LETTERS FROM CONNECTICUT SERVICEMEN IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300190021-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 27, 2003
• Sequence Number: 21
• Publication Date: May 18, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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May 18, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE
against a hostile conspicary,,the father had
to protect his family from drought and fam-
ine. The hidden and unknown forces of a
capricious nature were the sworn enemies
of man's life and work.
Our attitudes toward nature have, there-
fore, been determined by this primordial
struggle. We still react with self-protective
devices when we are threatened by these
hidden forces: The hands perspire, the
adrenalin flows, the hair bristles. One of the
.consequences of our knowledge that man's
history on earth is far longer than had
been thought is the recognition that these
techniques of self-defense, appropriate to
the jungle but pathetically unsuited to the
realities of urban existence, belong to the
agelong heritage of the race and cannot be
abolished by a simple fiat either of rational
morality or of religious obedience.
Religious obedience has, in fact, often em-
phasized the conflict of man with nature.
Much of what Christians have said and
written about the relation between man and
the rest of the creation has been inspired
by the command of the Creator, described in
the Book of Genesis, to "have dominion over
the earth" and over the fish, the fowl, and
all the other beings that populate it. This
command has supplied the divine sanction
for scientific research into the ways of the
natural world and has declared that man's
investigations of these ways are appropriate
to his place as the crown of the creation and
the vice-gerent of God in the natural order.
But the same command has also supplied
a sanction for the exploitation of nature
which, in the 19th and 20th centuries, has as-
sumed the proportions of an international
scandal. For the first time in human history,
modern technology has placed into man's
hands the capacity to alter permanently the
very character of his natural environment.
Streams that have supported fish for millen-
nia are now so choked by filth that nothing
can live in them or on them. The forests and
the plains have been denuded of their vegeta-
tion, leached out and eroded and stripped by
the relentless winds. The very air surround-
ing all of us on earth has been poisoned.
Thus the creation in which its Maker takes
His delight has become a stench in the nos-
trils of God. Our own period of human his-
tory has compounded the felony by spewing
forth into the atmosphere the noxious dusts
of its atomic weapons, whose final results
will not be known until future generations.
The effects of all this on man is becoming
evident. His "natural resources," his recrea-
tion, his sources of food have all been dam-
aged or impaired, and farsighted men every-
where recognize that such pollution simply
cannot go on.
But they recognize this largely because of
the way all these atrocities affect man. Yet
man is not alone on this earth. The rest of
the creation needs to be defended, too. It has
no great lobby in the various capitals of the
world, but it ought to have a defender and
friend in the Christian believers of the world,
whose reverence for the Creator ought to
make them fiercely indignant over the atroc-
ities of man's inhumanity to nature. The
creation is mute, although it does speak in
accents that are pleasing to the ears of God.
Who will speak in its behalf? Those who be-
our Armed Forces, the majority of them
from Connecticut.
I was tremendously impressed by the
morale of our Armed Forces at every
level.
There are no faint hearts among the
Americans in Vietnam, no voices clamor-
ing for withdrawal because the going is
rough and the perils are great.
On the contrary, every single member
of the Armed Forces I met, every single
member of our Embassy staff, every sin-
gle member of the AID team, was deter-
mined that the war must be won and
convinced that it could be won.
I ask unanimous consent to insert into
the RECORD a letter which I received
from an American serviceman in Viet-
nam, Ale Willard Stevane and four
statements I received from officers serv-
ing as advisers in the field, all of whom
come from my home State of Connecti-
cut, and whom I had the pleasure of
meeting while I was in Vietnam.
I would call the attention of my col-
leagues in particular to the concluding
words of Lt. (jg.) Edward R. Spitzner of
Orange, Conn., whose duties have en-
abled him to see the war in Vietnam in
many areas:
What the war does not need are those peo-
ple who constantly sit back and criticize, but
fail to view the total picture. If the energy
that was devoted to and generated by this
criticism were used as a weapon against the
Vietcong, there would probably be few of the
enemy still remaining in the Republic of
Vietnam.
I would also call the attention of my
colleagues to the closing words of Airman
Stevane's letter:
Fight for us so we may fight for you in
keeping freedom here and always in the
United States.
Finally, I wish to call attention to the
statement I received from Capt. Nelson
J. Sprague, of Manchester, Conn.:
The character of the American as typified
in Vietnam Is one which makes everyone
proud to be part of the force. The devotion
to duty exhibited by the American fighting
man is phenomenal. Twelve to 16 hours a
day, for week after week without the slightest
decay in morale or dedication, depicts the
normal scene. All efforts are being concerted
into the primary objective; assisting the Viet-
namese in defeating the onslaught of the
Communist doctrine.
These statements are, I believe, com-
pletely characteristic of the attitude and
the morale of our servicemen in Vietnam.
There being no objection, the letters
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
STATEMENT OF LT. (JG.) EDWARD R. SPITZNER,
U.S. NAVAL ADVISORY GROUP, SAIGON, VIET-
NAM
(Home, 362 Drummond Road, Orange, Conn:)
As my arrival in the Republic of Vietnam
(February 1, 1964) was preceded by a coup
and followed by Buddhist demonstrations
and the Kinh Do Theater bombing, I was
naturally quite pessimistic about the situ-
ation here. This pessimism was further
bolstered by ensuing coups and several large
battles in which the Republic of Vietnam's
Armed Forces, with their American advisers,
sustained heavy casualties. This same
opinion is readily expressed by personnel
whose tour of duty in Vietnam is Limited
to the Saigon area.
It was not until Thad the chance to travel,
Mr. DODD. Mr. Presider during my
recent 'visit to Vietnam I was able to
meet with General Westmoreland and
the senior members of his staff;, with at'
least a dozen American officers serving as
advisers in the field, including 4 officers
from my home State of Connecticut; and
with some W or 60 enlisted members of
both north and south of Saigon, as trans-
lation group officer for headquarters sup-
port activity, Saigon, that this attitude
changed. My Job takes me to those areas
which request an American interpreter/trans-
lator or testing facilities for the promotion of
Vietnamese civilian interpreter/translators.
In this capacity I have had the chance to see
much of Vietnam over the past 15 months
of duty and have grown to appreciate the
people and their love of freedom. Above all,
these travels have painted a true picture of
the war in Vietnam; not just a picture of
single battles with high losses on both sides.
It seems to me that many people consider
the war here a huge tally sheet, and only
count the number of people killed. These
people are making a terrible mistake, yet in
some cases, it is the only thing from which
they have to formulate an opinion.
In my opinion, the real war, which never
appears in newspapers or on tally sheets, is
being won in the remote, isolated villages
and hamlets of Vietnam. Here, the Ameri-
can advisers and their counterparts are using
all available means to improve the security
Conditions and the social and economic well-
being of the people. The results of such
projects can be seen by the many smiles one
receives when touring such a village. Al-
though this is the one aspect of the war
which has impressed me the most, I feel that
we cannot forget the many sacrifices made
by those units which daily engage the Viet-
cong in battle. This is not a single, large
war, but a war which is composed of many
smaller wars which, in their entirety, form
the Vietnam picture.
The effective work of the advisers, coupled
with a sound psywar and "Chien Hai"
policy-Le., an open-arms policy which en-
courages the Vietcong to defect-should
bring more positive and far-reaching results
in the future. Now, when morale is high,
due to the recent attacks on North Vietnam,
is the time to push harder and harder and
to drive the Vietcong from South Vietnam.
What the war does not need are those people
who constantly sit back and criticize, but
fail to view the total picture. If the energy
that was devoted to and generated by this
criticism were used as a weapon against the
Vietcong, there would probably be few of
the enemy still remaining in the Republic of
Vietnam.
There has been a tremendous improvement
in the overall war effort in the last 6 months.
If we can maintain this status throughout
the upcoming rainy season, the Vietcong
will be on the run, and running fast at that.
STATEMENT OF CAPT. NELSON J. SPRAGUE, U.S.
AIR FORCE
(Home, 19 Ann Street, Manchester, Conn.)
I am presently assigned in southeast Asia
at Tan Son Nhut Airbase, Saigon, Vietnam,
as a pilot for the Embassy aircraft located
here.
The character of the American as typified
in Vietnam is one which makes everyone
proud to be part of the force. The devotion
to duty exhibited by the American fighting
man is phenomenal. Twelve to sixteen hours
a day, for week after week without the slight-
est decay in morale or dedication depicts the
normal scene. All efforts are being con-
certed into the primary objective; assisting
the Vietnamese in defeating the onslaught
of the Communist docrtne.
It is extremely gratifying to. witness, per-
sonally, the vast buildup of American air,
ground, and sea power. It is truly one of the
greatest deterrent forces ever amassed In a
limited war effort.
It is, I believe, still early to record any
decided changes in Vietcong tactics result-
ing from our continuous destructive air
strikes in the North. The impact on Viet-
cong supplies, manpower and morale ob-
viously is devastating, but presently is being
well concealed in their diversified activity.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May- 18, 1965
The next few months will represent a turn-
ing point in southeast Asia, revealing not
only our actual progress in the fight against
the spread of communism, but also the true
intent of Communist China and the Soviet'
Union in southeast Asia.
I firmly believe that our efforts in south-
east Asia must be intensified and expanded
in order to insure the victory that we and the
free peoples of the world need to preserve a
free and democratic society.
STATEMENT OF CAPT. RICHARD J. TERSECH, IV
CORPS ADVISER
(Home, 98 Cedar Ridge Road, Newington,
Conn.)
I have been in Vietnam for about 8 months,
first as a rifle battalion adviser in the 7th
]Division tactical area about 50 miles south of.
]Saigon in the Mekong Delta. After 6 months
with the rifle battalion I was made operations
and training adviser in Dinh Tuong sector
with headquarters at My Tho which is also
the headquarters of the 7th Division. The
following are my personal observations on the
war as I have seen it:
The Vietnamese military personnel I have
dealt wit}i as an adviser to the 1st Battalion,
:12th Regiment, 7th Infantry Division, are
professional soldiers who love their country
and who will continue to fight until they see
it free. The professional ability of the offi-
cers is high and the courage of the individual
soldier is unquestionable. Looking back on
my 6 months with the rifle battalion I can
:see improvement in the locations our battal-
ion occupied. These improvements include
a marked increase in the number of people
living in the area because of the security the
battalion offered. With the increase in people
there followed an improvement in the eco-
nomic well-being of the community because
of increased trade and improved roads.
The second part of my tour in Vietnam has
been as the operations and training adviser
of Dinh Tuong sector. This job has given
me a look at the paramilitary and civil as-
pects of the war here. Again the Vietnamese
working at the sector and district level are,
,for the most part, dedicated and capable men
who are slowly convincing the population
that the Government will help them and that
the Vietcong are, in fact, Communists who
wish to exploit them for their own use. This
"winning the hearts and minds of the people"
is slow work, but again, I can see improve-
ment in conditions over what they were
when I arrived in Dinh Tuong sector.
STATEMENT OF CAPT. HOWARD E. BELINSITY, IV
Cdars ADVISER
(Home, Seymour, Conn.)
I arrived in Vietnam on September 5, 1964.
For my first 6 months I was assigned as the
operations and training adviser, Kien Hoa
Province. Kien Hoa is approximately 65
miles south of Saigon in the 7th Infantry
Division tactical area. After 6 months at
province level I was assigned as the battalion
adviser, 1st Battalion, 12th Regiment, which
operates throughout the division tactical
area. Upon my assignment to the Mekong
Delta region of Vietnam I found an area of
fertile soil cultivated by thousands of hard-
working Vietnamese farmers. It is an area
which has an overabundance of rice, bananas,
coconuts, pineapples, and dozens of other na-
tive Vietnamese fruits and vegetables. It is
the Vietnamese farmers who till the land
who are the victims of this Communist guer-
rilla war. In those areas of Vietcong domi-
rLation it is these farmers who live in small
villages and hamlets who are exploited to
provide new recruits, food, revenue through
taxation, and a base of operation. Left alone
these people have no other choice but to un-
willingly provide support for the Vietcong
effort. Right now many inhabitants of these
Vietcong dominated areas are becoming de-
moralized because of high Vietcong taxation,
a constant flow of Vietcong propaganda and
promises which have fallen flat. In those
areas where the government of Vietnam has
control now and is working to reestablish
control, the, people willingly support the
national government. Given the necessary
economic aid and assistance these once Viet-
cong dominated villages again prosper and
regain their high rates of productivity. At
the village and hamlet level what is needed
right now is the necessary aid and assistance
to support the pacification program and to
build roads, bridges, schools, dispensaries,
and other community facilities.
