01110
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 21, 1963
Mr. HARSHA. Mr. Speaker, the United
States continues to be the chief patsy for
all wanting an easy handout.
Just as I predicted. Brazil has literally
thumbed her nose at the United States.
In statements to this House. I pointed
out the futility of granting Brazil the
$400 million loan the State Department
approved on the 25th of March of this
year.
I stated on numerous occasions prior
to that date that Brazil would use the
money to enhance her trade with Russia
and that in effect after she got her hands
A3213
on the money she would do with it just
as she saw fit.
Now Brazil has signed a new 5-year
trade agreement with Soviet Russia in-
volving more than $600 million and al-
though she denies any U.S. dollars were
used, the terms of the contract were,
oddy enough, spelled out in U.S. dollars.
Furthermore, one of the so-called de-
clared purposes of the loan was to help
Brazil fight inflation and Brazil prom-
ised the United States in writing, that
she would eliminate subsidies on wheat
and petroleum products so as to reduce
the cash deficit of the Brazilian Treas-
ury. Brazil promised a policy of con-
tainment in budgetary expenditures for
1963 and to attempt to hold wage in-
creases to actual cost-of-living increases
and salary adjustments for public em-
ployees to 40 percent.
Now what has she done after the
United States balled her out based on
her promises-why Brazil has done a
complete about-face. Brazil in effect
has doublecrossed the United States.
Brazil has restored federal subsidies
on food and oil and agreed to a 60-per-
cent increase in pay raise for Govern-
ment employees and the army. Thereby
insuring a new round of inflation and
breaking faith with the United States.
Proving the U.S. loan was an exercise in
futility.
Mr. Speaker, Virginia Prewett, in an
article in today's Washington Daily
News, factually and vividly calls atten-
ton to this breach of faith. I included
her article called "Subsidizing Brazil's
Doublecross" in my remarks and urge
my colleagues to read it.
Suusmlziso Baesn.'s Doval.scaoss
(By Virginia Prewett)
Brazil is a huge, beautiful, and underde-
veloped country whose rulers for over 2
years have bucked U.B. foreign policy for
Cuba whenever we took a firm tone toward
Castro. Today, Brazil's rulers have embarked
also on an open course of bucking U.S. for-
eign policy for Brazil.
Within the past 2 months, Brazil's Presi-
dent Joao Goulart and his Foreign Minister
Dr. Francisco San Tiago Dantas have quite
spectacularly broken a vital agreement with
the Kennedy administration.
THEY KNOW
The speed with which they have splintered
solemn promises solemnly made to Washing-
ton is almost without parallel. Thick-
skinned Norte-Americanos may not know
that by this action Brazil has flung the
United States a challenge. But Brazil's Latin
American neighbors know.
The incident turns on the recent financial
bailout granted Brazil by the United States.
In March, President Goulart sent Dr. Dantas
to Washington to plead that Brazil might
soon have to default on official and commer-
cial debts-the equivalent of national bank-
ruptcy. To get a U.B. bailout of $398 million,
the Goulart-Dantas team promised in writ-
ing to curb Brazil's rampant inflation.
Within short weeks, the two Brazilian
leaders have done the opposite. They've re-
stored federal food and oil subsidies, and
agreed to a 60-percent pay raise for govern-
ment employees and the army. A new round
of inflation is assured.
President Goulart and Dr. Dantas solemnly
tell U.B. newsmen that political pressures
forced them to do this.
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the African coast. However, for some reason
we do not yet understand, he could not find
the light. We raised the question of whether
the device really was deployed into space.
Cooper was very Insistent on this point.
He felt it when the squib exploded, and he
heard the noise. Mercury Control was
dubious, however.
An hour and a halt later, we learned that
the astronaut was right. At sunset on the
fourth orbit, he saw the reflection of the
sun's rays off a shiny object several miles
away. Then he observed it flashing. He
watched the blinker all through the 45-
minute flight on both the fourth and fifth
orbits.
I think this incident illustrates why a man
is needed. Cooper was not immediately able
to use his sense of sight as originally in-
tended. But his senses of hearing and touch,
combined with his judgment, enabled him
to make the decision that the experiment
had not failed. And so he kept looking. He
says he could see the light up to about 12
or 13 miles away.
A related experiment was the observation
of a very. bright light on the sixth orbit as
he passed over South Africa. The purpose
was to compare the ground light with on-
board light source and to measure its in-
tensity to calculate atmospheric absorption.
Cooper reported this experiment was also
successful.
He had less success with an attempt to
deploy a 30-inch orange-colored balloon to
test its visibility and to obtain Information
on the drag, resulting from the few mole-
cules of atmosphere at that altitude. He
tried twice yesterday tp release the balloon,
but we will have to wait and see whether
he is able to try again today.
Another experiment performed yesterday
was a rather simple one. During the fifth
orbit, he turned off the cooling fan in the
spacecraft and disconnected the cabin tem-
perature control, to determine whether the
temperature remains within tolerable limits
without using electrical power to maintain
it. The information we have from the ex-
periment indicates that such a procedure is
feasible.
Today, he was scheduled to take a great
number of photographs, of space, of the hori-
zon, and of the earth below him. The
photographs of space will enable scientists
to establish the nature of Zodiacal light.
The horizon pictures are intended to obtain
information that will help us navigate more
precisely on the way to the moon. The earth
photographs, in infrared light, will enable us
to do a better job of weather observation
and prediction. In another experiment to-
day, he was to investigate how to point a
high-frequency radio antenna to improve
communication with ground stations.
Throughout the flight, he has been taking
radiation measurements on crossing the
South Atlantic, to measure radiation cre-
ated by high-altitude nuclear explosions.
Also throughout the flight, he has been oper-
ating an experimental television camera,
transmitting, crude' images of himself to se-
lected ground stations.
I believe the amount of experimentation
on this mission is a harbinger of the future.
In earlier flights in Project Mercury, the
time available was limited, and the astro-
nauts' first concern had to be with operating
the spacecraft and learning to solve the
problems associated with operation. '
In future programs, the situation will be
similar. First, we will perfect the mechanics
of flight. Then we will use the system as a
tool, for scientific observation and for other
purposes.
Thus far, I have confined my remarks to
the peaceful exploration of space. As those
in this room know well, other activities,
whose aims are not so peaceful, can also take
place there.
The Department of Defense has not fully
defined the role man should play in its
space activities. However, under an agree-
ment between Secretary McNamara and Mr.
Webb, reached in January 1963, NASA will
manage the Gemini program to assure the
fulfillment of both DOD and NASA require,
ments, and the DOD will contribute funding,
in an amount to be determined later. When
the Gemini system becomes operational in
1966, it will of course be available for use
by any agency of the Government having
work to do in space. When the Apollo. sys-
tem becomes operational by the end of the
decade, it will be similarly available.
