DODGE CITY AND THE WAR IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400040005-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 20, 2005
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: March 25, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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March 25, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
New Mexico congressional delegation, I
would like to extend an invitation to the
Members of the Senate to attend this
auspicious occasion.
REBECCA LATIMER FELTON, FIRST
WOMAN U.S. SENATOR
Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, the
first woman to serve in the Senate of the
United States was a Georgian. She was
Mrs. Rebecca Latimer Felton, who was
born near Decatur, Ga., and who was
very active during her lifetime in politi-
cal affairs of the State.
There appeared in the March 23 edi-
tion of the Atlanta Journal a column
written by Mrs. Bernice McCullar, one of
the State's most noted educators and
historians, which traces the life and ca-
reer of Rebecca Felton and recounts the
circumstances of her being appointed to
serve in the Senate, thereby becoming
the first women to sit in this body.
I ask unanimous consent that Mrs.
MoCullar's article be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
GEORGIA NOTEBOOK: FIRST WOMAN IN U.S.
SENATE GOT ASSIST FROM GEORGE
(By Bernice McCullar)
You never can tell what will happen at
commencement.
A 17-year-old honor graduate in Georgia,
many years ago, married the commencement
speaker, and teamed up with him to upset
political tradition in Georgia and set old and
staid politicians quaking in their boots. .
Rebecca Latimer Felton also went on to
become the Nation's first woman U.S. Sena-
tor. For 1 day.
She had been born in Decatur in 1835.
Her father, the postmaster, read the news-
paper when it came in by stagecoach, to the
villagers. She listened, little dreaming that
one day thousands of Georgians, in the re-
motest rural areas, would be eagerly await-
ing the mailman bringing the newspaper
that contained her own column.
She went to Madison Female Academy,
graduating in 1852. The speaker she mar-
ried in 1853 was Dr. W. H. Felton of Carters-
ville, also a farmer. They farmed in Etowah
Valley, had a newspaper, lost their first two
babies, refugeed before Sherman, and buried
two more babies from a shack near Macon.
They returned to their valley just before
the bloody battle of Chickamauga, where
37,000 Americans were killed or wounded.
She helped nurse them while her husband
doctored. Seeing them gave her a lifelong
horror of war. -
In 1874, when Georgia was revolting against
the "Bourbon cliques," Felton decided to run
for Congress. She helped him. They made
fun of her. One editor printed this jingle:
"Some parsons hide-behind their coat
To save their precious life;
But Parson Felton beats them all;
He hides behind his wife."
But another editor wrote, "Thank God for
her. We need more wives helping their hus-
bands bear the burdens of life."
The Feltons crusaded against the convict
lease system under which big planters and
mine owners were able to rent convicts for a
dime a day. Three companies in which
powerful politicians owned stock, leased hun-
dreds for 20 years, agreeing to pay the State
$50,000 in 20 annual installments.
The Feltons also crusaded against liquor
and for women's rights. He won. Later, he
lost his congressional seat, but went to the
Georgia Legislature. The Feltons helped
unseat the regular Democrats and elect a
farmer (William Northen, of Hancock
County) Governor.
After the doctor died, Hoke Smith, who
owned the Atlanta Journal, hired the 65-
year-old widow to write a column in his
paper. She wrote it from 1899 to 1920. She
kept a horse and rider near her door to send.
the copy to the train when necessary.
Her column became enormously popular.
Georgians wrote her about everything from
advice to the lovelorn to which candidate to
vote for. One man.who had 78 grandchildren
wrote her about how to rear them.
She became the most powerful and influ-
ential woman in Georgia. Tom Watson was
her friend and colleague, though sometimes
they disagreed.
She had an opinion-some people called
it meddling-about everything under the
sun. She crusaded for diversified crops, lower
prices on fertilizer, less debt, and more so-
briety. She defended lynching.
She opposed Wilson and the League of
Nations. She helped elect Tom Hardwick
Governor and Tom Watson senator. Hard-
wick appointed her, at 87, as U.S. Senator.
The gallant Walter_ George, named to the
regular term, stood aside for a day so she
could make history: The first woman in the
U.S. Senate.
Said she, "The women of this Nation have
cause to rejoice this day. A door that was
closed to them has been opened." She came
back home to Cartersville, died in 1930, at 95.
Not many people remember her. She would
be annoyed at that. Once her name was on
every tongue, a household word in Georgia.
l./
DODGE CITY AND THE WAR IN
VIETNAM
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, yester-
day's Wall Street Journal carried an ar-
ticle which I believe merits the attention
of all of us who are here to serve and
represent the people of these United
States.
Because it tells of the impact of our
involvement in southeast Asia on the
everyday life of Dodge City, Kans., it may
perhaps be more personally meaningful
to those of us who represent that great
State in the heart of our Nation. But,
Mr. President, the impact of Vietnam on
Dodge City is the impact of Vietnam on
towns and cities throughout this coun-
try. As the article's headline states,
"Dodge City Illustrates War's Growing
Impact at Grassroots Level."
In citing, for instance, the reaction of
the townspeople to the death of Sgt.
Frank Sanchez, Jr., a helicopter crew
chief hit by Vietcong fire, it relates:
The soldier hadn't lived here for 10 years
and few people remembered him. But the
funeral mass at Our Lady of Guadalupe
Church was packed and flags with mourning
streamers flew all over town. "All at once
Frank was everybody's buddy."
Reported here are instances of reac-
tions to shortages, delivery difficulties, the
draft-some petty, some noble-all hu-
man.
The one topic on which I receive the
most mail is our Vietnam commitment.
The same, I am confident, holds true for
every office on both sides of Capitol Hill.
I have been trying, and I am sure others
have been, reading these letters and try-
ing to answer them as time permits. It is
not easy. I cannot answer all the ques-
tions. It is not always enough to explain
why we are there or the importance of
honoring our commitments. People are
concerned, and deeply concerned, I be-
lieve, because they are confused by
earlier optimistic pronouncements from
the administration and by unclear policy
and seemingly indecisive performance in
southeast Asia.
It is not my intention to suggest any
solutions. Let me simply say that this
article made a deep impression on me
and, in urging my colleagues to read it,
I ask unanimous consent that "Vietnam's
Shadow: Dodge City Illustrates War's
Growing Impact at Grassroots Level," by
Everett Groseclose be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Wall Street Journal, Mar. 24, 19661
Vn;TNAM'S SHADOW: DODGE CITY ILLUSTRATES
WAR'S GROWING IMPACT AT GRASSROOTS
LEVEL-ITS 14,000 RESIDENTS WORRY ABOUT
DRAFT, SHORTAGES, MOURN VICTIM OF VIET-
CONG-HARD-TO-GET GUITAR STRINGS
(By Everett Groseclose)
DODGE CITY, KANS.-The jungles of Viet-
nam are approximately 9,500 miles from this
"cowboy capital" on the monotonous Kansas
plains. But the war isn't a remote skirmish
to Dodge's 14,000 residents.
"Six months ago it was inconceivable that
we would ever feel Vietnam's effect here,"
drawls First National Bank President Dean
R. Young. "But now we're getting one jolt
after another."
One jolt came last month. Sgt. Frank
Sanchez, Jr., became the town's first Viet-
nam casualty when the helicopter on which
he was crew chief was hit by Vietcong fire.
The soldier hadn't lived here for 10 years
and few people remembered him. But the
funeral mass at Our Lady of Guadalupe
Church was packed and flags with mourning
streamers flew all over town. "All at once
Frank was everybody's buddy," says a boy-
hood chum, Robert E. Campbell.
BEATING THE DRAFT
Death, however, isn't the only thing that's
bringing the war closer. Talks with scores
of Dodge's citizens make clear that Vietnam
is rapidly sifting down to grassroots America
in all sorts of ways. Local merchants and
manufacturers cope with late deliveries and
manpower shortages that they attribute to
the Asia war. Younger men play a new
"game"-how to beat the draft. And some
businessmen fear the war's cost will mean a
tax boost soon.