Box 121, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.,
APO 96337.
Hon.THOMAS H. DODD: Not long ago I wrote
you a letter while stationed in the States
giving my opinion to stay in Vietnam. Last
week I arrived here at DaNang Air Base, Viet-
nam. The morale of the troops that I as-
sociate with is high. We want to win this
fight for freedom. Each of us has to work at
least 12 hours a day and there is no com-
plaint even when it is Sunday. The food is
not the greatest and neither are the recrea-
tion facilities. They are a lot better than I
had anticipated. Fight for us so we may fight
for you in keeping freedom here and always
in the United States.
I remain,
Respectfully,
WILLARD STEVANE,
AF11360060, 23d CAM.
RECORDS AND THE INVASION OF
PRIVACY BY FEDERAL AGEN-
CIES
Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. Presi-
dent, the Subcommittee on Administra-
tive Practice and Procedure of the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary, over which I
preside, has been conducting an investi-
gation of invasions of privacy by Federal
agencies. The investigation has uncov-
ered quite a few violations of this basic
human right. Indeed, the further we dig,
the dirtier it gets.
Judging from the mail, there are many
citizens aware and concerned about the
threat to their privacy. I have recently
received a letter from a doctor of polit-
ical science at Oklahoma City Univer-
sity. In addition to expressing his con-
cern over our loss of privacy, the doctor
enclosed a reprint of an article he wrote
for the Social Science magazine. In the
article, he discusses another method of
invading the individual's right to be left
alone. The article is short and I request
that it be reprinted at this point in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
RECORDS AND THE INVASION OF PRIVACY
(By Stanley P. Wagner, chairman, Depart-
ment of Political Science, Oklahoma City
University)
(Dr. Stanley P. Wagner, chairman of the
department of political science at Oklahoma
City University since 1962, studied at the
University of North Carolina and Shriven-
ham American University in England, and
has his B.A., M.A., and Ph. D. degrees from
the University of Pittsburgh. He has been
coordinator of the interdisciplinary course
in social science at Allegheny College and,
while at Meadville, had also served as a com-
missioner of the public housing.)
There is a new social control mechanism
in our industrial society. This is the re-
sult of the accumulation of personal infor-
mation on individuals., These data, col-
lected on each one of us, expose people to
potential public approval, disapproval, and
manipulation. In the past, this caused us
little concern, since there were few records
on the ordinary person. But today such in-
formation is quite extensive. This paper
explores the threat generated by the exist-
ence of our past records.
There is a growing concern in our society
over what is usually referred to as "the in-
vasions of privacy." The nature of such
invasions and the areas invaded are gen-
erally described as an increase of interrup-
tions and demands on our time which im-
pose themselves on the solitude of our
thoughts and personal activities. There
is no longer even a place for privacy. The
home, once considered sacrosanct and the
last refuge, is now invaded by the salesman,
the social worker, the pollsters, and the PTA
organizers either directly or through our
telephones and television sets. Besides that,
the story goes, Americans have cultivated
an insatiable inquisitorial habit which
makes them overly concerned with the
affairs of other people. European observers
on the American scene are amazed at the
familiarity the American citizen is willing
to assume toward our noted and famous
people. There is an increasing surveillance
by our government of. previous areas of pri-
vacy. Extension of congressional investi-
gating facilities, community redevelopment
groups, "Get out the vote campaigns," the
extended form of the national census, com-
munity industrial drives, and so forth, chal-
lenge us with increasing intrusion. There
was recently in New York City a dispute
over music piped into Grand Central Sta-
tion, where the commuter was exposed en
masse. Fortunately, some felt, it was chal-
lenged successfully as an infringement on a
person's private solace. These types of in-
trusion are evoking a fear from a serious and
sensitive public that our traditional respect
for privacy is in danger of being corrupted
or slowly eroded entirely.
A brief examination of our popular and
scholarly journals reveals in some detail the
specific nature of the above concern. The
American Scholar has, in the past few years,
published four essays on the subject. These
have attempted to define the sphere of pri-
vacy, its protection by law, its invasion
through technology and the mob, and the
reforms necessary to win back and preserve
man's private domain?
The major portion of the February 10,
1955, issue of Reporter magazine was devoted
to a description of the increased activity of
private Investigators in this country, whom
these investigators were watching, and why,
Harper's magazine of July 1955 carried an
article by one of America's great novelists,
William Faulkner, on the erosion of our pri-
vacy. Mr. Faulkner expressed grave reser-
vations over the ways in which the American
press or representatives of an organized
group investigate what the novelist called
the personal life of a man. H. B. White,
writing in Social Research in June 1951,
spoke of a "right of man to be let alone, a
right against the world," which is disappear-
ing and which the author deemed valuable
for the world.2
Harold Lasswell has an article in Conflict
of Loyalties entitled "The Threat to Pri-
vacy." In addition to the dangers already
'Richard Rovere, "The Invasion of Pri-
vacy," American Scholar, Autumn 1958, pp.
413-421; August Heckscher, "The Reshaping
of Privacy," ibid., Winter 1958-1959, pp. 11-
20; Granville Hicks, "The Limits of Privacy,"
ibid., spring 1959, pp. 185-193; Gerald John-
son, "The Invasion of Privacy," ibid., autumn
1959, pp. 447-457.
2 Howard B. White, "The Right to Privacy,"
Social Research, June 1951, p. 191.
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May 18, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
ate with_the documents that I had at
that time. I could have done so.
A few days later we 11 drafted Senate
Resolution 212, which I submitted, sup-
ported by the majority leader `and the
minority leader and unanimously agreed
to by the Senate. I pay my respects to
Senators on both sides of the aisle for
recognizing the problem and proceeding
accordingly.
-1 shall not discuss what happened
later. I would,, have discussed the situa-
tion in greater' detail and had intended
to, because without being conceited I am
proud of the contribution that I have
made in supplying information to the
committee. Perhaps my success is what
is embarrassing them. In any event
they have accepted this information with
about the same enthusiasm and appreci-
ation as a little boy does castor oil.
I was surprised though when it came
out in the press that they were critical
of my not getting more information for
them. But when asked to come here
today and outline their criticism they
ran out.
. The newspaper account gave the im-
pression that the informant was a
spokesman for the majority members of
the committee, and what were alleged
to be excerpts from the report revealed
that charges were specifically made that
I had, deliberately and willfully-perhaps
those exact words were not used-with-
held information from the committee, or
that I had.not told the committee the
truth in some instances; or that I had
in other ways not 'cooperated as they
had a right to expect; or that I had mis-
led the committee.
At that time I did not know what was
contained in the report. Most of those
statements were inferences. As the dis-
tinguished Senator from Kentucky [Mr.
CoorER1 has stated, they were not specific
charges.
Taken alone, they did not exactly make
such a charge, but one would draw the
impression that such was intended.
. Certainly I resent such a cowardly
attack. I was placed in the position when
the press asked "Do you want to com-
ment?" of _ being obliged to say, "How
can one comment on something which I
have not seen."
- Not one Word had I heard from the
committee-and not only that but when
challenged to be here today and either
retract or back up these charges they
ran away. I accept their silence as a
complete surrender.
But before I conclude, I want to leave
this warning. Do not ever let this hap-
pen again
I had asked the committee members
and the chairman of the Committee on
Rules and Administration to be present
today either repudiate the allegations
or make them in person. I regret very
much that the chairman of the com-
mlttp.e.,did r}ot see fit either to repudiate
them o to ,make them in person.
i wais prepared to discuss the entire
history of the Baker case from the be-
ginning to what they hope is the end.
However, I shall not take the time of the
Senate now. I have plenty of time-I
shall still be here-and t a i not abo, tt
to be intimidated. In fact,, my curiosity
grows as the resistance intensifies. Who
knows-someone may yet find out where
that $100,000 in cash came from.
Before I conclude, I notice that the
chairman of the committee is again
present. Perhaps he has had a change of
heart and is ready to speak out. I offer
to yield to him again if he wishes to
present any charge or make any remarks
of any nature. Surely he can express
his own views.
I assure the Senator from North Caro-
lina that there will be no interruption.
Unlimited time will be given, and I will
guarantee him a detailed reply to what-
ever criticism he dares to make. I shall
even go so far as to ask unanimous con-
sent, if the chairman cares to present
ariy charges, that the rules of the Senate
be waived and that the Senator be per-
mitted to say what he pleases.
I should like to know if there is any
criticism that the committee chairman or
any member of the committee desires to
make or, as far as I am concerned, that
any Senator desires to make.
The Senator from North Carolina is
present in the Chamber. He retains his
seat and rejects the challenge. Appar-
ently he does not wish to speak. Silence
speaks louder than words.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
should like, in my own time, to make a
few remarks about the situation which
has developed here today.
I have seen the reports in the press.
I do not know where the reports came
from. From making some inquiry this
morning, it is my understanding that
copies of the proposed report draft had
been given to all nine members of the
committee.
I say as 1 Senator-and I am sure I
can speak for 98 other Senators in this
body-that in my opinion the distin-
guished senior Senator from Delaware is
a man of integrity and honesty. Cer-
tainly no Member of this body would dis-
parage him in any way.
It is my further understanding that
there will be a meeting of the full com-
mittee tomorrow, at which time the
drafts, which I have not seen, will be
brought before the committee for con-
sideration.
Personally, I feel absolutely certain in
my own mind that no member of the
committee, Republican or Democrat,
released the proposed draft which was
given to him, as I understand, on a con-
fidential basis. I thought I ought to rise
at this time and say to the senior Senator
from Delaware that it is my hard and
fast opinion that no Senator looks on
him with disrespect, ahd no Senator has
accused him of doing anything unethical
or unworthy.
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I thank
the Senator from Montana.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. NEL-
soN in the chair). The Senator from
North Carolina is recognized.
Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina. Mr.
President, it is very important that the
RECORD show that the Committee on
Rules and Administration has not met
or taken any other action whatever con-
cerning a report of its activities under
Senate Resolution 367, agreed to Sep-
tember 16,1904-.'
On March 18, 1965, a staff draft of a
suggested report was distributed to each
member of the committee in a sealed
envelope marked "Personal and confi-
dential." This was done exactly 2
months ago today, and, as in the case-
with all working drafts, suggestions and
comments were invited from all mem-
bers of the committee. On May 13, 1965,
a second version of the working draft-
including a number of suggestions and
corrections-was distributed to each
member of the committee.
To my knowledge, no caucus has been
held by either the Democrats or the Re-
publicans on the committee to discuss
or consider either draft.
Tomorrow, the committee is scheduled
to meet and begin going over the working
draft line by line and page by page.
We plan to follow the same practice and
procedure on this report as we follow
on all the reports we consider.
It would be highly out of order for me
to engage in a discussion of the contents
of the working draft until the commit-
tee has met and acted. Throughout the
investigation I have declined to discuss
such matters until after the committee
has acted.
I do not intend to begin at this point
discussing what the committee will do,
or weighing the pros and cons of news-
paper interpretations of what the com-
mittee may or may not do. The com-
mittee will report on its activities. The
report will speak for itself, and anyone
will be free-and I am sure this freedom
will be fully exercised--to put any in-
terpretation he chooses on the report.
The draft that has been referred to as
a release has never been released by the
committee. It is a galley. proof. The sec-
ond draft of a report is galley proof.
It has never been considered by the com-
mittee, or any segment of the committee.
It will be taken up tomorrow, and at that
time a report will be made available,
after it has been passed on by the com-
mittee.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield?
Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina. I
yield.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
would not be fair to myself if I did not
say that, in my opinion, the distinguished
Senator from North Carolina is one of
the most capable Members of the Senate.
He is a man whose integrity and honesty
are absolutely unquestioned. I know that
he and his committee have had a very
embarrassing situation to contend with
for a year and a half.
I also know that the Senator and his
committee are trying to do a decent and
honest job. I am sure that will be the
result when the final report is issued by
the committee which the Senator from
North Carolina honors by being chair-
man.
Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina. I
thank the Senator.
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the bill (S. 1564) to enforce the 15th
amendment to the Constitution of the
United States.
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The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Ty-
DINGS in the chair). The question is on
agreeing to the amendment, No. 187, of-
fered by the Senator from Montana [Mr.
MANSFIELD] for himself and the Senator
from Illinois [Mr. DIRKSEN] to the
amendment in the nature of a substitute,
as amended and modified (No. 124), of-
fered by the Senator from Montana [Mr.
MANSFIELD] and the Senator from Illi-
nois I Mr.DIRKSEN].
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
obj ection, it is so ordered.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from New York is recognized.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield?
Mr. JAVITS. I yield.
ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
there will be a considerable amount of
discussion on this amendment and the
bill this afternoon by various Senators.
I should like at this time to ask unani-
mous consent that, when the Senate con-
cludes its business today, it stand in ad-
journment until 12 o'clock noon to-
morrow.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
UNANIMOUS-CONSENT AGREEMENT
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that there be a
morning hour tomorrow extending from
12 noon to 12:30 p.m.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. MANSFIELD. And I ask unani-
mous consent that the time between
12:30 and 3 o'clock p.m. be divided be-
tween the majority leader, or whomever
he may designate, and the distinguished
Senator from Mississippi [Mr. STENNIS],
for the purpose of arriving at a vote on
the pending amendment by 3 o'clock to-
morrow afternoon.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection?
Mr. JAVITS. That leaves 21/2 hours
on the amendment, one and a quarter
hours on a side, without any limitation
on the debate today.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection?
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, re-
serving the right to object, I gather the
vote is to be at 3 o'clock but I wish to
state to the distinguished Senator from
Montana that I am doing some research
on problems raised by this amendment
right now. I do not have an answer on
some of it. It is entirely possible, if the
research turns up what I fear it may,
that the discussion might have to be very
"plain." I gather, in the condition of
the present amendment, that it cannot
be amended. Is that correct?
CONGRESSIONAL
The PRESIDING OFFICER. That is
correct. The amendment is in the sec-
ond degree.
Mr. DOMINICK. And that no substi-
tute can be offered for it.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. That is
correct.
Mr. DOMINICK. So if something
were wrong in the amendment, the only
thing we could do would be to vote it
down and offer another amendment.
Mr. MANSFIELD. That is correct.
The Senator raised that point yesterday.
Mr. DOMINICK. Then I withdraw
my objection.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the unanimous consent re-
quest? Without objection, it is so
ordered.
The unanimous-consent agreement
was subsequently reduced to writing, as
follows:
UNANIMOUS-CONSENT AGREEMENT
Ordered. That the Senate proceed to vote
not later than 3 o'clock p.m. on Wednesday,
May 19, 1965, on amendment numbered 187
offered by the Senators from Montana and
Illinois [Mr. MANSFIELD and Mr. DIRE:sEN],
relative to poll tax, to the substitute amend-
ment by Senators MANSFIELD and DIRKSEN,
No. 124; as amended, for the bill (8. 1564)
to enforce the 15th amendment to the Con-
stitution of the United States;
Provided, That all time for debate after the
transaction of routine morning business on
Wednesday, May 19, 1965, not to exceed
12:30 o'clock p.m., shall be equally divided
and controlled by the Senator from Montana
[Mr. MANSFIELD] or whomever he may desig-
nate, and the Senator from Mississippi [Mr.
STENNIS].
COMBAT TROOPS T
RECORD - SENATE May 18, 1965
manders here are preparing to send Amer-
ican combat troops, now on guard duty at
three air bases, into battle anywhere in
Vietnam.
This full participation is expected to be-
gin shortly.
The' public reaction that this expanded
use of American troops is likely to have both
in Vietnam and the United States Is being
weighed.
Their use has been dictated by the serious
shortage of Vietnamese Government reserve
forces. A program has been under way for
months to raise 100,000 or more additional
regular and paramilitary soldiers. But the
date for completion of the buildup has been
advanced to the middle of next year.
PREPARE FOR MORE MEN
As much as possible the American military
strategists want to keep the U.S. paratroopers
and marines out of areas heavily populated
with Vietnamese civilians.
There is also the likelihood that the first
use of Americans in the expanded combat
role would come during a crisis in which
Vietnamese troops were pinned down by supe-
rior numbers of Vietcong. The Americans
would then be dispatched as relief troops, a
role that critics would be hard put to protest.
The American logistics team now operating
in South Vietnam is laying the groundwork
for, quick and efficient reception of many
more American troops if the need arises dur-
ing the Communist offensive.
The precautions have been made more nec-
essary by new intelligence reports that thou-
sands of North Vietnamese soldiers have
massed on the Laotian border near South
Vietnam's central highlands.
The whole of the 325th Division of the
North Vietnamese Army is known to be on
the border with some units already having
crossed Into, South Vietnam. More recent
reports suggest that elements of the 304th
Division have also taken up border positions.
American strategists here believe that the
action last week at -Songbe was designed
to pull the South Vietnamese Government's
ready reserve troops out of the Central high-
lands, to pave the way for attacks by the
regular North Vietnamese units.
They note that if this was the Communist
goal, the tactic failed. American airpower
helped drive the Communists out of Song-
be without drawing on the reserve troops.
But American commanders expect the man-
euver to be attempted again.
At Bienhoa, where an accident Sunday took
more American lives than any Vietcong at-
tack or terrorist incident, the toll seemed
likely to reach 27 Americans dead.
Five of the 10 undetonated bombs left
near the airbase runway yesterday have now
exploded, 1 from its own delayed-action fuse
and 4 from the efforts of demolition teams.
As the bodies are identified, the United
States is declaring the men dead. For that
reason, the total today was changed to 5
killed and 22 missing with little expectation
that the missing would be found alive.
In the series of explosions of bombs loaded
onto B-57 Canberra jets for an attack on the
Vietcong, 103 American servicemen were in-
jured, 2 severely.
An investigation team from the Defense
Department arrived here tonight to study
the incident.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, reports
are current today in the New York Times
fromSaigon that American commanders
in South Vietnam are preparing to send
American combat troops into battle
"anywhere in Vietnam."
I ask unanimous consent that that
news story may be printed in the RECORD
at this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FULL COMBAT ROLE FOR GI's Is LIKELY IN
VIETNAM SOON-U.S. COMMANDERS PREPARE
TO SEND TROOPS To COUNTER EXPECTED RED
OFFENSIVE
(By Jack Langguth)
SAIGON, May 17.-U.S. political and mili-
tary officers here agree that any meaningful
talks with' North Vietnam on the war win
not be possible until the Vietcong's expected
summer offensive is halted.
They believe that North Vietnamese mili-
tary leaders will be persuaded to enter nego-
tiations only if they have been shown that
the major offensive has failed.
For that reason little optimism has been
heard here that the pause in air strikes
against the north, now in its fifth day, would
lead to any change in Hanoi's policy.
Some Western analysts here have noted
recently a slight shift toward the positions
of the Soviet Union in the published state-
ments of North Vietnam. But they do not
interpret the change as a sign that Hanoi is
prepared to relinquish its efforts in South
Vietnam.
U.S. TROOPS READY
To meet the expected Communist military
offensive in the south, American com-
UNITED STATES DECLINES To COMMENT
WASHINGTON, May 17.-Defense Depart-
ment officials declined today to confirm or
deny reports that American troops in South
Vietnam might be sent into combat to sup-
port Vietnamese troops.
The possibility of such an expanded role
for the American troops has been implicit in
administration actions in recent weeks in
building up the strength of American forces
in South Vietnam.
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May 78, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, this full
combat participation of' U.S. troops is
expected to begin shortly.
This story, appearing as it does during
a lull or a suspension-we do not know
which-of the bombing raids in North
Vietnam, amid reports that the United
States has just made further proposals
to North Vietnam for negotiations of the
settlement of the struggle there, may
have been designed to demonstrate once
again U.S.. determination not to be
pushed out of South Vietnam. With that
I agree. _ On the other hand, it may be
the precurser of the President's actually
preparing to send large numbers of
American troops to do combat in the
ground struggle, not particularly con-
nected with the security of the military
bases which we have there.
I have said on a number of previous
occasions-and I repeat, in the face of
this intelligence-that I expected the ad-
ministration to consult the Congress If
the United States planned to effect a
major change in the character of the
struggle in Vietnam by the use of sub-
stantial numbers of U.S. combat forces
on the ground. By that I mean not just
by calling up congressional leaders to the
White House, but by coming to Congress
as a whole for a resolution like the reso-
lution adopted in August of 1964, specifi-
cally supporting the President in the new
course, the new plateau, of the action in
Vietnam, which he proposes to pursue.
In my judgment, the President has the
power as Commander in Chief to commit
elements of U.S. ground forces to action
in Vietnam, but I hope he will not do so
until he has the support of the Congress
and the support of the country. I said
exactly this when we were authorizing
for the President what seemed to some
to be a blank check mandate in respect to
the $700 million resolution 2 weeks ago.
I repeat again-the United States should
not sneak up on ground force commit-
ments in southeast Asia, if such a course
is contemplated, until Congress and the
American people are given an opportu-
nity to approve or disapprove, before it is
too late to. draw back. Withholding of
congressional approval might, mean we
would have to draw back at some point,
and .that is not necessarily good, for the
country.
I wish to say that if the President were
to make this his advised recommenda-
tign, I would probably support it. I have
done so before. But that is no excuse for
not asking for congressional support.
If. the, greatest strength of our society
lies, as I think it, does, in the fact that
people articulately are made aware of
the great danger and the risk which the
Government undertakes, I am confident
that if the President has reasons good
enough to be persuasive to him, the rea-
sons will be just as persuasive to the
country.. But that is no substitute for
coming back to the people and to the
Congress for a resolution approving of
such aGtipfl,, which is what was done in
August 1964.
If we are to run this grave risk in
Asia-and we may run that risk-it is
even more ' important that we have the
support of the Congress and 'the people
of the United States, advisedly given and
advisedly taken.
The President listened to some of us
before making his Baltimore speech, and
after hearing us said, "I have said it 40
times, but I do not mind saying it again."
When he made that speech, he received
the approval of the free world for it. So
although it can very well be that the
President thinks it is not necessary in
this instance, I hope he will listen again
to some of us who feel that if we are
to commit our combat forces to a ground
effort, or war, if you will, in Asia, he
should speak out on the subject. I hope
if the President makes any such decision,
it will be in consonance with and in con-
cert with the wishes of Congress and the
American people.
MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE
A message from the House of Repre-
sentatives, by Mr. Hackney, one of its
reading clerks, announced that the
House had passed the following bills, in
which it requested the concurrence of.
the Senate:
H.R. 225. An act to amend chapter 1 of
title 38, United States Code, and incorporate
therein specific statutory authority for the
Presidential memorial certificate program;
H.R.806. An act to amend the Textile
Fiber Products Identification Act to permit
the listing on labels of certain fibers con-
stituting less than 5 percent of a textile
fiber product;
H.R. 1665. An act, to amend title 28, en-
titled "Judiciary and Judicial Procedure,"
of the United States Code to confer juris
diction upon the Court of Claims to hear,
determine, and render judgment in special
jurisdictional cases, and for other purposes;
H.R.2414. An act to authorize the Ad-
ministrator of Veterans' Affairs to convey cer-
tain lands situated in the State of Oregon to
the city of Roseburg, Oreg.;
H.R.3413. An act to amend section 106
of title 38 of the United States Code to pro-
vide that individuals who incur a disability
in line of duty during certain service shall
be entitled to certain veterans benefits;
H.R.3415. An act to equalize certain pen-
alties in the Interooastal Shipping Act, 1933;
H.it.3596. An act to provide for the dis-
position of judgment funds on deposit to
the credit of the Skokomish Tribe of In-
dians;
H.R. 3976. An act to amend the act of July
26, 1956, to authorize the Muscatine Bridge
Commission to construct, maintain, and
operate a bridge across the Mississippi River
at or near the city of Muscatine, Iowa, and
the town of Drury, Ill.;
H.R. 3997. An act to amend section 753(b)
of title 28, United States Code, to provide for
the recording of proceedings in the U.S. dis-
trict courts by means of electronic sound
recording as well as by shortland or
mechanical means;
H.R.4421. An act authorizing the Admin-
istrator of Veterans' Affairs to convey cer-
tain property to the city of Cheyenne, Wyo.;
H.R. 4525. An act to amend the Merchant
Marine Act, 1936, to provide for the con-
tinuation of authority to develop American-
flag carriers and promote the foreign com-
merce of the United States through the use
of mobile trade fairs;
H.R. 4526. An act to extend the provisions
of title XII of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936,
relating to war risk insurance, for an addi-
tional 5 years, ending September 7, 1970;
H.R. 5242. An act to amend paragraph (10)
of section 5 of the Interstate Commerce Act
so as to change the basis for determining
10469
whether a proposed unification or acquisition
of control comes within the exemption pro-
vided for by such paragraph;
H.R.5246. An act to amend sections 20a
and 214 of the Interstate Commerce Act;
H.R.5988, An act to provide that Com-
missioners of the Federal Maritime Commis-
sion shall hereafter be appointed for a term
of 5 years, and for other purposes;
H.R. 5989. An act to amend section 27,
Merchant Marine Act of 1920, as amended
(46 U.S.C. 883);
H.R.6032. An act to amend the act au-
thorizing the Mann Creek Federal reclama-
tion project, Idaho, in order to increase the
amount authorized to be appropriated for
such project (act of August 16, 1962; 76 Stat.
