FIDEL'S SISTER WARNED DOMINICANS OF REVOLT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500120025-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 25
• Publication Date: May 18, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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DIX . A2521
Fidel's Sister Warned Dominicans
of Revolt
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DONALD RUMSFELD
OF /LLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 18, 1965
Mr. RUMSFELD. Mr. Speaker, to
those who doubt that the Communist
threat in Latin AmerIca is very Teal, I
call attention to the following story
carried in the American edition of the
Times of Havana, April 1965, of the
warning given by the sister of Fidel Cas-
tro to the Dominicans that a revolt was
being planned in their country. This
is a timely reminder of the well-known
Communist strategy for political take-
over in countries undergoing social, eco-
nomic, and political change.
The article follows:
FIDEL'S SISTER WARNED DOMINICANS OF
REVOLT
"I know that Castro wants to take over
this country."
The speaker was ridel's sister, Juanita, and
the country she had in mind was the Domin-
ican Republic. She should know.
Early in April Juanita Castro spoke to the
Dominican people at Santo Domingo, the
capital city. Three weeks later the tragic
revolution against law and order began.
"The Cubans," Juanita said, "Do not want
the Dominican Republic to travel along
democratic paths so that it will become a
happy and progressive people."
BROKE WITH FLDEL
She recalled that her brother, Fidel, had
been very happy about 3 years ago when he
told her that his agents had "cleared the
path" for the future.
Juanita fled Cuba about a year ago. She
went to Mexico and since that time has
traveled? throughout the hemisphere.
Some Cuban sources in the underground
used to count on her help even while she was
still in Cuba. It was long suspected that
she would come to a final break with Fidel.
This finally happened about a year ago.
WARNING
Less than a month ago she warned the Do-
minicans that "He has tried to take your
country several times. This is not the first
time. It will not be the last time that Com-
munist imperialism will use its Caribbean
puppet."
She reported that Castro had ordered his
agents "to infiltrate all sectors, professional,
economic, labor, agriculture, and among
students since communism always tries to
find allies to reach power and then elimi-
nate."
To block democratic processes at Santo
Domingo "many of the local leaders of the
Dominican Popular Socialist Party received
training in subversion in Cuba.
"The Castro Communists have many tac-
tics. They capture prospects and turn them
into fanatics. What Lenin used to call use-
ful idiots. They fall for false promises and
are soon used for subversion. In the end
they are Jailed or shot."
EXILE OPIN/ON
Miami's Cuban colony knows that only
quick U.S. action kept the Dominican Re-
public from taking Castro's road to commu-
nism.
They have been through it once. They
know it when they see it a second time.
Where, they ask, did the thousands of Castro
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A2522
blIve green uniforms come from on the first
day of the revolt? The answer to them is
, Clear: from Cuba.
; :But riders sister called the shots on Santo
oiningo. And she did it on the spot lust 3
eeks before it happened.
CON(
"'Preserving Competition"?Statement
Supporting the Enactment of the
L Quality Stabilization Act of 1965
EXTENSION or REMARKS
op
HON JOHN J GILLICAN
- - OP can?
1 IN THE ROTJSt OF nEVRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1905
- 1 Mr. ifir,T,TQA.N. Mr. Speaker, since
,
the 1930's many manufacturers, trade
associations, independent retailers, State
1 legislators, and Congressmen have
I *orked for the enactment of various
I forms of legislation which would elimi-
t hate or control certain unfair trade
1 practices associated with the resale of
!1" brand name commodities. Traditionally
attempts have been made on bath a na-
tional and State level to legislate against
t Stich abuses as false advertising, bait
merchandising, and excessive price cut-
s ting. During this period some of these
I attempts have been enacted into law,
1 While others have failed of enactment or
have been negated by court decisions fol-
lowing their passage. In seeking to elim-
inate these trade abuses, the proponents
Of fair trade legislation over the years
I have continuously argued that such
I abuses, if left unchecked, would seriously
. threaten the proper functioning of the
American free enterprise system.
, Ever since my election to Congress in
INovember of last year, I have devoted
a considerable amount of tirneand study
, to this matter and I have now come to
i the conclusion that the Congress of the
I'United States at the earliest possible date
, Must enact a law which would provide
t added protection to the American busi-
nessman from certain unfair and harm-
fuluidoeni).resictisis:ekisll
till:n:11m
engaged
in on a rather wide scale by unscrupulous
participants in the free enterprise sys-
tem. Shortly after reaching the conclu-
Sion that additional legislation was need-
ed, I introduced a bill on May 10 of this
Tear, HR. 7841, which calls for the ins-
Mediate enactment of a law to be known
as the Quality Stabilization Act.
?' In short this bill, which is quite sirni-
ar to those introduced in the 87th and
1?
Of certain unfair trade practices which
X, along with other proponents of such
?legislation, believe not only tend toward
Monopoly but seriously affect the quality
and good name of name-brand commodi-
ties.1 Moreover, and probably most im-
, l3ortant, this bill would permit a manu-
_ t facturer or owner of a brand; name or
itrademark, to protect his property rights
attached to a brand, name, or trademark
by establishing a price or price range at
which goods carrying that brand, name,
? r trademark may be sold by wholesalers
i
and retailers n the marketplace. I wish
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May 18, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 10509
tion projects, or to project areas or facilities
authorized by law for inclusion within a na-
tional recreation area or appropriate for ad-
ministration by a Federal agency as a part
of the national forest system, as a part of
the public lands classified for retention in
Federal ownership, or in connection with an
authorized Federal program for the conser-
vation and development of fish and wildlife.
(e) As used in this Act, the term "non-
reimbursable" shall not be construed to pro-
hibit the imposition of entrance, admission,
and other recreation user fees or charges.
(f) Subsection 6(a) (2) of the Land and
Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 (78
Stat. 897) shall not apply to costs allocated
to recreation and fish and wildlife enhance-
ment which are borne by the United States
as a nonreimbursable project cost pursuant
to subsection 2(a) or subsection 3(b) (1) of
this Act.
(g) All payments and repayment by non-
Federal public bodies under the provisions
of this Act, and revenue from the convey-
ance by deed, lease, or otherwise, of lands
under subsection 3(b) (2) of this Act, shall
be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous
receipts.
SEC. 7. The Secretary of the Interior is
authorized as a part of any water resource
development project under his control here-
tofore authorized, except projects or areas
within national wildlife refuges, to construct,
operate, and maintain or otherwise provide
for basic public outdoor recreation facilities,
such as boat ramps, picnic tables, beach
areas, sanitation facilities, and parking areas
of a total cost not to exceed $50,000 for each
water resource project.
SEC. 8. (a) The Secretary of the Interior is
authorized to enter into agreements with
Federal agencies or State or local public
bodies for the administration of project land
and water areas and the operations, mainte-
nance, and replacement of facilities and to
transfer project lands or facilities to Fed-
eral agencies or State or local public bodies
by lease, conveyance, or exchange, upon such
terms and conditions as will best promote
the development and operation of such lands
or facilities in the public interest for recrea-
tion purposes.
(b) No lands under the jurisdiction of
any other Federal agency may be included
for or devoted to recreation purposes under
the authority of this Act without the consent
of the head of such agency; and the head of
any such agency is authorized to transfer
any such lands to the jurisdiction of the
Secretary of the Interior for purposes of this
Act. The Secretary of the Interior is au-
thorized to transfer jurisdiction over project
lands within or adjacent to the exterior
boundaries of national forests and facilities
thereon to the Secretary of -Agriculture for
recreation and other national forest system
purposes; and such transfer shall be made in
each case in which the project reservoir area
is located wholly within the exterior bound-
aries of a national forest unless the Secre-
taries of Agriculture and Interior jointly de-
termine otherwise. Where any project lands
are transferred hereunder to the jurisdiction
of the Secretary of Agriculture, the lands
involved shall become national forest lands:
Provided, That the lands and waters within
the flow lines of any reservoir or otherwise
needed or used for the operation of the
project for other purposes shall continue to
be administered by the Secretary of the In-
terior to the extent he determines to be nec-
essary for such operation. Nothing herein
shall limit the authority of the Secretary of
the Interior granted by existing provisions
of law relating to recreation development of
water resource projects or to disposition of
public lands for recreational purposes.
SEC. 9. Effective on and after January 1,
1966, neither the Secretary of the Interior
nor any bureau nor any person acting under
his authority shall engage in the preparation
of any feasibility report with respect to any
water resource project unless the preparation
of such feasibility report has been specifi-
cally authorized by law or specifically di-
rected by either the Senate Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, or the House
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs by
a resolution adopted by such committee, any
other provision of law notwithstanding.
Sec. 10. As used in this Act?
(a) The term "project" shall mean a
project or any appropriate unit thereof.
(b) The term "cost" shall mean the value
of goods and services (land, labor, and sup-
plies) used for the establishment, main-
tenance, and operation of the project.
(c) The term "separable costs" shall mean
the cost for each project purpose which is
the difference between the cost of the mul-
tiple-purpose project and the cost of the
project with the purpose omitted.
(d) The term "joint costs" shall mean the
difference between the cost of the multiple-
purpose project as a whole and the total of
the separable costs for all project purposes.
(e) The term "feasibility report" shall
mean any report of the scope required by the
Congress when formally considering author-
ization of the project of which the report
treats.
SEC. 11. This Act may be cited as the "Fed-
eral Water Project Recreation Act".
AMENDMENT OlvERED BY MR. ROGERS OF TEXAS
Mr. ROGERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
I offer an amendment.
The Clerk read as follows:
Amendment offered by Mr. ROGERS of
Texas: "Strike out all after the enacting
clause and insert the provisions of H.R. 5269
as passed by the House."
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
question is on the amendment.
The amendment was agreed to.
The bill was ordered to be read a third
time, was read the third time, and Passed,
and a motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
A similar House bill (H.R. 5269) was
laid on the table.
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
REMARKS
Mr. ROGERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
I ask unanimous consent that all Mem-
bers may be permitted to extend their
remarks in the RECORD on the bill just
passed,
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
objection to the request of the gentle-
man from Texas?
There was no objection.
INCIDENT AT BIEN HOA, VIETNAM
(Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina asked
and was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute and to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina. Mr.
Speaker, there have appear in the press
some rather detailed accounts of the un-
fortunate incident at Bien Hoa airfield
in Vietnam. This catastrophe resulted
in the loss of life of some of our finest
air crews and maintenance personnel.
As soon as he heard of this tragic
event, General McConnell, the able Chief
of Staff of the Air Force, immediately
dispatched to Vietnam a team of his most
experienced and competent personel
under the Inspector General, Lt. Gen.
William K. Martin, to inquire into this
incident.
The Committee on Armed Services was
notified and has been briefed on this
affair.
Obviously, there will be a great amount
of speculation and postulating about our
activities at this base in an effort to ex-
plain, or condemn, the cause of the ex-
plosions.
I remind all who are aroused, as I am,
and as we all should be, by this incident,
to remember our overall aims and ob-
jectives in Vietnam.
The Air Force is keeping us advised?
it is making a thorough investigation of
the affair?we still are fighting the Vet-
cong?we still have security problems?
we still have to win a war.
Therefore, I urge everyone to refrain
from any unnecessary discussion of the
details of this incident, which could re-
veal classified information and jeopard-
ize our military efforts.
To those who gave their lives so un-
expectedly, yet so gallantly, we owe a
reflective pause.
When the facts are known, they will be
disclosed to the extent that security will
permit.
I can assure you of this, and I hope
and pray that you will help. We need
help.
Thank you very much.
MINICAN REPUBLIC
(Mr. O'HARA of Michigan asked and
was given permission to address the
House for I minute, to revise and extend
his remarks, and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. O'HARA of Michigan. Mr. Speak-
er, I was heartened by the report in this
morning's newspaper that the White
House mission to the Dominican Repub-
lic, headed by McGeorge Bundy, was at-
tempting to obtain the resignation of the
Imbert junta and restoration of a con-
stitutional government under the direc-
tion of persons associated with the party
and program which received the over-
whelming support of the Dominican peo-
ple in the only free election held in that
unhappy nation in over 30 years.
It is my fervent hope that we will per-
severe in these efforts in spite of the Pre-
dictable reaction of the junta leadership
which evidently equates popular govern7
ment and opposition to military dictator-
ship with communism.
While it is proper and essential that
the United States be determined to pre-
vent the establishment of Communist-
oriented governments in the Americas,
it is equally important that we demon-
strate a solid commitment to the crea-
tion and support of democratic and con-
stitutional governments.
If we fail to demonstrate convincing-
ly our hemisphere commitment to popu-
lar government, we will have let down the
people of the Dominican Republic and
our friends throughout Latin America
and will have severely damaged our rela-
tions with other nations in the Western
Hemisphere.
The twin objectives of opposition to
Communist imperialism and support for
democratic government are not mutually
irreconcilable.
In the Dominican Republic, assuming
the accuracy of our assessment of an at-
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10510 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?HOUSE May 18, 1965
tempted Communist takeover of the rev-
olution, it must nevertheless be conceded
that the forces of rebellion include a siz-
able cross section of Dominicans commit-
ted to constitutional government which
is overwhelmingly non-Communist in its
orientation. It is our responsibility to
work with the democratic elements of the
revOlution and to insist upon the crea-
tion of a constitutional regime commit-
ted to the social and economic principles
endorsed by the Dominican people in
the 1962 elections.
Mr. Speaker, Walter Lipprnann's col-
umn in this morning Washington Post,
entitled "The Cornerstone of a Policy,"
succinctly expresses the problems we
face in the Dominican Republic and the
principles to which we must adhere.
Under permission granted, I include the
text of Mr. Lippmann's column at this
point in the RECORD:
THE CORNERSTONE OF A POLICY
(By Walter Lippmann)
There is, we can be sure, no quick way
out of the Dominican affair. There is no
soltition available which will not, even with
the best of luck, take a long time. There is
no prospect of our being able to withdraw
soon leaving behind some sort of reasonably
democratic and stable government.
The reason why the future is so difficult
Ls that during the 30 years in which Trujillo
ruled the Dominican Republic, he exter-
minated or drove into exile or into hiding all
the educated, competent public men who did
not take part in his cruel and corrupt tyran-
riy. The men who should have taken over
power after Trujillo are a lost generation.
Dr. Bosch spent the Trujillo years in exile,
and therefore he had no practical experience
in Dominican politics before becoming
President.
It is this lack of able and honest and pro-
gressive leaders which is the fundamental
difficulty in extricating ourselves from the
embarrassing and ominous situation in
which we find ourselves. There is the reac-
tionary military junta, which represents a
revival of the Trujillist oligarchy, and there
are the constitutionalists, whO represent the
bitter discontent of the Dominican masses.
They are without practical experience in gov-
ernment, and they are vulnerable therefore
to infiltration from agents of or sympathizers
with Castro. Between these two groups there
is nothing, no middle group of eminent and
respectable men who could provide a care-
taker government.