In summary, we are proceeding step by
step to develop broad capabilities in manned
space flight.
We have learned in Project Mercury that
the conditions of space flight do not interfere
with man's ability to tend and improve the
reliability of an automatic system.
We will develop in Project Gemini a two-
man space system, with which we will con-
duct experiments in long-term weightless-
ness, ''earn the techniques of rendezvous,
and improve our general proficiency of flight.
The system will be operational by 1966.
In Project Apollo, we will produce a sys-
tem of safe, reliable transportation between
the earth and the moon on a routine basis
and, in so doing, we will make the United
States pre-eminent in space. We will begin
maned exploration of the moon before the
end of the decade.
Man is of value In space because his
presence increases the reliability of the sys-
tem. Although manned flight Is more ex-
pensive than unmanned flight in the 'de-
velopment phase, the increased reliability of
a manned vehicle will ultimately enable us
to carry out complex tasks In space more
effectively and, very possibly, at less expense
than with automatic equipment.
Thirteen years ago, the late William Faulk-
ner made a comment that may apply to the
present discussion:
"I believe that man will not merely en-
dure; he will prevail. He is immortal * * *
because he has a soul, a spirit capable of
compassion and sacrifice and endurance."
In exploring the moon and planets, I am
convinced with Faulkner that man will
The'S'mile of Safety, or "What Are We
Being Told About Cuba?" or the Use
of "Soft Soap" in Dispelling the Com-
munist Threat -
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM C. CRAMER
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 21, 1963
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, an arti-
cle entitled "The Smile of Safety: What
Are We Being Told About Cuba?" by
Charles Burton Marshall, surprisingly
appearing in the New Republic of May
25, 1963, and is one of the finest analyses
of the "soft soap" technique of the New
Frontier in salving over and dispelling
the Communist threat 90 miles from our
shores.
This article is written by a confessed
Democrat who says in the article:
I, for one, feel put off by much of what
the administration and friendly publicists
have been saying to allay misgivings about
Cuba-nothing partisan, for I am a Demo-
crat.
May 21
The pointed and thoughtful way in
which Mr. Marshall disposes of the nu-
merous and fallacious arguments and
excuses offered on Cuba.by the adminis-
tration apologists and professional ex-
plainers deserves the attention df the
House.'
Marshall disposes of the "smiles of
safety" that emanate daily from the New
Frontier on Cuba, such smiles being on
the subjects: first, that it is better to
have Russians than Cubans in charge of
weapons; second, that options are avail-
able and a choice of one can be deferred;
third, that Khrushchev really is not so
bad, he is being pushed; fourth, that'the
Russian military forced Khrushchev on
missiles in Cuba; fifth, that Freedom
Fighter raids encourage Russians to re-
main in Cuba; sixth, that the real test
of correctness is the support of other na-
tions; seventh, that there is some good
in Cuban communism-a showcase for
failure, ' and a costly operation; and
eighth, our policy is to prevent another
"Hungary" in Cuba.
This article follows:
THE SMILE OF SAFETY: WHAT ARE WE BEING
TOLD ABOUT CuDA?
(By Charles Burton Marshall)
The Communist buildup in Cuba, as Hans
Morgenthau noted in Commentary some
months ago, is detrimental to the intellec-
tual and emotional health of our body poli-
tic. One aspect of this important ill effect
concerns the discourse of our Government
and of those who undertake to interpret its
attitudes to the public. To understand this,
one must take into account the predisposi-
tion of ruling groups.
It Is not enough for high officials to have
their policies, if the term is apt, made bind-
ing. In that sense public support is not
even a problem. The Kennedy administra-
tion clearly has the authority to carry
through on whatever course it elects to fol-
low in Cuba. No one of us would know how
to undercut it even if we would. Beyond
adherence, however, a government covets ad-
miration. This is due only in part to pride
and vanity. An administration must strive
to maintain inner morale, to hold to a sense
of serving faithfully and well in matters en-
trusted to its keeping. An obvious and im-
mediate measure of success is general con-
sent to its undertakings. For its own sake,
an administration must cultivate the public
and weigh its opinion.
In fantasy, one might picture this admin-
istration appealing for indulgence regarding
Cuba. It might own to the difficulties of
having had some of its top men learning on
the job. It might concede a want of pru-
dence or a sag of nerve at the time of the
Bay of Pigs. It might confess to a default of
timely warning against Soviet deployment
of conventional forces to Cuba. It might
admit to having improvidently eased off the
October crisis on the narrow issue of missile
placement without achieving a broader and
more durable solution. It might candidly
say that it has tended to underplay opportu-
nities up to now but hopes to do better.
An administration would never speak thus.
It must insist on having played its cards
well even in view of dwindling chips. In a
frustrating Instance like Cuba, it may be
tempted to try to make the best of things
by making them out a little better than is
warranted by realities. The result is both
to mislead the credulous and to leave dis-
criminating souls wondering whether the
administration takes a proper measure of
its problems. I, for one, feel put off by
much of what the administration and
friendly publicists have been saying to allay
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trial base to which the Ordnance Association
Is so deeply devoted."
Developments In the last 18 months have
punctuated this point particularly. In the
President's budget document for fiscal year
1964 we are told that the development, test,
and evaluation of most large strategic
weapons systems, currently contemplated,
will have been essentially completed or will
be in the final and less expensive stages by
1984.
As Mr. Webb noted, we have found the
contractors phasing out of heavy military
procurement programs eager and anxious to
use their resources in the space program.
We had requirements for such resources and.
therefore, it has been possible to keep to-
gether many of these experienced research
and development teams.
Today, I want to discuss with you the
manned space flight program that is occu-
pying so many of these teams. I'd like to
describe briefly what we are doing and dis-
cuss some of the reasons why man is of con-
siderable value in space. Finally, I want to
illustrate this tremendous importance we
attach to having men in space with examples
from Gordon Cooper's mission.
As yoti know. the space program Is divided
into four major categories, science, advanced
technology, applications, and manned flight.
Although the titles are almost self-explana-
tory, I will describe each portion in sufficient
detail that it may be identified.
The space science effort Is concerned with
obtaining basic knowledge about conditions
in space and on other astronomical bodies.
At the present time, the science program
makes use of unmanned sounding rockets,
satellites, and deep space probes as tools
with which it gathers Information.
In advanced technology, we are carrying
out research to improve propulsion, elec-
tronics, materials, structures, and other ele-
ments of space systems, to enable us to un-
dertake more difficult space missions In the
decades to come.
In applications, we are employing space
systems to produce benefits In the present
or in the near future in such areas as com-
munications, navigation, and weather oh-
servation.