388);
H.R. 6164. An act to authorize the Secre-
tary of the Treasury to permit vessels other
than vessels of the United States entitled to
engage in the coastwise trade to transport
passengers between the United States and
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico to attend
the Seventh Assembly of the World Conven-
tion of Churches of Christ;
H.R. 7031. An act to provide for the estab-
lishment and operation of a National Tech-
nical Institute for the Deaf;
H.R. 7181. An act to provide for the com-
memoration of certain historical events in
the State of Kansas, and for other purposes;
H.R. 7484. An act to amend title 10, United
States Code, to provide for the rank of lieu-
tenant general or vice admiral of officers
of the Army, Navy, and Air Force while
serving as Surgeons General;
H.R. 7596. An act to amend title 10, United
States Code, to remove inequities in the ac-
tive duty promotion opportunity of certain
Air Force officers; and
H.R. 7969. An act to correct certain errors
in the Tariff Schedules of the United States.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
The message also announced that the
Speaker had affixed his signature to the
following enrolled bills, and they were
signed by the Vice President:
S. 702. An act to provide for the disposi-
tion of judgment funds on deposit to the
credit of the Quinaielt Tribe of Indians;
and
H.R. 2998. An act to amend the Arms
Control and Disarmament Act, as amended,
in order to continue the authorization for
appropriations.
HOUSE BILLS REFERRED
The following bills were severally read
twice by their titles and referred as
indicated :
H.R. 225. An act to amend chapter 1 of title
-38, United States Code, and incorporate
therein specific statutory authrrity for the
Presidential memorial certificate program;
H.R. 3413. An act to amend section 106 of
title 38 of the United States Code to provide
that individuals who incur a disability in line
of duty during certain service shall be en-
titled to certain veterans' benefits; and
H.R.7969. An act to correct certain errors
in the Tariff Schedules of the United States;
to the Committee on Finance.
H.R. 806. An act to amend the Textile Fiber
Products Identification Act to permit the list-
ing on labels of certain fibers constituting less
than 5 percent of a textile fiber product;
H.R. 3415. An act to equalize certain penal-
ties in the Intercoastal Shipping Act, 1933;
H.R.4525. An act to amend the Merchant
Marine Act, 1936, to provide for the continua-
tion of authority to develop American-flag
carriers and promote the foreign commerce of
the United States through the use of mobile
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10470 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE May 18-1965
H.R. 4526. An act to extend the provisions Mr, EASTLAND. Mr. President, the found 'in volume 1, page 194 of the corn
of title XII of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, pending substitute amendment reads as mittee hearings:
relating to war risk insurance, for an addi- follows: Now, I think, as I have explained, I think,
tional 5 years, ending September 7, 1970; SEC. 9. (a) In view of the evidence pre- in answer to questions by Senator Haar and
H.R. 5242. o f act to amend (Ac seated to the Congress that the constitutional by others, you could eliminate the poll tax
so section as ton 5 of the Interstate bs for determining right of citizens of the United States to vote under the 15th amendment if you could
so as to change the basis for determiinning is denied or abridged in certain States by the show that its effect has been to disenfran-
of cohtr l c within the
proposed unification a pacquisition pro- requirement of the payment of a poll tax as chise Negroes in contravention of the terms omes vided for ntrol by y such paragraph; exemption via condition of voting, Congress declares that of the 15th amendment.
SI.R.5246. An act to amend sections 20a the constitutional right of citizens of the However, the Attorney General went
and 214 of the Interstate Commerce Act; United States to vote is denied or abridged
in such States by the requirement of the on to state that he could not support an
__ ____ _ _~-_~.a.Y _,..a a., .. l.:ll .,...~hih{}irln ??}fn 11CP
----
-
sioners Of the Federal Maritime Commission V-Y ... -
shall hereafter be appointed for a term of 5 Mr. President, I was present at all of of a State poll tax as a requirement
vote. for the reason that he had no evi-
.n.n. oaoa. n- - - has been no testimony of a suosLantuai
Merchant Marine Act of 1920, as amended in either the House or Senate that used in a discriminatory manner
(46 U.S.C. 883); and nature I quote further from his answer to a
H.R. 6164. An act to authorize the Secre- the poll tax has been used to discriminate question by Senator ERVIN. The Attor-
taxy of the Treasury to permit vessels other against citizens who desire to register and ney General stated:
than vessels of the United States entitled vote. Time and again the Attorney Gen- My difficulty on this, on the elimination of
to engage in the coastwise trade to trans- eral of the United States, both in the poll taxes is that I do not believe I have the
port passengers between the United States House and Senate, repudiated that argu- facts to make a record that poll taxes have
and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico to merit. There has not been a witness be- been abused in violation of the 15th amend-
attend the Seventh Assembly of the World fore the Senate committee or the House ment.
Convention of Churches of Christ; to the committee who has presented any such
Committee on Commerce. That testimony appears in volume I,
H.R. 1665. An act to amend title 28, en- evidence. at page 94 of the hearings.
titled "Judiciary and Judicial Procedure," The nearest to it is that the Attorney Mr. President, I desire to emphasize
of the United States Code to confer jurisdic- General of the United States stated in that point. The Attorney General of
tian upon the Court of Claims to hear, de two instances, once in Tallahatchie the United States, with the vast powers
termine, and render judgment in special ju-
ri3dictional cases, and for other purppses; and County, Miss., in the Dugan case, and in of that office, with the Federal Bureau
H.R.3997. An act to amend section 753 (b) another county in Mississippi, that the of Investigation at his beck and call,
of title 28, United States Code, to provide for sheriff refused to accept the payment of with his great avenues of information,
the recording of proceedings in the U.S. dis- a poll tam gave this testimony:
trict courts by means of electronic sound At the very same time that he made My difficulty on this, on the elimination of
recording as well as by shorthand or me- that statement he repudiated the argu- the poll tax is. that I do not believe I have
Judici ai means; to the Committee on the ment that is made for the amendment. the facts to make a record that poll taxes
udiciary. There has been no evidence presented have been abused in violation of the 15th
H.R. 2414. An act to. authorize the Admin-
istrator of Veterans' Affairs to convey certain that the amendment is based on the pre- amendment.
le,nds situated in the State of Oregon to the mise "In view of the evidence presented The proponents of the amendment
city of Roseburg, Oreg.; to the Congress." have not shown one scintilla of evidence
H.R.4421. An act authorizing the Admin-
istrator Mr. President, all the evidence is to sustain this foundation: "In view of
of veterans' Affairs to convey cer against the amendment. All the hear- the evidence presented to the Congress."
aaro property to the city of Cheyenne, Wyo.; rags are against the amendment. The No evidence has been presented to
and
x.R.7031. An act to provide for the es- amendment is based on a false.premise. Congress showing that the right of citi-
tablishment and operation of a National The Attorney General testified before the zens of the United States to vote is de-
Technical Institute for the Deaf; to the Judiciary Committee. He first testified nied or abridged in certain States by
Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. on his advice to the President of the the requirement of the payment of a
H.R. 3596. An act to provide for the dispo- United States in regard to the legality of poll tax as a condition for voting.
sitfan of judgment funds on deposit to the
credit of the Skoko h Tribe of Indians; a statutory prohibition against the poll I quote further from the Attorney Gen-
HA. 6032. An act 4p amend the act au- tax. I am quoting the Attorney Gen- eral. This testimony appears in volume
thorizing the Mann Creek Federal reclama- eral's testimony. 1, page 142 of the hearings.
tion project, Idaho, in order to increase the I gave him the same advice that I have Senator HART asked this question:
amount authorized to be appropriated for given the committee here. I think if Fed- But you expressed some doubt with re-
such project (act of August 16, 1962; 76 Stat. eral qualifications as such are to be set, then from
388); and it requires a constitutional amendment to spect to history to eput 1you in a position evidence eargue
H.R. 7181. An act to provide for the tom- do so. But at the same time State qualifica-
raemoratfon of certain historical events in tions that have been used in violation of that the poll tax had in fact been used as
the State of Kansas, and for other purposes; the 15th amendment and have been used for a device to discriminate and, therefore, was
in violation of
to the Committee on Interior and Insular discriminatory purposes can in my judg- the 15th amendment.
Affairs. Attorney General KATZENBACH. Yes.
meat, as I have repeatedly testified here, be
H.R. 3976. An act to amend the act of July suspended. I think that is consistent with What more evidence do we want?
26, 1956, to authorize the Muscatine Bridge the decisions cited in my statement. The amendment is based on "evidence
Commission to construct, maintain, and op-
en' to Congress." No evidence
ate a bridge across the Mississippi River at Throughout his entire testimony he presented
or near the city of Muscatine, Iowa, and the repudiated the argument of those who was presented to either the House or the
town of Drury, Ill., to the Committee on sponsor the amendment. Not one scin- Senate. The leading advocate of the bill
Public Works. tilla of evidence has shown that a pat- before the committee, the Attorney Gen-
H.R. 7484. An act to amend title 10, United tern of discrimination exists because of eral of the United States, has repudi-
States Code, to provide for the rank of lieu- the poll tax. It could not be shown in ated the very premise
the on which the
the Army, Navy, Navy, an ndiceAirF Force r Force of while officers serving g o my State, because a person 60 years of amendment is based.
its Surgeons General; age or older is exempted from the pay- I asked the Attorney General this
H.R. 7506. An act to amend title 10, United ment of the poll tax. So are the lame, question:
States Code, to remove inequities in the ac- the blind, and the disabled. It is levied Do you agree that a $2 poll tax that any
tive duty promotion opportunity of certain on people of all races without regard to member of any race can pay is discrimina-
Air Force officers; to the Committee on race, color, or creed. It is a tax that is tion?
.Armed Services. Attorney General KATZENBACH. I have no
used to raise money for the public school information, Mr. Chairman, which would
system. lead me to believe that this point-I am not
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 I quote further from the Attorney in possession of facts that a $2 poll tax did
The Senate resumed the consideration' General's testimony to show that this is operate in a way which would be a violation
of the bill (S. 1564) to enforce the 15th a very bad amendment. Senator FoNG of the 15th amendment.
amendment to the Constitution of the asked the Attorney General a question, I have always thought that a legisla-
United States. and I quote his reply. This testimony is lative declaration is not a casual thing.
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May 18, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE,
"The day following the VA closing' an-
nouncement, National Commander Donald E.
Johnson keynoted the American Legion's
stand: 'I doubt if it is the will of the _Ameri-
can people that this society be built at the
expense of those who have risked their lives
that this Nation, under God, might endure,
and who now find themselves in need of the
services which their Government in Wash-
ington is best equipped to render.
"'I now call for a total mobilization of the
efforts and resources of the American Legion
to prevent this disastrous proposal from be-
coming reality.'
