FACTS AND FIGURES ON VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400050002-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 20, 2005
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 9, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

Approved Fot itX/Ll2ke?1fEfi71 L6R0004000500 ~ch 9, 1966
proved-the way exemplary utilities such as
American Electric Power and Detroit Edison
have proved-that it is on the same side as
the customers.
But then Chairman Eble thinks it has.
"In a broad sense," he says, "the goals of
Con Edison and the city are in harmony."
Then in an odd twist he adds: "But you
know, I'd never use Charlie Wilson's phrase,
'What's good for the company is good for the
city.' "
After we are assured that a recurrence
of the November blackout is remote,
perhaps, one day soon, I hope, Fortune
magazine will publish an article entit d:
"Con Edison: The Company Y
To Love."
FACTS AND FIGURES ON VIETNAM
(Mr. STRATTON (at the request of
Mr. JONES of North Carolina) was grant-
ed permission to extend his remarks at
this point in the RECORD and to include
extraneous matter.)
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, to
quote a well-known military writer:
A year or two ago a collapse (of the South
Vietnamese army) would have been possible,
but not today.
This is the opinion by Richard Fryk-
lund, writing recently in the Washington
Evening Star.
His article quotes officials as saying it
is easy now to rule out a collapse of the
South Vietnamese army and adds:
It has never been in better shape. It is
fighting at least as well as the enemy. It is
growing. it is getting better equipment.
Its morale is good.
The facts and figures given by this
distinguished writer, and particularly the
manner in which South Vietnam deser-
tions are reported, seem most pertinent
to our current discussion on develop-
ments in Vietnam. For that reason, I
am taking the liberty of bringing the
full text of Mr. Fryklund's article, from
the March 1 issue Of the Star, to the
attention of my colleagues, as follows:
VIET DESERTIONS: FIGURES AND FACTS
(By Richard Fryklund)
The Government of South Vietnam has
added up the number of deserters from its
armed forces during the last year. The total
is more than 100,000.
In fact, South Vietnam has counted about
100,000 deserters annually for 3 years.
This is a huge number for a country that
has only 675,000 men in all its forces, regular
and home guard. In fact, any army that
loses 100,000 men through desertions 3
years running simply cannot survive.
Clearly something here does not make
sense. Either the Army of South Vietnam is
collapsing or the figures are wrong or those
men are not really deserters.
Washington officials say it is easy to rule
out a collapse of the South Vietnamese
Army. It has never been in better shape. It
is fighting at least as well as the enemy. It
is -growing. It is getting better equipment.
Its morale is good.
A year or two ago a collapse would have
been possible, but not today.
Could the figures be wrong? Certainly not
that wrong.
The South Vietnamese Army keeps pretty
good statistics now, using methods taught
by American military advisers.
The men are fingerprinted and photo-
graphed as they are enlisted. The roll is
called every morning and anyone who does
not answer "here" is put on the deserter
list.
This is where we find a departure from the
practices of the American forces. Here, a
man is listed as "absent without leave" when
he first fails to turn up and becomes a de-
serter only when it is clear that he does not
intend to return.
But even if a missing South Vietnamese
soldier returns the next day and apologizes
for overstaying a pass, he still becomes a
number on the desertion list. No one knows
how many of the listed deserters are really
AWOL, but there must be many of them.
Under the South Vietnamese system, a de-
serter can also be a man who transferred
himself to another outfit without any legal
formalities.
American advisers in South Vietnam say
that it is common for a soldier, particularly
a new recruit or a draftee, to leave his as-
signed base, return to his home village and
reenlist as a home guardsman or even a
regular.
He is listed as a deserter from his original
outfit, but the South Vietnamese Govern-
ment understands the deep feelings of a peas-
ant for his home and for the graves of his
ancestors and so it tolerates such transfers.
Some men, of course, are real deserters.
They go over to the enemy or go home. What
this true figure is, no one can cay for sure.
Pentagon estimates indicate it has been
about 20,000 or 30,000 a year for several years.
This is a high desertion rate, too, but it
also is misleading.
Men seem to desert without too many
qualms and often without severe punishment
from the armies on both sides in South Viet-
nam.
The Communist forces, regulars, irregulars
and organizers who can bear arms, number
about 235 0,00 men now. About 1,600 of these
men deserted in January and came over to
the Government's side. How many went
home is not known. Through February 15,
another 1,167 deserted.
On an annual basis, the enemy probably
has a desertion rate therefore, of something
like 5 or 10 percent. The South Vietnamese
rate cannot be any higher.
It it probable, however, that the Vietcong
rate is going up while the Government rate
is going down. For the last 3 years, the
strength of the Government forces has in-
creased from 400,000 at the end of 1963 to
575,000 at the end of 1964 to 675,000 at the
end of 1965. But the official desertion rate
has been rather steady.
The present high rates on the enemy side
are setting wartime records and may indi-
cate an important new trend.
Despite desertions, both sides are able to
maintain their strength and even grow,
mostly by volunteers.
Draft figures on the enemy side are not
known but the South Vietnamese regular
armed forces have only 13 percent draftees-
a figure comparable with that of the Ameri-
can army. All of the home guard forces,
about 100,000 men, are volunteers.
The South Vietnamese people then, must
be roughly as willing to fight for their village
or country as are Americans.
If, even after all the corrections the deser-
tion figures for South Vietnam cannot be
easily reconciled with American experience,
it may simply be because of differences in
custom and outlook. The figures may
always puzzle us, but they need not be cause
for alarm.
AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
THE VIETNAM DEBATE
(Mr. STRATTON (at the request of
Mr. JONES of North Carolina) was
granted permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and to
include extraneous matter.)
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, in the
recent debates that have been taking
place, both here and in the other body,
some question has been raised as to
whether historical parallels are really ap-
plicable. In that connection I believe a
recent column by Mr. Kenneth Craw-
ford, of the staff of Newsweek maga-
zine, may be helpful. Perhaps is should
also be borne in mind that Mr. Crawford
has a long record of support for liberal
causes.
The article from Newsweek for Feb-
ruary 28, 1966, follows:
YET ANOTHER DEBATE
(By Kenneth Crawford)
The Vietnamese war debate is like the
music that goes round and round and comes
out here, exactly where it came out before.
That is what happened with the campus de-
bate last year. That is what is happening
with the congressional debate now raging.
When it is all over, the conclusion will be
that no better alternative to the President's
course-fighting a limited war while continu-
ing the quest for peace-has emerged from
the talk. The necessary funds will be voted.
The bad business of war and the hopeful
business of diplomacy will go on at the old
stand.
At the end of the campus teach-ins, their
more restrained leaders, those who did not
favor a North Vietnamese takeover of South
Vietnam, conceded that the United States
couldn't honorably withdraw from southeast
Asia until some kind of peace had been
arranged. Responsible Senators are coming
to the same conclusion, some of them be-
latedly. If the doves choose to believe that
it was their protests that inspired the John-
son peace offensive and Secretary McNamara's
announcement that Hanoi industry and
Haiphong Harbor would not be bombed, no-
body will begrudge them that satisfaction.
Senators who decide to vote for war , ap-
propriations out of a sense of obligation to
the U.S. fighting men already in Vietnam
while disavowing sympathy for the Presi-
dent's war policies out of considerations of
political expediency will be understood, if
not necessarily admired. As Senator WILLIAM
FuLBRIGHT has suggested in mitigation of his
weakness on civil rights, a politician must
make concessions to the prejudices of his
constituents to survive in public life.
THE CRITICS' CASE
Actually, the area of disagreement between
critics of Mr. Johnson as a war President and
administration spokesmen is quite narrow.
The critics' case is more clearly and thought-
fully delineated by Columnist Walter Lipp
Mann than by witnesses appearing before
the Foreign Relations Committee or by Sen-
ators speaking at the hearings and on the
floor. In lucid newspaper commentaries
printed last week, Lippmann agrees that "the
containment of Red China today, like the
containment of Stalinist Russia after the
World War, is necessary to the peace of the
world and is a vital interest of the United
States.
But he goes on to say that the difference
between successful containment of Stalin-
ism after the Second World War and the
present attempt to contain Red China lies in
diplomatic policy. In the case of Europe, he
contends, the United States led an alliance
of Western Powers while in the case of China
it is virtually alone. The fact is, however,
that when Truman policy was initiated to
save Greece from a Communist takeover,
America's only active ally was Britain. Italy
was paralyzed by communism, France by in-
stability, and most other U.S. allies by a state
of postwar shock.
CONFLICTING VIEWS
Lippmann opposed Truman policy at its in-
ception in Greece as he now opposes what he
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March 9, 196(i CONGRESSIONAL RECORI:) - HOUSE
'I'ris i'OLITiCAL PRICE OF POWER
With the election of John Lindsay, Con
Edison's relations with city hall may not
he quite so smooth as they have been in the
past.. For one thing., Lindsay is death on
clubhouse politics, and has bitterly attacked
partisan political patronage and the "power
brokers" who, he charges, have long manip-
ulated city government. One of his first
actions--a call for the abolition of all coal
burning in order to cut down air pollution--
would have a direct effect on Con Edison,
which burns approximately 5 million tons
of coal a year in its city plants.
One of Con Ed's most furious political
tiles was fought and-by its management's
lights, at least--won 7 years ago. The op-
ponent was that old nemesis, public power.
The three powerplants the city had owned
since La Guardia's day needed to be mod-
ernized. Faced with an expenditure of $100
million, the city had either to take the
plunge and possibly extend power distribu-
tion to other public agencies and authorities,
or to sell the plants to Con Edison.. But be-
fore the city could sell the plants it needed
enabling legislation from the State capital.
In Albany, Con Edison put on a display of
political lobbying that professionals still re-
call with awe and admiration. The bill was
finally passed with only a handful of dis-
:;cnting Voles.
But if the political generalship was mas-
terly, the price paid for the obsolete genera-
tors was extraordinarily high. Con Ed gave
the city the book value of $126 million for
the three 50-year-old plants, whose real
valve was probably much lower. Moreover,
the company since has had to spend heavily
to maintain the equipment, and as the pic-
Lure on page 123 indicates, even that has not
been enougiz. Former Chairman Harland
Forbes admitted that the economics of the
powerplants was questionable, but that it
was important for Con Ed to get the city
out of the power business.
It was not the first time that Con Edison
paid dearly to stifle the threat of public
power. In the mid-fifties a group of power-
ful legislators were fighting hard in Wash-
ington to lead the Federal Government into
the ownership of nuclear powerplants. To
stave off this threat Con Edison made a sur-
prising decision. The company plunged
headlong into its plans for the construction
of the first privately owned nuclear power
station in lie Nation, at Indian Point, on
!,tie Hudson firer. Con Ed refused all Gov-
ernment ass stance arid subsidies, except for
the $500 million Federal Indemnity insurance
that, is mandatory under the Price-Anderson
Art. It also rejected the thought that it
might share the cost of a pilot plant with
other public utilities, as was done by utilities
in New England and the Midwest.
The first estimate for Con Ed's spectacu-
lar plant was $55 million. But it was
plagued by engineering difficulties. took 4
years to build, and finally cost $127 million.
A conventional plant of the same capacity
would have cost about $190 per kilowatt of
capacity; Indian Point cost between $450
and $500 per kilowatt. To make matters
worse, the State public service commission
has decided not to include the plant in the
company's rate base. "There simply is not
sufficient evidence," said the commission., "to
ream. a, proper conclusion on appropriate and
proper treatment of the costs of Indian Point
operations, either capital costs or operational
costs."
IF AT F'rssT YOU DON'T SUCCEED
Despite the jolting experience with its first
nuclear plant, Con Ed is determined to try
again. It is convinced that in its area, where
fuel costs are high, nuclear power will be
competitive with energy produced from coal
or oil. This summer Con Edison expects to
receive a construction permit from the
No. 42----5
Atomic Energy Commission for 'MI 873,000-
kilowatt plant that will be located near In-
dian Point I. This time, however, having
been burned when it acted as its own gen-
eral contractor, Con Edison is buying a turn-
key installation from Westinghouse at a
cost of $125 per kilowatt. "By canning In-
dian Poin; II at 80 percent of capacity," says
Senior Vice President Mowton W :ring, "we
can deliver power at 5 mills, about. as low as
you can get with any conventiona; system."
Placing the plant 24 miles up:'iver from
New York City is a bow to public opinion.
In 1962, Con Edison applied for a license to
build a nr_clea;c plant in Queens, then had to
abandon she project because of fierce pub-
lic opposition. But executives line Waring
are so enthusiastic about nuclear power that
they plan to make another attempt, to locate
a generator within city limits in the 1970's.
Such a plant would enable Con Edison to
scrap some of its inefficient coal-burning
stations. (Steam from the boilers could also
be sold for h=ating and air conditioning.)
"We're going -co fight to put the next nu-
clear plant right in the city," sa',s Waring.
"We know it's safe, and the Atomic Energy
Commission ii; convinced. The public has
yet to be persuaded."
Another of Con Ed's ambitious projects
whose ou.come is questionable is the pro-
posed cos struction of a. 2-millio,i -kilowatt
pumped-storage plant at Cornwall, 8 miles
upriver from the nuclear generator. On
paper, this h'fdroelectric scheme seems to
make sen^e: It would, Con Ediso'r told the
Federal Power Commission, pro vide large
blocks of power at low cost, alleviate air pol-
lution. prov:de reliability of service. pave the
way for use of large nuclear plant:, and im-
prove the company's bargaining position in
purchasing other fuels. "I do not know of
any projer't the company has undertaken,"
intoned liarla.nd Forbes, "that offered so
many benefits of such great sign ficance to
the public as the company's Cornwall
pumped-storage project,"
T?r 3 EVER STUBBORN CITIZENRY
But in ;his case also the public has yet to
be pcrsua_led. Although the FPC granted a
permit for the construction of the $162 mil-
lion plant, conservationists carried the case
to the ,econd Circuit Court of Appeals,
which ha:; set aside the FPC decision. The
FI'C must now, at the direction of the court,
undertake a study of other methods of power
generation, su,h as gas-turbine plants. No-
body at Con Edison is betting on the final
decision.
Besides giving consideration to the Corn-
wall project, Con Edison has been negotiat-
ing with the Quebec Hydro Electric Com-
mission for the purchase of 1,500,000 kilo-
watts of Canadian power. Talks have bogged
down. on costs ("We're about half a mill
apart," says a Con Edison executive). How-
ever, in a prospectus; issued last November,
the comp my said that conditions ire prom-
ising for the importation of Canadian power
sometime in the 1970's.
Currently Con Edison is revamping its
system to guard against another disaster
like the November blackout. The company
has purchased 28 diesel generator eats. They
will provide an emergency source of power
to insure a safe shutdown of turbine gen-
erators aad help start up smaller units.