"It's Korea all over again," laments Burel
Rice, head of Southwestern Bell Telephone
Co.'s Dodge City district.
Take a stroll through downtown Dodge,
where narrow red brick streets still remind
a visitor of the raw frontier town it once
was, and where three automobiles can create
a traffic jam. At Jay P. Scholle's cafeteria on
Gunsmoke Street (named for TV's "Gun-
smoke," whose locale is Dodge) coffee-break
conversation turns as often to Vietnam as
to cattle prices and the paucity of rainfall.
Confusion abounds over certain points of
U.S. involvement in Vietnam. But advo-
cates of a U.S. pullout are hard to find. "We
may not understand everything that's going
on," says Bill Ridgway, executive director of
the local chamber of commerce, "but we're
certainly patriotic."
SO MAD I COULD SPIT FIRE
The local Elks Club has mounted a write-
a-soldier campaign; for a while, it listed in
the Dodge City Daily Globe the names and
addresses of the area's soldiers serving in
Vietnam and urged citizens to write them-
letters of encouragement and support. I.Irs.
Richard E. Speirs, a physician's wife, orga-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --- SENATE March 25, 1966
nizecl her church circle and bridge club to
send packages of food, toiletries, and candy
to men fighting in Vietnam. "We just can't
do enough for those soldiers," says Mrs.
Sp?e'irs, whose daughter is married to an Army
paratrooper.. "The attention those draft card
burners have gotten makes me so mad I
could spit fire."
But "patriotism" takes several forms
around Dodge City.
Students at the town's two small colleges
recently donated 200 pints of blood for the
wounded in Vietnam, twice the goal, but
most of the males are showing an uncommon
seriousness toward their school work--ap-?
parently to lessen their chances of being
snatched by the draft. The Dodge City High
School junior class recently sent packages to
G1's in Vietnam but at the moment, says
class sponsor Helmut Schmeller, who also
teaches foreign languages, "the biggest con-,
cern is with the junior-senior prom-not
Vietnam."
The local Ford dealer, H. M. Skaggs, Jr.,
complains that military priority on truck
production is cramping his operation. "I've
had five four-wheel-drive pickups on order
for periods ranging from 30 to 60 days," he
says, "and I still don't have an inkling of
when to expect them." Park Eckles, a part-
ner in Eckles Department Store, says: "6
months ago we could get delivery on bed-
sheets in a month; now it's taking 4 months
because so many are going to the Govern-
ment"'
DAMNED IRRITATED CUSTOMERS
Over at Harms' Music Store, owner Howard
B. Harms tells how some customers "get
damned irritated" when he explains that
Vietnam war demands are delaying orders.
"Lightweight guitar strings are almost im-?
possible to get; it's the same type of wire used
in instruments for jet planes," Mr. Harms
says. "And oboes-I've had seven on order
for 6 months." The silver used in the must-.
cal: instrument's keys "is the same material
used in the firing pins of some rifles," he
adds.
A nearby high school band which or-
dered. three copper kettle drums from Mr.
harms gave up after waiting 6 months for
delivery; it got prompt action on plastic:
substitutes.
The most noticeable pinch, however, comes
from the military's ever-growing manpower
needs. While this is typical across the coun-
try, it's more evident in smaller towns such
as Dodge because when Johnny goes march-
ing off to war, everybody is sure to know
about it.
'this month the Dodge City draft board
has summoned 28 young men for their physi-?
calls; March of last year it tapped only 6.
Volunteer enlistments are up, too. In his
second-floor office in the post office building,
Navy Recruiter B. D. Legg relaxes to the beat
of a radio blaring the Vietnam-inspired
ballad, the "Ballad of the Green Berets."
"My business is great-just great," says
the Navy man. "Vietnam is making my
work easy. 'l'h.is month we're enlisting 18
boys from Dodge; we have 30 boys wanting to
go for every 1 that we can take." Most, he
concedes, are enlisting in the Navy to beat
being drafted into the Army.
Across the way at the courthouse, Mrs.
Ralph E. Oringderff, the area's Red Cross rep-
resentative, has seen her workload pick up
sharply. Part of her job is acting as liaison
between servicemen and their families. But
she also has a personal interest in how the
war goes. Just the other day her younger
brother left for the Army. And her 26-year.-
old husband, serving his first term as county
clerk of Ford County, of which Dodge is part,
is subject to the draft.
"I'm scared green they'll draft Ralph be-
cause he's so disgustingly healthy," Mrs.
Oringderff says with a sigh. "It could just
ruin us; I can't even watch pictures of fight-
fug and wounded soldiers on television any-
more." Recently the couple bouiht a new
$20,000 house.
Mrs.. Terry L. Hamilton, 19, already is ex-
periencing the drastic changes the draft can
bring. When her husband, a well-paid ma-
chinist, was drafted, she had to give up their
apartment in Dodge and move b,;?ck home
with her family at Ensign, a hamlet west of
here. "It really hurt us financially," Mrs.
Hamilton reports. "I thought I was sup-
posed to have a (dependent's allotment)
check the first of February, but I just found
out that I wouldn't be getting anything until
Terry's out of boot camp."
To Eugene A. Conrardy, who 1:isms 960
acres east of here, the drafting of his son
Donnie poses what he considers a serious
threat to the family's livelihood. Like many
other small farmers tin these parts, Mr. Con-
rardy has sought to supplement hls income
by working regularly at an. off-the-f:. rm job-
in his case at a local metal shop.
"If the wheat comes on strong I'll be
sunk," says Mr. Conrardy. "I won't have
anybody to run my combine because Donnie
did that. So it's either quit my Jet) in town
or hire someone to do the farmwork, and you
just can't get dependable farm help."
Already, Mr. Conrardy says he has had to
abandon his practice, of leasing pc stareland
to graze cattle. "I was running 500 head a
year," he says, "but when Donnie left, I had
to let them all go. It's hopeless."
Even as they enjoy boom times, the hand-
ful of small factories along Dodge City's
"manufacturer's row" on the southeast edge
of town are becoming increasingly concerned
about Vietnam.
HIGH COST OF TRAINING
A visitor finds R. H. Curtis, president of
Curtis Machine Co., bending over ;,, drafting
table designing a new combination of gears
for a gearbox the company produces. Five
of the concern's 35-man work force have been
drafted in the past year. "These days if ap-
plicants are eligible for the draft. we won't
even bother to see them," Mr. Curtis says.
"Our people cost too much money to train."
Mr. Curtis frets about rumors of priorities
being placed on steel and machine tools. "If
there are priorities," he says, "the guys with
the Government contracts will get all the
equipment." The shirt sleeved executive also
complains that a stretchout of deliveries is
causing his company mounting problems.
Steel bearings, castings and even grease seals
are in short supply, he reports.
Down the street, Speed King Manufactur-
ing Co., a maker of conveyer systems, ordered
a new milling machine the other day and
"We were told we wouldn't get it for 6
months," says R. Nathan. Massey, chief engi-
neer. "A few months ago we would have had
it within a month."
Three of Speed King's 98 employees have
gone Into the military in the past ;ear, "anc
we're having trouble replacing them with
satisfactory help," according to Mr. Massey.
If the draft is extended to include young
married men with children, the plant would
stand to lose its head machinist shipping
foreman, head draftsman, and two top sales-
men. Adds Mr. Massey with a touch of sar-
casm: "We lost a couple of worker, to those
so-called defense jobs," In which workers are
often declared essential to the defense effort
and thus avoid the draft.
