VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400090013-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 20, 2005
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: July 12, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

14530
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE July 12, 1966
and I commend the resolution to my
colleagues for their endorsement.
Whether we like it or not, this Nation
and this globe are faced with water prob-
lems which could spell the end to civil-
ization as we know it-and, if we are to
solve these problems, we are going to
have to explore all' avenues of research,
supply, re-use, and conservation. It Is
time that we begin.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, the name of the Senator from
Utah will be added as a cosponsor of
the joint resolution.
NOTICE OF HEARING ON NOMINA-
TION OF FRANK Di LUZIO TO BE
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE
INTERIOR
Mr. JACKSON. Mr. President, the
Committee on Interior and Insular Af-
fairs on July 20 will conduct a hearing
on the nomination of Frank Di Luzio to
be Assistant Secretary of the Interior.
President Johnson on July 5 nominated
Mr. Di Luzio to be in charge of water
resources research, water pollution, and
similar water programs in the Depart-
ment of the Interior.
The hearing will begin at 10 o'clock
a.m. In Room 3110 of the New Senate
Office Building.
Mr. Di Luzio, of_,Kensington, Md., was
staff director of the Senate Committee
on Aeronautical and Space Sciences from
April 1963, until his appointment as Di-
rector' of the Office of Saline Water in
December 1964. In the new position, he
would continue to supervise the saline
water program.
REPUBLICAN CALL FOR HIGHER
TAXES ECONOMICALLY WRONG
AND UNSOUND
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, yes-
terday a group of eminent Republicans
contended that if the administration or
the Congress were to increase spending
then Federal taxes should be Increased.
Mr. President, there will be substantial
opportunities for the Congress to cut
spending in various construction pro-
grams, the space programs, and else-
where without seriously impeding the
national defense, or the building of a
better America and a better world.
There may. have been a time for a
cross-the-board tax hike. In fact, a
.strong case can be made against the
action of the last Congress in 1964 re-
ducing taxes by some $11 billion.
But, Mr. President, the economic case
against a tax increase today is very
strong indeed. Opposition to a tax in-
crease right now is a matter of solid
economic sense, not political advantage.
President Johnson is right in not calling
for a tax increase.
This morning's newspapers reported
that unemployment continues at 4 per-
cent, well above the February low of 3.7
percent.
To raise taxes when unemployment is
not declining is not only bad 'economics,
This morning's newspapers reported
that wholesale prices were stable again
last month. They remain at virtually
the same level they reached, in February.
That is 6 months of stability. And it is
clear that wholesale prices lead, and to
a very considerable extent determine, re-
tail prices.
Last month retail prices, the Consumer
Price Index, rose only one-tenth of 1
percent, a figure the economists call not
statistically significant.
Mr. President consider what 51 of the
Nation's economists in Government, la-
bor unions, industrial corporations, uni-
versities and research organizations, in-
vestment firms, and commercial bank-
ing said in reply to a midyear question-
naire by Financial Commentator J. A.
Livingston.
Do they expect an out-of-control
booming economy, runaway inflation?
First they expect a tapering off-that
is right, a tapering off in the rate of
growth of the economy.
The second half increase this year will
be 2.8 percent, followed by an increase
of 2.6 percent in the first half and 2.2
percent in the second half of 1967. This
is an increase in the gross national prod-
uct. This increase will be achieved, ac-
cording to these economists, without
major inflation. The economists are bet-
ting that the cost of living will rise only
4 percent during the 18 months. There
is solid statistical support for this
position.
The weekly hours of work, according
to economic indicators, were: February,
41.6; March, 41.5; April, 41.5; and May,
41.4. It is clear that our work force is
expanding and it is unnecessary for us
to have as much overtime as in the past.
Weekly earnings were the same in May
as they had been in April. There is no
indication that they increased last
month.
Total industrial production has been
rising since March at about one-half of
the rate in 1963. Installment credit in-
creased last month by the lowest amount
since 1965. The stock market is down.
Sensitive commodities, according to labor
statistics, indicate we are more likely to
have a falloff.
All of these statistics, together with
be a serio
se, and that it would
for the President to
Congress to adopt it.
standing to the confusing flow of events
in Vietnam. The articles do not make
pleasant reading but they are well worth
the attention not only of the readers of
the Post-Dispatch but of all thoughtful
Americans and of the Senate and the
officials of the Government who have re-
sponsibilities involving Vietnam. I ask
unanimous consent that the series of five
articles previously referred to be included
at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
"REVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTS," VIETNAM
PACIFICATION VENTURE, RAISES SOME SERI-
OUS DOUBTS-MILD BUREAUCRATIC SCRAM-
BLE GOING ON AMONG U.S. OFFICIALS To
TAKE PART IN NEWEST EFFORT OF "OTHER
WAR"
(By Richard Dudman)
(NOTE.-Richard Duciman has just re-
turned from a two-month assignment in
Viet Nam covering the political crisis and
military developments. It was his third as-
signment there since 1962. This is the third
in a series of articles on the situation, and
prospects.)
WASHINGTON, July 6.-"Revolutionary de-
velopment," the latest pacification program
in Viet Nam, has received heavy promotion
and has stirrred great expectations but its
test of performance still lies ahead. The
prospects appear only marginal.
This "other war" was given a strong send-
off by President Lyndon B. Johnson when
he told the South Viet Namese leaders at
Honolulu that he was "determined not only
to achieve victory over aggression, but to win
victory over hunger, disease and despair."
So far, the chief result of the Honolulu
meeting has been a political crisis that para-
lyzed much of the pacification and military
effort for three months.
But so much money and importance have
been given to the program that there has
been something of a bureaucratic scramble
among officials of the Embassy, the Agency
for International Development, the Infor-
mation Service and the Central Intelligence
Agency, each trying to get a big piece of it.
In a place where careers can easily be de-
stroyed, there is a feeling that reputations
can be made in the Revolutionary Develop-
ment business.
On paper, the new program shows great
promise and .is a big improvement over the
old "strategic hamlets" and .the various
other plans for organizing the population
and ferreting out the Vie', Cong.
The new plan calls for a combination of
self-defense, good government, economic aid,
welfare assistance and population and com-
modity control to cut off support to the
insurgency.
The first 90-day class of 4800 cadres fin-
ished training a month ago at a special
school run by Viet Namese officers assisted
by the CIA at Vung Tao. Plans call for
training 20,000 this year and eventually 150,-
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, 000 of these pacification agents.
there has appeared recently in the St. They learn techniques of paramilitary de-
Louis Post-Dispatch a series of five arts- _ fense and rural organization as well as such
political tricks as how to spread rumors, how
Washington correspondent, Mr. Richard
Dudman.
Mr. Dudman has made a number of
journeys to Vietnam and southeast Asia
in recent years. At the end of each, he
has reported his firsthand observations
in articles of exceptional candor, objec-
tivity, and balance. Subsequent develop-
ments have frequently attested to the
accuracy of Mr. Dudman's reporting and
to the acuteness of his perceptions.
The present series of articles helps to
bring a measure of order and under-
to set up demonstrations, and how to
counter antigovernment or anti-American
demonstration when, say, a friendly village
has been bombed by mistake.
Perhaps the most important part of the
course is an effort to implant patriotism in a
hurry. This political motivation training in-
cludes drills in Viet Namese slogans, songs
and in the history of the nation's heroes.
Discussion groups cover French colonialism,
the history of the Diem regime, past govern-
ment mistakes, third-country assistance, and
the reason for United States Intervention.
(Group leaders describe the United States
and South Viet Nam as two houses in the
it is cruel.
But the advocates of a tax hike argued
yesterday that without such action, the
country will suffer inflation.
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July 12, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 14529
the government of such Member State has Unsafe water causes the death of 5 finally formulated, will be presented to
agreed to take appropriate steps, within a million children per year and incapa- Congress for its consideration. It is, I
reasonable time, for the restoration of con- citates another 500 million people. The am told, based on the premise that the
eonal government, the holding of free
elections, and the application of human and problems of famine are increasing, and interests of the United States in a peace-
civil rights and liberties within such Mem- increased water supplies are needed fill world are paramount, that water is a
her State."' merely to maintain current starvation global problem, and that all nations
WATER FOR PEACE-ADDITIONAL
COSPONSOR OF JOINT RESOLU-
TION
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, since the
beginning of time, the people who have
inhabited the western portion of this
continent have been faced with one cen-
tral, controlling fact of existence: With-
out water there can be no progress, no
peace, and, indeed, no life itself. The
pueblo ruins preserved in Mesa Verde
National Park bear silent witness that,
even during the days when Mongol
hordes were invading Europe, water was
the life blood in what is now the western
part of the United States-and drought
meant death, destruction, and decay.
We of the American West have learned
this grim lesson, and we have learned the
lessons of water conservation. We have
been frugal and thoughtful in making
do with that which we had.
Just a few short years ago it was the
common belief that only the western half
of America had any water problems.
There was plenty of water east of the
Mississippi River-all you had to do was
turn on the tap.
Yet, today, the northeastern part of
this Nation-where o;le-third of our
population live and work-is entering
the fifth year of the most severe drought
in the history of the region. Our Great
Lakes are dying of pollution, and every
major river system, east and west, suffers
under growing loads of pollutants.
We are gearing to clean up the mess
we have made of our water resources.
Hopefully, there is still time.
In 1963, Congress enacted the Land
and Water Conservation Act-basically
a recreation measure with water conser-
vation benefits. In 1964, we approved the
Water Resources Research Act. In 1965,
we passed the Water Resources Planning
Act, and the Water Pollution Control
Act, and we accelerated the program to
desalt ocean and brackish waters. The
Clean Rivers Act of 1966 has received
committee approval, and will be before
this body later on this week.
Meanwhile, the old, established water
programs continue. The 60-year-old re-
clamation program moves on to develop
the water resources of the west, and the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers presses
ahead with its active program of civil
workers throughout the Nation.
The water picture throughout the
world is as equally distressing as the one
levels in many lands-much less improve should contribute their fair share to im-
the quality of life. prove the lot of all nations.
The impact of population growth alone In addition to a substantive, long-term
on water resources is frightening. From program to achieve the goal of water for
the beginning of time to the birth of mankind, President Johnson has planned
Christ, the total' world population was an International Conference on Water
one-quarter of a billion people. Eighteen for Peace-a conference which could
hundred and thirty years later, the easily be the most important of this gen-
world's population stood at 1 billion. A eration. This meeting, however, will be
century later, this figure doubled-and,
in the past 36 years, another billion peo-
ple have been added. By 1980, it is esti-
mated that 4 billion people will live on
this planet, and that by the beginning of
the 21st century there will be 6 billion.
Yet, there is no more water on this
planet than there was when the pharaohs
built the pyramids, when Hannibal
crossed the Alps, or when Christ was
crucified.
Obviously, something must be done.
While there are billions more people than
at the dawn of creation, there is not a
single additional drop of water. The
stake that this world has in water can-
not be understated. For centuries, man
has been trying to find ways to supply
himself with water and to use it properly.
Where he has failed, the consequences
have been tragic because a thirsty man is
also a hostile man. If history teaches
any lesson, it has taught us that no
civilization has climbed on a falling water
table, on polluted streams, or on and
acres.
Mr. President, last October, President
Johnson called for a water for peace pro-
gram. In addressing the first interna-
tional symposium, the President said:
Since the beginning of time, fresh water
has been one of humanity's precious needs.
For it, wars have been fought. Without it,
whole civilizations have vanished from the
earth.... Our generation can end all that.
We have the power-the power of science.
But if we are to use that power effectively,
we must work together. The earth's water
belongs to all mankind. Together, we must
find ways to make certain that every nation
has its share, and that there is enough for
all.
Today, I want to announce the beginning
of a "Water for Peace Program." Under this
new program, we will join in a massive, co-
operative, international effort to find solu-
tions for man's water problems. The United
States is prepared to contribute its share of
the resources needed for an international
crash program to deal with world water re-
sources. We ask other nations to join with
us now in pursuit of a common objective--
water for all humanity. Let future genera-
tions remember us as those who freed man
forever from his most ancient and dreaded
enemies, drought and famine.
at home. Some 90 percent of the people Responding to the President's initia;
in the less developed nations lack ade- tive, Secretary of the Interior Stewart L.
quate water service or are being supplied Udall and Secretary of State Dean Rusk
with unsafe water. In 79 of the major joined together to begin this assault on
nations of the world, only 11 percent of humanity's water problems. Task forces
the people have water supply systems representing the finest water resources
rated good or fair. The remaining 89 talent in the Federal Establishment have
percent have unsatisfactory or grossly been working since then to develop a co-
unsatisfactory water supplies. In some operative, international program to
parts of the world, people exist on 3 gal- achieve the objectives of the, Johnson ad-
lons of water per day. ministration. This program, when it Is
more than the usual international meet-
ing for the exchange of technical and
scientific information. Delegates at a
ministerial level will attend the confer-
ence so that specific problems can be
identified and specific action programs
and policies can be discussed. In a cer-
tain sense, the International Conference
on Water for Peace will be the prolog
to a vast, cooperative effort to develop the
water resources of this planet.
This international conference, which
also could be the largest international
meeting held in the Nation's Capital, is
the most effective means of bringing to-
gether representatives of governments to
focus attention of the massive water
problems which we all share in common.
The subject matter to be covered at this
meeting will be extensive:
Municipal and industrial water re-
quirements; urban and rural supply
problems and solutions, including health;
water pollution; water for agriculture
and fisheries; development and manage-
ment of international river basins for
flood control, navigation, hydroelectric
power, water supply, fish and wildlife,
and outdoor recreation; water desalina-
tion, including atomic dual-purpose
plants; collection and dissemination of
scientific data; water re-use; weather
modification; water economics; and in-
ternational water law.
There will be many things that we
will teach-and, equally, there will be
many things we can learn from other
nations in this endeavor.
There are many reasons why I sup-
port the President's water-for-peace
program, and why today I urge my col-
leagues to support the International
Conference on Water for Peace. I will
cite only one:
Despite aggressive efforts, famine
stalks this planet. A 35-percent increase
in world food production is required
merely to keep up with population
growth. Two-thirds of the people of
the world live on an inadequate diet.
This is not a world which we want to
bequeath to the next generation. It is
not a world of which we can be proud.
It is not a world on which we have in-
telligently expended our talents and our
time. It is, rather, a world which be-
speaks of our neglect, our indifference,
and our ignorance.
The distinguished chairman of the
Foreign Relations Committee introduced,
on June 15, Senate Joint Resolution 167
that would authorize President John-
son's International Conference on Water
for Peace. I ask unanimous consent
that my name be added as a cosponsor,
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July 12, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
.e '40- S
same village. The South Viet Namese house stroy" and "search and clear." The old con-
has caught fire. If the fire spreads, the cept of "clear and hold" is being postponed.
American house could burn, too. So the "The oil slick strategy is pretty well down
United States is helping put out the fire the drain," a briefing officer tells newly ar-
now.) rived correspondents. "It was all right when
These first cadres, organized into 59-man all we had was a few guerrillas. Now, with
teams, now have moved into hamlets in rela- all these northern troops coming in, the oil
tively secure areas. Their task is to help slick system isn't worth a damn."
the residents take over their own defense, American combat commanders take pride
root out any Viet Cong agents, govern them- in their growing offensive capability against
selves effectively and support the Saigon gov- enemy units, whenever they can be found.
ernment. After three to five months, when But they concede generally that territory
this job is supposed to be completed in the cannot be held until the South Viet Namese
first group of hamlets, each team will move forces are prepared to follow up with occu-
on to another hamlet and begin again there. pation of the ground. This has happened-
Subteams are assigned to organize com- only rarely so far.
tnunity defense, handle political indoctrina- Apparent progress in the heavily populated
tion and help the people get available public Mekong delta, where ground fighting still
services from the government. Is a South Viet Namese monopoly is largely
The key to success is a six-man census- the result of local accommodations between
grievance subteam, which studies and reports Viet Cong and government commanders.
on the economic level, political beliefs, re- Neither pushes the other too hard.
ligious affiliation, aspirations and complaints As a result, when a political action team
of every family in the hamlet. Information distributes blankets, rubber sandals and
is gathered through a confidential interview bulgur (parched, cracked) wheat in a hamlet,
every 10 days with every person in the ham- it sometimes is taken for granted that Viet
let over 10 years old. Cong agents will come in the night and
A tacit quid pro quo is the real significance demand half of the new supplies.
of the census-grievance group. It serves as As the war intensifies, United States forces
an intelligence unit. In return for protec- rely increasingly on bombs and artillery.
tion, help, sympathy and advice, the hamlet Commanders concede that targets sometimes
residents are expected to tell which of their are selected on inaccurate or outdated in-
neighbors are or might be working for the telligence, so that whatever Viet Cong were
Viet Cong. present have filed. Much of the artillery
Subsequent investigations are intended to fire is "harassing and interdiction" fire aimed
prevent mistakes, as when someone tagged as merely at likely places of enemy travel and
a Viet Cong agent actually is an undercover concentration with the results unobserved.
government agent or has been accused falsely Much of the bombing and shelling is simply
because of personal or factional malice. at the request of Viet Namese commanders,
Despite official enthusiasm for this new with no independent American check on the
pacification effort, serious doubts and reser- validity of the targets.
vations are expressed privately even by some A pattern is emerging in which bombs and
of the men most dedicated to trying to make shells pound the countryside, civilians are
it succeed. encouraged and helped to move to the cities
The very ballyhoo that has surrounded as refuges, and anybody left in an area is
the program is cause for some misgiving. assumed to be hostile. When all resistance
Some of these officials urge that it be con- has been smashed, the idea is that the people
sidered a 10-year effort, not a quick formula will be transplanted back and helped,
for victory. through revolutionary development, 'along
"Don't ask us to show any results at all the road to pacification.
in the first two years," said one. "The time The immediate military objective has come
to begin to judge success or failure will be to be to kill the Viet Cong-or, as a Viet
about four years from now. Namese general kept shouting at a recent
"We'll have all kinds of problems at first. cocktail party, "zap the V.C.1 zap the V.C.!"
Some of the cadres will be terrible. Some of . Some of the men most deeply involved in
them will rape, loot, steal, extort and try to making Revolutionary Development work
live like kings. Some will turn out to be Viet consider that the military and pacification
Cong agents, infiltrated into the program as efforts are working at cross purposes. They
provocateurs." believe that mounting civilian casualties
The wholesale nature of the program and the destruction of the social fabric of
arouses some doubts also. An official asks, the countryside help the Viet Cong more
"Where are we going to find 150,000 cadres than they help build an effective non-Com-
when we are already short of administrators munist society.
to run the government and even recruits for One of the officials most widely respected
the army?" as a pacification expert would like to see a
There is a question also, whether this in- prohibition on all artillery fire on unobserved
stant patriotism can be achieved among a targets and all bombing and shelling based
mixture that includes former strategic ham- merely on intelligence reports,
let cadres under the Diem regime and mem- "Killing the Viet Cong is not the answer,"
bers of political and religious factions that he says. "The answer is to give Viet Nam a
often fear and distrust one another more government and an economy that will com-
than the Communists. pete with the Viet Cong."
14531
But Gen. Thi wanted no medical treatment.
In dismissing him, Premier Nguyen Cao Ky
had said that Thi suffered from a nose ail-
ment, apparently referring to Thi's chronic
sinus trouble. Thi later made a joke of the
matter and said that his only nose trouble
was that the political maneuvering smelled
bad. -
To plot-minded Viet Namese, Gen. West-
moreland's letter looked like part of a scheme
to break the political power of the Buddhists
in the country's northernmost provinces.
They already had assumed that President
Lyndon B. Johnson's meeting with Ky at
Honolulu had included a secret understand-
ing that the United States would keep Ky
in power indefinitely. Indeed; Ky began act-
ing as if he had such a guarantee.
Actually, Westmoreland's invitation was
doubtless merely a generous gesture to a
fellow officer. And President Johnson cer-
tainly made no under-the-table deal with Ky
at Honolulu.
But the events of the three-month politi-
cal crisis that was touched off by Thi's dis-
missal suggest that the United States since
then advised and assisted Ky in subduing
the Buddhist political movement.
American planes moved three Viet Namese
battalions to De Nang for the first nearly
disastrous confrontation with dissident
troops. American advisers accompanied the
loyal battalions when they returned in May
to besiege the pagodas and smash the rebel-
lion.
Later in Hue, American officers took part
in marathon meetings that eventually led
to the use of combat police and Viet Namese
marines and airborne troops to move Bud-
dhist altars out of the streets, arrest the ring-
leaders and suppress the anti-government
movement. American planes carried the
troops.
There have been deep disagreements among
American officials in Viet Nam over what
could and should be done about the Bud-
dhist dissidents.
Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge was said
to have given some sort of cautious ap-
proval to the dismissal of Thi, whom the
embassy in Saigon regarded as an ambitious
troublemaker who was soft on the Buddhists.
But Americans who worked with Thi in
Hue and Da Nang considered him one of the
country's most effective military leaders and
one of the few persons who could deal
effectively with the Buddhists there.
"Getting rid of him was the worst blunder
of the war," a high United States Marine of-
ficer said. "I don't know if this country has
any patriots, but mile the nearest thing to
one I've seen."
Aids of Lt. Gen. Lewis W. Walt, commander
of Marine forces in Viet Nam, with headquar-
ters in Da Nang, said he felt that he had been
stabbed in the back.
The Embassy was shocked at the uproar
over This dismissal. There was a scramble
as officials tried to escape any responability
for the move. They all but washed their
hands of Ky, giving him less than a 50-50
chance. One said, "We're ready to take him
by the hand and go to the cliff's edge, but
we're not going over the precipice with him."
They advised Ky strongly to give in to Bud-
dhist demands for early national elections.
Then, as Ky toughened his stand and showed
signs of surviving, the dominant view at the
embassy came to be that the young air
force commander offered the best chance of
stability. With American encouragement, he
made it clear that he would remain in power
at least a year longer and that the elections
set for Sept. 11 would merely choose dele-
gates to draft a constitution.
ernmost provinces have been drawn largely
DISAGREEMENT BY U.S. OFFICIALS OVER THE
from the Viet Nam Quoc Daa Dang, a politi- OUSTER OF GENERAL THI AND SUPPRESSION
cal party that bitterly opposes the majority of BUDDHISTS-SOME CONSIDER OFFICER'S
Buddhist movement there. DISMISSAL AS BAD BLUNDER THAT LED TO
About all, there is a question of conflict POLITICAL DIFFICULTIES IN VIET NAM
between the pacification program and the (By Richard Dudman)
changing nature of the military effort.
The announced strategy line calls for mils- WASHINGTON.-The day after Maj. Gen.
tary action to extend the area of government Nguyen Chanh Thi was dismissed as com-
control gradually. Behind this widening se- mander of South Viet Nam's First Corps, Gen.
curity screen, the revolutionary develop- William C. Westmoreland invited him to go
ment program is intended to proceed with to the United States for a medical checkup
pacification. and treatment.
But the military effort is increasingly aimed "If this offer appeals to you, I wish you
at breaking the back of North Viet Namese would let me know and I will immediately
and main force Viet Cong armies. Methods make all the necessary arrangements," West-
being used are increasingly "search and de- moreland wrote.
Two broad assumptions
embassy decision.
First, the dominant view of the Viet Cong
is that it lacks the essentials of the powerful
nationalistic movements like the National
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 14532
Liberation Front in Algeria. Instead, the
Viet Cong is seen as relying solely on coercion
and terror and not at all on persuasion.
The second assumption is that the militant
leaders of the Buddhist political movement
are acting in the interests of the Viet Cong,
if they are not actually the agents of the
Communist-led conspiracy.
Thus the Viet Cong are considered to pose
no political threat. Even if they did, the
Buddhist movement is seen as no proper force
to oppose it.
One high official speculated that the Sep-
tember elections would show a 10 to 12 per
cent Viet Cong vote and a 35 to 40 per cent
Buddhist vote. "If you take them together,
that's a dangerous combination," he said.
Independent inquiry suggests that these
assumptions are nonsense. A dissenting view
expressed privately by some American officials
in Viet Nam seems to fit the facts of the
situation better.
In this view, the Viet Cong movement is
truly a political force, the most powerful
in the country. Although it does increas-
ingly use terror and coercion, it continues
to attract considerable willing support and
manpower by posing as the defender of the
people against government corruption and
colonialist intervention.
The Buddhist movement, say these dis-
senters, is the second most powerful political
force in a country that is about 80 per cent
nominally Buddhist. It overthrew the Diem
regime and several subsequent governments
and came close to toppling Ky.
Contrary to some reports, only a small mi-
nority of the Buddhist leaders sympathize
with the Viet Cong or even would consider
negotiating with the guerrilla movement.
Most Buddhists among many who have been
gaestioned on the point are vehemently
anti-Communist. Their belief. seems to be
not that they could make peace with the
enemy, but that a government in which they
were well represented could be more effective
In fighting the enemy.
Even Thich Tri Quang, the most militant
of the Buddhist stategists, until recently de-
scribed his anti-Americanism as nothing
more than a tactical device and spoke
strongly against the Communists.
More recently, embittered over the shoot-
ing of monks and nuns in Da Nang, he said
he had come to hate America and might
reach the point of warning his followers that
unless the U.S. troops departed every Viet
Namese woman would become a prostitute.
Allowing for a politician's exaggeration, it
must be conceded that prostitution in Viet
Nam is increasing rapidly. Other grievances
Include mounting inflation, overcrowded
cities, uncollected garbage on the main
streets of Saigon, and massive traffic jams as
military vehicles, motorbikes, pedicabs and
big American automobiles of newly rich Viet
Namese try to bluff their way through the
shoddy, bursting capital.
More moderate Buddhist leaders differ as to
tactics but agree as to objectives. They
want representative government, an end to
favoritism and corruption, and, as soon as
possible, an end to the war.
They want to drive out the Communists,
but they object to having their country used
as a practice field for counterinsurgency
operations. They object also to what they
see as outside control of the issue of war and
peace.
If these goals and objections seem con-
tradictory and fuzzy minded, that does not
mean that the Buddhists are dominated by
the Viet Cong. Even the student mob that
sacked and burned the American library
and the consulate in Hue was essentially an
extremist nationalist group, infiltrated by
the Viet Cong no more than militant civil
rights groups in the United States are in-
filtrated by the Communists.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE July 12, 1966
The failure of the Buddhists to overthrow "friendly" deaths by five or 10. Afterwards,
the Ky government probably is partly a re- the men making the actual count just go
sult of Ky's forceful use of police and troops through the motions to reach the predeter-
and also of a deep belief by many Buddhists mined total.
including most of their leaders in the im- An American lieutenant colonel with long
portance of patience and nonviolence. experience as an adviser to Viet Namese
The outlook for the elections is that Ky forces says that their totals for enemy sol-
will make wide use of his promise to exclude diers killed are frequently inflated.
pro-Communists and "neutralists" and con- "It's a case of accurate reporting of false
trive to maintain his military clique in information," he says. "American officers
power. get the figures from Viet Namese officers? who
of temporary stability may well he that the
best potential anti-Communist political force
is being either destroyed or driven into die-
hard anti-Americanism.
WASHINGTON AGAIN IS MUCH MORE OPTIMISTIC
THAN SAIGON OVER PROSPECT OF ENDING
WAR SOON-DIFFERENCE PARTLY THE RESULT
OF FALSE STATISTICS
(By Richard Dudman)
WASHINGTON, July 7.-Once again, Wash-
ington is being far more optimistic than is
Saigon about the war in Viet Nam.
The current hopeful mood here, encour-
aged. by the White House, the Department of
State and the Pentagon-with assurances
that this time they really mean it--scarcely
matches the general view in Saigon that a
long war lies ahead.
Part of the explanation for this discrep-
ancy lies in a falsity in the statistics used
to paint ,a rosy picture of progress.
Another part is a pair of serious omis-
sions in the flood of figures that makes this
the most high quantified war in history.
Still another part of the explanation is a
number of influences and pressures that
cause many of those along the chain of in-
formation reporting to accentuate the posi-
tive and eliminate the negative.
The statistics in question are the enemy
"body count" and the "kill ratio," two im-
portant yardsticks by which progress Is meas-
ured in the military effort to destroy the
Viet Cong guerrilla organization and its rein-
forcements fam North Viet Nam.
As every military operation progresses,
Americans on the scene give their headquar-
ters in Saigon a daily report of how many
enemy soldiers have been killed. Most com-
mands also keep tally of the "K.B:A." (killed
by air) estimate, generally a higher figure,.
for their own records. They also estimate
how many enemy bodies may have been
dragged away. But the kill totals reported
to Saigon are supposed to be not an estimate
but a true figure based on actual count of
bodies.
Any overstatement of the number of enemy
troops killed improves the kill ratio, which
is a weekly figure obtained by ` comparing
Allied killed in action with enemy killed in
action.
Although some commands are conscien-
tious in making the count and some battles
are more conducive than others to this score
keeping, many of the men doing the fighting
acknowledge freely that the "body count" is
partly fiction.
One clear indication that this is the case
is the fact that reports of enemy prisoners
of war often break them down into Viet
Cong and "Viet Cong suspects," whereas
there is no such breakdown for bodies.
"We kill no suspects," said a high-ranking
American information officer in Saigon.
"When they're dead, they're VC."
Some officers and enlisted men insist that
their body counts are scrupulously accurate.
Others tell of instances where men, women
and children have been included in the
totals, In somhe cases, they point out, bodies ever possible the people will be warned of
are almost indistinguishable after a bomb- impending air-strikes or operations by leaf-
ing, artillery or napalm attack. lets and broadcasts."
Other instances are cited by men who par- But an Army information officer In Saigon
ticipate in these counts, in which a quota is says that warnings allowed the Viet Cong to
set in advance, obtained by multiplying escape and are now given only infrequently.
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get them third of fourth hand from Viet
Namese sources. At each level, there is a
tendency to minimize the bad news and ex-
aggerate the good news."
A high official of the Agency for Interna-
tional Development gives reason to doubt the
rising totals for the "open arms" program
for enemy defectors. He says that a sizable
number of them disappear after being fed
and clothed for a few weeks in the relatively
comfortable amnesty camps.
"We believe that the Viet Cong is using
the open arms program for their own R. and
R," he says.
("R and R" Is American military slang for
the rest and recreation program under which
each U.S. military man gets a week's :leave
in Hong Kong or Bangkok or some other place
to break his year's tour of duty.)
Official insistence on the absolute accuracy
of such figures makes it difficult to learn the
extent of these exaggerations in official sta-
tistics.
One of the omissions in the statistical pic-
ture is caused by a flat prohibition on re-
porting of allied casualties in any individual'
engagement. As a result, a dispatch must
say, for example that 381 Viet Cong were
killed, and American and Viet Namese casu-
alties were "light," "moderate," or "heavy."
Figures on the American and Viet Namese
casualties are given out only in weekly totals.
A correspondent in the field often can learn
the exact number of allied casualties. But
reporting them in a dispatch is grounds for
suspension of this accreditation.
The men on the ground sometimes com-
plain that when a platoon or company is vir-
tually wiped out the casualties are called
"moderate" by diluting them in total losses
for the entire company or battalion.
It is clear that the system tends to lessen
the public impact of American and Viet
Namese government, defeats. The reason
given for imposing it last year was that pre-
cise figures on Allied casualties would help
the enemy.