Larger generators have been ordered to pro-
vide start-up power for units in the newer
stations. Company executives are also work-
ing out ;, method of providing ?mergency
power for the city subway system. The cost
of this backup service will be an estimated
$10 million.
All this expansion is intended to do more
than just to supply the needs of Con Edi-
son's customers. By extending ca:_racity and
its high-voltage ties with other utilities, the
company hopes to become a major regional
supplier of p';wer. It is already connected
with upstate New York and New England.
A new interconnection will link Cori Ed with
plants in Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jer-
sey, and New York. The benefits of such
interconnections are obvious: each utility
can use the most economical source of
power within the pool, and large generating
plants can be operated at high capacity.
In the past Con Ed attempted t.:i acquire
the neighboring Long Island Lighting Co., a
more profitable utility with both the indus-
trial and residential growth that Con Edi-
son lacks. Both attempts were blocked, first
by the regulatory agencies, and then by Long
Island Lighting's directors. But with the
promise of high-voltage interconnections,
Eble no longer see a need for the actluisition.
"We can really get the same results under
separate managements through cooperation
and joint planning," he explain:+. "That
way, you don't get into trouble politically,
and you don't antagonize people."
THE PLEASANTNESS OF CIIANt. is
This state of affairs would be a nice change
for Con Ed, many of whose customers feel a
good deal of antagonism at the moment.
The long series of rate increases ha: brought
some customers, at least, to the belief that
they are being penalized for management's
ineptitude. Some of the largest real estate
companies in the city evidently shared that
view. The real estate companies, banding
together in the Owners Committee rim Electric:
Rates. Inc., have spent $320,000 over a 12-
month period fighting the company's last
major rate application. Although the court
of appeals upheld the $27 million increase,
the group considers that its tactics were well
worth the cost: The delay saved time group
$22,500,000. Con Ed's growth depends on
future construction in the city, and this
battle has probably been a deterreni.to other
builders.
Charles Ebie takes such opposition in
stride. A prodigious worker, Eble has come to
symbolize Con Edison to what lie con-
siders its most important constituents --Wail
Street, the political power struct tire, and
community organizations. In his spacious
office on the 16th floor of Con Ed's com-
mand post, Eble puts in a 12-hour day,
mainly on financial matters. Since the com-
pany must borrow constantly for its con-
struction program. Eble juggles deftly to keep
the capital structure in balance, to avoid in
overload of debt, and to pave the w y for an
equity issue tentatively scheduled for 1967.
And since all construction projects must be
coordinated with other companies, Eble
spends a considerable amount of time shoring
up relations with. other utility executives.
Eble also lends his talents to a number of
outside business and community organiza-
tions. Among other posts, he Bolds the posi-
tion of chairman of the once moribund
Greater New York Safety Council, designed
to promote safety on the roads and m indus-
try, and reactivated it by incretsing its
budget and by persuading some prominent;
businessmen to serve on the board.
Some of the intense pressures on Con
Editor;, and on its facilities, may be allevi-
ated in a few years if the company's exptol-
sionary plans are translated into reality.
But Con Ed also has a conspicuous weak-
ness: a consistent reluctance to fird within
itself the reason for Its consistent unpopu-
larity. That failing is likely to endure, partly
because the company has no visible second-
line young managers to generate rtew ideas
along with the generation of more power.
Executive Vice President Otto Manz seemed
to recognize the weakness when he said re-
cently, "We're always the whipping boy. We
just don't sit here in the tower and decide
to do in the customers. We mutt find a
way to show people that we don't have
horns." In fact, the company has never
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 March 9, 1966 Approved Ff1f"k0L711KJeFIDPRJ46R000400050002-1
believes to be too broad an Asian commit-
ment. He advised American leaders not to
get entangled "as partisans in a Greek civil
war" until diplomatic explorations had been
conducted in Moscow and satellite capitals
and only then to consider defense of Crete
and other maritime areas off the mainland.
So he is consistent in saying, as he has, that
the United States should recognize that it
is a sea, not a land, power and comport itself
accordingly in Asia.
Lippmann is against what he calls an un-
limited commitment in Vietnam because he
thinks the United States can't win without
destroying the country, is making a land war
with China well-nigh inevitable, and can't
prevent similar wars elsewhere. All of which
is reminiscent of his warning that Truman
in Greece was projecting a vague global pol-
icy and an ideological crusade that has no
limits. As it turned out, what Truman
started in Greece saved Europe.
The President trusts that his Vietnam pol-
icy can do as much for south Asia. He is
probably no stranger to the kind of fore-
bodings Lippmann shares with several Sena-
tors, including FULBRIGHT. But the Com-
mander in Chief cannot permit himself to be
dominated and immobilized by a doomsday
reading of the uncertain future. Like Tru-
man, he will do the necessary and hope for
the best.
CAB ZOOMS IN
(Mr. ROONEY of Pennsylvania (a' th
was granted permission to extend re-
marks at this point in the R RD and
Mr. ROONEY of Pe ylvcnia. Mr.
Speaker, the Februa 6 issue of Busi-
ness Week has a s ry I think all of us
in Government should be interested in
because it pertains to regulatory func-
tions of the Civil Aeronautics Board.
Written by Bruce Agnew and entitled,
"CAB Zooms in on Thriving Airlines,"
the article is an excellent story on the
Board's role in promoting and regulating
the airline industry. In am aware that
the story has been well received both in
the industry and at the Civil Aeronautics
Board, an indication that the story is
fair and accurate.
The article follows:
CAB Zooms IN ON THRIVING AIRLINES-WITH
INDUSTRY PROFITS SOARING, THE AGENCY
WINS PROMOTIONAL FARE CUTS, AND PRE-
PARES To COPE WITH LONG- AND SHORT-
HAUL FARE DIFFERENTIALS, AND THE SUB-
SIDIZED LOCAL CARRIERS
Airline profits are the time and the tide
that govern the affairs of the Civil Aero-
nautics Board.
Bad times mean CAB must play the role
of solicitous parent, and try to nurse the
industry back into the black even at the
extreme of calling for fare boosts.
But good times mean elbow room to work
In. These days, with airline profits soaring
past 13 percent on invested capital, CAB is
flexing its muscles.
The Board this month chalked up one
major policy objective. Without bogging it-
self and the industry down in the costly
redtape of a general fare investigation, it
pressured airlines into proposing a package
of promotional fare cuts that one airline
estimates could save travelers $74 million
a year-while attracting enough new business
to increase revenues.
HOLDING THE LINE
The promotional fares, unforeseen out-
come of a 7-month debate with industry over
the traditional fare increases when new jets
are brought into service, have satisfied the
Board's demand for a "hold the line" policy.
No new pressure on the overall fare level is
likely.
However, the Board will devote increasing
attention to two deep-rooted problems of
adjustment and balance:
Should changes be made in the relation-
ship between fares for long-distance and
short-distance flights, possibly lowering the
fares on some long hauls and boosting the
price for some short hop?
Can the still-subsidized local service air-
lines be strengthened by changes in their
route structures, even though the changes
might mean more competition for the
moneymaking long-haul airlines?
At the same time, the everyday run of
business will present the Board with a series
of policymaking opportunities. Among
them:
No in process or soon to get underway
are fo r major route cases affecting the east
coast, the Pacific Northwest-Southwest, and
links with South America and across the
Pacifi .
Pro eedings are on tap to develop a new
subsi y formula for local service, to set a
new onsubsidy rate for carrying mail and
to d ermine a new, probably reduced, rate
for ilitary passengers and freight.
I an international doubleheader next
we , bilateral talks on air right will begin
wi Britain, and international airlines flying
t e Pacific will begin meetings to discuss
wanted to have chopped.
Any Board-induced adjustments in the
fare structure will be selective and slow in
coming. Chairman Charles S. Murphy-a
longtime Government hand and former at-
torney for the Democratic National Advisory
Council-says the staff "has just made a good
beginning" in its study.
MAYBE A YEAR
"Maybe in 2 or 3 months we'll have some-
thing we want to get accomplished," Murphy
says, "but I would not expect any major
results in terms of changes being made for
maybe a year."
The premise behind the CAB exploration,
however, is simple. Long hauls are by their
nature more profitable than short hauls.
Maintenance, reservations, and other fixed
costs can be spread thinner; even the planes
can be operated more cheaply on a long, non-
stop flight. But, says CAB member Whitney
Gillilland, "at the same time, if we'd permit
an air carrier to charge a profitable rate for
a short haul, we'd probably drive him out of
business."
Current fares reflect the disparity. In
varying degrees, the long-haul earnings of
the profitable trunks internally subsidize
some of their shorter routes. And CAB
directly subsidizes local service airlines,
which just don't have enough long hauls to
make ends meet.
OUT OF LINE
The degrees Of such long- and short-haul
differentials vary widely. And in a fare
structure that was laid down, and is changed,
route by route, there is a growing suspicion
within CAB that some of the fares are out of
line with the overall pattern.
"We think this thing is pretty much out
of balance in the air carrier industry," says
Gillilland, who was appointed to the Board
by President Eisenhower in 1959 and served
as Chairman in 1960 and 1961. But he adds:
"We need to know more about it than we do
now."
Not all the members of the Board are c on-
vinced that major changes are needed.
Airline spokesmen welcome the Board
study. Murphy, for his part, has made clear
that no decisions will be made on theory
alone, in the vacuum of the CAB boardroom:
"I suspect that before we reach any con-
clusions," Murphy says, "we will have sonle
fairly extensive, comprehensive exchanges of
views with the carriers-both written com-
ment and oral discussion."
RESTRICTIONS
The problems of the local service airlines,
which still require about $75 million Federal
subsidies annually, reflect not only the differ-
ence in profitability between long- and short-
haul flights but also another built-in handi-
cap: System for system, the regionals are re-
quired to serve a much higher proportion of
low-volume points than are the trunks.
There is no chance that the regionals will
be able to fly without subsidy any time
soon-or for that matter any time in the for-
seeable future. But with the new twin-en-
gined jets, which can operate profitably on
hops as short as 100 miles with a standard of
service equal to that of the trunks, Board
members see new opportunities for fatten-
ing local service route structures.
"Among the top 300 domestic markets,"
Murphy recently told a meeting of local serv-
ice airline officials, "there are 101 markets
under 300 miles in distance. These are mar-
kets for which your equipment and experi-
ence would appear especially adapted. Yet
the total traffic in these markets is less than
6 percent of the trunkline revenue miles."
EASING UP
In more than half the markets Murphy has
in mind, local service airlines are com-
petitively hobbled by route restrictions, such
as puddle-jumping requirements that make
them touch down at cities en route instead
of flying nonstop. But Murphy makes clear
that the Board would consider pleas for au-
thority to fly nonstop after making a mini-
mum number of touchdowns daily at the
cities on route-or in some cases even to
break into a new short-distance market.
Such steps presumably would increase
competition between the local service air-
lines and the trucks on some segments.
Murphy and other Board members insist that
the local service airlines' routes could be
strengthened without biting deeply into the
trunks' business.
"The trunks are so much bigger in relative
terms than the local service carriers."
Murphy says. "I think there's room to
strengthen the routes of local service carriers
without impairing the opportunities of the
trunks."
RIVALRY
The prospect of increased competition ap-
parently will not be a major bar. Vice
Chairman Robert T. Murphy, appointed to
the Board from the Senate Commerce Com-
mittee in 1961, notes: "I'd much rather de-
pend on competition to do the regulating
than on a series of rules, reading like an
insurance policy, emanating from a regula-
tory body."
Whatever steps CAB takes are certain to
be taken in close communication-perhaps
even harmony-with the industry. In com-
parison with other regulatory agencies, the
board has unusually close contact with
company executives, and has easy access to
unusually detailed management data.
Carriers subject to CAB regulation file
quarterly financial reports so detailed that
they even show the cost of inflight meals.
The Board also can send Its own auditors into
airline offices to check the books-which it
does regularly for subsidized airlines, and
occasionally for the trunks.
TRAFFIC SURVEYS
The airlines also voluntarily submit
surveys at passenger origin and destination,
so that the Board can compile industrywide
traffic figures. These are circulated among
the airlines.
CAB depends heavily on all segments of
the industry-manufacturers, airlines, and
crew members' organizations-in its role as
investigator of accidents. In major crashes
CAB technical investigating groups are
headed by Bureau of Safety staff experts but
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 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 9, 1966
Meshed cut by industry representatives. The
practice serves two aims. It gives CAB in-
vestigators access to industry expertise, and
it guards against snap conclusions about the
probable cause of the crash.
i 'LU0DI:iIt
Board staff officials tend to share one
quality that eases communication with air-
line executives: They're aviation happy, to
the clublbsh degree of sporting aerospace tie-
,;lasps and dressing up their offices -with
Mastic desk models of aircraft. A current
favorite scans to be the Air Force's experi-
cncntal supersonic RS-70.
The five Board members, all lawyers, came
!;o the Board from different routes:
Chairman Murphy, who had served as an
issistatit to President Truman in 1947 to
1953, was moved to the CAB from the post
if Under Secretary of Agriculture last
(unmcr.
Vice Chairman Robert T. Murphy, it Demo-
crat whose term runs out at the end of this
year, had served as an aid to the Aviation
oubcomrnittee of the Senate Commerce Com-
nitttee before his appointment by President
Kennedy in 1961.
(1. ,insepti Minetti, a Democrat and senior
member of the board, had held a number
of hew f! ork City positions and was a rnem-
ber of dhe Federal Maritime Board when
noimmated for the CAB by President Eisen-
hower in Liecember, 1955.
(,illilland, an Iowa district judge in 1938
to 1941, served briefly in the Agriculture De-
partment in the Eisenhower administration,
and was; chairman of the Foreign Claims
'iettlemeni, Commission for 5 years before
being named to the Board in 1959. He was
CAB Chairman in 1960 and 1961.
,John Cs, Adams moved up to Board mem-
bership alst summer from the post of Di-
rector of toe Board's Bureau of Enforcement.
NOTABLE SPEECH
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
AT,DFRT Under previous order of the
[louse, the gentleman from Delaware
i Mr. MCDOWELL] is recognized for 15
eniilutes.
1Mr. M :DOWE L asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. McDOWELL. Mr. Speaker, the
Philadelphia Inquirer has hailed the in-
ternational leadership and distinguished
public service of Mrs. Lyndon B. John-
son. in her energetic campaign for high-
way and roadside beautification.
The paper says a recent speech. she
made in Denver did not deal in abstract
theory but that it was "highly pertinent
and applicable to imminent decisions in
current highway planning."