The predicament of the United States
arises from the fact that it may -take the
OAS and the U.N. year to overcome the po-
litical vacuum, to find, to promote, to de-
fend and to finance a governnient which can
be independent because it rests on popular
consent. In the past one alternative would
have been an indefinitely prolonged U.S.
Occupation of the Dominican Republic,
ruled by a high commissioner who is not
a Dominican. It is too late in the day for
that. This sort of solution is not acceptable
in the modern world. Another alternative,
which has been favored by the State Depart-
ment, is a coalition government. Caamano
would represent the constitutionalists and
Imbert the military junta. Almost certainly,
this is not really a valid option. It proposes
to ignore the depth and the width of the
conflict between those who are fighting to
perpetuate the inheritance of Trujillo and
those for whom life is intolerable without
far-reaching progressive reforms.
The first requirement of U.S. policy is that
the President make himself free and uncom-
mitted, and specifically that our troops cease
to favor the military junta in the civil war.
It is as certain as anything can be in a
situatich of this kind that a workable policy
mutt irevoke the principle of legitimacy and
must 'ae directed to progressive reform.
Legitimacy is important because only a gov-
errunent which derives from the only genu-
ine election the Dominicans have ever known
can hoe to command the confidence and
respect of the Dominican masses.
It is no doubt true that Dr. Bosch was a
weak President. But he is the only Domini-
can wh.5 has ever been genuinely elected, and
therefore the political succession from him
to Caatnano should be respected and ob-
served. - The government which the OAS
backs, and we along with it, should have as
Its coraerstone the Constitutionalist Party.
It would be strange indeed if there were
no Communists in the Constitutionalist
Party, But there is no evidence whatever
that they are in control of the party and,
conside ring the certainty that troops will
remain in the Dominican Republic for a con-
siderable time to come, there should be no
serious danger that the Communists, admit-
tedly ti small number, could take over as
they d d in Cuba. In view of the power de-
ployed in and around the island, the threat
of a Soviet intervention to support a Corn-
munisl coup seems to be small. It Is so
small that it is a risk we can well afford to
take.
Thei a are two great advantages to be had
from treating the Constitutionalist Party as
the co merstone of a new government. The
first is that with good advice from its Latin
American neighbors, and with plentiful eco-
nomic assistance from us, such a government
would, be the one most likely to succeed.
The second advantage is that this de-
cision on our part is the only one that can
prove our good faith, which is profoundly
suspected throughout the hemisphere. For
the decision to make the Constitutionalists
the cornerstone will be the certain proof that
Presidnat Johnson did not intervene in order
to suj port a militaty dictatorship working
for reactionary interests, arid that he is in
fact genuinely committed to popular pro-
gressive reform.
There is no real alternative to this line of
policy For no government can be built
arounii the military junta which has any
hope of winning the support of the Domini-
can people or of obtaining approval from our
Latin American neighbors.
RESOLUTION FOR UPDATING IMMI-
GRATION LAWS
(Mr. ANNUNZIO asked and was given
perm ssion to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and t 3 include a resolution.)
Mr, ANNUNZIO. Mr. Speaker, on
May 12, 1965, the City Council of the
City of Chicago and its distinguished
maycr, Hon. Richard J. Daley, adopted a
resolution urging the enactment of pend-
ing bgislation for liberalizing our immi-
grad m laws. This resolution represents
the overwhelming attitude of almost 4
million people who reside in the city of
Chicago. The resolution follows:
RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE CITY COUNCIL
OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO URGING ENACT-
MENT OF PENDING LEGISLATION FOR UP-
DATING IMMIGRATION LAWS
Whereas four previous administrations of
the 'United States of America and four Presi-
dents of the United States, including former
Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D.
Eisen tower, the late John F. Kennedy and
the incumbent, Lyndon B. Johnson, have
each declared that the present quota system
for ii emigration into the United States of
America was false and unworthy in 1924 and
is even worse, now, and completely contrary
to the ideals and philosophy of America and
that which made America gres.t: Now, there-
fore, be it
Resolved, That the members of the City
Council of the City of Chicago, in session as-
sembled, hereby memorialize the House of
Representatives and the Senate of the United
States of America to support and pass pend-
ing immigration legislation in said Congress,
known as Senate bill 500 and House of Repre-
sentatives bill 2580; and that it is the sense
of this city council that our current immi-
gration laws 'should be enlarged, amended,
and brought into conformity with our basic
desires of continuing to make America avail-
able to deserving immigration on a fair and
equitable basis.
APPROPRIATIONS FOR '1'HE VETER-
ANS' ADMINISTRATION AND PRO-
POSED VA HOSPITAL CLOSINGS
(Mr. EVINS of Tennessee asked and
was given permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and to
include extraneous matter.)
Mr. EVTNS of Tennessee. Mr.
Speaker, as we consider the budgetary
recommendations of the independent
offices I want to particularly discuss the
appropriations as they relate to the Vet-
erans' Administration.
It was my privilege to chair the hear-
ings on this agency and I, therefore, feel
that I can speak with some familiarity
of the inner. workings and the programs
of the agency.
I know there is much concern about
the proposed Veterans' Administration
hospital closings. Our committee has
given full and thorough consideration to
the matter. The hearings will docu-
ment each 'individual project in which
Members are interested.
I personally questioned the Veterans'
Administration Administrator, Mr: Wil-
liam J. Driver, and the Chief Medical
Director, Dr. J. H. McNinch, regarding
every one at the hospitals concerned in
the proposed closing?as to location,
conditions, number of patients at each
hospital, and the reason for the proposed
closing.
All of this is documented in the hear-
ings.
As you know, the President has ap-
pointed a blue-ribbon Committee headed
by James G. Gleason, former Adminis-
trator of the Veterans' Administration,
to study and consitier this matter. This
committee is currently engaged in this
study.
Also, the House Committee on Vet-
erans' Affairs headed by our distin-
guished colleague, the gentleman from
Texas, Chairman OLIN TEAGUE, is look-
ing into the closings. When these re-
ports are in, we will be in a better posi-
tion to make a judgment in this matter.
We have the greatest veterans program
of any nation in the world. Our com-
mittee recommended a total of $5,653,-
192,000 for all the programs of the Vet-
erans' Administration for fiscal 1966.
This is an increase of $22,445,000 over the
budget for fiscal 1965.
The bill includes an appropriation of
$1,177,417,000 for medical. care. We did
not cut the medical care program by one
dime. In fact, we increased the Vet-
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May 18, 1965
wow moving. then the small business moues
nibbling at its feet can be frightening.
What's needed hers as an antidote is for
executives In the top echelons to think of the
organisation as compact, muscular, and
alert. ?
2. Identify the strengths and umbrage's
of small rivals. Conapsuries often oversim-
plliy the capabilities of an opponent.
Stunned by the speed with which a Mall
competitor was this to service an amount.
a steel supplier spent oonsiderable .Unts
bathing. Geer poitible omuitennethures. It
wasn't until the mirrating director -pointed
out that the rivers capabilities were limited
to just a few duns that the problem was
seen In perspective..
The big eompany must learn to avoid get-
ting Involved in exhausting guerrille War-
fare in the oompetitor's .11$01
Technology, the traditional big gun of the
large Arm. should be used wisely In this
connection.
The small Ann is Ulcer to remain strong
In operations not subject to the. cOropliter
reVoltition?Atnique .producte. custom pro-
duction, personal and special services that
machines can't handle. The larger Arm can
afford to be selective; In some ,oales, deciding
nat to become active in a given area may be
the height of wisdom. ? ?
I. the smelt company's erase of
time. An employee of a large food oompany
recently ost, about looking fori0 new job.
complaining: "!'rankly,.frightened.
find myself taking 1. hours,,to, do Agorae-
thing know I can do in itilidur and ? halt
This is no way to work. I wane i job that
stimulates. me. not one that puts me to
sleep." . The point Is, tbe Company expects
the assignment to take 4 hours.
Despite widespread Acceptance of Parkin. -
son's law, that work expands to At the time
available, to do It, many :larger companies
often operate under lex work schedules.
This doesn't mean you should put on the
screws. But workload and work pace should
be in keeping with ?Individual oapsoityy
The benefits to be gained are not only In-
creamed efficiency. but.also,heightened oath-
faction and the pelf Anteem of. the individual
who feels hire carrying a mane load.. .
The larger. company that thinki a sure-
Are method. of. acquiring, a .unall-company
MUG of time Is toning it must be cautious.
"An executive moving /ran a small company
to a large one often faces difficulties," com-
ments recruiting consUltant Kiernan, who
has seen numerous auniples of 'loch trans-
fers. "Many a fine performer in the small
firm flounders and can't seem to mesh in a
big organization. On the other. hand, many
men who grow up In smell companies may
reach a point Where their encl.. me-
turity and desire to grow glee them the
beds for suooses In a larger trimpeny. It
depends on the inclividtril, his personality
and adaptability."
4. Decentralize "electively. Practitioners
of organizational planning Often admit con-
tusion when faced with the time-honored
dilemma of the eentralbse-decentralize see-
saw. Without the rerantralisetion that re-
sults from automation and 'the Mee of com-
puters. the idea of derantralbring May seem
Impractical. Nevertheless; largo organisa-
tions have discovered some functions may
remain centralised while others are decen-
tralized.
When line functions Can be put in the
latter category, the shortening of communi-
cations noes, the increased flexibility Ot
action can put tha big company, at least in
selected areas, more on a per -with the
rtner Arm.
5 Centralise selectively. The anal ram-
VOnerallY benefits from short and un-
ted communications lines. In add'-
, ...,. the :ewer waystations there are In a
,1111!, 'Int...Li tons link, the easier It become
. trial mununications to operate,
whl,?? orrn,t1 COMMUniallti00.11 are WOO
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
practical for the larger firm, now techno-
logical advances make instant communica-
tion possible. Nor 'sample, computers for
loading ran and air pamenger carriers, hotel
bookings and so on now make it possible to
centralize scheduling. warehaming, filing
systems and the like, regardless of how ex-
tensive they may be.
Entire functions, such as purchasing, pay-
roil. Inventory oontrol, also may be ?outlet-
lath for larger firms, using oomptiterised
equipment and advanced infeeinetion re-
trieval systems.
S. !Cambodia small group loyalty and
ideintifleatIon. A ? sufficient number of
studies, as well ea comma overlent*, have
established the fact that the individual can
develop great emotional ties to a Anishiese.
Members' loyalties and emotional Involve-
ment tend to be stronger In relation to sub-
ordinate groom than to ihe !digger mentor
lion. The obligee alumnus tends to have
stronger ties to the class of '48 than to the
university as a whole. .flimilarly, the em-
ployee has greater feeling tar the department
In which he operates than for the comPany
as a whole.
The Organisation that Makes it possible
for the individual to develop a sense of
Identity with his department or immediate
work group by treating It as a unit can ex-
pect more in the way of loyalty and Interest
In Job objectives.
But here's Where masty companies lull
themselves Into dangerous complacency by
so-callea "enlidlitenedpolicles"-.rach as that
of the "open door"?dgeigned to give eln-
Pierop a roding of (Apothems ,to eseeUtives
and the company, ?
Says Sermon H. Scott, president' of It I.
Scott, of Maynard. Maas, hi-ft equipment
manufacturer: "In I small company, the top
executivep are generally available to anybody
at any time. wIthit reason.. In the big
parry, Oen though the ,top man. may be In
the mute building, It la difficult for anyone to
see ,hint without an appointment, open door
policy or not."
Or. as one disgruntled employee put it:
"Sure. mY boot door is open--so he can
kick PectPle Out." ?
7, Cheek for'orgardrationel blockage. *-
Mont of organisational' Obstacles can put
big company reflexes More on a per With the
smaller Inn. Managers Are 'familftr with
bottlenecks in production. Somewhat the
same thing may take place with management
procedures. A deoision may get hung up
somewhere along a chain of command; a
communication may fall to penetrate a mid-
dle echelon. A number of specific questions
can help pinpoint the bottlenecks:
If there la Insufficient flow of ideas up-
ward. where is the tranerniesion failure,
If decialorunaking and implementation
are unsatisfactory, where doss the hesita-
tion, buthpassIng or failure to sot take piece?
What department tends to.got out of step
In. Ma/Mg Out,00MPSUY AMOY?! Studies
have indicated that everything from pilfer-
age to higher absence rates results from Mal-
munlcation blockages typical of some large
Arms.
Equally -important is the need to **Un-
to' Loh betWeen quantity and quality of com-
munication. A weekly house ocean may
seem a worthwhile medium but is useless
If nobody reads it. Failure to distinguish
between going .throtigh the motions and ac-
tually producing results is 'often at the root
of poor contrinintattlons in the larger sno:
As far deeision-Making, often'major
? big-oompony, problem. Specific procedures
tend to point up satiOn-biocksge:
Over-use of thmmitteve: /n 'Soaps 0o- en-
Pantos, there la a tendency toward prolltica-
don of committees for anything and .very-
thing?planning. problem-solving. develop-
ment of ideas.
In other instances, procedures normally
given over to one executive are made the
responsibility of many. A typical example
Is the hiring committee. An executive job
opening is idled when a committee Ana,
'selects the best candidate. The troUble is
that under this practice the man who Usually
gets the Job may not be the best man at all,
but merely the one to whom no one on UM;
committee objects.
Foggy lines of authority: in some meee,
aragesary deolarate are delayed . bemuse tie
dm question of who bas the euthodtg. to
decide. Traditionally, this problem has In-
volved line and staff executives in ottsithi-
veirey. In many thew the perthaditisii of
the respectlee executives cause Oil thitlif-
? The problem may easurne a variety
of shapes:
A power-minded top executive may inglin
on making decisions handled by a subordi-
nate.
An indecisive executive May try to Pais
critical decision either up or down the line.
The small-firm executive usually lacks this
alternative, and therefore mods to make the
disedsions required anywhere in his am* al
responsibility.
The big company can fore* the same degree
of decisiveness on its managers by clarifying
It. policies and procedure. ot decision-
making,pioning down who Is responsible for
what, seeing that necessary decisions are not
delayed. An occasional decision review to
see how executives have been scoring With
their decisions can clear the lines and stimu-
late the proms.
Larger firms must also be careful SO re-
ward Individual enterprise.
companies sometimes tend to MIMI sit
,ramosphere of apathy and an attitude Of let's
play it safe. This can only be dradpated
by. positive policies and action by the rans-
pany? When an organization, by its re-
wards?protnotion, salary increases, and so
ow?ithows that it appreciates original think-
ing and responalble, tradition-breaking se-
Non,- it fosters ? the creativity end drtre it
must have at all levels to keep moving Ahead.
Incidentally, the assumption that big cons-
pante" pay higher salaries than small ones
Is not generally substantiated: "There's not
much difference In starting salaries betimes'
large and smell Arms.' obeerves filmdom
Scott. "Obviously, top salaries in the largest
corporation' are higher than any small emit-
piny can pay.. But actually, there are few
such jobs. I would even go el far as to say
that after the first couple of years, the aver-
age income for iimall-company earautives
tends to be higher than for larger a.m.
prudes."