The other place where statistics are lack-
ing is in civilian casualties resulting from
bombing and artillery attacks by American
and Viet Namese government forces.
"We don't keep them. Maybe the other
side does," said a briefing officer when ques-
tioned about civilian casualties in an inten-
sive American bombing and shelling attack
in a heavily populated area in Quang Ngai
province. The officer had just given precise
figures on enemy troops whose bodies had
been counted in a subsequent ground sweep.
Comparable figures on civilian casualties,
if kept, would provide a guide to the effec-
tiveness of a directive issued several months
ago by Gen. William C. Westmoreland, Com-
mander of U.S. forces in Viet Nam.
Westmoreland warned that "the use of un-
necessary force leading to noncombatant
casualties in areas temporarily controlled by
the Viet Cong will embitter the population,
drive them into the arms of the Viet Cong,
and make the long-range goal of pacification
more difficult."
+^ The directive also said: "With due regard
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x;,.42, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
M We require a report from~some Viet
^*amesa official in the area-a province chief
or a district chief-that the people in the
target zone are all unfriendly," he said. "We
give a warning only when we're after some-
thing other than personnel, like an enemy
ammunition factory, when we don't care
whether the people get out or not."
Maj. Gen. James Humphreys, assistant
director for health at the American aid mis-
sion in Viet Nam, says there are times when
there are a great many more civilian casual-
ties than military casualties in this war. He
says, however, that sometimes the civilian
casualties are less.
Among the less tangible influences on in-
formation about the war is the one-year tour
of duty for military men. Whatever its
merits for service morale, it has the disad-
vantage of giving an individual little perspec-
tive for judging progress In carrying on the
war. He sometimes believes he is liberating.
a hamlet or clearing a road that has been
in Viet Cong hands for 20 years, whereas the
same hamlet or road was classed as secure
as recently as three years ago.
As a result, says a lieutenant colonel who
llas been in Viet Nam for many years, there
is a tendency to look on the bright side and
send up the "positive" reports that are gen-
erally more pleasing to superiors.
"We live in what sociologists call a success-
oriented society," says this officer. "Opti-
mism and positive reporting may work well
In running a corporation, but out here they
just bring delusion and perpetuation of
errors."
Civilian administrators who do not share
the official optimism tend to keep their
thoughts to themselves. Some of these say
privately that it would not be good for their
careers to let their doubts and reservations
show up in their reports.
The comment is sometimes heard that it
would be unwise to resign or ask for transfer
because that would mark a man as a dis-
senter, and dissent in Viet Nam is akin to
disloyalty. The way to keep a career intact
iLto look on the bright side.
NEW QUESTIONS AFTER ESCALATION Or WAR-
THus FAR UNITED STATES HAS WON ONLY A
STALEMATE `
(By Richard Dudman)
WASHINGTON, July 2,-The best that can be
said for the massive American military build-
up in South Viet Nam over the last year is
that it has achieved a military stalemate.
The new escalation-bombing the all In-
stallations at Hanoi and Haiphong-thus
must be counted as another effort to use
American armed might to break this stale-
mate.
Earlier such efforts have failed to break
the stalemate. They included the use of
American troops for general offensive com-
bat, intensified bombing in North and South
Viet Nam, and the landing of additional
American forces as fast as possible short of
mobilization of the reserves.
What the American escalation achieved
as early as last fall was to avert imminent
military defeat. United States officials who
denied early last year that the Viet Cong
guerrillas were winning now say that Amer-
ican combat forces entered the war barely
in time to prevent the utter collapse of the
South Viet Namese army.
What the escalation has failed to do is
to show any solid tread toward victory.
A reporter returning to Viet Nam after a
year's absence notices two things above all.
First, overwhelming American military
strength has removed any question of mili-
tary defeat. Whehever enemy troops mass
for an attack, their defeat is virtually auto-
matic. American artillery, bombs and troops
are brought to bear so quickly that the Com.
munist fortes must resort to hit-and-run
tactics. To stand and fight means annihila-
tion.
Additional armed power, as yet unused, is
on hand to back up possible future decisions.
American aircraft carriers on station off the
Viet Namese coast carry a wide range of nu-
clear weapons. Marines clear the hangar
decks of all unauthorized persons during reg-
ular loading drills using nuclear bombs.
The second major point is that, despite
constant pounding by the tremendous Amer-
ican military machine, the Communist forces
are at least holding their own or perhaps do-
ing a little better than that.
Roughly 10 per cent of the land area of
South Viet Nam, about the same as a year
ago, is rated under secure government Con-
trol. Even the "secure" areas are subject to
mortar attack, terrorist bombings and forays
by bands of guerrillas.
Nearly half the population lives in these
so-called secure areas, mainly Saigon and
other coastal cities. The rest lives either
under outright Viet Cong domination or in
areas where the guerrillas move with relative
freedom at night.
These population figures, like the area
figures, have changed little in the last year.
Despite figures showing an enemy "kill"
running from 3000 to 6000 a month, Ameri-
can estimates of enemy strength continue to
increase. The Pentagon's current estimate
is 255,000 to 270,000, compared with 230,000
at the first of this year and 106,000 at the
beginning of 1965.
Infiltration from North Viet Nam obviously
accounts for part of the steady net increase
in enemy' strength. But there is much
doubt and disagreement over how the stream
of men and supplies enters South Viet Nam.
The fact that the men and material keep
coming despite heavy bombing of the so-
called Ho Chi Minh trail leads some military
men to suspect that the importance of the
trail is overrated or that other routes may
be more important.
Some officers believe that the hard-surface
road visible from the air amounts to a stage
seta route built for bombing while the
bulk of the traffic moves along parallel paths
obscured by the jungle canopy. The Com-
munist Chinese used that trick in supplying
Viet Namese besieging Dien Bien Phu in 1954.
Others are convinced that much of the
infiltration is by sea, either by landings on
the long, rugged coastline or travel up the
Mekong river, with transfers to sampans
sailed into Viet Nam from Cambodia through
the network of canals and streams that run
through the huge delta.
Navy officers admit the impossibility of
registering the many junks that sail in coast-
wise trade or performing more than a spot
check on their cargoes. Ocean-going ships
steam up the Mekong without any effective
check on their cargoes.
A high Navy officer says: "I wish we could
devise a practical way of controlling infiltra-
tion through the canals. We know there is
relatively free movement between Cambodia
and South Viet Nam. But it would be
suicide to operate small naval vessels in those
canals, since the whole area is under Viet
Cong control."
Another American official suspects that
most of the infiltration Is through Cambodia.
He supposes that no one wants to acknowl-
edge the fact because it would remove the
justification for bombing the routes in Laos
and North Viet Nam.
If the views of the responsible civilian and
military leaders directing the operation in
Viet Nam can be summed up in a few words,
most of them believe that they see slow
progress, that the right formula Is being
devised, and that, given persistence in the
field and patience at home, the country can
eventually be pacified. Estimates range
from several years to as long as 10 years or
more.
A sizable minority, including some highly
placed officials, remains deeply skeptical of
the value of bombs, artillery and napalm in
suppressing what is seen as essentially a po-
14533
litical insurgent movement. This group
doubts that the present formula ever will
succeed.
Few share the optimistic estimate being
circulated by Administration officials in
Washington that the major fighting will be
over by the end of 1967.
Another minority, Including some top
military leaders, had been restless at re-
straints on bombing targets in the Hanoi-
Haiphong area and welcomed the decision
to bomb the oil and gasoline tank farms.
Such slim hopes as there are for an early
end of the conflict rest on the supposition
that more troops and more bombing must
eventually break the will of Hanoi to con-
tinue the fight.
Some observers are impressed by reports
of prisoner interrogation indicating that
captured North Viet Namese now believe
that their side faces defeat. Others con-
cede that enemy morale may be sagging,
but await what they consider a clearer In-
dication, in the form of mass defection of
Communist forces in squad or platoon
strength.
American planes are delivering explosives
at twice the rate of the peak month of the
Korean war. Roughly, 10 tons of explosives
are being fired for every enemy soldier coun-
ted as killed.
American planes make about 100,000
flights a month, including helicopter and
reconnaissance missions. That means be-
tween 10 and 30 flights for every enemy
counted as killed, when combat strikes alone
are considered the ratio is two to three
sorties for each enemy killed.
Officials cite as another indication of fal-
tering enemy morale the fact that the Com-
munists have been avoiding large-scale
confrontations with American forces. But
this trend cuts two ways. American com-
manders continually hope for setlpiece bat-
tles where they can fix an enemy battalion
or regiment as the best chance of smashing
the elusive foe.
As these set-piece battles disappear, am-
bush and terrorism are on the increase. A
Marine regiment commander says that fully
half his casualties are from mines, booby
traps, snipers or poisoned bamboo "pungee
sticks" hidden in grass or shallow water.
The dominant view among responsible
Americans in Viet Nam, even among those
who support the bombing of North Viet Nam,
is that those raids are really a side issue,
They believe that the outcome will be deter-
mined in South Viet Nam.
Heavy emphasis in Washington on Hanoi
as the source of aggression tends to obscure
the fact that the Viet Cong are fighting what
continues to be an important degree a civil
war In South Viet Nam. And through its
political arm, the National Liberation Front,
the Viet Cong continue to operate an effec-
tive shadow government that rules much of
the country.
Viet Namese political leaders in the popu-
lous Mekong delta say that the enemy con-
tinues to collect taxes in rural areas and even
in provincial capitals. They say also that
the Viet Cong continue to recruit troops in
the delta.
As the intensity of the war has increased,
the Viet Cong have resorted increasingly to
coercion in taxing and recruiting troops.
But, particularly in the delta, the guerrilla
force still relies largely on persuasion.
Rice merchants in the big cities have a
grudging respect for the Viet Cong tax col-
lectors. Some of these merchants prefer to
ship rice through solid Viet Cong territory
because the first Communist checkpoint will
give a receipt that will be honored all the
way. The merchants complain that a ship-
ment moving by government controlled route
must pay legal and illegal taxes to govern-
ment collectors over and over again along
the whole route. They find it cheaper to pay
the Viet Cong.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 12,
As the
ear
y
s pass and the war continues to
escalate, Viet Nam is said to demonstrate
ever more clearly the limitations of over-
whelming military power in dealing with a
political insurgency.
YEARS-LONG U.S. BUILD-UP FORECAST; ROLE
OF VIET NAM TROOPS DIMINISHINCu-6000000
AMERICANS MAY BE iw WAR LATE NEXT
YEAR
(By Richard Dudman)
WASHINGTON, July 8.-A G.I. folksinger
was entertaining American officers at An Khe
with a ballad for a popular battalion com-
mander being rotated home at the end of his
year in Viet Nam. This was the refrain:
"So in Viet Nam we will stay,
Forever if need be.
To guard the hopes of freedom
Is our destiny."
The singer's "forever" was artistic exag-
geration, of course, but most indications
suggest that the American military effort in
Viet Nam will require many more American
troops, many more billions of American dol-
lars, and time reckoned not in months but
in years.
Barring collapse of the enemy's will to
fight-an eventuality that still is more hope
than expectation-the direction promises to
be steadily upward in American manpower
commitments, intensity of bombing in South
Viet Nam, intensity of attacks on North Viet
Nam and employment of American com-
bat troops in offensives against the enemy.
American officers on the scene speak in
terms of 400,000 men there by the end of this
year and possibly 600,000 by the end of 1967.
Some speak seriously of needing a total
American buildup of 1,000,000 men.
As the American build-up progresses,
South Viet Namese forces play a relatively
less important role. Some of their units win
American praise, and their heavy casualties
prove that they still are doing a big share
of the fighting. But there is continuing
criticism that they lack aggressiveness and
good leadership and that most of their units
are infiltrated by Viet Cong agents.
Operation Georgia, launched recently
south of Da Nang after supposedly secret
joint planning by U.S. and Viet Namese ma-
rines, was announced in advance by radio
Hanoi.
South Korean forces in Viet Nam, now
numbering about 20,000 and expected to rise
soon to 40,000, are considered first class
troops in aggressiveness, discipline and gen-
eral fighting ability.
"They go through an area and kill every-
thing in sight," says an American officer
recently.
Some American officials believe, however,
that their high "kill ratio"-running up to
20 enemies killed for every Korean killed-
must mean that many noncombatant men,
women and children are counted among the
enemy dead.
The trend is evident that the war is being
taken over by the American forces and to
some extent, by the South Korean forces,
which are financed by the United States.
The base at An Khe, where the ballad
singer sang of staying forever seems to be the
wave of the future for the war in Viet Nam.
It is 160 per cent American operation.
An Khe is headquarters for the American
First Cavalry Division (Air Mobile), which
keeps its helicopter-borne troops out on op-
erations an average of 68 per cent of the
time, hunting and trying to destroy nine
enemy regiments thought to be skulking in
the jungles of the central highlands,
A striking feature of the huge base, which
contains the largest heliport in the world, is
that no Viet Namese national is allowed in-
side.
At most other American bases, Viet Namese
troops guard the perimeter, and there ,are
Viet Namese laborers, truck drivers, cooks,
Waiters, laundrymen, maids and bartenders.
At An Khe, the men of the First Cavalry do
those jobs themselves except when, they can
go off base to the Viet Namese shack town
that has mushroomed outside the gate, to get
their clothes laundered or their trucks
washed.
Officers attribute to this quarantine policy
the fact that An Khe is one of the few bases
never yet infiltrated. Mortar attacks and
satchel-charge raids at other bases are traced
to espionage by Viet Cong agents among the
Viet Namese workers.
Even the security of Route 19, the base's
road link with the coast, is put into the
hands of Americans and South Koreans.
They guard the bridges along the dangerous
stretch of Highway, the explanation being
that South Viet Namese troops can. be used
better elsewhere.
Military leaders speak of sending a similar,
division to the densely populated Mekong
delta, south and west of Saigon, until now
the military responsibility of Viet Namese
government forces.
Although the delta has been considered
well along the way to pacification, the appar-
ent progress now is regarded by some as at-
tributable to tacit agreements by Viet Namese
and Viet Cong local commanders not to
bother each other too much. Eighty per cent
of the Delta's huge rice crop is taxed by the
Viet Cong.
American advisers complain that the Viet
Namese troops, who set up hundreds of
elaborate ambushes every night, chatter and
play their transitor radios so loudly that the
traps rarely are sprung.
The. announced strategy of having Viet
Namese troops move in to hold ground gained
by the Americans is more and more being put
off. The main effort is to use American mili-
tary force to break the back of enemy
strength in the south and to persuade Hanoi
that it should give up the fight.
The latest upward step, considered for
many months before the President ordered it
last week, is the bombing of oil storage de-
pots near Hanoi and Haiphong.
Other steps being discussed include min-
ing the Haiphong harbor, bombing industrial
targets and taking some battleships out of
mothballs and using them to bombard posi-
tions near the coast.
There is serious talk of an American
ground offensive against North Viet Nam.
Some high-ranking officers say this would be
.more likely than the often-mentioned pos-
sibility of a ground offensive from Thailand
across Laos to cut the Ho Chi Minh trail.
Carried to its logical conclusion, the Amer-
icanization of the war could conceivably lead
to a complete American takeover of South
Viet Nam. A widely respected American com- there--and no one can be sure where
manger advocates this course privately in so the spiraling process is going to lead us.
many words. There is no ceiling that appears to hold,
"We should occupy and rule this country," unless it may be that of a "bust," which,
he says, "instead of pretending to respect the of course, none of us would want.
sovereignty of a government that really is These news stories about rising intrest
only temporary and illegal and could change rates collected from one short period of
tomorrow. a, week are not only telling what is hap-
"It would be more efficient, and probably pening but should give concern as to
the end result would be better, if we aban-
doned the idea of assistance and pacification whether there is any gain t0 be expected
and settled for subjugation, regarding South from Competitive boosting of rates.
Viet Nam as an enemy country. The sheer numbers of these separate
"That's what we did in Korea, Germany news stories seems to me to add a new
and Japan. Can you honestly deny that the dimension to the news itself.
results you see now in those countries are I ask unanimous consent to have
better than anything we have reason to ex- printed in the RECORD at this point ex-
am? the way things are going here in Viet cerpts from articles published in the Wall
Still ailLtn `1.rsome new political cri,
throwing the country into such a turmoi,
that the United States would withdraw.
Barring some such development, the pres-
ent trend seems clear. It is toward indefinite
occupation by an American force of hundreds
of thousands of men.
ONE INTEREST RATE RISE BRINGS
ON ANOTHER
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President,
sometimes when one reads about tight
money or is shown an index of average
charges in interest rates, it has a rather
cold, abstract, and impersonal flavor.
This is not so for those who are having to
face their bankers and listen to the in-
terest demands which the bankers make,
not necessarily because of their cupidity
but because of their inability to do other-
wise because of the lack of reserves sup-
plied by the banking system.
For some time now attempts have been
made to control the expansion and
growth of the economy through mone-
tary measures, that is to say, tight
money, higher interest rates, and a ra-
tioning of credit.
When the news of increasing interest
rates occupies large parts of the financial
journals, those people who read them
tend to skip over them; and, of course,
many people are not regular readers of
the financial journals so that they are
unaware of the day-to-day happenings.
The Wall Stret Journal undertakes to
keep its readers advised of significant
money market changes, and from the last
week of June, I have collected the fol-
lowing examples of monetary policy at
work. Note that these include some
Increase in interest paid as well as in-
terest asked since the spiral goes on and
on. These items are essentially head-
lines, or a selection of a key sentence
from a number of stories. Note, more-
over, that these are not one story but
literally scores of stories from which
these disturbing headines have been
taken.
The point which I wish to make is that
interest rate rises begun at one point
tend to spread throughout the economy-
that one rise here prompts another rise
change everything. But an Administration There being no objection, the excerpts
official told a group of Congressmen recently, were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
"If anyone had said a year ago that we could as follows:
do what we're doing now without China's EXCERPTS, WALL STREET JOURNAL, JUNE 27
coming in, I'd have said he was crazy." Dime Savings Bank of Brooklyn, the na-
Another possibility is that the toughening tion's second largest mutual savings bank,
American military blows at last will break will pay a 5% annual divident rate-up
down the enemy's will to continue the war, from 4%2--on regular savings in the quar-
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July 12, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
and guidance in drafting this Resolution and
for pointing out the real necessity for such
action.
As is so often the case, unless someone
stands up to speak in defense of an impor-
tant issue, often times it continues down the
same path with little or no attention. In
this case Senator McGovE* raised his voice,
from the call of his t f and it will
be sometime e bbe]~ear will l fully ly realize all
the benefits to er from his actions on
THE PRESIDENT'S DECISION
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, in the
July 6 issue of the Washington Post
there was an article by Joseph Alsop en-
titled "The President's Decision," which
also fits the same philosophy expressed
in the editorial I placed in the RECORD,
explaining the rationale behind the
stepped-up bombing of North Vietnam.
I ask unanimous content that the article
be printed in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE PRESIDENT'S DECISION
(By Joseph Alsop)
The President's decision to intensify the
bombing of North Vietnam, so long antici-
pated, has been warmly welcomed by. the
country. The first public opinion tests have
already been taken, and they show an over-
whelming majority behind Lyndon Johnson
on this occasion.
This will surprise a lot of people here in
Washington, because this is the place where
criticism of Presidents reaches the highest
decibel level. But in reality the opposition
to his Vietnamese policy is largely restricted
to a sector of the intellectual community, a
sector of the press, mainly on the East Coast,
and a small minority in the Senate.
Being very vocal people, the critics are ex-
tremely audible; but they do not speak for
the voters.
Among the voters, as many earlier public
opinion tests have clearly shown, there was
mounting disquiet before the recent bomb-
ing decision. But the disquiet mainly arose
from the appearance of aimlessness inflicted
on the President's Vietnamese policy by his
repeated concession to his exceedingly vocal
critics. This has now been cured, with the
result above-noted.
Ironically enough, the new bombing deci-
sion might not have been taken, or might at
least have been further deferred, if it had
not been for the powerful contribution of
the people who most loudly deplore It. In
the Anal round of the interminable argu-
ment in the White House, a very great role
was in fact played by the political intel-
ligence concerning the North Vietnamese as-
sessment of the war.
The message of the intelligence was both
clear and well buttressed with facts. It in-
dicated that the North Vietnamese leaders
still count on winning the war in South Viet-
nam, not in South Vietnam, but in Wash-
ington, precisely as the Vietminh won their
war against the French-in Paris,
It indicated further that whenever this
reliance on a failure of American willpower
began to be questioned, it was invariably
strengthened again by another speech by
Senator WAYNE MORSE of something else of
that sort.
Thus the need to show that the United
States really does mean business was one' of
the three principal factors in the President's
decision.
Another factor was, of course, purely mili-
tary. Bombing the fuel stores was the ob-
vious, indeed the only logical, response to
the increasing North Vietnamese invasion of
South Vietnam, which has reached the point
of a nearly complete Northern takeover of
the Communist war effort in the South.
Furthermore, dispersal of the Northern
fuel stores was beginning, which made the
response fairly urgent.
Finally, the main obstacle to the decision
was removed by the restoration of compara-
tive political stability in South Vietnam.
The bombings would have been made much
earlier, perhaps, if it had. not been for the
political troubles in the South that began
in March and continued for so many long
weeks.
Given these factors, it is hard to see what
the President's opponents really want him to
do. Quite aside from the facts that trying
to win is the usual thing to do in a war,
there is no evidence at all that any of the
opposition's proposed solutions have the
smallest relation with a practical situation.
Negotiations have been persistently re-
fused by Hanoi, quite largely becauseof the
false encouragement given to Hanoi by the
attacks on the President by the critical mi-
nority in the United States.
Even the dissident Buddhist, Thich Tri
Quang, has publicly denounced the slightly
different proposal of Senator ROBERT KEN-
NEDY that negotiations be sought with the
Vietcong and that places in the government
be offered to Vietcong leaders.
No South Vietnamese of the smallest stand-
ing, however much opposed to the govern-
ment of Gen. Nguyen Cao Ky, has either
called for immediate negotiation with Hanoi,
or has endorsed Senator KENNEDY'S halfway
house. Nor has any South Vietnamese of any
standing, including all those who tried to
overthrow the Ky government, shown the
smallest inclination to join the Vietcong.
By any rational test, the position in South
Vietnam ought therefore to be clear to every-
one. As to the position in this country, It is
only necessary to look at the most politically
sensitive group In Washington-the 77 Demo-
cratic freshmen in the House of Representa-
tives, who must seek reelection in November.
The head of the freshmen's Eighty Nine
Club is from the old Isolationist heartland,
southern Indiana; and his district was almost
continuously represented by Republicans
from 1940 until 1964. Yet Representative
LEE HAMrLTON says, "I support the President
without qualification, because I think he's
right, and that is what my people want, too."
Among the more left-wing, Democratic
members of the Eighty Nine Club, there is
a sprinkling of members like the Club's able
vice chairman, Representative PATSY MINK of
Hawaii, who says, "I support the President's
policy, but I would like to see more done to
get negotiations'-whatever that may mean.
Careful checks in fact reveal no more than
two or three of these 77 Democratic fresh-
men who may take an overtly critical line
on the stump in the autumn.
You could have no stronger confirmation
of the post decision test of public opinion.
CONGRESS SHOULD APPROPRIATE
$110 MILLION FOR SCHOOL MILK
PROGRAM THIS YEAR
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I
was deeply disappointed that the Senate
Appropriations Committee saw fit to ap-
propriate only $105 million for the special
milk program for schoolchildren for fiscal
1967. This was $3 million less than the
Senate appropriated last year. It would
permit a 5-percent increase in the rate
at which the Federal Government reim-
bursed the states for program expenses
but it would not fully restore the 10-per-
cent cutback in the reimbursement rate
that was necessitated this year by the
lack of sufficient funds.
14541
Furthermore it would take no account
of the increase in the school age popu-
lation. If this increase accounted for a
proportionate increase in school milk
program participation, an additional $2
million would be necessary to take care
of additional participants. Finally the
$105 million makes no allowance for pro-
gram expansion.
I am carefully exploring the advisa-
bility of asking my colleagues, 67 of
whom cosponsored my bill setting a $110
million floor under the milk program for
fiscal 1967, to amend the agriculture
appropriations bill on the floor -of the
Senate to provide $110 million for the
program. This is no reflection on the
magnificent work Senator HOLLAND has
done in behalf of the program, both in the
Senate Appropriations Committee and
the Senate Agriculture Committee. It
is merely an indication of my concern
lest the schoolchildren of America be
shortchanged in any way.
RESOLUTION PROPOSING A U.S.
FISHERY POLICY FOR THE EAST-
ERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, con-
cern continues in the Pacific Northwest
over the continued fishery offshore by a
growing fleet of vessels from the Soviet
Union. Many of our citizens are con-
cerned over the security aspects of the'
Soviet appearance, others are aware of
the dangers to the fishery stocks in the
adjacent sea, ;some of which our fleets
are not harvesting.
In Seattle, Wash., recently, four of the
major fishery organization representa-
tives made a thorough study of the prob-
lem and agreed to a "U.S. Fishery Policy
for the Eastern North Pacific Ocean."
Mr. President, I commend these or-
ganizations for their interest in the
problem and recommend that the policy
be a matter for close study by the Mem-
bers of this body.
I ask unanimous consent that the
resolution be printed in its entirety at
this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
A RESOLUTION PROPOSING A U.S. FISHERY
POLICY FOR THE EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC
OCEAN
Whereas both Inshore and high seas Ash=
ing off the West Coast of the United States
holds great potential from the standpoint of
economic activity for United States citizens
as well as from the standpoint of providing
needed food, and
Whereas this potential if it is to be fully
realized requires the implementation of a
sound fisheries policy by the United States
so as to encourage expansion by the U.S.
fishery industry into hitherto unexploited
fishery stocks, to provide for an adequate
conservation program for all stocks of fish
so as to maintain their productivity on a
permanently sustained yield basis as far as
is practicable, and to assure the protection
of existing fully developed fisheries so they
may not be unnecessarily harmed during any
expansion into new fisheries, and
Whereas this policy is most urgently
needed now that large numbers of foreign
fishing vessels are operating on the high seas
fishing grounds off the West Coast of the
United States: Be it therefore
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE July 12, 1966
Resolved, That the undersigned organiza-
tion urge the United States government to
take the following action to protect all
stocks of fish found off the West Coast of
the United States:
1. Pass immediately pending legislation to
extend U.S. jurisdiction over fisheries from
the present three miles to twelve.
2. Initiate efforts as soon as possible to se-
cure extended jurisdiction beyond twelve
miles through international agreements
wherever adequate protection of fisheries re-
sources off the United States cannot be se-
cured otherwise.
3. Continue efforts to secure international
recognition of the abstention principle for
the protection of fully developed and uti-
lized fisheries such as those of salmon and
halibut.
4. Press for efforts to prevent depletion of
stocks of fish off our shores not covered by
the abstention doctrine such as ocean perch,
bottom fish other than halibut, hake, an-
chovies, etc. This should be based upon the
terms of the 1958 Geneva Convention on
Fishing and Conservation of the Living Re-
sources of the High Seas and' should be
pressed against all foreign fishing, irrespec-
tive of whether or not the countries involved
in such foreign fishing are si natories to the
Geneva convention.
5. Monitor the operations of all foreign
fishing off our coasts to provide the basis for
an immediate protest If such fishing appears
to endanger the continued maximum sus-
tained productivity of the stocks fished. The
United States government under this rec-
ommendation and the precedent set by the
1958 Geneva Convention on Fishing and Con-
servation of the Living Resources of the High
Seas, should contact the Soviet Government
and ask that government to provide scien-
tific proof that continuation of their pres-
ent fishing off our shores will not deplete the
stocks of fish being taken to levels below that
of maximum sustained yield.
6. Make immediate contact with the gov-
ernments operating fishing vessels off our
shores with the aim of minimizing or pre
venting international incidents involving
loss of gear, vessels and lives, and be it fur-.
ther
Resolved, That copies of this Resolution be
sent to all Senators and Congressmen from
the Pacific Northwest States and to all ap-
propriate government agencies.
ASSOCIATION of PACIFIC FISHERIES.
SEATTLE, WASH.
DEEP SEA FISHERMEN'S UNION.
SEATTLE, WASH.
-FISHING VESSEL OWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
SEATTLE, WASH.
NORTHWEST FISHERIES AmocmTION.
SEATTLE, WASH.
keep pace with the expanding workload
which constantly faces it.
So that other Senators may give this
matter their attention, I ask that the
text of the resolution be entered in the
RECORD, at this point.
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
RESOLUTION
(Passed by board of directors, Texas and
Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association,
June 18, 1966, at Wichita Falls, 'Tex.)
Whereas the cattle industry of the South-
west has benefited greatly from the work of
the Packers and Stockyards Division of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture; and
Whereas the activities regulated by this
division have increased greatly without com-
mensurate expansion in personnel and
travel budgets; Therefore, be it
Resolved, That the Directors of the Texas
and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association
go- on record as favoring a $200,000 increase
in division funds awaiting the action of the
Congress and that appropriate officials be so
advised.
PRESSURES GROW IN MONEY
MARKET
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, our mil-
itary commitment in Vietnam is not
alone escalating these days. Interest
costs throughout the land Are also on a
high-speed elevator upward. The sky-
rocketing cost of money and the unprece-
dentedly tight state of the Nation's
money markets are part of the hidden
cost which-as individual householders
and as a nation-are paying for this ex-
panding "dirty little war." As H. Erich.
Heinemann reports in today's New York.
Times :
There is nothing in sight ... that would.
promise relief from the pressure for higher
interest rates....
Rapidly rising interest rates have not
only raised the cost of everyone's borrow-
ing-from the Federal Government to
the teenage car buyer. They have not
only made the risk of a downturn in cor-
porate Investment-the engine of our
prosperity-a clear and present danger.
They have not only reduced the home-
building industry, which is utterly de-
pendent upon borrowed funds, to its
most depressed state in years. They
have also set off a rate war between sav-
ings institutions and a political war be-
tween the agencies responsible for the
competing groups of such institutions.
In his New York Times article, Mr.
Heinemann reports that the Continental
Illinois National Bank & Trust Co. stated
in its most recent bond letter:
These pressures [for higher rates] finally
appear to have taken hold in the last few
weeks and the brakes have begun to screech.
The question now seems to be: "Who will be
hurled through the windshield."
Mr. President, I submit that it is the
American economy, and its unmatched
record of growth, stability, and prosper-
ity, which is about to be hurled through
the windshield into financial distress and
economic dislocation due to the reckless
and uncontrolled escalation in interest
rates and monetary tightness. -
I ask unanimous consent that the ar-
ticle in New York Times for July 12,
NEED FOR EXPANSION OF FACILI-
TIES OF THE PACKERS AND
STOCKYARDS DIVISION, DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE
Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, cattle
raisers in my State are concerned over
the need for expansion of facilities of
the Packers and Stockyards Division of
the Department of Agriculture.
Just the other day I received a copy
of a resolution passed by the board of
directors of the Texas and Southwestern
Cattle Raisers Association in support of
an increase in funds for the Division.