"He asked that Legionnaires write or wire
Washington, D.C., and protest the closings to
President Lyndon B. Johnson, VA Adminis-
trator William J. Driver, chairman of the
House Committee 'on Veterans' Affairs OLIN
E. TEAGUE, chairman of the Senate Subcom-
mittee on Veterans' Affairs RALPH YAR-
BOROUGH, and their own congressional rep-
resentatives.
"On January 28, Commander Johnson
testified before the Senate Veterans' Affairs
Subcommittee and presented the views of the
nearly 2.6 million members of the American
Legion in opposition to the proposed VA cut-
back.
NEW VA CHIEF
"President Lyndon B. Johnson has nomi-
nated William J. Driver, 46, to be the new
head of the U.S. Veterans' Administration
(title: Administrator of Veterans' Affairs).
Driver, a career VA employee since 1946, has
been second in command of the VA as Deputy
Administrator since February 1961.
"Driver's, nomination and the resignation
of Past National Commander John S. Gleason,
Jr. (1057-58), who had been appointed Ad-
ministrator by the late President John F.
Kennedy in January 1961, were announced on
December. 26, 1964, by President Johnson,
Gleason has returned to his position as an
officer of the First National Bank of Chicago.
"President Johnson said he was particularly
pleased to announce Mr. Driver's nomination
because he is the first career official to.admin-
ister the affairs of America's veterans.
"Driver, a World War II and Korean war
vet, holds numerous military decorations, in-
cluding the Distinguished Service Medal. He
has earned, the VA's, two highest awards, the
Exceptional Service Medal, and the Meri-
torious Service Medal. In 1964, he also was
awarded the Career Service Award of the Na-
tional Civil Service League.
"The new VA chief began his career in the
Contact and Administration Services,
switched to Compensation and Pension Serv-
ice, and then later directed the entire bene-
fits program as Chief Benefits Director before
becoming Deputy Administrator in 1961.
"Driver has had a leading role in many VA
changes in recent years. These include-
"1. The veterans pension law, Public Law
86-211.
'2. New York measurement and per-'
formance standards and other reorganiza-
tion and planning programs.
"3. The large-scale application of auto-
matic data processing and the establishment
of a new department of data management.
"A native of Rochester, N.Y., the new Ad-
ministrator was born May 9, 1918, was
educated in that city, and was graduated cum
laude from the University of Niagara with a
degree in business administration in 1941.
"World War II intervened and Driver joined
the U.S. Army in July 1941, was discharged
November 1945, and went to work for. the
VA in February 1946.
"While working at the VA by day, he at-
tended George Washington University in
Washington, D.C., by night, earned his LL.B.
degree, and was admitted to the District of
Columbia gar of Law in 1952, He is a.mem-
ber of Wynnewood Legion Post 511 of Dallas,
Tex."
No, 89--16
NUMBER OF PATIENTS INVOLVED IN CLOSINGS
Mr. MINSHALL. How many patients are in-
volved in total, in the closing of the 11 hos-
pitals?
Mr. DRIVER. 2,080.
Mr. MINSHALI. And you say there Is ade-
quate nearby hospitalization in all of these
cases?
Mr, DRIVER. Yes, sir.
Mr. MINSHALL. For these 2,000?
INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PATIENTS TREATED
Mr. DRIVER. Yes, sir. In this regard, there
has been much made about the fact we will,
for some temporary period, not have as many
beds in operation as we had Immediately
prior to the closing. I think that, really,
this misses the main point, in that it is not
the number of beds you have that is the pay-
off, but how many patients can you treat.
In 1960 we treated 637,000 patients with
about the same number of beds we have now.
In 1961 we went from 637,000 up to 664,000,
an increase of 27,000. In 1962, from 664,000
to 689,000. In 1963, from 689,000 to 713,000,
and in 1964 we went up to 739,000. In 1965
it was 746,000, and our estimate for 1966 Is
up another 15,000 to 761,000, even with the
closings. This projection for 1966 is after
closings.
On top of this, Congress has authorized us
to establish 4,000 nursing home beds. They
will be filled immediately by 4,000 long-term
patients who are occupying medical beds to-
day. This means that we could treat, on the
average, 48,000 more patients In the year they
are in full operation.
We are also supporting, starting in 1966,
2,700 patients in nursing beds that we would
move from VA hospitals to private or public
nursing home facilities, making another
2,700 beds available for acute care. So we
are constantly increasing the total number
treated, and to take care of these 2,000
patients poses no problem within the VA
system.
INVESTMENTS IN HOSPITALS AND DOMICILIARIES
Mr. EVINs. What is the total investment in
these 14 facilities you propose to close? You
told us you proposed to save $20.5 million.
What is the Federal investment in these fa-
cilities?
Mr. DRIVER. In terms of the structures
themselves?
Mr. EVINS. In terms of-dollars.
Mr. DRIVER. I would say just under $100
million.
Mr. Evlxs. Just under $100 million.
Mr. DRIVER. We estimate the replacement
cost of all of the facilities at $100.3 million.
EFFECT OF CLOSINGS ON EMPLOYEES
Mr. EVINS. What do you propose to do with
all of the doctors, nurses, employees, and
other workers of the Veterans' Administra-
tion in these facilities?
Mr. DRIVER. We hope they will transfer to
other VA facilities. We need them all.
Mr. EvINs. You do not propose to elimi-
nate any of those?
Mr. DRIVER. No, sir. We put a job freeze on
in January, and we are now able to offer firm
offers to anyone who wants them.
Mr. EVINS. But there will be increased cost
because of the transfer of employees.
Mr. DRIVER. There really would not be. We
know that most of the employees will not
transfer, and we will not need the same
number of employees after we move these to
other hospitals. For example, we have 3,266
employees now caring for these 2,080
patients.
Mr. EVINS. Repeat those figures again,
please.
Mr. DRIVER. We have 3,266 employees car-
ing for the 2,080 patients. After we move,
of these 3,266 we will need 1,288 at other
hospitals to Increase the staffing in order to
care for this average daily patient load. So
there wil be a net saving of 1,978, employees
for a total of $15.5 million in the 11 hospitals.
Mr. Evnes. A little less than 2,000 em-
ployees will be dropped from the rolls?
Mr. DRIVER. The net effect in our payroll;
yes, sir.
Mr. Moxx. But, by and large, those are
administrative employees, not direct patient
care employees, and that Is how you can
make a saving.
Mr. Evuss. When you build these hospitals
and refurbish them and expand others, you
will have to put more on the rolls in those
areas.
Mr. DRIVER. This would be to take care of
more patients, Mr. EvIus.
RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES
(Mr. STALBAUM asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. STALBAUM. Mr. Speaker, to-
day I am introducing a bill which specifi-
cally spells out the fact that the non-
profit rural electric cooperatives are not
subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal
Power Commission.
When President Franklin D. Roosevelt
signed the Executive order establishing
the Rural Electrification Administration
in 1935, and when Congress gave REA
its statutory, existence in 1936, neither
action divided or watered down the sole
responsibility of that agency for foster-
ing and financing the electrification of
rural America. I might add that REA
has done an admirable job of carrying
out that assignment under the guidance
of a number of outstanding Administra-
tors, including the present Administra-
tor, Norman Clapp, who is a native son
of my home State of Wisconsin.
The Rural Electrification Act makes no
reference to the Federal Power Commis-
sion. The Federal Power Act is equally
silent in regard to the consumer-owned,
nonprofit, cooperative electric associa-
tions financed by loans from a sister
agency, the REA.
Nothing in the legislative history of
either act indicates any intent on the
part of Congress that FPC have jurisdic-
tion over the rural electric co-ops. Quite
the contrary. Several attempts have
been made in the past to have Congress
enact legislation which would provide
FPC with jurisdiction over the electric
cooperatives in various respects. The
Congress has consistently refused.to en-
act such legislation.
Mr. Speaker, despite this consistent
legislative history against FPC jurisdic-
tion over the rural electric co-ops, 2 years
ago the Federal Power Commission in-
itiated an attempt to take such jurisdic-
tion. In a test case, the FPC ordered
three rural electric cooperatives to
"show cause" why they should not com-
ply with the FPC's regulations on rate
schedule filing, accounting, and report-
ing. One of the "guinea pigs" chosen for
this experiment was Dairyland Power
Cooperative of La Crosse, Wis., a genera-
tion and transmission co-op with an ex-
cellent record of service to its 27 mem-
ber distribution cooperatives.
The three co-ops singled out by FPC
in its "show cause" order have had to
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 18, 1965
expand considerable amounts of money
and time in preparing for and testifying
at the lengthy hearings held by FPC on
the jurisdictional question. It can be
anticipated that the co-ops would appeal
an adverse FPC decision to the courts.
The only reason why they have not yet
had to go the whole expensive route
through the courts is because congres-
sional reaction to the FPC's activities as
a result of this being called to their at-
Mention by representatives of both polit-
ical parties in the area involved, forced
the FPC to defer issuing a decision until
January 1, 1966, in order to permit fur-
ther congressional consideration of the
matter.
Mr. Speaker, early passage of clarify-
ing legislation such as I am introducing
today is needed to prevent resumption
of this costly and senseless FPC proceed-
ing.
In reading the record of the FPC's
"show cause" hearings and the hearings
held by the Senate Commerce Committee
on this subject, it is abundantly clear to
me that the FPC does not understand
the basic difference between the consum-
er-owned rural electric cooperatives,
which are nonprofit enterprises, and the
investor-owned power companies, which
are operated for a profit.
In a rural electric cooperative, the in-
terests of the consumer are protected by
his vote as a member. In other words, a
rural electric co-op is self-regulating.
"Owned by Those We Serve" is an ac-
curate slogan which is proudly displayed
by the rural electric cooperatives. It
underscores the fact that there is no
need for outside regulation other than
that provided by REA to insure the
sound and constructive use of REA loan
funds.
On the other hand, the commercial
power companies serve two interests.
They sell electricity to consumers but
must also return a profit on those sales
to their investors, most of whom are not
consumers of the company. The need
for Federal and State regulation to pro-
tect the customers of an investor-owned
power company is obvious.
Mr. Speaker, my home State of Wis-
consin recognizes the fundamental dif-
ference between the rural electric co-
operatives and the investor-owned power
companies by exempting the co-ops from
the regulatory jurisdiction of the Wis-
consin Public Service Commission. In
Wisconsin, we know that the electric co-
operative's consumers exercise control
over the rates and other policies of their
co-op through their "one-member, one-
vote" rights.
I share with the rural people of my
State the justifiable pride which they
take in the accomplishments of their
30 rural electric cooperatives. One of
them, Rock County Electric Co-op of
Janesville, serves over 2,000 rural con-
sumer-members in my home district. Of
the 127,000 farms in Wisconsin, 98.9 per-
cent are receiving central station elec-
tricity today, as compared with only 19.6
percent when REA was created in 1935.
Low consumer density and low revenue
per mile make the service job harder for
the rural electric cooperatives than for
the power companies. REA-financed
co-ops in Wisconsin serve only 3.2 con-
sumers per mile and average only $538 in
revenues per mile of line, as compared
with 23.1 consumers and $4,828 in rev-
enues per mile of line for the Class A and
B commercial utilities.
The continuing objective of the rural
electric cooperatives in Wisconsin and
across the Nation is to provide the elec-
tric service required by their consumer-
members under rates and conditions
comparable to those available in urban
communities. Why should we make this
difficult task even more difficult by per-
mitting the cooperatives to be saddled
with the added expense and delays which
will inevitably come if they are subjected
to regulation by the Federal Power Com-
mission-regulation for which no need
exists?
Mr. Speaker, I urge that Congress spell
out its long-established position that the
nonprofit rural electric cooperatives are
not under the jurisdiction of the Federal
Power Commission.
MORTGAGE MARKET FACILITIES
ACT OF 1965
(Mr. ASHLEY asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. ASHLEY. Mr. Speaker, I intro-
duce, for appropriate reference, a bill to
improve the secondary market for con-
ventional mortgages and to make certain
that the funds required for adequate
housing will be available in the future.
This legislation is similar to S. 644 in-
troduced by Senator SPARKMAN on Jan-
uary 22 of this year. The purpose of this
measure is to organize the mortgage mar-
ket in a more orderly manner and thus
assure a more even flow of mortgage
funds throughout the United States.
While it is true that mortgage funds
are generally available at the present
time, there are many pocket areas where
a glaring lack of mortgage credit exists.