Manned apace flight to a form of tech-
nology, in which we are providing a tool that
will be used for a variety of purposes. In
the current phase, manned space flight Is
more expensive than unmanned flight be-
cause a manned vehicle is heavier and more
complex, and requires a more powerful
booster vehicle to launch it Into a space tra-
jectory. Later, I will explain why I believe
manned space flight will not always be more
expensive.
In the manned space flight program are
three approved projects-Mercury, Gemini,
and Apollo-with which we are proceeding
step by step in the development of broad
capabilities.
This week's news has renewed your famil-
iarity with Project Mercury, in which we
have produced a system that combines a
modified form of the Atlas ICBM as the
launch vehicle and a one-man spacecraft
weighing 3,000 pounds, about as much as a
compact car.
We have learned many things In Project
Mercury, but the most important lesson is
that the conditions of space flight dc-not in-
terfere with the ability of a trained man to
attend an automatic machine and to Im-
prove its reliability. In the orbital flights of
John Glenn, Scott Carpenter, and Wally
Schirra, we learned that weightlessness is no
problem for periods lasting as long as almost
9 hours. The Cooper flight, extends this ex-
perience to 34 hours.
Our second manned space flight program,
Gemini, will make use of a new and more
powerful booster, the Titan II, which will
provide sufficient thrust to launch Into orbit
payloads weighing 7.000 pounds.
The Gemini spacecraft will carry a two-
man crew on flights lasting up to.2 weeks,
and it will have propulsion, guidance, and
navigation equipment with which the astro-
nauts will be able to make limited changes
in their Bight path. Thus they will be able
to carry out experiments in rendezvous.
Another important characteristic of the
Gemini program Is that the work is directed
at an operational spacecraft system, with
which manned flights will be carried out on a
comparatively routine basis; this In contrast
with Mercury. In which each spacecraft is
different, and each Bight an experiment.
The first manned Gemini flights are
planned for next year. Rendezvous experi-
ments are scheduled to begin in 1985. The
system will be operational In 1908.
The largest of our programs is Apollo. In
which we will begin the manned exploration
of the moon before the end of the decade.
Landing the first Americans on the moon will
certainly be the most dramatic moment of
this program. Perhaps it is understandable.
therefore, that there is an impression abroad
that achieving the first landing on the moon
is the only object of Project Apollo. This
Is very far from being the case. -
The primary goal of Project Apollo is to
develop a safe, reliable system for trans-
porting men repeatedly and routinely in the
space environment at as low a cost as prac-
tical, and-in the process-to make the
United States preeminent In manned space
flight. It may very well develop that we will
reach the moon before the Soviets. If so,
this will provide a very welcome demonstra-
tion of our preeminence. But winning a
race is not our primary purpose.
Many of the elements of United States
preeminence will be produced along the way,
long before a man of any nationality sete
foot on the moon. Later this year. for ex-
ample, we will conduct the first two-stage
flight of the Saturn launch vehicle, carrying
a payload weighing 18.000 pounds, heavier
than anything the Soviets have placed in
orbit to date.
Next year, the Saturn I will carry Into orbit
payloads weighing as much as 22,000 pounds,
and it will be omoyed in 1945 as the
booster for the first manned earth-orbital
flight of the three-man Apollo spacecraft.
Also in 1905, we will begin Bight tests of
the Saturn IS, a vehicle with an improved
second stage, which will provide the thrust
to carry into earth orbit payloads up to
32,000 pounds, almost 11 times the weight
of the Mercury spacecraft. This vehicle will
be operational in 1938, in time for manned
earth-orbital flights of the entire Apollo
spacecraft--including the two-man lunar
excursion module, a special purpose vehicle
that will be employed to shuttle two men
between the moon's surface and the parent
spacecraft in orbit about the moon. This
two-man craft will fill a function similar to
a small boat carrying passengers from a-ship
anchored offshore to an Island.
To provide launch power for lunar flights,
we will develop in Project Apollo the giant
three-stage Saturn V. with a first stage gen-
erating 7? million pounds of thrust, five
times as much as the Saturn I and IS. the
equivalent weight of 80 Mercury spacecraft
or 18 times the mass of the largest payload
the Soviets have claimed to have orbited.
In Project Apollo. we are developing a
spacecraft weighing 45 tons-as much as the
largest tractor-trailer on the highway, fully
loaded, which will have the ability to carry
three men on earth-orbital flights lasting 2
weeks or more, and to engage In extensive
maneuvers in space. It will be constructed
to protect its crew in flight between the
Earth and the Moon, and will carry the
lunar excursion module.
We are constructing in Project Apollo fa-
cilities all across the United States and We
are building a launch complex for assem-
bling the entire space vehicle indoors, pro-i,
tected from weather and salt spray, and for
transporting the vehicle in a vertical posi-
tion to the launch pads more than 3 miles
away. A high Bring rate will be made pos-
sible by the availability of three pads and
four assembly bays inside the building.
Finally, in Project Apollo we are estab-
lishing a primary earth station for control
of manned space flight missions, at which
we are installing modern equipment pro-
gramed to enable a mission director to make
decisions almost instantaneously in a vast
number of contingency situations.
These facilities, skills, techniques, and
hardware will be available to serve the Na-
tion for many years after the first explorers
step onto the Moon. They will providegreat
flexibility In carrying out whatever opera-
tions In space may be required by the na-
tional interest.
Frequently, the question is asked, why man
In space? Can we not do as much with
automatic instruments, at less expense than
with man? The answer to these questions is
that, both on earth and In space, there are
many functions better performed by ma- -
chines than men. A machine never gets
bored and, if we provide proper maintenance,
it does not quickly get tired. Any job that
must be performed repeatedly, without vari-
ation and without Imagination, is usually
done better by machine.
But a machine has no judgment. It does
only what we program it to do. It deals
only with situations that can be predicted
In advance, It cannot deal with the un-
expected.
Furthermore, the reliability of a complex
machine is limited. As its complexity In-
creases its inherent unreliability increases
accordingly. If a trained man is present,
however, he can determine how to deal with
malfunctions. He may be able to get the
equipment back Into working order. If not,
be may be able to shift to another opera-
tional mode.
As we attempt more difficult tasks in our
flight programs, the role of man will grow
continually. The pilots will carry out es-
sential functions in the rendezvous pro-
cedures in Project Gemini. In Project
Apollo, they will check out the spacecraft,
navigate, correct course en route, and fly the
lunar excursion module to an altitude of
several hundred feet above the moon to take
a close look before landing. If they And evi-
dence of hazard, they will be able to move as
much as 1,000 feet sideways before landing.
On the moon, the explorers will emplace
equipment, collect samples, make photo-
graphs, and take notes. They will look for
the unexpected. When they find it, they will
decide what to do about it.
If necessary, we could design and program
machines to do all of these things. If we
did, however. I believe the machines would
be as large, as complex, and as expensive
as manned spacecraft. Furthermore, I am
certain they would not be as reliable. Con-
sequently, we would have to carry out more
flights to gain the same amount of informa-
tion, and the cost of exploring the moon
with unmanned instruments might well be
greater than with men.