The secretary and general manager
of the association, Mr. Joe S. Fletcher,
pointed out in a letter to me that it is
imperative that the Division be a strong,
efficient organization. To that end, as
he points out, it is important that the
funds made available to the Division
"Pressures Grow in Money Market," by
H. Erich Heinemann, be printed in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
PRESSURES GROW IN MONEY MARKET--BOR-
ROWING'COSTS CONTINUE To MOUNT AS IN-
CREASE IN THE DISCOUNT RATE Is AWAITED-
TREASURY BILLS AT HIGH-FEDERAL FUNDS
TRADED AT RECORD LEVELS--CHARGES TO
BOND DEALERS RISE.
(By H. Erich Heinemann)
The money market was on tenterhooks yes-
terday, waiting for the Federal Reserve to
raise its 41/2 per cent discount rate.
The common assumption was the short-
term interest rates have soared so far above
41/a per cent that the money managers now
have no choice but to bring their own lend-
ing rate in line with interest charges In the
free market.
The discount rate has been at 4V2 per cent
since last Dec. 6.
Meanwhile, heavy upward pressure on
interest rates in the following areas con-
tinued in what one banker called a "wild,
-
swinging market."
For the second week in a row, the yield
on United States Treasury bills-"the closest
thing to cash"-surged to an historic high.
Three-month bills were auctioned at an aver-
age rate of 4.876 per cent, and six-month
bills went at 4.999 per cent. These rates were
up from 4.731 per cent and 4.915 per cent,
.respectively, the week before.
At least one major finance company, Wal-
ter E. Heller & Co. of Chicago, increased to
5% per cent the rate that it pays on un-
secured notes that it sells directly to In-
vestors for all maturities from 30 to 270 days.
Previously, the Heller Company had been 51/2
per cent across the board-a rate that it is
continuing to pay on paper from five to 29
days.
For the second business day in a row, a
substantial volume of Federal funds trans-
actions-interbank loans of temporarily sur-
plus reserve funds-took place at a record
level of 53/4 per cent.
NO RELIEF SIGHTED
Government bond dealers, also for the
second day in a row, had to pay up to 61/2
per cent in order to obtain funds from. major
New York City banks, and there were
rumors-which were denied-that further
increases were in the works in the rates that
New York City banks charge on loans secured
by stock market collateral-so-called brok-
ers' loans.
A 6 per cent rate on brokers' loans has be-
come fairly general within the last day or two.
In analyzing the situation, money-market
specialists could see nothing in sight yester-
day that would promise relief from the pres-
sure for higher interest rates and correspond-
ingly lower prices for fixed-income securities.
The Continental Illinois National'. Bank
and Trust Company observed in its latest
weekly , bond letter that "the cumulative
pressures of an ever-expanding economy,
working against broad and spreading mone-
tary controls designed to slow the expansion,
finally have culminated in a severe money
pinch."
"These pressures," the bank added, "finally
appear to have taken hold in the last few
weeks and the brakes have begun to screech.
The question now seems to be- 'who will be
hurled through the windshield?"'
Argus Research Corporation, an Investment
advisory concern, said that "the scramble for
cash in the past couple of weeks has reached
a stage only very rarely experienced in this
country during the 20th century."
Assuming no sudden break in Vietnam,
commented S. F. Porter in her widely read
bond letter, Reporting on Governments, a
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE y
ROSTOW RIDING HIGH IN ADMINISTRATION AS
THE ROCK OF JOHNSON'S VIET POLICY-
HELD SAME STRONG VIEWS UNDER KENNEDY
(By Chalmers M. Roberts)
Before an audience of foreign journalists
recently, President Johnson heaped so much
praise on Walt Whitman Rostow that the
Presidential aide seemed, in the words of one
of the visitors, to puff up "as proud as a
peacock."
Rostow has reason to be proud and he has
reason to be as happy as a bureaucrat can
be. His long-time tough recommendations
for the Vietnam war are now Johnson policy.
As far back as June, 1961, Rostov was say-
ing that the kind of "operation run from
Hanoi against South Vietnam is as clear a
form of aggression as the violation of the 38th
parallel by the North Korean Army in June,
1950."
In October, 1961, after a visit to Vietnam,
Rostov backed a recommendation by Gen.
Ph. D. from Yale. A Rhodes Scholar at Ox-
ford and a wartime major in the OSS, he was
a professor of economic history at the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology from 1950
until he came to the White House.
Schlesinger has aptly called him an "eco-
nomic historian turned social philosopher."
In 1959 Rostov wrote what the London Eco-
nomist called "the non-Communist mani-
festo," a series of lectures which became a
book on "The Stages of Economic Growth."
Some critics said his manifesto was as
rigid as that of Marx (whom he once dubbed
"a city boy" to explain Communist agricul-
tural failures) because Rostow divided all
the world's nations neatly into five stages of
development.
But Rostov survived that blooper as he
has survived the Siberia of State's Policy
Planning Staff, the criticism of his economic
theory, the scoffing at his ebullient prose, his
hawk-like proposals and all the rest.
Last week Rostov was one of three of-
ficials dispatched by President Johnson to
Los Angeles to sell the Administration's story
on Vietnam. And characteristically, it was
Bestow who did most of the talking to the
sometimes skeptical governors and ap-
parently to good effect.
For sue reasons there is not much time
anyn;Pr f r tennis or swimming
W$it Ii ostow, a fellow who has come
a 1 g rom Oxford and MIT.
LIKES TO PHILOSOPHIZE BOMBING OF MILITARY TARGETS
Nothing delights the chunky Rostov, eyes NEAR HANOI AND HAIPHONG
beaming intensely through metal rimmed
glasses, sleeves rolled up and hands clasped Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, the lead
behind his head, then to lean back in his editorial in the Air Force Times of July
chair and philosophize. A lot of this sort of 13 clearly focuses attention on what was
private talk later turns up on the lecture involved in the recent order to bomb
platform or between hard covers.
The relative performance of India and military targets near the Hanoi and
China "may very well determine the outcome, Haiphong areas.
of the ideological struggle for Asia." (1955) I think it speaks for itself.
"Communism is a technique for seizing I ask unanimous consent that the edi-
and holding power in sick societies." (1967) torial, entitled "The Bombings," be
"Doctrinally, Marxism is increasingly placed in the RECORD.
viewed by the young as a voice from the There being no objection, the editorial
past, not as a guide to the present and the
future; and Communism, as a technique for was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
organizing either an advanced or an under- as follows:
developed society, is increasingly perceived [From the Air Force Times, July 13, 19681
as inefficient and reactionary, as well as pro- THE BoMDINGs
foundly inhumane." (1962) The loud protests against American bomb-
"This debate within the (Attit)Aaing of military targets near Hanoi and Hai-perhaps aues i n that tshe coungreatest
y has Constitutional hon reveal more about the protesters than
question that et ourselves up been involved they do about the U.S. attacks.
in since we set ourselves up in the 1780," The same voices continue to remain silent
Maxwell Taylor that an American military
task force of perhaps 10,000 men be sent for
self-defense and perimeter security and, if
the South Vietnamese were hard pressed, to
produce an emergency reserve. That report
as much as anything led President Kennedy
to take the irreversible steps into the Viet-
nam war.
In addition, as Arthur Schlesinger Jr. has
since recounted, "Rostow argued so force-
ibly for a contingency plan of retaliation
against the North, graduated to match the
intensity of Hanoi's support of the Vietcong,
that 'RostOW Plan 6' became jocularly estab-
-lished in the contingency planning some-
where after SEATO Plan 5.1'
It was not, however, until February, 1985,
that a new President, Lyndon Johnson,
adopted that proposal. And not until last
month did the President agree with the Ros-
tow thesis that the North's oil supplies should
be attacked.
In short, Rostow is now in his element.
He is without doubt one of the key men
Government today, physically occupying the
White House basement office long used by
McGeorge Bundy before he went off to head
the Ford Foundation.
Rostov as yet has neither the broad Presi-
dential charter that Bundy had nor the power
within the bureaucracy that Bundy exer-
cised. But, if the Johnsonian compliments
mean anything, he certainly is moving in
that direction.
In fact, it is a case of a return to the
beginning for Rostow. It began at the start
f the Kennedy administration as Bundy's
(1963)
"We are evidently at the beginning of
the third major effort since 1945 to establish
whether or not it is possible for the Soviet
Union and the West to live together on
this planet under conditions of tolerable sta-
bility and low tensions." (1963)
That word "tolerable" incidentally, is a
Rostov favorite. It is the kind of a word
that got him into an ironic fuse early in
the Kennedy years with Sen. EVERETT M.
DIRKSEN, the GOP leader. Some right-wing
Republicans had jumped on reports about a
secret Rostov long-term policy paper and
DIRKSEN attacked him for "fuzzy thinking"
because Rostow was said to believe that the
Communists were "mellowing."
0
top assistant. A HORSE LA-UGH
In those days Rostov was the long-range This brought a horse laugh from everybody
thinker for the New Frontier (some, in fact, who knew Rostov, since his passion for both
credit him with first suggesting that sobri- economic growth and anti-Communist guer-
quet to JFK when he was a campaign speech rills warfare .has brought him the title of
writer in 1960). "Chester Bowles with machine guns." Ros-
But when President Kennedy dumped tow went up to the Capitol and convinced
Chester Bowles as Under Secretary of State DIRKSEN at al that he was as tough as they
in mid-1961, Rostow was shipped over to about the Communists.
the State Department to be Counselor, and Indeed he is, though with a higher de-
chairman of the Policy Planning Staff. gree of sophistication. It was Rostov and
TOO MUCH OF A HAWK? - Jerome T. Wiesner, later to be the Presiden-
There he 'produced all sorts of long-range tial science adviser, who told the Russians
papers, but many in the Foreign Service in Moscow seven weeks before the Kennedy
considered him either something of a inauguration that if they wanted better re-
dreamer or too much of a hawk on Vietnam. lations with the United States they had bet-
The word got around that he wasn't to be ter release two American fliers without be-
d without attempting to bar-
,
taken too seriously and he seemed largely ing asked an
out of touch with the day-to-day crises that gain. Nikita Khrushchev did just that. combat pay and income tax exclusion be-
dominate the department. Rostov has been in the public prints cause their vessels are declared to be in com-
how- bat zones
Once
,
RotsoW found an outlet for his massive mostly for his quotable prose.
. rtin the AF part of the
energies in Latin American affairs. In 1964 ever, he pulled a blooper with international The men supporting
he became the American representative on repercussions. In Ottawa with President raid do not get the same benefits unless they
CIAP, the Spanish initials for the Inter- Kennedy in 1961, he carelessly left behind a are stationed in Vietnam.
American Committee for Alliance for Prog- secret memo on which the President had The Communists claim that the AF flights
ress. His enthusiasm and optimism bubbled made some -cribbed comments. originated in Thailand. The U.S. and Thai-not
variou
rvice-
this over to the point were-again-many felt he Prime President had iewritbtener angrily claimed
beside a raeasons-but there are a 0,000 U.S. se
was Unrealistic.
To understand Rostow, then and now, one reference to him. The incident put a strain men In Thailand.
con did
has to know a bit about the man and his on Canadian-American relations, especially originate isr f t some area oats de ssio
background. Now 49, he has an A.B. and since Diefenbaker was correct.
although the Viet Cong has murdered and
kidnapped more than 24,000 South Vietna-
mese civilians since 1964. They were silent
when the VC bombed the U.S. embassy and
killed and wounded civilians. The numer-
ous bombings of restaurants in Saigon have
claimed more civilian than military lives.
The U.S. attacks on the oil storage tanks,
clearly military targets, were carefully de-
signed to limit civilian casualties. In the
U.S. case the object of the attacks were mili-
tary supplies. The Communist side's prin-
cipal targets were civilians. The protesters
are in a peculiar moral position.
Particularly galling are the squawks from
the British government about the U.S. bomb-
ing. Britain disassociated itself with the
action, its Prime Minister declared. It seems
to us that Britain long ago disassociated it-
self with all U.S. involvement aIn Vietnam;
it has sent no troops
British-owned ships have continued to carry
supplies to the enemy.
The U.S. decision to go after the military
targets on the fringes of Hanoi and Haiphong
was long overdue.
While we are on the subject of the bombing
raids over these flak-heavy targets, we are
reminded that there is a significant inequity
which needs correction in the matter of
combat pay and income tax exclusion.
Some of the attacks on the North were
made by Navy carrier-based planes of the
Seventh Fleet. The support people-me-
deck crews, stewards, etc.-get both
chanics
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE ' ;14543
oc.v.o nquee~e in eanx cream-quite prob-
ably the tightest in modern history-should
become painfully apparent as the fall upturn
in loan demand gets under way.
For the money market, the problem posed
by the upward pressure on interest rates has
a number of complex facets.
An increase in the discount rate, some
market observers believe for example, would
not be an event of major importance in the
money market.
The discount rate, they argue, has lost
much of its former importance as the inter-
est rate from which all other rates are scaled.
But even these skeptics concede that the dis-
count rate does have great psychological im-
portance. And they freely admit that the
current surge in interest rates and generally
price weakness in practically all fixed-income
obligations stems from market anticipation
that the discount rate will be increased,
MISS VELMA LINFORD, DISTIN-
GUISHED WYOMING EDUCATOR
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, the dis-
tinguished senior Senator from Wyoming
[Mr. McGEEJ bad intended to make an
insertion in the RECORD today, but was
called away from Washington because of
the death of his father.
I ask unanimous consent that a state-
ment be prepared and the newspaper
article 1w wished to bring to the atten-
tion of the Senate be printed at this point
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the state-
ment and article were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows :
.l'Y1 TX-ENT BY SENATOR MCGEE
My State of Wyoming holds the proud dis-
tinction of being the first State in the Union
to take the lead in insuring, equal rights for
women by passage of the first legislation
giving women the right to vote.
Wyoming is proud of her record and she is
proud of her women. Throughout our his-
tory the women of our great State have made
distinguished contributions that have not
been confined to our borders but to the bene-
$t of the entire country,
One such outstanding Wyoming woman
is Miss Velma Linford. Beginning her Wyo-
ming career as a school teacher in northwest
Wyoming, Velma was elected to serve for
eight years as our State superintendent of
education where she made significant con-
tributions to both the quantity and quality
of education.
Today, Miss Linford continues to maintain
a career of public service and dedication
helping people all across the United States
as a special assistant for Project Develop-
ment at VISTA.
Miss Linford was the subject of a July 10,
1966, feature story in the Washington Post.
From the Washington Post, July 10, 1966]
ARCTIC VILLAGERS ALL KNOW VISTA'S VELMA
(By Elizabeth Shelton)
When Western historian Velma Linford
wrote her thesis for her master's degree she
set out to prove that the beautiful adventur-
esses in Rocky Mountain literature had real-
life prototypes.
She failed.
The heroines in the Western novels were
invariably fair of face and form, as well as
tough and daring.
The women in real life were adventurous
and tough, but they were seldom beautiful.
They won the West by hard work, and most
of them were mothers and homebodies.
"I was quite perturbed," Miss Linford con-
fessed. "The real women just didn't fall into
a type."
the Wyoming-born redhead who is Vista's
expert on rural poverty.
Her formal title is Special Assistant to the
Associate Director for Project Development.
But Miss Linford, a no-nonsense type
Westerner who can pluck a discomfiting stay
from her waisteline region and toss It into
the nearby wastebasket without interrupting
the trend of conversation, likes to think of
herself as a generalist, rather than a special-
ist.
Her work is establishing Vista projects in
places where the poor have a need for services
and welcome a person-to-person relationship
with a fellow American willing to serve in the
midst of poverty.
This farfiung operation Miss Linford has
carried on with such peripatetic vigor that
the residents of 300 isolated villages in
Alaska, some a hundred or more miles within
the Arctic Circle "all know Velma," according
to a staff colleague.
Reaching these outposts to inspect projects
being carried out by 61 Vista volunteers is
a rugged exercise in circling the tundra or
coastline while the bush pilot hunts a land-
ing spot and incidentally remarks the where-
abouts of a walrus he will tell the villager's
hunters about as soon as he puts the rickety
little plane down.
Developing the Alaskan projects has been
one of the most satisfying parts of Miss Lin-
ford's job. Poverty there is the most abject
in the United States, she observes, and. be-
cause of the unusual opportunity to partic-
ipate in an emerging culture the volunteers
attracted there have a special enthusiasm
which she shares.
She tells with delight of the good works of
young Americans, some hardly out of their
teens in the remote, isolated locales.
One 20-year-old boy in a village of 122
Eskimos felled trees to build an electrifica-
tion plant through Community Action Pro-
gram funds, bringing light to help children
study during the long Arctic winters.
Another improved a village economy by
bringing in a generator to operate freezers.
The fishermen were able to ply their trade
only one month of the year and were sacri-
ficing profits for quick sales until the Vista
volunteer found a way to extend their mar-
keting year-round.
An archeology student taught the village
elders to read and write so they could draw
up council resolutions.
The same volunteer taught the Eskimos
to read their own language as well as English
and further enriched their culture by Christ-
mas carols-in Yiddish.
Other Vista projects are occupying the
attentions of some 2,000 18-to-80-year-olds
in all parts of the continental United States
and the Virgin Islands.
A training program for some of the new
volunteers is now being conducted on a
Navajo reservation and 25 others are in
process elsewhere, some in heavily populous
cities where, according to Miss Linford. pov-
erty breeds a loneliness even more acute
than in the isolated rural settings.
One project is in America's oldest city.
This Is Akima, N.M., where the Pueblo In-
dians built their "S"ky City" from desert
adobe before white civilization came to the
continent.
Miss Linford thinks of Vista as "a new
outreach" to the hard-to-reach.
"Vista," she says, "is the expression of a
need for Americans to actually contribute
their talents and energies toward changing
things they think should be changed. This
is a new outreach that is becoming more
understood. I think it will have a powerful
effect on hard-to-reach individuals." .
She adds that many school dropouts could
be kept in the educational system if it were
possible to reach their parents in time.
"Sixty-eight per cent of the parents were
dropouts," she explains her reasoning. "The
children drop out because their parents did
not see school as offering something their
children could profit by."
In some of the rural areas and on Indian
reservations, parents are loath to educate
their children because experience has shown
them that educated children seldom return
willingly to take up primitive existence with
their uneducated parents.
Besides helping the boxed-in poor people
who need educational, health, welfare and
other services, during an extreme manpower
shortage in all these fields, Vista is helping
the restless and boxed-in young people of
the middle class to find focus for their lives.
About one-third of them volunteer to stay
in a second year after completing a year's
duty and about one half of all Vista volun-
teers are willing to go wherever sent. Others
have a particular place of service in mind,
such as Appalachia, or prefer to work in their
own hometowns.
Miss Linford served eight years as Wyo-
ming's elected state superintendent of edu-
cation before coming to Washington. De-
scended from Mormon homesteaders who
went West with Brigham Young, she began
her public career as a grade school teacher
in Star Valley.
During a 20-year fight to win retirement
and other benefits for school teachers, it
came to her that things are more successfully
accomplished on a state rather than local
level.
Proud feathers in her cap were the estab-
lishment of special funds for the educable
retarded in every school; programs for the
non-educable retarded in every community,
braille books and tape recorders for the blind
in graded classes, and a state-operated oral
school for the deaf.
"We brought our children home," she said
with a slight tremor in her voice. Previously
the state had boarded out Its problem chil??
dren, the deaf, the blind and the mentally
retarded.
Miss Linford thinks of her careers as an
exercise in opening doors, of which her Wyo-
ming experiences were one; her Vista ex-
periences another.
"You asked me whether I missed
Wyoming," the author of the textbook,
"Wyoming, Frontier State," concluded the
interview.
"I am just overcome with nostalgia every
time I return. But once I am back again, I
am involved in a program that is important
to Wyoming and is important to the entire
Nation."
WALT ROSTOW, KEY ADVISER TO
PRESIDENT JOHNSON
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, also on be-
half of the distinguished senior Senator
from Wyoming [Mr. MCGEE7, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed at
this point in the RECORD a statement pre-
pared by him relative to an article about
Mr. Walt Rostow, published in the Wash-
ington Post of July 10, 1966, and the arti-
cle itself.
There being no objection, the state-
ment and article were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows :
STATEMENT BY SENATOR MCGEE
The July 10, 1966, edition of the Washing-
ton Post carried an excellent article by
Chalmers Roberts on Mr. Walt Rostow, a key
adviser to President Johnson and one of the
most articulate proponents of administra-
tion policy in southeast Asia.
The article gives an excellent insight into
both the man and the policy he espouses so
intelligently.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
pay and tax break zones. We believe the
rules should be changed so AF men support-
ing the combat operations in the same way
the carrier-based men do should get the
same financial breaks.
BIG BROTHER
Mr, LONG of Missouri. Mr. President,
it seems that everybody is against wire-
tapping, bugging, and other forms of.in
vasions of privacy-subject to certain ex-
ceptions. The Senate Subcommittee on
Administrative Practice and Procedure is
attempting to determine what, if any,
exceptions should eventually be written
into law. Art Buchwald, writing in the
June 19, 1966, issue of the Washington
Post, has, in a humorous vein, pointed
out some of our problems.
I ask unanimous consent to insert, at
this point in the RECORD, this article en-
titled "Still a Few Bugs."
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, June 19,
19661
STILL A FEW BUGS--A PRIVATE EYE Is ALL FOR
AMERICAN PRIVACY-WITH A FEW EXCEP-
TIONS
(By Art Buchwald)
Anyone Who has been keeping up with
Senator EDWARD LONG'S' invasion-of-privacy
hearings is outraged to discover how much
bugging and wiretapping has been going on
in the United States. It appears that nobody
is safe any more from the "big ear" and it Is
hoped that some legislation will be passed architect to supervise all future Capitol
soon to protect the rights of the American
citizen. construction and renovation. Such pro-
I discussed this subject with Sampson pawls will effectively prevent the further
Klutznick, a private detective who assured desecration eatthe Of abour usive noble hands Federal st u -
me that most private detectives were as
much against bugging as their victims. He George Stewart.
said, "They should pass strong. laws making The measures introduced by the able
it a crime to bug or wiretap any American Congressmen, Mr. President, are not un-
citizen.". like those which I myself sponsored in
""O course, ro sue' l I said.
"Of f we'll have to exempt the FBI, the first session of this Congress, and I
because they must tap wires and bug peo- am, of course, in wholehearted agreement
ple to find out who the criminals and Com- with the goals which they were designed
munists are in the United States." to achieve. The sizable expenditures
I ss so" which we annually apropriate for Capi-
ue
h
14545
ward P. Morgan, and certain newspaper
articles and editorials relating to the pro-
posed extension be printed at this point
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF
ARCHITECTS,
Washington,D.C., June 27, 1966.
Hon. PAUL H. DOUGLAS,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR DOUGLAS: The American In-
stitute of Architects is deeply concerned
that proposals for the extension of the West
Front have been approved by the Commis-
sion for the Extension of the Capitol.
We are inalterably opposed to this exten-
sion. We are cognizant that the facilities of
Congress must grow wtih the Nation and
the increased demands upon the Congress.
However, It Is patently obvious that this
one building cannot be continually extended
and expanded until it is shapeless and func-
tionally impractical. At some time this con-
struction must stop. We urge that it be now,
while the quality and uniqueness of the
creativity of Thornton, Bulfinch, and Olm-
sted still remain as examples of our national
heritage.
The AIA recognizes the state of disrepair
and structural weakness that exists and that
the West Front must be strengthened. This
can be done and the West Front can either
be restored or rebuilt without destroying
the beauty of proportion and detail that
comprise the Capitol's present aesthetic
appearance.
We ask that you oppose this extension,
and urge your support of comprehensive
planning for the future needs of Capitol Hill
so that these needs can be planned and pro-
vided with the advice of an impartial, pro-
fessional group constituted to render such
service to the Congress.
Sincerely yours,
MORRIS KETCHUM, Jr.,
President.
EDWARD P. MORGAN AND THE NEWS
JUNE 24, 1966.-After the British Redcoats
burned the U.S. capitol in 1814 in the War
of 1812, Congress had to move to a tavern
called Blodgett's Hotel. Presumably this
could have served the legislators as a perma-
nent meeting place since, as legend has it,
politicians most comfortably gather in
smoke-filled hotel rooms. Blodgett's had a
cloakroom too. Lobbyists traditionally con-
tact lawmakers in cloakrooms. So every-
thing was fine and dandy. But then some
busybody insisted on restoring the capitol
building and there has been nothing but
trouble ever since. Additions here, altera-
tions there; all very unsettling. So I, for one,
simply cannot see what the fuss is all about
when an ex-Congressman from Delaware
named J. George Stewart steps courageously
forward and starts to bury all this history
under a facade of freshly-cut marble.
Nobody, of course, is more eminently qual-
ified for this delicate but heroic task than
Stewart. He is not now and never has been
a card-carrying architect and, as far as I
know, never Intends to be one. He does op-
erate with the title of architect of the capi-
tol and it was under that cover that he exe-
cuted-one might even say, murdered-his
most famous work, the Rayburn Building,
named in travestied memory of the late
Speaker of the House. Into this crypto-
fascist-style mausoleum, jestingly referred to
as a Congressional office building, Stewart
poured all of his supervisory talents and by
some reports, considerably more than one
hundred million dollars of the taxpayers'
money. The result, naturally, was a happy
combination of superlatives-the ugliest and
most expensive edifice of its kind ever erected
on the face of the earth. Perhaps the hap-
, g
Yea
"And we should let the Internal Revenue tol construction and renovation as well
Service continue bugging Americans so we as a recognition of the prominent place
know who aren't paying their taxes." which these structures occupy as ele-
"Naturally," I said.
"And then we can't forbid the Post Of- ments of our national heritage makes the
fice from listening in to find out what peo- acquisition of a skilled, knowledgeable,
pie are writing dirty books." and technically competent architect an
"That's for sure," I agreed. indispensable necessity. Furthermore
"And the CIA can't be included in the the elimination of unnecessary extrava-
law because there has to be counterspying. gance and the protection of the esthetic
And the local police must be permitted to purity resulting from such professional
bug college campuses to find out what the supervision are most necessary.
"I would t are up f Vigilence and discretion demand that
" wohate foor for local police not to," I we assign such projects to none save the
said.
"Then it's also very important that big most expert and masterful of the archi-
companies be allowed to bug other big com- tectural profession.
panies." Men who would lay their unhallowed hands
"What for?" on these sacred structures-
"To find out if they're being bugged."
"I hadn't thought of that." A recent editorial observed-
"And;' he said "I don't think the law are indifferent to the glorious episodes of our
should apply to private detectives looking past, ignorant of the architectural merit of
for evidence in divorce cases." some of the greatest buildings of the world
"You don't?" and Indifferent to every consideration of
"Of course not. It's very important that national pride and honor.
a divorced person have a solid case against Surely no expert knowledge should be
the guilty party, and, how could we get it compromised in the historic undertak-
devices?" we didn't use all the latest scientific cn.
de"icet?" I ask unanimous consent that a letter
"But you would only bug the guilty
party?" from Morris Ketchum, Jr., president of
"That's correct. An innocent person the American Institute of Architects; a
would have nothing to fear." transcript of a radio broadcast by Ed-
"What other exceptions would you make
in passing a strong anti-wiretap law?"
"Politicians should be allowed to bug one
another during a political campaign, and
unions should be allowed to bug manage-
ment, and management should be allowed
to bug the unions, and salesmen could still
bug customers, and members of the board
of education should be allowed to bug
teachers."
"Shouldn't anybody be permitted to listen
in on clergymen?"
"Only if the clergymen are involved In
civil rights or anti-Vietnam war demon-
strations."
"If those are the only exceptions," I said,
"I think we could live with the law."
"The law should have teeth in it," Klutz-
nick said, "or pretty soon the American peo-
ple will have no privacy at all. Don't you
agree?"
"One hundred per cent," I said. "Hey, is
that a microphone in your martini?"
"Yes It is," he replied. "My, job is to bug
anybody who voices any opinion on bug-
ging.l.
'But that's a violation
tional rights."
"Maybe so, but how else are we going to
know who is for the law and who is against
it?"
PROPOSED EXTENSION OF THE
WEST FRONT OF THE CAPITOL
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, it is
indeed gratifying and encouraging to
note that a number of my distinguished
colleagues in the House have approved
in principle my bill providing for the ap
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE Jul -121, 1966
pleat note of all was the fact that it cost man of the Commission of Fine Arts, to Vice [From the Washington Post]
only approximately twice as much as Stewart President HUMPHREY and Speaker MCCOR- MATTER OF FACT: OUR FOREFATHERS' GLORY
originally said it would. With such a monu- MAc e. It goes like this:
ment around, the Great Society doesn't need "The Commission of Fine Arts has asked (By Joseph Alsop)
urban renewal, it needs a camouflage corps. me to express its grave concern over pro- The first point to note about the official
But now, oh let joy be unconfined, we are posals to alter the West Front of the Capi- Architect of the Capitol is that he never has
about to be treated to another sterling Stew- tol. The Commission, established by Con- been, is not now, and never will be an archi-
art contribution to the beautification of gress in 1910 to advise the President and tect.
Washington. At a starting price of just $34,- the Congress on matters of art, feels that J. George Stewart is an amiable, aging Re-
000,000-a steal, really-he is going to stick this is the single most important architec- publican congressional lame duck from Dela-
the west front of the capitol out a maximum tural'proposaj of the 20th Century. We have ware, who was named architect of the Capitol
of 88 feet so it can house more offices, two therefore studied the matter deeply and come by President Eisenhower. This was an ap-
big auditoriums, two cafeterias, four dining to the conclusion that to erase this great pointment almost as whimsical as the Em-
rooms seating more than a thousand people historic facade would be a national tragedy. peror Caligula's famous nomination of his
and an information lobby to take care of the "The Capitol as a whole Is one of the great favorite horse to the Roman consulship; and
tourist explosion. The sheer beauty of the buildings of the world, comparable in size It has produced far more practical results, all
Stewart plan is that in one fell swoop, or in and shape to St. Peter's in Rome and St. of them perfectly godawful.
what may come to be know as one swell foop, Paul's in London. While it finally cannot The worst of the damage might have been
it will destroy the capitol's historic vestiges- rank with either of them in architectural prevented by the normal operation of the
the last traces of the original work of Thorn- purity, It has a style and a quality that is laws of pork and patronage, if the Architect
ton, the West Indian doctor who won the unique. of the Capitol did not have such a remark-
$500 first prize for the building's first de- "It has been developed piece by piece as able gift for attaching himself to speakers
sign; the embellishments of Latrobe, the this Republic grew from a small nation to of the House of Representatives. Unfortu-
contributions of Bulfinch, the famous Boa- become the greatest world power. And that nately, however, at the very first leaders'
ton architect, and the terrace with its ma- history is reflected in the architecture of the meeting held by President Kennedy, Sam
jestic flights of steps designed by Frederick West Facade. In the process of growth the Rayburn's opening remark was:
Law Olmstead. You don't hardly get a demo- Capitol has taken on a patriotic symbolism "Now Mr. President, I want you to keep
lition job like that anymore. that scarcely needs to be pointed out. Un- on George Stewart. He's a good man, and I
Indeed, while he's at It, Stewart might well questionably it is the single most important want him to stay on the job."
consider razing the whole structure, includ- building in our great Republic, expressive of Stewart was kept on, and therefore the
ing his other handiwork, the east front, our noble ideals and great achievements. To. great speaker and doughty old patriot is now
which cost $22,000,000, the customary double preserve it, other lesser needs such as those cruelly commemorated by the Rayburn
of his beginning estimate. Then the space for additional office space, restaurant facili- Building. It cost the taxpayers close on $130
could be used for a parking lot, which Wash- ties, and tourist accommodations must be set million and is certainly the most monstrously
ington needs anyway and the Congress could aside for a larger goal. ugly, ludicrously wasteful and vulgarly
move down the street to Union Station and "The Commission has made a very careful t ntious structure erected anywhere In the
thus save that little-used landmark from study of the Congressional proposal with Western world since Joseph Stalin ruthlessly
destruction. special attention to the engineering report inflicted his Palace of Culture on the de-
An alternative plan, which I like better, by the Thompson and Lichtner Co. On our fenseless city of Warsaw.
would be to let Stewart run rampant on a own we have sought the advice of an inde- After Speaker Rayburn died, one of Presi-
field of bad taste across the entire face of pendent structural expert with considerable dent Kennedy's cherished projects was the
L'Enfant's famous city. Thus with his experience in analyzing old buildings. Our replacement of the Architect of the Capitol
ravenous appetite for eating places, we could report indicates that it is feasible even tho with an honest-to-God architect. But the
hope to see a Stewart restaurant revolving difficult, to restore the original walls or par- President was killed before the deed was
around the tip of the Washington Monu- tially rebuild them In their present loca- done. And in very short order thereafter,
ment to rival the space needle in Seattle. tion. We strongly support this view ? .. non-architect Stewart apparently managed
The lethal hydroplane races could be shifted In the meantime the Commission believes to attach himself to Speaker JOHN McCoR-
from Hains Point to the reflection pool, the that it is of the greatest importance that MACK.
Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials could be no steps be taken which might make in- So J. George Stewart's fell career continues.
converted into public restrooms and shoe evitable the vandalism of the Capitol's his- In fact, it is grimly appropriate to remember
shine parlors. The cherry trees around the (Grit and beautiful West Facade." him at this holiday time dedicated to the
tidal basin would of course be cut down be- The second statement is from Senator founding of this republic. For the great
cause they obstruct the view that billboards JOSEPH CLARK, Democrat, of Pennsylvani% non-architect is now planning the destruc-
would supplant. And it might be a good who said: - tion of one of the last architectural memen-
Idea to Install a couple of gas pumps on the "I desire to solicit the interest of Senators toes of the rounding Fathers, the superb
Pennsylvania Avenue side of the White in a bill which I am thinking about intro- Bulfinch-Latrobe West Front of the Capitol
House. Their revenue could help finance ducing to designate the U.S. Capitol build- itself.
the Stewart master plan. Ing as a National Historical Landmark. As It is an extraordinary record. It began.
Don't be so timid as to think all this is im- I understand it, this would have the effect of with the new Senate Office Building, which
possible. The Commission for Extension of making it a Federal offense for anyone to seemed Impossible to surpass in extrava-
the U.S. Capitol, including those well-known deface, mutilate or in any other way dese- gance, impracticality and tastelessness until
aesthetes and city planners, Vice President crate it. It would apply to all persons, the Rayburn Building was constructed.
HUMPHREY, Speaker MCCORMACK and Minor- including architects, nonarchitects, and Then followed the extension of the Capitol's
ity Leaders FORD and DIRxsEN, has already nominal architects. East Front, with the machine-made marble
blithely gone along with Stewart's west front "I come from the Commonwealth of Penn- exterior and the new interiors that appear
job. All he needs now is money. He figures sylvania where we have many national land- to have been imitated from the costly men's
he can easily wheedle that out of the Con- marks. We do not like to see our landmarks rooms in the Moscow subway. The Rayburn
gress with the argument that the front's an- 'improved'-we are quite happy with them Building followed. And now the West Front
cient sandstone blocks are crumbling and a the way they are. If someone proposed to is to be extended, and this time, instead of an
jet's sonar boom may bring the whole build- 'beautify' Independence Hall in Philadelphia exact though machine-made copy as on the
ing down, dome and all. After careful study, with the addition of a modernistic hot-dog East Front, we are to have improvements on
the Fine Arts Commission reports the capitol stand--or even a colonial reproduction. of a Latrobe and Bulfinch by non-architect
can be repaired, restored and its priceless hot-dog stand-we would strenuously object. Stewart.
architectural history preserved, all at a trifle "I do not believe we should do less for If you seek the answer to this mystery of
of the cost of Stewart's folly. That would be the U.S. Capitol building. It, too, is a na- mounting horror in Stewart's lair in the
the sensible way to do things. But thank tional shrine. It is as much entitled to pro- Capitol basement, you find a kindly though
Heaven that's not the way things are done tection against vandalism-whether from occasionally testy old gentleman, with an
in this crazy, wonderful town. Ask George high places or low-as Independence Hall antique congressional air about him. If you
Stewart. or Old Swedes' Church. ask him if there is any committee of design
This Is Edward P. Morgan saying good night "It is true that we do not have our own to pass on his projects, he answers cheerfully
from Washington. Architect at Old Swedes' Church. This is that "ft's usually confined to the leadership."
an advantage. Not only does this save us There is more to it than that, of course.
[From the Washington Daily News, June 24, a great deal of money-it has also tended to Just how the pork and patronage work in
19661 have a beneficial effect on th t
e
t
Today's guest editorial is'really two edi-
torials on the same subject, namely
the
,
proposal by the Architect of the Capitol to
alter the building's west Front. The first
involves a letter from William Walton, chair-
s a
e of pres- this case is not immediately apparent. But
THE CAPITOL ervatlon of this fine old building. This is there is an enormous amount of both, as
all the more reason wh
the U
S
U
S
y
.
.
. Capitol, the price tag on the Rayburn Building indi-
which
does not have this advantage, should cates; and it can hardly be accidental that
begiven the protection which the bill which the same architects' names seem to appear
I am contemplating Introducing in the Sen- again and again as Stewart's "associates,"
ate would afford." One imagines them all together, cheerfully
To all of which we add a fervent "Amen I" opening their meeting with the famous
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 ? Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400090013-5
July 12- 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE
Klores yesterday confirmed this, saying he Representative JAMES C. CORMAN, tionalist movements. It is clear that the
felt a new organization would be "more Democrat, of California. subversion of this entire area is the
representative" than a private foundation Representative WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY, Working of the Communist-controlled
controlled by people who donated private Democrat, of Maine. government at Hanoi. After these brief-
Hefunds. said Shriver had no policy against Representative EDWARD J. GURNEY, ings we toured the Pearl Harbor naval
family foundations but said: "Private foun- Republican, of Florida. and port complex, and departed early
dations are filled with all sorts of problems." Representative TIM L. CARTER, Repub- on July 4 for Clark Air Force Base in
Mores also said he thought at least one lican, of Kentucky. the Philippine Islands.
member of the board was a migrant worker. Representative ROMAN C. PUCINSKI, At Clark we were met by Lt. Gen.
The name he mentioned, Mrs. Myrtle Mae Democrat, of Illinois. James W. Wilson, commander of the
Walker, was not listed by Hardeman as a Representative BASIL L. WHITENER, 13th Air Force. After a tour of our sup-
director last week and does not show up on Democrat, of North Carolina. ply and logistical areas, as well as the
the secretary of state's records of original Representative GALE SCHISLER, Demo- Air Force Material and Tactical Aircraft
directors,
Herdsman said he is busy expanding lnern- crat, of Illinois. we went to the Clark Air Force Base
bership of the CAF board, and said three Representative ROBERT B. DUNCAN, Hospital, which is the air evacuation hos-
new members have been added within the Democrat, of Oregon. pital for all of our Asian forces.
past month. He listed these as Ray Houston, Representative HASTINGS KEITH, Re- This hospital is one of the most com-
executive director of the Community Wel- publican, of Massachusetts. plete medical complexes I have ever in-
fare Council; Jack Ross, assistant professor Representative JOHN B. ANDERSON, spected. Col. William Hernquist, a most
Florisociology at dada; and and Ben en the 'University
Fraticelli, nive executive of south director Republican, of Illinois. qualified surgeon and administrator,
of personally conducted us through the op-
But the Florida Christian Migrant Ministry. The Members represented virtually personally and recovery areas and describ-
But for nearly a year CAF was run entirely every section of our country, both poli-
by op-
by Hardeman, Mansfield and Garrett. tical parties and are decorated combat ed in detail the operations of his air
Last month a new group, Migrant Legal evacuation and treatment facilities. The
Services, was formed to handle a $806,000 veterans of World War II and the Ko- ability to move a wounded soldier from
U.S. grant to provide legal help to migrants. rean war. We departed Washington, the battlefield to this hospital in 5 hours
Original officers were Garrett, president; D.C., on Saturday, July 2, and returned was clearly an indicator of the top effi-
Hardemari, vice president; and Mansfield, late last night, Monday, July 11; upon ciency of our battlefront and medical
secretary-treasurer. our return we went directly to the White concepts of today. In effect, instead medical
Since then the board has been expanded, House and reported to the President and
with Garrett moving up to chairman of the to the Speaker of the House in the Cabi- trying to bring the hospital to the front
board, Mansfield to president, and Hardeman net Room. The U.S. Air Force provided lines, we bring the frontline wounded to
becoming a regular board member, our transportation and coordinated our the hospital in a matter of hours. Never
Tabulation of grants, contracts to date in itineraries at the different countries we in our history have we provided such
CAF-CFS operation visited. At this time I would like to ex- complete medical care and treatment to
press our appreciation for the very effi- our soldiers. The attitude and morale
1965-66 1966-67 cient and professional assistance ren- of the men at Clark made me proud of
dered by Maj. Gen. Lawrence S. Light- our American fighting men.
community action fund migrant ner, U.S. Air Force, and Col. John M. Without exception, the men I spoke
program________ ______________ $626,410.00 $610,706
Community action fund migrant Chapman, U.S. Air Force, throughout the with were fully confident of our inevita-
legal services________________ ___________ 806,099 entire tour. ale victory in Vietnam and more impor
Community action fund migrant tant, they were fully aware of the reason
VISTA conference_____________ 4,900.38 ___ Prior to our departure during the week for fighting in this faraway country.
Communitraini ce foundation June 27-July 2 we were briefed at sepa-
1316, 635..50 (2) We departed Clark at about 6 p.m. and
VISTA trai in g-ie ------------ rate times by the Defense Department,
Costs hr headed for San Son Nhut Airbase in
tr rafiining ning thro ougghh: : the State Department, and by our AID
July21,1165 -------- $27,336.23 ------------ ___ Officials in Washington. We departed Saigon and arrived on Tuesday evening,
July 28 to Aug. 24__ 15,910.55 July 5. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge
Aug.25toSept. 30__ 36,320.31 __---------- --------- Andrews Air Force Base at 6 p.m. on
Oct. Ito24---------- 17,069.41 ____________ __ ______ Saturday, July 2, and arrived at Hickam met us at the airport and welcomed us
Total____________ 96.035.50 947,945.68 1,416,807 Air Force Base, Hawaii, shortly alter South Vietnam. We had a very short
Grand total__________________ 2,364,752.89 midnight. We met with the acting com- Fourth of July having crossed the inter-
mander in chief of our Pacific Forces, Lt. national date line shortly after we de-
l Estimated total, since records beyond Oct. 24, 1965 Gen. Paul S. Emrick, U.S. Air Force- parted Hawaii.
not open to inspection. Estimate made on basis of state-
ments by Director Thomas P. liardonl, that some Admiral Sharp was in the Eastern Pa- Early Wednesday morning we met
$220,000 beyond the $96,635.50 has b pad under the cific at the time-Gen. John K. Waters, with Ambassador Lodge at the American
present fixed-fee contract of $1,00 pe tr ' . Training commander in chief, U.S. Army, Pacific; Embassy and received a comprehensive
cycle for each volunteer is 6 week
2 Contracts not yet negotiated fo is a od. Gen. Hunter Harris, Jr., commander in detailed analysis of the situation from
chief, U.S. Air Force, Pacific; and Adm. the Ambassador. He pointed out that we
were beginning to achieve a mililtary
commander in chief
Johnson
L
R
,
,
..
oy
REPORT ON TRIP TO SOUTHEAST
ASIA BY SOME MEMBERS OF CON- U.S. Navy, Pacific, and their respective victory but that in this era of "modern"
staffs. These senior U.S. commanders war, a total victory would have to be ac-
GRESS conferred with us for about 4 hours de- companied by an economic and political
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under scribing, in detail the constitution, dis- victory as well. The Ambassador
previous orders of the House, the gen- position, mission, and operations of the stressed that the Ky regime had been the
tleman from New York, [Mr. MURPHY], U.S. Forces in the Pacific. longest continuous government in the
is recognized for 60 minutes. The emphasis was placed on southeast country since the Diem era. Ky was
Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr. Asia and concentrated on the activities now in his second year as Premier and
Speaker, with the approval of President in South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Laos, had stabilized the Vietnam Government.
Johnson and with your approval, the Cambodia, and Thailand. The interrela- The Vietnam Government with the
following Members of Congress jour- tionship of all of these countries was advice and the assistance of the allied
neyed to the Southeast Asia area to in- stressed politically as they related to ter- forces had instituted social, economic,
vestigate the U.S. military, economic, rain, culture, and the political and eco- political, and administrative reforms
and political commitments: nomic factors. It was clearly pointed throughout the entire country.
Representative JOHN M. MURPHY, out at this conference that the control Under the revolutionary development
Democrat, of New York. and direction of subversive forces acting program, it was evident that the people
Representative JOHN J. GILLIGAN, ' not only in South Vietnam but in Laos were making impressive strides toward
Democrat, of Ohio. and Thailand as well were centered in complete stability. Facts related by the
Representative TENo RONCALio, Demo- Hanoi. Ambassador left no doubt as to the
crat, of Wyoming. There were no illusions that the South Hanoi direction and conduct of the main
Vi
t
e
-
Representative THOMAS C. MCGRATH, Vietnamese or the Laotians or their force Vietcong units and North
-Democrat, of New Jersey. guerrilla activities were independent na- namese units in the country. The South
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 Vietnamese never were the least bit at-
tracted to communism and have been
resisting this aggression for 20 years.
According to the Ambassador's esti-
mates the Vietcong have about 24 per-
cent of the population under 'their domi-
nation while the RVN government has
secured about 54 percent of the popula-
tion. Living in a sort of twilight zone
are 22 percent of the South Vietnamese
people. A cursory examination of Viet-
cong tactics rev@@ais that more than 10,-
000 Vietnam civilians have been killed by
the Vietcong in their wholesale terrorist
tactics to intimidate the country into!
submission.
In May of 1966, the lives of 115 officials
were added to this list, many of them
schoolteachers and hamlet leaders who
were valiantly trying to educate and lead
their people in a democratic life. The
fourth dimension of this war was clearly
portrayed by the Ambassador when he
remarked that we are not only fighting
a war, but we are trying to build a peo-
ples' confidence in themselves and to
win an economic struggle as well.
Our Army can catch the whales-
He said-
but the terror fish requires a finer mesh to
our net of tactics.
Proceeding to the political situation,
the Ambassador stated, and later in the
day Premier Ky confirmed, the intention
of the Vietnam Government to have the
September 11 elections to the constitu-
tional convention. This election will be
the second in Vietnam history and once
the convention draws its constitution,
the people will then have the opportu-
-nity of participating in the democratic
way of life. It must be stated, however,
that the Army in South Vietnam has
been the nationbuilder in a laa~rrd which
was dedicated to people in a srfrall fain-
fly concept instead of a nation as we
know it. The Buddhist Institute headed
by Thich Tom Chow has agreed that
this is a good election law and this ac-
tion confirms the fact that the much
publicized Buddhist uprising and demon-
stration represented only a small minor-
ity of Buddhist thought. Although there
have been demonstrations against the
government by different factions, at no
time has any of thees factions evidenced
a pro-Communist line of ;philosophy.
Further at no time has any minor or
significant political figure or leader in
South Vietnam defected to the Commu-
nist side.
Ambassador Porter charged with the
economic development of Vietnam de-
scribed his efforts in working with the
Government of `South Vietnam.
At all times the junta shows cohesion and
willingness to take advice from the U.S. to
work in three areas simultaneously, namely
to run the war against the Vietcong, to re-
structure the country, and to institute an
electoral system.
He stated that more and more people
are feeling that their Government is
worthwhile and not just a tax collector.
The pacification program which is now
operating in areas already swept by the
Army consists of political action teams
which go into the hamlets and villages to
create peoples action elements to struc-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July .12, 1966
.true and stabilize the local governments.
This ambitious program envisions 25,000
men per year in 59-man teams per ham-
let going to 40,000 men per year in 1967
with the express mission of restoring
economic and political life to areas form-
erly terrorized by the Vietcong.
Charles Mann the U.S. AID Director
described in detail the assistance ren-
dered to the South Vietnam Government.
This program is the most complox ever
undertaken by the United States. This
year alone, this amounts to $650 mil-
lion-part of a total of $21/2 billion since
1955. The 842 Americans in this AID
program are dedicated to working with
the Royal Vietnam Government on ac-
tivities to support and strengthen their
Government and to reestablish the fiber
and fabric of government.
These activities are in the fields of
police, public works, with the emphasis
on port development, road construction,
rural electrification, city powerplants,
and provincial electrification. In field
operations over 2,800 projects have been
undertaken on the local level. In the
field of public health the total of 1,000
indigenous medical doctors which must
serve a population of 16 million people
are augmented by 33 medical health
teams in the country at present with 20
of these teams being U.S. military per-
sonnel. The Republic of China Govern-
ment has sent medical teams to help.
This area of public health needs greater
emphasis.
Preventive health with a program to
conquer malaria and other diseases as
well as the communicable disease prob-
lem are also being attacked by medical
teams. This is part of a worldwide medi-
cal assistance program titled "Project
Vietnam."
Refugee coordination is most vital to
insure proper disposition of 1 million ref-
ugees in the last year alone. One-half
million are still in temporary shelters.
Fifteen international voluntary agencies
are helping this refugee program. The
International Red Cross as well as West
Germany and New Zealand are partici-
pating in this program to aid the 40,000
to 50,000 new refugees per month.
The agriculture program is aided by
a 200-man American staff. Key.problems
they are solving are the land reform
programs to insure land tenure con-
tracts, proper land and crop pricing, and
farmer services to foster cooperative de-
velopments and farm credits.
The police program has 5,000 men cur-
rently in training. The very simple op-
eration of maintaining checkpoints to
apprehend smugglers, Vietcong infiltra-
tion, and other subversives 'will be
expanded.
Education is of course basic to the de-
velopment of this country as pointed out
earlier, teachers are a target of the Viet-
cong terrorist activities but nonetheless
the hamlet school program has seen
6,000 classrooms completed with 2,000
having been constructed through: a self-
help program. Seven million textbooks
have been printed and 14 million are
programed by 1968. These texts were
written by Vietnamese teachers. Sec-
ondary school education is being em-
phasized and teacher training is a nec-
essary part of their program. Over 5,000
have been trained to participate. In the
vocational education field, 20 rural trade
schools have been programed with 7
already completed. Five technical in-
stitutions to teach 1,000 students are
completed.
On Wednesday afternoon, Gen. Wil-
liam C. Westmoreland conducted a de-
tailed briefing on the mission and oper-
ation of MACV-Military Assistance
Command Vietnam. Our participating
allies under his command are the Re-
public of Korea, Australia, New Zealand,
Republic of China, Republic of the Phil-
ippines, and Thailand. -
General Westmoreland traced the es-
calation of the war by the North Viet-
namese. In 1961 they used battalion
strength organizations. By 1963, six
regiments of Vietcong were identified in
the field. By 1965, 14 Vietcong regiments
and 9 North Vietnam Army regiments
were identified. Today 13 Vietcong and
14 North Vietnam Army regiments, co-
-ordinated by 5 division headquarters are
operating against the South Vietnam
Government and Allied forces.
The effects of allied military opera-
tions against the Vietcong and North
Vietnam Armies was a source of pride to
everyone. The cumulative effects of U.S.
Air Force, naval carrier-based aircraft,
B-52 bomber units, naval gunfire, and
the U.S. combined Army operation in the
field, completely reversed the course of
the war.
The problem of winning the peace
must, however, be carried on simultane-
ously. The Vietcong terrorists are oper-
ating in the 43 Provinces, 235 districts,
2,558 villages, and 13,211 hamlets of this
country. To drive this subversive ter-
rorist organization out of this grassroot
area is going to take a long time and
very strong effective action by the RVN
Government. The answer is the revolu-
tionary development program which I
referred to earlier.
On Wednesday departed Tan Son
Nhut Airfield-the main airport at
Saigon-which is busier than Washing-
ton National and Kennedy Airports com-
bined, and flew to Cam Ranh Bay about
250 miles north of Saigon where the
second largest port is located. We have
enlarged the unloading capacity :here
from about-1,000 short tons daily to 8,000
short tons daily. We have also establish-
ed a bulk oil terminal. The logistical
problems appear to be solved although
there is a wait for some dry cargo ships in
unloading. Much lighterage is used for
discharging ocean vessels, unloading in
some cases is done on a selective basis.
This port will be a $300 million facility
when completed and will be a big asset
to the economy of the country when the
war is over.
In the bay were two power ships for
electricity, an ammo storage ship, air-
craft ordnance maintenance ship. Four
dry cargo ships were being unloaded and
four were waiting for berths. All in all
this is a very huge but efficient port oper-
ation. The' Cam Ranh Bay Airfield is an
example of an "instant airfield"; 90 F-4
fighters and 90 large cargo transporters
move in and out daily.
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July 12, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
The runway is aluminum and they carrier doing about 30 knots, the tail
have the usual aviation facilities. Com- hook caught the first arresting cable and
bat sorties were taking off and landing we were stopped in about 100 feet.
every few minutes. Pilots fly about 200 Capt, Vince Macri, the captain, briefed
missions during their 11-month tour. us as to his mission and then we pro-
They usually operate in the same area ceeded to inspect this 23-year-old vet-
and consequently are experts on the eran of World War II, Pacific action.
terrain. This carrier incidentally was the last one
We flew to Que Nhon in an Army Cari- to be refitted at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
bou aircraft, a two-engine small cargo The Intrepid has 32, A-4 jet fighter
type, and visited the ROK Capital Di- aircraft and 24 A-1 propeller fighter,
vision. We received an honor guard dive-bomber-type aircraft. She launch-
which was the best I have ever seen. The es and receives back 10 planes every
South Koreans are really a model unit. hour. The launch is by steam catapult
They have adapted to the country com- and one plane goes off every 30 seconds.
pletely and have formed a personal bond I spoke with the returning pilots in the
ir
t th
th
with the South Vietnamese. They have
been most effective in combat operations.
Twenty-four thousand troops are in
Vietnam now and by November 1 they
will add another division which will
bring their force to 48,000-plus. They
have been very effective in civil action
programs. Many of their soldiers are
farm boys and have greatly assisted the
Vietnamese in improving productivity.
We flew to An Khe in the interior to
the 1st Cavalry Division. This is our
air mobile assault division. We observed
several air strikes which were in process
along our route of travel. This division
actually has units in combat over a 300-
mile'area and can still support itself be-
cause of its great mobility. The "Air
Cav" were experiencing difficulty in try-
ing to make contact with the Vietcong.
The Vietcong seemed reluctant to close
with U.S. units and more interested in
attacking Royal Vietnamese Army units.
From here we flew to the 1st Brigade
of the 101st Airborne Division at Dakto,
about 18 miles from the Cambodian bor-
der. This was the unit which was in-
volved in the heavy action during which
Capt. William Carpenter had called the
air strikes in on top of his unit. Car-
penter described this action as necessary
because the Vietcong were 15 yards from
his men hidden in the bamboo under-
growth. The 101st are astride a main
infiltration route and consequently in
action all the time. The area is in-
habited by the Montonyard-mountain
people. Very primitive, the men were in
loin cloths and the women are bare
breasted. Obviously, the coastal areas
are rich and the target of the Communist
action. We returned to Saigon via the
Pluku Airfield, about a 400-mile trip.
The strongest impression of the day was
our base development and use of air and
mobility of our units. These three di-
mensions of the war are going well. The
fourth we are obviously going to have to
concentrate on, and that is to restore
confidence in the minds of the Vietna-
mese people-confidence in themselves
and their Government.
a
e
readyroom and they told me
armament of rockets, machine guns,
Napalm, and 500 to 2,000 pound bombs
are very effective against the Vietcong
units. Pilots know the terrain inti-
mately and they felt they were effec-
tively supporting the ground combat
elements.
The Intrepid launches 90 strikes per
day, about the same as the 12th Fighter
Wing at Cam Rahn Bay airfield that I
described earlier. The carrier is in
every respect a floating, mobile, airbase.
We flew from the Intrepid to our II F
FORCEV Headquarters at Long Binh
and were briefed by Maj. Gen. Jonathan
0. Seaman, the commander. He com-
mands the Southern U.S. Forces which
includes the Saigon area and runs to the
Cambodian border.
He has Vietnamese as well as United
States, Australian, and New Zealand
forces under his command. He is very
confident of our efforts and showed
graphically on his situation maps the
definite turn to our side that the war has
taken. We traveled to the III Corps
Headquarters of the Royal Vietnamese
Army and were briefed by the deputy
commander, General Tinch, and then
visited the 25th Royal Vietnamese Divi-
sion. The Viet soldier impressed me with
his toughness and firm purpose.
They have been fighting for 20 years
and want to end this war as quickly as
possible. They showed some very re-
vealing tonnages of rice and other sup-
plies captured from the Vietcong. They
now control the rice-producing areas and
it is obvious that the Vietcong are hard
pressed in the productive areas of the
country.
Traveling by helicopter now, we went
to Cu Chi, headquarters of the U.S. 25th
Infantry Division-a real operation,
Maj. Gen. Fred Weyand, commander.
His base camp is right on top of the town
that was the main Vietcong headquar-
ters. It took a tough fight to drive the
Vietcong away, but he now controls and
secures the entire north flank of . the
Saigon corridor.
Every day this is proceeding effectively Using B-52 strikes, armored artillery,
and it is endorsed by more schools under and our vastly superior firepower, the
construction, more commerce on the Vietcong is forced to break contact when
roads, and more importantly by defec- they engage U.S. forces. The problem,
tors from the other side. as usual in this area, is to restore confl-
On Thursday we departed Tan Son dente to the local village and hamlet
Nhut Airbase. We boarded a Navy two- people. Confidence in United States and
engine eight-seat plane, the C-lA the Royal Vietnamese Armies to report
T.rader" and headed for the U.S. Air- the Vietcong terrorists in the villages so
craft carrier Intrepid which is on duty that action can be brought to bear
in the South China Sea. The landing against the terrorist. This is being done
was a real thrill. We came in with the on an increasing basis.
On Saturday we traveled by Army
Caribou aircraft to the 5th Special
Forces Group Detachment at Phuoc
Long Province. A very fertile valley due
to the Song Be River which flows
through the Province. The special forces
work closely with the provincial police
and the revolutionary force units to
pacify the area of 68,000 population.
About one-half are under control of
the Vietcong and no production has been
forthcoming from a large rubber planta-
tion in the Province. The provincial
chief hopes to resume production in the
near future. That afternoon we went to
the 1st Logistical Command installation
in Saigon and toured the port, pier, ware-
house, and distribution facilities with
Maj. Gen. Charles W. Eifler.
The port congestion of Saigon has
been relieved both here and at Can Ronh
Bay. A port authority under the con-
tract of the Vietnamese Army will co-
ordinate all logistical movements both
civilian and military in the near future.
It was evident that our logistical base
has been carefully and soundly com-
pleted and is efficiently supplying the
needs of our military and economic
operation. For example, of 97,296 items
on requisition for. 7 days, 83,539 had been
filled; 95 percent of aircraft requisitions
were filled.
We departed Vietnam and arrived in
Dong Muang Airbase, Bangkok at 6 p.m.
on Saturday night and were met by Maj.
Gen. Richard G. Stilwell, commander,
of the U.S. Military Assistance Com-
mand, Thailand. We proceeded to the
U.S. Embassy and were briefed by the
Charge d'Affaires and General Stilwell.
The U.S. concern for the development of
Thailand can be readily understood by
analyzing the past development at Sat-
tahip which in effect is the creation of a
new port city to meet the increased eco-
nomic development of this entire country
of 31 million people. New highways,
railroads, pipelines, and airfields are
proceeding with increased American em-
phasis. There is a real threat in the
northeastern areas of this country along
the Laotian and Cambodian frontiers.
Hanoi-trained terrorists are employing
the same terror tactics of ruthless mur-
der and intimidation of town people as
in Vietnam. The Thai Government is
meeting this threat with American as-
sistance and advice.
We departed Bangkok Sunday after-
noon for Taipei on Taiwan arriving at
7 p.m. We met with Ambassador Walter
P. McGonnaby and Vice Adm. William E.
Gentner, on Monday morning and were
briefed on the military, economic, and
political situations. Our AID program
has been such a success here that we are
phasing out our program and the For-
mosans will be completely on their own.
The threat of Red China is always pres-
ent. Numerous clashes at sea and in the
air occur in the straits between the
mainland and Formosa. At 10 a.m. we
met with the Vice President, C. K. Yen
and then had an hour conference with
President Chaing Kai-shek.
Chaing Kai-shek expressed his admi-
ration for the U.S. role in southeast Asia,
stating we were there in the nick of time.
He felt that a negotiation would have to
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14686
take place in Vietnam before any powers I have not had an opportunity to-pre-
would withdraw their armies. He fur- pare a detailed and formal report, but
ther stated that the problems on the will do so within the next few days and I
mainland would prevent any Chinese in- hope to bring to the attention of the
model for the full enterprise system in
Asia. Booming industry, agriculture, and
educational systems were evident from
the people on the streets.
Mr. Speaker, I support President
Johnson's policy in Vietnam and com-
mend him for his continuance of the
policy supported and enunciated by our
last five Presidents. That we as a na-
tion will honor our international agree-
ments and that we will fight if necessary
to prevent the totalitarian agressors from
overcoming our, allies, The President
has committed and I support his com-
mitment of American troops in Vietnam
an the frontier of freedom.
The American people should fully
understand that we here in the citadel
of freedom are secure only as long as
the frontier of freedom is protected.
Every patriotic American has an obliga-
tion to support our commitment and the
voices of doom should be hushed lest
they give aid and comfort to an enemy
that may misgage our national purpose.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. MURPHY of New York. I am
delighted to yield to the gentleman from
New Jersey.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker, as a
member of the Foreign Affairs Commit-
tee, I would like to compliment the gen-
tleman from New York on his splendid
report on Vietnam. I join with my col-
leagues in paying tribute to him and the
other Members who just returned from
Vietnam on their factfl.nding tour.
Mr. Speaker, the gentleman from New
York [Mr. MURPHY], was one of the
most outstanding soldiers ever to serve
his country. He won a distinguished
service cross in Korea among other dec-
orations. He is now demonstrating as
a Member of Congress a capacity to
prove equally valuable to his country as
a statesman. It is a rare combination
for a man to be both an outstanding sol-
dier and an outstanding statesman but
these qualities JOHN MURPHY Possesses.
I would like to compliment too my col-
league from New Jersey, Congressman
MCGRATH, who went to Vietnam, for his
excellent service to our country. A
graduate of Annapolis fully trained on
the ways, of war but who has dedicated
himself to the search for peace and the
security of our country.