Some employers are taking it upon them-
selves to try to help keywo:rkers avoid mili-
tary service. Polkinghorn Feed Yards, Inc.,
a large cattle fattening operation on Dodge's
east side, recently paid an attorney $100 to
draw up affidavits for prominent citizens to
sign that would attest to Polkingholn's hard-
ship if one of its employes was drafted.
A "TOUGH" DRAFT BOARD
The local draft board---known as a tough
one-turned down the appeal and the em-
ployee went off to Kansas City for his physi-
cal. But for Polkinghorn the story still had
a happy ending; the employee flunked the
medical exam and he's back at work inspect-
ing cattle for disease.
Vietnam also is bringing some changes at
the town's two colleges. At St. Mary of the
Plains College, a 4-year institution, enroll-
ment usually sags at the end of the first
semester. This year, however, enrollment
held steady at 619 students, mostly men.
Sister M. Cecilia, St. Mary president, says,
"Obviously, it's the threat of the draft,
that's keeping them in school.."
The college did suspend five male students
for disciplinary reasons, raising a local
ruckus. Says Dean of Men Donald R.
Barber: "We got more criticism over that
than for anything we've ever done. Every-
body said we were throwing those boys to the
wolves-you know, the draft."
Students at St. Mary and at Dodge City
Community Junior College, a 2-year school,
are jittery about reports that some students
will lose their draft deferments unless they
make high grades. Recently a rumor swept
through the junior college that the drafting
of students was imminent. "One student
hit the panic button and went down and
volunteered," says Orville Kliewer, the col-
lege's dean of admissions and registrar.
Vietnam accounts for 7 of every 10 letters
written to the Washington office of Republi-
can Congressman BOB DOLE, who represents
the Dodge City area. A year ago, Mr. DOLE
says, wheat allotments and tax matters made
up most of the mail. Now, he says, the letter
writers "want to know what's going on" in
Vietnam and "when It's going to end." He
adds: "They're about evenly divided between
escalation and negotiation."
In addition, "more inquiries about farm
deferments are coming in," he says. "Farm-
ers and ranchers are writing that they don't
think it's right to draft a man who's got a
big investment in land and equipment-and
then not take the college boy who has noth-
ing invested and is hanging on In college by
his teeth." For Mr. DOYLE'S constituents,
Senator WILLIAM FULBRIGHT's recent televised
hearings aimed at clearing the air on the
Vietnam issue apparently haven't meant
much, the Congressman says. "Many say
they're more confused now than ever," he
reports. "I'm even confused."
WHO'S FOOTING THE BILL ON THE
DIRKSEN AMENDMENT?
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, on
February 23, the senior Senator from
Wisconsin [Mr. PROXMIRE] and the
junior Senator from Maryland [Mr.
TYDINGS] asked in a Senate colloquy just
where the big money is coming from to
push the Dirksen amendment. As Sena-
tors know, the high-priced and high-
powered California public-relations firm
of Whittaker & Baxter is being retained
by undisclosed forces to promote the
Dirksen amendment which would over-
rule the Supreme Court's defense of
equality of citizenship in its reapportion-
ment decisions.
The Milwaukee Journal has now joined
in my colleagues' call for disclosure of
the source of the funds being used in
this massive effort to lobby the Congress.
I ask unanimous consent that the Mil-
waukee Journal's editorial of March 14,
entitled "Who's Footing this Bill?" be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
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replacing the present, multimember districts
With single-member districts. Reapportion-
ment based on a combination of single-mem-
ber districts and on census population in
place of registered voters (two of the major
objectives being sought by the Burns admin-
istration) would introduce swift and radical
changes in Hawaii's polity. Among other
inevitable consequences would be the sudden
and sizable increase in the political power
of that portion of Oahu presently included
in the fifth senatorial district. This area in-
cludes all of Oahu's sugar and pineapple
plantations, as well as most of its military
bases. As of 1964, the fifth senatorial dis-
trict had only 84,000 registered voters within
its population of approximately 300,000. By
way of comparison, the fourth senatorial dis-
trict, which includes most of Honolulu
proper, the University of Hawaii, and the
residences of a large part of the professional
and civic leaders of the islands, had 80,000
registered voters within its population of
approximately 180,000 91 Those who are ex-
perienced in the realities of American State
politics will recognize in the fifth district
the characteristics-political apathy and low
voting rates, among others-of constituencies
in many other States that suffer from en-
trenched political machines and "bossism."
The ultimate question raised is whether
representative government in Hawaii is not
weakened regardless of the outcome of the
judicially created reapportionment problem.
Should this prove to be true, it would be all
the more paradoxical, given the Supreme
Court's avowed intention in these decisions.
It is undeniable that Justice Warren and
his majorities intended the reapportionment
decisions as a rejuvenating tonic to
strengthen debilitated legislatures. But the
effect of forcing Warren's tonic down the
gullet of Hawaii's Legislature has been to
choke the patient, leaving a formerly healthy
legislative body in need of further medica-
tion. It is clear that the judicial doctors who
compounded Warren's tonic failed to under-
stand important aspects of government in
general and representative government in
particular. A better understanding of the
spirit of representative government would
have impelled the Court to reconsider the
soundness of prescribing sweeping, uniform
remedies in the reapportionment cases. Here,
in the name of "majoritarianism," the Su-
preme Court overthrew a vast array of varied
representative institutions, most of which
had been sanctioned by democratic elector-
ates in referendum elections.
More broadly, the Court failed to remem-
ber the political teaching which had pre-
served it own independence a quarter-cen-
tury earlier, when F.D.R.'s liberal objectives
impelled him toward reckless action. The
Senate committee which preserved the Court
knew that all government must rule through
a judicious mixture of force and persuasion.
The attachment of the American people to
its long-established institutions has gradu-
ally contributed to the creation of a law-
abiding spirit, thereby reducing the coercive
element of rule. One might have thought,
and could certainly have wished, that the
Court had dealt with reapportionment in a
manner designed to minimize changes in
the institutional structure and workings of
State legislatures. But the Court allowed
itself to lose sight of this truth of conserva-
tism through its zeal for liberal legislation.
In this respect it would have done well to
remember the words of a Senator who led
the fight to protect the Court. Said Burton
K. Wheeler, "A liberal cause was never won
by stacking a deck of cards, by stuffing a
ballot box, or packing a Court." Nor, in the
case of Hawaii, by reapportioning a legis-
lature.
PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE IN
VIETNAM
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President,
every day our newspapers and radio and
television bring us a graphic story of the
gallant fighting of the South Vietnamese,
the American forces, and our allies in
that wartorn country. But there is an-
other battle being waged out there about
which the American people are not so
well informed.
It is the struggle for the loyalty and
commitment of the Vietnamese people;
and in the final analysis its outcome will
be just as important as the military ef-
fort. For this other conflict also arrays
the forces of freedom against those of
oppression, terror, and coercion.
In this struggle, the psychological fac-
tor is of cardinal importance; and the
American Government is using every
means at its disposal to advise and assist
the Government of Vietnam in waging
an intensive and effective campaign in
that field.
The President has delegated the over-
all responsibility for coordinating and
directing U.S. psychological and infor-
mational activities in Vietnam to Leon-
ard H. Marks, Director of the U.S. In-
formation Agency. A U.S. field orga-
nization-the Joint U.S. Public Affairs
Office, under the direction of Embassy
Minister-Counselor Barry Zorthian-has
been established to carry out this respon-
sibility within Vietnam.
This organization, which combines the
talents and resources of the U.S. Infor-
mation Agency, the Department of State,
the Agency for International Develop-
ment, and the Department of Defense
represents a unique development in in-
tegrated U.S. Government activities
abroad.