I think we can all be grateful of the
leadership being furnished along these
lines and for the attention being given
esthetic values. Because we are all con-
corned about these values, I insert the
editorial on the subject in the RECORD:
I h'r,nn =.-he Philadelphia (Pa.) Inquirer,
Fob. 27, 1,0661
i.ADY'S ADVICE TO ROADDUILDERS
Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson continues to pro-
vide inspirational leadership and perform
distinguished public service in her energetic
campaign for highway and roadside beauti-
tication. She directed some excellent advice
in the right direction last week in an address
to the American Road Builders Association,
meeting in Denver.
The First Lady called for greater coopera-
tlon between Government agencies and the
general public in planning highway projects.
She urged that openminded and sympa-
thetic aeari.ng be given to citizens who seek
to safeguard communities and landmarks
against the ugliness and blight threatened
by badly Located or poorly designed high-
ways. She appealed to highway planners to
give mare attention to "esthetic values."
We believe that Mrs. Johnson's remarks
are timely and to the point. Public-spirited
organioatioas and individuals- -who are in-
terested in making new highway Construc-
tion at pleasing as possible to the eye, and
compatible with surrounding landscape--
find it enormously difficult to get their mes-
sage across to the engineers who prepare
highway plans, often with insufficient re-
gard for scenic considerations.
A prime example, in Philadelphia, was the
origim.l "Chinese Wall" design for the Dela-
ware Expressway, calling for an elevated
ninnst:-osity through the histe-ic Independ-
ence )fall area. The design, after a hard
fight, wits modified, but there :till is uncer-
tainty whether the highway will be an un-
sightly open ditch or will ha,'c an attrac-
tively landscaped cover that will be a credit,
instead of a detriment, to historic shrines
nea.rb'.'-
Mrs Johnson's notable speech in Denver
docs'ot deal in abstract theory but is highly
knt and applicable to imminent deci-
n it current highway planning.
MEKONG DELTA PITS HOME GUARD
Ti-LOOPS AGAINST VIETCONG
Mr McDOWELL. Mr. Speaker, it is
becoming more and more apparent that
the South Vietnamese are adopting a
tried-and-true method of home guard
defense. The article which I shall in-
clude in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD as
part of my remarks indicates that a sys-
tem of what we have known for many
years in this country as the National
Guar3 under control of the several States
is arising as a main force for defense in
South Vietnam.
I submit the article at thif point:
[Front the Washington (D.C.) Post, Mar. 3,
19661
MEKONG DELTA PITS HOME (,oARD TROOPS
AGAINST VIETCON
(By Ward Just)
My'aao, Sotrrll VIETNAM, M arch 2.-More
than the infantry regiments of the Army of
South Vietnam, more than 1i S. advisers or
the jet-powered bombers of the Air Force,
the war in the Mekong Delta. is fought by
low-paid, lightly equipped, erratically trained
troop:; called regional forces and popular
force: -
They get almost no publicity, but to the
extent that there is stability and security
in the Delta, the PF and RF as a the reasons.
"They are the most courageous. people here,"
rays Maj. Homer Stapleton, an American
adviser to PF units.
In the 40-square-mile subsector called
Chau;hanh, which includes he capital of
Dinhruong Province, Mytho, there is an 86-
man company of regional fortes and 800 in
the popular forces. These troops are spread
over to outposts in the subsector.
RECRUITING DIFFICL I.T
It is indicative of the difficulty of recruit-
Inent and the subsequent leanness of the
PF and RP units, that the subsector chief,
Maj. Ho Van Trinh, is authorized 17 com-
panies of RF and has 1.
The reasons are partly pay an RF soldier
receives less than $35 a month, even with
it with and child. Popular forces earn less
than that, and both must provide food and
lodging even when on an operation) and
partly the terms of employme;it. They play
a very dangerous game.
Regional forces are at the disposal of the
district or province chief, and are sent on
patrols or used as a security force following
large ARVN operations. Popular forces, re-
cruited from the towns and villages where
they live, are posted as a kind of home guard.
Popular forces are controlled by the sub-
sector chief'.
In the delta, where the military situation
has been mostly static for the past year after
a long deterioration, the PF and RF forces
are the most vulnerable. The Government
controls the major population centers, and
most of the roads, but the Vietcong controls
the countryside and there are vast tracts of
Dinhtuong Pi vine in which the enemy
moves freely.
OUTPOSTS ATTACKED
Every night, at official briefings in Saigon,
there are two or three sentences devoted to
this or that outpost which was hit or overrun
with a few casualties-and with the Vietcong
withdrawing at daybreak.. The PF or RF
defenders then move back in.
The point is that in the delta, the Viet-
cong can seize-for the moment--almost any-
thing they want to seize. Their firepower
and their training is superior to both PF and
RF forces. ARVN troops are often unavail-
able. There are no U.S. units in the delta,
only advisers.
The PF static defense posts are sometimes
only that: static posts around which the
Vietcong move freely, on a kind of you-leave-
me-alone and I-will-leave-you-alone basis.
Major Trinh, an ARVN veteran, has been
building up new outposts at the so-called
New Life Hamlets that are strung around
Mytho.
These are supposedly secure areas in
which peasants can live without fear of
Vietcong terror or taxes.
One of these outposts is at Luongthien, a
neat, carefully laid out, narrow string of
grass huts. It is on the main route from
Saigon to Mytho, and extends perhaps 2,000
yards in from the road, across narrow canals,
through palm groves and tree stands.
At the outermost edge stands the Popular
Force fort. It is made of dried mtid and
contains 20 men. Three strings of barbed
wire surround it.
The men are equipped with M--1 rifles,
grenades, a few Thompson submachineguns,
and a Browning automatic rifle. The fort,
with its peepholes for weapons, its barbed
wire, its trenches and battered yellow and
blood-red flag, looked like a movie set for a
bad Rider Haggard novel,
In the silence of the noon beat, the men
had been lying in hammocks nod listening
to transistor radios. The atmosphere was
tranquil.
This is in an area that is secure enough
for the Vietcong that they sometimes use
it as a rest and recreation center. One hun-
dred yards east, the territory is theirs. Last
month, in actions in the subsector, the Viet-
cong lost 68 dead, the PP and RF lost more
than 100 killed, wounded, and missing in
action.
MOVE OUT AT NIGHT
But the 200 people of the Luongthien
hamlet are said to feel secure. In the. eve-
nings, the 20 men of the Popular Forces
shoulder their weapons and move off into
the banana groves in small units. They
camp there overnight, waiting and listening
for a Vietcong attack on the hamlet, and
return at dawn.
It was explained that they could not stay
in the fort Itself, for the fort is vulnerable
to mortar fire.
"They are much safer if they disperse,"
said an American major advising Trinh,
"and they are in a much better position to
trip Charlie if he tried an attack on the
hamlet."
What the major said was substantiated
by his associates and by the Vietnamese
with whom he works.
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Yet it was an indication of the state of
Dinhtoung Province that Government forces,
even in a fort, are not safe from attack.
And it is an indication of their courage that
they remain.
VIET GENERAL OPPOSES ROLE FOR GI's
IN DELTA
SAIGON, March 2.-Gen. Dang Van Quang,
commander of the South Vietnamese 4th
Corps area-the Mekong Delta where Amer-
ican combat troops have not been commit-
ted-has given notice that he'd like to keep
it that way.
The delta, the richest rice-growing area
in South Vietnam with a population of about
5 million, is the only one of South Viet-
nam's four Corps areas defended entirely by
Government troops.
In the 1st Corps area, for instance, around
Danang, there are more American Army and
Marine troops than there are Vietnamese
troops.
Quang is reportedly concerned about an
American " pacification" program that might
bring a great invasion of U.S.. advisers into
the area.
In an interview with the Agence France
Presse, Quang said he feels that the "pres-
ence of foreign troops in the delta may give
the Vietcong the pretext to propagandize
that the Americans are replacing the French
In that area."
OBLIGATION
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Un
previous order of the House, the ge e-
man from New York [Mr. R Y] Is
recognized for 10 minutes
(Mr. ROONEY of New York asked and
was given permission to revise and ex-
tend his remarks and include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. ROONEY of New York. Mr.
Speaker, a week ago President Johnson
signed into law the cold war GI bill
which extends benefits, similar to those
granted World War II and Korean veter-
ans, to veterans who have served after
1955. In keeping with this spirit I today
have introduced legislation which would
grant to aliens serving in the U.S. Armed
Forces after January 1, 1963, exemptions
from the normal naturalization process.
This country has led the way for the
world in caring for her veterans and sur-
vivors. It has in the past, out of grati-
tude, welcomed alien veterans who have
borne the battle as true sons. This privi-
lege should not be denied to those who
already have fought, and are still to
fight, in Vietnam. The dying there is
no easier than it was in the Argonne For-
est, the Battle of the Bulge, or Porkchop
Hill.
If we can draft a man who is not a citi-
zen and send him off to Vietnam or else-
where to fight for this country, the very
least we can do in return is offer him the
chance to immediately enjoy the benefits
of citizenship. We have passed legisla-
tion in the past to advance this privilege
to aliens who fought in World War I,
World War II, and Korea. It is fitting
that we do the same for those called
upon to presently serve.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
By unanimous consent, leave of ab-
sence was granted to Mr. RONCALIO, for
6 days, on account of death of Jane
Hynds Griffith, of Cheyenne, Wyo.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to
address the House, following the legis-
lative program and any special orders
heretofore entered, was granted to:
Mr. WILLIAMS, for 20 minutes, today.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. JONES of North Carolina)
to revise and extend their remarks and
to include extraneous matter:)
Mr. McDOWELL, for 15 minutes, today.
Mr. ROONEY of New York, for 10
minutes, today.
Mr. WILLIAMS, for 30 minutes, on
March 10.
By unanimous consent, permission to
extend remarks in the Appendix of the
RECO D, or to revise and extend remarks
was g anted to:
Mr. MADDEN and to include his state-
ment before the Banking and Currency
Com ittee.
Mr ROGERS of Colorado in the body of
the ECORD following the President's
mes age on crime.
and to include extraneous matter,
Mr. ALBERT to extend his remarks on
the subject of the President's crime mes-
sage.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. HANSEN of Idaho) to revise
and extend their remarks-and include
extraneous matter: )
Mr. REINECKE.
Mr. HosMER in three instances.
Mr. GURNEY.
Mr. QUILLEN.
Mr. MCCULLOCH.
Mr. MORSE in three instances.
Mr. CLANCY.
Mr. CEDERBERG In two instances.
Mr. DAVIS of Wisconsin in two in-
stances.
Mr. ERLENBORN.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. JONES of North Carolina)
and to include extraneous matter:)
Mr. ANNUNZIO in three instances.
Mr. YATES.
Mrs. KELLY in three instances.
Mr. KEOGH.
Mr. RODINO.
Mr. MOORHEAD in six instances.
Mr. MULTER in three instances.
Mr. GALLAGHER in two instances.
Mr. EDMONDSON in two instances.
Mr. MONAGAN in two instances,
Mr. CALLAN.
Mr. DULSKI in two instances.,
Mr. GIBBONS in six instances.
Mr. TEAGUE of Texas,
SENATE BILLS REFERRED
Bills of the Senate of the following
titles were taken from the Speaker's table
and, under the rule, referred as follows:
S. 2266. An act to authorize the Attorney
General to transfer to the Smithsonian In-
stitution title to certain objects of art; to
the Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce.
S. 2540. An act to authorize the conclusion
of an agreement for the joint construction
by the United States and Mexico of an in-
ternational flood control project for the Tiju-
ana River in accordance with the provisions
of the treaty of February 3, 1944, with Mex-
ico, and for other purposes; to the Commit-
tee on Foreign Affairs.
S.2729. An act to amend section 4(c) of
the Small Business Act, and for other pur-
poses; to the Committee on Banking and
Currency.
ENROLLED BILL SIGNED
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
on House Administration, reported that
that committee had examined and found
truly enrolled a bill of the House of the
following title, which was thereupon
signed by the Speaker:
H.R. 2627. An act for the relief of certain
classes of civilian employees of naval installa-
tions erroneously in receipt of certain wages
due to misinterpretation of certain person-
nel Instructions.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. JONES of North Carolina. Mr.
Speaker, I move that the House do now
adjourn.
The motion was agreed to; accord-
ingly (at 1 o'clock and 20 minutes p.m.)
the House adjourned until tomorrow,
Thursday, March 10, 1966, at 12 o'clock
noon.
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS,
ETC.
Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive
communications were taken from the
Speaker's table and referred as follows:
2160. A letter from the Deputy Secretary
of Defense, transmitting reports covering the
same number of violations of section 3679,
Revised Statutes, and Department of Defense
Directive 7200.1, "Administrative Control of
Appropriations Within the Department of
Defense," pursuant to the provisions of sec-
tion 2679(1) (2), Revised Statutes; to the
Committee on Appropriations.
2161. A letter from the Secretary of the
Interior, transmitting a draft of proposed
legislation to amend the act of October 4,
1961, in order to facilitate the efficient pres-
ervation and protection of certain lands in
Prince Georges and Charles Counties, Md.,
and for other purposes; to the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs.
2162. A letter from the Chairman, Federal
Trade Commission, transmitting the 51st
annual report of the Commission, for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1965; to the Com-
n-.atee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.
2163. A letter from the Attorney General,
transmitting a draft of proposed legislation
to establish a Commission on Revision of
the Federal Criminal Laws; to the Commit-
tee on the Judiciary.
2164. A letter from the Attorney General,
transmitting a draft of proposed legislation
to establish a consolidated Federal correc-
tions system, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
2165. A letter from the Attorney General,
transmitting a draft of proposed legislation
to amend the Law Enforcement Assistant Act
of 1966, and for other purposes; to the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary.
2166. A letter from the Secretary of the
Army, transmitting a report of claims settled
during fiscal year 1965, pursuant to the pro-
visions of title 10, United States Code; to
the Committee on the Judiciary.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUB-
LIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of
committees were delivered to the Clerk
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE Marcia. 9, 1966
For printing and reference to the proper
calendar. as follows:
Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey: Joint Com-
mittee on the Disposition of Executive Papers.
House Report No. 1311. Report on the dis-
position of certain papers of sundry executive
deparLine nts. Ordered to be printed.
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 4 of rule XXII, public bills
and resolutions were introduced and sev-
erally referred as follows:
::v Mr. SAYLOR:
I.R. 13417. A bill to amend the act of
October 4, 1961, to facilitate the efficient
preservation and protection of certain lands
in Prince Georges and Charles Counties, Md.,
and for other purposes; to the Committee on
interior and Insular Affairs.