To all the Members of this Vietnam
study mission, Mr. Speaker, please allow
me to extend my admiration and grati-
tude for a job well down.
Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr.
Speaker, I thank the gentleman from
New Jersey.
Mr. WHITENER. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. MURPHY of New York. I am
happy to yield to my colleague.
Mr. WHITENER. Mr. Speaker, I
would like to join my colleague, the
gentleman from New York [Mr.
MURPHY] in this report on our visit to
Vietnam and to the Far East,
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE July 12,
1966
that it is unfortunate that they cannot
have the experience which the gentle-
man from New York and the other 12
who joined us on this mission have had
in seeing firsthand what is happening.
As I have thought about the matter from
a firsthand rook, I think we do have a
very serious problem. Assuming that, we
could accomplish a total military vic-
tory today, I am afraid that we would
not have gained much unless we had time
to proceed with the civil action program
which will mean so much in the preser-
vation of this country, its freedom and
its independence in the future, with the
orientation of the Vietnamese mind to-
ward the village and the province, and
not toward the nation, which is a serious
problem. I would urge the U.S. In-
formation Agency and other bodies to
give attention to some unsophisticated
approaches to those problems.
I think, too, that we cannot delude the
people of our own country by thinking
that this is purely a military action. The
people of that area have, I believe, a
great potential if we cooperate with them
in technological and particularly agri-
cultural training programs.
So, while I do not want to transgress
upon the gentleman's time unduly, I do
think that this mission of which we were
a part, having had the opportunity not
only to talk to people, but to see our
troops in combat, and actually almost
to be a part of it, gave us a picture which
we would hope in some way we could
convey to more of our people, because
America is not willing to turn down. any
people who are craving for freedom. I
know that if the people had the facts,
they would feel as the gentleman from
New York, the gentleman from Wyo-
ming, the gentleman from Ohio, the
gentleman from New Jersey, the gentle-
man from Illinois, and the others of us
felt-that we have an opportunity in
Vietnam, not only to restore freedom to
that country, but also to preserve free-
dom in all of southeast Asia and, in
doing so, to strengthen freedom here at
home.
I thank the gentleman for yielding to
me, and I look forward to having an
opportunity to develop some of my
thoughts more fully after a few days.
Mr. MURPHY of New York. I thank
the gentleman from North Carolina.
I would like to point out at this time
that in 1941, when the gentleman was
a member of the House of Representa-
tives of the State' of North Carolina, he
resigned his seat so that he could enter
the service of our country. During that
critical period in World War II he be-
came a gunnery officer, and finished, the
war as a lieutenant in the Navy. Having
served overseas in the defense of our
country, he is the voice of experience
when he speaks about our armed services.
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. MURPHY of New York. I yield to
the gentleman from Illinois.
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I asso-
ciate myself with the remarks of the
gentleman in the well and the gentleman
from North Carolina in thanking .the
Mr. Speaker, were were gratified that
we were given an opportunity by the
President and the distinguished Speaker
of the House of Representatives to make
this important mission, which we feel
has great significance for the Congress
as well as for the people of the country.
As the gentleman from New York has
said, while we .must be cautious in our
optimism, we have every reason to be
proud of the efforts that are being made
in Vietnam. We have many iridicia of
the progress that has been made as we
look about that country. One of the in-
dicia is the information which was given
to us with reference to the defections
under the Chu Hoy or open arms pro-
gram that is now in effect in Vietnam.
In the entire year of 1965, we were told
that there were only, 11,124 Vietcong de-
fectors whereas through June of this
year 9,200 such defectors have shown up
on our side,
. May I say also, as the gentleman has
said, every American should be proud of
the .young men we have sent to 'Vietnam
for the courageous and patriotic attitude
that they have.
Those of us who visited' with the
marines in the northern part of 'Vietnam
and we were told when we visited with
General Westmoreland in Saigon and
with Ambassador Lodge and when we
visited the II Corps area and visited with
General Larsen-wherever we went,
whether we talked to Marine, Navy, or
Army commanders, we were told that
never in their experience, either World
War II or in the Korean war, had they
seen America's young men perform with
such zeal and devotion to duty as they
had experienced in this military conflict.
I would like to quote briefly several
statements that were made to us by Gen-
eral. Larsen who has command of the U.S.
forces in the II Corps area of Vietnam.
One of the things he said was, this:
Every month things look a little hit better.
then with reference to the criticism
that some have made with reference
to the alleged shortage of ammunition,
General Larsen had this to say and I
quote:
We have never been short of any type of
ammunition at any time we needed it.
Then, in discussing the situation of our
acquistion of intelligence data, General
Larsen said:
Vietnamese civilians are now making much
valuable information available to our side.
This, as the gentleman from New York
knows, is another indicia of the -effec-
tiveness of our effort.
Then I thought it was significant that
General Larsen had this to say:
I think President Johnson has fought the
smartest war, psychologically and militarily
of any war that we have engaged in during
my lifetime.
So when we hear this criticism from
the beatniks and the peaceniks and, if
you please, the so-called doves, I think
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President and the Speaker of this House There is no question that the helicop- utional assembly has been elected on Sep-
for making it possible for 14 of us to ter has seriously challenged the old tember 11 the people of Vietnam not only
make this trip to Vietnam and to see axiom that one must never get one's self will have a constitution but also will have
firsthand the situation there. involved in a land war In Asia. This an elected constitutionally formed gov-
I -congratulate the gentleman from may have been true many years ago. ernment, which will take over the reins of
New York CMr. MURPHY] who served as Thank God, our Defense Department government in that country.
the chairman of this House task force. and our industries have developed the These are all things which point to a
He certainly handled himself very well great team that has been able to meet hopeful picture.
throughout the trip. It was a great the challenge in Asia. Otherwise this I join my colleagues in cautioning
pleasure to travel with him. He con- great territory would have fallen to the against too much optimism. Certainly it
veyed the wishes of this House to our Communists. With the aid of the heli- has been a long struggle. The fact re-
troops and to the various leaders in a copters, we are making every part of mains that we are today unequivocally
manner that would make every Member Vietnam inaccessible to the enemy, winning this war. Our forces have taken
of this House proud that he is a Member It is my judgment, from speaking to the initiative. We have denied the ene-
of this House. the PW's and those who have questioned my all mobility and all initiative.
Mr. Speaker, this has been a very help- the prisoners of war, that the prisoners It may be that more troops will be
ful, instructive, and informative trip. of war are reporting their morale' has needed in Vietnam. It may be that more
The Members of the House had the op- never been lower. The supply of food is bombings will be needed in Vietnam.
portunity to see firsthand the deploy- short. The supply of medicine is liter- President Johnson has properly stated
ment of U.S. troops and of South Viet- ally nonexistent. The problems of am- that he intends to give General West-
nam troops, the deployment of the Aus- munition are certainly slowing down moreland all he needs.
tralian troops and the New Zealand their activities. General Westmoreland will go down in
troops, totaling 1 million men. I think the other war is equally im- history as one of the great generals of
It is quite obvious the question is no portant. I was very happy to hear the our Armed Forces. The President is
longer whether we are going to win the gentleman from New York mention the ready to give to General Westmoreland
war; the question rather is, How soon peace program there. Too often the whatever he needs to assure total
can we win the war? daily headlines we see in the press tell us victory.
The gentleman In the well has quite only about the military aspect of the For those whom I have heard question
properly stated that we view the progress great challenge that we have accepted whether we have a plan for victory in
with caution but with optimism. My in Vietnam. Vietnam, I would recommend a visit to
own judgment, in watching the deploy- In fact, a great portion of our forces Vietnam. When they see the spirit of
ment of these troops, is that the enemy is being deployed in the pacification pro- our American soldiers and when they see
has been so thoroughly pinned down by gram, to secure the hundreds of villages the deployment of our American troops
our own troops and our allies that we from the Vietcong terrorism and subver- and when they see the great teamwork,
have reason to believe the Communists sion. Through this pacification program, they will understand. There is only one
are indeed ripe for a massive knockout developed by our Armed Forces, we are goal, and that goal is victory for free-
blow. able to restore local governments and to dom.
I believe history will show that Presi- make it possible for Vietnam to be ready I say there is a great tide of freedom
dent Johnson's decision last year to slug for self-government. In my judgment, sweeping through southeast Asia, in
It out with the Communists in Vietnam, this pacification program holds the key Vietnam, and the victory we are going to
rather than to abandon this very rich to our long-range success in Vietnam. have in Vietnam is going to pace that tide
and important territory to the Commu- I should like also to take this oppor- of freedom.
nists, will constitute the turning point tunity to congratulate and commend our I have every reason to believe that
in our 20-year struggle with the Red medical forces in Vietnam. It is a source when victory is ours in Vietnam we shall
menace. President Johnson's decision of great hope, of great courage, and of have demonstrated to the enemy that big
to bomb the oil depots in Hanoi and Hai- great consolation to all of us to know that wars are too costly and small wars are too
phong last week was acclaimed very such teamwork has been developed costly and indeed we can look forward to
loudly by our troops as certainly a sign among the Navy, the Army, the Air Force, an era of prolonged peace in this world.
that we are moving in the direction of the Marines, and the Coast Guard that To that goal, I congratulate the men
total victory in Vietnam. we are able today to move a wounded and women who are doing such an excel-
It is my hope that these bombings are soldier from the field of battle to a major lent job in Vietnam.
going to continue. It is my hope that hospital installation where he can get I am proud to have been a member of
there will be other targets of a military major medical attention in less time than the delegation headed by the gentleman
nature that will be bombed. It is my it took during World War II to move a from New York CMr. MURPHY]. This has
hope that Hanoi is going to realize the soldier from the place where he was been one of the greatest experiences of
folly of continuing this war in Vietnam. wounded to a field hospital, for limited my life. Certainly I can appreciate the
It is my further hope that we are going care, in an ambulance. Our casualty rate great effort today more than ever before.
to hit the powerplants in the area of has been kept down because the medics I congratulate the gentleman for his ini-
Hanoi, to totally immobilze Hanoi as the have been doing a truly outstanding job tiative and the effort in putting together
great supply depot for the troops that of giving excellent and quick help to our this task force to visit Vietnam.
are waging warfare against our own men soldiers. Mr. MURPHY of New York. I thank
and our allies in Vietnam. Also, we ought to commend those gal- the gentleman from Illinois.
It is quite obvious that the deploy- lant civilians who work in the Agency I should like to point out to the House
ment that has been accomplished by our for International Development. They are that the gentleman enlisted in World
forces in the relatively short time is as much soldiers as the boys who are car- War II as a private and rose to the rank
nothing short of spectacular. Our rying guns. These men in Vietnam are of captain. He also was selected to lead
forces have denied the Communists all bringing new dimensions of hope to the a B-29 bombing raid in one of the first
initiative in Vietnam. They have denied people of Vietnam and giving new mean- raids over Tokyo, Japan. He was
them mobility. It is indeed a source of ing to America's presence there. awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross
great pride to all of us who were there to We were very much impressed by our and many air medals in that war. Be-
see the high degree of proficiency and interview with General Ky, who assured cause of his past career and experience,
efficiency with which our troops are en- us that the elections are coming off on he made a great contribution to the con-
gaging in their mission. ' September 11, and who assured us that duct and understanding of the air war
I am quite positive that if every Amer- he sees no difficulty in transferring the by the other members of the committee.
ican could have the opportunity we have reins of government from a military gov- Mr. RONCALIO. Mr. Speaker, will
had in viewing our troops in Vietnam, ernment to a civilian government. More the gentleman yield?
their hearts would swell with pride, as important, I place great credence and Mr. MURPHY of New York. I am
ours did, in watching our men meet the great hope in his statement that he hopes happy to yield to the gentleman from
great challenge. that within 6 months after the consti- Wyoming.
No. 110-23
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 12, 1966
Mr. RONCALIO. Mr. Speaker, much
as we are aware that a 10-day stay in
South Vietnam is hardly time to ,permit
a candid appraisal of many of the key
issues, it is nevertheless sufficient time
to acquaint one with some of the difficult
problems in this involvement.
First off I want to pay my respects, Mr.
Speaker, to the gentleman who has the
time for this special order and who was
kind enough to yield some of his time to
me for this partial report. I believe Mr.
MURPHY was an excellent chairman of
our delegation and was most gracious in
sharing his time with all members of the
group. We were at all times free to ask
questions of Ambassador Lodge, General
Westmoreland, and General Ky. Mr.
MURPHY was gracious in his tribute to
our leaders and to General Shea of the
Republic of Korea. Of course, I was
particularly proud and pleased to be a
member of his committee, and I am
proud to take the floor now to pay trib-
ute to my colleague on the way he han-
dled this delegation. I am also grateful
to you, Mr. Speaker, and to the Presi-
defit for having been included in this
delegation.
I am pleased to have been able to re-
port to the President last night at the
White House on the results 'of our trip.
Many critics of the administration had
questions often raised on particular mat-
ters. I am convinced a beginning toward
an honest answer to these questions was
made during the trip. If permissible by
the gentleman from New York, I should
like to take about 5 minutes to cover
these questions and to indicate my an-
swers to them.
Most critics of the administration
limit General Ky's support to the mili-
tary, merchants, and upper class, and ask
"What is the U.S. interest in South Viet-
nam?"
At the present time, whether or not a
majority of the citizens of South Viet-
nam would vote for a continuation of the
Ky administration is begging a far more
important question. There is no ques-
tion at the present time but that a vast
majority of the citizens of South Viet-
nam desire peace first and foremost. It
is in the pursuit of this peace that Gen-
eral Ky's administration is doing the
most commendable job. Therefore, I be-
lieve it follows, Mr. Speaker, most of the
people of South Vietnam who are con-
cerned with peace appreciate the fact
that his leadership is making it all the
more possible and all the more soon.
He has every belief that there will be
widespread participation in the Septem-
ber 11 election. Our talks with him, as
well as was possible in our short time,
convinced me, in any event, that General
Ky established a framework of govern-
ment upon which we can rely once peace
is obtained. Peace must come first and
then will come the planning, which will
justify one particular administration's
election as against another and the
adoption of a democratic society by the
free people of South Vietnam.
There are many disturbing factors, to
What is the relationship between labor There must also be concurrent with
and the government in South Vietnam? the waging of this war the teaching of
We do not know, but we know if this political structures, establishments of
modus operandi permits the preserve- political stability, and the constructing
tion of these plantations and trees until of physical assets that are being ravaged
such time as peace can be restored, we by the enemy.
presume there will be a reason to Justify The training of civil police also
these arrangements at the present time, continues.
Question No. 2 which was most fre- Building of public works, railroads,
quently asked by our critics is, ".How free airports, airways, ports, and waterways
will these elections be?" continues a vital part of our program
We believe there is little question but there. Public health and medical facili-
what they will be open to all people ex- ties need more attention and are in need
cept the very hard core Vietcong and of immediate and marked improvement.
those neutralists dedicated to insurgen- Seventh. "What is being done for refu-
cy. It is hoped that all groups of all gees from bombing and battle areas?"
religious denominations will participate There is admittedly a crowded condi-
in South Vietnam's election of a consti- tion in the hospitals near those areas that
tuent assembly. If they do not, it will have suffered war damage. This is not
be of their own free will and not be- without full attention of all officials,
cause of any coercion by the government. however, and we do believe improvements
The exclusion of dedicated Communists in this regard will be made as fast as is
in an election in a free country was pro- possible.
vided in Greece and other countries that Eighth. "How deep is the anti-Amer-
had large Communist groups, and there ican feeling?"
is no reason why it should not prove as The burning and ransacking of U.S.
successful in bringing stability in Viet- consulates is undeniable
nam. proof of anti-
Question No. 3 is "What is the attitude Americanism particularly by the militant
north-
encountered outside of the cities toward Buddhist groups in Saigon and the nn in the war?" We were not long in ern Provinces. The superficial conclu-
getting the
Ky sion is that anti-Americanism prevails
eve the answer answer is to to this be found question. in I the in be- in all South Vietnam, but, Mr. Speaker,
answer to question No. 1 above. the problem appeared much more com-
Question No. 4 is "What is the attitude p. Time, the plac and circum-
of the Buddhists and the students?" It stacatedancfo should be consider red.
seems a few militant Buddhists hoped to there is for no the need time factor, explain is that war anti-
be
be able to establish a theocracy, and in Americanism is one e aspect war
any event it is certain they sought to which w wee pecct n t of this her
bring about a downfall of the govern- war have to include the with. internal
ment. Having overplayed their hand and po'litiscs in this and unfortunately tiers of
come to the inevitable result of any politi matters of
group who would take such means in religion in South Vietnam. When pol-
.time of war, it is doubtful if they will i tfcs and religion are involved in a war
again attempt similar strategy, at least in a country which still claims freedom
not against the same administration. as the only reason for its existence, there
are those who raise anti-Americanism in
Fifth. "Do one-third of all U.S. sup- order to gain popular support for their
plies go to the black market?" private cause. We also found, Mr.
As in all military engagements at all Speaker, that in South Vietnam, it is
times, a far too large percentage of sup- easy for the "anti" group to cry "Amer-
plies do find their way to the black mar- icans go home" and to find ready public-
ket. What can be done about this is an ity channels available; but it is not easy
extremely complicated and difficult mat- for the "pros" to shout "Americans
ter; we must keep constant vigilance in please stay" and find headlines available
the hope that the problem can be at- to their expressions.
tacked, the harms remedied, and correc- Concerning the place factor, we Arner-
tions placed into effect. icans are exposed to a people still reeling
Sixth. "How effective and how wide- from a hundred years of French misrule
spread is nonmilitary aid?" and abuse and a good bit of what may
Perhaps more effective and more wide- be interpreted as anti-Americanism now
spread than anyone really knows in is nothing more than the understandable
America. If there has been a failure to resentment of foreigners in their midst,
give credit where credit is due, it is in the particularly of some whose marauding
tremendous work of pacification and in complexes far overshadowed any desire
the civil action programs now un.dertak- to share the bounties of Asian life with
en by the South Vietnamese Government whose sweat made them possible.
and more and more by the military About circumstances, it is a known fact
troops of the United States. Much will that a few anti-American slogans on
be said on this particular program, and banners carried by children in a square
it is hoped that much more will be done in Saigon may be read by millions of
in this tremendous field of assistance in Americans on TV screens. But repeated
every facet of South Vietnamese life. expressions of gratitude to allied troops
Political action teams are at work. now in may not even come to the attention of
the villages and hamlets in a part of official U.S. circles. Anti-American is a
their own revolutionary development. catch phrase and is ready made for use
These teams are made up predominantly in Vietnam. It is, however, a matter
of South Vietnamese trained also by which b d
fi
it
i
cgs
a
n
ons. The pI oblem will
plantations in South Vietnam. A tax or cadres of South Vietnam in cooperation remain involved because none of the
levy is paid to Communists and the with our own Government officials. Ter- South Vietnamese leaders wish to waste
French managers still run the planta- rorism is being abated, and much sta- time to define words at this juncture.
tions. bility is being brought to the country. We firmly believe that both the Ameri-
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July 12, 1966 'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
can officials and the people of South
Vietnam are now determined that there
is only one decision at the present time
and It is to forget the words and to go
ahead with defeating the Communists.
The peoples of both nations, South Viet-
nam and America realize that they have
a common responsibility with all of the
nations of the free world in this regard.
Ninth. "To what extent are the South
Vietnamese people participating in this
war?
More and more the South Vietnamese
people are being drawn into the struggle
to preserve peace, in the pacifications of
South Vietnamese villages and in return-
ing the nation to the processes of order.
A recent expression of the Armed Forces
Council to include all segments of South
Vietnamese society is an encouraging
step.
PERSPECTIVE ON VIETNAM
Thus, Mr. Speaker, are the answers
to specific questions often raised. What
follows touches on the "big picture" our
ultimate role as a result of these crucial
days.
Mr. Speaker, there are a number of
valid ways to view the current conflict In
Vietnam but some are more valid than
others. One point of view comes from
the reporting of day-to-day events, a pic
ture which is often distorted by dramatic
happenings such as bombings, demon-
strations, and attempted coups. Of
course, these events are of great impor-
tance but they are often exaggerated
and their significance can be transitory.
Instead of emphasizing the isolated
events, a broader perspective can be
gained by analyzing the war effort in its
entirety. It seems clear that there Is no
longer a threat of military defeat for
South Vietnam, as opposed to the situa-
tion about 18 months ago. The Vietcong
still control large parts of the country-
side but they are extremely weak in the
cities. United States and South Viet-
namese forces are winning most of the
big battles and the Ky regime seems to
have found a few sources of hidden
strength.
THE NLr
The National Liberation Front tactic
has been an abject failure. The North
Vietnamese commanders established the
front in an attempt to gain the support
of those South Vietnamese .who would
not support an avowed Communist orga-
nization. It is an old Communist tactic
to establish the allegedly non-Commu-
nist front, which in reality is controlled
by the central Communist organization.
But not one prominent South Vietnamese
citizen has joined the National Libera-
tion Front. Its top executives include
an architect and a lawyer, both of whom
are considered "mavericks" by their pro-
fessional colleagues.
Another indication of solid support
behind the Saigon government came
from the 1065 provincial elections, where
over half the eligible voters cast ballots,
despite a Vietcong order for a boycott
of the elections. The Vietcong have
called for several general strikes in South
Vietnamese cities but their suggestions
have gone almost totally unheeded. It
appears the September 11 elections will
not be boycotted to any substantial
degree.
Another way of looking at the war is
from the viewpoint of the international
political system. The Vietnam war has
damaged our understanding with the
Soviet Union and France, while compli-
cating our policy toward NATO.
THE ASIAN VIEW
But perhaps the most important per-
spective on the war is from the viewpoint
of long-term trends in Asia. From this
stance, it is clear that the rising power of
China must be kept within certain limits,
by military means if there is no other
alternative, but more preferably by the
same diplomatic processes of contain-
ment and communication. These proc-
esses led to a profound modification of
the world outlook of the Soviet Union.
Undue conciliatory advances- on our part
may not be wise at the present time,
since they might run the risk of being
interpreted as a sign of weakness in Viet-
nam. But we can look forward to and
prepare for the day when the Chinese will
conduct their policies on a basis of prag-
matism, rather than on blind faith in
a revolutionary ideology, and will join
the responsible community of nations,
as the Russians appear to have done.
We must keep In mind that there is
a dichotomy between what the Chinese
seem to be saying and what they seem to
be doing. This Is partly due to the im-
mense cultural gap separating Chinese
leaders from the outside world. The
Chinese idea of world guerrilla counter-
encirclement may be a compensation for
the actual isolation and military weak-
ness of China.
When viewing the Vietnam conflict
from an Asian perspective, it is clear that
the region faces a problem which is a
recurring one in international affairs.
This is the problem of how to handle a
rising power in the midst of a number of
weaker states. The experiences with
Germany and Japan should provide les- '
sons on how not to handle the situation,
while our approach to the Soviet Union
seems to have been more successful.
China has much in common with these
other three states-her troublemaking,
though motivated partly by defensive
intentions, could still develop into a seri-
ous danger if wrongly handled, mainly
because the` philosophy behind it is so
vague and opportunistic. According to
W. A. C. Adie, in International Affairs,
April 1966:
This vagueness Is a function of the fact
that Mao has not yet properly conquered
China nor organized it as a coherent modern
state within definitive borders; he estimates
that it may take one ar more centuries to
consolidate his revolution. In the mean-
while the old confusion between China as
a way of life and as a territorial state re-
mains; is Mao Caesar, Pope--ter Messiah?
It is significant that the message of a
contemporary Chinese dance-drama is
that Mao is the savior of mankind, as
well as of China.
Chinese nationalism is motivated by
the same revolutionary ideology that
once spurred the Soviet Union; its aim
may be the same as that of the Japanese
militarists who wanted to establish the
hegemony of a single state over south-
east Asia: it also has certain affinities
with Hitler's nazism, arising from simi-
lar conditions. As Adie states:
Both countries suffered from humiliating
defeat and fragmentation of a patriarchal
society; this created the need for a mass-
nationalist "cement" to turn the "sheet of
sand" Sun Yat-sen complained of into a
rock. Both idealize mass hysteria and ber-
serk fury. In both it is the march that is
Important rather than the direction.
There is much to indicate that the
leaders of other Asian states also see
Vietnam from this broader Asian per-
spective. Although, with the excep-
tions of Thailand, the Philippines, South
Korea, and Formosa, the Asian states
have not openly professed support for
our efforts in Vietnam, there have been
reports that their leaders privately back
our commitment there. They are glad
that someone is fighting the Communist
insurgency to keep it away from their
borders.
THE PROTECTIVE SHIELD
In many ways, the U.S. effort in Viet-
nam is providing a shield behind which
the rest of southeast Asia can develop.
The war in Vietnam is providing a diver-
sion which keeps China and North Viet-
nam occupied and prevents them from
interfering freely with peaceful change in
the rest of the area. As an editorial in
the Honolulu Sunday Advertiser of July
3, 1966, put it:
To only buy time can sometimes be worth
the price.
There are indications that buying time
in Vietnam has been worth the price in
shielding Thailand. In Eastern World,
May-June 1966, Simon Head reports that
one consequence of the escalation in
South Vietnam has been a reduction of
Communist pressure on the other two
areas in Indochina most vulnerable to
Communist subversion-Laos and north -
east Thailand. With the increasing in-
volvement in South Vietnam, the Com-
munists are unwilling to risk U.S. retalia-
tion on a second front.
This explains why, in northeast Thai-
land, Communist strategy has not yet
progressed beyond preliminary stages.
There has been infiltration only in a few
isolated areas, directed toward estab-
lishing "liberated zones" which can be
used later as bases for operations on a
larger scale.
These activities have prompted the
Thai Government to embark upon a
program of rural development. Rural
poverty in the northeast is accounted
for by the fact that most families make
their living from growing rice in areas
totally unsuited for its cultivation.
Yields are low because of inadequate
rainfall and poor soil. A farmer can
rarely increase his Income by producing
a surplus-even when he does, it may
not be worthwhile to send it to market
due to the bad roads.
There is no landlord problem in the
area-almost 90 percent of the land is
owned by the farmers. The fact that
the benefits of increased production do
not have to be shared with a landlord
increases the impact of the reforms and
deprives the Communists of their most
powerful propaganda weapon.
There is enormous scope for agricul-
tural development. Even on the unfa-
vorable northeast soil, it is possible to
treble the annual production of rice by
the application of fertilizers and insecti-
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14690
cides and the use of higher quality seeds.
But the effect of these discoveries has
been limited by inadequate supplies of
seeds and fertilizers and a shortage of
trained agronomists. Authorities have
enough resources to operate effectively
in only one or two chosen villages. In
some of these, extension services have
worked well and spectacular increases
in production have been recorded.
According to Head:
But the fact remains that the majority
of villages are hardly affected and their
continuing poverty will always be a source
of potential strength to the Communists.
The area in northeast Thailand where
the Communists have been most active
has been chosen for its suitability as
a base area because of its proximity to
Ho Chi Minh trail. In some places, it
is only 20 miles away. This reduces the
problems of supplying and reinforcing
a guerrilla organization.
This demonstrates further. that the
war in Vietnam must be seen from the
broader Asian perspective. It is encour-
aging that our leaders take this view.
PRESIDENT'S VIEW SUSTAINED
11
In President Johnson's 1965 address at
Johns Hopkins, he spoke these wise
words:
Let no one think for a moment that retreat
from Vietnam would bring an end to con-
filet. The battle would be renewed in one
country and then another. The central les-
son of our time is that the appetite of ag-
gression is never satisfied. To withdraw
from one battlefield means only to prepare
for the next.
This makes it clear that the value of
our commitment in Vietnam must be
assessed In conjunction with the overall
situation in Asia. This determination
shows that we must ,continue to pursue
our present difficult task of diplomacy
in southeast Asia which requires a mix-
ture of containment without isolation,
firmness with restraint, and tenacity with
flexibility.
Mr. Speaker, given these guides, it is
not too much to hope that within the
foreseeable future we may see peace and
stability in southeast Asia. If so, the
peace of the world will have been secured
for the time of our lives and quite possi-
bly for the time of several generations
to follow.
Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr.
Speaker, I would like to point out that
at the beginning of World War II the
gentleman from Wyoming enlisted in the
U.S. Army. The gentleman served with
the 1st Division for 3 years and partici-
pated in the invasion in north Africa,
Sicily, and Europe. The gentleman was
decorated many times and is the wearer
of the Silver Star.
Mr. SCHISLER. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. MURPHY of New York. I yield
to the gentleman from Illinois.
Mr. SCHISLER. Mr. Speaker, I thank
the gentleman from New York for yield-
ing to me at this time.
Mr. Speaker, along with a number of
my colleagues from this House, I have
just returned from an inspection tour of
Vietnam. I went on this tour to get a
firsthand look at both our military and
nonmilitary activities there.
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 12, 1966
I would like to make a few brief ob-
servations about our trip and what we
saw.
First of all, I want to mention that we
stopped in the Philippine Islands on our
way to Vietnam. We visited our troops
at the Clark Air Force Base Hospital.
This is one of the most modern and up-
to-date hospitals it is possible to have.
Just about every day a planeload of
wounded are brought in from Vietnam.
These wounded troops receive better
medical attention than we have managed
to provide in any other war. :[ am sure
the helicopter is one of the contributing
factors because of the speed with which
our wounded can be evacuated. Clark
Air Force Base also sends a planeload of
wounded just about every day back to
hospitals based in the United States.
This excellent followthrough on medical
care for the wounded is an indication of
the kind of treatment that our troops
are receiving.
Once we arrived in Vietnam, I was im-
mediately impressed by the esprit de
corps of our troops. They know they
have a job to do. They want to clean up
this situation as soon as they can. They
are determined to do the job.
I had an opportunity to visit with
many troops in the field. I was espe-
cially pleased to be able to talk with
many GI's from Illinois. The equip-
ment they have is more than sufficient
for the military tasks they are carrying
out. I ate with troops in the field.
Their food is as good as any I had dur-
ing my 4 years in military service.
I am happy to report, Mr. Speaker, that
our military supply situation will be even
better when Saigon's port facilities are
improved. We are also building port
facilities at Cam Ranh Bay, and this ad-
ditional unit will further improve the
supply situation.
As we all know, Mr. Speaker, the Viet-
cong have won no major battles recently.
We have captured thousands of tons of
rice that the enemy had stored and hid-
den away in secret supply area in South
Vietnam. We have been capturing
many, many North Vietnamese. Many of
the enemy troops are defecting, which is
a development that will improve the situ-
ation by demoralizing the North Viet-
namese leaders and troops.
Our field commanders in Vietnam told
me that our American troops there are
superior to any we had in World War II
or the Korean war. Our Air Force and
Navy pilots are doing an outstanding job
of air support for our ground troops.
I think that Ambassador Henry Cabot
Lodge is the right man for the job. I
was very impressed by Gen. William
C. Westmoreland. He has surrounded
himself with the best generals and staff
members available in our time.
I went to Vietnam, Mr. Speaker, to
make a grassroots, personal inspection of
the military and nonmilitary situation
there. Having made this inspection, I
am satisfied that our troops are doing
an outstanding job, that our military and
nonmilitary funds are being spent wisely
and to the best advantage, and that we
are well on the road to victory.