I ask unanimous consent that a recent
article from the Wall Street Journal de-
scribing some of these operations be in-
serted at this point In the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
PSYCHOLOGICAL WAR-U.S. AIR-DROPS RADIOS,
SAFE-CONDUCT PASSES To WIN OVER VIE'T-
CONG-"DADDY PLEASE COME HOME" LEAF-
LETS, OTHER PLEAS HELP LIFT FOE'S DEFEC-
TION RATE-2,500 TV SETS LURE CROWDS
(By William Beecher)
WASHINGTON.-Psychological warfare ex-
perts here recently hit on what seemed a
promising ploy. They proposed to drop 1-
pound bags of rice on tiny parachutes to the
rice-hungry cities of North Vietnam. At-
tached to each bag would be a message of
brotherhood from the South Vietnamese.
The proponents foresaw these gains:
The northerners might conclude that
South Vietnam was a lot better fed and so
might sour on their own government in
Hanoi.
The recipients would realize the food-drop-
ing planes could instead have delivered
bombs; mixed feelings of gratitude and ap-
prehension about air attack might be
aroused.
If Communist authorities rushed up to
wrest the free food from people in the streets,
public discontent would rise.
But psychological warriors in Saigon
warned that the Communists might secretly
inject poison into some of the rice bags and
then charge the United States with waging
"poison warfare." Recalling the Commu-
nists' loud "germ warfare" cries during the
Korean war, they insisted this prospect was
real.
IMAGINATIVE THINKING
So the plan, rather than the rice, was
dropped. But the incident provised an In-
sight into the kind of imaginative thinking
that is going into an increasingly active effort
to influence the minds of soldiers and civil-
ians in North Vietnam and enemy-controlled
areas of the south.
"Psychological operations in one form or
another are as old as war itself," says one
Pentagon practitioner, a combat veteran.
"In World War II we took the attitude: To
hell with psyops; if we kill enough of the
enemy and capture enough territory, victory
will take care of itself.' But you can't win
with that philosophy in Vietnam. Now, the
objective is not just to kill and capture, but
to win over the people."
In this war for men's minds, the United
States and its South Vietnamese allies are
loosing such weapons as propaganda broad-
casts, air-dropped propaganda leaflets, safe-
conduct passes for Communist soldiers de-
siring to defect and much more. The aim is
not only to spur desertions from Red ranks
but to encourage surrender of arms, to im-
pede Communist recruiting of guerrilla fight-
ers and to discourage local'supply of food and
information to the enemy. Some solid, 1.
small, successes are being reported.
In all, this campaign now employs the
talents of several hundred United States ant
South Vietnamese specialists, military an
civilian. Since April last year, when prop-
aganda broadcasts to North Vietnam began:
to be supplemented by air-dropped messages,
over 113 million leaflets have cascaded upon
nearly every city, town and hamlet In Ho
Chi Minh's domain. During the same pe-
riod, more than 133 million leaflets have
been directed at areas of South Vietnam
controlled or threatened by Vietcong guer-
rillas.
THEMES THAT GET STRESS
According to Leonard Marks, director of
the U.S. Information Agency, which coor-
dinates American psychological operations
in Vietnam, the leaflets and broadcasts stress
a few simple themes: The destructive war
in South Vietnam continues because of Com-
munist aggression directed by North Viet-
nam and egged on by the Red Chinese; the
Saigon government is trying its best to bring
peace and progress to its citizens; the com-
bined military might of the Allied forces
is so great the Communists can't prevail;
defectors from Red ranks will be well-
treated; the U.S. bombing In the north is
simply aimed at bringing the- war to an end.
The exact effect of this verbal offensive
is naturally difficult to ascertain; Mr. Marks
and associates do at least point to virulent
counterattacks by Radio Hanoi and North
Vietnamese newspapers as evidence that "It's
getting under their skin."
But as one military man puts It, actual
results, especially among hostile troops, de-
pend more on the tide of war than the bril-
liance of the propaganda. If the enemy
thinks he's winning, he'll put up with dan-
ger, fatigue and short rations; but if he
feels he's losing he's much more prone to
look for a way out and listen seriously to
offers of safety and food. And with the
war's fortunes lately seeming to turn against
the Communist side, the psychological war-
riors have some specific gains to point to.
Recently they keyed a special campaign to
the Buddhist New Year In late January;
some leaflets aimed at guerrillas operating
away from home portrayed little girls ap-
pealing "Daddy, won't you please come
home?" Other leaflets attacked Vietcong
taxation, forced labor and killing of inno-
cent peasants. Before this campaign, daily
defections from enemy ranks averaged about
40; during January and February the rate
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March 25, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
civilian communities." 4? The Governor's
grounds for rejecting Hawaii's traditional
practice was developed at length in his ap-
peal to the U.S. Supreme Court. He argues
there that a change is needed "because the
use of the 'regi: tered voters' test tends to
discriminate against persons in the lower
economic levels, and under the circum-
stances prevailing in Hawaii, introduces
other inequities into legislative apportion-
ment." 44 As might be expected:
"The :proportion of registered persons in
Hawaii--and very likely in other Stites--in
the lower economic brackets is substantially
less than those in the higher * * * of per-
sons with a family :income of less than $4,000,
only 43.8 percent of those eligible were reg-
istered, while those in the $10,000 to $14 999
bracket, 72.4 percent were registere3. It is
apparent therefrom that the use of registered
voters unduly favors those on the higher eco-
saomic levels and discriminates against those
on the lower. The right to be fairly and ef-
fectively represented is a fundamental one
and should not be made to depend upon an
assiduousness in the pursuit of other rights,
such as the right to vote." 42
The Governor Is quite right in his asser-
tion that use of the registered-voters cri-
terion discriminates (but not, as he says)
"against" that part; of the community which,
for whatever reason, is not assiduous in
Its exercise of the franchise. It also dis-
eriminates between citizens and aliens; be-
tween adults and children ineligible to vote;
between those in possession of their mental
eculties and those confined to mental insti-
tutions; between law-abiding citizens and
inmates of prisons; and, most importantly,
between those duly qualified citizens who
exercise the franchise and those apathetic,
irresponsible, or uninterested people who
don't care enough about their right to vote
to bother to register. The "registered voters"
test, in short, discriminates between that
part of the community which has the legal
right and personal motivation to exercise
the suffrage and that part of the community
which cannot or does not vote. The islands'
statesmen have long made sound use of this
politically reasonable distinction, and some
consideration of Hawaii's experience in this
respect may assist us in considering the
necessity or desirability of judicial deter-
mination of political questions of this Fort.
As is generally known, the islands have
been dependent on plantation agriculture
as the mainstay of their economy for the
past century. The plantations placed pri-
mary reliance on an alien work force from
roughly the end of the American Civil War
to the end of World War If. Laborers were
recruited chiefly in China, Japan, and the
Philippines. They came to Hawaii volun-
tarily, generally in the expectation of work-
ing for a period of some 5 to 10 years, and
then returning with savings sufficient to
purchase farms in their native lands. The
bulk of these laborers did so, although a
small proportion remained in the islands.
Very few of these laborers became citizens
of the Hawaiian monarchy or the Republic.
After Hawaii's annexation to the United
States, the Chinese and Japanese there were
not eligible for citizenship under American
1aw.4'? They were protected by the law, and
10 Gov John A. Burns, address to the joint
session of the second State Legislature of
Hawaii, first special session of 1964, July 23,
1964, p. 11.
? John A. Burns, Governor of the State of
Hawaii, Appellant v. William S. Richardson,
rt al., Appellees, Appeal from the U.S. Dis-
trict Court for the District of Hawaii in the
ruprem.e Court of the United States, October
term, 1965, p. 18.