I ty sir. ABERNETHY:
f.it. 13418. A bill to amend title 38 of the
United States Code to permit certain In-
creased amounts received as a result of en-
n.eianent of the Social Security Amendments
of 19115 to be disregarded in computing in-
coine for the purpose of determining eligi-
bility .for a veteran's or widow's pension
under title 38; to the Committee on Veterans'
Affairs.
i if ivlr?. ASPINALL:
i.IL 13419. A bill to authorize the Secre-
tary of the Interior to engage in feasibility
investigations of certain water resource de-
velopment proposals; to the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs.
ity Mr. COLLIER:
lilt.. 13420. A bill to provide that the
United. States shall make no payments or
contributions to the United Nations for fur-
nishina assistance to Communist countries;
to the Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Isy Mr. COOLEY:
It.',?- 13421. A bill to amend the Agricul-
tural Act of 1949. as amended, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture.
Ity Mr. DYAL:
[.1t. 13422. A bill to establish a U.S. Com-
rnittee on Human Rghts to prepare for par-
ticipation by the United States in the observ-
ance of the year 1968 as International Human
Rights Year, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Ily Mr. FASCELL:
H.R. 13423. A bill to amend the Older
Americans Act of 1965 in order to provide
for a National Community Senior Service
Corps; to the Committee on Education and
Labor.
11V Mr. FIND:
1I.E. 13424. A bill to amend the Economic
Opportunity Act of 1964 to place limitations
on. the amount which may be expended for
housing accommodations and meal allow-
ances; to the Committee on Education and
Labor.
Ly Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD:
1Il1. 13425. A bill to provide for the
strengthening of American educational re-
source:; for international studies arid re-
search; to the Committee on Education and
Labor.
My Mr. FRASER:
13426. A bill to authorize the Secre-
tary of Agriculture to regulate the transpor-
tation, purchase, sale, and handling of dogs
and cats in commerce; to the Committee on
Agriculture.
1iy Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania:
1113-1. 13427. A bill to provide a permanent
special milk program for children; to the
Committee on Agricutlure.
Ily Mr. GILLIGAN:
13.14. 13428. A bill to establish a U.S. Com-
mittee on Human Rights to prepare for par-
ticipation by the United States in the ob-
servance of the year 1968 as International
Human Rights Year, and for other purposes;
to the Committee on Foreign Affairs,
By Mr. GURNEY:
H. :t. 13429. A bill to amend section 161
of the Revised Statutes with respect to the
authority of Federal officers and agencies to
withhold information and limit the avail-
ability of records; to the Comrnittee on Gov-
ernment Operations.
By Mr. MACHEN:
U1 . 1.3430. A bill to amend the act of Oc-
tuber 4, 1.961, to facilitate the efficient pres-
ervation and protection of certain lands in
Prince Georges and Charles Counties, Md.,
and :or other purposes; to th? Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs.
-ly Mr. MILLS:
3114. 13131. A bill to extend the Renego-
tiation Act of 1951; to the Committee on
Way; and Means.
'3y Mr. PEPPER:
13. 4. 13132. A bill to amend section 201(c)
of the Federal Property and Administrative
tierviecs Act of 1949 to permit further Fed-
eral ase and donation of exchange sale prop-
erty; to the Committee on Government
Operations.
'BV Mr. R.ODINO:
H 3. 13133. A bill to provide a, permanent
special milk program for children; to the
Committee on Agriculture.
By Mr. RONCALIO:
IT, 1. 13134. A bill for the establishment of
a. Ci.ilian Aviation Academy; to the Commit-
tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.
H'.' 13135. A bill to establish a National
Highway Traffic Safety Center to promote re-
search arid development activities for high-
way traffic safety, to provide financial assist-
an.ce to the States to accelerate highway
traif:, safety programs, and for other pur-
nose.;; to the Committee on Public Works.
By Mr. ROONEY of New York:
HJt. 13136. A bill to amend the Immigra-
tion and Nationality Act and for other pur-
pose:;; to the Committee on Public Works.
By Mr. SCOTT:
13.=4.. 13137. A bill to extend and amend the
Ltbrarv Services and Construction Act; to the
Committee on Education and Labor.
Bar Mr. SICKLES:
H.7.. 1:3138. A bill to authorize the Secre-
tary of Agriculture to regulate the transpor-
tation, sane, and handling of dogs, cats, and
other animals intended to bo used for pur-
poses of research or experimeitation, and for
other )purposes; to the Committee on Agri-
culture.
r'rv Mr. STRATTON:
H. 4. 13139. A bill to provide a permanent
special milk program for children; to the
Comrnittee on Agriculture.
HR .. 13440. A bill to amend the Public
Worl:s and Economic Development Act of
1965 to extend for an additional year the
eligibility of certain areas of substantial un-
cmploynn,nt; to the Committee on Public
Worl a.
By Mr. TODD:
1.it. 13.141. A bill to promor.e international
trade in agricultural commodities, to combat
huihl.;er and malnutrition, to further eco-
nom?c development, and for other purposes;
to tie Committee on Agriculture.
By Mr. WOLFF:
141?. 13442. A bill for the e: tablishment of
a. Ci,tlian Aviation Academy; to the Com-
mittee on. Interstate and Foreign Commerce.
By Mr. ASPINALL :
Ii. ~. 13443. A bill to require "'that certain
officers in the Department of I be Interior and
the Department of Agriculture be filled by
appointment by the President by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate; to the
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
H.R. 13444. A bill to authorize the Secre-
tary of the Interior to establish a National
Visitor Center and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
By Mr. BENNETT:
H.R. 13445. A bill to provide for a con-
gressional comptrollership to promite fiscal
responsibility in the Federal Government; to
the Committee on Government Operations.
By Mr. BINGHAM:
HR. 13446. A bill to provide for the estab-
lishment and, operation of a National Regis-
try of Art for the purpose of maintaining and
administering records relating to the origin.
transfer, and ownership of works of art; to
the Committee on House Administration.
By Mr. DINGELL:
HR. 13447. A bill to authorize the Secre-
tary of the Interior in cooperation with the
States to preserve, protect, develop, restore.
and make accessible estuarine areas of the
Nation which are valuable for sport and
commercial fishing, wildlife conservation,
recreation, and scenic beauty, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries.
By Mr. DULSKI:
HR. 13448. A bill to amend title 39, United
States Code, with respect to mailing privi-
leges of members of the U.S. Armed Forces
and other Federal Government personnel
overseas, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.
By Mr. HELSTOSKI:
HR. 13449. A bill to provide a special milk
program for children; to the Committee on
Agriculture.
HR. 13450. A bill to amend title XI of the
National Defense Education Act of 1958 to
permit the Commissioner of Education to
carry on institutes to improve the qualifica-
tions of junior college teachers; to the Com-
mittee on Education and Labor.
HR. 13451. A bill to provide for the
strengthening of American educational re-
sources for international studies and re-
search; to the Committee on Education and
Labor.
H.R. 13452. A bill to amend the Older
Americans Act of 1965 in order to provide for
a National Community Senior Service Corps;
to the Committee on Education and Labor.
HR. 13453. A bill to amend the Public
Health Service Act to provide for the estab-
lishment of a National Eye Institute in the
National Institutes of Health: to the Com-
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.
By Mr. MORRISON:
HR.13404. A bill to amend title 39,
United States Code, with respect to mailing
privileges of members of the U.S. Armed
Forces and other Federal Government per-
sonnel overseas, and for other purposes; to
the Committee on Post Office and Civil Serv-
ice.
By Mr. RHODES of Pennsylvania:
HR. 13455. A bill to amend title XVIII of
the Social Security Act to provide payment
for podiatrists' services under the program
of supplementary medical insurance benefits
for the aged; to the Committee on Ways and
Means.
By Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina:
HR. 13456. A bill to authorize appropria-
tions during the fiscal year 1967 for procure-
ment of aircraft, missiles, naval vessels, and
tracked combat vehicles, and research, de-
velopment, test, and evaluation for the
Armed Forces, and to maintain parity be-
tween military and civilian pay, and for
other purposes; to the C'ommii.tce on Armed
Services.
By Mr. WYATT:
H.R. 13457. A bill to authorize the Secre-
tary of the Interior to develop, through the
use of experiment and demonstration plants,
practicable and economic means for the pro-
duction by the commercial fishing industry
of fish protein concentrate; to the Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.
By Mr. HORTON:
H.J. Res. V86. Joint resolution designating
February of each year as American History
Month; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
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March 9, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
and pay the cost of transfer. Let me say,
parenthetically, that I said as much in
London last fall when this move by
France seemed to be on the horizon. The
cost of such a transfer will be approxi-
mately $1 billion, a necessary price to pay
for the continued security of Europe, a
reasonable price which must be paid for
the linchpin of the Free World, a small
price considered in relation to the ex-
penditures of the struggle In Vietnam.
If President de Gaulle, wants SHAPE
out of Paris, we must begin making pre-
parations to move it to the Low Countries
or to Great Britain. The organization
must never stop functioning for a
moment.
I am proud to say that I support the
President's rejection of President de
Gaulle's offer for bilateral talks and
bilateral arrangements with France.
NATO is an organization not an ad hoc
committee. The members are com-
mitted to acting together as a unit and
not on a bilateral basis. The precedent
of bilateral negotiations could lead to a
breakdown of the whole NATO frame-
work. Special arrangements will de-
stroy the common purpose and create
confusion.
President de Gaulle has raised the call
to nationalism in an age of interna-
tionalism and multilateralism. I have
confidence that the French nation will
find a way to get along with the other
14 nations in NATO and that the i14
VIETNAM: THE WAR IS WORTH
WINNING
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, Hedley
Donovan, the editor in chief of Time,
Inc., has written a vital editorial in the
February 25, 1966, issue of Life magazine.
Mr. Donovan makes a convincing case
on two counts : First, that our military
task Is a feasible one in Vietnam and
shows likelihood of success; and, second,
that our cause there is a just one and is
worth pursuing. Many myths have
grown up around the struggle in Viet-
nam, about the invincibility of wars of
national liberation, about our objectives
in the area, and about the meaning of
the war in general.
Mr. Donovan's careful attention to the
facts of the military situation should go
a long way to dispel these myths. He
points out that pacification is only the
first step and must be a prelude to the
next and longer phase of the economic,
political, social, and psychological con-
struction of the country. He concludes-
and I am in full agreement with him on
this-that the real meaning of the con-
flict in Vietnam is the future of Asia.
I ask unanimous consent to have Mr.
Donovan's editorial printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
VIETNAM: THE WAR Is WowTa WINNING
(By Hedley Donovan)
The war in Vietnam builds up. It is often
called a war without "fronts" or "lines," but
there are authentic battles and all too au-
No. 42--B
thentic casualties, in rising number. There
is a quickening of ambush and counteram-
bush, patrols, sweeps and armed convoy runs,
up and down the 900-mile curve of this
lovely, tortured land. The buildup is felt
from the sector of the "Paddy Rats," the 21st
ARVN Division (Army of the Republic of
Vietnam), at the tip of the steamy Mekong
Delta country, all the way north to the U.S.
3d Marine Division encampments in the
wildly complicated terrain around Danang-
jungles, canals, rice fields, swamps, red clay
hills, sharp little mountains, teeming towns,
broad sand beaches. In shabby, swarming
Saigon, people speculate about all the VIP
traffic from Washington; many of them work
prodigiously hard; some profiteer and rack-
eteer, and at least a few work for the Vietcong
at night.
The supply lines pump harder. They
stretch back halfway around the world
through the Philippines and Okinawa
through Hawaii, to the training camps in
California and Georgia, the factories In St.
Louis and Cleveland.
Vietnam begins to dominate the public life
of the United States and the private
thoughts of many an American family. It
dominates the Presidency of Lyndon John-
son, the economic outlook, the intellectual
climate.
But it is still a mystifying war to many
Americans, despite heavy press coverage;
loud public dialog, and all the earnest ex-
position of Lyndon Johnson, Robert Mc-
Namara, and Dean Rusk. It is certainly not
a popular war (though it may be noted, to
the general credit of mankind, that there
aren't many popular wars nowadays). Some
of the country's misgivings are reported else-
where in this issue, not the sloganeering of
the well-publicized "Vietniks," but the
thoughtful, responsible dissent and doubt.
In this article Life offers its own general
judgments and guesses about Vietnam.
What might it take to end the business?
What would be victory? What is this
strange war all about?
For all the war's strangeness and difficulty,
and for all the dangers and uncertainties
ahead, our side in fact Is doing fairly well.
The war need not last a generation, or 10
years or 6 or 7 years (to cite one curiously
precise guess that recent press stories at-
tributed to unnamed Pentagon observers).
There is a reasonably good chance the pres-
ent phase of the war can be successfully
wound up in 1967, or even late 1966.
President Johnson's peace offensive was
well worth trying, and there is still a remote
possibility that the diplomacy he set in mo-
tion could lead to a satisfactory negotiated
settlement of the war.
The likeliest ending is not around a con-
ference table, however, but in a quiet with-
drawal of main-force North Vietnamese
units, after they have been hurt enough,
back to the north, and a gradual tapering
off of the Vietcong military effort in the _
south.
This would not leave South Vietnam fully
pacified by any means; there would still be
strong VC pockets and sporadic violence and
terrorism. But the war of battalion- and
regiment-size battles, and big airstrikes,
would be over,
in the next phase of the struggle, though
there would still be shooting, the war would
be essentially economic, political, psycholog-
ical. Heavy U.S. economic aid would still be
required, and some continuing U.S. military
presence. This phase might indeed last for
some years.
We are not bogged down in Asia. We are
deeply, inescapably involved with Asia and
have been for decades. The involvement has
its perils; it also holds high promise.
The war in Vietnam is not primarily a war
about Vietnam, nor even entirely a war
about China: It Is a war about the future
of Asia. It is very possibly as important as
any of the previous American wars of this
century,
in fact this ugly, maddening, big-little
war may some day be remembered as a his-
toric turning point. Many peoples of the
West as well as Asia could have reason for
gratitude to the extraordinary generation of
Americans now serving in Vietnam (their
harassed chiefs in Washington might even
rate a word or two of thanks), and to the-
long-suffering troops and people of South
Vietnam,
In the United States the most persistent
question about Vietnam is why the injection
of 200,000 Americans has seemingly made so
little difference.
The Injection of the 200,000 has in fact
made an enormous difference. It prevented
what otherwise might have been the col-
lapse of the Soutli Vietnam Government and
Army, late last spring, and the defeat of all
the previous years of American effort.
When Senator FULBRIGHT and Walter Lipp-
mann and other opponents of the adminis-
tration policy say, as they frequently do,
that our side controls no more territory to-
day than we did a year ago despite all the
buildup and fighting in 1965, they are being
technically accurate and totally misleading,
A year ago, the South Vietnam Government's
grip on what it ostensibly held was begin-
ning to disintegrate very rapidly. The start-
up of U.S. air operations against the North
in February 1965, and the arrival of the first
few thousand U.S. Marines in March, briefly
slowed but did not halt the deterioration.