I would like to make mention of our
nonmilitary efforts in South Vietnam.
Because of my previous experience as a
teacher, I was especially impressed by the
progress being made in elementary and
secondary education. Projects by the
Agency for International Development
and the Department of Agriculture will
do a great deal toward creating a society
which will develop an immunity to the
promises and false blandishments of
communism. This is peaceful, construc-
tive activity being carried on by our Gov-
ernment agencies, and I am delighted to
know that alongside our military efforts,
we are waging another war-the war
against poverty, hunger, and disease.
I would like to note, Mr. Speaker, that
our efforts in Vietnam appear to have the
support of the people there. The Viet-
namese people seem to be more than glad
that we are there.
Mr. Speaker, I would also like to say
something about our own attitudes here
at home toward this war in Vietnam.
Our GI's are very conscious of what we
are thinking here at home. They know
that most of us are in full support of what
they are doing, what they are trying to
accomplish. But more than one of them
remarked to me that they fail to un-
derstand the motives of the draft card
burners and the demonstrators who pa-
rade in opposition to our policies in Viet-
nam.
I personally think it is high time, Mr.
Speaker, that the draft card burners and
the demonstrators go home, wash their
feet, and take a new look at the world.
Our servicemen in Vietnam are demon-
strating with raw courage and weapons
in combat, while others here at home are
demonstrating with dirty feet, placards,
and beards. Somebody has their sense
of values turned around, and I can report
without qualification that it is not our
men in Vietnam;
Finally, Mr. Speaker, I would like to
say a word in behalf of President John-
son's conduct of this war. Everything
that President Johnson has done has
been a calculated risk. But what he has -
done has been right. As long as we con-
tinue on this course he has charted, we
will come out all right.
Mr. MURPHY of New York. I want
to thank the gentleman from Illinois
and point out to my colleagues that he
Is a veteran of service during the Korean
war and that he served for 3 years over-
seas and is an expert in gunnery both on
the B-29 and the B-26 aircraft.
Mr. DUNCAN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker,
will the gentleman yield?
Mr. MURPHY of New York. I am
happy to yield to my colleague.
Mr. DUNCAN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker,
I am sure that all of the Members are
aware that 9 days is all too short a period
in which to absorb all that we are doing
and all that we should do in southeast
Asia. It is too short a period of observa-
tion in which to reach conclusions on
the merits of what we are doing and what -
we should do to restore peace to that
troubled part of the world.
And yet we are forced to reach such
conclusions as we, can, as we vote on
measure after measure setting the policy
of this country. Those of us who have
made the trip to Vietnam are infinitely
better equipped to make these decisions
than we were before we went.
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July 12, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
It is easy, sitting in this country and The significant thing about the vote of cry was for more cement, and we must
reading the self-anointed expert colum- the Governors is not the Oregon Gov- get more cement to them.
nists' prophecies of gloom to become ernor's dissent, but the unanimity of the The civilian hospitals we visited are
discouraged. It is easy to feel that this other 49 Governors' support of our policy. deplorable. In one province of a half
country is hopelessly divided and that And when I am critical of the dissension million people, there was only one hos-
we are floundering in a morass of inde- and the disagreement which I hear in the pital which had only two doctors.
cision and doubt when. we read the con- country today, I am not being critical of There is almost no sanitation. People
stant and sometimes virulent criticism the right of free speech. My political are two and three to a bed. The Sea-
of this country's Asian policy by certain record, both in the State legislature and bees are at work constructing a surgery,
more
present and would-be
Congress of the United States, as well as been one of unfailing support oft he right must be do e. The public heathtprob-
others outside of Government. And I of free speech. But I have always taken lem in Saigon is a tremendous one. With
have no doubt but that is exactly the the position that this constitutional right over 1 million refugees flowing into that
impression which the Communist leader- of free speech carries with it a correla- city, the garbage and sewage disposal
ship in Hanoi and Peiping have gained tive obligation to speak responsibly, problems are tremendous. This is an
as they scan our papers for an indica- and to point out specifically the defects area in which we must work harder.
tion of our future course of, ction. of our policy and to offer some construe- I, too, am convinced there will be elec-
But this is not the feeling in Vietnam. tive suggestions as an alternative. It is tions. I am convinced of this for a num-
There is no indecision there. There is in this area that the critics are failing, ber of reasons, not the least of which
no doubt as to why we are there nor of and I have never yet seen one of them is the independence of the Government
the importance of what we are doing who has felt the slightest reluctance in of South Vietnam to achieve the status
there. There is a feeling of dedication criticizing my support of American policy oof legitimacy. coup. Premier . They were born e through
to duty, of guarded optimism as-to our in southeast Asia, without a thought for
ability to succeed both militarily and in the right of free speech, which I am en- Dai is still in existence and is now a
solving the political and social and eco- titled to, and do claim for myself. French national. He still makes a claim
nomic problems of the region, and a I think that all of us who went to torSouth of Vietnam.
et Gaulle to Sofear above all etnam spirit of cooperation between ?? the southeast Asia are convinced that mili- aa fter having uffeed under French rule
branches of the service and between the tartly things are going well. There are
military and civilian officials of Gov- significant problems, the main one being for over 100 as. but Premier
has y is no
ernment from the Cincpac headquarters to find and maintain contact with the George achieved
ed
in Hawaii to the private in the field in the elusive enemy. The strategy and tactics a has waaired
crises. is only
central highlands of Vietnam and the of General Westmoreland seem adequate several certain severe unity and Washington, political he
official working in the hamlets of to Mcope with ost of us, problem.
agree that the oil brought stability to South Vietnam. But
the delta lta region.
So much does this sense of mission and depots were a legitimate military target. we do not suggest that Ky or any other
bring
accomplishment pervade the air in I think there are others, particularly one man in in South
and freedom Vietnam could d this
southeast Asia that I find myself amazed, powerplants, which ought to be consid- peace, ece, stability after only a 10-day absence, to return to ered. I know that the President has country.
we saw not one
a reading of the American newspapers problems, but they ought not to be con- is ry. significant
and the reports of the differing view- sidered as immune. single unfriendly face or heard one un-
points of all of our "statesmen," view- Logistically there have been problems, friendly voice in southeast Asia. If they,
points which offer "doubts" and criticism but considering the tremendous buildup want us to leave, it certainly was not
but which do not offer constructive sug- of men in 1 year, the results-have been apparent to us.
g
gestions of courses of action not already amazing. Some shortages have been ap- This war is Inot f wver. It may be long
tried. parent, but never without acceptable sub- and are as
The fact of the matter is that our stitutes being available. as are the people in southeast Asia, it can
problem is not with the hamlets of South All of our military people and all of be terminated and this immense area
Vietnam. The problem is with the the Vietnamese with whom we talked are preserved to the free world and not lost
Shakespearean-type "Hamlets" in the well aware of the importance of the sec- to the Communists.
United States. This war will not be lost and war-the war on economic, social Morale in Vietnam is high. We must
in South Vietnam, but it can be lost on and political problems. The effort by unite to raise morale in this country.
the political battlefields of the United the military, by AID, by the Vietnamese, Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr.
States. The Communists do not forget needs more emphasis. Its success varies Speaker,. I thank the gentleman from
that the French lost their struggle, not at from province to province, according to Oregon for his remarks.
Dienbienphu, but in France. I believe the degree of pacification and according Mr. Speaker, I wish to commend the
that the Communists know that they to the ability of the Vietnamese Gov- gentleman from Oregon for his activi-
cannot win militarily in South Vietnam, ernment. ties and to remind.the Members of the
but they believe they can win if the Unit- Colonel Diep in Vinh Long seems to be House that the gentleman in World War
ed States loses its will to win. a good one, a good soldier who is clearing II served as an aviator `overseas.
Well, I say let them be disabused of any his province with provincial troops, a In conclusion, I would like to point
such hope. Let each of us, in both good civil servant who uses his elected out that President Johnson is carrying
parties, take the message to the American provincial council, and who works at de- on a commitment that the last five
people. This is a time of crisis for the veloping schools, hospitals, powerplants, American Presidents have made, and that
United States and the free world. This and water systems. Other provinces are is to stand by our treaty obligations, par-
is a time for political cooperation, not not so fortunate. It is their country and titularly in the defense of freedom. The
political dissension. This is not John- their war, but there are weaknesses in United States is fighting on the soil of
son's war or McNamara's war. This is an administration, in some of the provincial Vietnam so that we here in the citadel
important free world struggle in which capitals, which we must work with the of freedom may enjoy it fully.
n
America must, take the lead and has administration in Saigon to clear up. The Poe s de negotiation through d to open
taken the lead. It is just as important Our people ought to have more train- efforts
today that Communist tyranny not take ing in speaking the Vietnamese language. Vietnamese, with other countries, and to
over Asia as it was that in 1941 Japanese Not enough do. Where some of the try through his intermediaries to bring
tyranny did not prevail. Special Forces people speak the language, about settlement.
The Governors of the United States re- the contact is so much more valuable, The bombings, as we have pointed out,
cently met, and with the single exception and we should not forget that the Com- we feel are necessary to bring a total
of the Governor' of my State, endorsed munists do speak their language. military decision to this farfiung battle-
our policy in southeast Asia. In dissent- We visited schools built by self-help, field. We are using an economy force in
ing, our Oregon Governor follows again which are most appreciated. Far more this area, but we are using enough force
the lead set by the senior Senator from kids are in school in South Vietnam now so that in the future Communist ag-
my State. than there were 2 years ago. The big gressors will know that it is just too
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146 2 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE July 12, .1966
costly to dare to try to transgress on
freedom-loving people everywhere.
think the RECORD should show that I
agree with the position of the Governor
of Oregon, and I have listened here today
without objection, simply out of cour-
tesy due to my colleagues who requested
this special order for time to discuss
their observations with respect to their
trip to Vietnam.
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr.
Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that
all Members may have 5. legislative days
In which to. extend their remarks on
this subject.
The SPEAKER. pro tempore. With-
out objection it is so ordered.
There was no objection.
PERSONAL EXPLANATION
Mr. SCIiMIDHAUSER. Mr. Speaker,
early today, the House of Representatives
voted on the conference report on the
defense procurement bill. I would like
to explain my absence at the time of
that vote.
Mr. Speaker, had I been present I
would 'have voted in the affirmative.
However, it was impossible for me to be
present because of adverse flying weather
conditions and flight scheduling diffi-
culties.
REPORT ON TRIP TO SOUTH
VIETNAM
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from New Jersey [Mr. McGRATH]
Is recognized for 60 minutes.
(Mr. McGRATH asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. McGRATH. Mr. Speaker, I ap-
preciate the honor of being permitted to
take this trip to Vietnam over the Fourth
of July recess. I am grateful to the Pres-
ident and to the Speaker for approving
this, trip.
I join in the statement of the gentle-
man from New York [Mr. MURPHY], the
chairman of the delegation, and compli-
ment him for his very comprehensive
narrative of our trip.
I would like to touch upon a few of
the incidents that impressed me during
this trip. I was in Vietnam last Decem-
ber. It appears to me that both the
military and the political situations in
South Vietnam have improved tremen-
dously since my visit there 7 months ago.
I might remind the House that the
members of this delegation were per-
mitted to go anywhere in Vietnam that
we expressed a desire to visit.
We now have more troops in South
Vietnam. The amount of supplies going
into that country has doubled since De-
cember. Excellent progress is being
made in readying new port facilities to
im*irove the supply situation even fur-
ther.
I believe it was the unanimous con-
clusion of our delegation of 10 Demo-
crats and 4 Republicans that the U.S.
presence in southeast Asia is in the na- installation at Camranh Bay will great-
tional interest and that our policy In. ly alleviate the shipping problem caused
Vietnam is the correct one. by congestion in Saigon.
We also agree that the leadership We also had the privilege of. visiting
being shown by Ambassador Henry with the Republic of Korea Tiger Divi-
Cabot Lodge and Gen. William West- sion at Qui Nhon.
moreland is excellent, and that the Now, this is a crack infantry division
morale of our troops is at an alltime of Koreans. The Korean troops put on a
high. demonstration for us of taekwondo,
About the most impressive indication which is a form of self defense. I think
that our conclusions are correct came it is interesting, Mr. Speaker; that one of
from, talking to a. defector, a former the creeds of taekwondo may be stated
North Vietnamese Army captain, who as follows:
said that the North Vietnamese and We will be the cornerstone of anticommu-
Vietcong leaders now realize they cannot nism by training ourselves with the Taek-
win a military victory. Other prisoners wondo art.
and defectors have verified that attitude.
On the political side, it is obvious that Khe Later whethat re the b b same
ase day m went to An
Premier Ky has consolidated his position Cavalry Division, cau of the Ise
and that the September elections will Division, atedthe famous Air briefed by
proceed as planned. The Buddhist and the c chhie chief of i o loc. We were briefed by
Catholic groups have, withdrawn their and the I staff there, Colonel Beatty,
opposition and. announced they will par- caliber of think offiitcers is
an nnd troops in in tha a the
di-
ticipate in the September elections. vision i to point out that Colonel onel t try
When we stopped at Clark Field in the s Beatty
Phili learned to fly a helicopter in his forties
ppines we learned that there were after serving practically 20 years as a
about 55,000 people-Filipinos, Ameri- ground Army officer. I had been at An
can civilians and armed services per- Khe with the 1st Cavalry in December of
sonnel-in that area. The Air Force last year. At that time most of the di-
hospital at Clark Field services all these vision was contained within the base
people. While touring the hospital I camp. Last week I was informed that
talked with a young helicopter pilot who all six of their battalions were out in the
had been shot with a machinegun bullet field fighting the Vietcong and the North
in the leg and arm. As a result of this Vietnam regulars. I think it is a sig-
wound his kidneys went into shock and nificant sign of the aggressive attitude of
stopped functioning. While I was talk-
ing to him, he was being serviced by an our Armed Forces i Vietnam.
artificial kidney machine. The doctors I was also particularly impressed by my
in the hospital informed me that they visit to the U.S.S. Intrepid, a great naval
had two artificial kidney machines in In reps carrier.
that at ship While we were an the
re-
that hospital plus a portable unit that g air wm missions w launching cnd had
in air strike rmissions which had
they could take out to the field. I doubt been covering
support e-
that any hospital in the United States ground on South in
in a city of 55,000 people has that kind tween the troops in launching South and recovering In bf
of equipment, such as we found in the these an recovering of
Air Force hospital at Clark Field. and also aircraft rearmed the U.S.S underway at se a refueled . Intrepid
In addition to the fine hospital treat- We went to a h
and e Special l Forces c.
ment that our wounded servicemen are Song Be near the e Cambodian camp border.
receiving in the hospital, I was im- This village was overrun about a year ago
o
pressed by a program of people-to-people by the Vietcong. However, it is now built
assistance. Philippine doctors, nationals up and is being protected by our Army
of the Philippine Islands, are serving units. We crossed the Song Be River in
residences in the Air Force hospital at dugout canoes, and I was very happy
Clark Field in various specialties. I be- there to meet Capt. H. R. Taylor, Jr., of
lieve this is very helpful to the relations the U.S. Army Special Forces, the famous
between the United States and the Phil- Green Berets, who was stationed there.
ippines. He is from my district in New Jersey. He
While we were in Vietnam, of course told me how important it was in his opin-
we talked with Ambassador Lodge and ion that the United States stay in South
General Westmoreland. I was happy Vietnam and defeat the Communist ag-
that we had an opportunity to talk with gression there.
Charles Mann, our AID Director there. Following my visit to South Vietnam
After talking with Mr. Mann, I bumped last December I was quite concerned
into one of my constituents in Vietnam, about the congested nature of the Saigon
Mr. Jim Habron, who resides in Pleas- Harbor. On this trip I went to the 1st
antville, N.J., in my district. Mr. Logistics Command at Saigon. We flew
Habron works for the AID program in over the entire Saigon River port area
Vietnam, and at that time was working in a helicopter. The Army there is build-
on a bridge project at Nha Be, several ing a new quay in the Saigon River
miles south of Saigon., Since I have which will be able to handle deep draft
come back to the States I have vessels and is also building a new port
read in the newspapers that South Viet- on the Saigon River where they will have
namese Army units are conducting oper- two LST landing ramps and various
ations to rid the Nha Be area of Viet- warehouses. The intention is to build a
cong. berth at the new port which will handle
We also went to Camranh Bay. Mr. four deep draft vessels. The cargo un-
Speaker, it is my opinion that when the loaded at the new port, facility will be
facility at Camranh Bay is completed able to bypass the Saigon city traffic and
South Vietnam will have the best port be shipped immediately out into the field
between Singapore and Hong Kong. The to support our troops.
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July 12, 1966
M{. Speaker, in conclusion, I have con-
sistently supported President Johnson
and his policies in Vietnam and in south-
east Asia, and on the basis of my experi-
ence in South Vietnam last week, I Intend
to follow that course, because I think
the President has maintained and pur-
sued a sound policy for the United States
of America in the manner in which he
has conducted our affairs in Vietnam.
Mr. RONCALIO. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. MCGRATH. I shall be happy to
yield to the gentlema-_ from Wyoming.
Mr. RONCALIO. Mr. Speaker, I
should like to associate myself with the
remarks of the gentleman from New
Jersey [Mr. MCGRATH] and to express
my appreciation upon his report from
the standpoint of one who is well versed
in the field of naval affairs.
Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr.
Speaker, will the gentleman yield?
Mr. McGRATH. I yield to the gentle-
man from New York.
Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr.
Speaker, I would like to point out to my
colleagues that the gentleman from New
Jersey [Mr. MCGRATH] is a graduate of
the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis.
The gentleman served in both our At-
lantic and Pacific fleets and is an expert
in the Pacific waters, particulary having
won five battle stars in the Korean war
where the gentleman served on the U.S.
battleship Missouri.
Mr. GILLIGAN. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. McGRATH. I yield to the gentle-
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 14693
that they can successfully achieve the
goals that have been set for them?
Third. What is the possibility" of a
meaningful and reasonably free expres-
sion of the popular will of the people of
South Vietnam in the election that the
Government has announced for Septem-
ber 11? Is there enough of a social and
political fabric left in the Republic of
Vietnam, and will conditions permit
what we would regard as a reasonable
election?
In reverse order, I can offer some
answers to all of these questions with
some real confidence in my knowledge of
the kind of factual information which
necessarily forms a basis for answers to
questions like these. I am satisfied, for
instance, that there is a very good
chance-barring some sort of violent
civil tumult in the next 2 months-for
an honest and orderly election in Sep-
tember. It should be understood, how-
ever, that the election is for the purpose
of choosing, by popular vote, a Con-
stituent Assembly of 117 Members who
will write a new constitution for the Re-
public of Vietnam, while the country will
continue to be governed by a directorate,
which includes 10 generals and 10 civil-
ians. Following the promulgation of the
new constitution to be written this
winter, it is then proposed that a national
election be held sometime late next sum-
mer, 1967, to fill the various posts estab-
lished by the terms of the constitution.
The members of our committee were
privileged to attend a dinner given on the
evening of July 6 by Lt. Gen. Phan-
Xuan-Chieu, who is president of the
Vietnam Veterans Legion, and Secretary-
General of the Directorate, which pres-
ently is governing the country. During
the evening I had the pleasure of spend-
ing a considerable period of time with
Mr. Tran Van An, who was elected chair-
man by the members of the election law
drafting committee, established on May
5, by the Government and empowered to
draft the election laws to be employed
on September 11.
The ELDC was composed of 32 mem-
bers including all elements of the Viet-
namese body politic-except the Viet-
cong-and specifically such groups as the
Buddhists, both moderate and militant,
Catholics, Cao Dal, and Hoa Rao, various
political parties, northern, central, and
southern regional groupings, provincial
and municipal councils, ethnic minorities
such as the Montagnards, and ethnic
Cambodians, professional groups, and
trade unions. Mr. Van An had been a
respected publisher and national leader
in South Vietnam for many years, and if
anything his stature was increased by the
fact that he spent 9 years in prison dur-
ing the Diem regime for criticizing edi-
torially the authoritarian tendencies of
that administration. My conversation
with Mr. Van An, as well as with others,
convinced me that a meaningful elec-
tion is not only possible, but highly prob-
able on September 11, and, as Mr. Van
An wryly concluded, the Vietnamese hope
for a voter participation in this election
somewhat better than the Americans ex-
perience in the presidential years.
On the question of the attitude of our
troops, and our civilian personnel in
Vietnam, you have heard from some of
my colleagues on the committee, and you
will unquestionably hear from others.
Our opinion, I think, is unanimous and
categorical: the attitude and demeanor
of our men and women in Vietnam is
nothing short of magnificent.
I could-but will not-spend hours
talking about the day that two of my
colleagues and I spent with some of our
AID people down in the Mekong Delta
country, including a regional director
of the AID program who is a lieutenant
colonel on loan from the Defense De-
partment who has extended twice his
tour of duty in Vietnam to carry on his
very dangerous but very rewarding work
of rebuilding the social fabric of that
tormented region.
I could tell you of the warrant officer,
helicopter-pilot I talked with in the
Clark Field Hospital outside of Manila,
who was, during our interview, hooked
up to a kidney machine because his kid-
neys had stopped functioning after his
left leg and right arm were shattered by
a 30-caliber bullet. This young man has
won 10 Air Medals and two Distinguished
Flying Crosses, and his only concern is
how rapidly the medical people can get
him patched up to the point that he can
return to his duties in Vietnam.
I could tell you of the two American
civilian nurses, who have just arrived in
a civilian hospital in the provincial cap-
ital of Vinh Long, where they have vol-
unteered for a tour of duty in an area
which has been for years terrorized and
dominated by the Vietcong.
Or I could comment about the young
Special Forces captain who drove me in
a jeep over a rough trail near the Special
Forces camp at Phouoc Binh, who drove
with an M-16 rifle across his knees, be-
cause he felt "more comfortable" that
way, but who, at the same time, carried
a pocketful of candy for the Montagnard
kids.
Perhaps the best indication of the ex-
traordinary attitude of our people in
Vietnam can be conveyed by reading the
nine rules issued by General Westmore-
land for the conduct of our troops in
Vietnam: -
NINE RULES FOR PERSONNEL OF U.S. MILITARY
ASSISTANCE COMMAND, VIETNAM
The Vietnamese have paid a heavy price in
suffering for their long fight against the
communists. We military men are in Viet-
nam now because their government has asked
us to help its soldiers and people in winning
their struggle. The Viet Cong will attempt
to turn the Vietnamese people against you.
You can defeat them at every turn by the
strength, understanding, and generosity you
display with the people. Here are nine sim-
ple rules:
(Distribution-1 to each member of the
United States Armed Forces in Vietnam.)
1. Remember we are guests here: We make
no demands and seek no special treatment.
2. Join with the people! Understand their
life, use phrases from their language and
honor their customs and laws,
3. Treat women with politeness and re-
spect.
4. Make personal friends among the sol-
diers and common people.
5. Always give the Vietnamese the right of
way.
6. Be alert to security and ready to react
with your military skill.
(Mr. GILLIGAN asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. GILLIGAN. Mr. Speaker, I am
grateful to the distinguished gentleman
from New Jersey CMr. McGRATH] for
yielding this time to me.
Mr. Speaker, no one, and certainly not
I, can harbor pretentions about being a
Far Eastern expert on the basis of a
week's trip, but it is possible for me to
report to the House certain personal im-
pressions and observations about our
activities in Vietnam, and our general
involvement in the Far Eastern theater.
With all deference to my distinguished
colleagues on the committee that made
this trip, I shall undertake very briefly to
offer my comments.
When our committee left Washington
on the evening of July 2 for the Far
East, I had three basic questions in mind
about our situation in Vietnam, and I
hoped to be able to come back with some
sort of answer for each of these ques-
tions because I believe them to be mat-
ters of the greatest concern to everyone
in America. The questions were:
First. Do the people of South Vietnam
really want the forces of the United
States to remain in their country, de-
spite the devastation and suffering that
war inevitably brings?
Second. Do our men in Vietnam-
serving both in the military and in civil-
ian services-believe in the job that they
have'undertaken? Do they believe their
task worth doing despite the sacrifice
and suffering involved? Do they think
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7. Don't attract attention by loud, rude or
unusual behavior.
8.. Avoid separating yourself. from the peo..
pie by a display of wealth or privilege.
9. Above all else you are members of the
U.S. Military Forces on a difficult mission,
responsible for all your official and personal
aatipns. Reflect honor upon yourself and
the United States of America.
All of us on this trip were combat vet-
erans of World War II or Korea, and I
think it is fair to say that none of us has
ever experienced such an attitude on the
part of American troops as is presently
being displayed by our people in the Far
East, who fully realize the complex and
delicate nature of the job which con-
fronts them, and of the fact that they
have two wars to win: the military paci-
fication of South Vietnam, and the re-
building of the social and political fabric
of the country. They are working with
equal fervor and dedication on both
fronts.
In all candor, I must admit that I did
encounter two people who were highly
skeptical about our national effort in
Vietnam, about the motives underlying
it, and about its chances for success.
Both were newspaper correspondents sta-
tioned in Saigon, a fact which may help
us to understand why the American peo-
ple do not fully appreciate what we are
doing in southeast Asia.
On the first, and possibly most impor-
tant, question of the attitude of the
South Vietnamese people toward our con-
tinued presence in their country, I can
only report that in our very brief stay, I
encountered no one who wanted us to
leave the area and permit them to deal
with their problems unaided. This was
true of Premier Ky; it was said by Tran
Van An, by Tran Van Do, by General
Chieeu and his legionnaires. Our contin-
ued presence was fervently urged by the
two province chiefs we talked with, by
the lone doctor in the civilian hospital at
Vinh Long, by the hamlet chieftain of a
primitive Montagnard tribe in a little
village on the Cambodian border; in
other words, by everyone we spoke to
whether of low or high degree.
Even those we could i.ot speak to indi-
cated that the presence of Americans
was more than welcome. One of the
most eloquent expressions of that wel-
come was on the part of some local,
provincial soldiers. who were manning
the pathetic little mud forts, established
along the length of Route 4 in the
Mekong Delta, south of Saigon. These
brave men are fighting night after night
a lonely and desperate struggle to keep
the roads open and clear of the Vietcong,
so that their fellow-villagers may move
their rice into the market, and when we
passed by they stood on the walls of their
forts and waved to us and saluted.
Down in that area of Vietnam, the war is.
an ugly, brutal, savage encounter fraught'
with stealth and terror, and the bravery
and dedication of those humble people
would move a heart of stone.
I hope, at a later time, to request the
privilege of addressing the House under
special orders to describe in more detail
and in greater depth the nature of that
desperate conflict, but at the moment,
suffice It to say that I hope that our peo-
ple at home have the courage to match
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
the courage and dedication of our men
in the field, both military and civilian,
and to match the bravery and dedication
of the men and women of Vietnam who
are toiling and fighting for the chance to
live in decency, security and peace.
I again thank the distinguished gen-
tleman from New Jersey for having
yielded me this time to offer this report
to the Members of the House.
Mr. McGRATH. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to remind the Members of the House
that the gentleman from Ohio tMr.
GILLIGANI served for 27 months during
World War II as a lieutenant (jg) in the
U.S. Naval Reserve. He acted as a de-
stroyer gunnery officer in the Atlantic,
Mediterranean, and Pacific Theaters.
He was awarded three area campaign
ribbons, five battle stars, and two naval
unit citations. At Okinawa he was
awarded the Silver Star for gallantry
when his destroyer was hit by a Japanese
kamikaze.
Mr. HATHAWAY. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. McGRATH. I yield to the gentle-
man from Maine.
(Mr. HATHAWAY asked arid was
given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. HATHAWAY. Mr. Speaker, you
can read about a country until your eyes
water, you can listen to lectures about a
foreign land until your ears ache, but
you cannot get the all-important feel of
the situation until you have been there.
Contact with reality brings all of your
senses into play and indelibly stamps in
your makeup a gestalt-the place be-
comes a part of you. To be sure a 10-
day trip to southeast Asia does not make
you an expert on the area, but it does
give you an awareness that you could
never get from periodical readings and
stateside briefings. This trip has given
us an experience we shall never forget, an
understanding that cannot adequately be
conveyed by words, and opinions that
deserve attention.
Our group made up of veterans with
previous combat experience departed
Andrews Air Force Base at 6 p.m.,
July 2, stopped at Travis Air Force Base,
near San Francisco, for refueling, on to
Honolulu for a briefing by CINCPAC, a
tour of Pearl Harbor with its stinging
memories, and a brief respite before
going on to Saigon via the Philippines
where we stopped briefly at Clark Field
to tour the logistics base, and the general
hospital. Saigon hits you like Wash-
ington, D.C.-hot and humid. We ar-
rived in the rush hour; made our way to
the hotel through streets that were jam-
med with small cars and bicycles built
for one, but oftentimes carrying as many
as four.
The next morning at 9 a.m. we received
a thorough briefing from Ambassador
Lodge and his staff on the military,
political, and economic situation in the
Republic of Vietnam. This was followed
by an enjoyable luncheon at the Lodge
homestead where we met General West-
moreland and had an opportunity to
question both Mr. Lodge and the general
at some length. After lunch we pro-
ceeded to MacVee Headquarters where
General Westmoreland and his staff gave
us a detailed briefing on the military
July 12, 1966
situation. After this we visited, with
General Ky for half an hour or so and
obtained his views. In the evening we
attended a dinner hosted by Lt. Gen.
Pharr Xuan Chieu. The next morning
we began intensive tours of military
bases and installations in South Vietnam
starting with, the logistics base at Cam
Ranh Bay. Then on to the 12th Tacti-
cal Fighter Wing, the Korean Qui Nhon
Division, 1st Cavalry Division, the air-
craft carrier Intrepid, a Vietnamese
division in the field, 25th Infantry Divi-
sion, and the 5th Special Forces. Some
of our group visited the 1st Marine and
1st Infantry Divisions. In all of these
areas, most of which were in close con-
tact with the enemy, we were given in-
tensive briefings and had an opportunity
to talk to the troops. On the eve of our
departure we had dinner with General
Westmoreland which was also attended
by Ambassador Lodge, and we again had
an opportunity to question both of them
about the observations we had made.
Saturday, we went to Bangkok, Thailand,
where we received a briefing on the situ-
ation there. On Sunday we flew to Tai-
Pei, Taiwan, and the following day we
had the pleasure of talking at some
length with the Vice President and Presi-
dent Chaing Kai-shek.
Although the time spent in Vietnam
was only 4 days, they were 4 days
crammed with activity, giving us an op-
portunity to observe just about every
aspect of life in that country. I carried
a tape recorder with me and taped most
of the briefings and many of the inter-
views, but at this time, the day after my
return, I have not as yet had a chance to
play back the tapes and garner from
them some of the detailed information I
was able to obtain. Consequently this
report I consider as only an initial report
based on the outstanding recollections of
the trip. I intend to supplement this
report in more detail at a later date.
Based uponthese first arrival recollec-
tions of the trip my evaluation of the
total situation is that militarily, economi-
cally and politically the situation is
generally good.
With respect to the military situation,
It would appear that our intelligence is
excellent, that we are being constantly
informed as to the whereabouts of the
Vietcong and the North Vietnamese.
This is borne out by the fact that in re-
cent months there has been no success-
ful ambush of our troops by the enemy.