Perhaps the role of man in space will be
a little clearer if 'I describe for you some of _
the things Gordon Cooper Is doing.
Altogether, he has 11 experiments to per-
form during his 34 hours in orbit. In addi-
tion to helping us evaluate how his system
reacts to the conditions of space flight. He
did about half of the work yesterday, and
was scheduled to do the rest today.
Several of these are concerned with deter-
mining the ability of the human eye to see.
During the third orbit yesterday, for example,
be released into space a device with a very
bright flashing light.
He was scheduled to begin observing the
light immediately after sunset, as he crossed
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
misgivings about Cuba-nothing partisan,
for I am a Democrat.
I cite as an initial example the premise
that Soviet armed forces in Cuba, whatever
their numbers, present no military threat.
That premise was conveyed recently as a
point of information to our Armed Forces
abroad by the Department of Defense. The
idea is plausible only if the key term is con-
strued in a narrow, technical sense. Back
in Dean Acheson's days in State and George
C. Marshall's in Defense, use of the term
military or its counterpart political in to
sterile a way was forbidden to subordinates.
Why employ it now'in so technical and mis-
leading a sense just to butter up the troops?
Another illustration of bad discourse
about policy relates to "options"-a con-
juring word on the New Frontier. I heard
a high figure in this administration describe
policy as a recondite business designed to
keep down risks by minimizing the stakes
at issue and deferring choice. He then
lauded our Cuba policy on the basis of this
supposed measure of statesmanship. Non-
sense. It only distorts policy to represent
it as the art of backing away from issues
wherever feasible.
This brings me to a point about inter-
preting the Soviet Union, especially as per-
sonified by Nikita Khrushchev. Our policy
seems often to treasure a certain presupposi-
tion about him. The Camp David kewpie--
rough but tractable, not a bad fellow down
underneath-is taken for authentic. That
other side to the man-pressing hostile aims.
at every safe opportunity-is supposed to
be aberrant and reluctant. It is all remi-
niscent of Harry Hopkins' faith that the
real essence of Stalin was the genial ban-
quet host, not the ruthless seeker of ad-
vantage in negotiation.
Thus the stealthy deployment of Soviet
missiles to Cuba is attributed to pressure
on Khrushchev from others. The with-
drawal of them is accounted for as an act
of man's true self in response to an oppor-
tunity provided by our armed interposition.
His gesture of giving in a little on terms for
a test-ban inspection is supposed to show
his true colors. The subsequent reversal is
explained as due to dire compulsion on him.
He who smiles and says what we want to
hear about Laos is sincere, but the unre-
mting pressure on neutralists in Laos is
Mao's mean doing.
Such persistence in optimistic appraisals
showed in the President's explanation of the
need to curtail maritime raids by Cuban ex-
iles: they might deprive the Russians of an
opportunity to go home-as if the Russians
were tarrying out of pride rather than for
advantage, awaiting only a moment for
graceful exit.
Devotion to looking on the sunny side was
carried to even greater lengths in a recent
article by Joseph C. Harsch-this time in
anticipation of a long Russian sojourn in
Cuba rather than an early exit. In the
Christian Science Monitor, he expounded,
without endorsing a theory that vindicating
Cuba's freedom to go and to stay Communist
would somehow serve an exemplary purpose
in establishing a right for other Communist
satellites to break away and to overturn mas-
ters-a bit like admitting wolves to the fold
so as- to set a precedent for sheep to go
raiding.
It is said to be less risky for phlegmatic
Russians rather than Cuban hotheads to be
in charge of weapons on the island. On
reading this idea in the writfpgs of three
journalists, I attributed it to private heresy.
Then I heard it uttered by an administra-
tion thinker. What can one say? Maxi-
milian might have been less risky in Mexico
than the Mexicans. Is policy to be beguiled
by the smile of safety?
Another characteristic of the administra-
tion's conduct is a preoccupation with con-
sensus-the notion that the main test of a
policy lies in getting enough other govern-
ments to go along with it. Again and again,
I have heard administration spokesmen try
to vindicate our policy by citing the size of
a vote garnered in the Organization of Amer-
ican States. I heard one such man the other
day count the Russian deployment in Cuba
as a positive boon because it had alined so
many Latin American governments with us,
The critical question here involves not the
outward disposition of these allies but the
inner power and durability of the govern-
ment concerned. Consider the recent con-
ference at San Jose, Costa Rica, where three
presidents of Central American States joined
ours in an avowal on behalf of constitutional
processes. A few days later one of them was
expelled by unconstitutional process.
In a recent speech Vice President JonNsox
made a big thing of the idea that Cuba is
a showcase of Communist economic short-
comings. What Communist country has not
been? The rub is that such a showcase is
all too likely to display something else--
namely, the feasibility of taking over a so-
ciety, deliberately depressing consumption,
and using stringency in combination with
monopoly of supply as an instrument of con-
trol. Communism has subsisted not on a
reputation for generating affluence but on
its effectiveness in holding on to power once
installed.
What conclusion are we to draw from the
exodus of a quarter of a million refugees
from Cuba? A recent speech by the Secre-
tary of State interpreted this phenomenon as
ominous for the man in Havana, an achieve-
ment for U.S. policy. Communist regimes,
however, have generally permitted or even
abetted the emigration of intractable ele-
ments when feasible. When otherwise, as in
the instance of China, the regime got rid
of opponents by massive executions. The
drain may get out of hand and have to be
stanched as in the instance of the Berlin
wall, That extreme is not in sight for Cuba.
Short of it, the exodus of refugees helps more
than it hinders in remolding a society, ,
In the New York Times, James Reston has
alluded to secret U.S. assistance to guerrillas
in Cuban backlands: stuff too deep for of-
ficials to own to, but with signs of having
come from the horse's mouth-yet not nec-
essarily conclusive, for the horse may be the
some as prompted Reston to write 1Dmonths
ago that "obviously the United States would
not tolerate a Communist regime in Cuba,
no matter how freely elected, if that regime
allied itself to Moscow and exercised its
sovereign rights to maintain a Soviet mili-
tary base." Let us, however, assume the
authenticity of Reston's later report. What
it prompts me to say is this: Proxy war does
not exempt a nation from obligations. In
such concerns a government must not trifle.
Encouraging guerrillas is no substitute for
policy. Such warfare is not an end but only
an early, contingent step toward taking over.
The crunch comes with the approach of suc-
cess. Would we then sustain what we had
abetted?' Our statesmen must ask them-
selves this question and answer it in 'a con-
clusive affirmative before indulging in any
such experiments.