Accordingly, disoovering just how youirsid-
ary trade compare with others in your in-
dustry and area may explain some mysteries
of executive discontent and quitting.
The nature of our economy is such that
there Ise need for both large and small bud-
DOM. Certain servlue and products fall
naturally within the sphere ei each. Few
small Arras ornral produce an automobile. a
- computer, or an airplane.. POW WS* Anal
can Us up large pieces of equipment with
custom orders or highly specialised smell
runs. In between are areas In which big and
small compete for customers. When this
competition is carried on at high levels of
efficiency. everyone benefite.
Amur Oats.
Research Institute o/ America.
,
. ? U.S. Policy Is Defoolliog FroomlOot
EXTENSION OF REMA
Or
HON. HOWARD W.
or IfIVADA
IN TIM SENATE 0? THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday. May IL 11065
Mr. CANNON. Mr. President, the re-
cent actions by the United States in Viet-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX May 18, 1085
nienl. and In the Dominican Republic
have brought a new determination and
firmness to our policy of de/ending free-
dons in various sections of the globe
where America has vital Intermit&
Basically, our military actions have
served notice that we do not intend to
follow a policy of appeasement wherever
the ComMunists deterMfne to test our
will.
The essential meaning of this policy Is
recognised in several recant editols
published in the New York Journal-
American and the New York World-The-
gram. I ask unanimous consent to have
three of these editorials printed In the
Appendix of the ReCORD.
There being no objection, the edi-
torials were ordered to be printed in the
Bacons. as flows:
'From the New York (N.Y.) Journal-Amer-
ican. Apr. 28, 10681
L.B.J. &rums Puss
In recent weeks, even days, the war in
Vietnam has escalated to Its most danger-
ous level. 17 .8. marines have fought with
Vietcong guerrillas, and the presence of reg-
ular North Vietnamese Army formations In
South Vietnam has been reported by Defense
Secretary Robert S. McNamara.
Hewn, it was widely speculated that Pres-
ident Johnson's news conference would pro-
vide news of major importance. But it is
simply a measure of the consistency of
American policy in the Par gest that it did
not.
President Johnson, looking solemn but
confident, merely realirmed that Use United
Stems would not yield to aggression in that
area and repeated his offer to talk peace
"with any government, anywhere, anytime,
without any conditiona."
Thus there were no surprises, nor sicruid
there have been.
The President declined to speculate about
the possible future outright commitment of
American ground forces in Vietnam and
gently elided those who interne him on
whether nuclear weapons might be used in
Vietnam. No one la the Oessinement has
ever brought the issue Up, he told his lis-
teners.
But in view of the tact that there are
Many In this country who Orin do not ap-
pear to have grasped the meaning at the
American *anon he Vietnam. President
Johnsen appropriately reminded them that
we have sanoty learned the lesson taught
at Munich--that appeasement leads to war.
fIrroes the Kew York (NY.) World-Telegram,
May 4, 19451
Ova Pima= Mato
Bemuse of our Involvement in Vietnam
and in the Doininlean Republie. the United
States is bring treated to an ?Medan of
world attentam?anteb of It 'critleaL and 'a
lot of 1t5 of muse, not very well founded.
This is MIA 'we can 'expect for trying' to
be helpful an around, and tor *yams to
look out for our 'awn Intereris.
We base OCION 1AP-shoo:Awe in the British
Parliament charging us with "monstrous ag-
greerion" for eending troops to the Domini-
can Republic. Newspaper Mitosis in Rumps
and elsewhere are busy soaring the eon-
fused situation in Musto Domingo?and some
who Monomial) the United States for inter-
vening also say we should me our twee to
put former President Juan Bosch, back in
power.
Bosch amnia to think so, too.
Approved
? It would be Mos to have everybody think-
ing we me Mee, generous, and altogether
pure. We have apse* .and given wsray
bil-
of &Mem to help others easel
hopefully, to We oureame better under-
.. ,
Mad.
Due we seen combat ocatinnniens. repel
armed aggression, meths nuseeent souks
trapped in mob scenes, or look atter Dew
own beet interests and the general meet, of
Irse alnes?and worry too much about our
Imam all over the globe.
Our Oovenunent has to snake declasses
and sometimes they nave to be made fest.
We cant base densions by gumming bow
everybody is going to react. The Comersu-
nal governments are predictable, but every-
body in friendly countries Is not.
As the President said, we like Wends, but
when we have a job to do, we will go ahead
and do it, "whether we make friends or lose
them."
In the long run, the current squawks not-
withstanding, we will make more friends by
being honest with our own wril-known prin-
ciples. and acting on them.
(From the New York (N.Y.) Journal-Ameri-
can. May 4. 10661
W* SHOW Pam
The enemy is the same. The reason for the
presence of American troops is the same. The
only real difference between the U.S. mili-
tary actions an the Dominican Republic and
Vietnam?apart from their extent?is that
they are taking place on different sides of
the world.
In Vietnam, we are witnessing one phase
of ts long-term Communist plao to seise and
subjugate a densely populated. ria0 rich re-
gion of eoutheest Asia. Di the Dominican
Republic It Is Cease Of win, *Med Ootrinni-
Met exploitation of a tragic *octal eruption?
with the Identical aim Or setture end sub-
jugation?this thus in Use strategic Carib-
bean.
There, in 1958, a eubinerged Communist
element rode the crest of a wave of popular
discontent, surfacing may when Victory was
achieved. Thus a bridgehead hostile to the
United States was established in Cuba. It is
simply the matter of U.S. notional self-inter-
est mat this strategy of the overt or Menai
soup, by an hurled. organised minority not
be permitted to repeat MOIL certainly not
this close to home.
, cater souls= ma same&
Lest anyone tabs undue moth of Smart and
ether Communist rantinos In the Vatted Na-
none or elsewheee, let us recall ,Ronfis87.
There in Me tboueseds of deMis-deeling So-
vist.eanks rolled into Budepeet--?bereansi the
Soviet Union was not prepared to permit a
free, democratic eta** to establish itself Mar
Russia's borders in nartern lartme.
For the Soviet Union, freedom Ireland the
Iron Curtain?ea in West Ikelin?le a
ace. Por tor the Untied States, tioneasunians tn
the Westerns iletedephere?ae Oubs-4a ?
SWUM
Let the faint heels and those who enter-
tain qualms about our action in Um Dorand-
min Republic dwell Upon this. atoreover It
must be noted that the Charter or the U.N.
itself expreody nosigaises the right of nations
to act when their fundaments* national MU-
interests am threatened.
Finally, we are hapraired by the decisive-
nem of President ihnsm's of troops
to Us* embattled In eddltion. we
are demled by the of logistics width
brought leo ntheh to bear within so short ?
nine. Lot students of American muscle,
Whether eased or foe, er this and draw
tuai It the
For Release
lieneee's Match Tireerh the Ceram
1EXTB21810N or itratAuor
jia,
HON. WILLIAM M. WM
Cir 111111111MINA ?
in TS'S HOUeut or awns's:nit:inn
Tuesday. May 18, 1988
Mr. TUCK- M. Eipeaker. on May n
I had the privilege of attending a dinner
given by the Civil War ? Round Wile of
the District of Columbia at the Amu-
Navy Club. Dr. John 0. Barrett, profes-
sor of history at the Virginia
'Institute, was the speaker for the wen-
slob. delivering a speech describing Oen.
.WIlliam Tecumseh Sherman's march
through the Carolinas. He is the author
of a book bearing thattitlei.
Dr. Barrett's speech was most inter-
esting and enlightening, bringing out
many Important facts and features about
both the march and the man who led it.
I consider the address of keen historic
significance and worthy of being Printed
and preserved in the CormitgegIONAL
Recono. ?
Under leave previously granted pie to
extend My remarks, I include the sem,
which is as follows:
aliMill'ea Masai TIMOLICit Csarintes
Aithcrugh Iranians Tecumseh Oberman
?odd not recall saying "War is bell," be did
state: "Too cannot qualify mu in beireber
terms than I will. War ts ermetty and you
combo. realm it." It was in the fall IOW
OM he developed his philosophy of total war
Mitch he though would make tundMe
terrible" that the South would edema ell
peaceful remedies before eumnithoing an-
other struggle. Considering all the people
of the South as enemies of the Uniest;liber-
man planned to use his salutary forms
against the civilian population as was sel the
armies of the enemy. He believed thes ?plan
of *trios would not only (lemmatise the non-
combatants bat also the men Wider than
The southern armies in the Ssld, be felt
certain, could be disheartened 'by a on
the civilian population, as easily as by Orate
on the battlefield. Sherntanli littera%Vi
total WM also called for the destruction kif
the enemy% eocnondc resources. oaralyg-
ing the Confederate economy he hepcod to
desuw/ the floutisti ability to imply nifngin-
ing ftroat With war' inatolc , Thus in
bringing war to the lognefront he honed to
destroy both the South's esVacitl to 1,,IP
war and Its vrill to ilghL . . .
"Collective responsibility." that theory upon
which total was rests, made poesiblea new
mode of warfare In which the Auks'
or Use time were tranegressed. The act we.
. ?anent disregard for human righaa mid
digolty. But with sharman "war 1 ai Inas!
war and not popularity seeking-",. Vithought
the South. Jai its part in osiosieg se the
connica. dammed . "all the curses and. WO-
Motions a pupa can pour out." ileveribel-
less. be held OM to his enemies. the sneer*
Promise of helping hand if they would LOY
down their WOW and rejoin the Maori, It
warn not ? sense or cruelty and barbarian
that prompted /Merman to formulate his
theory or total war. This otmosption was
the otitgrowth or a search for the epdamt.
surest and most enleient means to Win a
strogglo. Victor/, he determined.' could be
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10252 1 1965
I should like to pay tribute to the out-
standing personalities of the entertain-
me, , t world who will appear on this
nigh:, and who are paying their own ex-
penses, paying for their own transporta-
tion, their room and board, and are con-
tributing their talents in order for out
home to net from the show on this night
over $200.000 which will be used to Pa)
out the principal and the interest On the
loan. These great entertainers, in the
best of American traditions, are helping
to create a private home for the aged
solely by their own efforts and without
dep,eidIng on public funds. They are to
tit. hailed and congratulated, not only by
all the Members of Congress, but by the
people of America, for their generosity
and public-spirited interest in helping
to build an institution that will eventu-
ally have over 950 golden seers spending
the last days of their lives in the tran-
quility of this house of God.
Thank you. Jimmy Durante, limo
Stuare, Dean Martin, Connie 'Francis,
Louis Prima with Sam Butera and The
Witnemes, Vic Diunone, Rocky Marcino,
Ford and Mercer, Anna Marie, Jimmy
Roma, The Saltines, Jimmy Faro, and
Lou Breese. My heart is full of joy?
full of profound gratitude?to each and
every one of these performers for their
gracious contribution to Villa Scalabrini.
Too often we have heard that movie
stars and entertainers show no Interest
In their communities and in the affairs
of those less fortunate. Yet, this is a
concrete example of the generous contri-
butions that these great stars of radio,
television, and the movies are making.
day in and day out, to the American way
of life. Throughput America, stars of
all races, colors and creeds are contribe-
ting daily of their time and talents to
benefit Institutions which are trying to
raise private funds to alleviate the suf-
fering and the miseries of the poor.
They are doing a tremendous job in
helping to raise funds to combat juvenile
delinquency, to aid the mentally re-
tarded, to aid in the fight against cancer,
to aid In the fight against heart disease,
and countless other worthwhile causes.
How eian we ever forget the contribu-
tions they made during World War I and
World War II and the Koren wart
How can we forget the programs they
provided for our soldiers and the Job
they are still doing today entertaining
our soldiers both at home and abroad?
STATWe in America can be proud of the
iestriotism and the good will that, these
stars are showing toward their fellow
sTArran and their tellow Americans.] i
A REFERENDUM IN THE DOMINICA
. - REPUBLIC
(Mr. KR.ASEit asked and was given
)erruision to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr FRIER. Mr. Speaker, the
United States Is keeping marines In the
D,Jiiiinican Republic for the announced
purpose of maintaining law and order
whit 11 political settlement is worked out
Pt the Organization of American
Our deeds, however, do not fully cor-
respond with this policy. From daily
press reports it appears that US mili-
tary forces have been working with the
military Junta. Whether or not this one-
sided cooperation is inadvertent or even
inevitable under the circumstances, our
Impartiality and good faith are brought
into question. This apparent lack of tin-
Partiality is. given further credence by
some of our actions in the UN., the
OAS, and in the character of negotia-
tions with the rebel group. Moreover,
the mere passage of time tends to shift
the relative balance of power between
the two sides. This inevitably intensifies
the anti-American feeling which is devel-
oping rapidly on that island.
Of the utmost importance, therefore. is
the posture of the United States in
remitting a political settlement. When
the United States intervened, two forces
were struggling for control of the Domin-
ican Republic. Lives were being lost
Intervention could be Justified on the
grounds that the citizens of that nation
should not be forced to accept a govern-
ment which could muster the greater
military power rather than the allegiance
of the larger number of citizens.
We have sought a political settlement
through the formation of a Coalition
government. Whether or not a coalition
Is being blocked by extremists on either
side is uncertain, but delay in finding
other political solutions will lead to fur-
ther aggravation of the; conflict. More-
over, even if a coalition government were
formed, that such an Uneasy Weldon
could successfully sponsor fair elections
in the near future is open to serious
question.
Therefore, it seems to me. Mr. Speaker.
that the United States should announce
Its support of a plan to Derain the -Peo-
ple of the Dominican Republic to choose
one of the contending factions to save
as an interim government until regular
elections can be held later. This refer-
endum should be conducted?not Just
supervised?by the OAS or the U.N. The
mode of carrying out such a referendum
should be determined by the OAS or the
U.N. in consultation with all . aides, but
should be carried out whether or not
agreement is obtained from all sides. If
necessary, mem media facilities should
be imported and operated under niter-
national control to assure equal access
by all sides. The United States should
announce its support In advance for the
victor at such a referendum.
We need to recognize that such a refer-
endum might bring to power persons with
whom we are In disagreement. It may
bring to power persons who fail to recog-
nize the antidemocratic character of the
Communist movement or who choose to
temporize with that movement. It may
also bring to power persons who have
shown little devotion to democratic pro-
cedures. It may be appropriate for the
OAS or the U.N. to require that any fac-
tion represented on the referendum bal-
lot make a commitment to sponsor free
elections within a stated time.
Mr. Speaker, the course I recommend
carries risks, but the risks are lase than
those we incur with other couraes of
action.