It is further borne out by the fact that
our group was able to travel to various
camps in the field located not far from
the enemy without even the threat of a
mishap. The overall administration of
the war is excellent. No commander or
individual complained about the lack of
supplies. The supply lines from United
States to the front line is running very
smoothly. Our operation from a stra-
tegic point of view is geared very well to
the type of war that is being fought there.
This is entirely different from World War
II and the Korean conflict. There is
really no front line. The enemy is in
various pockets throughout the Repub-
lic, but with the ingenious use of air
power, in particular helicopters, we are
able to ferret out and annihilate these
hostile pockets.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 14695
It was heartwarming for a former Air
Force man to hear infantry men highly
commend the good close air support they
have been receiving even from high al-,
titude flying B-52's which have been
pinpointing targets close to our troops
and doing it successfully, something un-
heard of in World War II.
I would say that the military aspect of
the war is well in hand. The part of the
conflict that is going to take some time is
the securing of the villages after the
enemy has been driven out. This is
being accomplished through pacification
units composed entirely of Vietnamese
who are trained to come into a village
and make it secure against counterin-
filtration by the Vietcong. The recruit-
ing and training of these units will take
some time. It is difficult to say at this
time how long it will be before all the
villages will be secured. This war is es-
sentially one of fighting against gang-
sters and we will not be, assured of peace
in Vietnam until we have a large enough
police force to protect the villages
and hamlets from the Vietcong and the
North Vietnamese terrorism.
The political situation appears to be
fairly stable at the present time. I would
predict that the elections scheduled for
September 11 will come off without being
boycotted to any great extent by any
group. The presence of our soldiers in
Vietnam has boosted the morale of the
people. There are no "Yankee Go Home"
signs. They have at least realized that,
unlike the French, we are not there to
stay. We do not intend to colonize the
Vietnamese and our presence there fight-
ing for a cause along side their troops
has given the people a spirit of nation-
alism which heretofore they never had.
Economically the country is making
great progress under our AID programs.
There is the danger of inflation which
will have to be watched and against
which necessary steps will have to be
taken from time to time. The Viet-
namese people are not materially well off,
but nearly all of them are employed at
some task or other and no one is starv-
ing.
It is difficult to make a prognosis. I
would venture to say that within a year
the situation would be such that any
reasonable enemy leader would quit. It
Is difficult to tell just exactly what Ho Chi
Minh will do. I am sure he realizes that
he is losing, but whether or not this will
force him to negotiate is highly specula-
tive, probably doubtful. He has to save
face as well as hid head, and he undoubt-
edly will make an effort to hold on as long
as possible. It does not appear that our
actions, even if escalated, would bring in
either Russia or Red China.
I would recommend that we continue
to hit more military targets in North
Vietnam and that we send more troops.
In advocating that we send more troops
I do not mean we are going to increase
our losses. I make the recommendation
only to make it easier on our fighting
forces over there. At the present time we
do have a great ratio of firepower to the
enemy firepower, and due to our flexi-
biljty and mobility we are able to cope
No, 110-24
with any situation; that is, we can move
a battalion or regiment from one division
to help another with very little difficulty.
If we were to send more troops, such
movement would be obviated and make
the war considerably easier to conduct.
Let me conclude by saying that there
is no question of Communist aggression
from Peiping in southeast Asia, and that
this aggression manifests itself in the
form of well organized terrorism. The
Communist plan being to begin at the re-
mote villages and eventually move into
the larger cities. There is no question in
my mind that we have an obligation to
stop this aggression, and it appears that
our mission in this regard is presently
meeting with great success.
Mr. McGRATH. Mr. Speaker, I was
happy to hear the gentleman from Maine
[Mr. HATHAWAY], comment on the use of
our airpower in Vietnam. The gentle-
man from Maine served on active duty
with the U.S. Army Air Force in World
War II from 1942 to 1946. He entered
the service as a private and was dis-
charged as a captain. While serving as
a navigator on a Liberator bomber he
was shot down in an air attack on the
Ploesti oilfields and finished World War
II as a prisoner of war in a Rumanian
prison-of-war camp. He was awarded
the Air Medal and the Purple Heart.
TAX RELIEF FOR COMMUTERS
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from New York [Mr. HALPERN], is
recognized for 10 minutes.
Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, the re-
cent increase in the New York City
transit fare underscores the mounting
cost, in terms of both money and ordi-
nary comfort, exacted each day from
millions of Americans who struggle val-
iantly, against enormous odds, to get to
work. I speak of the plight of the'dash-
ing commuter.
New York's fare increase is the latest
offshoot of the persistent neglect and
paralysis afflicting urban mass transpor-
tation, and it is invariably the commuter
who must pay the price In terms of
higher fares and steadily deteriorating
service.
I have consistently taken the floor here
to explore this crisis in urban transpor-
tation. It is still with us, and it is get-
ting worse. Fare increases are only one
indication of a situation which threat-
ens the welfare and well-being of the
cities.
The House Banking and Currency
Committee, on which I serve, recently ap-
proved a bill increasing authorizations
under the Mass Transportation Act and
providing for technological research
grants for the development of new forms
of commuter service. This measure
should break new ground. in attempting
to modernize our means of public trans-.
port.
I shall continue to press for an amend-
ment to the Mass Transportation Act
which would correct the discriminatory
State limitation on the amount of funds
available to any one State. This now
stands at 121/2 percent of the total
authorization. It is obvious that such
an allocation cannot possibly begin to
meet the problems with which the Na-
tion's major cities are faced. And yet
it is precisely these sprawling metro-
politan areas where conditions of public
transport are most acute; the premise
and validity of the legislation is indeed
discolored by the very fact that these
large cities are not receiving the pro-
portionate attention to which they are
entitled.
Today, I am introducing a bill to
grant the commuter a yearly Federal in-
come tax deduction for expenses in-
curred in traveling to and from work.
Together with other perfecting legisla-
tion I am sponsoring, this new tax ap-
proach will help to- offset the growing
financial burden of commuters who de-
pend upon mass transit as a necessity.
The legislation provides a deduction of
up to $200 annually.
I believe the Congress should recog-
nize, additionally, that transportation
costs to and from work are in essence a
legitimate business expense. I urge that
this matter, and that the variety of other
pending legislation on this question of
mass transit, be given prompt and close
attention in Congress.
CONCENTRATING FOREIGN
. ECONOMIC AID
(Mr. JACOBS (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. JACOBS. Mr. Speaker, we are
concerned, as are all Americans, with the
question of whether the money we spend
for foreign aid is going where it will do
the most good-for the people of de-
veloping countries and for our own.
The proposed foreign aid program for
fiscal year 1967 calls for an intensified
policy to direct most of our aid to the
countries whose need is greatest, the
countries which have clearly shown they
will match our assistance with strong
self-help efforts of their own.
Call it a policy of selectivity if you will,
or good administration, or even a hard-
boiled approach to foreign aid. But
whatever the term, it makes good sense.
Before a country qualifies of assistance,
AID takes a careful look at the type and
purpose of the proposed development
program, the availability of assistance to
the country from other sources, the abil-
ity of the country to make effective use
of U.S. aid, and above all, its determina-
tion to make maximum use of its own
national resources to promote economic
and social development.
Because of this realistic policy, the
great bulk of the AID program next year
as-last will be directed to a relatively
few countries-those where the need is
greatest, or those that have proven, by
outstanding self-help, that they can
best use substantial U.S. aid.
More than 90 percent of AID's direct
country assistance next year will go to
just 20 major countries of Asia, Africa,
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and Latin America. Eighty-four percent
of all AID development loans will go to
only eight-India, Brazil, Pakistan, Tur-
key, Colombia, Korea, Chile, and Nigeria.
These countries are engaged in strong,
self-help, development programs.
Ninety-three percent of AID's support-
ing assistance-which is used to further
our urgent foreign policy or national se-
curity objectives-is slated for five coun-
tries: Vietnam, Laos, Korea, Jordan, and
the Dominican Republic. Vietnam alone
will account for 72 percent of this
support.
This instead of a widely scattered ap-
proach as was true a few years ago, our
foreign aid today is a purposeful pro-
gram aimed at specific objectives.
Besides concentration of economic aid
in a few selected countries, there are
other encouraging new aspects of the aid
program.
Ten years ago, about two-thirds of our
aid was for military assistance, and much.
of our economic aid went to help threat-
ened countries resist Communist pres-
sures. Today, the situation is reversed.
Two-thirds of our assistance is now eco-
nomic, providing capital and technical
assistance the developing countries need
for long-term development and progress
toward self-support.
And even where survival is. still at is-
sue, as in Vietnam, we are helping in-
dustrial and agricultural development go
forward behind the defenses built up by
our military assistance programs.
We are helping other nations of the
free world guard their independence
through military assistance, but at the
same time we are making a concentrated
and determined effort to build solid,
foundations for their future economic
growth.
Those are two of the most significant
changes in our foreign aid program-
concentration on countries and concen-
tration on their economic and social
progress.
They are wise changes. They are
promising changes. And they are two of
the reasons why I believe that the foreign
aid program we are now considering is
the most practical and effective ever
sent to us, and deserves our fullest
support.
A BILL TO PROVIDE PAYMENT OF
COMMERCIAL AIR TRAVEL EX-
PENSES FOR CERTAIN MEMBERS
OF THE ARMED FORCES
(Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this, point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, we are
fighting a war in Vietnam, and we are
asking hundreds of thousands of our
young men to travel many thousands of
miles at their own expense in emergency
situations or when they are coming home
to convalesce from wounds received in
battle.
It is my belief that one of the least
things we can do for these men is to pay
their commercial air transportation costs
In these situations: emergency leave,
convalescent leave, and leaves before go-
ing overseas or upon returning from.
overseas. I have therefore today intro-
duced legislation to authorize the par-
ticular service Secretary concerned to
pay such expenses pursuant to appro-
priate regulations.
I hope that the Armed Services Com-
mittee will take immediate action on my
bill.
A PROPOSAL FOR IDENTICAL
POWERS FOR COMMERCIAL
BANKS AND MUTUAL SAVINGS
INSTITUTIONS
(Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, Federal
Reserve Governor James L. Robertson
has recommended that Federal and
State legislatures grant identical powers
to both commercial and mutual savings
banks subject to their jurisdiction.
The Council of Mutual Savings Insti-
tutions has endorsed Governor Robert-
son's, proposal and has issued the follow-
ing statement andresolution calling for
the enactment of legislation to accom-
plish Governor Robertson's suggestions
and urging that each type of institution
be defined only as to its corporate
structure.
The council's statement and resolution
follows:
COUNCIL OF MUTUAL SAVINGS INSTITUTIONS
SUPPORTS ROBERTSON PROPOSAL OFIDENTICAL
POWERS FOR COMMERCIAL BANKS AND
MUTUAL SAVINGS INSTITUTIONS
NEW YORK, N.Y.-Termination of the con-
stant strife between the two types of finan-
cial institutions (commercial banks and
mutual savings institutions) would result if
the legislative bodies at the state and federal
levels would grant identical powers to the
commercial banks and the mutual savings
institutions subject to their jurisdiction, as
recommended by Vice Chairman James L.
Robertson of the Federal Reserve Board in a
recent address, according to a resolution
adopted at a meeting of the board of direc-
tors of the Council of Mutual Savings Insti-
tutions held here during the past week and
released yesterday by George L. Bliss, Presi-
dent of the Council.
"It must be recognized that the days are
over when commercial banks largely limited
their field of operation to demand deposits
and their investments to short-term loans
and highly marketable securities, while sav-
ings institutions apd life insurance com-
panies, whose deposits and policy reserves
constituting long-term funds were the ma-
jor source of mortgage and other long-term
credits," said Bliss. "Although there may be
some argument as to which group started
it," he continued, "the fact is that it was the
McFadden Act, passed by Congress in 1927,
which first granted commercial banks at the
federal level the authority to invest in mort-
gage loans. Since then, the commercial
banks have been steadily increasing their
volume of long-term credits. While at one
time the commercial banks had little in-
terest in savings accounts, and in some
states were specifically prohibited from ac-
cepting them, the bars and inhibitions which
held them back have been removed. This
has led the mutual savings institutions to
seek broader fields of service. The result
has been a continuous hassle between the
two groups, for the past couple of decades or
more, and which the legislative bodies have
been "called on to referee."
In endorsing Governor Robertson's pro-
posal, the resolution of the Council of Mu-
tual Savings Institutions calls for com-
mercial banks and mutual savings institu-
tions to be "granted identical statutory au-
thority with respect to the services they
may provide," the only distinction to be as
to the type of corporate structure. The
Council's resolution provides that such in-
stitutions, "if organized on a privately-owned
capital stock basis, shall be known as com-
mercial banks; and, if organized on a mutual
or cooperative basis, shall be known as sav-
ings institutions."
"The directors of our Council," Bliss said,
"believe this course would be in the public
interest, since the competitive element would
relate to the type of organization, i.e., stock
or mutual, and not as to the nature of the
services available." He suggested that the
bill to authorize federal chartering for mu-
tual savings banks, now under study by the.
House Banking and Currency Committee and
which the Council has endorsed, would be
an appropriate legislative vehicle for the first
step in such a program. "The directors of
the Council of Mutual Savings Institutions,"
Bliss concluded, "urge the commercial bank-
ing groups to withdraw their opposition to
this bill, including any expansion of services
now included or that may be added, where-
-upon the mutual savings groups should sus-
pend their opposition to legislation which
would enlarge the services authorized to
be provided by the commercial banks."
COUNCIL Or MUTUAL SAVINGS INSTITUTIONS
Whereas, for many years it was the tradi-
tional concept of sound banking operation
in this country that commercial banks, as
demand deposit institutions, should restrict
the investment or lending of their funds to
a short-term basis; and that deposits in sav-
ings institutions and policy reserves of in-
surance companies, which constitute long-
term funds, in fact, should be the major
source of long-term credits, and
Whereas, over a period of years the com-
mercial banks have been steadily increasing
their volume of long-term credits, which
change in policy has been rationalized by
aggressively seeking, and in numerous in-
stances accomplishing, legislative amend-
ments empowering them to accept savings
deposits and to extend long-term credits in
the mortgage loan and other fields, and
Whereas, this development has spurred the
savings institutions, the great majority of
which are chartered or organized on a mu-
tual or cooperative basis, to act defensively
by seeking an expansion of their powers into
other fields of investment, and
Whereas, the public press has reported that
the Honorable Jaynes L. Robertson, a member
of the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System, in an address delivered at
Peoria, Illinois, on May 17, 1966, proposed
that "all depository institutions be permitted
to become comprehensive lenders and bor-
rowers, subject to uniform bank-style limita-
tions on the exercise of their powers," now,
therefore, be it
Resolved, That the Board of Directors of
the Council of Mutual Savings Institutions
does hereby endorse in principle the pro-
posal thus advanced by Governor Robertson,
to wit, that the commercial banks and the
savings institutions be granted identical
statutory authority with respect to the serv-
ices they may provide, subject to the dis-
tinction that such institutions, if organized
on a privately-owned capital stock basis,
shall be known as commercial banks; and,
if organized on a mutual or co-operative
basis, shall be known as saving institutions,
and be it further
Resolved, That the officers and appropriate
Committees of this Council be, and they are
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 14707
he said. Although Mr. Truman did not refer Vietnam, in his "Dear Genya" letter tells
to Israel, a similar problem has confronted of his detest of all war and his particular
many Israelis. and personal hatred for this war.
A FRESH START Mr. Speaker, the full text of John
"So we meet here to try to make a fresh Steinbeck's "Dear Genya" letter con-
start," Mr. Truman said. "Here we will give tained in a press release from Newsday,
serious consideration to any new practical Garden City, N.Y., is set forth at length
approach that could help to advance the
cause of peace." because I share the sentiments of John
"All will be bewelcome," he added. "There Steinbeck that we must "stop the whole
are no restrictions as to national origin, war-not just our half." I commend it
ideological commitment or religious differ- for reading to my colleagues in the
ences."
He said that the annual peace award was
now in effect and that he hoped to "greet
the preson" who in the judgment of the
trustees will have been responsible for
"significantly advancing the cause of peace in
the year of 1966."' Mr. Truman asserted that
"the emphasis is on significantly advancing."
Earlier Mr. Noyes had said Mr. Truman had
received many telegrams of good wishes, in-
cluding one from President Habib Bourguiba
of of Tunisia, whose call to his fellow Arabs
to adopt a more realistic attitude toward
Israel created a sensation.
Mr. Bourguiba said he would be unable to
attend the ceremonies, but he wished Mr.
Truman "every success in your enterprise.';
A HOPE FOR SHARING
Mayor Teddy Kollek of Jerusalem said he
hoped that some day the center "will serve
both sides of the city," which has been di-
vided since 1948. Last week, a group of
students urged that the old Hebrew Univer-
sity campus on Mount Scopus, abandoned in
.a demilitarized enclave in the Jordanian sec-
for of Jerusalem, be reopened as a peace uni-
versity concentrating on Mideastern studies
.and be open to both Jews and Arabs.
Thurgood Marshall, who had been asked
by Mr. Truman to attend the ceremonies,
received prolonged applause when he rose to
speak. He accepted the ovation on Mr. Tru-
man'e behalf although much of the warmth
was obviously intended for the distinguished
Negro leader, who has been associated with
the struggle for civil rights.
"Not only is the occasion unprecedented
but the undertaking is audacious," Mr. Mar-
shall said. "In a smoldering world, we here
give physical embodiment to our faith in the
capacity of reason and science to bank the
fires of violence, to seek out the causes of
war, to lay out paths to peace."
The Solicitor General, said that
first nourished the principles o
worthy of man.
GARDEN CITY, N.Y.-John Steinbeck re-
plied today to a plea by Soviet poet Yevgeny
Yevtushenko that the Pulitzer and Nobel
prize-winning American novelist speak out
on the war in Vietnam.
In a poem published July 7 in a Moscow
literary newspaper, Yevtushenko had chided
Steinbeck, among U.S. intellectuals, for his
silence and urged him to protest against the
bombing raids on North Vietnam. Today
Steinbeck, a resident of Sag Harbor, replied
to Yevtushenko in an open letter published
in Newsday, the Long Island newspaper, for
which he has been writing a nationally-
syndicated weekly column.
Steinbeck asked Harry F. Guggenheim,
editor and publisher of Newsday, to make
his copyrighted reply available simultane-
ously to all other news media. In releasing
the letter, Guggenheim said that Steinbeck's
own 20-year-old son, John (Catbird) Stein-
beck, is now fighting as a U.S. soldier in
Vietnam.
Following is the full text of Steinbeck's
open letter to Yevtushenko:
My DEAR FRIEND GENYA: I have just now
read those parts of your poem printed in the
New York Times. I have no way of know-
ing how good the translation is, but I am
pleased and flattered by your devotion.
In your poem, you ask me to speak out
against the war in Vietnam. You know well
how I detest all war, but for this one I have
a particular and personal hatred. I am
against this Chinese-inspired war. I don't
know a single American who is for it. But,
my beloved friend, you asked me to denounce
half a war, our half. I appeal to you to
join me in denouncing the whole war.
Surely you don't believe that our "pilots
fly to bomb children," that we send bombs
and heavy equipment against innocent ci-
vilians? This is not East Berlin in 1953,
peace Budapest in 1956, nor Tibet in 1959.
it that You know as well as I do, Genya, that we
JOHN STEINBECK SAYS STOP THE
WHOLE WAR NOT JUST OUR HALF
heavy and sophisticated weapons they carry
tqq kill our sons. And where that oil and
ti'iose weapons come from, you probably
know better than I. They are marked in
pictograph and Cyrilic characters.
But even this is not necessary to stop the
war. If you could persuade North Vietnam
to agree in good faith to negotiate, the bomb-
ing would stop instantly. The guns would
fall silent and our dear sons could come
home. It is as simple as that, my friend, as
simple as that, I promise you. I hope to see
you and your lovely wife Galya soon.
With all respect and affection,
JOHN STEINBECK.
Mr. Speaker, in a news article in the
same newspaper under the byline of
David R. George, after referring to John
Steinbeck's reply he includes some refer-
ences to Yevtushenko's poem as follows:
In his poem published in Russia's Litera-
turnaya Gazeta, Yevtushenko, 33, recalled
Steinbeck's visit to Moscow in 1963 and his
advice to young writers then under attack
for criticizing shortcomings in Soviet society.
Steinbeck said, at that time: "Well, young
wolves, show me your teeth."
The time has come, the Soviet poet said,
for the 64 year-old Steinbeck, "an old wolf,"
to "show his teeth" against the U.S. bombing
raids on North Vietnam.
Yevtushenko has been, intermittently, a
daring critic of the Soviet scene, as Stein-
beck was of his own country during the De-
pression. The young Russian poet has been
officially censured for poems denouncing
anti-Semitism and for attacking the traces
of Stalinism which remain.
"Grapes of Wrath"
Referring to the foremost of Steinbeck's
novels, "The Grapes of Wrath," which de-
picted the ordeal of Oklahoma farmers
forced from their land during the Depres-
sion, the Soviet poet wrote to Steinbeck:
"Some other writers' `Grapes of Wrath'
/Are still to come/But is it possible that
yours/Are only in past?/You always were
able to hear the voice of time./Do you hear
/From far-off Vietnam? /Through the jungles
to New York and Moscow/There flies/The cry
for help/'Mama, Mama.'"
"Not to Be Silent"
Yevtushenko reminded Steinbeck that
"you, yourself, taught us not to be silent"
and asked why the American novelist did not
speak out on Vietnam:
"Is it not dreadful for you these nights,
/When a pilot flies to bomb the children,
/And perhaps/Is carrying with him your
book about Charley?/The winter of our dis-
content/Is now,/It is impossible to live
quietly/For if the politians are lying/They
/Lose their right to politics./You may say:
/'Why get involved in politics? /Everyone
knows that politics is a whore.'/No, John,/
/Politics also is bravery and honor,/When
carried out in the name of conscience and
Ideals."
I hope you also know that if those weap- Yevtushenko said in an introduction to
(Mr. TENZER (at the request of Mr. ons were not being sent, we would not be
PATTEN) was granted permission to ex- in Vietnam at all. If this were a disagree- his poem that many of his friends in Amer-
tend his remarks at this point in the ment between Vietnamese people, we surely tea "are fulfilling their national and inter-
RECORD and to include extraneous mat- would not be there, but it is not, and since national duty by speaking out against war
I have never found you to be naive you must He cited poet Robert Lowell, who re-
ter,) jetted a White House invitation to an arts
Mr. TENZER. Mr. Speaker, the dis- be aware that it is not. festival a year ago in protest against the
This war is the work of Chairman Mao, Vietnam war, and folk singer Joan Baez,
tinguished American Pulitzer and Nobel designed and generaled by him in absentia, who has refused to pay taxes to be used for
Prize winning novelist has broken his advised by Peking and cynically supplied war. Yevtushenko wrote:
silence on the war in Vietnam, with a with brutal weapons by foreigners who set
thunder which will be heard "around the it up. Let us denounce this also, my friend, "Not a Warrior"
world" in less than 80 days. but even more, let us together undertake a "Joan Baez, of course, is not a warrior,
In his reply to a plea from Soviet Poet program more effective than denunciation. /But listen,/Joan Baez sings/In the name of:
I beg you to use your very considerable /'Mama, Mama' in Vietnam."
Yevgeny Yevtushenko, urging him to influence on your people, your government, In concluding his poem, Yevtushenko said
protest American policy in Vietnam, the and on those who look to the Soviet Union he hoped Steinbeck would not regard him
author of "The Grapes of Wrath" said: for direction, to stop sending the murderous merely as a strident propagandist. He
I am against this Chinese inspired war, I merchandise through North Vietnam to be wrote:
don't know a single American who is for it. used against the South. "These lines are not a provocative trick,
But, my beloved friend, you ask me to de- For my part, I will devote every resource /But I cannot remain silent and isolated.
nounce half a, war, our half. I appeal to you I have to persuade my government to with- /Yes, we are little wolves./But John, you're
to join me in denouncing the whole war. draw troops and weapons from the South, an old wolf./So show your teeth,/The teeth
leaving only money and help for rebuilding. of John."
John Steinbeck, an outstanding Amer- And, do you know, Genya, if you could ac-
ican intellectual, whose 20-year-old son complish your part, my part would follow Mr. Speaker, John Steinbeck's voice is
John is now fighting as a'U.S.' soldier in immediately and automatically. raised at a most appropriate time, a time
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 12, .1966
when there appears to be on the interna-
tional scene a new peace offensive, Am-
bassador Goldberg's visit to the Vatican,
Mrs. Indira Gandhi's call for a new
Geneva conference, Prime Minister Wil-
son and Mrs. Gandhi's forthcoming visits
to Moscow, all seem to indicate that there
is developing a world recognition that
peace cannot be unilateral. Let us hope
and pray that all the forces who truly
"seek peace and pursue it" will unite to
"stop the whole war-not just our half."
ADMINISTRATION'S EFFORTS TO
CUT COSTS AND INCREASE EF-
FICIENCY
The SPEAKER. Under previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
West Virginia [Mr. STAGGERS], is recog-
nized for 5 minutes.
Mr. STAGGERS. Mr. Speaker, it
seems desirable to bring to the attention
of the Congress and of the American
people specific instances of the adminis-
tration's efforts to cut costs and increase
efficiency. Instances of supposed waste
and inefficiency get publicity from
sources that may not wish the adminis-
tration well.
I therefore request that the accom-
panying letter from the President to the
Honorable William F. McKee, Adminis-
trator of the Federal Aviation Agency,
be printed in the RECORD.
The letter does two things very clearly
and very directly: It points out the ex-
cellent job being done by the FAA and
its distinguished Administrator. Sec-
ond, it illustrates the President's close
watch over the details of the multitudi-
nous agencies for which he is responsi-
ble.
The,FAA is one of the agencies com-
ing under the purview of the House
committee on which I have the honor to
serve. Naturally I am gratified to have
the President's approval, in which I
heartily concur. Further, I wish to note
with satisfaction the President's in
able practice to commend good work
wherever he finds it.
THE WHITE HOUSE,
Washington, July 6, 1966.
Hon. WILLIAM F. MCKEE,
Administrator, Federal Aviation Agency,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR Bozo: I have noted with satisfaction
the excellent work which you and your as-
sociates at the Federal Aviation Agency have
been doing in reducing costs and manpower
while absorbing additional workload and im-
proving service to the public.
I have taken particular note of your cost
reduction program under which you saved
$47 million during the 1966 fiscal year.
These savings have been accompanied by a
reduction in Agency employment of more
than 3,500 empyloyees-eight percent, since
1963. The Agency has succeeded in com-
bining economy in administration with a
safety program which has helped the com-
mercial air carriers of the United States
achieve the best safety record in the world
and the best record for any five-year period
in the history of American aviation. You
have clearly demonstrated that outstanding
performance in a critical and complex pro-
gram can be continually achieved while re-
ducing costs.
I am pleased to observe that the House
Appropriations Committee, after thoroughly
reviewing your program and budget for the
1967 fiscal year, singled out the Federal Avia-
tion Agency for special commendation for the
efficiency and economies achieved in recent
years.
As you know, in my budget message for
the 1967 fiscal year, I stressed the importance
of strengthening the coordination of Federal
programs in the field and giving more free-
dom of action and judgment to the people
on the firing line. The FAA has provided
an example of what can be done to decen-
tralize management to field officials who have
the authority to act promptly and effectively
in meeting the needs of the public. Your
success in establishing regional and area
centers of field supervision while simultane-
ously reducing employment in field offices
has demonstrated that decentralization can
mean better public service and more pro-
ductive use of field personnel.
I shall count on you and the good people
at the Federal Aviation Agency to continue
to provide examples of public service at its
best.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
By unanimous consent, leave of ab-
sence was granted to:
Mr. CONABLE (at the request of Mr.
ARENDS), for the balance of the week, on
account of death in the family.
Mr. MATSUNAGA (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT), for an indefinite period, on ac-
count of illness.
Mr. KING of New York (at the request
of Mr. GERALD R. FORD), through July 21,
on account of illness.
Mr. CUNNINGHAM (at the request of Mr.
GERALD R. FORD), for today and tomor-
row, on account of official business.
Mr. FLYNT (at the request of Mr. AL-
BERT), for Tuesday, July. 12, 1966, on ac-
count of official business.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to
address the House, following the legisla-
tive program and any special orders here-
tofore entered, was granted to:
Mr. STAGGERS (at the request; of Mr.
PATTEN) for 5 minutes, today; and to re-
vise and extend his remarks and. include
extraneous matter.
Mr. HALPERN (at the request of Mr.
KUPFERMAN) for 10 minutes, today.
Mr. WHITENER (at the request of Mr.
RONCALIO), for 30 minutes, on tomorrow,
July 13, 1966; to revise and extend his
remarks and to include extraneous mat-
ter.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
By unanimous consent, permission to
extend remarks in the Appendix of the
RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks
was granted to:
Mr. HORTON and to include extraneous
matter.
Mr. PRICE following the remarks of Mr.
HOLIFIELD.
Mr. HOLIFIELD and to include extran-
eous matter.
Mr. TEAGUE of Texas (at the request of
Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina) to follow
the remarks of the gentleman from Illi-
nois [Mr. PRICE].
Mrs. KELLY and to include extraneous
matter.
Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN) to extend his remarks during
debate on H.R. 15750 in the Committee
of the Whole today, and to include ex-
traneous matter.
Mr. HANNA (at the request of Mr. PAT-
TEN) and to include extraneous matter,
notwithstanding the fact that it exceeds
two pages of the RECORD and is estimated
by the Public Printer to cost $286.
(The 'following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. KUPFERMAN) and to in-
clude extraneous matter:)
Mr. QUILLEN.
Mr. CLARENCE J. BROWN, JR.
Mr. HALPERN in three instances.
Mr. GUBSER.
Mr. KEITH.
Mr. CONTE.
Mr. BOB WILSON.
Mr. BRAY in three instances.
Mr. AsHBROOK in three instances.
Mr. KUPFERMAN in three instances.
Mr. RUMSFELD.
Mr. HALL.
Mr. WATKINS.
Mr. PELLY.
Mr. DOLE.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. KUPFERMAN) and to include
extraneous matter:)
Mr. CONTE.
Mr. RoNCALIO to revise and extend his
remarks on the special order of Mr.
MURPHY of New York.
Mr. DUNCAN of Oregon to revise and
extend his remarks and include extra-
neous matter.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. PATTEN) and to include ex-
traneous matter:)
Mr. CALLAN.
Mr. MULTER in three instances.
Mr. KEOGH.
Mr. ST. ONGE in three instances.
Mr. MARSH.
Mr. FLOOD.
Mr. GONZALEZ in two instances.
Mr. PATTEN.
Mr. RONcALIO in five instances.
Mr. JOELSON in two instances.
Mr. DYAL in six instances.
Mr. FISHER in two instances.
Mr. Moss in six instances.
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts in 10 in-
stances.
Mr. MOELLER in two instances.
Mr. MATSUNAGA in three instances.
Mr. CAMERON in five instances.
Mr. CELLER.
Mr. WOLFF in three instances.
Mrs. GRIFFITHS.
Mr. HAMILTON in two instances.
Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD in two instances
Mr. WELTNER.
Mr. TENZER in five instances.