42 Ibid., p. 21.
,n Hawaii's Organic Act, as written by the
56th Cong. In 1900, provided "That all persons
who were citizens of the Republic of Hawaii
on Aug. 12, 1898, are hereby declared to be
were in fact represented by the consul,, of
their native governments, each of which
maintained consular offices in Honolulu. As
aliens, however, they were not permitted to
register as voters and were therefore not in-
eluded in apportionment calculations. As
inhabitants of a country in which they were
residing for a limited, special purpose, and
presumably only temporariily, they were not
obliged to assume the responsibilities of
citizenship. They were not called upon to
light in the Armed Forces, to serve on juries,
to devote time to running for office at any
level, or to contribute generally to the
community as citizens.
In basing apportionment on registered
voters, Hawaii's constitu'aon-makers took
the not unreasonable view that people who,
because of disabilities, legal or whatever, are
unable to participate actively as citizen!; in
at least it minimal fashion, should not be
permitted to affect decisively the mode of
representation. In Hawaii today, in fact,
one of the most immediate and ignif.^ant
effects of a. shift from registered voters, to
census population as the basis of apportion-
inent would be to open up vast possibilities
for political exploitation, especially in those
areas where there are large numbers of po-
litically apathetic aliens or military perron-
nel. While the precise results are imp,,ssi-
ble to predict, there are inherent possibili-
ties for political aggrandizement which
might well be envied by political bosses
anywhere. At the minimum, it is indispu-
table that the proposed change from regis-
tered voters to census population wcufd
afford significant additional political ad-
vantage to Hawaii's already dominant p,rty,
while likely lowering the quality of Hawaii's
political life.
't'his is not to argue that the community
has not, does not, or should not take account
of the basic needs of people not countdxl in
the apportionment scheme because they are
not registered voters. In fact most observers
of Hawaii would agree that the needs of its
alien population have been met reasonably
well, as is partly suggested by the very sub-
stantial role played by their descendants in
the political life of the State today.
Any such arrangements have their dangers
to the individuals concerned; these are ob-
vious enough, especially to a court, which is
quite properly concerned to protect indi-
vidual rights. But against these dangers, as
we have tried to suggest, must be balanced
other weighty considerations bearing on the
character of the whole polity. Inevit,sbly,
statesmen are confronted with the problem
of representation. Their determinations at
any given time must be based on an inti-
mate knowledge of the complexities of their
respective polities. These determinations are
not always just or wise, but the question
posed by Reynolds is whether any all-
embracing, nationwide judicial doctrine is
likely to be better. It is at least quest ion-
able-and on the basis of the Reynolds opin-
ion perhaps more than questionahle-
whether the courts are likely to see these
considerations clearly and to weigh them
well, especially considering the great variety
of such questions throughout the 50 States.
A comparable and related question, central
to reapportionment in Hawaii, is whether
the courts will permit the islands to continue
to make use of multimember representative
districts, or whether the State will have to
be carved into single-member districts ex-
elusively. Testimony on the political use-
fulness of Hawaii's long- established priwti.ce
in this area was provided by one of the chief
witnesses during the 1964 Senate hearings
on reapportionment: "Ever since we have
voted in Hawaii-and this started over 120
citizens of the United States and citizens of
the territory of Hawaii." Ch.. ]:, sec. 1. A
small number of Chinese were so qualified,
but almost no Japanese plantation laborers
had become citizens of the Republic.
years ago-we have had multimember dis-
tricts for our legislature. Multimember dis-
tricts, when tied with Hawaii's long-known
habit of plunking (voting for only one candi-
date, when multiple votes are possible) per-
mits a minority to secure representation." 44
Partly for this reason, a Democratic minority
was able to maintain its existence during
the extended period when the Republican
Party was dominant in the islands. In
recent years, the preservation of a Republi-
can minority has been fostered during a
period of Democratic ascendancy through
multimember districts 16
The understandable temptation on the
part of a dominant political party to re-
district the minority party out of existence
has been thwarted in Hawaii by the fact that
district boundaries have been firmly fixed
both by nature and tradition. As the dis-
trict court noted, "The records of the con-
stitutional convention (proceedings 103--111)
show the districting, both for the senate and
the house of representatives, followed along
historical, political, geographic, and physical
lines." 46 Thus, the senate districts under
Hawaii's present constitution consist of
separate islands, with two exceptions, while
the sixth representative district consists of
the islands of Molokai and Lanai, the seventh
district of the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe
(five representatives), and the eighth district
that portion of the island of Oahu known as
Koolaupoko and Koolauloa (two representa-
tives). As the witness before the Senate,
previously quoted, stressed:
"What are the metes and bounds of these
districts? They are known only by history,
and historical boundaries go far to explain
our present apportionment. Roughly, our
present political districting conforms with
our island groupings, and as units In political
structuring they go far back to the begin-
ning of representative government in Hawaii.
Anyone who would chip off a part of Oahu
and link it with Kauai or the island group
which has had Maui as its center bears the
burden of proof of demonstrating that our
major political divisions have no saliency for
today's world." 41
Evidence that Hawaii's traditional system
of multimember districts continues to be
salient for the needs of the contemporary
community is afforded by the fact that vir-
tually no one had been seeking changes in
the district lines until the Court's action in
Reynolds. The district court's rejection of
the legislature's reapportionment plans indi-
cates that the Federal judiciary will not
permit Hawaii to retain its well-established
representative districts. Should the dele-
gates to a constitutional convention be no
more successful than the legislature in pro-
posing a redistricting plan acceptable to
courts, then, presumably, the judges will
undertake this delicate task themselves. If
redistricting is carried out by the district
court, it is probable that the judges could
most easily avoid the danger of creating What
they termed "monolithic political units" by
44 Norman. Meller, statement delivered to
the Second State Legislature of Hawaii, first
special session of 1964, July 20, 1964, p. 2. For
further discussions of the relationship of dif-
ferent voting systems and representation of
minorities see George S. Blair, "Cumulative
Voting: An Effective Electoral Device in Illi-
nois Politics" (Urbana, Ill.: The University
of Illinois Press, 1960). Also helpful is
Maurice Duverger, "Political Parties."
45 At present the Republicans hold two of
five senate seats in the fourth senatorial dis-
trict although the Democrats are in the ma-
jority. Similarly, in the heavily Republican
15th representative district the Democrats
have consistently held two of the six seats.
4? Opinion of the U.S. District Court for the
District of Hawaii dated Feb. 17, 1965, re-
ported at 238 F. Supp. 468.
41 Meller statement, p. 2.
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more than doubled. Among the defectors
was a 22-man guerrilla platoon, the largest
single unit to come over during the-war,
along with growing numbers of enemy offi-
cers, including the commander of a North
Vietnamese army battalion.
A FRIENDLY PHOTO
Properly exploited, key defections often
start a chain reaction, the professionals say.
To insure that a defector won't change his
mind and go back to his unit, his picture
is taken with the arm of a South Vietnamese
or American officer around his shoulder. He's
told that copies of this photo will be dropped
among his former comrades "to let them
know of his right decision."
Any defector is first fed, clothed, interro-
gated, given medical attention and some po-
litical indoctrination. Then he is urged to
make statements explaining to his former
friends why he switched sides and how he
has been treated. Some statements are
printed on leaflets for airdrop, others are
taperecorded and broadcast from airborne
loudspeakers over his guerrilla stomping
grounds.
In one recent operation in Bey Tuy Prov-
ince, a 40-year-old Vietcong platoon leader, a
guerrilla for 15 years, was captured. After
friendly treatment he agreed to record a sur-
render appeal; he even flew with a psycho-
logical operations officer in a helicopter and
pointed out hiding places of his unit so the
tape could be played. This effort, it's said,
helped induce several Vietcong to surrender.
To undermine the countryside's confidence
in the Vietcong, the "psywarriors" are turn-
ing knowledge of Vietnam's folkways to their
advantage-in what's called Operation Rigor
Mortis.