This brings me at least to reflect on an
oft-heard assertion that there must be no
Hungary in Cuba. The noble cliche begs
question. -Any situation like Hungary or
Cuba is sui genesis. What is the precise
relevant significance of Hungary? Seen in
one way, the Hungarian tragedy of 1956
was a rising against Communist rule
quelled by outside force while others with-
held success. In another perspective Hun-
gary represented the interposition of enough
Russian forces to save a minion regime un-
der internal threat. In the first sense, the
Budapest phase may have occurred in Cuba
more than 2 years ago, at the time of the
Bay of Pigs invasion. In the second sense,
A3221
Soviet forces to cope with any internal up-
rising are probably the ones already in
Cuba-the ones whose lingeringpresence our
officials both publicly, deplore and privately
explain as having a brighter side.
Fringe Benefits Create Hidden Pay-
checks-May Aggravate Unemploy-
ment Problem
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 21, 1963
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, the family
paycheck is no longer an accurate indi-
cator of the American breadwinner's in-
come. in recent years, fringe benefits
have increased dramatically, thus offer-
ing our workers greater security and
hidden income.
According to a Wall Street Journal ar-
ticle of May 14:
Wage and salary payments have almost
tripled since World War II * * * [while]
employer payments don't show up in pay-
checks, so-called fringe benefits, have in-
creased nearly sixfold.
These benefits, which vary among
companies, include such services as in-
surance and pension programs, free
lunches, price discounts and country club
privileges.
From 3 percent of wages and salaries in
1946, these employer fringe payments have
swelled steadily-to a record 7 percent last
year-
According to the article.
The steady increase in these benefits
may have some serious economic impli-
cations, particularly with regard to un-
employment. Some opinion holds that
because of larger fringe benefits employ-
ers prefer to work their existing em-
ployees overtime, when required, rather
than hire new employees. This view is
"supported by a recent Labor Department
study which showed that 7 percent of all
manufacturing work is being done on an
overtime basis while more than 4 million
persons are jobless.
In addition, there is evidence that the
rise in fringe benefits may be contrib-
uting to immobility of labor. As the
article points out, less than 4 percent of
U.S. production workers switched jobs
last year compared to 7 percent in the
postwar period. As workers become in-
creasingly mindful of the nonwage re-
wards of seniority, labor mobility-an
essential condition for dynamic economic
growth-may decline.
In a speech before the U.S. Chamber
of Commerce on April 30, George P.
Shultz, dean of the Graduate School of
Business, University of Chicago, dis-
cussed the need for a smoothly function-
ing labor market and the important
contribution this could make toward
easing our unemployment problem. Dr.
Shultz also discussed fringe benefits and
their relation to overtime work, the age
distribution of the labor force, voluntary
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CONGRES4MAL RECORD - APPENDIX May 21
mobility and the overall problem of un-
employment.
Because of the Important contribu-
tions which the Wall Street Journal arti-
cle and Dr. Shultz' speech can make to
a serious discussion of our unemploy-
ment problem, I include them in the
RECORD at this point:
TAE CHALLENGE Or UNEMPLOYM.E.NT
(An address by George P. Shultz, dean, Grad-
uate School of Business, University of Chi-
cago, to the annual meeting, United States
Chamber of Commerce, Apr. 30, 1963)
A new wiliingnes is abroad in the land-
to reexamine the operation of labor markets
and to experiment with a variety of devices
to improve their efficiency. This new took
can, in the long run. provide a vital part to
an overall solution of the unemployment
problem. I will emphasize it here because
it tends to get lost In all the discussion of tax
cuts and the stimulation of total demand.
Please don't misunderstand me. Like a great
many others. I favor an immediate and sub-
stantial net reduction In tax rates, but I
argue that steps such as Ibis-which operate
at the aggregate level- have the beat chance
of producing full employment with a reason-
ably stable price level if they are accompa-
nied by Improved operation of labor markets.
My thesis, then, Is "policies for full employ-
ment and for efficient labor markets go hand
in hand."
At the same time, it Is necessary to rec-
ognize the short-term pressures arising from
the unemployment of the present and recent
past. The practical problem to that the fact
and the fear of unemployment-a genuine
fact and a justified fear for all too many
people today-may lead to solutions of ex-
pediency, solutions which move away from
the conditions for a healthy labor market.
The challenge of unemployment is to design
private and public policies that raise em-
ployment and that are consistent with long-
term goals.
CURRENT UNEMPLOYMENT AND FUTURE DE-
MANDS ON THE LABOR MARKET
Two facts about current unemployment
are particularly impressive, to me at least.
The first bears on the seriousness of the
problem, and the second on its composition.
Each month the Department of Labor an-
nounces that employment for that month
has reached a record high. This is an Im-
portant observation, and deserves emphasis.
But, coupled with questions about the sta-
tistics on unemployment-questions directed
largely at inclusion of groups with a loose
attachment to the labor force, such as youths
looking for part-time work or secondary
earners looking for a spell of employment=
It has led many people to wonder how se-
rious the unemployment problem really Is.
I call your attention to one group of people
whose experience has special significance.
They are labeled, with one of those well-
turned census phrases, "married males,
spouse present" This is a large group, ap-
proximately half the labor force. The men
in it are primary earners, usually responsible
for the support of a family. They want full-
time jobs. The rate of unemployment among
them is typically half to a third that of
other men. doubtless reflecting In part su-
perior skill and a greater drive for produc-
tive employment as well as a different age
distribution. How have they fared recently?
Last March over 11/2 million such men
were unemployed, an unemployment rate
for this group of about 41,(y percent. This
rate has been consistently above 4 per-
cent since 1958 and has exceeded 6 per-
cent in a number of months since then. In
the years 1961-57, by contrast, this rate
ran generally under 3 percent, including
some extensive time periods when the rate
was between I and 2 percent. Even in the
1954 downturn, It did not stay long at the
4 percent level.
The experience of this group, the core of
the labor force. Indicates to me a problem of
serious concern.
if the problem is serious, It is also diverse
in its characteristics. Some people are un-
employed because they are in the process of
a voluntary shift from one job to another,
Such shifting about is basically healthy; in-
deed, one of the costs of a high level of un-
employment is that it inhibit, voluntary
changes in jobs. Some are unemployed be-
cause they have not learned how to search
for a job effectively-youths or women en-
tering the labor force or men Laid off after a
long period of work with one employer.
Some And that skills they possess are no
longer marketable or. If they never acquired
a special skill, that the market for unskilled
labor Is not good. Some are located in the
wrong area of the country or have a strong
attachment to an industry and hope-often
a vain hope-for a call back to work. Some
are unemployed because of characteristics _
other than their qualifications for work. Of
course, there are others who Will be reem-
ployed when work in their Industry picks
up again. -
No doubt much of this unemployment will
disappear with a rise In aggregate demand.
But some of it Is best cured by a combination
of adequate demand with Improved loca-
tion, training, Information, or treatment.