We have a bearcat by the tail. The
CAB nations appear reluctant to come
to our aid in solving the problems of the
Dominican Republic. If we could an-
nounce our intentions now?and make
them explicit?OAS nations should not
hesitate ? to intervene more actively in
support of these goals, but when our in-
tentions are obscured as they largely are
when we seek to manipulate the Junta
government to make it more attractive,
lack of enthusiasm on the part of many
OAS members is understandable.
Mr. Speaker. the U.S. national interest
will become increasingly Jeopardized as
we are drawn more deeply into the in-
ternal dispute in the Dominican Repub-
lic. We urgently need to Proclaim now
that our intervention continues for but
one purpose: to give effect to the prin-
ciple of national self-determination. Ac-
tion needs to follow this proclamation.
With this action we would stand Preedie
before the world community of nations
as the defender of the right of people
everywhere to choose their own govern-
ment.
'BON. BASIL L. WHITENEFt, DOCTOR
OF LAWS '
(Mr. KORNECIAY asked and was
given permission to address the House for
1 mhuite and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. KORNE.OrAY. Mr.. Speaker, our
etstingulahed colleague, the gentleman
front North Carolina, Hon. Been L.
Warman, Is at Pfeiffer College. elle-
cetheimer. N.C., today taking part in the
commencement exercises of that out'
standing institution. I am happy to say
that the trustee of Pfeiffer College reo-
Agnighle, the greet Oentributions that our
follows has Wide -to) his State And Na.
cee conferring upon him the dames
of b000raiy doctor of laws.
know of no one who more richly de-
serves to be honored today at Pfeiffer
College than BASIL Weirsiesit. I am
pleased that the college has recognized
his outstanding record of public service
Is conferring won him the degree of
doctor of laws.
? Mr. Speaker, Pfeiffer College is a Splen-
did senior institution of hither learning
located In the eouth centred Piedmont
section of North Carolina. Under the
dynamic leadership of Dr. Lemuel Stokes
the college has witnessed rapid groWth
In recent years. Pfeiffer College has an
outstanding faculty, and the school is
fulfilling a vital role in the field of high-
er education in North Carolina.
Our distinguished colleague who is be-
ing honored today at Pfeiffer College has
always been interested in education. At
an early date he developed an apprecia-
tion of the role that higher education
has in the life of our Nation. BASIL
WHITE/RR has always supported public
and private efforts in behalf of educa-
tion.
He was educated In the public schools
of Gaston County, N.C.: Rutherford Col-
lege: the University of South Carolina:
and Duke University. Rom has a sister
who is a schoolteacher, and he, him-
self, was an instructor in commercial law
In Belmont Abbey College, Belmont, N.C.,
In 1939, 1940. and 1941.
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May 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 10291
things the world needs for peace and free-
dom and note the men who are meeting
these needs today.
Who has made a greater contribution to
world understanding among nations than
the great, former Secretary of the United
Nations, Trygve Lie. He knew that the
United Nations was not perfect because it
was an instrument of man, but he resolved
to do his best to make it work. He knew
that Norway, in her wisdom, was one of the
first 24 nations to sign the United Nations
Charter, and he knew the value that Nor-
wegians place upon the rule of law.
The very introduction to Norway's ancient
code of laws reads: "With law shall we build
our land, and with lawlessness lay it waste."
Let us then in the spirit of Trygve Lie
look upon international law, in the develop-
ing and evolving concept of the United Na-
tions, as a freedom-loving world's best hope
of reaching our aim of peace on earth.
This means that we are not ready to aban-
don the United Nations to oppressor nations
to be used as they would be by Soviet or
Chinese oppressors, or any other totalitarian
forces on earth.
It also means that in the interest of the
preservation of the United Nations we must
insist upon all nations, large or small, liv-
ing up to their obligations of membership?
and this includes the payment of dues and
just obligations without delay or abatement.
In the language of children, let it also be
said that the rule of law live and let live
which governs all international affairs is that
any and all nations must abide by covenants
and agreements and desist from acts of ter-
ror and anarchy.
This means that if Mr. Sukarno of Indo-
nesia, and Mr. Nasser of Egypt persist in the
burning of libraries given in friendship and
the bombing of embassies placed for good
will, then they must learn to live without
our aid and without our friendship.
There is an end to American patience with
anarchy just as there is no end to American
faith in firm and friendly alliances.
Of these alliances, the Great Atlantic
Community, as we know it in the NATO is
cause to speak of the great contribution of
other figures on the horizon of the world
who are Norwegian.
The first, of course, is Prime Minister
Einar Gerhardsen, who only this week re-
affirmed the faith and enduring confidence
of the Norwegian people in the United Na-
tions.
The second is the man who is looked upon
as a chief architect of the NATO alliance,
the great Foreign Minister of Norway,
Halyard Lange, who has done more than any
man to preserve and perfect this great al-
liance as a barrier against aggression and a
bulwark for the peace of Europe.
It is fitting also to note that the entire
existence of NATO, one of its most able
leaders and distinguished commanders has
been Gen. Lauris Norstad, a courageous Nor-
wegian-American from Minnesota.
I point to the work of these men, not be-
cause they owe their ancestry to Norway,
but because their work truly represents the
four great principles which underlie the
Norwegian Constitution.
These four concepts are, of course:
1. National independence.
2. Sovereignty of the people.
3. A division of power.
4. The inviolable rights of the individual
versus the state.
It is this last key concept which becomes
more important day by day?the inviolable
right of the individual. This we must com-
municate to our children in all its sig-
nificance.
It is the supreme worth of the individual
as a creature of God which we must identify,
dramatize, and teach our children to appre-
ciate in their time.
The supreme worth of the individual, the
dignity of the human person, Is a meaningful
difference between the world of freedom, the
world of America, of Norway, of all free na-
tions, and the world behind the walls, the
Berlin wall, the wall of China, the wall of
Cuba. In the world of freedom, for our chil-
dren.
We believe that dignity means at least
these things.
Dignity demands freedom for all men to
worship God and pray at will?and our chil-
dren enjoy that right now and forever.
Dignity demands equality of opportunity
to learn and to know in any school accord-
ing to the desire of the parent. This means
schools of equal quality, and we recognize
this right and obligation because at all
levels of government, local, State, and Fed-
eral, we will not rest until all children par-
ticipate in the growth of knowledge to the
limit of their capacity. We took a long first
step toward that goal when President Lyn-
don Johnson signed the great Education Act
of 1965 on April 11 of this year. I want to
pay tribute to the part which Vice President
Humphrey played in the preparation and
passage of this act. I want to thank you
for sending me to Congress to contribute
what I could to this vital legislation.
Further dignity demands freedom from
the threat of deadly illness and crippling
disease for want of care and want of cure.
We mean to respond to that in our time. I
say here and now that our children must not
grow up to learn that our land lags behind
Norway and other countries in the care of our
elders and the winning of the war against
heart disease, stroke, and cancer?the
scourge of man.
Dignity demands freedom from the op-
pression of poverty, want, and the indignity
of the dole, for too many Americans need
the kind of self-help that has made the land
of Norway a haven of full enjoyment.
We must put into practice in this country
through improvement in education and eco-
nomic growth what Norway has had in her
constitution since 1954 when the storthing
approved this paragraph:
"The authorities are instructed to adjust
things so that any fit human being can make
himself a living by his work."
How simply stated?but how rich in mean-
ing. Here is the great test of our system
today. We must seek again for the benefit
of our children to so develop our great enter-
prise system so that it can call upon all its
resources and Government services as well?
to adjust things?so that recession and de-
pression are only memories and never pros-
pects.
Norway has done it, and with a little Nor-
wegian ingenuity, we can do it over here.
Finally, dignity demands that we live up
to our covenant with all our fellow men on
earth who seek to live with us in freedom
and to resist oppression and enslavement.
Freedom cannot mean one thing at Eids-
voll in 1814 and another thing in Saigon or
Santa Domingo in 1965.
In our time, as in that time, the call is
for courage, for unity, for determination, and
for understanding.
I say here and now that President Johnson,
as leader of the free world and President of
the greatest freedom-loving Nation in all of
history, is giving us that leadership.
Of all your qualities, my Norwegian-Amer-
ican neighbors, your most characteristic trait
is indomitable and fearless calm in the face
of danger.
Leif Ericson, explorer of North America,
faced all the ravages of weather and tem-
pest, but he prevailed.
In his image and in our time Norwegians
and, Norwegian-American seamen were called
upon to risk their lives in the treacherous
sealanes of the Atlantic and the North Sea,
and they prevailed in thee ause of victory.
At Trondheim and Screen, all the Nazi
might could not smother the resistance of
the Norwegians and they refused to bow to
tyranny until they prevailed in 1944. Now
the time has come to test this generation.
As the late President Kennedy said, "To
few generations is given the opportunity of
defending freedom in its hour of challenge?
that challenge has come to this generation,
and we do not shrink from it."
If we would have peace in their time and
for all time for our children and their chil-
dren, then we cannot compromise with
aggression.
Let aggression halt and we will talk peace,
and food for the hungry and growth for
the small nations and help for suffering
humanity.
Let aggression persist and I pray and hope
that you, my beloved Norwegian-American
neighbors, will write to our President and
let him know that in this hour of tribula-
tion we are one and indivisible, because we
are all free and freedom is not divisible.
What a fitting remembrance of, this day
it would be if you would take the time to
write to your President on this Constitution
Day?Children's Day?and say to him and
to Vice President Humphrey, and, yes, to
Senator Dirksen, too:
We unite with you. Whatever the price of
preservation of freedom may be, we are de-
termined to resist aggression in southeast
Asia and in America. We, the Norwegian-
Americans who love liberty, cherish dignity,
and despise tyranny, pray that our foes will
fail, but we shall not falter in defense of
freedom.
To you, the sons of Norway, my neighbors,
Norwegian-Americana, today I would close
with a quotation from the great Norwegian
novelist, Arne Gabore, who wrote of his
people:
"They are a stormy, stubborn folk who dig
their way through a life of brooding and care,
putter with the soil and search the stars,
force a little corn from the earth and hopes
from their dreams?put their faith in the
penny and trust in God."
Today your hopes and my hopes, your
dreams and my dreams, your faith and my
faith, for together as children we trust in
God.
BANK MERGERS
(Mr. WOLFF (at the request of Mr.
FARNSLEY) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, the Con-
gress enacted the Bank Merger Act in
1960 with the intention that the con-
trol of bank mergers should be regulated
by those Federal agencies who had spe-
cialized knowledge in this field?the
Federal banking supervisory agencies.
This intention of the Congress has
been thwarted by recent judicial deci-
sions. The effect of these decisions is to
place the final decision on bank mergers
with the Justice Department. Under
the present system, there have been re-
peated incidents where a bank merger
has been approved by all the necessary
Federal bank supervisory agencies only
to be subject to litigation by the Justice
Department. This lack of consistency
and guidelines cannot be considered an
aid to banking stability in this country.
In one recent case the Justice Depart-
ment attacked a merger that had existed
31/2 years before final court decision de-
clared it invalid. Coherent bank merger
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CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD ? HOUSE may 17, 1965
policy is, therefore, becoming non-
existent.
? I am submitting a bill which asks for
regulation of banks. And that we de-
termine once and for all that the in-
tention of the Bank Merger Act be com-
plied with?that we leave regulation to
the agencies who have expertise in this
? Federal banking agencies.
AN REPUBLIC CRISIS
?(Mr. POOL (at the request of Mr.
FARNSLEY) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. POOL. Mr. Speaker, many Amer-
icans may be puzzled by the rush of
events recently in the Dominican Repub-
lic. Why, they may wonder, are U.S.
paratroopers and marines on guard in a
tiny land whose people are our friends,
not our enemies?
But there are enemies there: Enemies
which threaten not only our friends in
the Dominican Republic and Latin
America, but our own national security.
They are subversion, totalitarian doc-
trine, and the insidious work of Castro-
type Communists in Latin America.
Fortunately, President Johnson has
seen this threat and acted courageously
to combat the real enemies of the people
of the Dominican Republic and the free
countries of our hemisphere. And for-
tunately, an overwhelming majority cif
Americans support his actions.
Mr. Speaker, I submit for the RECORD
three competent and informative edi-
torials on this matter; they appeared
In the May 8 Burlington Free Press; the
Portland Oregonian of May 4, and the
Houston Post of April 30:
[From the Burlington Free Press, May 8,
1965]
JOUNSON DOCTRINE DEFENDS FREEDOM
President Johnson's modern version of the
Monroe Doctrine proclaims that the United
States will not tolerate the establishment of
another Communist regime in the Western
Hemisphere. This is called the Johnson
doctrine, and it is being proclaimed with
a minimum regard for world opinion and a
maximum regard for American freedom and
security.
We strongly approve of the Johnson doc-
trine. Our only regret is that such a doc-
trine was not proclaimed by President
Eisenhower or President Kennedy. If it had
been, Castro's Red totalitarianism would not
be a threat to hemispheric democracy today.
The power of the United States is the only
major deterrence to Communist enslave-
ment of the entire world. The United States
must not hesitate to use that power when-
ever necessary to discourage Communist
aggression. Power which is claimed, but not
used, is not much of a deterrence. Totali-
tarians respect power when they know it
exists; they pay little attention to vacant
threats.
This is not to say that the United States
should use its power nervously in response to
every Communist probe. But it should use
its power convincingly in the defense of vital
interests?and the security of this hernia-
phere from Communist totalitarianism is a
vital interest.
The Johnson doctrine promises to spare
the world a lot of grief. It should have been
proclaimed sooner.
[From the Portland (Oreg.) Oregonian,
May 4, 1865]
No SECOTZD CUBA
The American people should support
President Johnson's decision to use military
for ie as well SS diplomatic negotiations to
preterit the establishment of another COM-
mt nist government in the Western Hemi-
spi.ere.
fldel Castro, who brought Communist rule
to Zuba, has been infiltrating "14th of June"
revolutionaries into the Dominican Republic
for _years. President Johnson sent marines
and paratroopers to Santo Domingo initially
to evacuate Americans and other nationals.
But U.S. forces were increased, and engaged
the rebels, when the President became con-
vir cod that the revolt initially intended to
return exiled President Juan Bosch to power
hail been taken over by Castro Communists.
he United States fell into Castro's trap
in Cuba, initially welcoming his defeat of the
Batista dictatorship, then recoiling in the
fax e of the bloodbath Castro gave the Cubans
to establish his own dictatorship, finally
realizing that Castro was a Communist and
fully intended to communize the nation.
President John F. Kennedy's historic mis-
take was the withdrawal of U.S. air and sea
au; Tort for the Cuban exile army slaugh-
tered at the Bay of Pigs. This led to the
placement of Soviet missiles with nuclear
warheads in Cuba and the U.S. blockade and
theat of invasion which forced Nikita
Ktrushchev to withdraw the missiles.
'Po allow Castro communism to take over
tho Dominican Republic would be to repeat
our Cuban errors and to meekly sanction the
swead of aggressive communism to other
Latin American areas. The security of the
United States is directly at stake, if President
Joonson's premise is correct?Le., that the
Castro Communists have seized control of
th3 revolt in Santo Domingo. So is the se-
curity of every other nation in the hemi-
sir -Jere.