As a result of this lack of uniform na-
tionwide marketability in the mortgage
area, an undue spread in interest rates
develops between capital-surplus and
capital-scarce areas. It is also true that
in many instances the localities where
capital is not readily available are the
same economically depressed localities.
that the President is attempting to assist
through his antipoverty program.
My proposal establishes an effective
market mechanism that will be available
in the seventies when mortgage credit
will be in great demand if our population
expands as is generally predicted. The
proposal involves no Federal expenditure
that will not be recouped by the Govern-
ment. Capital requirements and man-
agement skills will come from the private
sector of the economy.
The facilities provided in this legis-
lation will be made equally available to
all lenders, large and small. The legisla-
tion, however, would be particularly help-
ful to the small lenders who are presently
unable to tie up funds in conventional
mortgages because there is no effective
secondary market for mortgage paper.
In short, the Mortgage Market Facilities
Act would provide the small and the
economically isolated lender with an ef-
fective tool for more active participation
in a program which has much social and
economic importance. The bill provides
for:
First. Federal chartering of private
corporations to insure conventional
mortgages on one- to four--family homes.
The loan to value ratio would be 90 per-
cent with a ceiling of $30,000 per individ-
ual mortgage.
Second. Federal chartering to private
mortgage market corporations to provide
a secondary market for conventional and
PHA mortgages. These corporations
would be granted authority to buy and
sell mortgages and to issue debentures
upon the security of insured or guar-
anteed mortgages in their ;portfolio.
Third. A joint Federal supervisory
board is established to charter and ex-
amine corporations organized under this
legislation.
If this Nation is to achieve the high
levels of prosperity and economic de-
velopment envisioned by the administra-
tion, if we are to live up to the ideal of a
Great Society, then we must be able to
implement the flow of capital from areas
of abundance to areas of chronic capital
shortages. The Mortgage Market Fa-
cilities Act of 1965 is an attempt to in-
sure this necessary flexibility and, at the
same time, take measures in contempla-
tion of the forecasted increase in our
population.
(Mr. FLYNT asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
[Mr. FLYNT'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. SISK asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include a
newspaper article and other extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. SISK'S remarks will appear here-
after irl the Appendix.]
INVITIGATION OF DISASTER AT
BIENHOA AIR BASE
(Mr. MINSHALL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and to include a letter.)
Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, yes-
terday afternoon I addressed a letter to
the distinguished chairman of the Com-
mittee on Appropriations, the gentleman
from Texas [Mr. MAHON].
I insert the letter in the RECORD at
this point.
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
Washington, D.C., May 17, 1965.
Hon. GEORGE H. MAHON,
Chairman, House Committee on Appropria-
tions, Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: I respectfully request
that immediately upon the return of the De-
partment of Defense investigatory team from
Vietnam you call Gen. William K. Martin,
and his aides before the Defense Appropria-
tions Subcommittee for a firsthand report
on their findings at Bienhoa Airbase.
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May 18, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE
In cost ' of lives and property this is the
heaviest loss `we have suffered in the entire
Vietnam campaign. It is ironic and terrible
that this is, an apparently self-inflicted dis-
aster not accountable to either enemy attack
or sabotage.
There is a history of bungling throughout
the entire Vietnam operation, but I could
not conceive of such grievous mismanage-
ment as is emerging from the facts coming
from Bienhoa. I do not pose as a military
expert, but as a former membet of the Army
with 63 months of intensive training and
oversea service during World War II, and as
a 7-year member of the Defense Subcomrnit-
tee, I am amazed by the lack of elementary
military judgment revealed at Bienhoa.
The cardinal rules of dispersal and revet-
ting obviously were completely ignored.' Our
planes were stacked like dominoes at the air-
base, lined up like sitting ducks for enemy
attack. It is incredible to me that we have
troop's in the field "who have-not even this
much grasp of the military manual. The
gross stupidity which has destroyed Ameri-
can men and materiel is shocking and signals
something basically wrong at the Pentagon.
I suggest it is time to abandon the automatic
data processing computers and use a little
military horsesense.
I strongly urge that while we are about
to appropriate some $50 billion for defense,
this entire tragedy be promptly reviewed
by our subcommittee through direct in-
terrogation of General Martin and his inves-
tigators.
Sincerely yours,
WILLIAM E. MINSHALL,
PROPOSED REPEAL OF SECTION
14(b) OF THE TAFT-HARTLEY ACT
(Mr. GRIFFIN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. Speaker, the text
of the long-awaited labor message of
President Johnson is now available.
At a time when the Nation is deeply
concerned about civil rights, Mr. John-
son has proposed second-class citizen-
ship for millions of workers.
His proposal for outright repeal of 14
(b) -with no effective protection for the
legal and civil rights of individual work-
ers-should be soundly defeated by Con-
gress. I am convinced that a large ma-
jority of the American people take that
view.
If workers are forced to join a union
to hold their jobs, at the very least the
law should effectively prevent the union,
first, from discriminating on the basis of
color or creed; second, from using dues
for politics and nonunion business; and
third, from fining or disciplining_ mem-
bers who disagree with union policy.
H.R. 4350, which I introduced on Feb-
ruary 4, 1965, would provide the impor-
tant protection for individual workers
which the President has disregarded.
Section 14(b) now allows the people
of each State to decide whether com-
pulsory unionism should be legal. This
power should not be taken away from
the States and the people unless and un-
til Congress provides effective safeguards
for the legal and civil rights of individ-
ual workers who would be affected.
for 1 minute, to revise and extend his
remarks, and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, I
know that the gentleman who just ad-
dressed the House [Mr. GRIFFIN] has
made his views well known on this sub-
ject. On the other hand, I think it is
only proper to draw the attention of
Members of the House to the fact that
there has been controversy for some
time with respect to section 14(b) of the
Taft-Hartley Act. Many people feel that
this section has resulted in the inability
of labor and management to reach an
agreement on their own without the dic-
tate of legislation to so prevent them.
It is therefore a subject which will be
carefully considered by the Committee
on Education and Labor.
A bill undoubtedly will be presented to
this House and this House may then
make up its mind whether it is more
for the benefit of sound collective bar-
gaining and sound management and
labor policy to repeal section 14(b). I
would like to ask the good Members of
this House to suspend judgment until
the full record is presented; and to say
that I believe that when the other mat-
ters in the President's message are con-
sidered we will find that the interests of
the Nation have certainly been well ad-
yanced.
Mr,,Speaker, I would also like to state
that I have the honor this morning of
introducing the administration's propo-
sals to extend the coverage of the Fair
Labor Standards Act to 41/2 million work-
ers. In addition to extension of coverage
of the Federal wage and hours law, the
President's proposal would raise over-
time premium pay to twice the regular
rate of pay for hours over 45 in a work-
week.
The general Subcommittee on Labor
will get underway with hearings on these
proposals on Tuesday, May 25. The Sec-
retary of Labor, the Honorable W. Wil-
lard Wirtz, will be the first witness. I
can promise that we shall give full and
fair consideration to all viewpoints. I
can also state that this is a subject that
the subcommittee has delved into inten-
sively in recent sessions. We are very
much interested in receiving facts that
have not been presented to us several
times in the recent past, but candor
forces me to state that we shall not be
receptive to reconsideration of familiar
views.
Enactment of the Fair Labor Stand-
ards Act in 1938 was response to a
tall upon the Nation's conscience. Now
in its third decade the act has meant
much to many: Greater dignity and se-
curity and economic freedom for mil-
lions of American workers. An upswing
in economic growth for the country as a
whole.
In 1938, when Congress established
the Fair Labor Standards Act, it set out
to "correct" and "eliminate labor con-
ditions detrimental to the maintenance
of the minimum standards of living nec-
essary for health, efficiency, and general
well-being of' workers" This is the
PRESIDENT'S LABOR MESSAGE
avowed purpose and intent of the act.
(Mr. ROOSEVELT asked and was The President -'lias requested immedi-
given permission to address the i'iousd ate setlon on the administr atioi 's double
10521
time and extended coverage proposals.
He has further requested more intensive
study of proposals to raise the minimum
wage and establish a shorter workweek.
The subcommittee will resume consid-
eration of the latter two subjects subse-
quent to hearings on the administration
bill.
Each industry that would be newly
covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act
will be granted full opportunity to pre-
sent its views.
The subcommittee will meet in execu-
tive session on Thursday, May 20, to
more specifically establish procedure for
consideration of the wage-hour propos-
als.
For the information and interest of
Members of Congress and the general
public, I include at this point an explana-
tion of the administration's proposals:
EXPLANATION OF PROPOSAL To EXTEND COVER-
AGE, AND IMPROVE THE MAXIMUM HOURS
STANDARDS OF THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS
ACT
INTRODUCTION
The bill will amend the coverage and ex-
emption provisions of the Fair Labor Stand-
ards Act of 1938, as amended, to-
1. Extend minimum wage and overtime
protection to about 4.6 million workers in
retail, laundry, hotel, motel, motion picture
theater, restaurant, taxicab, hospital, con-
struction and other enterprises and In log-
ging operations;
2. Consolidate and clarify the act's pres-
ent exemptions for the handling and proc-
essing of farm commodities;
3. Apply the overtime pay standards of
the act to employees of transit companies
and gasoline service stations;
4. Remove inequities in the computation
of overtime pay for salaried workers;
5. Extend the act to employees in the
Eniwetok and Kwajalein atolls and Johnston
Island; and
6. Lengthen to 3 years the act's present
2-year statute of limitations for instituting
actions to recover wages due.
Employees who are brought under the act
by this proposal will be given the same mini-
mum wage and overtime protection provided
for other workers subject to the act; i.e., a
minimum wage of $1.25 an hour and over-
time pay after 40 hours a week.
The bill will also require the payment of
double time for hours worked in excess of 48
a week, decreasing to hours in excess of 45
a week over a 3-year period for employees
who received overtime protection prior to
enactment of the 1965 Fair Labor Standards
Act amendments.
A. EXTENSION OF COVERAGE
How it is accomplished
The bill will extend the minimum wage
and overtime protections of the Fair Labor
Standards Act to 4.6 million additional work-
ers by (1) amending the definition of an
"enterprise engaged in commerce or the pro-
duction of goods for commerce". to include
all such enterprises which have employees
engaged in those activities and which have
an annual gross volume of sales of not less
than $250,000, and (2) by removing a num-
ber of exemptions. Under the act's present
provisions there is a lack of uniformity re-
garding the sales tests applied to determine
whether an enterprise is covered. A retail
enterprise, for example, is covered only if
the entire enterprise has annual sales of $1
million or more and it has an inflow of goods
which move or have moved across State
lines in total annual volume of $250,000. On
the other hand, a gasoline service station
(which, in fact, is also a retail establish-
ment) now qualifies for coverage if it simply
has annual sales of $250,000 or more. The
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 18, 1965
draft bill will remove these inconsistencies
in applying the enterprise basis for coverage
and substitute a uniform standard which Is
fairer to all concerned.
In revising the act's provisions regarding
these interstate enterprises, the amendments
in no way affect the existing exclusion of
so-called "mom and pop" stores which are
operated by their owners or immediate fami-
lies, and individual establishments will con-
tinue to be exempt if their annual sales are
less than $250,000.
Specific coverage provided by the
amendments
The additional coverage provided by this
bill will be accomplished by amending the
definition of interstate enterprises in sec-
tion 3(s) and by removing certain exemp-
tions in sections 7 and 13, some of which
now exclude employees in these enterprises.
Specific categories of employment affected
by this proposal are as follows:
1. Retail trade: The broadening of the
definition of an enterprise "engaged in com-
merce or the production of goods for com-
merce" contained in section 3(s) of the act
and repeal of certain exemptions will result
In the extension of minimum wage and over-
time protection to an additional 1.5 million
employees In the retail trade.
The bill provides for the repeal of the
section 13(a) (19) exemption for employees
of establishments primarily engaged In the
business of selling automobiles, trucks, or
farm implements and the section 13(a) (20)
exemption for food service employees in large
retail establishments.
2. Laundries and dry cleaning establish-
ments: The bill amends section 13(a) (3) of
the act so as to extend coverage to 176,000
employees in laundering and cleaning estab-
lishments which have gross annual sales of
$250,000 or more and which are part of an
enterprise with annual sales of such amount.