It Is In this sense that labor market or man-
power policies designed to bring about such
Improvements are the handmaiden of a full
employment policy. To neglect the opera-
tion of labor markets and the Institutional
arrangements which shape their character
Is to Invite an approach confined to the ag-
gregate level, likely to be Inflationary, and
therefore employed with a timidity Inap-
propriate to the seriousness of the problem.
THE LABOR MASK= APPROACH
The demands made upon the operation of
labor markets wil surely be greater In the
next 10 years than In the last. Change, we
here with tiresome frequency, Is the order of
the day, though it should be as frequently
pointed out that this Is as much the result
of shifting consumer tastes and sources of
raw material as It is of new technology, and
that, without this change, our standards of
life let alone our position in the world would
rapidly eterlorate. In addition to the shift-
ing about of workers induced by economic
change there are some clearly foreseeable
trends within the labor force Itself. It Will
be growing at a relatively rapid pace and
shifting sharply In its composition. Growth
will be most rapid among those under 25 and
over 45 years old. It may be noted- that
relative growth, that is compared with the
last decade, will rise sharply for the under
25 age group, the only age group where the
rate of Increase will be more rapid than the
past decade. We will return to the implics-
tions of this fact in a few moments.
It to important, then, from the standpoint
of meeting long-term manpower develop-
ments as well as immediate unemployment
problems to make the labor market process
as efficient as possible. We are talking here,
of course, about human beings and their
movement to the places and jobs In which
they can be most productive. But, while
human beings are Involved, what they are,
involved in Is a market process-a fact hard
for many to accept, since so much has been
made of the Idea that "labor is not a com-
modity." Nevertheless, we Ignore at our
peril the fact that this market like others
relies on good information about supply and
demand. the possibility of movement away
from one Industry, occupation, or area and
of entry Into others, and that the price of
labor In a given market will have impact on
the quantity demanded.
The labor market approach also has In it
an element of frustration in that we are
constantly talking about policy shifts of %Lp-
parently small dimension. We seem to be in
the position of responding to large and im-
portant problems with small bits and pieces.
How much more satisfactory it is to have one
big solution that will solve all the problems.
But, I must say, how aggravating it is to me
to read statements that "only 15 percent of
the unemployed workers were able to bene-
fit" by such and such an approach, and that
therefore the approach was hardly worth-
while. What we must do is work on as many
bits of the problem as possible knowing that
In total these bits will add up to something
worthwhile. And in this adding up, the
objective of general improvement in labor
market processes can provide a theme and a
guide to the adjustment of private and pub-
lic policies.
Let me now take up by way of example
two areas where attention Is being and can
be further focused to Improve our labor
markets. In each, we see a combination of
public and private policies, and in each we
see possibilities for improvement.
RE' KAINfNO, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE POLICIES
Great attention has been focused in the
last year or two especially, on the idea of
retraining, of adjusting and upgrading the
skills of the labor force to fit the composi-
tion of demand for labor. Three pieces of
Federal legislation, the Area Redevelopment
Act of 1901, the Manpower Development and
Training Act of 1962, and the Trade Expan-
sion Act of 1962, all provide help toindivid-
uals seeking retraining, and the Trade Ex-
pansion Act provides some help in reloca-
tion.
In general, the retraining approach sug-
gested by this legislation strikes me as a
good one, in keeping with the objective of
improving the operation of labor markets.
The concept involved is one of adjustment
to the difficulties of an area, Industry, oc-
cupation, or group of people, by expanding
individual skills and job horizons. In addi-
tion and as a side benefit it puts pressure for
better performance on the employment serv-
ice, as an agent for the collection and dis-
semination of information. And It helps
dramatize the Inadequacies of our system of
vochtional education, and so, we may hope
at least, will lead to improvements.
This approach contrasts sharply with that
so frequently found in private and public
policy: the approach of protecting the status
quo, It I may be permitted a critical aside
here, It seems to me that businessmen who
extol the virtues of free enterprise and decry
governmental Intervention are often the
most vocal In demanding protection, aid,
and comfort when competition pinches.
But let me also acknowledge that similar
comments could be applied in a meeting of
farmers, labor leaders, or for that matter,
educators. -
If the retraining approach has the merit
of emphasizing adjustment in the right di-
rection, it also has built into it many prob-
lems. But the approach is right so the prob-
lems are worth analysis and discussion. In-
formation in the Manpower Report trans-
mitted by the President to the Congress in
March 1963, suggests some of these problems
and points up the issue of defining the ap-
propriate role for public and private respon-
sibility In this area.
Consider first two types of Information
found In the tables included In this report.
Table F-3 tells us the age and education
levels of those receiving training under the
Manpower Act in 1962. Ten percent of the
6,315 persons involved were 45 years of age
or older. About two-thirds were in the age
range 22 to 44. The education level of the
total group was predominantly (60 percent)
12th grade or better and 90 percent had an
8th grade or better education.
By contrast, the really disadvantaged
groups, the ones who present the greatest
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8577
version of the Common Market, Its inde- iron mines and railroads-lie in the hands of With Soviet Russia edging cautiously in the
pendent behavior and successful develop- separate workers' collectives. Workers coun- direction of a similar "revisionism" of its
ment set an instructive example for other cils name their own directors, raise their own own, the stakes are enormous, And the in-
members of the Soviet bloc. Above all, Yugo- money and, again in theory at least, decide terest of the West in the outcome of the
slavia is a living manifestation of the fact on the distribution of profits, struggle is no less than that of the countries
that a country may be Marxist without being'
political purposes. - Once again, a degree of caution is neces- Mr. LAUSCHE,_ Mr. President, I wish
And beyond this, Yugoslavia is something sarY? Most certainly the central government to comment briefly on the remarks made
more. through its control of central banks and
If one looks at this country for what it other mechanisms exerts a very real degree by the Senator from Wisconsin concern-
is, and resists the temptation to lump all of control over a system which otherwise ing the article written by- Mr. Noyes. I
"Communists" together for mass condemna- might come close to anarchy. It encourages read the article. There seems to be a
tion, it is clear enough that common slogans mergers between competing enterprises, dis- paradox between the recitation of facts
and quotations from M
arx cover a very large
spectrum of political and social attitudes
within the Communist world. The simple
fact is that the contradictions which sepa-
rate the Yugoslavs from say the Communist
Chinese are a good deal more fundamental
than the contradictions which divide Yugo-
slavia from the West.
EXERT GREATER INFLUENCE
It would be an exaggeration perhaps to
describe the system in Yugoslavia as liberal.
The Yugoslavs themselves prefer the word
"progressive" in contrast to the "reactionary"
outlook of their Chinese comrades. Yet it
is no exaggeration at all to say that com-
munism as it exists here is unique, And that
in the historical development of communism
throughout the world Yugoslavia may well
exert the greater influence in the long run.