The Government continued to lose territory
and population through spring of 1965, and
more fatefully, the ARVN was losing its last
thin reserve of mobile battalions, while the
people were losing their last shreds of con-
fidence that the Vietcong could ever be de-
feated.
Perhaps because they never confessed how
desperate the situation was last May and
June, neither the Saigon government nor
the Johnson administration has given any
detailed accounting of how much better the
situation is today. In the United States, this
leaves critics free to argue that no amount
of U.S. effort and sacrifice seems to accom-
plish anything in Vietnam, so we should dis-
entangle ourselves from a hopeless venture
on the best terms we can get.
A turnaround did begin in early summer.
By that time the United States had 75,000
troops in South Vietnam, and on July 28
President Johnson made his announcement
that another 50,000 were on the way. The
announcement itself had a salutary effect on
the stability of the Saigon regime and on
the attitudes of the fence-sitters, a numerous
element, understandably enough in the Viet-
namese population.
Today, although there is no such thing as
total security anywhere in the country, in-
cluding the most heavily guarded military
bases, the Saigon government has reasonably
good control of territory containing about 50
to 55 percent of the country's population.
This contrasts with a highly precarious con-
trol of about 45 percent last June. The ter-
ritory under the government's control in-
cludes all the cities, all 43 of the provincial
capitals, all but half a dozen of the 241 dis-
trict capitals. - There has been a decided ex-
tension of government control in the popu-
lous Mekong Delta area, source of most of
the country's rice supply and in the past a
rich recruiting ground for the Vietcong as
well as the ARVN. About 20 percent of the
country's population is in disputed or fluid
territory or places that neither side is bother-
ing with at the moment. The rest is under
fairly solid Vietcong control. The Vietcong
dominate at least half the country's area, but
much of its domain Is jungle, mountain, and
mangrove swamp.
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,~ L RECORD - SENATE March ~), 1966
The 10-man military directory headed by are perhaps 25,000 to 40,000 South Vietnamese summer the effects of all our efforl, shonhl
Air Vice Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky has now troops, including some tough marine and really begin to be felt on the batth?fields. A
been in office 8 months, which nobody would airborne battalions, that could be considered point comes in a war when momentum de-
have dared predict last summer. It can fully mobile offensive forces, unencumbered velops; cumulative and multiplying effects
scarcely be described as strongly entrenched by fixed-defense responsibilities. Adding in spread across a whole theater; one action
or broadly popular, but it looks much more a robust little Australian-New Zealand con- goes well, and things seem to go better in half
effective than the revolving-door regimes that tingent, and the marine brigade and Tiger a dozen other places. The momentum was
followed the fall of Diem (nine of them in Division that Korea has sent, the allies have running strongly for the Vietcong in early
19 months). It has lived down the bombas- a total striking force of 150,000 men at the 1965. It could be running strongly for our
tic pronouncements of Ky's first weeks in of- most, and by the maximum mobility test side in late 1966.
Itce, suppressed one minor coup attempt, and the total would be more like 100,0(0. Barring a negotiated settlement, nobody
made some fairly convincing announcements They are up against. a fanatir,illy brave will ever be able to name the exact date when
about the drafting of a new constitution and and :highly resourceful army of al:out 90,000 the present phase of the war came to an end.
Ole introduction, perhaps next year, of a men, Viet_ong main-.force units pl ? rs perhaps But the day should come, late this year or
limited measure of democracy. With power- a dozen regiments of the North Vietnam next, when it will be possible to add up sonic
fnl prodding and backing from the U.S. Em.- Army, always free to group and stnke against such set of facts as this: dwindling south-
bassy artd A ID mission, it began an ambitious a weaker force wherever they can find it, bound traffic on the Ho Chi :Minh Trail for
new program of economic reconstruction in since the,, themselves hold no intrinsically several months; increase in northbound
the more or less pacified parts of the country- valuable territory that ties them dawn to de- traffic; no firm contact with a full VC regi-
ride. There have been. previous efforts-and Tense. (The VC may have a.nothtrr 100,000 rnent or battalion for several weeks;
There occa.-
iailures--in this field, the strategic hamlets men in small local cadres, in porter gangs sional capture of VC or North Vietnam regn-
program, the new life hamlets, etc. The Ky along the supply trails, part-time nerrillas, lars now operating with small local guerrilla
regime has been going at it quite seriously, etc.) however, and its program now has the direct
The units;
y contain of government control to
slid insistent patronage of Lyndon Johnson 10 to 1 much quoted suppress dictum that a: takes a territory c decline 75 percent of the po this
himself, as announced at Honolulu and am- suorce ts to suppra d:gospe n territ lation; decline of VC incidents dents within tints
piified by the new wave of emissaries he sent guerrilla force Is not, regarded as gospel in territory, This would be the end of the big-
Lo Saigon. Vietnam. No modern counterguerrilla, army unit war, and the first installment of victory,
has ever operated with such a tremendous and this the United States does tacitly rec-
Meanwhile, South Vietanam's badly bat- margin of firepower and mobility as the ognize. To turn the South over to com-
i,ered army has had it chance to catch its United Sts.tes has introduced into Vietnam. munism which would almost certainly be the
breath. A number of understrength units But it is generally agreed that we will need consequence of a peace negotiated from a,
have been considerably beefed up in men. a manpower superiority of at least. to 1 and few enclaves, would be defeat.
and equipment The desertion rate has been very possibly 3 to I in mobile offensive Assuming we will not settle for that, and
reduced, though it is still shocking. There forces. that we persevere that we p
has been. an encouraging through the big-unit war,
pickup in defec- Most of the reinforcements will have to we should then see Hanoi quietly deescalate.
lions from the Vietcong-11,000 in 1965 come from the United States. Among the would presumably stop bombin the
versus 5,000 in 1964. One of the most sensi- Vietnamese north, live indicators of all--the willingness of themselves there is not very north, and perhaps announce a provisional
much young manpower not already in one and gradual schedule of withdrawals of a
people out in the countryside to furnish uniform or another, though some existin major
intelligence on VC movements-points to a g Part of the American force. (t so
so
ARVN units can probably be upgr:.ded into north could come back in, of course, but
healthy increase in popular confidence in the a higher offensive capability. No eery rig- could we.) In the new phase of the war,
ultimate defeat of the VC.
nificant allied contributions are :n sight. more and more of the military responsibility
Where doer. the war go from here? The We must bo, prepared, therefore, for the total would revert to the rebuilt ARVN, which by
::host urgent need right now is to break the U.S. commitment in Vietnam to rise from the then should include a number of highly
i:xntteneck in port facilities Saigon itself present 200,000 men to at least: 400,000 men, creasingly equipped, capable trained of and seasoned units, in-
is a second-rate river port, 50 twisting miles assuming t-eat half or more of the new forces scale VC attacks which would doubtl
r so dealing with the small-
upstream from the South China Sea, with are in ground combat units that can seek out ess per-
antiquated docks and stevedoring techniques. the Vietcong. This would mean acommit- sist for some yea re, or moving rea in some
3t
Until a few months ago virtually all ocean- meat about on the scale of the Ko'esn war of the remote VC
redoubts. Increasing gly, the
borne supplier, for the South Vietnam econ- at its peak. American support of South Vietnam would
only congested and the. war had to pass through this But what if the enemy simply feeds more ta i channeled into it t rmsc, medical, e miii-
port. Last June, U.S. Army and more men into the war? The fact is he rt', aid. In civil
are as well a' ili-
Engineers and civilian contractors went to would find it very difficult to match our corn, the Vietcong art deeply r side.,h n,
work at the superb natural harbor of Cam buildup. The VC have pretty well scraped considerable areas of the countryside. Thad
Ifanh Bay, previously untouched, and before the bottom of the barrel in recrtritint within on village life will economic and psychological hold
the end of this year it will be handling more South Vietnam. From the north it is pot- just because not troops g necessarily underground.
rw
cargo than Saigon. Construction work con- ust because vein tent s y pre
times at a furious pace at Cam Ranh Bay; Bible to infiltrate only 2,th)0 to 4,Otk} men a P go iMinuet a are ions expanded m month over the Ho Chi Minh trail, and the that The it Saigon government will a
l have physical
"ici itie and lesser being ports; and some Qui Nhosi, capacity ca i't be much increased as long safety from provide the villagers
rep as we keep up our air attacks. the run, the aVC, t but mote imp lyta r von
uients a.re in progress at Saigon. At most ga long x co that It is not simply a rival
of those places, however, ships still wait 30 Conceivably, North 'Vietnam m,igh!; decide gang of tax collectors.
o these days for unloading. It t Await 30 on overt, all-out invasion of the south, and So the second installment of victory would
be another 2 or 3 moahs before the parts are launch thereat of its army-perhaps a dozen come, probably fully eto the support of the troops first-lin.e divisions, totaling more than when VC activitytinefSouth Vietnam lhad
fly equal Vietnam, support oft the s troops 200,000 men, across the demilitarized zone been reduced to the proportions of it
already lnew arrivals. pal of u pry- along the 17th parallel. Then there would police
problem, wh n troops cou all or almost all the
indeed need to be a big American Army In ca
(we still
ority roust go to the enlargement of military Y keep troops could be brought ea), lit' still
:;forage facilities, and improvement: of the Vietnam-perhaps the million men who keep two divisions in Korea), when a
highways in theman Operating areas. figure in some of the forebodings here at thoroughly viable economy was operating.
Ilow mmore major will be nome. But for t:he enemy to pour min down when an independent, effective and stable
for the many
n- unit U.S.
phase troops
the war? needed Fewer the narrow coastal corridor, or in fact try to government (by the standards of Asia, not.
than half b the troops now in Vietnam get large bodies of troops into the south by Switzerland) seemed established. That
she aci;u ally a.v U.S. U.Sle for offensive operations any other route, would be to sacrifits most would be victory for the prodigious Ameri-
am of the advantages of the hit-and-run jungle can effort in this country of 15 million people
against the Vietcong on the ground. As in warfare he 1,1 so expert; at. Every tune full some 8,000 miles from San Diego.
any war, the men up front are supported regiments have been brought to battle by III a way, it doesn't sound like much For
by a long train of medics. truck drivers, con- U.S. forces, the enemy has been badly beaten. these modest purposes, in a far distant place.
struction battalions, headquarters, staffs, If North Vietnam went all-out, it would can the United States really be preparing to
etc. And in this particular war, where VC have to offer is concentrated targets- massed send hundreds of thousands of Americans squa
urn
where icide
have thousandstof combat-unit m a n tied trails. 1Ho Chip Minis would fiber isk;ns h is
into ab llows and spend. tens of billions of ome
down by static-defense duties around our whole army, and with it his rule. The re- into allowing a bitter du tigen b e come
major bases. Perhaps 80,000 to 90,000 of the peated U.S. assurances that we do not seek into American life, connng abuse from
Americans now in Vietnam are. available for to overthrow the North Vietnamese regime world Opinion
Chin, and
eve nwo d faint risk of
serious offensive action; only about 50,000 would surely be the first casualty of any war with China, and ayn world war III?
of these can range far from their bases to all-out attac:c from the North. The Communists this ts just that the Americans
seek out the VC. Wouldn't in all is they ust for the of ig t. Let
, and Total. strength of the South Vietnam about lVietnam), that the North does rrnot But the Johnson administration has never
armed forces is generally put around 650,000 come down In at big way, that the U.S. successfully articulated the broader pur-
to 700,000 men, but this total must be buildup proceeds, that the bottleneck In the poses of our Vietnam commitments and the
stripped down even more drastically. There ports is largely overcome this spring. By very promising possibilities it could create.
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'
It is deplorable that such a courageous and
far-Sighted policy should be so badly ex-
plained.
The administration offers a good many dull
and lofty generalities about helping to pre-
serve the freedom of South Vietnam, These
are not entirely satisfying since South Viet-
nam is not really a nation yet-it ie an arti-
ficial half of one of three countries carved
out of a, former French colony only 17 years
ago-and in its short life it hasn't even been
fully free, either of Communist aggression or
domestic autocracy.
The administration is more eloquent and
persuasive when it stresses the importance
of honoring our commitments. If we do not
stand fast in Vietnam, who else will trust
our guarantees? This leads into the famil-
iar domino argument-if South Vietnam
falls to communism, Laos, Cambodia, and
Thailand would go next; Malaysia, Singa-
pore, and Burma soon after; then Indonesia;
neutralism, anti-Americanism and pro-Pef-
ping sentiment would spread in India, the
Philippines, Japan. The damage to U.S.
credibility could spread further-to Berlin
and NATO, Latin America, Africa, and the
Middle East. Mr. Johnson and Mr. Rusk do
not themselves spell it out in such lugubri-
ous detail, but that isn't necessary. "Honor.
ing our commitments" has become a kind of
ing what had been an increasingly Peiping- life. Meanwhile the Communist takeover of
oriented policy with a strongly nationalist China gave the earth's most populous coun-
independent line. try the most strongly
South Vietnam is one of the last major ment it has known since the Chin dynasty
positions not buttoned down, all around the fell in 207 B.C. Out of all this upheaval a
rim of China. Laos is mushy, of course, new Asia will form. The pattern is not yet
though its neutralist and pro-Western fac- set. Vietnam is one of the places, at the
tions have been doing fairly well In their moment the most crucial place, where the
exotic little war against the pro-Communist next Asia is being shaped.