The exemption will also be amended to
provide coverage for workers in laundry and
dry cleaning establishments which make
more than 25 percent of their sales to other
than home customers.
3. Hotels and motels: The proposal will
delete the minimum wage and overtime ex-
emption in section 13(a) (2) for employees
of hotels and motels. This will extend mini-
mum wage and overtime protection to 275,000
additional employees employed in establish-
ments doing an annual business of at least
$250,000.
With regard to tipped employees, the bill
provides that the term "wage" shall Include
the value of tips or gratuities accounted for
or turned over by the employee to the em-
ployer, and authorizes the Secretary of Labor
to determine their fair value. Of course, only
those tips or gratuities actually apportioned
among employees or otherwise returned to
them by the employer would be counted in
determining whether the employer has met
the requirements of the act.
4. Restaurants and other food service es-
tablishments: The bill will amend section
13(a) (2) of the act to extend minimum wage
and overtime protection to 425,000 employees
of restaurants or food service establishments
which have an annual gross volume of sales
of not less than $250,000.
5. Hospitals and institutions for the sick
and aged: Employees of hospitals, nurlsing
homes, and homes for the aged are presently
exempted from the act under section 13(a)
(2) (iii). The bill will remove this exemption
and extend coverage to employees of such
establishments which have an annual gross
sales volume of $250,000. It will provide
minimum wage and overtime protection for
approximately 890,000 employees of non-Gov-
ernment hospitals, nursing homes, and
homes for the aged.
6. Employees of logging contractors: The
proposal will repeal section 13 (a) (15) of the
act, which exempts from the minimum wage
and overtime provisions logging operations
Involving not more than 12 employees. Ap-
proximately 87,000 additional employees will
thus be provided the act's protection.
7. Motion picture theaters: The exemption
in section 13(a) (2) for motion picture
theaters will be repealed. This will result in
the extension of minimum wage and over-
time protection to 75,000 additional em-
ployees.
8. Taxicab companies: Employees of taxi-
cabcab companies will be brought under the
act by repeal of the existing exemption in
section 13(a) (12). The proposal will thus
provide minimum wage and overtime pro-
tection to an additional 100,000 employees.
9. Construction and other industries: The
broadening of the section 3(a) definition of
an enterprise "engaged In commerce or the
production of goods for commerce" will pro-
vide minimum wage and overtime protection
for an additional 250,000 employees in the
construction Industry and 650,000 in other
industries which individually employ rela-
tively few employees.
10. Clarification and consolidation of ex-
emptions relating to handling and process-
ing of farm products: The bill will remove
the minimum wage and overtime exemption
in section 13(a) (10) and the overtime ex-
emption in section 7(c). Two other mini-
mum wage and overtime exemption provi-
sions closely related to section 13(a)(10)
(sections 13(a)(17)-grain elevators-and
13(a) (18) -cotton ginning) will also be re-
pealed.
Section 7(b) (3) will provide a 14-week
overtime exemption, limited to 10 hours a day
and 48 hours a week, for employment in in-
dustries found by the Secretary of Labor to
be of a seasonal nature. As amended, it will
also provide a similar exemption for han-
dling and processing operations covered by
the deleted provisions, except livestock
slaughtering, if the Secretary finds the in-
dustry to be "characterized by marked an-
nually recurring seasonal peaks of opera-
tion." -
11. Extension of overtime protection to
certain gasoline station employees and tran-
sit employees: The bill repeals the overtime
exemption inspection 13(b) (2) for "any em-
ployee of a gasoline service station." Ap-
proximately 86,000 employees would thus re-
ceive maximum hours protection.
It will extend overtime protection to 103,-
000 local transit employees by repealing the
overtime exemption in section 13(b) (7) for
employees of street, suburban or interurban
electric railways, or local trolley or motorbus
carriers.
12. Extension of geographical application
of act and computation of overtime: Section
13(f) will be amended to extend the act to
the Eniwetok and Kwajalein Atolls and John-
ston Island.
The bill will also amend section 7(e) so
that, except in cases where an employee works
necessarily irregular hours and is employed
pursuant to an individual contract or a col-
lective bargaining agreement providing for
premium pay, the "regular rate" will be com-
puted by dividing the fixed salary by not
more than the maximum workweek of 40
hours.
13. Statute of limitations and effective
date: The bill will lengthen to 3 years the
present 2-year statute of limitations for in-
stituting action to recover wages due.
The amendments made by the bill will take
effect 120 days after enactment, except that
the authority to promulgate necessary rules,
regulations, or orders with regard to such
amendments could be exercised by the Secre-
tary of Labor on and after the date of enact-
ment.
NEED FOR THE LEGISLATION
At the present time almost half of the
Nation's wage and salary workers are outside
the Fair Labor Standards Act. The proposal
would provide minimum wage and overtime
protection to approximately 4% million of
the neediest of these workers. They con-
stitute a group which as a whole has been
denied a living wage in the midst of an un-
paralleled national prosperity.
The wages of exempt workers generally do
not rise with increases in the cost of living,
and as a result they suffer a continuing de-
cline in real earnings. These workers who
are denied the modest benefits of the Fair
Labor Standards Act comprise a chronically
depressed class.
Thirty-one percent of the workers who
would be extended minimum wage protection
by the bill now receive less than $1.25 an
hour. Their plight isevident when one con-
siders that even at this wage, if a worker
were employed steadily-40 hours a week for
an entire year-his annual income would
amount to only $2,500. Although poverty
has been defined in many ways, a family
income of less than $8,000 is generally re-
garded as falling below the line marking the
poverty level. While the assurance of a wage
of $1.25 an hour to workers now receiving
less than that amount would still fall short
of this dividing line, it would provide some
measure of Improvement in the unhealthful
and dispiriting conditions to which they are
now subjected by their intolerably low wages.
The broader application of the act's over-
time standards provided by the bill will help
to discourage excessively long hours of work
for those workers to whom this protection is
extended. It will also tend to spread employ-
ment opportunities in several categories of
jobs in which the relatively unskilled can
qualify for employment. Since chronic and
persistent unemployment among unskilled
workers is disproportionately high, this
aspect of the proposed legislation is partic-
ularly important.
In extending the act's protection to the
categories of workers dealt with in this bill,
a selective approach is followed so that those
needing it the most will be benefited.
For example, laundryworkers have long
been the lowest paid in the country. Earn-
ings data published by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics indicate that the spread between
wages in laundries and wages in low-wage
manufacturing industries steadily widened
between 1947 and 1960. A comparison of
wages in laundries and in the fertilizer In-
dustry (which is a low-wage industry but is
covered by the act) illustrates this fact.
Average hourly earnings in the fertilizer in-
dustry were about 15 cents higher than those
in the laundry industry in 1947. By 1960,
the spread between the two industries had
increased to 63 cents. Today, 41 percent of
the laundryworkers who would be covered
by this bill receive less than $1.25- an hour.
Similarly, average hourly earnings in the
fertilizer industry were 28 cents higher in
1947 than the average hourly wage in year-
round hotels. By 1960, this differential had
increased to 63 cents. It is estimated that
36 percent of the hotel and motel workers
who would be extended the act's protection
under this bill now receive less than $1.25 an
hour in cash wages plus tips.
The estimated number of other categories
of workers who will be extended the act's pro-
tection, now receiving less than $1.25 an hour,
is as follows:
Percent
Retail trade (secs. 3(s) and 13(a) (2) )__ 30
Agricultural processing within the area
of production (sec. 13 (a) (10) ) ------- 64
Local transit (sec. 3(s)) ---------------- 10
Cotton ginning (sec. 13(a) (18))-------- 67
Taxicabs (sec. 13(a)(12))-------------- 25
Small logging (sec. 13(a) (15)) --------- 6
Motion picture theaters (secs. 3(s) and
13(a)(2))---------------------------- 60
Construction (sec. 3(s)) --------------- 6
Restaurants (sees.3(s) and 13(a) (2) 6-- 29
All other industries (sec. 3(s))--------- 28
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A2459
Exce'ss reserves move up-Stock of gold REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE ASSOCIA- impose its will by force of arms. But We
'declines TION OF AMERICAN EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS Would be deeply mistaken to think that this
WEEItIy AVERAGE OF DAILY FIGURES IN THE EAST ROOM - was the only weapon. Here, as other places
In millions of dollars) Good morning ladies and gentlemen, and in the world, they speak to restless people-
May 12
week
U.S. Government securities:
Bought outright, system
account-------------------
Held under repurchase
agreement ----?----------
---------------Acceptances bought out-
right--------------------
Discounts and advances:
Member bank borrowings-
Other----------------------
Float_----------------------
Total Reserve bank
credit
Gold stock --____-.-___--_
Treasury currency out-
standing------------------
Currency in circulation -=___
Treasury cash holdings-----
Treasury deposits with
Federal Reserve banks. - -
Forelgodeposits with
Federal Reserve banks ---
Otherdepposits with
Federal Reserve banks---
Other Federal Reserve
accounts (net) ------------
Member bank reserves:
With Federal Reserve
banks--------------------
Currency and coin (esti-
mated) -------------------
Total reserves held
(estimated)----_-,_--
Required reserves (esti-
mated) -----------
Excess reserves (estimated)---
May 5
week
Year
ago
37, 565
625
498
16
1, 557
+64
+232
+3,661
+542
+2
+184
+16
-83
+4,312
-1,068
-172
+1,921
+327
+20
-26
+12
-118
40,332
14, 395
6,399
39, 071
744
1,010
134
191
821
18, 154
3,318
21,472
21, 094
378
-84
+195
-16
-12
+252
-10
+173
-30
+14
+936
+231
+1, 167
+1,202
-35
NOTE.-On May 12 tT.S. Government securities
hold in custody by the Iederal Reserve banks for foreign
account totaled $7,614 000,000, a decrease of $59,000,000
for the week and a decrease of $303,000,000 from the
comparable date a year ago.
The Three Faces of
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. DONALD M. FRASER
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 17, 1965
Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, Presi-
dent Johnson's speech last Thursday
to the Association of American Editorial
Cartoonists is a moving account of what
the United States is attempting through
our foreign aid program.
The war. in Vietnam, the President
said, has three faces-armed conflict,
the quest for a political solution, and
human need. With the compassion
which has marked his career, the Presi-
dent described this third face, "the un-
tended sick, the hungry family, and the
illiterate child, It is men And women,
many without shelter, with rags for
clothing, struggling for survival in a very
rich and a very fertile land."
This he said is the most important
battle in which we are engaged.
Our help-to these people is the most
crucial, because, in his words:
A nation cannot be built by armed power
or by political agreement. it will rest upon
the expectation by individual men. and ,
.women, that their future will be better than
the- past.
I commend the President's sensitive
remarks to my colleagues:
my friends of the Association of American people rising to shatter the old ways which
Editorial Cartoonists I am very happy that have imprisoned hope-people fiercely and
you requested through the press office this justly reaching for the material fruits from
opportunity for us to meet together, because the tree of modern knowledge.
after looking at some of the cartoons you It is this desire, and not simply lust for
have drawn, I thought I'd invite you over to conquest, which moves many of the indi-
see me In person. After all, I had nothing vidual fighting men that we must now, sadly,
to lose. call the enemy.
I know that I am talking to the most in- It is, therefore, our task to show that free-
fluential journalists in America. Reporters dom from the control of other nations offers
may write and politicians may talk but what the surest road to progress, that history and
you draw remains In the public memory long experience testify to this truth. But it is not
after these other words are forgotten. That enough to call uponlreason or point to ex-
is why, after I learned that you would be amples. We must show it through action
here and we would meet together that I put and we must show it through accomplish-
together some notes to discuss with you ment, and even were there no war--either
while you were in Washington, a very little- hot or cold-we would always be active in
known side of our activity in one of the humanity's search for progress. This task Is
most vital places in the world-South Viet- commanded to us by the moral values of our
nam. civilization, and it rests on the inescapable
The war in Vietnam has many faces. nature of the world that we have now
There is the face of armed conflict-of entered. For in that world, as long as we
terror and gunfire-of bomb-heavy planes can foresee, every threat to man's welfare
and campaign-weary soldiers. In this con- will be a threat to the welfare of our own peo-
flict our only object is to prove that force ple. Those who live in the emerging commu-
will meet force-that armed conquest is nity of nations will ignore the perils of their
futile, and that aggression is not only wrong, neighbors at the risk of their own prospects.
beginning to realize what they once scorned
to believe: that we combine unlimited pa-
tience with unlimited resources in pursuit
of an unwavering purpose.