When it comes to the Internal system a
certain degree of caution is advisable. For
an outsider-or for that matter for the aver-
age Yugoslav-it is hard to say exactly how
the system works. What one can say with
gone further in the process ofdecentraliza- -"~"u" """"? are rnvlalonist, wnile they,
Chinese,
tion both in political control and in the con- dan Lenin. It are is the the bas tbas dfor the gr g
trol of the means of is for the growing
production than any . disLenin. spute between China and the SovietUn Union
on
other Communist country in the world. upon which the whole future of the Com-
This principle of decentralization is firmly munist movement depends. And in this
written into the new Yugoslav Constitution dispute Yugoslavia plays in its own right a
adopted this spring. Though it assures Tito's singularly important and prophetic role.
position as president of the country for the In its approach to the non-Communist
rest of his life (he is now 70) It also assures world, as in its internal development, Yugo-
that no one in the future will exercise the slavia has been on the side of pragmatism
same amount of personal leadership. Prest_
i,ne menace or the Communist base in
Cuba; nor should we be lulled into the
belief that in spite of the Communist
buldup in Cuba and in other Central
and South American countries, all is well
with our country.
Have we forgotten the words spoken
by President Kennedy in his inaugural
address when he stated that our country
was "unwilling to witness or to permit
411
on must understand," a Yugoslav Sntel- u 11LV11['j vi allure numan rights
united States to two 4-year terms. Less im- lectol explained to me, "That when we to which this Nation has always been
r
portant positions are fixed except in special speak of 'capitalist' we are speaking of the committed and to which we are
circumstances to single 4-year terms. system as we knew it-as it existed here and mitted today at home and around the
the
ALLOWS FOR DEBATE in Eastern Europe before the war. In many world; let every nation know-whether
Though, as in all Communist systems - ways it was almost like the capitalist system it wishes us well or ill-that we shall
there is only one party, there is room In the that Marx wrote about in the 19th century. in the interest of survival and triumph
Yugoslav political setup for very considerable We realize of course that it does not much pay any price, bear any burden, meet
dissention and debate. The process, as one resemble the United States today."
Western Europe or any hardship, support any friend, and
observer describes it, operates more like that in the y."
of a board of directors who agree on objec- CHAMPIONED COEXISTENCE oppose any foe, This much we plower
tives but argue over ways and means of and mora, And let every other power
achieving them. Thus when a leader like Mr. Kardelj speaks know that this hemisphere intends to
The new constitution provides, amon of the "disintegration of capitalism," he is remain the master of its own house."
other things, for stit tion e houses a g speaking of the dissolution of a system
t r t which, our sepa with ha ouses which; for all practical purposes, has long Is it true that "this hemisphere in-
in specific fields of oral since ceased to exist. His own revisionism
clegislate tends to 'remain the master of its own
chamber, hamb nomics, education and spec social of eg welfare - consists of the bold assertion that "since the house"? -
and health sad poli c , Some time of Marx and Lenin the world has con- Unwittingly we are supporting Castro
and heap pand political o o torganinizzatitionthis oe tinued to change, that capitalism has and his Communist government, Castro
Ameri in tem a sible im rovement on our own syschanged in many features, and that socialism is not our friend but our foe. We are
1 p sys- too has changed in many features-these
tem of congressional committees, - changes, of course, taking place in two dif- also hindering the foes of Castro, thus
Apart from its central political organiza- ferent directions." indirectl
tion the all pervading authorit of the nor- Y giving comfort and aid this
y Thus also, since the days of Stalin, the Communist enemy of our country. ,
mal Communist state Is notably subdued in Yugoslavs have championed the idea of "Sc- Peaceful coexistence with Castro-the
Yugoslavia. Police activity is restricted and tive coexistence" with the West, rejecting leader of totalitarianism in America-
political prisoners are few. Within limits the idea of the forcible imposition of the
freedom of expression is tolerated and legal Communist system on other countries and can only lead to increased trouble and
protections for the individual are being in- the Chinese theories about the Inevitability danger, Cuba indisputably is the for-
creased. Religious freedom is guaranteed by of war between the "socialist" and "capital- tress of communism in the Western
the Constitution and, after a brief experl- ist" worlds. Peace, in the Yugoslav book, is Hemisphere. It is the training- ground
ment in collectivization of farms, 84 percent in the elementary interest of socialism as It for the Communist technique of subver-
of agricultural property is now privately is in the elementary interest of humanity as lion, infiltration, sabotage, and provo-
owned, a whole.
In the economic organization of the coup- All this, of course, is quite incompatible cation of riots precipitated simulta-
try, the principle of decentralization in with the whole basis for Chinese doctrine neously by push-bOttOn technique.
theory at least, goes even further. Under and policy. From their point of view it The The Soviet military might in Cuba is
the general blueprint of successive 6-year represents a fatal heresy and a very real not growing weaker but stronger. Signs
plans, control, and development of industrial threat to their own position of power and Of Communist growth in other Latin
enterprises-from beer factories to hotels to influence within the Communist world. American countries are being manifest.
sac UiB,WC 11UUA.
sees to it that the economic development of those facts. In the article he points out
the country conforms with the overall plan. the repetition with which Tito has pro-
Even so, however, in a country approxi- claimed his devotion to- communism,
mately the size of North Dakota there are
some 29 separate railroad systems. If it con-
tinues and In its present tendencies the economic subscription to the Communist philos-
organization of the country will inevitably ophy. Then he points out that in the
lead to what one observer describes wryly United Nations Tito has voted with Com-
as the "restoration of many features of a munist Russia. Then Mr. Noyes finally
capitalist economy" with the single proviso concludes that although Tito is doing
of collective ownership. these things, it is to our interests to give
It is not, however simply the nature of its
him aid. I have some difficulty in fol-.
internal development or the fact that Yugo- louring th&t gve S rt,
slavia has managed to dispense with some of
the more disagreeable aspects of communism
that sets it at the other end of the spectrum_ _
more fundamental in this regard is Yugo- HEMISPHERE
slavia's attitude toward the
-- -e ... ce ac . of to speak briefly on the subject of.Cuba.
its leaders on the issue of eace and war.
This is,. of course, the P phe great issue that We cannot and should not be com-
dividesythe Communist world today. It lies placent about the condition that pre-
Approved' For Release 2004/06/23 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200240040-2
 Approved For Release 2004/06/23 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200240040-2 May 21,'
8578 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
mis-
is blindness of the worst type for us whether or not all the strategic - I believe that something can be done.