Pathet Lao. Neutralist Burma also seemed Less than a year ago Cam Ranh Peninsula
last year to respond to events in Vietnam was little more than a hook of sand locked
and began acting as neutralist toward China around a magnificient but totally neglected
as it long has toward the West. The most natural harbor, 185 miles northeast of
sensitive of all China's frontiers, of course, Saigon. Today the expanding port is the
are the long reaches where it faces the Soviet logistical gateway to the war. At least half
Union. The state of Soviet-Chinese relations of the American troops committed to the
must contribute, to say the least, to sensa- struggle-and many of South Vietnam's
tions of isolation in Peiping. But If South forces as well-soon will be wholly dependent
Vietnam is held, China is substantially "con- for supplies on Cam Ranh. Cam Ranh's
tained; on the borders facing the non-Com- new port facilities expand almost hourly,
munist world. This could open up a whole pressed along by the seething activity of
new era of promise and growth for the poten- Army roustabouts and engineers who work
tially prosperous and stable nations of south- day and night in temperatures that often
east Asia. soar to 130?. Though the port is not yet
South Vietnam itself could be a dazzlingly fully operational, warehouses and supply
successful country. It has immense food and dumps already sprawl along the peninsula
timber resources, limitless water, hydroelec- as far as the eye can see. The mountains of
trfc possibilities, rubber, superb beaches and material are destined mainly for combat
scenery, energetic, attractive people. Along troops operating across central Vietnam.
with the tragic destruction of war, it is also The 12,600 men who keep the
ac
ort f
uirin
i
ll
p
q
g,
unc-
w
y-nilly, the best port facilities tioning-their job is considered the toughest
shorthand for a whole train of disasters that between Hong Kong and Singapore, and half in the country short of combat-handle the
could ensue if we pulled out of Vietnam, a dozen first-class jet airfields. It shares the beans, bullets, and black oil routinely re-
It is a sound argument, at least as applied great Mekong Valley system with Cambodia, quired by an expeditionary force. Through
to the southeast Asian peninsula, but it is Thailand, and Laos. President Johnson, in their hands also pass such sophisticated field
a needlessly grim backs-to-the-wall sort of one of the few really affirmative specifics he expedients as pods for flying cranes and in-
argument. It casts our whole effort in South has ever put before Asia, made a generous fiatable warehouses. * * * aid
a big Mekong mustad in to epreventea catast ophe. Tiss projectf in his J hnsrHopkins speech of last This is the theater n wad, unique in ads
negative argument offers no hint of the very April. In a situation which permitted some military history. Connected by a few tcds
difficult problems that face Communist China degree of trust among these countries, an for 900 miles
and thousands h hidden j nungles, it stretches
today, or the ways in which those problems international effort to harness the Mekong an rice hrough enemy is mountains
have been intensified by our stand in Viet- could be one of the most exciting engineerinad ricfields. The enemy and edicated and
nam. It offers no vision of the positive good and political ventures in the world. tough, expert fighting. surprise anhit-and-run
that could be accomplished in Asia if our If southeast Asia, instead of being a temp- guerril he war. For yond to hat been
,
Vietnam effort succeeds. tation to aggression and a threat to world winning the war. and espond his tactics,
You would never know it, from listening peace, became a strongpottnt of economically devised v United two-par aSouth Vietnam have
either to the Johnson administration or its vigorous and fully independent states, the ficult: (1) Or 1) Or snit strategy, necessarily di
critics, but China had a very bad year in beneficent effects would spread well beyond order ganize their striking power in
n
1965. Despite the advance hand-wringing in the peninsula itself. Communist China enemy to expand. their territory) mand eeep the
the United States, the fears early last year would be contained in the best sense, not just enemy off btlance; (yremain even more
that China might come in if the United in military positions but in terms of perform- mobile than the enemy-not
also not only him States bombed North Vietnam or put ground ance, by the dynamism of Japan on the to his thrusts but also to track hm down
combat units in South Vietnam, China did northeast and this healthy new growth cen- and destroy him.
not come in. Nor did the growing U.S. ter to the south. South Korea, Taiwan, the The overall scheme is shown on this map,'
effort in Vietnam prove to be "the One thing Philippines, Burma, Indonesia, would all ben- The Army of the Republic of Vietnam'
that would bring China and Russia back to- efit to some degree; even India's staggering (ARVN) has divided the country into four
gether." -If anything, China-Russia rela- problems would look a little less hopeless, corps areas, each with its own command.
tions are worse than a year ago, and Viet- It might be that these vistas will be open- To augment this pattern the United States
nam seems somehow to have inflamed mat- ing up at the same time that the first major has strung a series of enclaves along the
ters. changes In the Chinese Communist leader- coast. Each serves a multiple Vietnam is precisely the kind of war of ship take place. Mao is 72, and said to be is a port for bringing in supplies. It Is an
national liberation that China has pro- sick, Chou En-lai is 67; most of the rest of airbase for planes that constantly harass the
claimed to be the wave of the future all the Politburo, old comrades of the long march enemy. And it is a fortress so well de-
through the underdeveloped regions of Asia, of the 1930's, are in their late sixties, If fended (with support from U.S. Navy carriers
Africa, and Latin America, the Communist the defeat of the Communist attempt to take and guns offshore) that it could withstand a
revolutions that would sweep the rural areas over South Vietnam comes around the same combined assault of enemy troops and planes.
of the world and eventually bring down the time that new men are moving into power in The scheme is expensive in its use of man-
world "city" of Western Europe-United Peiping, this could be a very interesting mo- power. Because the enemy infests every
States-Japan. (The Soviet leadership some- ment In history. In several interviews with corner of the land, some 90 percent of the
times wonders whether Russia is considered foreign visitors, Mao has expressed with 680,000 South Vietnamese troops are tied
part of the city, too.) China has given loud startling frankness his doubts as to the revo- down in static defense or by local militia
polemical sponsorship to the Vietcong-North lutionary militance of the next Chinese gen- duty. Of the 200,000 U.S. troops in Viet-
Vietnam cause, and it supplies a good part eration. They might even be men with nam, some 7,500 are assigned to ARVN units
of the north's arms, but it has been very whom the West could attempt a comprehen- as advisers. Thousands more are engaged
careful to avoid any move that might bring sive settlement of the major issues dividing in truckdriving, air supply and other logis-
a direct confrontation with the growing us: nuclear proliferation, China trade, the tical chores-leaving only about 90,000 U.S.
U.S. power in Vietnam. And this certainly partition of Korea and Vietnam, the status troops for actual fighting. Thus the United
had something to do with the decline last of Taiwan, admission of mainland China to States will probably send at least 200,000
year in China's prestige among the under- the U.N.
developed and uncommitted. In the India- the past 25 more bat to Vietnam to build up the ratio
Pakistan skirmish in September, China at- three years Asia has experienced of combat troops.
h
tempted a kind of ultimatum to India, but up severa
centuries' - changes that have filled
worth of ua ower-paced,
India paid very little attention, and China old-fashioned history. World War II, the
had to back down. China has suffered Bev- first war ever to sweep all of Asia, brought
eral recent rebuffs in its courtship of the all of Asia irrevocably into the main currents
new African states, and is even having a of world politics. The breakup of the British,
noisy quarrel with Castro. The upheaval French, Dutch, and Japanese colonial em-
in Indonesia, starting with the suppression pires created a dozen new nations-total
of the Communist coup attempt on October population 800 million-of meager civil ex-
1, has been a major defeat for China, repfac- perience but powerful aspirations for a better
pprove o $
- 5193
The enclaves are not passive, Maginot-
like turtles, maintained solely for defense.
These are dynamic offensive installations, de-
signed to force the enemy out of the area.
The men not required for guard duty are
sent out in actions ranging from squad
patrols to major amphibious and helicopter
assaults, to hunt the Vietcong and keep them
on the defensive. In recent weeks the
Marines and U.S. Army troops carried out the
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largest operation of the war so tar. It took
place in the central highlands, a key tacti-
c.?,tl area that; both sides are fighting to
control.
UQW THE. ALL ED AND ENEMY E?ORCES ARE
DEPLOYED
The enemy directs his war from the North
Vietnamese capital of Hanoi. Much of his
Chinese- and Soviet-built weaponry arrives
through the port of Haiphong and over two
railroads running from China to Hanoi,
Soviet surface-to-air Missiles (SAM'S) help
cfefertd Hanoi against U.S. jets flying out of
'I'tnaiiand and South Vietnam. The South
Vietnamese Air Force (VNAF) shares some
bases with the United States. Though Soviet
Mig's have seldom appeared in combat, these
are poised on the Chinese mainland and the
island of Hainan and at bases in North.
Vietnam. Most enemy troops and weapons
enter South Vietnam along the Ho Chi Minh
']'rail Most U.S. supplies come by ship and
are unloaded at ports ringed by enclaves.
The key Co victory in South Vietnam lies in
the central highlands area shown here-and
in marked rectangle on preceding page-a
roan; of mountains, trails, and tiny villages
dotting the valleys. For even when the
Marines succeed in expanding their enclaves
it). the north and other allied units control
the Mekong Delta rice fields in the south,
the enemy could still frustrate the total
strategy by holding these highlands in be-
tween. For this would cut South Vietnam
in two, disrupt communications and prevent
the kind of national unity South Vietnam
must achieve-
'I'h.is is precisely what the enemy has been
trying to do, and the terrain is a factor that
works heavily in his favor. The Ho Chi Minh
'f'rail spills right into the area, providing a
steady stream of men and weapons. The
mountains .wed jungles afford excellent hid-
ing places for units as large as regiments.
The tide is now beginning to turn. The
mountainous area does lack food., and in re-
cenit weeks enemy units from the highlands
have had to move down to the coast where
other Vietcong have long controlled the rice
fields. The allies were waiting for this.
Mounting Uperation Masher, a large-scale
attack that included U.S. Marines landing by
sea and U.S. Army troops coming In by hell-
copter, they forced entire enemy regiments
back into the mountains.
Tn.llltrati.ing over die Ho Chi Minh trail,
North Vienamese troops have joined up with
Vietcong units in the central highlands.
Scone have hidden out in staging areas
(across-hatched red zones) or settled down
lit organized units with several regimental
and at least one divisional headquarters (see
chart at left for unit designations). To
meet this challenge, the South Vietnarrtese
Army (ARVN) has set up a corps headquar-
ters at 1 telku and stationed battalions, at
K_oritum. Special Forces camps, manned by
local tocps under U.S. advisers, are situated
si.t key points near Laos arid Cambodia to
guard communications and set up islands
cf resistance along infiltration routes. The
enclave of Qui Nhon, supervised by the 1st
U.S. Logistical Command and guarded by
AIIVN and South Korean divisions, provides
most supplies for the area. The biggest U.S.
unit is the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile)
with headquarters and a huge helicopter
field called the golf course at An Khe. It
constantly sends forces along the An Khe-
Qui Bison road to keep it open. Recently
13.000 troops from the 1st Cavalry moved over-
land by copter or north along Route I to
launch Operation Masher in the vicinity of
Bong Son. Some 6,000 marines made an
amphibious assault 20 miles to the north.
'Then the Marines and more 1st Cavalry
troops linked up in the An Lao Valley. Bad
weather hampered further operations and
many of the main enemy force estimated at
8,000 men escaped. But they left 1,300 dead,
000 prisoners and had taken a stiff beating.
The tactics of the elusive enemy and the
difficult terrain on which he operates have
forced the United States to exploit a method
of infantry warfare which could prove to be
the most etfecti.ve means of putting down
guerrilla brush wars. Its essence is the mo-
bility provided by fleets of highly specialized
helicopters-- with the superior firepower they
can deliver--that can gain the initiative
against the enemy.
There are now more than 1,600 helicopters
operating Its Vietnam, These include arm-
ored gunships bristling with macl;ineguns,
troopcarrie:-s like the Chinook that can set a
platoon down almost anywhere, and "flying
cranes" which can pick up loads as heavy as
a 105-millimeter howitzer. Recently a pair
of U.S. chopper pilots chatted with a, French-
man. who had served during the Indochina
war. "Ali, my friends," he said, "i3 only we
had had your helicopters, it might have been
a very different story."
Helicopter at work: Returning rim a mis-
sion in the central highlands, gunships of
the 1st Cavalry come in near Pleiku to gas
up from doughnut-shaped "refuel bladders."
In a thicket too dense for the C,i_inook to
land, troopers climb down a ladder.
Troops disembark from the rear of Chi-
nook which has found a clearing. Helicop-
ters stand by on division's main base at An
Khe, the biggest chopper pad in Vietnam.
Field was dubbed the "golf course" because
it was hand cleared.
Airborne hospital: At its home ':rase at An
Khe, a flying crane helicopter swoops down
in a swirl of dust. Clutching onti a mobile
surgical pod it. soars :away on an urgent medi-
cal mission Into the thick of ha ttle. The
fatality rate among the wounded in Vietnam
is far below that of World War II and Korea,
largely because the techniques of evacuation
of casualties have been keyed to the new con-
cept of mobility. The pod is an emergency
clinic, with X-ray, laboratory and all-purpose
surgical facilities. 'Within minutes of being
hit a man can get surgical care even before
he is evacuated.
Interlude: Logistics is a sweeping term
that inc? odes. the import of stateside enter-
tainers ti boost the morale of the troops. At
Cana Ranh Bay, GI's, who are allowed 1 day
off every 2 weeks, cluster around a girl from
back home.--and are momentarily distracted
by photographer's helicopter. She is Leigh
Anti Austin, Miss Texas of 1961, who was
flown out to Vietnam to sing for the Ameri-
cans and got her own taste of the war's swift
mobility- by being whisked from one U.S. base
to the next.
UNITED STATES ENCOURAGES
DOMINICAN MILITARISTS
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
it is now almost a year since more than
30,000 amen of our Armed Forces were sent
into the Dominican Republic--enough
almost to ,sink that little island.
I said at that time and, I consider
it a sound statement now, that the threat
of a Communist takeover was misrep-
resented. and greatly exaggerated. I
think it was nonexistent. Our President
ordered this action on the advice of Am-
bassador W. Tapley Bennett, who was
on that day in charge of our Embassy In
the Dominican Republic. President
Johnson is not to be blamed for relying
upon Mr.:Bennett's poor Judgment. Am-
bassador W. Tapley Bennett became
panic stricken and unduly excited when
it appeared to him that the military junta
which had taken over the Government
from the duty elected civilian President
was about to be chased out of the island.
Now, almost a year later, our service-
men are still In the Dominican Repub-
lie and there is still unrest in tii tt. un-
happy island. It is time that we estab-
lished a clear and definite policy toward
the Dominican Republic and fulfill our
pledge to bring order, stability, and a
freely elected government to that nation.
It is unfortunate that we have in our
State Department some officials who
seem to denounce as Communist:, Latin
American leaders who take action in op-
position to the wealthy economic royal-
ists of any Latin American country.
They failed to distinguish between Vic
Communist elements and the truly dem-
ocratic elements in the citizenry seeking
to release the people from the strangle-
hold of absentee landlordism and to help
free the impoverished, underprivileged
laborers and peasants from misery and
squalor. W. Tapley Bennett and others
misrepresented the facts claiming some
58 Communists were among the thou-
sands of rebels seeking to oust. the mili-
tary junta. It later developed there were
duplications of names in this list of 58
and that only a few-2 or 3---Communists
or Communist sympathizers were among
the leaders of some thousands in the
rebel forces.
Mr. President, there appeared in the
Cleveland Press of February 15. 1966, an
outstanding article on this subject en-
titled "United States Encourages Domin-
ican Militarists" by Clayton Frit;hey, one
of our Nation's outstanding journalists.
I commend this to my colleagues and ask
unanimous consent that it be printed
in the RECORD, at this point, as part of my
remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Cleveland (Ohio) Press, Feb. ',5,
1966)
UNITED STATES ENCOURAGE:' D(IICINICAN
MrrrrArusTs
(By Clayton Fritchey)
WASHINGTON.--It's about time for a, slow-
down on American policy in the Dominican
Republic. The question, which the adrnin-
istrati,on has been persistently evading, is
whether or not we are going to support the
provisional government we installed with
the avowed purpose of paving the way for a
new democratic system.