'Nhat needs now to be explained to the
people in both North and South America is
th3 factual evidence on which President
Jotinson based his action and his statement
that the United States "cannot, must not,
and will not" permit establishment of
another Communist regime in the Western
misphere.
Juan Bosch, the Dominican Republic's
eltcted President who was displaced by an
Army revolt and a civilian-military junta,
bi-rterly rejects President Johnson's premise.
Ot her Latin American leaders have spoken
out against U.S. troops in the Dominican
Republic as an "invasion." The Organize-
tien of American States has a five-man team
in Santo Domingo, but it is almost certain
that it cannot deal with the revolutionists.
En every Latin American nation there is
a 2ro-Communist, pro-Castro force awaiting
its chance to seize power. Furthermore,
La tin Americans generally are fearful of
U.S. imperialism and intervention. Some
leaders who secretly support U.S. action in
the Dominican Republic are afraid to say so
pt.blicly. They, too, need strong evidence
of Castro-Communist control of the revolt to
gi-re them courage.
&nd if the heavily armed civilians in
Santo Domingo can be forced to disarm, there
must be early fulfillment of President John-
so a's pledge of democratic elections. Can
Johnson guarantee that? One doubts
it, but every effort must be made to bring
the OAS into command of the situation,
re uctant as these governments may be to
appear to be on the side of the United States,
the Dominican military chiefs, and the feu-
dal landholders who survived the Trujillo
di rtatorship and the Bosch reform regime.
[From the Houston (Tex.) Post, Apr. 30,
1966]
MAE/NE LANDING BLOCKS CASTILLO
Despite denials that the possibility of a
Castro-Communist takeover was the real rea-
son for President Johnson's sudden decision
to land Era marines in the Dominican Re-
public, some things are so obvious that they
do not need to be stated publicly or officially.
If the danger of Cuban-Soviet intervention
was not a factor in the decision, it certainly
should have been, and the President would
have been less than alert to the possibilities.
The situation was made to order for a
Castro enterprise. In fact, it was an invi-
tation that the bearded Cuban leader and
his Moscow masters could hardly resist, if
indeed they did not have something to do
with instigating the military uprising which
producedl the chaos, confusion, and a tem-
porary vacuum. They would have been
drawn to it as flies to honey.
At the same time, because of the sensitivity
of all Latin Americans to any kind of U.S.
action that even appears to be intervention
in the affairs of another country of the
hemisphere, it was only prudent and good
sense for the President and his spokesmen to
be very careful not even to mention Castro
or Cuba in their public statements.
Two IV/embers of Congress who attended
the White House meeting prior to the
President's announcement have been quoted
as saying that William F. Reborn, who had
been sworn in only a few hours before as the
new Director of the Central Intelligence
Agency, emphasized at the meeting the
danger of Cuban-Communist action if the
United States did not act to forestall it.
The report later was denied at the White
House, where it was said that the President's
public statement of the reason for the land-
ing, protection of American and other foreign
nationals, was the only reason given the
legislators.
The Cuban-Communist danger, however,
was so obvious that there really was no need
for it to be stated.
The fact is that the public had been won-
dering all along if Castro and his Moscow
backers had not had some hand in launching
the rebellion by young army officers, who said
they wanted to restore ousted President Juan
Bosch to office.
There were reports that some of the rebel
leaders were sympathetic to Castro if not ac-
tually his agents and that there had been
some movement into the country recently of
Dominican Communists- trained in Cuba and
Czechoslovakia.
In any case, there was danger that, if
quick and decisive action was not taken, the
Dominican rebellion would degenerate into a
civil war in which Castro and his backers cer-
tainly would become involved. By landing
marines, the United States served notice that
it would, not stand by and let this happen.
Castro was blocked, whether this was a con-
sideration or not.
If further foreign intervention is necessary,
however, it is preferable that it be by the
Organization of American States, and the
promptness of that body in reacting to the
Dominican situation gives hope that It will
be effective in restoring order and keeping
the Communists out.
11=1111?1?mi
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
By unanimous consent, leave of ab-
sence was granted to Mr. MArmAs (at
the request of Mr. GEitALD R. FORD) , for
the balance of the week, on account of
Illness.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to
address the House, following the legisla-
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10308 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 17, 1965
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
negotiations on the contract referred to
in this article were dropped by officials
of the Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. be-
cause leaders of an extreme rightwing
organization, Young Americans for
Freedom, so called, threatened to mount
a massive publicity campaign and had
already made arrangements to spend
large sums of money on urging a boy-
cott against the purchase of Firestone
tires. Here is a dastardly wrong per-
petrated by narrowminded, bigoted,
self-appointed vigilantes who consider
themselves super-duper patriots. They
did a disservice to their Nation. Their
action not only injured the Firestone
Tire & Rubber Co. but was to the preju-
dice Of every businessman and of every
working man and woman in the great
Akron area.
Under Secretary of State Ball will re-
peat his statement that our Government
approves the sale of the synthetic rubber
plant to Rumania and had nothing to
do with the Firestone action withdrawing
from the contract. At the NATO con-
ference in London Tuesday Under Sec-
retary of State Ball said publicly, "Red
China is the greatest menace to world
peace." Our officials regret that Ru-
mania is now negotiating with West
German and English plants for this same
contract which would have brought ad-
ditional employment to Akron workers
and additional money deposited in Akron
banks.
Who are these so-called Young Amer-
icans for Freedom? This extremist,
radical, rightwing fringe group was or-
ganized in 1960. Five members of the
John Birch Society serve on its national
advisory board. We know that one of
Its first directors was an editor of the
John Birch Society magazine. We
know it is closely associated with other
radical rightwing organizations and par-
rots the lunatic extremeist fringe line.
It seems unbelievable and unconscion-
able that a group playing God with other
people's patriotism can intimidate and
browbeat officials of a nationally known
and respected company with threats of
a boycott. No wonder that our dis-
tinguished colleague, Senator Ton(
KUCHEL, of California, an outstanding
American, terms these witch hunters
"Birchsaps" and "sons of birches."
America comes last with these right-
wing radical leaders of Young Americans
for Freedom, so-called, who, by this sort
of action, undermine our national policy
and help deny employment to worthy and
Industrious working men and women
and diminish the prosperity of an entire
community. It is most unfortunate that
this $50 million contract will be enjoyed
by some English or West German firm.
These vigilantes of the extreme radical
right, beating their breasts proclaiming
their own patriotism, would do better to
devote their efforts to provide steady em-
ployment and economic security for their
fellow Americans. Communism thrives
on unemployment, misery, and hunger.
FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, who
should know, said:
The Communist Party in the United States
has lost 90 percent of its membership since
reaching its numerical strength peak in 1944.
Instead of 80,000 Communists, he esti-
mates there are 8,000. Of these 8,000, I
suspect a large number are FBI agents
posing as Communists. Yet, these right-
wing extremists talk about Communists
In the State Department, in our uni-
versities, and in the Protestant clergy.
Not one of these extremists could name
one Communist in our State Department,
on the faculty of any of our universities,
or in the ministry. Former President
Eisenhower said of them:
They take extreme positions, make radical
statements, attack people of good repute. I
don't think the United States needs super-
patriots.
These people are self-defeating.
These Young Americans for Freedom,
so-called, overlook altogether the threat
of Communist aggression from behind
the Iron Curtain, but let out their Birch
barks against fellow Americans, even-go-
ing so far as to falsely assail officials of
a corporation with a great history and
tradition such as the Firestone Tire &
Rubber Co. They proposed to set up a
"Committee Against Slave Labor" office
in Indianapolis urging a boycott of Fire-
stone tires hoping to damage that com-
pany by ruining its normal promotional
activities at the time of the Indianapolis
auto races.
Behind the Iron Curtain there are 700
million Chinese and 300 million other
people living under Communist rule in
the Soviet Union and other countries.
These billion people will not simply cease
to exist. It is for us to seek coexistence
or we will likely meet coannihilation.
These radical rightwingers term their
poison as conservatism. It is contami-
nated conservatism that would conserve
nothing but might destroy basic institu-
tions of our Nation, founded by men and
women in search of religious and politi-
cal liberty.
Our President has urged increased
trade with the Soviet-bloc nations. His
policy has been affirmed by industrial
leaders throughout our Nation, not the
least of whom is the newly elected pres-
ident of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
If we are to achieve lasting peace in
our modern world, it is likely to be
achieved through experiments in cooper-
ation on specific joint ventures between
the nations of the free world and those
of the Communist bloc. Cooperation in
limited areas is the policy I propose.
For example, this Nation and the So-
viet Union might work together on some
development projects we both favor to
help an impoverished country such as
India. There should be joint coopera-
tion in the exploration of outer space
for peaceful purposes, just as satisfying
agreements have already been made be-
tween our Nation and the Soviet Union
to neutralize the vast Antarctic area.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore. The time of the Senator has ex-
pired.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
I ask unanimous consent that I may be
permitted to continue for an additional
3 minutes.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore. Without objection, the Senator is
recognized for an additional 3 minutes.
-Air. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
having in mind the welfare of the family
farmers of Ohio and of the Nation and
the welfare of men and women who work
In factories producing goods needed the
world over, I urge as a means of easing
International tension and at the same
time bringing added prosperity to the
people of our country that we proceed
without delay to establish normal trade
relations with Red China and the Soviet
Union in nonstrategic goods, selling at
the outset to those nations whatever we
produce that the Russians and Chinese
may eat, drink, smoke, and wear and
buying from those nations products
which we need and can use and of which
we are lacking in this country.
Furthermore, I propose that such trade
be made at world prices for cash on the
barrelhead and without any special fa-
vors or special discrimination. This
would bring in needed gold and help end
our chronic deficit caused by the out-
flow of gold by actions of De Gaulle and
other allies and by our necessary mainte-
nance of our Armed Forces and thou-
sands of their dependents overseas.
Why should we Americans stand at the
sidelines while Canada, Great Britain,
Australia, West Germany, and other of
our allies trade on a huge scale with
the Soviet Union and Red China? Last
year West Germany exported more than
$1 billion in goods and capital equip-
ment to Eastern Europe. One-third of
France's exports of capital goods accord-
ing to plans will go to the Soviet Union
during the next 5 years. England and
other of our allies are not only selling
nonstrategic materials in tremendous
quantities to Communist countries but
are exporting to Cuba and behind the
Iron Curtain buses, and other goods
termed strategic products.
Ohio industrialists have come to their
U.S. Senators seeking assistance in cases
where they have lost contracts with Iron
Curtain countries for nonstrategic mate-
rials to West German, English, French,
and Italian competitors. On top of this
now come these witch hunters, threaten-
ing a ruinous boycott.
It is unconscionable that West Ger-
many, France, and Italy attain full em-
ployment and enjoy unparalleled pros-
perity in large part as a result of their
trade, while we, their ally and protector,
are depriving our businessmen and work-
ers of the opportunity to engage in this
trade and are losing markets which in
the near future may be of much greater
value.
APF
STAT
F GOVERNMENT AC-
r_l_P0/ 101 IJUMINICAN REPUBLIC
Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr.
President, I approve of the action taken
by President Johnson in sending troops
to the Dominican Republic. It was nec-
essary to take this action to preserve the
present and future security of the
United States. However, it is regret-
tably true that the lives of our boys who
are being killed in this conflict are no
different than those that are lost in a
great world war. They, too, have but the
one life to give for their country.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 10307
DASTARDLY ACTION OF RIGHT-
WING EXTREMIST GROUP
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
recently on the front page of the Wash-
ington Evening Star there appeared an
almost unbelievable feature news story.
To me it was shocking.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the article appearing recently
in the Washington Evening Star entitled
"Firm, Facing Boycott, Drops Rumania
Deal," be printed at this point in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
ELS follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star,
May 8, 19651
UNITED STATES EMBARRASSED: FIRM, FACING
BOYCOTT, DROPS RUMANIA DEAL
(By Bernard Gwertzman)
Faced with the threat of a boycott cam-
paign by a conservative organization, the
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. recently halted
negotiations to sell Communist Rumania a
$50 million synthetic rubber plant even
though the deal had the official approval of
the U.S. Government and the personal bless-
ing of President Johnson.
Because Firestone ended the talks only a
few weeks before the final contract was to
be signed, it was a blow to Rumania's
planned economy, and a severe embarrass-
ment to the State Department.
The aborted deal and the boycott threat
have received little public attention be-
cause none of the interested parties?Fire-
stone, Rumania, or the State Department?
has Wanted to say much about it.
However, from information on the public
record and from confidential disclosures by
diplomatic and rubber industry sources, it
was learned that the conservative Young
Americans for Freedom, almost single-
handedly caused giant Firestone, the Na-
tion's second largest rubber manufacturer,
to drop the deal.
The incident demonstrates anew that trade
with Communist countries is a major polit-
ical problem for many 'U.S. firms, even when
such deals have the encouragement and ap-
proval of the U.S. Government.
It also points up why President Johnson's
special committee on East-West trade said
yesterday in urging more such trade, that
the t.T.S. Government "should act to remove
any stigma from trade with Communist coun-
tries where such trade is determined to be
In the national interest."
The Firestone story began on June 1 last
eyar when the United States and Rumania
signed a joint communique to improve rela-
tions between the two countries. The talks
were initiated because the administration's
experts believed that Rumania, although an
ally of Russia, was charting a more inde-
pendent course in foreign affairs, part of
which was an increased trade with the West.
COMMUNIQUE PAVED WAY
The communique paved the way for Ru-
mania to purchase a synthetic rubber plant
from any American company that would
sell to it.
For years, Rumania had sought to buy such
an industrial plant. A major oil producer,
Rumania knew that synthetic rubber is a
convenient and profitable byproduct of pe-
troleum. Rumanian officials, as long ago as
1960, had offered to spend more than $100
million to buy such plants in this country.
For a long time, the Defense Department
argued against selling the Rumanians such
an advanced technology, but finally, because
such technologies are now widely available
in Europe, and because Rumania was no
longer a close ally of Russia, the Pentagon
agreed with the State and Commerce De-
partments that such a sale would be in the
national int irest.
It was arg red that the sale would encour-
age RumaniE, to go further in its independent
course.
R'IMANIAN EXPERTS VISIT
Soon efts iward, top Rumanian experts
toured many American Shins, including
,Goodyear, the Nation's biggest rubber man-
ufacturer, a id Firestone.
In late NnVember, Rumania and Firestone
entered intc final negotiations for a $50 mil-
lion plant.
Both Rmaania and Firestone claim ex-
perts from Bucharest chose the Firestone
process, and that Goodyear, In addition, had
certain legal problems involving its process
that made it almost impossible to sell to the
Rumanians
Goodyear however, said It was offered the
Rumanian tohtract, but rejected it as not
in the U.S. national interest.