It seems there's a strong feeling among
Vietnamese that when they die they want to
be buried in their own villages, near their
ancestors. In recruiting guerrillas, the Com-
munists promise not only that the men will
fight in their own localities, but if killed, will
be handed over to their relatives for proper
burial. This is why, in the war's early stages,
few enemy dead were found on the battle-
field; the guerrillas would haul them away
to fulfill this promise.
DISCOURAGES RECRUITING
But in some of the recent large-scale bat-
tles, it has been impossible to remove the
bodies. So psychological warfare people make
an. effort after battles to get the names of
the remaining dead (from papers found on
the bodies) and quickly broadcast to. their
home areas the news that loved ones have
been abandoned to die; far away from home.
It's admittedly a somewhat grisly business,
but it's considered very effective in discourag-
ing guerrilla recruiting by the Vietcong and
in lowering morale among their units.
Within South Vietnam, much of the psy-
chological , warfare effort concentrates on
spreading good news, beamed as much at the
ears and eyes of the general populace as at
the enemy. Word goes forth telling of the
Saigon government's building of roads and
bridges and hospitals, protection of rice har-
vests being moved to market, victories in bat-
tle. Such information is disseminated by
radio, provincial newspapers, hamlet bulletin
boards, roving government information teams
and drama groups that weave their message
into entertainment programs.
Early last month, the Saigon regime
started using television to help get the word
out. U.S. funds, through the Agency for
International Development, were used to pur-
chase 2,500 23-inch table model TV sets from
Radio Corp. of America for distribution to
public reading rooms, community ceters
and schools in areas within 40 miles of Sai-
gon. From 8 to 9 p.m., daily, the Saigon
government broadcasts news and informa-
tion, beaming the signals through equipment
abroad a pair of U.S. Navy-operated C-121
aircraft hovering overhead; a TV tower is to
be built eventually.
TV is such a novelty in Vietnam that
throngs are said to gather around the com-
munity sets each evening to watch the Viet-
namese language broadcast over channel 11.
Since the U.S. Army telecasts American TV
shows over channel 9 and doesn't want to
lure viewers from the Government program,
it blanks out for that hour. "We don't want
to put Premier Ky up against 'Gunsmoke,"'
comments a U.S. cfflcer.
AN AUDIO THORN
Far more information is put out by radio:
The Voice of America alone broadcasts music,
news and other programs 61/Z hours a day
in Vietnamese from a powerful transmitter
at Hue, on the northern coast of South Viet-
nam. The message goes both to North and
South Vietnam, and has evoked an explosive
reaction from the north. "This installation
must be an audio thorn In the side of the
Communists, since they have shelled it sev-
eral times over the past year and a half and
our personnel there have found it prudent to
carry out their duties wearing sidearms," re-
ports Mr. Marks.
To make sure the other side hears these
messages, the United States has dropped
more than 10,000 cheap little transistor radios
into enemy stations. "We don't want them
to use our gifts to tune in Radio Hanoi"
Not surprisingly, North Vietnamese authori-
ties have urged their people to turn in any
of these "Yankee radios"; they even claim
the sets are booby-trapped and can be ex-
ploded by a special radio signal.
Many leaflets dropped on populous areas
in the north are intended to avert needless
loss of civilian lives there, and perhaps to
spare the United States from blame for such
loss. These messages simply urge civilians to
move away from installations likely to be
bombed. One leaflet resembles a green and
white North Vietnamese 50-piaster note on
one side; on the other is says, among other
things: "For your safety, stay away from
military installations and communications
facilities."
A specially planned sequence of leaflets is
aimed at North Vietnamese Army men on the
way to infiltrate the south. In their north-
ernmost training camps, they receive leaflets
saying: "We know you are destined to come
to South Vietnam to fight." Further south
along the infiltration route, they are told:
"If you do come across, we'd like you to join
us in our struggle against the Communists."
Just before they cross the border, they are
messaged: "Here is a safe-conduct pass; it
will pass you safely through our lines and
save your life." Toward the end of their
southward trip, perhaps along the He Chi
Minh Trail in eastern Laos, they get not only
safe-conduct passes but also specific money
offers for arms they may bring with them.
Typical inducements: 6,300 plasters ($87 at
the official exchange rate) for a heavy ma-
chinegun, 2,000 plasters for a submachine-
gun, 1,000 piasters for a carbine, 800 plasters
for a pistol. (Because it may be dangerous
for the northerners to try to defect with their
arms, they're told they can hide a weapon
and still get the specified reward when it's
picked up by South Vietnamese forces who
have been tipped off on the hiding place.)
A NEW ALBUQUERQUE INDIAN
SCHOOL IN NEW MEXICO
Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, the
New Mexico State Legislature adopted
House Joint Memorial 14, urging the
Congress of the United States to appro-
priate necessary funds to provide for a
new Albuquerque Indian School in New
Mexico. This is a facility of great im-
portance to the betterment of Indian
youngsters, and I have urged approval
of funds to plan the construction of the
new school. I, therefore, ask unanimous
consent to have this resolution printed
in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
HOUSE JOINT MEMORIAL 14
Joint memorial urging the Congress of the
United States to appropriate necessary
funds to provide for a new Albuquerque
Indian School in New Mexico
Whereas an emergency presently exists in
New Mexico to provide adequate facilities for
a basic education and post-high school vo-
cational training to an ever-increasing num-
ber of Indians; and
Whereas the present Federal Government
Albuquerque Indian School in New Mexico
has unsafe and unsuitable facilities for a
modern educational program, and. does not
provide a much needed post-high school vo-
cational training program; and
Whereas the public schools in New Mexico
are unable and will be unable to provide the
education and training to Indians in time
to meet this urgent need; and
Whereas If the Indians are to strike a
telling blow against unemployment and pov-
erty among themselves, expanded facilities
for the education and training of Indians
is required; and
Whereas it has been proposed that the
Federal Government build a new Albuquer-
que Indian School to provide a basic educa-
tion and post-high school vocational train-
ing program for Indians so that they may
compete on an equal basis with others in
this modern world; and
Whereas the new Albuquerque Indian
School could provide boarding facilities so
that there could be a necessary transition for
more and more Indians from reservation life
to city life;
Whereas the new Albuquerque Indian
School is endorsed by all major Indian
Tribes and pueblos in New Mexico Including
the Navajo Tribe, the All-Indian Pueblo
Council, the Mescalero Apache Tribe and the
Jicarilla Apache Tribe: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the Legislature of the State of
New Mexico, That the Congress of the United
States is respectfully urged to appropriate
necessary funds to provide for a new Al-
buquerque Indian School in New Mexico;
and be it further
Resolved, That a copy of this memorial be
transmitted to U.S. Secretary of the Interior
Stewart Udall and to the New Mexico delega-
tion to' the Congress of the United States.
BRUCE KING,
Speaker, House of Representatives.
MACK EASLEY,
President, New Mexico Senate.
A DEDICATED HEART-A YOUNG
WIDOW WRITES ON VIETNAM
Mr. SIMPSON. Mr. President, re-
cently a longtime friend, who is serving
in southeast Asia, sent me a copy of the
Observer, a weekly publication of U.S.
Forces in Vietnam. Like many newspa-
pers these days, the Observer carried a
letter to the editor in regard to the war
in Vietnam. But this letter was most
unusual in its message and eloquence.
It matches in poignancy anything I
have read concerning the need for young
men to take up arms in defense of a
country or a cause.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE March 25, 1966
I ask that the letter be printed in the
body of the RECORD together with a brief
editor's note which explains, in part, why
the newspaper chose to print it and why
l: choose to have it appear in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. I urge all my
colleagues, particularly those who cannot
find it in their hearts to support the
struggle for freedom in Vietnam, to read
this letter from a young bride who said
goodby to her husband 17 days after
their marriage and learned less than a
month and a half later that he had died
in battle.