Mr. MORRISON in two instances.
Mr. HAGAN of Georgia in three in-
stances.
SENATE BILLS REFERRED
Bills of the Senate of the following
titles were taken from the Speaker's table
and, under the rule, referred as follows:
S. 309. An act creating a commission to be
known as the Commission on Noxious and
Obscene Matters and Materials; to the Com-
mittee on Education and Labor.
S. 1312. An act to amend the District of
Columbia Public School Food Services Act;
to the Committee on the District of Co-
lumbia.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX July 12, 1966
"On this day of devout remembrance, dedi-
cated to them, this day of prayer, of fond
recollection for departed loved ones, let us
once again, as we have done for so many
years, throughout the grand history of our
beloved citadel of liberty, turn our hearts
and our prayers to them with tender, endur-
ing thoughts of appreciation deeply har-
bored in the heart of every American."
GREAT HEROES
"Hail to these great heroes, hail to these
men, and these -women too, of revered and
honored memory, who have bequeathed to us
such a precious, noble legacy of true Amer-
icanism, and who have consecrated with their
blood, their sacrifices and their love, the
shrines of this great country and the exalted
purposes for which it exists.
"Their sacrifices have not been, and will
not be, in vain. They will live forever in
the hearts and minds of true Americans.
These heroes will be revered and they will be
emulated, as they have been throughout our
history, to the end of time, and as long as
men and women strive, struggle and sacrifice
to be free from oppression.
"This day, and these days of struggle, tur-
moil and strife serve to remind us of the
price that a great free people are always will-
ing to pay to defend and preserve their
liberties.
"Today, our honored dead, resting in their
eternal, heavenly bivouac, speak to us again
in the voice of freedom, in the example of
their spirit of sacrifice and loyalty, more elo-
quently than words, and more nobly than we
can describe."
BURDEN OF CALL
"It is for us today, as it always has been for
real Americans, to take up. the burden of
their call, to give living expression to the
memory and example of their sacrifice, to
carry out the inspiration they have given
us to defend our blessed free country and
the priceless liberties that have made it great
against those who seek our destruction, and
who strive to turn this free nation and the
free world into a fiery shambles of conflict
and tyranny.
1 "With prayerful tribute and flowers and
the flag for which they fought and died, let
us honor and exalt on this day of remem-
brance, all those who have served us so gal-
lantly, so faithfully and so well with such
imperishable devotion, sacrifice and love.
"Let us in our time, make very sure that
their example shall never die, and that their
sacrifices will never be forgotten by a grateful
American people who owe them so much,"
Freedom
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI
- OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, June 21, 1966
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, an ex-
cellent address on the subject of freedom
was delivered recently by Lt. Col. George
A., Maloney,., U.S. Army, at the Fourth of
July observance at the Monument
grounds in Washington, D.C.
Colonel Maloney, a graduate of West
Point and the recipient of a number of
military decorations and awards, has
served in Korea, Iceland, Okinawa, and
southeast Asia. He recently completed
a 3-year tour with the lst Special Forces
Group, which included duty in Vietnam
'as commander of the 1st Corps, U.S.
Special Forces, at Danang.
Under leave to extend my remarks, I
wish to include Colonel Maloney's ad-
dress which follows:
FREEDOM
Tonight we celebrate a great national
holiday. A day which has meaning for free-
men throughout the world. A day which
marks the attainment by our forefathers of
an individual, political, spiritual and na-
tional freedom, previously unknown. A free-
dom for which our forefathers paid a heavy
price. A freedom- which successive genera-
tions of Americans have rebought with their
blood. In the 190 years of our freedom, we
have learned that freedom brings responsi-
bilities to defend it as well as rights to
enjoy it.
We have learned that freedom isn't free,
that it can be lost and once lost is seldom
regained. We have learned that freedom lost
anywhere, weakens free men everywhere.
We have learned that to surrender freedom
anywhere invites attack on free men every-
where.
Because we have learned this, tonight, at
this very moment, this generation of Ameri-
cans is making another payment for freedom.
On the other side of the globe, closer to us
now than California was 20 years ago, 30
nations of the free world are united in a
struggle to keep the peoples of southeast
Asia free.
We lead this struggle as we have led others
in the past 20 years for our heritage of free-
dom includes the burden of free world lead-
ership. Our forefathers pledged their lives,
their fortunes and their sacred honor to their
struggle. The four most recent Presidents
of the United States have pledged that we
will honor our commitment in southeast
Asia and we shall. -
Our Vietnam commitment is total and
extends from national to village level. Our
military men, statesmen, medics and builders
make their contributions both to freedom
and to the improved living standards, which
make freedom meaningful.
Our Viet Nam commitment is both similar
to and different from others we have honored.
Similar in that we are containing aggression
in the form of Red inspired, Red supported,
and Red directed infiltration forces. Com-
munist forces that disguise their true iden-
tity and purposes. The Chinese Reds of Mao
Tse Tung called themselves agrarian reform-
ers. The Cuban Reds of Fidel Castro called
themselves liberators. The Vietnamese Reds
would be known as civil warriors and re-
formers.
We know better. We know them as scav-
engers of human misery found wherever pov-
erty, disease and illiteracy make men des-
perate. We know them as false promisers of
peace, progress and liberty but deliverers of
immediate violence and the eventual cap-
tivity of a state society.
Our Viet Nam commitment is similar to
Korea in that once again we find ourselves
fighting in a difficult place. Once again, we
are at the end of a long supply line, once
again in a terrain which limits the effective-
ness of our military machines and saps the
strength of our men. Once-again fighting
for a small nation' whose divisions and con-
fusion are exploited by the same Communist
techniques that would divide and confuse
our American people.
Our Viet Nam Commitment is similar to
Korea, Berlin and Cuba in that the threat of
nuclear war hovers in the background limit-
ing our efforts and lending urgency to the
,requirement for eventual success.
But there are also differences in our Viet
Nam commitments. To a greater degree
than before, people are both the objective
and the tools of war. This is a war in,
amongst and for people. We fight, not for
cities, roads or other terrain features, but
for the hearts and minds of men.
There are also differences in the timing of
the efforts of our national agencies in Viet
Nam. In prior wars, the military fought,
then the statesmen made peace and finally
the aid specialists rebuilt the devastated
areas. But in this war, all of our agencies
operate concurrently under a single control
at the very top level of our government.
Finally and sadly, this war is different in
that a small portion of our people have mani-
fested a violent and irresponsible dissent to
our national purposes and efforts. I speak
not of those who seek to clarify issues within
our democratic process but of those whose
dissent is neither reasoned nor honest.
Whose dissent reflects their craven self in-
terest, their cruel distortion of facts and
their callous support of causes detrimental
to our common defense of freedom. In so
doing they sully that common resolve, that
unity of purpose, that universal determina-
tion which has characterized our national
will in every past war. They distract our at-
tention from the utterly magnificent fashion
in which our valiant youth are conducting
their defense of freedom.
I flee a requirement that we insure that
those of these splendid men who must die
for us do so free of doubt that their sacri-
fice is unappreciated.
I see a requirement that we so broaden and
pass on this priceless heritage of freedom
that it can never be said of us that we were
so involved in enjoying freedom that we
couldn't successfully defend it.
His Holiness Pope Paul VI Continues His
Quest for an [11 to the Fighting in
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. LESTER L. WOLFF
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, July 12, 1966
Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, His Holi-
ness Pope Paul VI has been untiring in
his efforts to bring about peace talks to
resolve the Vietnam conflict, and in this
quest His Holiness deserves the thanks
of all mankind. I would like to insert
the following excerpts, released by the
National Catholic Welfare Conference, in
the RECORD. I commend the Pontiff's re-
marks on the Vietnam question to the
careful attention of my colleagues. The
Holy Father's patient devotion to peace
should be an inspiration to our Nation's
leaders not to falter in the vital task of
bringing a just peace to Vietnam.
. [From the N.C.W.C. News Service]
POPE PAUL CONTINUES PEACE EFFORTS
VATICAN CITY.-Pope Paul VI is determined
to press his thus-far fruitless campaign for
a negotiated settlement of the war in Viet-
nam.
He said that although his suggestions for
neutral arbitration of the war have not been
successful, "we are not on this account dis-
heartened in the pursuit of our efforts."
Vietnam, he said, is "tormented by a con-
flict and by struggles that make it suffer
greatly and seem to have no end." He con-
tinued:
"With the worsening of the situation and
the terrible prospect of a possible extension
of the conflict, the demands of our apostolic
ministry have spurred us to strive in every
.way,- even blazing new trails, that a solu-
tion may be sought and achieved through
frank and honorable negotiations."
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July 12, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- APPENDIX
tunate that any segment of our society
should feel this way. And, it is to such
groups that the fringe of unscrupulous, un-
American hangers-on attach themselves. it
does not take a large force of well trained,
Un-American individuals, indoctrinated with
some foreign'ideology to transform a rabble
of individuals into an active violent mob.
Thus, we project an image to the world of a
dissatisfied people, which on the whole is
not true. Certainly, many of us do not agree
with many things going on in Washington
but we will attempt to use our ballot to
change matters rather than the violence in
the streets.
Now, we are having hearings in Washing-
ton regarding the draft. I believe and have
so stated previously that the draft was a war
time measure and should be abolished.
However, if we must have it let us at least
administer it constructively. For example,
why should a young man wait around until
24 or older before he is called. In the in-
terim he cannot secure a cereer job since
companies know he is subject to the draft.
Why not induct each youth at age 18 or
upon graduation after that birth date. He
would spend one year in the Armed Forces
during which time he would undergo fair
and impartial screening and testing for apti-
tudes and College potential. Then, if he
shows such potential he would be released
to go to College at 'his own expense if pos-
sible or at Government expense if necessary.
Others would he screened out or into other
areas of service for their country. The sal-
ary scale would be raised materially for mili-
tary service to encourage those qualified to
make such service a career. I believe
through these efforts we would solve the
problems of our youth and maintain an ade-
quate fighting force composed of men who
are there because. they want to be. What
do you think?
Tight Money-Remedial Legislation
EXTENSION. OF REMARKS
or
HON. EMANUEL CELLER
OF NEW YORX
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, July 12, 1966
Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, presently,
the economy of the Nation is faced with
the growing scarcity of bank credit.
Commercial banks cannot supply the
present credit demands. Today, credit at
the Federal Reserve is available at the
discount rate of 41/2 percent but only on
eligible assets and then only for 15 days.
These eligible assets are Treasury securi-
ties and certain short-term paper. Other
assets like customers' loans and other ob-
ligations are eligible, but at a penalty rate
of an additional one-half of 1 percent
and also for 15 days. This penalty and
this limitation of time are the rub. In
today's economy, these are costly bur-
dens and are contributing to tigher mon-
ey. These restraints and limitations
should be removed if commercial banks
are to serve adequately business and in-
dustry generally.
Banks are competing one with another
for funds in all markets in all sections of
the country. When banks thus compete
with each other, no new credit is estab-
lished to meet. growing demands. They
are hampered by their ineligibility to
borrow readily and economically from
the 12 Federal Reserve banks which com-
prise the country's central banking
system.
The outmoded and obsolete borrowing
restrictions are intensifying present dif-
ficulties. The Federal Reserve has rec-
ognized a need for change and has rec-
ommended legislation. There is a bill
pending in the House, which has already
passed the Senate last August. It is S.
1559. It. is presently lodged in the House
Banking and Currency Committee. The
proposed bill would permit a member
bank to borrow from a Federal Reserve
bank on the security of any assets ac-
ceptable to the Reserve Bank without
paying a penalty rate of interest. The
15-day limitation would be removed.
William McC. Martin, Jr., Chairman of
the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System, has stated:
As long as member banks bold a large
enough volume of Government securities,
they need not, of course, be particularly con-
cerned as to the eligibility for discount with
the Reserve banks of customers' paper held
by them. Since World War II, however, there
has been a sharp net decline in the aggregate
holdings of Government securities by mem-
ber banks. If a continuing substantial in-
crease in economic activity should cause
banks further to reduce their holdings of
Government securities in order to meet in-
creased credit demands, many banks would
be obliged to tender other kinds of collateral
if they should seek to obtain Federal Reserve
credit.
In order to avoid cumbersome admin-
istrative procedures and problems arising
from the necessity of distinguishing be-
tween "eligible" and "ineligible" paper,
the Reserve Board urged Congress to
move in and revise and update the law
so as to eliminate the existing restric-
tions with respect to "eligible" paper.
The administration approves of this
new procedure.
This legislation would remove techni-
cal impediments to ready access to Fed-
eral Reserve credit without penalty. The
Federal Reserve Board wants to make
the discount window an effective means
of supplying funds to commercial banks.
Enactment of this measure would
benefit all banks-large and small--in
all sections of the country. It would re-
lieve the pressure and reduce destruc-
tive competition for funds among banks
and between banks and nonbank finan-
cial institutions.
Clinton Memorial Day Observance
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN
. OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 16, 1966
Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, on May
30 this year, I was privileged to partici-
pate in the stirring and impressive
Memorial Day exercises in my own
hometown of Clinton, Mass., and under
unanimous consent`I insert in the Rgc-
ORD the news account of this event which
appeared in the Clinton, Mass. Item.
The material follows:
A3639
MEMORIAL DAY RITES OBSERVED IN CLINTON
"Memorial Day is a great, nationwide, spon-
taneous outpouring of tribute, honor, grati-
tude and remembrance of the gallant and
the great, of those in every American genera-
tion who thought so much of American free-
dom and the American way of life that they
willingly laid down their lives."
So said Congressman PHILIP J. PHILBIN,
in his Memorial Day address in Central Park
Monday while hundreds of Clintonlans par-
ticipated in the annual ceremonies there to
honor their dead. loved ones.
In both Woodlawn and St. John's ceme-
teries, graves were decorated and prayers were
said as taps were sounded and the National
Guard firing squad saluted deceased veterans
from all past wars.
Three bands and the Joanette Drill Team
from Leominister highlighted the musical
portions of the parade and marchers in-
cluded the Veterans units, their auxiliaries,
Gold Star mothers, Boy and Girl Scouts, Cubs
and Brownies.
Parade marshal was Lt. Col. William M.
Duncanson U.S. Army Ret., assisted by Ger-
ald Ruberti, Francis M. Ponyta and Donald
McGuirk. Prayers were read by the Rev.
Richard L. Harding of the First Baptist
Church, Miss Nancy L. Anderson (highest
honor pupil at CHS) delivered the Gettys-
burg Address, and John Bandalewicz Com-
mander of the Polish American War Veterans
from Maynard read the general orders.
The musical units were: The Clinton High
School Band, the Clinton Junior High Band
and the Shirley P.A.L. Band.
ALL AMERICANS
The Congressman's remarks follow in part:
"Memorial Day has deepest significance to
us and to all Americans. The day was first
officially established following our Civil War
and many gallant young men of Clinton
served and fought in that bloody conflict to
establish national and civil rights.
. "Most of the bitterness of that fratricidal
conflict has disappeared, but the :memory of
these gallant heroes remains, and their de-
votion to country is permanently enshrined
in the hearts of our people and inscribed
upon permanent monuments in our beautiful.
park, side by side with fitting memorials to
the gallant service and sacrifice of those who
fought and died in the Spanish-American
War, World War I, World War II and veterans
of other Americans wars.
"While Memorial Day came into being to
commemorate the brave veterans of the Civil.
War, it has thus been extended to pay fitting;
tribute to all those who have given of them-
selves, who have made the supreme sacrifice,
or who have served faithfully and heroically
to uphold American liberty and justice."
OUTPOURING OF TRIBUTE
"Today, Memorial Day is a great, nation-?
wide, spontaneous outpouring of tribute,
honor, gratitude and remembrance of the
gallant and the great, of those in every Amer-
ican generation who thought so much of
American freedom and the American way of
life that they willingly laid down their lives,
or offered their lives, most of them in the
flower of their youth, in order that this great
government dedicated to human freedom.
might survive, grow, prosper and become, as
it has become, the greatest nation in world.
history.
"No honor we could confer upon them
would be enough to express our thanks, and
the thanks of the country, to these valiant
veterans for what they have done to protect,
preserve and save this great nation, its
homes, its freedoms, its vaunted institutions
of enterprise and justice.
"No monument, no plaque, no words can
measure their noble sacrifices. They rest in
honored glory. They are enshrined in grate-
fur American hearts with eternal love, devo-
lion and gratitude.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX A3641
He recalled that he had made "reiterated
appeals both public and private" for peace
in Vietnam and had left no stone unturned
"to hasten the meeting of minds." He also
recalled his proposal for a Christmas truce
and his hopes that it would be not only pro-
longed but would serve as "a base for launch-
ing peace negotiations."
He indicated that he had channeled his
suggestions for neutral arbitration in Viet-
nam through the United Nations: "Trusting
once more in the work of the United Na-
tions-of that organization that works for
peace and in the 20 years of its existence
has prevented so many conflicts and settled
so many others-we thought it good to sug-
gest aribtration, to be confident in neutral
nations, for a pacific solution of the grave
problem."
He continued:
"You well know the inconclusive outcome
of our sincere and unselfish efforts in favor of
peace. But we are not on this account dis-
heartened in the pursuit of our action, for
we are anxious to foster in the society of men
the concord and brotherhood proclaimed by
the Gospel message.
"Meanwhile we renew to the heads of state
and to all men of good will-who have so
generously and enthusiastically responded to
our solicitude as universal father and shep-
herd-our sincere and profound gratitude,
and the appeal to focus their thoughts on a
just peace that may give those peoples lib-
erty, order and prosperity."
gardless of the merits of any of the in-
dividual projects. As a result; all 51 new
watershed work plans are still pending
in the Budget Bureau and, even though
there has been no change in the law, the
appropriate committees of the House and
Senate have not been given an opportu-
nity to review and approve these new
watershed projects. This new policy of
the Budget Bureau threatens to endan-
ger one of the most effective programs
for soil and water conservation.
It is my understanding that the Budget
Bureau has held up these watershed
projects because of a contention that the
provision for congressional review and
approval of individual projects is an un-
constitutional infringement on the
power of the executive branch. Very
frankly, I do not think this matter in-
volves any great constitutional crisis.
The Soil Conservation Service water-
shed program has operated under the
provision for congressional review and
approval of individual projects for a
dozen years. During this time, the
House and Senate Agriculture Commit-
tees have approved 293 projects, and the
House and Senate Public Works Com-
mittees have approved 153. In other
words, 446 watershed projects have been
approved under the Present.. Provisions
of the law, and there have been no pre-
vious complaints that this law violated
Budget Bureau Policy Threatens To En- the Constitution. Only last year the
danger Soil Conservation Service Wa- Congress, with the approval of the ex-
ecutive branch, amended the Watershed
tershed Program Protection and Flood Prevention Act so
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BERT BANDSTRA
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 13, 1966
Mr. BANDSTRA. Mr. Speaker, I
would like to express my deep concern
over the Bureau of the Budget's recently
adopted policy with regard to new proj-
ects under the U.S. Soil Conservation
Service watershed program.
Since last December, the Soil Conser-
vation Service has sent 51 new water-
shed work plans to the Budget'Bureau
for review. In the past, the Budget Bu-
reau has checked watershed work plans
and, if no objections to their economic
feasibility were found, has transmitted
the projects to the Congress for review
and approval by the appropriate com-
mittees of the House and Senate. Un-
der provisions of the Watershed Protec-
tion and Flood Prevention Act, projects
with a. single structure of more than 4,-
as to permit Soil Conservation Service to
provide assistance to watersheds with
structures of up to 12,500 acre-feet flood
detention capacity. Nothing was said
at that time about the possible uncon-
delayed by a dispute over abstract legal-
ities.
In my opinion, the soil Conservation
Service watershed program is far too
valuable to be endangered by arguments
over the alleged unconstitutionality of a
law which has been in operation with-
out previous objections for a dozen years.
Any question as to the constitutionality
of the provision for congressional ap-
proval of projects can be resolved at a
later date, when the Congress has the
time to consider the matter with care.
In any event, if there is anything certain
about this dispute, it is that nothing in
the Watershed Protection and Flood Pre-
vention Act authorizes the Budget Bu-
reau to deliberately hold up projects
which merit approval. I therefore think
the Budget Bureau should. reverse its
policy of holding up watershed work
plans and allow this program to move
forward, as it has in the past, under the
procedures established by law.
Statement Made by Irvin M. Frankel,
President, American Society of Travel
Agents, Presentation of Plaque to
Senator Magnuson
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES L. WELTNER
OF GEORGIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, July 12, 1966
Mr. WELTNER. Mr. Speaker, my
friend Mr. Irvin M. Frankel, of Atlanta,
Ga., is president of the American Society
of Travel Agents.
The society recently paid tribute to
Senator WARREN G. MAGNUSON for his
contribution to the travel agency indus-
try and the public which it serves. Be-
cause of my respect for Mr. Frankel's-
distinguished leadership in the travel in-
dustry, I place his statement on that
occasion in the RECORD at this point:
STATEMENT MADE BY IRVIN M. FRANKEL, PRES-
IDENT, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TRAVEL
AGENTS, PRESENTATION OF PLAQUE TO SEN-
ATOR MAGNUSON, JUNE 23, WASHINGTON,
D.C.
Honored Guests and Fellow Members of
ASTA, thank you very much for taking time
from your busy schedules and important re-
sponsibilities to participate in this occasion.
I know that I voice the sentiments of all
the members of the American Society of
Travel Agents when I say that we long have
looked forward to this opportunity to pay
tribute to our guest of honor, WARREN G.
MAGNUSON, who-although a Senator repre-
senting the State of Washington-is, in our
opinion, a Senator representing all of the
United States.
During his more than 30 years of public
service in the House of Representatives and
the Senate, he has demonstrated that im-
perative quality which, in the words of
Alexander Hamilton, distinguishes a repre-
sentative of all the people as contrasted with
a parochial approach.
"Learn to think continentally," Hamilton
admonished his contemporaries.
Senator MAGNUSON, in answer to-the de-
mands of the present and in response to his
own profound awareness of the course of
history, has exceeded that heretofore valid
injunction and thinks internationally.
stitutionality of review and approval of
these projects by congressional commit-
tees. In fact, it was not until late May
of this year that Soil Conservation Serv-
ice officials first learned of the Budget
Bureau's objections to this procedure.
If the Budget Bureau's new policy is
not reversed, and if the new watershed
work plans are not sent to the Congress
for review and approval, Sit will be ex-
tremely unfair to the local officials who
have spent years preparing detailed plans
for these projects. Among the projects
now being held up by the Budget Bureau
is the Three Mile Creek Watershed,
which is of great importance to the Union
County area in Iowa. This project was
officially proposed in 1958 and it has
been in the planning stage since January
1961, more than 5 years ago. After a
great deal of hard work on the part of
the local sponsors, plans for the Three
Mile Creek project were sent to the
viewW and approval to the House and project, which I have been following
Senate Public Works Committees, and closely for more than a year, would pro-
projects with a single structure of less vide valuable soil conservation, flood
than 4,000 acre-feet Capacity are sent to control and recreation benefits to the
the House and Senate Agriculture Com- Union County area. In addition, it would
mittees. The provision for review and offer a source of municipal water supply
approval by congressional committees to the town of Afton, which has been
has been part of the law since it was en- hampered by acute water shortages in
acted in 1954. the past. And, in the long run, the Three
Within the last month or so, however,' Mile Creek Watershed would provide the
the Budget Bureau has changed its long- basis for future economic growth in the
established policy and has refused to area. I feel it would be most unfortu-
send any new watershed projects to the nate if this project, as well as the others
Congress for review and' approval, re- pending with the Budget Bureau, were
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A3,642 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- APPENDIX
. The important legislation which marks his drying up the market of free money
career in public service is monumental testi- which can create a depression. This is
mony to his fidelity to the philosophical ob-
servation that "the difference between a poll-
tician and a statesman is that a politician The unemployment rate is rising again
thinks only of the next election and a states- and serious unemployment, particularly
man thinks of the next generation." in the building trades, may be the re-
Every proposal advocated by WARREN MAC- sult. Meanwhile, we are going up and
wusoN, every piece of legislation which he down on an economic roller coaster.
has authored, sponsored and successfully has The banks have been encouraged to
brought to enactment, is incontestible evi- buy what are called "certificates of de-
dence of his fidelity to this concept.
We, in the American Society of Travel posit" for 51/2 percent. and, under the
Agents, long have watched with deep and rules, a little more. This looks good be-
personal interest his devotion to furthering
the best interests of all--his steadfast ad-
herence to the principle that all legislation
must be based upon equity and justice.
We are here today to express our deep ap-
preciation of his inspired leadership and rec-
ognized wisdom during his many years of
public service.
His sound imagination has assisted ma-
terially in creating a strong, self-sufficient air
transportation system. He prophetically
pioneered in an appreciation and under-
standing of the benefits which would be de-
rived by our national economy from travel
and tourism. And he, time and time again,
has .directed the specific attention of the
nation to the tremendous contribution to our
gross national product made by the inde-
pendent, private enterprise businessmen-
who constitute the Travel Agency Industry.
He has listened sympathetically and per-
ceptively to our problems, lauded our effort
to serve the public in accordance with the
highest standards of responsibility and pro-
fessionalism and has given us that sound ad-
vice which is the distillation of experience
and statesmanship.
No single tablet of bronze adequately could
describe our appreciation of his services to
our nation and, of course, to our industry.
So-we are forced to be content with the
following phrases which, even at their best,
are inadequate to express the full extent of
our genuine sentiments.
On behalf of the American Society of Travel
Agents, Senator MAGNUsoN, and In accord-
ance with the resolution adopted by our
Officers and Directors, we present, with pride
and pleasure, this testimonial of apprecia-
tion in recognition of your distinguished
leadership and positive contributions to the
Travel Agency Industry and the public which
it serves; and for your significant achieve-
ments in the development of travel and
tourism.
We wish you many more years of similar
outstanding service to our peoples and our
nation.
Scramble for Cash Unprecedented
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BOB WILSON
OF CALIFORNIA
IN fHE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
.Tuesday, July 12, 1966
Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, the
President is not sending a tax increase
bill to Congress at least until after the
elections. Instead, he is trying to check
escalating inflation resulting from wild
and wasteful Federal spending by apply-
ing the monetary brakes.
Now no one knows whether the public
is going through the windshield or up
through the roof. L.B.J. has reached
the point where, having spent too much
to try to create prosperity, he is now
cause it increases their deposits. But
these "certificates of deposit" are rela-
tively short term, often 3 months. A
bank must earn better-and usually far
better-than 6 percent quickly to pay
these high interest rates. This has
shoved, and is shoving, the price of
money for borrowers to ruinous rates.
It is hitting the construction and other
trades and will hit more. This is a new
twist on robbing Peter to pay Paul and
only this corkscrew administration could
have nurtured it.
By unanimous consent, in this con-
nection, I introduce in the RECORD an
article by Harold B. Dorsey in the Wash-
ington Post:
SCRAMBLE FOR CASH UNPRECEDENTED
(By Harold B. Dorsey)
NEW YORK, July 10.--The scramble for cash
that has been so evident in the past few
weeks has reached a stage that has only
rarely been experienced in this country dur-
ing the 20th century. The competition for
money by the savings institutions, com-
mercial banks, non-bank lenders, Federal
agencies and business borrowers is now on a
knock-down, no-holds-barred basis.
One result of this condition is a distortion
in normal interest rate relationships which is
tending to cause violent shifts in cash flows.
For instance, the recent increase in dividends
paid on savings and loan shares is probably
more than some of the S&L's can afford to
pay out of interest earned. Nevertheless,
the boost In the rates seemed to be necessary
to restrain an even more embarrassing out-
flow of deposits to higher yields obtainable
elsewhere. But the yields obtainable else-
where are also rising in this most unusual
scramble for money.
One cannot help but wonder what is go-
ing to happen to the approximately $43 bil-
lion of ordinary passbook savings deposits
of the weekly reporting commercial banks.
The ceiling interest rate on these deposits is
only 4 percent. The depositor can probably
put his money in the savings bank or the
S&L next door and obtain 5 percent. Some
of them could probably do better than that
if they wanted to buy Certificates of Deposits
issued by commercial banks or to invest their
money in top quality relatively short-term
debt issues of the Federal agencies and
corporations.
Over $17 billion o3' the deposits of the
commercial banks is represented by Certifi-
cates of Deposits on which the ceiling is
51/2 per cent. But in the secondary markets
C.D.'s maturing in six months are available
on a 5.60 per cent basis. A substantial por-
tion of the C.D's represents a temporary in-
vestment of the surplus cash of corporations.
But to the extent that the commercial
banks lose the C.D. money, and it ultimately
comes back to them 'in the form of demand
deposits, the money available to the com-
mercial. banks for lending and investing
would be reduced because the reserve re-
quirements on demand deposits is nearly 3
times the recently upward revised require-
ment on C.D.'s.
Meanwhile, the 41/2 per cent Federal Re-
serve discount rate (the rate which the
July 12, 1966-
Fed charges for its loans to member banks)
is now further out of line with most other
interest rates than has been in many years--
if ever. The historical interest rate relation-
ships suggest that the discount rate should
have been boosted a couple of months ago.
I suggest that it has not been raised be-
cause this particular rate is considered a
symbol of monetary ease or tightness and an
increase under present circumstances might
be a psychological shock to the financial sys-
tem-although anybody that does not
already know that the credit situation is
extraordinarily tight doesn't read the
newspapers.
The rarity of this financial situation makes
it difficult to envision just where the scram-
ble for cash is going to end, and what its
consequences may be. It is clear that the
cause of the condition is the most unusual
demand for credit necessary to finance the
abnormally high rate of demand for goods
and services. These pressures certainly
would have been less excessive if the govern-
ment had decided late last year to siphon
off $5-$7 billion of the purchasing power of
the private sectors by boosting tax rates.
Since this step was not taken, the cor-
rectives are coming in the form of extreme
tightness in the capital and credit markets
and also in the form of higher prices, which
reduce the ability of the economy to move
units of goods and services into con-
sumption.
How AEC Report Pictures Ann Arbor
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM D. FORD
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, July 12, 1966
Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD. Mr. Speak-
er, the interest of the Michigan del-
egation in this and the other body of
Congress in the location of the Atomic
Energy Commission's 200 Bev. acceler-
ator facility on a site in our State is, I
am sure, well known to all Members. I
should like to call to the attention of my
colleagues an article which appeared
in the Detroit News on Sunday, July 10.
This article, written by Mr. Robert L.
Pisor, of the News Washington bureau,
is one of the most lucid and comprehen-
sive I have had the privilege of reading
on this complex subject.
Mr. Pisor writes of the role of our dis-
tinguished colleague, the gentleman
from Michigan [Mr. VIVrAN], in leading
the Michigan effort to secure the Atomic
Energy Commission research facility.
The gentleman's efforts on behalf of the
Michigan site have been tireless. His
colleagues in the Michigan delegation
have been much impressed not only with
his broad knowledge of scientific and re-
search matters, based on his background
as a scientist and businessman, but also
with his seemingly boundless energy on
behalf of his State and his district. This
work is well documented in Mr. Pisor's
article.
Finally, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Pisor em-
phasizes the facts, well known to many
of my colleagues, regarding the failure
of the Federal Government, to date, to
bring about an equitable geographical
distribution of Federal research and de-
velopment funds. He points out the
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