On December 8, in fact, the "Wingfoot
Clan," Goodyear's house organ, published an
editorial saying that "even to a dedicated
profitmakir g organization, some things are
more impoz tent than dollars. Take the best
interests oi the United States and the free
world, for example. You can't put a price
tag on freecom."
:
ISTD SEVERAL REASONS
The editc rial went on to list several reasons
why Goodyear turned down the Rumanian
contract. t Said that Goodyear "stood firmly
on the side of freedom, as a foe of aggression
? * ever. though the company stood to
lose Eutaw: ally."
Some co aservative organs began contrast-
ing Goody ar's "patriotic" refusal to sell, with
Firestone's obvious willingness. They did not
mention tint last summer President Johnson
determined it was in the national interest of
the Linnet. States to sell the plant, and au-
thorized the Export-Import Bank to grant
normal 5-year credit guarantees for indus-
trial sales *x) numania.
The conservative criticisms began to pick
up In February, after the escalation of the
Vietnam Var. It was the Young Americans
for Freednin, a college-age conservative or-
ganization which claims 25,000 members, that
led the anti-Firestone campaign.
OITTLETS PICKETED
David It, Jones, the national director a
the YAF, which has its headquarters at 514
C Street NE., said his group became involved
when loca chapters in Philadelphia, Brooklyn
and Prov deuce began picketing Firestone
outsets.
The YAF people handed out flyers which
said:
"In Sot Mt Vietnam, Americans are being
killed dar y by Communist bullets. It would
be disaatraus for American companies to sup-
ply the ,rtheistic Communist governments
with valuable materials, especially rubber,
which the Reds must have to wage their war
on free nE tons.
"In thE past month, Communist Rumania
shipped ,;00 heavy-duty trucks of military
value to Red China, the principal supplier of
the North Vietnam Communists.
"The synthetic rubber plant which Fire-
stone plaos to build in Communist Rumania
parallels the steel which the United States
sold to J,bpan prior to World War II. Amer-
ica got that steel back?at Pearl Harbor. No
nation can wage war without large quanti-
ties of synthetic rubber."
QUOTES GOODYEAR ORGAN
After cuoting Goodyear's house organ, the
flyer min "Firestone's plans to build a syn-
thetic rubber plant in Communist Rumania
can only strengthen the Communists and
throw away American jobs."
It urgid people to protest to Firestone in
Akrdn, Chlo.
The chairman of the Bay Ridge, Brooklyn,
chapter of YAF, Thomas F. Harrison, was
quoted in the organization organ as saying
that &petition driVe to get signatures to stop
the Firestone deal "is an opportunity for
everyone to do something positive in sup-
port of an anti-Corn.munist policy; Goodyear
deserves the praise and encouragement of all
freedom-loving Americans."
The campaign apparently caught Firestone
?facials off guard. Many franchised dealers
whose concern is .strictly with selling tires
asked Firestone to get the conservatives off
their back, since they were losing business
to Goodyear.
Firestone sent its Eastern region public re-
lations man, Bernard Frazier, to speak to
YAF leaders in different cities. Frazier was
described by those who listened to him as a
sincere individual who believed Firestone was
acting in the national interest by "building
bridges" to Eastern, ,Europe, as President
Johnson has urged.
Firestone also spread the word that some
Rumanian trucks and tractors, photographed
in Red China had Goodyear thee on them,
and that Goodyear, with Commerce Depart-
ment approval, had been selling synthetic
rubber (but not plants) to Rumania.
Goodyear has denied it knowingly sold
such tires to Red China, a:nd says Peiping
might have purchased them somewhere on
the black market;
The Firestone publicity campaign, deliber-
ately handled in a low key, failed to sway
YAF. Even appeals by Firestone to certain
conservative Senators and Representatives
failed to halt the YAF activity.
Jones says it is very passible Firestone de-
cided to call off the deal with the Rumanians
when it learned of the YAF's plans to set up
a "Committee Against Slave Labor" office in
Indianapolis the week before the Memorial
Day, Indianapolis BOO auto race.
YAF planned to mount a massive publicly
campaign urging a, boycott of Firestone tires
which it was hoped would ruin Firestone's
normal promotional activities at that time.
Jones says pla,ns were made to hire air-
planes to fly over the track with streamers
against Firestone.
"A top Firestone executive heard about this
on April 18," Jones said. "Two days later the
deal was off."
All Firestone Said publicly was the follow-
ing:
"The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. has ter-
minated negotiations for a contract to design
and equip a synthetic :rubber plant in
Rutaania."
UNITED STATES INFORMED EARLIER
The State Department was told about the
collapse of the negotiations about 2 days be-
fore it was publicly announced. This was
about the same time Rumania heard about
it.
On April 19, Under Secretary of State
George W. Ball called in Rumanian Ambas-
sador Petre Balaceantt to repeat that the U.S.
Government still approved sale of the syn-
thetic rubber plant, and had nothing to do
with Firestone's decision.
Because of great State Department sensi-
tivity over the issue, Ball's meeting with
Balaceanu was n,ot announced to the press.
The State Department did not want to ap-
pear as having a direct interest in the Fire-
stone-Rumania. deal, since it already had
been attacked by conservative groups for
"ordering" Firestone to Sell to the Corn-
munits.
Originally organized 4 years ago, YAP
worked on behah of defeated Republican
presidential candidate Barry Goldwater.
Recently, YAF members .picketed the White
House in support of Johnsc,n's Vietnam
policies?one of the few student groups in
favor of the escaltition of the war.
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May 17, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
Mr. President, a rather touching arti-
cle dealing with this subject was pub-
lished in the Washington Evening Star
of May 15. The article, written by Ar-
thur Hoppe, is entitled "Encouragingly
Light Casualties." I ask unanimous
consent that this article be printed at
this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star,
May 15, 1965]
ENCOURAGINGLY LIGHT CASUALTIES
(By Arthur Hoppe)
The photograph in the news magazine
showed the body of a marine lying in the
back of a truck, his combat boots hanging
limply over the tailgate. The caption said
merely: "One of 13 American dead."
There may be a few more by now. But on
the whole our casualties in the Dominican
Republic have been, as one military spokes-
man put it, "encouragingly light."
Yet you couldn't help wondering briefly
who this dead marine was. And, if you had
an idle moment, perhaps where he came
from. And whether his parents were still
living. And if he had a girl friend. Or a
wife. Or even children. And how they had
taken the news. And who killed him?
But it was good to know our casualties
have been encouragingly light.
The photograph didn't show his face. But
the odds are he was young. Maybe he grew
up in a small town with long, hot summers
and a dusty main street. Or maybe on the
hard sidewalks of a big city. He must have
played one-o'-cat in a schoolyard somewhere
and teased girls and blown candles out on a
birthday cake. Most boys do. And he was
probably killed by a rebel sniper.
Most of our casualties have been from
rebel snipers, though thSy've been encourag-
ingly light.
But you can't blame the rebel sniper. Not
really. He thought he was fighting for
liberty. Or maybe communism. Or possibly
just to save his own life. And allyway, he
must have been acting on orders from his
sergeant or his captain. But you can't blame
the captain. It was a tactical problem. If
he placed his snipers here and the marines
came this way * * *. Perhaps some marine
officer failed to see the trap. But they
haven't made many such errors. For our
casualties have been encouragingly light.
You certainly can't blame the Dominican
generals on either side. They are engaged
in a civil war, a power struggle to crush each
other?each doing his duty to save his coun-
try from the other at all costs. We are
fortunate our casualties have been encourag-
ingly light.
Some may blame the Communist leaders?
Kosygin, Castro, or Mao?for trying to take
over the rebel cause. But, even if true, they
were concerned only with the strategic prob-
lem. If they could seize control of this
square on the chessboard, thus putting pres-
sure on us here, thereby causing us to * * *.
Killing a few marines would do them little
good. And our casualties have been encour-
agingly light.
Some may blame President Johnson for
sending the marines to intervene. Yet it is
a vital square, deep within our "sphere of
influence." And in the game of global
strategy such a square is worth great risk.
And look what a victory we've won. For our
casualties have been encouragingly light.
So no one's to blame. Not really. And
now we will bring him home. And now we
will bury him in flag-draped coffin with a
fusillade of rifle shots, just as we always do.
For whoever he was, he is now a dead hero.
No, no one's to blame. And yet as you
glame idly at the photograph of his sprawled
out body, you can't help wondering, however
briefly, who this dead hero once was. And
What he wanted to be.
TRIBUTE TO THE LATE FRANCES
PERKINS
Mrs. SMITH. Mr. President, one of
the greatest women in the history of the
world passed away on May 14, 1965?
Hon. Frances Perkins. She was the first
woman Cabinet member. She served
with great distinction as Secretary of
Labor and brought great pride to women
everywhere. She proved the potential
of women as executives and Government
officials.
I was personally very proud of Frances
Perkins. I was proud of her because she
lived in Maine and counted Maine as one
of her homes. I was proud of her be-
cause she was my personal friend. We
? were of different political parties but she
always gave me great support.
I was very proud of Frances Perkins
as a woman. Her achievements and her
career were a source of inspiration and
challenge to me.
But I was proud of, and grateful for,
Frances Perkins most for the very warm
human being that she was and for the
dedication of her life for the betterment
of all human beings, especially the work-
ing people. She truly made this a better
world to live in.
I ask unanimous' consent to place in
the RECORD at this point an editorial in
today's Washington Post.
? There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
PRANCES PERKINS
Frances Perkins provided the most con-
cise summary of the turbulent years in
which she served so ably as Secretary of
Labor. "Almost the entire period of the
Roosevelt administration," she wrote, "was
marked by difficulties in normal relation-
ships between workers and employers. It
must be remembered that from 1933 to 1945
we were always in a crisis."
Coming to Washington at the pinnacle of
a distinguished career in the State govern-
ment of New York, Frances Perkins WM
plunged into seething controversy. There
were times when it appeared that labor and
management could cooperate only in venting
their spleen upon the Secretary of Labor.
But Madame Perkins, who wore simple black
dresses and tricornered hats, could not be
easily intimidated. In a self-effacing style,
not always emulated by her fellow Cabinet
officers, she worked ceaselessly and effective-
ly to establish a foundation for peaceful
labor relations.
Long before her death, the tower of social
legislation that Frances Perkins worked so
hard to build became just another profile
in the skyline of this industrial democracy.
The building blocks include old-age and
survivors' insurance, unemployment compen-
sation, minimum-wage and maximum-hours
legislation and the Federal regulation of
child labor. They are monuments to a
splendid lady.
MERCHANT MARINE WEEK; WORLD
TRADE WEEK; NATIONAL MARI-
TIME DAY; 15TH ANNIVERSARY
OF U.S. MARITIME ADMINISTRA-
TION
Mrs. SMITH. Mr. President, it is my
pleasure to draw the attention of my
10309
colleagues to the forthcoming obser-
vance, May 17-24, 1965, in Washington,
D.C., of Merchant Marine Week, World
Trade Week, National Maritime Day and
the 15th 'anniversary of the U.S. Mari-
time Administration.
I take special pride because a feature
role in this program will be taken by an
Institution close to my heart, the Maine
Maritime Academy, one of the Nation's
finest institutions of merchant marine
officer training. The academy's training
vessel, the State of Maine, largest ship
ever to navigate the Potomac, will be in
Washington throughout the week.
Also on board the Maine will- be cadets
from the U.S. Merchant Marine Acad-
emy, New York State Maritime College,
Massachusetts Maritime Academy, and
the Texas Maritime Academy. In addi-
tion, alumni from these five academies
have joined together in arranging a
splendid program of social and edu-
cational activities while the Maine's 300
cadets are in Washington. It is a heart-
warming display of interacademy coop-
eration which bodes well for the future
in our expanded efforts to foster a re-
surgence of the American merchant ma-
rine.
The State of Maine will be open to
public inspection at the U.S. Naval Gun
Factory each afternoon, Monday through
Saturday, from 1:15 to 4:30 p.m. and
I urge you to take this opportunity for
a firsthand look at our merchant marine
officer training program.
While you are aboard the Maine, I sug-
gest that you also inspect the Maine
products show afloat, an industrial-agri-
cultural exhibit containing goods from
downeast forests, farms, and factories.
Overall sponsor of the Maine products
show is the Maine World Trade Council,
a private organization, with assistance of '
the Maine Department of Agriculture,
the Maine Department of Economic De-
velopment, the Maine Maritime Acad-
emy, and scores of our fine Maine busi-
ness firms.
The Maine products show, though new
to Washington, has been a feature on the
training vessel for several years. It be-
gan when the Maine Maritime Academy
trustees sensed that the annual winter
cruise to foreign ports had become val-
uable to the State's promotional program.
Trips to South America, Caribbean, the
Mediterranean, and Europe have pro-
duced significant results in the export
Governor John H. Reed, of Maine, has
said:
Maine is proud that the U.S. Maritime
Administration has invited our Maritime
Academy training ship to Washington to
highlight this State's progress and its eco-
nomic goals.
Merchant Marine Week will officially
open Tuesday morning when Maritime
Administrator Nicholas Johnson dedi-
cates a new merchant marine exhibit in
the General Accounting Office Building.
The same morning Vice President HUBERT
HUMPHREY will present a $500 award to
the winner of a national high school
poster contest commemorating National
Maritime Week?the poster now appear-
ing on mailtrucks throughout the coun-
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10310 CONG1tSSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 17, 1965
try. Our fine Maine Maritime Academy
band will play at this ceremony.
On Wednesday the Maine Band and
the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy Glee
Club will perform on the steps of the
Senate; that afternoon our Maine group
will appear at the annual Maritime Rec-
reational Association picnic at Rock
Creek,. Park. Thursday evening our
Maine musicians will play at the Shera-
ton Park Hotel at which time Mr. Nich-
olas Johnson, Maritime Administrator,
will address the Propeller Club of the
United States.
Saturday, Maritime Day, will mark an-
other first in Washington, as crews
from all five maritime academies com-
pete in an old-fashioned lifeboat rowing
race on the Potomac River, off Haim
Point. The race is scheduled for 2 p.m.,
and I recommend it to you. There are
excellent facilities for spectators.
Evenings during the week, the State of
Maine will be the scene of a series of
social events, culminating with a gala
dancing party for cadets on Saturday
evening.
This unprecedented salute to the mer-
chant marine came about through efforts
of Maritime Administrator Johnson, the
U.S. Department of Commerce, and re-
flects our administration's concern with,
the problems of the maritime industry.
We from Maine are most pleased that
our Maritime Academy was able to solve
the many problems involved in bringing
the training vessel to Washington. We
are ever mindful of our historic kinship
with the sea, and are proud to be mem-
bers of a growing team whose objective
Is a merchant marine second to none.
THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE ON
EXCISE TAXES
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I am con-
fident that each Of us who has spoken,
worked and voted for the repeal of the
various excise taxes welcomes the Presi-
dent's ambitious yet realistic proposal to
cut about $4 billion worth of these per-
nicious taxes from our tax system.