The test of our sincerity, which many still
doubt, revolves around the defiance of a
group of officers, supporters of the former
military dictatorship, who have been ordered
to leave the country by the provisional Presi-
dent, Garcia.-Godoy.
The renewed rioting In Santo Domingo is a
warning of what's ahead if the United States
continues to shirk its responsibility. Many
weeks ago President Godoy assigned a group
of constitution:r.liat rebel officers and it rival
group of regular army officers to diplomatic
posts abroad, so that preparations for the
proposed June elections could be carried on
peacefully.
The constitutionalists departed, but the
ex-Trujillo army clique has refused to budge,
showing Its traditional contempt for a civil-
ian president. Not having an army of his
own, the provisional President must rely on
the Inter-American Peace Force (a euphe-
mism for U.S. troops) for support in attain-
ing the objectives to which the United States
says it is so devoted.
But the United States, which has coop-
erated with the military junta over since it
overthrew Juan Bosch, the country's only
elected president, has been strangely impo-
tent. In fact, long after he had openly defied
President Godoy, one of the leaders of the
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March 9, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
all they can to insure that the benefits
arc utilized by all.
I also believe that after the 31st of
March, a full report on the numbers
signing up for the medical benefits
should be sent to the Congress by the De-
partment of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare.
At that time, with the full details
available, the Congress should consider
the possibility of taking further steps
which fully implement the legislation
passed last year.
AN ORATION ENTITLED "DEMOC-
RACY: WHAT IT MEANS TO ME"
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, a young
lady from Nebraska is visiting Washing-
ton to learn more about our Government
and the system of democracy under
which we live. She came here because
she won the Nebraska Voice of Democ-
racy oratorical contest conducted by the
Veterans of Foreign Wars and the ladies
auxiliary of the VFW.
While she was here learning more
about the way we function I feel she con-
tributed greatly to the understanding of
our heritage and our responsibilities in
her oration entitled "Democracy: What
It Means to Me." Therefore, I am asking
unanimous consent that her oration be
printed in the RECORD. This is the text
on the speech given by JoAnn Fricken-
stein, of Creighton, Nebr.
There being no objection, the oration
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
DEMOCRACY: WHAT IT MEANS TO ME
America and democracy-perhaps the two
most cherished words ever spoken; certainly
these are two words that have become almost
synonymous today. Yet, the term "democ-
racy" usually only relates to a form of gov-
ernment. But, to me, it means much more
than this.
Democracy is more than just a government
of the people, by the people, and for the peo-
ple. To me, democracy is my life, my home,
my school, my church, my community, and
my country. Democracy itself gives its fol-
lowers faith and hope in greater tomorrows
yet to come. As a young American citizen
I know that I must in the near future choose
my position among the adult citizens of these
United States. It is comforting to know that
I will be able to do this freely and without
f ear.
In this country I am assured of many
rights which are taken for granted in these
modern times. I know that I am free to
voice my opinions, to say I agree or I disagree.
I am free to worship my Creator in any
church or in any manner I so desire, free to
stand up and proudly say, "I am a Republi-
can, or to say I am a Democrat," and free to
do what I know is right without any fear of
oppression.
These are the rights that fill each and
every one of us with the desire to live, to
learn, and to love. No other form of govern-
ment in the world could offer me such great
privileges and honors.
I consider these and other rights granted
to me by a democracy to be of far greater
value than anything money could possibly
buy. These rights have been purchased by
the sweat and bloodshed of our loyal and
brave ancestors whose only goal was to
create a situation in which their followers
might live happily as free individuals In
a free society.
Democracy to me is a privilege which en-
ables me to live in this great land of op-
portunity. But I also realize that with
every right goes a corresponding duty. I
believe my duty in the society is to help
preserve these rights and privileges which
our forefathers so nobly fought for. We
must maintain these rights that have been
so abundantly bestowed upon us. It shall
be my sacred duty as well as that of my
young fellow citizens to safeguard these
rights for coming generations.
The torch of democracy must be held high
by those of us who will soon be tomorrow's
leaders in this land of the free and home
of the brave. My home, my school, my
church, my community, and my country
are all a result of democracy. They are my
pride and joy for they will create my to-
morrows. I must help safeguard democracy
not only for me, but for all future gen-
erations.
Democracy means that I must work to
instill or to strengthen, whichever the case
may be, the values of democracy among
my fellow citizens. I will be joining other
loyal Americans in a united effort. Our
democracy must be a candle, spreading light
to dark and troubled portions of the world.
I am confident that we will have nothing
to fear.
Democracy is a task laid in hand of each
And every individual today for it is truly
a task of preservation. To me, it means
work and wholeheartedness to todays world
of turmoil. The results will be most re-,
warding, for they will mean generations of
continued happiness. When our forefathers
achieved democracy for this country. I am
sure that they never dreamed it would be
what it is today. Everywhere we look we
see their democracy. We live and breathe
it. Therefore, democracy is my assignment
for it is truly my American way of life.
14
EDITORIAL APPROVAL OF HEAR-
INGS ON VIETNAM CONDUCTED
BY THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN
RELATIONS
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President,
every Senator hopes that his actions in
the Senate will be received with approval
in his home State. I am no exception.
Consequently, I was greatly encouraged
by editorials which have appeared in
some of the fine newspapers in the State
of Arkansas. These editorials endorse
the decision of the Committee on For-
eign Relations to hold hearings on our
problems in Vietnam and the role of
Communist China in these problems.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that editorials from the following
newspapers be inserted at this point in
the RECORD:
Arkansas Democrat, February 10,
1966; Northwest Arkansas Times, Febru-
ary 15, 1966; the Baxter Bulletin, Febru-
ary 17, 1966; and the Arkansas Demo-
crat, February 23, 1966.
There being no objection, the edito-
rials were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
[From the Arkansas Democrat, Feb. 10, 1986]
BENEFICIAL DEBATE
Without the blessings of the administra-
tion, Senator J. WILLIAM FUL33RIGHT and his
Foreign Relations Committee are doing an
admirable job by their forthright inquiry
into President Johnson's Vietnam war
policies.
While much of the testimony has been
extremely tedious for the public to follow, It
is of unquestioned value to the members of
the Foreign Relations Committee and to the
other lawmakers.
It is imperative that Congress know all
that should be known about the war and
about the administration's policies regarding
it. After all, Congress is responsible for ap-
propriating funds for the war, and while it
has not refused any money requests, it is
aware of the need to know the full picture,
so that it, as well as the executive branch of
the Government, can act in the best inter-
ests of the Nation.
The pressures being placed on President
Johnson by the hawks and the doves is fairly
understandable, and he must weigh gravely
the options he chooses. He is explicitly com-
mitted to seek peace as well as to carry out
his pledge in war. His is the problem to scale
up the American attack or to scale it down.
In reaching his decision he should properly
consider the views of the Senate. Those
views were not being expressed 6 months ago
as they are today. We uphold the debate
as a means for the President's decision to be
influenced and guided by the best judgment
of Congress.
[From the Northwest Arkansas Times,
Feb. 15, 1966]
OPPORTUNITY To KNOW
The people of the United States have rea-
son to thank the Committee on Foreign Re-
lations of the Senate for the inquiry it is
conducting concerning the Nation's role in
the Vietnam war.
The people need to know the circum-
stances and reasons for the developments
which have taken place to date. And they
need to be able to understand what future
steps are likely, why they may be taken, and
the probable results.
This is a most peculiar war in its relation
Ito those who will fight and pay for it-the
country is full of people who don't know
why American soldiers are being killed in
battle 10,000 miles from home, how many will
be committed before the year is out, what
accomplishments these men are supposed to
record, or where the present war may lead.
Headlines from day to day report half a
hundred or so Vietcong troops are killed by
United States and South Vietnam forces;
the enemy escapes traps carefully laid; Amer-
ican planes and pilots are lost to North
Vietnamese groundfire; villages are overrun
by troops searching the countryside for
northern fighters; the jungle is smashed
by bombs from the air and shells from
warships. American forces are being stepped
up in numbers soon to reach a half million
or more Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force
personnel.
Where it will lead nobody knows. Whether
it will bring Red China into the fray is un-
settled. If the Chinese Communists fight
Americans, what will Russia do? How close
to a nuclear war will it take the world?
These things deserve the closest kind of
attention, not only by policymakers in the
American Government, but by the people,
who will pay the piper. They need to know
the present aims of the administration in
Washington, what it will mean to them for
this Government to achieve its stated aims,
what may occur if the goals are reached.
There is great danger in the air today.
War fever definitely is discernible among a
portion of the American population. Some
say: Bomb the rascals where they live, attack
their strongholds, show Red China some real
power, spread the assults further north.
There is even some sentiment to hit China
itself "before that country gains a nuclear
force."
As long as this philosophy is preached and
practiced by a weak minority it is not a men-
ace, but it is spreading as the Vietnam war
stretches out in time and grows in size. It
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE March 0. 19(16
could make enough noise to influence policy
of those directing the war effort-and this
could lead directly to a third world war.
All this might be prevented if the people
of the United States discern the possibili-
ties---and the Senate committee, under the
able leadership c4 Senator FrnsaacHT of Ar-
kansas, is alerting htern so they can exer-
cise some judgment.
The United States now has troops on the
alert in Korea, Clermany, Santo Domingo, and
lighting in Vietnam-to name a few of the
snore urgent situations. The people of this
country are told all this is done to halt the
spread of communism, to stop aggression, to
prevent expansion of it form of government
.;lieu to our own.
American forces are killing in pursuit of
this policy. The spread of fighting is immi-
nent. Where'. A. will take us is a most pressing
question which the people of the United
Itates must consider before they become
committed to a policy of victory or surren-
cler-t sentiment which is being accepted by
s, growing portion of the population as the
fighting is extended.
'f'he duty of the Foreign Relations Com-
mittee and its chairman is entirely clear -
and they are pursuing the correct course.
The people have the right to know and to
discuss and to decide, and the only way this
decision should be made is with a knowledge
of the present situation and what may fol-
Lfw. A difference in convictions among the
Members of Congress exists, just as is evident
among the people themselves. Both sides
deserve a hearing.
Cit;zens of this country owe a debt of
.gratitude to the committee which is striving
to bring to pubic attention not only details
cf where this country has gone, but the
direction the road leads so that intelligent
conclusions may be reached. If the public
can understand what is involved, commit-
ment to further escalation of the war to
a highly explosive point may be averted.
Americans deserve to know. The oppor-
tunity to find out, is being provided by the
t;carings the committee is conducting -
tifrrik goodness_
1':'he naxier Bulletin, Feb. 17, 19661
1+';, f,nmmGIIT lfftt,OGNIZr:s REsroNSIBIISTY
senator Bif,f. FTLBRIGHT has staked out a
lonely and exposed position for himself as
the Vietnam storm darkens and crackles.
I L would be easier to be a follower in this
1-rrilous and nuzzling time. It would be
simpler and haler for the Senator to sup-
press any negative questions which might
prise from his conscience or evaluation, as
a number of other Senators have done.
lust Senator 1''uLniii err has chosen to lead
tine Foreign. Relations Committee which he
heads into a thoroughgoing investigation of
too Vietnam war--of how we got into a
Mounting major conflict on the Asian mail-
l.;ind .weld of our prospects for success. lie
also hopes the clearings, which are being tele-
vised and include some "star" figures, will
roved the philosophies and trends of overall
CS. foreign policy.
a'hc decision is in the best tradition of
1.,pslative responsibility and the Senator is
I,,; be congratulated for his courage. He is
nut against the President; he believes that he
to for the American people and that, if they
are asked to mike great sacrifices, they have
a right to know what forces are in motion
;vice what the costs and risks are. The in-
clniry he is conducting is, in fact, a bit late,
because never before has a commitment on
cro?lr a scale been made by this country with
;o little discussion and debate at the highest
lovels. The ln,e,isiative branch has followed
in sa, docile way, but now it is resuming its
hishmric functions,
1lIds is the field in which Senator FuL-
i3ai er is especially well equipped, through
,r.ci!.fi ?ag and experience. If he believes that
the evidercc weighs against the Johnson
administration's policies anywhere, it is his
duty to te'l the people what he thinks re-
gardless of whether his statements :ire polit-
ically advantageous. These are the gravest
of times and the worst that can happen is
perhaps worse than the average person
thinks. This is not the year for shallow
political calculating.
FULBRICHT could be wrong, of cofrse, and
he is no dcubt ready to accept theoenalties
if time disproves his assescsrnent. He is
against the escalating of the cmviict, be-
lieving that that can easily lead to war with
Red China and perhaps with Russia. and that
a nuclear exchange could be the final result,
He favors a holding strategy and a continu-
ing effort to settle the conflict through ne-
gotiations. lie fears that the country is
already in sou deep and that there c:in be no
successful resolution of the dilen; cat from
our standpoint.
11 he is wrong, it can be recalled that the
prophecies of administration officials have
also failed thus far. According to Secretary
McNamara's statements earlier in the war,
the troops should already have bcreu home.
The strategy has not worked as envisioned,
We fervently hope that the Senator is
wrong-thee the Vietcong will capitulate be-
fore the swelling U.S. forces and that South
Vietnam w it be made into a me( el Asian
democracy, flourishing through programs ini-
tiated by fits country. Perhaps the United
States has the power to make it work out
that way. But a good many knowledgeable
people believe the odds are not encouraging,
and certainly all the facts should b laid on
the table. 't'he President has beet unduly
sensitive it scenes, about full discloure and
criticism.
The Foreign Relations Committee hearings
at least are a counterbalance to tl:e hawks
who are strong in government and w: ,o coun-
sel a pungc into a much hotter and broader
war than tie President is ready to it ulertake
at this time.
The hear;ngs deserve attention bw people
in Arkansas and elsewhere. The ,xspulace
is being given an unusual opportunity,
through television, to become informed and
to particip:,te in history. And the people
have a hen my stake in the policies that are
being discussed.
Fuf,imroo rr is being accused by some people
of being an appeaser of communism, but he
has no use or communism and believes that
he is a realist in matters concerning not
only the the survival of democracy but of
mankind. His ideas are presented impres-
sively in his book, "Old Myths and New
Realities," published last year.