Before attempting to suggest one course of
to believe that the Soviet power in Cuba sites and bombers were removed from action, I want to point up the central find-
is a trifle and, therefore, should be looked Cuba ubjeissue of ct the report, aImportance. t Inge of the Stennis committee and to ex-
upon with indifference, amine whether these endings are supported
Out of South America the word is things, said: by responsible, fair-minded men,
emerging that Francois Duvalier in it 1s fair to say, however, that this is a After taking exhaustive, secret testimony gence
the
fro
m
ligence Haiti dealing with Castro and has community. great
Based on s pttiicism, If ino h- the Go ernment,i including State, Defense,
proposed the establishment of Castro ing else, there is grave apprehension on this and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, plus more
military bases in that country. score It is agreed. that Iron-clad assurance than 70 nonofficial witnesses, the Senate
For our own security we cannot suffer of the complete absence of Soviet strategic committee unanimously concluded: "Stra-
the present entrenchment of Soviet- missiles in Cuba can come only as a result tegtc weapons may or may not be now in
Communist forces on the Cuban island. of thorough, penetrating onsite Inspection Cuba. We can reach no conclusion on this
The people of our country were led to by reliable observers. The current intelli- because of lack of evidence." at th lifted that when the quarantine
of n oe was gbased laarieelytonththe hegatiare not resent Is All of the ve eviden a that mony f om the tadministratioln said juste the
son and the commitment given, th at the lnva- there Is no affirmative proof to the contrary. opposite-that the strategic missile and of-
mu st t trCuba oops was ge h that the Lorne This of course, was precisely the status of fensive weapons have been removed. But
w troops and technicians would be the matter prior to last October 14. the Stennis committee was unpersuaded. It
witthdhdr rawn. Six months have passed, has grave doubts that It is true.
the troops and technicians are still there. The Organization of American States The committee has grave doubts not only
Our position is growing weaker and that through a fully coordinated and collab- because the evidence of withdrawal is ineon-
of the Communists stronger In the West- orated plan succeeded in the removal of elusive, but also because cau our shortcomings: past ur-
ern Hemisphere. Trujillo from the control of the govern- veillance were a several serious ouIf under the agreement committing -ment of the Dominican Republic. It did sere evaluating the eyeralgsubst an tl mt al rors in
ficials were subjectively convinced that the
our country not to invade Cuba, soviet so by severing primarily commercial re- of-
Russia committed itself to withdraw its lationship with Trujillo. The least that Soviets wouldn't try to put missiles in Cuba.
technicians and troops-then our self- the Organization of America States Not until long after their arrival, not until
respect and the maintenance of our could do is now to apply to Castro the after the President had spoken on October
Cub aviet ground com-
honor requires that we demand a ful- same treatment that it gave to Trujillo. bat did we confirm that
fillment of that commitment by Russia. Among the captive nations rumblings Even into late October we were more than
With respect to Cuba, ostrichlike we are being heard about the Communist iaE percent off to our estimates of the nhan
are hiding our heads in the sand, think- government through the direction of the ber of Soviet personnel on the Leland.
ing and hoping that while so doing the Soviet providing economic and other aid There 1s Inadequate information today on
problem will vanish. to nations such as Cuba at the expense the number of Soviet troops leaving Cuba-
Last October 22 our country, by its of the people of the benefactor Commu- and the number arriving. "Some sources
fearless position, won to Itself the re- nist government who are denied a better estimate that as many as 40.000 Soviets are
spect of the nations of the Par East, Eu- life through the fruits of their labor. now In Cuba."
rope, Central and South America. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The With these doubts In mind, the Senate
Abandonment of vacillation and the time of the Senator from Ohio has committee reports as follows:
expired. "To a man the Intelligence chiefs stated
adoption again of firm decision will re- Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, I ask that and bombe sohave been removed
reestablish nom- unanimous consent that I may proceed from Cuba. However, they readily admit
cers of our f o r citizens s and overwhelming
hers in deems con- for an additional 2 minutes. that, in terms of absolutes, it Is quite possible
fldenge eo the minds of the freedom- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without that offensive weapons remain on the island
ership people has the world in our lead- objection. It is so ordered. concealed in caves and otherwise. They
gown which has waned as Castro has Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, when also admitted that absolute assurance on
The r ever stronger. it was testified In the Committee on For- this question can come from penetrating
Thsituation n andthe time is critical; eign Relations that all missiles had been and continuing onsite inspection by relia-
we cannot afford this retrogression in our ble observers and that, based on skepticism,
ability to preserve the continued free life removed from Cuba, I put the question if nothing more, there is reason for grave
to high echlon officials, "Are you certain concern about the matter.
of our country. that the missiles are not in the caves of When a Senate committee, reaching this
The Preparedness Investigating Sub- Cuba?" The answer was. "We do not conclusion, is predominantly manned by
committee of the Committee on Armed believe there are any missiles in the such able and objective people as Demo-
Services of the U.S. Senate in its report caves " I then put the question, "Why vatic Senators JOHN STENNIS, of Mississippi;
on the Cuban military buildup, among do you say 'We do not believe'?" The STUART SY Washing ton; Missouri; HENRY
other things said: answer was that, "We have no proof that JACKSON Senator LEV ngton, and oRepublic f Massa-, of The Soviets are in Cuba primarily for the they are in the eaves" Senatots, and MARGARET CHASE SMITH, of chuset
purpose of increasing and spreading corn- I followed that by the statement, "On Maine, it cannot be ignored.
monism's influence and power to Latin the basis of that type of logic you will Why shouldn't President Kennedy renew
America and we can be sure that they will conclude that there are no missiles in the his urgent exchanges with Soviet Premier
possible. The foothold paramount the greatest danger at at caves until affirmative proof is brought Nikita Khrushchev to establish the onsite
exploit tent their
ent dg inspection which the Premier himself pro-
sphere time Is that the nations of this hems- to you that there are." of posed')
re-
sphere may be subverted one by one and be I could not subscribe to that type the offensive whave been re-
exploited, in turn, for subversive and revolu- thinking, if
promised, Soviet then troops are
onsite
tionary activities. By this process of erosion Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- m m fed- wit sensiv weapons e hdrawn, sa If
our neighbors to the South may fare nation sent to have printed In the RECORD an Inspection it should be welcome to Moscow.
by nation until the entire hemisphere lost article written by Mr. Roscoe Drummond Unless Cuban Premier Fidel Castro, in
and the Communist of isolating the entitled "tuba: Unresolved-Time for
United States has been beenn attained. objecting to on-site inspection, is doing ex-
New Action." actly what Moscow wants, he is now in no
The importance of making every effort to There being no objection, the article position to refuse to fulfill Khrushchev's
ascertain the truth with respect to this mat- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, promise to President Kennedy.
ter cannot be overemphasized. The criti- as follows: The time is opportune to reopen the in-
that of it can best be illustrated by the fact CUBA: UNWER0LVED _TIMx tea Nzw ACTION spection issue and to reopen it with urgency_
that the testimony established that, upon (By R