The regressive nature of excise taxes,
in that their burden fails most heavily
and most unfairly on persons of low and
moderate Income, has long demanded
that as a matter of simple justice these
taxes be repealed.
Now, after many years and after many
strong but ultimately futile efforts, we
are assured success in our fight against
excise taxes because the President has
joined with us.
We have ample time to consider and
approve the President's recommenda-
tions before July 1, so the changes can
go into effect at that time.
I hope, Indeed I am -sure, that Con-
gress will take full advantage of this
golden opportunity to abolish these so-
called temporary taxes.
VISIT TO WASHINGTON BY PRESI-
DENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF
KOREA
Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, today
Washington will be honored by a visit
from the President of the Republic cif
Korea, the Honorable Chung Hee Park.
. .
He ?ives With good news for the United
Sta,1 South Korea seems at last to.
hav.3 turned the corner of recovery, on
the road to economic independence.
Sim* 1960, its Production index is up
60 Percent; and its exports are up four-
fold----from $30 million to $125 million.
They are expected to continue upward
to 4110 million in 1965, and to equalize
at $ a00 million by 1967.
Ebrea is now self-sufficient in cement
and 'electric production and in plywood
and refined oil, and is almost self-
suff .rcient in chemical fertilizers. Coal
pro, tuction has doubled in 5 years. Con-
sumer production is way up.
I know that President Park's welcome
her will be a warm one; and I ask unan-
irncus consent that an editorial pub-
lished this morning in the Washington
PosC be printed at this 'point in the
Rsc
There being no objection, the editorial
was..ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as f allows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, May 17,
19651
WELCOME VISITOR
Pfesident Chung Hee Park of the Republic
of Korea, who arrives here today for a state
visii? represents a country and a people who
den rye more from history than it has ac-
corded them.
Korea, with a long cultural tradition, has
bee: i successively occupied and ravished by
Its 'Ivo big neighbors, China and Japan. To-
day,- because of the world conflict between
communism and anticommunism, Korea is
divided in two On the map, many Korean
fait flies are divided in two, both physically
and emotionally, and the country's economy
is pitifully held back because most of the
indfstry and power sources are in the Corn-
mutest north while most of the food growing
Is Di the non-Communist south.
President Park's South Korea, a land where
evet tree growth is denied on the barren, for-
bid ling mountainsides, has suffered from the
additional handicap of bitter struggles for
pal: tical power. The latest coup attempt oc-
curred within the past 10 days.
President Park, who as a general headed a
military coup himself 4 years ago, resigned
his commission and stood for popular elec-
tion in October 1963. His civilian adminis-
tra:Aon since then has been torn between
trying to permit the opposition characteris-
tic of a democracy without letting this op-
position get EO Out of hand that government
becomes impossible.
Lately, the President has taken two bold
de:is in the international field which have
been very pleasing to his host, President
JolnsOn: He has pressed for a normalization
of Korea's relations with its old Japanese
enony in order to give Korea a badly needed
eco lornic booster; and he has dispatched 2,000
troaps to South Vietnam in order to assist
th( Vietnamese-American effort there.
In coming here, President Park will doubt-
less want renewed. assurance that the U.S.
aid Program will not be tapered off too
abitiptly. He also reportedly will want to
see faster progress on obtaining a status-of-
tones agreement from the United States.
Su lb. an agreement would enable his country
to establish its sovereign authority over ci-
vil an crimes that may be committed by the
50,400 U.S. troops now stationed in Korea.
Ilmtunately President Johnson, although
canceling last month the scheduled visits of
Indian Prime Minister Shasti and Pakistan
Prosident Ayub, allowed President Park to
come on. No doubt the President was per-
Blinded that as hard-plugging an ally as
Pnsident Park and the Republic of Korea
del*rved priority treatment.
IDE1?ITIPICATION OP IMPORTED
MEAT ? AND MEAT PRODUCTS?
RRSOLUTION OF MINNESOTA
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in
the REcone a resolution--adopted by the
Minnesota House of Representatives?
requesting Congress to enact legislation
which will cause imported meat and
meat products to beidentified as such to
the ultimate consumer of such products.
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
RESOLUTION REQUESTING ODNGRESS To ENACT
LEGISLATION WHICH: WILL CAUSE IMPORTED
.MEAT AND MEAT Pacoucrs To BE IDENTIFIED
AS SUCH TO THE ULTIMATE CONSUMER OF
SUCH PRODUCTS
Whereas there has been much concernby
the Congress and by the various States in
regard to honesty in labeling; and
Whereas the American housewife may have
a preference in meat produced domestically.
whether for reasons of taste or from a desire
to assist in the economic betterment of the
domestic producer; and
Whereas these housewives or any other
consumer should be entitled to know the
origin of any meat or meat product she
purchases; and
Whereas it appears that attempts by States
to identify these products is inconsistent
with sound marketing procedures as well as
U.S. trade; policies: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives
of the State of Minnesota, That the Congress
of the United States be urged to enact legis-
lation which would cause all meat and meat
products imported into the United States
to be identified as such to the ultimate con-
sumer of those products so that they may be
compared to domestic products by the con-
sumer on. a fair and equitable basis; be it
further
Resolved, That the chief clerk of the house
of represeiatatives send copies of this resolu-
tion to all members of the Minnesota con-
gressional delegation and to the U.S. Secre-
tary of Agriculture.
Adopted by the house of representatives
this 5th day of may 1965.
L. L. DUES-DRY, Jr.,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
G. H. LEANT,
Chief Clerk, House of Representatives.
THE YOUNGER GENERATION
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, most of
us have read, at one time or another,
articles and stories indicating that to-
day's younger generation of teenagers
is heading penmeil toward destruction,
or to use a description of an earlier day,
"going to the dogs.''
Riots on a Florida beach make big
news, for example. But I would submit
that a beach riot?or worse, attacks by
gangs of young hoodlums upon innocent
citizens--are far from typical of today's
younger generation who tomorrow will
be our community and national leaders.
For every wild youngster causing trou-
ble in an Easter weekend riot, there are
a hundred like him in church on that
same Sunday, some attending services,
others participating in the teaching of
Sunday school, for example.
For every punk wielding a knife in a
subway, or running with a gang .on the
city streets, we have dozens of dedicated
young men wearing the uniform of our
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JSE I I 10281
U.S. AID AND SPECIAL FAVORS DO
NOT STOP COMMUNISM
(Mr. LANGEN (at the request of Mr.
JOHNSON of Pennsylvania) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. LANGEN. Mr. Speaker, millions
of dollars in U.S. aid and special favors
to Dominican sugar interests failed to
stop the onward march of communism in
that small republic. United States dol-
lars do not buy friends or guarantee sta-
ble governments.
I certainly supported the administra-
tion stand on sending American troops
to the Dominican Republic to protect
American life and property. However,
the basic mistakes were made over a pe-
riod of years. These were mistakes that
started at the Bay of Pigs and were com-
pounded by mistakenly aimed foreign
aid and economic trade concessions ever
since. We never got at the basic cause
of Communist subversion emanating
from Castro's Cuba,. and now we are
forced to join together in actions that
should have been foreseen and prevented.
While we purchased $265 million worth
of sugar from the Dominican Republic
over the past 3 years, the United States
also spent over $280 for every family on
that island. U.S. direct aid in grants
and loans has totaled approximately $140
million since we again granted diplo-
matic recognition to that country in early
1962 when the last remnants of the Tru-
jillo regime were ousted. While we
poured money and Peace Corps volun-
teers into the country, the Communists
concentrated on undermining the few
gains that had been made.
I would also like to point out the un-
wise policies that were used in allotting a
sugar quota to the Dominican Republic
and how those policies added to the load
carried by U.S. consumers and taxpayers
in supporting that unstable Dominican
Government. It is interesting to note
that the average imports of Dominican
sugar over the past 3 years is over 2,000
percent greater than it was 10 years ago,
while our domestic sugarbeet growers
are being asked to take a 6-percent re-
duction in acreage this year. The Amer-
ican farmer and taxpayer are paying the
bill for the misguided effort to make the
Dominican Republic the showplace of
the Caribbean. Not only did it not be-
come a showplace, except in U.S. mis-
takes, but the American farmer who de-
served and cried for increased sugar
acreage found himself further mired at
the bottom of the U.S. economic ladder.
Sugar and the Dominican Republic
constitutes only one of the many exam-
ples to be noted in our misdirected for-
eign policy. The extent to which highly
paid lobbyists have effectively promoted
foreign commodities in the Halls of Con-
gress has been identified in the U.S.
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
hearings of 2 years ago. I severely ques-
tion the results of such transactions and
pressurings when our efforts fail to halt
subversion and succeed only in hurting
American business and agriculture at
the expense of the Nation's consumers
and taxpayers.
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6282
COD
I recall my warnings of almost 3 years
o during debate in the House of Repre-
ntatives over the increase in the Do-
inican sugar quota. It was called the
oneybee bill, but our prediction of that
day has been tragically proven that the
!only honey was for lobbyists and foreign
'interests, with nothing but the sting left
'
;fpr the United States.
I
,S7TTENDE MAI
,
. - (Mr. LANGEN (at the request of Mr. c
1
. Jomisort of Pennsylvania) was granted t
Permission to extend his remarks at this I
point in the RECORD and to include ex-? (
t traneous matter.)
?t t Mr. LANCrEN. Mr. Speaker, 151 years E
o today the Norwegian Constitution 1
as adopted: It, like the Constitution t
?Of the United States, was destined to i
live through years of stress and strain /
,
, only to' survive stronger than ever as a 1
1 representative of the free people. The
i Similarity -does not stop there. The /
proud Norwegians also fly a flag of red, r
white, and blue. t
Known to those of us with some Nor- s
T, Wegian ancestral ties as "syttende mai"? 1
,i, Independence Day in Norway claims the s
i Same significance as our own Fourth of
- July. The only difference, perhaps, is i
! that the Norwegians still celebrate it in
I a somewhat more revered way.
While it is a celebration of fun and
? merriment, it starts soberly in church.
Norwegians are a religious people and
many of us in this country received our
firm religious background from those
rigid traditions.
The prayers for this day are of thank-
fulness for deliverance from the evils that
have threatened, but never conquered,
these people. We recall the history of
world turmoil that has seen Norway as-
saulted in the 1930's and who struggled
throughout World War II displaying un-
matched courage in combat, working
with the free underground. The deter-
mined people of this comparatively
small country struggled to reconstruct
their homeland and emerged triumphant
i once more. That banner of red, white,
and blue waves this very day on the bor-
der of the Communist empire as an em-
? blem of courage and determination.
We in Minnesota, where a great num-
ber of Americans of Norwegian ancestry
live, have an even gerater tie with Nor-
way In our history. It is believed that a
mass defection from the Norse colonies
in Greenland to the North American
mainland in 1342 caused an expedition
to be formed to search for the lost colo-
nists, At least part of this expedition
is known to have explored Hudson Bay,
and a party of men were reported to have
made their way from Hudson Bay to
Minnesota by the direct and relatively
easy route along the Nelson River, Lake
Winnipeg, and the Red River of the
North. The now-famous Kensington
Runestone was discovered near Alexan-
dria, Minn., and tells the story of a visit
to the area in 1362 by a party of 22 Nor-
wegians and 8 Goths. We, indeed, share
pages in history with the Norwegians.
Mr. Speaker, today we salute Norway
on their Independence Day?a proud
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 10363
ing at least for myself, and more than
a majority of southern Senators who
are opposed to this bill, we cannot enter
into an agreement to vote at this time.
Is suggested to the leadership that it
might be agreeable for us to enter into
a limitation of debate on the amend-
ments to the bill in the hope that we
might be able to obtain sufficient sup-
port from Senators, which would at least
remove the constitutional objections that
we have been urging since the bill has
been up for debate.
Mr. President, this debate has lin-
gered along without too much time
taken by the opponents of the bill; but
it seems to me that more time is spent
by the proponents in an effort to obtain
a meeting of the minds as to what ought
to be included in the bill.
With the new modification that was
suggested this afternoon and the pro-
posed amendment, I am merely judging
that it is evident that the proponents
have, ostensibly come together once
again on the issue that gave them the
most trouble. That was with respect to
the poll tax.
I have not been able to understand
why the poll tax should have given so
much trouble to the proponents of the
bill.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield to me, without losing
his right to the floor?
Mr. ELLENDER. Under those con-
ditions I yield.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING ?tenant. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HAR-
RIS in the chair) . Without objection, it
is so ordered. -
APPOINTMENT BY THE VICE PRESI-
DENT TO CANADA-UNITED STATES
INTERPARLIAMENTARY GROUP
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HAS-
RIS in the chair) . The Chair wishes to
announce, on. behalf of the Vice Presi-
dent, the appointment of the Senator
from Iowa [Mr. HICKENLOOPER7 as a
member to the Eighth Canada-United
States Interparliamentary Group, at Ot-
tawa, Montreal, May 20-24, 1965, in lieu
of the Senator from Wyoming [Mr.
Smeson].
EXCISE TAX ON PASSENGER
AUTOMOBILES
Mr. McNAMARA. Mr. President, it
was most pleasing to me to learn that
President Johnson is asking the Congress
to reduce the Federal excise tax on pas-
senger cars from 10 to 5 percent over a
3-year period.
Reform of the entire excise tax struc-
ture is long overdue, and it is heartening
to note that the President proposes a
complete revision.
On January 6, 1965, I introduced S.
255, a bill to reduce the Federal excise
tax on passenger cars from 10 to 5 per-
cent, over a 3-year period, beginning
July 1, 1965.
At that time, I said that it would be un-
conscionable for any reform of our ex-
cise tax system not to include a reduc-
tion of the onerous 10 percent tax on
new passenger cars, which is the only
major excise tax that has not been
changed since the Korean war.
It is most gratifying to me that the
President, in his message to the Con-
gress today, is following the three-stage
excise tax reduction first proposed in
S. 255.
I hope the Congress will act quickly
and favorably on this recommendation,
which should save the buyer of a new
car about $75 on the purchase price.
, The fact that the proposed excise reduc-
tion would be retroactive means that it
should not have a depressing effect on
car sales while Congress is considering
the matter. The auto industry has
promised to pass on any reductions to
the car-buyer.
On only one point do I find myself in
disagreement with the President. In his
message, he recommends that the auto
excise tax remain at 5 percent once that
level is achieved.
It has long been my position that this
restrictive tax should be repealed and I
will continue to work for that goal.
SITUATION IN THE DOMINIOAN
REPUBLIC
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr
nearly 3 weeks ago the cauldron of dis-
content in the Dominican Republic
boiled over.
I am convinced more and more each
day that only the U.S. prompt response
to the new crisis on that bloody soil could
have provided the basis for what we all
hope and expect to be a meaningful peace
through the auspices of the Organization
Of American States.