There being no objection, the letter
and editor's note were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
A. DEDICATED HEART
(EDITOR'S NOTE.-Hundreds of letters in
support of the war in Vietnam come across
the desk of the Observer each week, repre-
senting all degrees of articulateness and
viewpoint.
(However, we have never received a letter
with the eloquence, the emotional impact,
of this letter from a 17-year-old widow whose
19-year-old husband was killed in action in
Vietnam.
(Her courage is in the finest tradition of
this land that has become the United States
of America, and her unusually mature recog-
nition of her husband's desire to defend his
country, his way of life and his posterity,
prompts us to print the letter in its entirety.
(There is a lesson to be learned from the
courage, understanding and patriotism of
his young American. The letter was ad-
dressed to Gen. W. C. Westmoreland,
COMUSMACV. )
DEAR GENERAL WESTMORELAND: I received
your letter today and I was surprised but
pleased to get it and I felt that I should
write and tell you this.
Tom and l: were married only 17 days when
he was shipped overseas or rather to Cali-
hornia. He left there on December 28. We
were married I month and 24 days when he
died. I loved Tommy and I know that he
died for a purpose. He told me over and
over again to try and understand why he
had to go. I learned that Tom could have
been deferred because he was the only one
left to carry on the Devlin name, now there
is no one when his father dies. He said that
he didn't want to be deferred, it was his Job
..nd he had to do it. I understand and I loved
film for it. Tom was a brave man and I'm
proud of him. He said that he had rather
light the Communists in Vietnam and (lie if
he had to, than to let them come over here
and he said that if we don't stop them now,
it won't be too long until we'll be fighting
them at home.
'Pommy was only 19 years old. I'm 17. We
were young to get married, but it was what
we wanted and my parents agreed. We both.
knew that he might never come back alive?
but we had such faith and hope that he
would. I know that God had a reason for
faking Tom and I must accept this. Tom.
,aid I went to see the chaplain on the day
before he left. He told Chaplain Crick, "I'm.
not afraid; God will deliver me-one way or
pother." Since Tom's death the people in.
our community have realized that the war
in Vietnam isn't so far away any more.
Tommy was the first boy in Hopkins County'
to be killed in this war.
C feel the same way Tom and all the guys
uv.::r there leel toward the draft-card burn-
crs aid protesters. Tom and hundreds of
guys like him are fighting and dying every
d.ty for them, for all of us here in America
o I..aat we can live in a free world. Why
ca.rl't these people realize this? I know that
my husband didn't die in vain, he died for
what he believed in and I'm proud that he
food firm on this. He was proud to be a
paratrooper and to be able to do something
for his country. Maybe that's one of the
reasons I loved him so much, he was a, para-
trooper-all the way.
I hope you don't mind my writing you this
letter, but it was just something I felt I had
to do and I wanted to do it. May God watch
over and protect you and all the mell there
fighting for America. I pray for all of you,
my prayers can't help my Tommy any more,
he's at peace now and lie's with God, but
maybe they'll help somebody.
I've enclosed an editorial that appeared
In our local newspaper 2 days after we learned
of Toni's death. May God protect ill of you
and give us strength and faith to accept his
will.
Sincerely,
BAD TIMING DOOMS CUT IN
SCHOOL AID
Mr. CANNON. Mr. President, the
Congress is showing more concern each
day about administration proposals to
reduce substantially four exceptionally
successful education programs in fiscal
1967.
The programs are financial assistance
for impacted areas, funds for the Na-
tional Defense Education Act, support
for land-grant colleges, and the school
lunch and milk programs. The pro-
posed reductions would cut about a half
billion dollars in appropriations from
fiscal 1966 from these vital programs.
Plans for increased educational serv-
ices in Nevada, which continue;; to in-
crease in population at a phenomenal
rate, would be seriously curtailed if the
Congress were to go along with the pro-
posed reductions. Funds for education
in all the States would likewise be cur-
tailed, and the areas effected by the cuts
would. not benefit by proposals to increase
educational spending for other programs.
It has been gratifying to see so many
Members of both :[louses of Congress
speak out against the proposed reduc-
tions, and I am confident that these un-
sound cuts will be rejected.
Mr. President, an excellent editorial
on reaction to education reductions ap-
peared in the March 21 edition of the
Las Vegas Sun, and I ask ur?animous
consent that it be printed at this point
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
BAD TIMING DOOMS CUTS :IN SGn na AID
President Johnson's proposals to reduce
Federal grants for education mean;; a lot of
money to us as it does the rest of the States,
with the impact of the cuts empha.Szed, be-
cause they would come at a time ashen dis-
tress signals are being sent aloft 1 ;r Nevada
educators.
In two major areas, Federal pa: Inents to
land.-grant colleges and in Federal aid to im-
pacted school districts, nearly $3 nillion is
at stake In Nevada.
Mr. Johnson called for cutbacks of $482.7
million in appropriations and $291 9 million
in spending in the programs. The cutbacks
from the current fiscal year funds would af-
fect every State and congressional ,listrict in
the Nation.
Cuts were asked in aid to federally impact-
ed school districts, assistance for 1aind-grant
colleges, direct Government loans for college
students, and programs which supply hot
lunches and milk to schoolchildren.
The presidential ax chopped deeply into
aid for schools which serve children whose
parents live or work on Federal property.
Reductions amounted to $163.6 million for
school operating costs and $27.1 million for
construction.
The Government paid Nevada school dis-
tricts more than $2.7 million last year to help
pay the costs of educating children whose
parents live or work on Federal installations.
Federal grants to the University of Navada
under the Land Grant College Act. exceed
$200,000 a year.
If the President's proposal Is accepted, Ne-
vada school districts will receive only $949,-
759 to help pay the costs of educating the
children of Federal workers, servicemen, and
others who live or work on Federal installa-
tions. The President requested no appropri-
ation for land-grant colleges in fiscal 1967.
He also proposed cuts in school hot lunch
and milk program appropriations and a :re-
duction in funds for Federal loans to
students.
But there is a serious question whether
Congress will accede to the President's
proposals.
Members of Congress as liberal as Senator
WAYNE MORSE, Democrat, of Oregon, and as
conservative as Senator Joins Cl. TOWER, Re-
publican, of Texas, opposed the cuts. Oppo-
nents included key members of Education
Committees in both Chambers.
Representative ADAM C. POWELL, Democrat
of New York, chairman of the House Edu-
cation and Labor Committee, said, " I don't
think there is a chance of passing any kind
of retrenchment in school aid. The Presi-
dent is not running for reelection. We are."
MORSE, chairman of the Senate Labor and
Public Welfare Committee's education sub-
committee, said, "Open the window and let
the Great Society fly out. That is exactly
what the President is trying to do."
Cutbacks in other education programs
amounted to $179 million in National De-
fense Education Act (NDEA) funds and $101
million in school food programs.
The proposed cuts would be made in pro-
grams which have long, popular histories in
Congress. Aid to land grant colleges started
in 1862 with the Morrill Act. School food
programs started in 1936, aid to impacted
areas in 1940, and direct loans to college
students in 1958.
Former Presidents Eisenhower and Ken-
nedy tried to cut back the impacted areas
programs, but were rebuffed by Congress.
President Johnson, despite intensive oppo-
sition, is attempting to focus the school food
programs on needy children. He proposed
the Child Nutrition Act in 1966 to provide
free hot lunches and school breakfasts for the
needy. He asked for $50 million to finance
the program.
The vocal opposition in Congress gives the
administration scant hope of cutting back
on any education program in this election
year.
TRIBUTE TO CLAUDE L. CALLE-
GARY, NATIONAL COMMANDER OF
THE DAV
Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, on
February 16, I had the honor of intro-
ducing to the House Committee on Vet-
erans' Affairs the national commander
of the DAV, Mr. Claude Callegary, of
Baltimore, Md. Mr. Callegary delivered
before the committee a comprehensive
statement of the DAV legislative objec-
tives for the year 1966.