He is also :an erudite student of history,
who knows cat wars are almost always
popular in their early days, but not always
in the lengthening years of combat. History
shows that wars of attrition cannot easily
he won. by the stronger force-perk ps can-
not be won at al-if the guerrillas have the
support of a. sizable portion of the popula-
tion. The American Revolutionary War is
an early example, the French experience in
Vietnam aid Algeria are later or_c-s. The
French suffered ghastly losses in Vietnam,
in a military effort largely financed by the
United Statess. They finally threw in the
towel in V.einam because they could not
sustain two wars, and their "honor" was
committed in Algeria, nearer to home, In
Algeria, too, they failed dismally, leaving
many thousands of dead behind, bee muse the
foundation for any success of their policy
was absent.
He remembers, too, that the philosophy in
Vietnam has changed radically in a short
time. In '.963 President Kennedy said,
"They're the ones (the South Vietnamese)
who have to win or lose it. We can help
them, give them equipment. We c ;n send
our men out there as advisers, but they have
to win it."
The situation is different now, and the
men over there have the support of Ameri-
cans. But that does not mean that all
inquiry must come to an end, that altera-
tions in our world policies cannot he criti-
cally examined. FULBBIGHT believes he is
working for a stay of execution for the
human race, and that is no mean motivation.
From. the Arkansas Democrat, Feb. iii, 1966 J
MORE LIGHT ON VIETNAM POI.rCIF.'S
Senator FuLBntcz7:T's statement that there
was It possibility of another round of di;;-
cussions on Vietnam before the Foreign Re-
lations Committee is an encouragiol; one,
because such discussions are bound to bring
further enlightenment on this grave
problem.
Anxiety about the future of adrninistra.-
tion policy has drawn more Senators into
the arena, where eminent critics, as well a8
leading supporters, of the Vietnam war have
been heard. It is highly beneficial to the
Nation for the Senate to become ren.l:stically
engaged in probing the depths of this prob-
lem of war.
By all means, let the experts on China be
heard. Through them it may be possible
to develop a meaningful appraisal of China's
attitudes, intentions and present capabilities
in regard to Waring with the United States.
Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's
position of declining to testify for :security
reasons is not a valid one. There already
has been far too much silence and "cover-
up" in the name of national security. Even
if the sessions must be closed, the lonators
should be able to question tlt'e Defense
Secretary.
THE 119TH BIRTHDAY ANNIVER-
SARY OF THOMAS ALVA EDISON
IN MILAN, 01110
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the Senator
from Ohio [Mr. LAUSCHE I , who i ; pres-
ently ill, may be allowed the privilege
of having printed in the RECORD his re-
marks concerning an editorial published
in the Columbus, Ohio Dispatch, which
is a fitting tribute to the 119th birthday
anniversary of Thomas Alva Edison,
whose birthplace was in Milan, Ohio.
There being no objection, the state-
ment and editorial were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
STATEMENT BY- SENATOR LAUSCIn:
In a recent editorial published in the
Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch, fitting tribute
was given to the 119th birthday anniversary
of Thomas Alva Edison, whose birthplace
was Milan, Ohio.
I can sure that the editorial will remind
my colleagues in the Senate and otters of
the many conveniences and luxuries of to-
day's modern life which are a result of Mr.
Edison's foresight and ingenuity.
[Editorial published in the Columbus (Ohio)
Dispatch]
OUR HERITAGE FROM EDISON
Today is the 119th anniversary of the
birth of the man who gave light to the world.
Any schoolboy can tell you that we mean,
of course, Thomas Alva Edison.
Possibly no other man in recorded his-
tory has had such an impact. upon the
civilized world as did this former railroad
newsboy whose formal education was limited
to a mere 3 months in the public schools.
In addition to his most famous achieve-
ment-invention of the electric light Edison
either invented, improved or found practical
application for the phonograph, the motion
picture camera, the auto storage battery, the
teletype, the Ediphone, radio and television
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mended extension of this program for 3
more years and an increase in the funds
to be authorized for construction grants
in fiscal 1967. This program will not
only help our colleges and universities
provide necessary facilities for the grow-
ing number of students; it will also as-
sist them substantially in holding down
their tuition charges and fees.
Only last week, President Johnson
signed into law the cold war GI bill of
rights, which will provide educational
opportunities to hundreds of thousands
of young veterans. This new program
exceeded the amount requested by the
President by almost a quarter of a bil-
lion dollars for fiscal 1967. Over the next
5 years, it will exceed the scope of the
President's recommendation by more
than $1.8 billion.
In the face of such programs, no one
can argue that we have neglected the
field of higher education. In fact, we
have done very well for higher educa-
tion. We have not met every goal. But
we have accomplished so much that
the need for any further action now must
be weighed very carefully against the
effect on the budget. This brings me to
my second argument against enactment
of the Ribicoff proposal now.
We have before us the President's tax
program, which will increase revenues
by $1.2 billion during the remainder of
this fiscal year and $4.8 billion in fiscal
1967. These additional revenues will
come on top of the revenues generated
by greater economic growth-which is
resulting in part, from the tax reduc-
tions we enacted in 1964 and 1965. To-
gether, the increase in revenue from eco-
nomic growth and from these tax pro-
posals will total $11 billion in fiscal 1967.
Unfortunately, most of this increase in
revenue will be offset by the demands
posed by our defense of freedom in Viet-
nam. The overriding concern in all our
budgetary considerations at this time is,
in fact, the Vietnamese conflict.
The President has asked for a supple-
mental authorization of $12.8 billion for
Vietnam. We have just passed a part
of that supplemental authorization total-
ing $4.8 billion.
This commitment to the defense and
assistance of a brave ally is adding $4.7
billion to fiscal 1966 expenditures over
original estimates. It is expected to add
$5.8 billion above that level to our ex-
penditures in fiscal 1967, making a total
of about $10.5 billion in that fiscal year
in additional expenditures for Vietnam.
The war in Vietnam will absorb most
of the increase in revenues generated
together by economic growth and by the
tax program we are considering today.
Further, between today and June 1967-
the end of the fiscal year for which we
must budget now-we cannot know at
this time that nothing will occur which
will require still greater expenditures.
We hope no such development will
occur, but the matter is not ours alone
to control.
The President in his 1967 budget did
a magnificent job in holding the deficit
to $1.8 billion while providing for fore-
seeable requirements of our commitment
in southeast Asia. His budget is ex-
tremely tight. In fact, that is exactly
the point I want to make. There is no
room-no slack-anywhere in the re-
sponsible forecasts of revenues and ex-
penditures for any program not already
contemplated in the budget. Since we
cannot foresee what situation we will
face in the years beyond, we have no
choice but to assume that the budgets
will be similarly tight.
We cannot at this time predict that
either in fiscal 1967 or at any specific
future time, there will be slack in the
budgetary equation which will allow for
the cost of more than $1 billion resulting
from the Ribicoff proposal.
At this point in time, therefore, we
must look at it for what it is, a proposal
to spend money which we do not have-
a proposal which, without an accom-
panying and offsetting revenue-raising
plan, would of necessity increase the
deficit.
Finally, we have still another cold
reality which we must face.
For 5 years, we have enjoyed unprece-
dented prosperity. But even as we in
Congress have deliberated the tax pro-
posals before us now, the green light of
safe and healthy economic growth has
changed to the amber of caution.
There are a number of respected voices
within Congress and still others outside
which are already calling for tighter
reins on the economy. Many respected
observers of the economy are urging tax
increases in addition to the tax adjust-
ments proposed by the administration.
The proposal of the Senator from
Connecticut will have its day in court.
I have always supported aid to higher
education, both in the Maryland Legis-
lature and in the U.S. Senate, but for the
reasons that I have cited, this plan is
not appropriate today. The time has
not yet arrived for it. Reluctantly, then,
I shall withhold m support from it and
wait for a more pFopitious time to cast
my lot in its favor.
APPOINTMENT BY THE VICE
PRESIDENT
The VICE PRESIDENT. Pursuant to
Public Law 170 of the 74th Congress, the
Chair appoints the Senator from Okla-
homa [Mr. MONRONEY] as an additional
Senator to attend the Interparlia en-
tary Union meeting at Canberra s-
tralia, from April 11 to 16, 1966.
VIETNAM-SUDDEN REDISCOVERY
OF SEATO
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, the emi-
nent columnist for the New York Times,
Mr. Arthur Krock,.has written an excel-
lent article on March 6 entitled "The
Sudden Rediscovery of SEATO." Mr.
Krock notes, as several of us in the Sen-
ate have noted, that the administration
has suddenly shifted its emphasis to
SEATO as the fundamental source of
the President's authority to sustain the
war in Vietnam.
Mr. Krock calls the belated argument
a fragile claim. He cites Senator
George's statement in the 1954 Senate
debate on the treaty that "if any course
of action shall be agreed, or decided
upon, then that action must have the
approval of Congress, because the con-
stitutional process-of each signatory-
is provided for, we have no obligation
to take positive measures of any kind.
All we are obligated to do is to consult
together about it."
Mr. Krock then takes note of the fact
that if we have been acting in Vietnam
under SEATO we have been violating
the treaty for years because we have not
been reporting the measures taken to
the Security Council.
But the most interesting part of Mr.
Krock's column is the composite he drew
up of comments "made by persons inter-
viewed by this correspondent who par-
ticipated in the drafting of the treaty in
1954." This composite of their com-
ments included the following points:
The reservation requiring constitu-
tional processes in the case of action was
written into the treaty at Secretary
Dulles' insistence in order to put the
other signatories on notice that the final
decision to make war was vested in Con-
gress.
Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos are not
parties and the signatories are not bound
to them. They were added to the treaty
area by a protocol-not for their bene-
fit but for the benefit of the signatories.
Our trouble in Vietnam is that we have
not been proceeding under the treaty,
but going it alone.
I think that Mr. Krock's reference to
the sudden rediscovery of SEATO is most
apt. The latest memorandum of law is-
sued by the Department of State on this
subject was, as far as I am aware, dated
March 8, 1965. It was entitled "Legal
Basis for United States Action Against
North Vietnam." This statement does
not mention SEATO. Several days be-
fore the memorandum was published, the
Department of State issued a statement
that South Vietnam and the United
States were engaged in a collective de-
fense under the inherent right of indi-
vidual and collective self-defense re-
corded in article 51 of the United Na-
tions Charter. SEATO was not men-
tioned.
I believe that Mr. Krock has analyzed
clearly and objectively a point of consti-
tutional law. In this case it is the power
of Congress to make war~,that is involved.
it is time to rediscover our Constitu-
tion, just as Mr. Rusk has rediscovered
SEATO.
I ask unanimous consent to have Mr.
Krock's column for March 6 printed in
the RECORD at the conclusion of these re-
marks, as exhibit 1.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
PROXMIRE in the chair). Without ob-
jection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. MORSE. I also ask unanimous
consent to have printed as exhibit 2 an
editorial from the St. Louis Post-Dis-
patch of March 6 entitled "Agreement
with Peiping?"
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 2.)
Mr. MORSE. As the editorial points
out, those seeking to downgrade and dis-
count the proposals of the Senator from
Arkansas [Mr. FULSRICHTI for a neutrali-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE March, 190r,
zation of southeast Asia are the same
pcople who profess adherence to the. Ge-
neva agreement of 1954 on behalf of the
hinted States. The very purpose of that
alp;reement was, of course, to neutralize a
la..?gc area of southeast Asia-Indochina.
We gave li,pscrvice to it even as we began
vi:aating it. Now, our Government offi-
cials try to discredit the whole idea even
though they are fighting a war for ob-
jcotives that are supposed to bring about
a ?eturn to the 1954 agreement.
b'in.ally, I ask unanimous consent to
hsve printed as exhibit 3 an editorial
from the Washington Post of today,
March 9, entitled "hatchet Job."
file PRESIDING OFFICER. Wit:trout
of jection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 3.)
Mr. MORSE. The editorial comments
on the calculated, planned operation to
rirl the State Department of a liberal
cfiil chnldcr, Mr. Abba Schwartz. It is
nit to be wondered at, of course, that a
State Department managed by Dean
li,usk, George Bell, William Bundy.. and
'Plsomas Mann cannot tolerate nien in its
midst who believe in freedom to travel
and freedom of ideas, as a part of Amer-
ican foreign policy formulation.
I do not agree for a moment with the
Post's explanation that Mr. Schwartz
was a victim of McCarthyism on the Hill.
Ile is a victim of McCarthvism's residue
in the State Department. Perhaps the
legacy of the McCarthy era on the Hill
is involved in that it deprived the Arneri-
can Department of State of most of its
tap men who were willing to think in
terms of optimum freedom rather than
optimum security in its most narrow and
limited sense.
I'he hetchetmen who did in Mr.
Schwartz are in the administration, and
particularly in the Department of State.
I wish there were something Congress
could do about it; but as with our China
policy, which is another product of the
residue from McCarthyism in the State
Department, I am not very hopeful.
FXrrn3TT 1.
From the New York Times, Mar. 6, 19661
'.PTIE i(Iin!'FN REDrscovEny of SEATO
3y Arthur Krock)
`VAsTTING'roN, March 5.-The citation by
Secretary of State Rusk of the Southeast
Ada Treaty of 1954 .as the fundamental
source of President Johnson's authority to
commit the. United States to whatever ex-
penditure of manpower and treasure be
deems "necessary" to sustain the w.r in
Vietnam was a shift of emphasis by the
administration. And the reason is as plain
as the ground is weak.
The reason was that influential ;senatorial
voices were rising in protest against the
administration's oft-reiterated claim that
the President:'s open ended commitment in
Vietnam. derives from the so-called Gulf of
Tonkin concurrent resolution approved by
Co;gress in 1964.
','*he voices arose from Senators who had
been given officially to understand at the
time that, the resolution would not he so
construed by the administration, and some
I,f them had stated this reservation in voting
Ins the measure. It was in the presence of
this disturbance that Rusk, in the course of
hiss testimony before the Senate Committee
on Foreign Relations, fell back on the treaty
ns a sworn national obligation which the
President Is executing with steadily mount-
ing employment of armed force.
ARGUMENT DAMAGED
This belated argument has since been
badly damaged in the critical analysis to
which ii has been sub ected. Mr. Johnson
app earec. to recognize its vulner, bility when
he i.nter.so+=ecl in the debate a reminder that
ho is als_a Commander in Chief o[ the armed
forces, and believes thin role gives him the
obl Igatir n ar; well as the power to make
: uc i use. of these forces as he considers es-
cential to preserve the national se urity when
he adjudges it to stand in peril.
'l'houeli there are impressive constitutional
orialleng^s of this ir,terpretatio!i of Com-
inender in Chief power when the United
:sates i,; root: formally at war, :t has been
esto.bi isi cd in previous practice. And the
iiupreme Court has dismissed all such chal-
len es which have reached it far review.
The acLial consequences are tacit (1) any
President can involve too Nation in war and
maintain It there indefinitely without the
lorma.l declaration which the Cori. aitution re-
icrves as an exclusive power of C