We will not abandon our commitment to
South Vietnam.
The second face of war in Vietnam is the
quest for a political solution-the face of
diplomacy and politics-of the ambitions
and the interests of other nations. We know,
as our adversaries should also know, that
there is no purely military solution in sight
for either side. We are. ready for uncondi-
tional discussions. Most_of the non-Commu-
nist nations of the world favor such uncon-
ditional discussions. And it would clearly be
in the interest of North Vietnam to now
come to the conference table. For them the
continuation of war, without talks, means
only damage without conquest. Communist
China apparently desires the war to continue
whatever the cost to their allies. Their tar-
get is not merely South Vietnam, it is Asia.
Their objective is not the fulfillment of Viet-
namese nationalism. It is to erode and to
discredit America's ability to help prevent
Chinese domination over all of Asia.
In' this domination they shall never suc-
ceed.
And I am continuing and I am increasing
the search for every possible path to peace.
The third face of war in Vietnam is, at
once,'the most tragic and most hopeful. It
Is the face of human need. It is the un-
tended sick, the hungry family and the il-
literate child. It is men and women, many
without shelter,, with rags for clothing, strug-
gling for survival In a very rich and a very
fertile land.
It is the most Important battle of all in
which we are engaged.
For a nation cannot be built by armed
power or by political agreement. It will rest
on the expectation by individual men and
women that their future will be better than
their past.
It is not enough to just fight against some-
thing. People must fight for something, and
the people of South Vietnam must know that
after the long, brutal journey through the
dark tunnel of conflict there breaks the light
of a happier day. And only if this is so, can
they be expected to sustain the enduring will
for continued strife. Only in this way can
longrun stability and peace come to their
,land.
And there is another; more profound rea-
$on. In Vietnam corllmunism seeks to really
This is true not only for Vietnam but for
every part of the developing world. This is
why, on your behalf, I recently proposed a
massive, cooperative development effort for
all of southeast Asia. I named the respected
leader, Eugene Black, as my personal repre-
sentative to inaugurate our participation in
these programs.
Since that time rapid progress has been
made, I am glad to report. Mr. Black has
met with the top officials of the United. Na-
tions on Several occasions. He has talked to
other interested parties. Be has found in-
creasing enthusiasm. The United Nations is
already setting up new mechanisms to help
carry forward the work of development.
In addition, the United States is now pre-
pared to participate in, and to support, an
Asian Development Bank, to carry out and
help finance the economic progress in that
area of the world, and the development that
we desire to see in that area of the world.
So this morning I call on every other in-
dustrialized nation, including the Soviet
Union, to help create a better life for all of
the people of southeast Asia.
Surely, surely, the works of peace can
bring men together in a common effort to
abandon forever the works of war.
But, as South Vietnam is the central place
of conflict, it is also a principal focus of our
work to increase the well-being of people.
It is In that effort in South Vietnam which
I think we are too little informed and which
I want to relate to you this morning.
We began in 1954 when Vietnam became
independent, before the war between the
North and the South. Since that time we
have spent more than $2 billion in economic
help for the 16 million people of South
Vietnam. And despite the ravages of war we
have made steady continuing gains. We have
concentrated on food, and health, and edu-
cation, and housing, and industry.
Like most developing countries, South
Vietnam's economy rests on agriculture. Un-
like many, it has large uncrowded areas of
very rich, and very fertile land. Because of
this, it is one of the great rice bowls of the
entire world. With our help, since 1954,
South Vietnam has already doubled its rice
production, providing food for the people,
as well as providing a vital export for that
nation.
We have put our American farm know-
how to work on other crops. This year, for
instance, several hundred million cuttings
of a new variety of sweet potato, that prom-
ises a sixfold increase in yield, will be dis-
tributed to these Vietnamese farmers. Cjr.:o
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 Approved 1 ihRD
A2460 I 0003001900W j 18, 1965
output should rise from 25,000 tons in 1962 brave, tireless, filled with love for are doing
to 100,000 tons by 1966. Pig production has lows-are doing this today. They re
more than doubled since 1955. Many animal it through the long, hot, danger-filled Viet-
diseases have been eliminated entirely. namese days and the sultry nights.
Disease and epidemic brood over every The fullest glory must go, also, to those
Vietnamese village. In a country of more South Vietnamese that are laboring and
than 16 million people with a life expectancy dying for their own people and their own
of only 35 years, there are only 200 civilian nation. In hospitals and schools, along the
doctors. If the Vietnamese had doctors in rice fields and the roads, they continue to
the same ratio as the United States has labor, never knowing when death or terror
doctors, they would have not the 200 that may strike,
they do have but they would have more How incredible it is that there are a few
than 5,000 doctors. who still say that the South Vietnamese do
We have helped vaccinate, already, over 7 not want to continue the struggle. They are
million people against cholera, and millions sacrificing and they are dying by the thou-
alor in the heavy
ti
t
i
more against other diseases. Hundreds of
thousands of Vietnamese can now receive
treatment in the more than 12,000 hamlet
health stations that America has built and
has stocked. New clinics and surgical suites
are scattered throughout that entire coun-
try; and the medical school that we are now
helping to build will graduate as many doc-
tors in a single year as now serve the entire
population of South Vietnam.
Education is the keystone of future de-
velopment in Vietnam. It takes a trained
people to man the factories, to conduct the
administration, and to form the human
foundation for an advancing nation. More
than a quarter million young Vietnamese
can now learn in more than 4,000 classrooms
that America has helped to build in the last
2 years; and 2,000 more schools are going to
be built by us in the next 12 months. The
number of students in vocational schools has
gone up four times. Enrollment was 300,000
In 1955, when we first entered there and
started helping with our program. Today it
is more than 1,600,000. The 8 million text-
books that we have supplied to Vietnamese
children will rise to more than 15 million
by 1967.
Agriculture is the foundation. Health,
education and housing are the urgent human
needs. But industrial development is the
great pathway to their future.
When Vietnam was divided, most of the in-
dustry was in the north The south was
en
v
r pa
sands. The
presence of personal, physical danger should
be a helpful lesson to those of us who, here in
America, only have to read about it, or hear
about it on the television or radio.
We have our own heroes who labor at the
works of peace in the midst of war. They
toil unarmed and out of uniform. They
know the humanity of their concern does not
exempt them from the horrors of conflict,
yet they go on from day to da. They bring
food to the hungry over there. They supply
the sick with necessary medicine. They help
the farmer with his crops, families to find
clean water, villages to receive the healing
miracles of electricity. These are Americans
who have joined our AID program, and we
welcome others to their ranks.
For most Americans this is an easy war.
Men fight and men suffer and men die, as
they always do in war. But the lives of most
of us, at least those of us in this room and
those listening to me this morning, are un-
troubled. Prosperity rises, abundance in
creases, the nation flourishes.
I will report to the Cabinet when I leave
this room that we are in the 51st month of
continued prosperity, the longest peacetime
prosperity for America since our country was
founded. Yet our entire future is at stake.
What a difference it would make if we
could only call upon a small fraction of our
unmatched private resources-businesses
and unions, agricultural groups and build-
barren of manufacturing and the founda- ers-if we could call them to the task of
tions for industry. Today, more than 700 peaceful progress in Vietnam. With such
new, or rehabilitated factories-textile mills a spirit of patriotic sacrifice we might well
and cement plants, electronics and plastics- strike an irresistible blow for freedom there
are changing the entire face of that nation. and for freedom throughout the world.
New roads and communications, railroad I, therefore, hope that every person within
equipment and electric generators, are a the sound of my voice In this country this
spreading base on which this new industry morning will look for ways-and those citi-
can, and is, growing. zens of other nations who believe in human-
All this progress goes on, and it is going to ity as we do, I hope that they will find ways
continue to go on, under circumstances of to help progress in South Vietnam. who need help in our own country as
staggering adversity. This, then, is the third face of our struggle people is who helping people own
need help
Communist terrorists have made aid pro- in Vietnam. It was there-the illiterate, the ath in
broad.
grams that we administer a very special hungry, the sick-before this war began. It VISTA da large response from
target of their attack. They fear them. They will be there when peace comes to us-and VI of every deserves ve age, large
we have no doubt
know they must fear them because agricul- so will we. Not with soldiers and planes, not Americans aural stations are being destroyed and medi- with bombs and bullets, but with all the it will receive it.
ce in the 20th
f
pea
eel centers are being burned, More than 100 wondrous weapons o
'Vietnamese malaria fighters are dead. Our century.
own AID officials have been wounded and And then, perhaps, together, all of the peo-
kidnapped. These are not just the accidents pie of the world can share that gracious task
of war. They are a part of a deliberate cam- with all the people of Vietnam, north and
"
to south alike.
paign, in the words of the Communists,
cut the fingers off the hands of the Govern- Thank you
ment." Good morning.
We intend to continue, and we intend to
increase our help to Vietnam.
Nor can anyone doubt the determination of
the South Vietnamese themselves. They have
lost more than 12,000 of their men since I
became your President a little over a year
ago.
But, progress does not come from invest-
ment alone, or plans on a desk, or even the
directives and the orders that we approve
here in Washington. It takes men. Men
must take the seed to the farmer. Men must
teach tile, use of fertilizer. Men must help
in harvest, ,ken must build the schools, and
men must'insttuct the students. Men must
carry medicine Into the jungle and treat the
sick, and shelter the homeless. And men-
A Chance To Help Through VISTA
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. ROY H. McVICKER
OF COLORADO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 6, 1965
Mr. McVICKER. Mr. Speaker, -I
would like to insert a fine editorial on
VISTA, the domestic peace corps, which
appeared in the Denver Post on Tuesday,
May 4, 1965. This editorial gives due
acknowledgment to the fact that an in-
creasing number of Americans are realiz-
ing that the Great Society will be at-
tained only through man's humanity to
his fellow man. I encourage all my col-
leagues to read this article :
[From the Denver Post, May 4, 19651
A CHANCE To HELP THROUGH VISTA
The same idealism that led thousands of
Americans to enlist in the Peace Corps to
help people overseas is now leading thou-
sands of others to enlist in VISTA to help
people who need help in our own country.
VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America)
has been called the domestic peace corps be-
cause its members have to have some of the
same attributes as the Peace Corpsmen: the
ability to bring simple knowledge, skill, and
encouragement to people handicapped by ig-
norance; the willingness to live among the
people being helped and share their poverty
and hardship; the desire to work for the sat-
isfaction of doing good and not for monetary
reward.
Throughout the Nation, VISTA are be-
ginning to move into poverty neighborhoods
in city slums, in troubled mine and mill
towns, in run-down farm areas, in migrant
workers camps, and on Indian reservations.
They will not only teach the poor such
fundamental things as homemaking, how to
look for a job or how to make use of avail-
able public services, but they will work with
them to organize and repair their neighbor-
hoods and their lives and to help them escape
from the grip of poverty.
The Government pays the volunteers basic
living expenses and $50 a month.
VISTA is now conducting recruiting drives
at the University of Colorado and the Uni-
versity of Denver to interest young people 18
or over in investing a year of their lives in
this useful and unselfish undertaking.
If 18 is the minimum age, there is no maxi-
mum. Some persons in their 70's are already
among the VISTA volunteers. Information
and application blanks are obtainable not
only at the campuses but at the offices of
Denver's war on poverty at 810 14th Street,
and, by mail from the offices of VISTA,
Washington, D.C.
This is a challenging and useful program,
with a large potential for good. There ought
National Technical Institute for the
Deaf Act
SPEECH
OF
HON. HERVEY G. MACHEN
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 17, 1965
MACHEN. Mr. Speaker, the
passage of H.R. 7031, known as the Na-
tional Technological Institute for the
Deaf Act, is being hailed by those of us
who are deaf as being almost as signifi-
cant as the invention of the hearing aid.
I want to take this opportunity to offer
my gratitude to Representative CAREY,
Approved For Release 2003/11/04: CIA-RDP67B00446R000300190021-6