For many years, Mr. Callegory has
been a close personal friend of mine. It
was my pleasure to place his name in
nomination for his present post; at the
DAV national convention in New Orleans
last August.
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6472 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE arch 25, 1966
UNIFORM DATES FOR DAYLIGHT Theodore Yntema, vice president of Mr. President, I commend the Presi-
SAVING TIME the Ford Motor Co., said at a Senate dent of the United States for his support
I hearing on automobile financing a few of the consumers' interest in this mes-
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, years ago: sage. I hope the result will be legislation
ask that the Chair lay before the Senate The variety and complexity of finance and by Congress along the lines of the bill for
a message from the House of Represen- insurance arrangements and the barges for which the senior Senator from Illinois
tatives on S. 1404, the Uniform Time Act them are such as almost to defy comprehen- [Mr. DOUGLAS] has so long fought. I am
of 1966. sion. It is impossible for the average buyer delighted that the President of the United
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. TAL- to appraise the rates for the finance and States is now urging on us to act to cor-
MADGE in the chair) laid before the Sell- insurance services offered, as compared with rgcP these evils.
here
l
bl
.
sew
e e
ate a message from the House of Repre- alternatives availa
er is at a double
disagreement
it
b
i
s
uy
ng
The borrower or
sentatives announc
to the amendments of the Senate to the disadvantage: he is unaware of the true INTENSIFIED BOMBING IN NORTH
amendments of the House to the bill costs of credit use, and he is unable to VIETNAM NOT DESIRABLE
(S. 1404) to establish uniform dates shop around and compare alternative fi- Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, during
throughout the United States for the nance charges offered by different lend- the debate on the supplemental appro-
commencing and ending of daylight sav- ers and sellers. This is because there priation bill for Vietnam earlier this
ing time in those States and local juris- are so many different ways of stating the week several distinguished Senators took
dictions where it is observed, and for cost of credit use. issue with the view of the Secretary of
other purposes, and requesting a con- Let me list for you four of the most Defense and the Chairman of the Joint
ference with the Senate on the disagree- common practices: Chiefs of Staff that further intensifica-
ing votes of the two Houses thereon. First. No rate quoted: The buyer or tion of bombing in North Vietnam was
Mr. MANSFIELD. I move that the borrower is told only that the charges not desirable.
Senate insist upon its amendments, agree will be so much down and so much Both the Secretary and General
to the request of the House for scan- per week or per month. Wheeler spelled out in the course of the
ference, and that the Chair appoint the Second. Add-on or discount rate: The hearings, in what was to me a completely
conferees on the part of the Senate. borrower is given a rate on the original logical way, their reasons for concluding
The motion was agreed to; and the amount of the credit rather than on the that it was not wise under the present
Presiding Officer appointed Mr. MAGNU- periodic declining balance. The annual either to start bombing
sow, Mr. McGEE, and Iitr. COTTON con- percentage rate is approximately twice circumstances Vietnam, or m ng
at-
ferees on the part of the Senate. as high as the so-called add-on or dis- the tempt cities to destroy North the oil installation and
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I count rate.
suggest the absence of a quorum. Third. Add-on discount rate plus fees: storage faciliies there, or to bomb or mine
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Numerous extra fees may be charged in Haiphong Harbor.
clerk will call the roll. addition to the add-on or discount rate. Nevertheless, these Senators, as was
The legislative clerk proceeded to call This serves to raise the annual percent- their right, undertook to disagree with
the roll, age rate to considerably more than twice General Wheeler and Secretary Mc-
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I ask the quoted rate. Namara. Now I note that the cause of
unanimous consent that the order for Fourth. Simple monthly rate: The fi- the generals who favor intensified bomb-
the quorum call be rescinded. nance charge is disclosed to the borrower ings has been taken up by their. usual
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without in terms of an all-inclusive simple protagonist, that arch hawk columnist,
objection, it is so ordered. monthly rate. The annual percentage Mr. Joseph Alsop.
rate is 12 times the monthly rate. On the other hand, the position taken
The consumer can only be confused by the Senators in question has been
COMMON ABUSES IN CONSUMER or deceived by this variety of ways to criticized by Mr. James Reston, and was
CREDIT state the charges for credit use. It is this morning commented on again in a
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I ask impossible for anyone who is not an ex- column by Mr. Marquis Childs.
unanimous consent that, notwithstand- pert in the practices of the.. consumer I ask unanimous consent that Mr.
ing the rule of germaneness, I may pro- credit fields to compare costs expressed Alsop's column entitled "Politics of
ceed for not more than 15 minutes on an- in these many ways. War," and Mr. Reston's column entitled
other subject. In fact, even Chairman Martin of the "Washington: How To Make Things
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there Federal Reserve Board, when the was Worse Than They Are," and Mr. Child's
objection? The Chair hears none, the testifying at hearings on this legislation, column entitled "A Rising Pressure To
rule is waived, and the Senator from said that he was confused by some of the Bomb Cities," may be printed at this
Pennsylvania is recognized for 15 practices in use to state-or misstate- point in the RECORD.
minutes. the cost of consumer credit. There being no objection, the articles
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, in his We. cannot expect the average wage- were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
interests, the earner or housewife to understand some- as follows:
message thing that is confusing to the Chairman POLmCS OF WAR
President on reiterated consumer his recommenda- of the Federal Reserve Board. (By Joseph Alsop)
tion that Congress enact a truth-in- The purpose of this legislation is to Like the usual cloud no bigger than a
lending law. Such legislation has been eliminate the confusion. Credit is a val- man's hand, the politics of the war in Viet-
with us for several sessions, and lengthy uable asset. Consumers are well advised nam are already beginning to appear above
hearings have been held. to use their credit wisely and guard it the horizon.
I have supported the effort of the dis- carefully. But they cannot do a good job On the one hand, President Johnson has
tinguished Senator from Illinois [Mr. of either unless they know how much taken to representing himself as a stalwart
DOUGLAS] over the years to have such their credit use is costing them. rampart of "restraint," almost alone in hold-
legislation enacted. I believe that I am This legislation, which is recommended ing off the dangerous designs of the military.
a cosponsor of all such bills that have by the President, would require that with This has become a standard turn, complete
been introduced by him. Billy Graham organ tones in the vox
lenders and vendors disclose their finance humans range, at large rallies like the recent
Most of us are already aware, at least charges in a standard, clear, and mean- Governors' meeting at the White House.
in a general way, of the purpose of this ingful way-both in dollars and as an The designs cited tend to by pretty hair-
legislation. But I think it will be well annual percentage rate. raising. One of them, reportedly, was to
worth recalling the abuses that led to it. It is time we acted to guarantee the bomb the Chinese nuclear powerplants. No
A bewildering variety of methods of American consumer this vital informa- one, of course, has even remotely suggested
doing anything of that
stating consumer finance charges con- tion. It is the essential clue which will sort, unless the Chi-
nese get into the Vietnamese war with both
fronts the typical borrower or buyer to- enable him to find his way through the feet. Hence the news of these quasi-public
day. Often he is unable to understand confusing and misleading labyrinth that Johnsonian image-polishings have not ex-
or compare the financing terms offered is the consumer credit marketplace to- actly promoted good feelings in the Pen-
by sellers or lenders. day. tagon.
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t,7ar?ch 25, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
mated by the Secretary, permit such officer
or employee to inspect appropriate books,
papers, records, and documents.
(d) All information reported to or other-
wise obtained by the Secretary or his repre-
..entative pursuant to subsection (b) or (c),
which information contains or relates to a
trade secret or other matter referred to in
section 1905 .of title 18 of the United States
%lode, shall be considered confidential for
i.iie purpose of that section, except that such
sn urination may be disclosed to other officers