The mercurial events on the island of
Hispaniola continue to present problems
of vast magnitude?but they can be
solved if all of the nations of the OAS
give more than lip service to the respon-
sibilities of an interdependent hemi-
sphere.
It has been said that nothing can stop
an idea whose time has come. I re-
spectfully suggest that the time has come
to implement an idea which I have ad-
vocated consistently since 1955?the es-
tablishment of a permanent inter-Amer-
ican police force.
The concept of interdependency is one
which we have long accepted in Europe.
British Prime Minister Harold Wilson
only recently acknowledged the impor-
tance of NATO and the political-military
solidarity of our allies in Europe.
NATO has had its problems but it is
a working, living force. In Asia, SEATO
has been less viable but it cannot be
dismissed.
Even in South Vietnam, where at times
we seem to have been carrying on a lonely
if honorable campaign to save a nation
from communism, we have recently been
joined by our friends in Australia, South
Korea, and the Philippines who recognize
that democracy is not a closed shop.
It was on January 21, 1955, that I first
advocated the establishment of an inter-
American police force to assure peace and
stability in Latin America.
This was long before Fidel Castro be-
trayed the Cuban dream. Only a year
before, however, Guatemala had under-
gone turmoil and upheaval and it had
become clear that laissez faire in the
Americas was no longer possible.
For it was evident that communism,
like nature, abhors a vacuum.
In my 16 years in the Senate, Mr.
President, I have made more than 300
speeches on Latin America. Time and
time again, I have emphasized that a
commonality of responsibility required
the establishment of a hemispheric
patrol to police this part of the world so
that people of the Americas could pursue
their own destinies free from interna-
tional conspiracy.
Of course, the nations of this hemi-
sphere had agreed in the Rio Treaty of
1947 that "an armed attack by any state
against an American state shall be con-
sidered as an attack against all the
American states," and each of our coun-
tries pledged to "assist in meeting the at-
tack in the exercise of the inherent right
of individual or collective self-defense
recognized by article 51 of the Charter of
the United Nations."
That treaty attested to the integrity
of the inter-American system.
This was bolstered in 1948 by the act
of Bogota, when 21 nations chartered the
Organization of American States; in
1954, by the Caracas resolution?which
prohibited Communist intervention in
this hemisphere?by the Declaration of
Punta del Este in 1962 and other acts.
But most of these solemn and mean-
ingful pacts called for consultative
actions.
NOne had yet created the "ready room"
atmosphere that an international peace
patrol could provide.
Article 6 of the Rio Treaty, for in-
stance, recognized that there could be an
aggression without armed attack?yet
called not for a standby emergency force
but said only:
The Organ of Consultation shall meet im-
mediately in order to agree on the measures
which must be taken.
The Organization of American States
Charter also called for consultation.
Similarly, the Caracas agreement speci-
fied a "meeting of consultation to con-
sider adoption of appropriate action.
In truth, each of these agreements
gave an intellectual nod to the concept of
subversion, but in reality organized to
meet that threat largely on a parliamen-
tary plane?the kind of basis which ac-
commodates itself to the measured
tramp of armies but not to the hidden
terrorist.
The OAS did provide a stable forum
for the -discussion of hemispheric poli-
cies. It continued to be the organiza-
tion which, in the long run, will carry
out the noble intentions of its members.
But to do so requires implementation.
In the Dominican crisis, the OAS?
acting as swiftly as circumstances would
allow?nevertheless took exactly 1 week
to reach agreement on what to do in this
situation. It has dispatched a peace
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10364 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE May 17, 1985
-
Ments, resolutions, and sanctions in-
voked.
How many of us here recall that it was
In July of 1960 that Russian Premier
ichrushchev was blatant enough to say
that he considered the Monroe Doctrine
had "outlived its time, had died, so to
say, a natural death."
Thus managed from Moscow, Castro
began to churn the Caribbean. From a
point 90 miles off U.S. shores, within a
few minutes air time from Santo Do-
mingo, Castro began his attempt to sub-
vert the hemisphere.
Even then, however, there was purist
sentiment for upholding to the letter
article 15 of the OAS Charter?which
prohibits intervention by any state in the
Internal or external affairs of another.
The Caracas agreement notwithstand-
ing, there were those within the hemi-
sphere who deemed a hands-off policy to
be the highest order of political enlight-
enment.
Yet the Cuban threat magnified, re-
pression grew, the link with Russia be-
came more blatent.
Mr. President, no man ever respected
the integrity of the Americas more than
our late President, John F. Kennedy. No
man wanted more to work closely with
the Organization of American States
than he.
Yet President Kennedy also knew the
limitations of the OAS?and the burdens
of the United States. He was well aware
of article 15 of the OAS Charter.
And yet he was also attuned to the
magnitude of the Castro threat and de-
termined that the United States would
not, could not, allow it to remain.
Because our President, agonized over
the right and proper course for the
friends of 'freedom, acting by rule of law,
circumstances led us to the unfortunate
Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961.
It failed, and, afterward, President
Kennedy stated:
Let the record show that our restraint is
not inexhaustible. Should it ever appear
that the inter-American doctrine of non-
interference merely conceals or excuses a
policy of nonaction?if the nations of this
hemisphere should fail to meet their com-
mitments against outside Communist pene-
tration?then I want it clearly understood
that this Government will not hesitate in
meeting its primary obligations, which are
to the security of our Nation. Should that
time ever come, we do not intend to be
lectured on intervention by those who char-
acter was stamped for all time on the bloody
streets of Budapest.
There came, in the ensuing months,
the Declaration of Punta del Este and, it
may be remembered, the congressional
resolution of September 26, 1962, in
which the Senate voted 86 to 1 to prevent
"by whatever means may be necessary,
including use of arms" the extension of
the Marxist-Leninist regime in Cuba to
any part of the hemisphere.
But it was in the missile showdown of
October 1962 that President Kennedy
demonstrated that U.S. patience indeed
had limits, and he acted with firmness
and resolution and success.
It was true that he consulted with the
OAS, but, in the final analysis, it was the
United States?with its great military
force?which was acting as policeman
commission and is making every effort
within its present capabilities to restore
domestic tranquillity.
That is exactly what the United States
of America wants the OAS to do, and
what our allies of the hemisphere desire.
Vice President HUBERT H. HUMPHREY,
whom Latin Americans know to be sim-
patico, said in a May 5 speech that the
OAS must develop and maintain inter-
national peace-keeping machinery, and
warned jthat the days of "luxury and
ease" for the OAS are gone.
Again, Secretary of State Dean Rusk
said in a May 8 interview with the As-
sociated Press that it has become im-
perative that the OAS consider estab-
lishing a standby military force in order
to be able to cape with contingencies
that arise with speed and which present
massive threats to the entire corpus of
the hemisphere.
In that regard, I would respectfully
point out that some years ago I sug-
gested an inter-American police force
working under the Organization of
American States would put an end to
military takeovers that continue to raise
the unpleasant specter of tyranny.
In a speech on April 7, 1960, I pointed
Mit that establishment of an inter-
American security force would permit
Latin American countries with tremen-
dous internal problems of employment,
housing and sanitation to spend less for
national armies and more for badly
needed social welfare programs.
In turn, the establishment of domestic
progress would mitigate against military
juntas and in favor of true popular
Government.
In 1960, when I again advocated the
international security force, I had just
returned from a tour of 10 nations in
Latin America.
I reported to the Senate Commerce
Committee, of which I was then a mem-
ber, that in. the Caribbean, Panama was
seething with unrest, Cuba was in the
"grip of a bloody-handed leftist dicta-
torship" and the people of the Dominican
's Republic, after 30 years of despotic rule,
still lacked at that time the most ele-
mentary aspects of political freedoms.
Haiti was also struggling with abysmal
poverty and a repressive government.
"Clearly the fuse is burning very close
to the bomb," I reported.
At that time, there came the first in-
dication that the State Department was
studying the feasibility of an inter-
American security force.
Even then, the Dominican Republic
looked to Fidel Castro like fertile ground
for the 'export of communism. The ad-
joining nation, after all, had gone
through 22 revolutions in 70 years and
had long been under the thumb of Rafael
Trujillo.
Among Castro's earliest acts was an
attempt in 1959 to invade the Dominican
Republic with an expeditionary force.
But our national -attention turned
from the Dominican Republic to Cuba
Itself as Castro's link with Soviet com-
munism became more and more obvious
and threatening.
During this period, the Organization
of American States met many times.
There were solemn discussions, agree-
for the hemisphere in the Cuban mis-
sile crisis.
Today, once more, we stand in the
Dominican Republic as a policeman?if
that be intervention then I would recall
the words of former Panamanian Presi-
dent Roberto Chiari, who observed that
if nonintervention is -carried to its most
extreme interpretation it can condemn
to continual and incurable oppression
those peoples deprived by force of their
legitimate quest for self-determination.
But let us look at the timetable of
events in the Dominican Republic to see
exactly what the United States did.
On April 24, a group of young Army
officers and civilians seized two radio sta-
tions and announced intention to topple
the U.S.-supported junta of Donald Reid
Cabral and restore Juan Bosch to power.
By April 25, forces loyal to General
Wessin y Wessin were resisting the
rebels. _
The situation rapidly deteriorated.
Arms were distributed by the rebels to
the general populace. The streets be-
came bloody lanes and effective govern-
ment disappeared.
As .armed bands roamed the streets,
there was looting and burning. U.S.
Ambassador W. Tapley Bennett tried in
vain to restore. peace, but by April 28,
the situation was so critical that he
cabled President Johnson:
You must land troops immediately.
Lives of more than 1,000 'U.S. citizens
in Santo Domingo were clearly threat-
ened when, on the evening of April 28,
President Johnson ordered 400 marines
ashore.
The President called in the leaders of
Congress and he informed the Nation by
television. The OAS was summoned to-
gether the next day and?it is interesting
to note?declined to send a mission to
the Dominican Republic but instead
cabled the Papal Nuncio at Santo
Domingo and asked him to seek a cease
fire. ?
Subsequent events have indicated the
U.S. action came when it was absolutely
necessary to prevent an irreversible
situation.
We acted?because there was danger
to our citizens, because there was sub-
stantial evidence of Communists con-
verting the rebellion to their own pur-
poses---and because, in the final analysis,
there was no one else to defend the in-
tegrity of the hemisphere at that time
and at that moment.
As the President himself said to the
National Association of Home Builders
on May 11:
We would rather that men quarrel with
our actions to insure peace than curse us
throUgh all eternity for inaction that might
lose us both our peace and freedom.
Many of our Latin American allies
have voiced criticism of our action in the
Dominican Republic?yet agree privately
that it was a wise decision, consistent
with hemispheric goals.
I was in Panama 1 week ago, and my
conversations there lead me to believe
that there is broad individual support
foe the U.S. role in the Dominican Re-
public.
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Mily 17, 1965
Hindsight, however, tells us that had
we established the permanent interna-
tional security force even 4 years ago, the
technical question of intervention would
not arise at this point?for each of the
partners in this hemisphere would have
been carrying his share of the responsi-
bility.
There is no better time than now to
give the Organization of American States
the power?which the United Nations al-
ready has?to muster cooperative inter-
national forces to keep the peace.
I firmly believe such a force for the
Americas must be permanent, that it
must have the flexibility to respond to
emergencies and to function as long as
it is necessary to asure peace and stabil-
ity consistent with the goals of self-de-
termination.
To paraphrase Santayaria, those who
do not remember history are condemned
to relive it.
Mr. President, there have been a num-
ber of editorial comments on the Domin-
ican Re-public crisis that I believe are
particularly cogent. I ask unanimous
consent to have printed in the RECORD,
a column writen by the noted commen-
tator Eric Sevareid, which was published
in the Washington Evening Star, for
May 11, and excerpts from recent edi-
torials in papers around the country.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE MONROE DOCTRINE, 20TH CENTURY
(By Eric Sevareid)
President ATohnson ha., enlarged the war
in southeast Asia by bombing the territory
of a foreign government with which we
are not legally at war and he has invaded
the territory of a Latin American country
without benefit of an invitation or even the
prior approval of other hemisphere govern-
ments in the Organization of American
States.
Domestic critics have said that he has
made an ex post facto rationalization of the
bombing by emphasizing that North Viet-
nam is the vital source spring of the fighting
In South Vietnam. Domestic critics now
argue that he similarly rationalizes the
Dominican intervention by emphasizing what
evidence there is that Communists were tak-
ing over the people's uprising.
There are surface similarities between the
two actions, but they remain on the surface.
They need not and ought not be lumped
together by the President's detractors or by
his supporters. Critics of his Asian policy
may well turn out to be wrong in the end,
but there are much stronger grounds for
this criticism than for criticism of his action
In the Dominican Republic. Vietnam lies
very far away from the United States and
very close to a major power that just might
enter that war. The Dominican Republic
lies very close to us, very far from any other
great power and carries no danger of inter-
national war.
What deeply puzzles those who are dubious
of our Vietnam policies is how we are to
make a "victory" there work over the long
haul, how that area, riven by tribal and
sectarian rivalries, with almoet no national
consciowneSS, is to be kept stable and in
one piece. The Dominican Republic is far
more able to usefully employ economic as-
assistance and does have a strong national
sense, however bitter its class enmities. Our
aims there have much more chance of
realization.
The OAS is a useful entity; we ought to
consult it before we aet if circumstances
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 10365
make it safe to do so. In the Dominican
situation affairs were moving much too
rapidly, as, in 1950, the North Koreans were
moving much too rapidly for President Tru-
man to throw out the question of American
Intervention for congressional debate. It
would be very nice, indeed, if we could
always act by the book. But we cannot al-
ways do so in this new era of the quick
Communist coup. We cannot because no
Latin American government is politically or
military able to act quickly in concert with
us. If it is not too strong a word, that is
the hypocrisy built into the Organization
of American States. Its other members can
share its protection; they will not, because
they cannot, share the ultimate responsi-
bility of action.
The New York Times, which President
Johnson privately refers to as a "yes?but"
newspaper, seems to be sad that because of
his quick intervention we will never know
whether or not the Dominican uprising was
falling into the hands of the Communists or
not. There are worse sorrows, as Castro has
demonstrated to us.
The Dominican Republic is not going to be
the last of our dramatic difficulties -in this
hemisphere, even though the President has
used it as an example of what to expect, for
the benefit of Latin Communists. And we
will save ourselves a great deal of moral and
intellectual agony as the future unfolds
if only we can clear from our minds certain
bits of debris:
1. The notion that the development work
of the "Alianza" is the true alternative to
physical action to stop communism. In
the long, long haul?perhaps several de-
cades?this is probably correct, but Commu-
nists in those countries are lighting very
short fuses,
2. The notion that all military regimes
in Latin America are equally bad. The truth
is that in some Latin countries educated,
modern military leaders are quite as enlight-
ened and responsible as their political op-
posite numbers. We simply cannot equate
the military now trying to put order into
Brazil or the military who took over Peru
and produced the free election they had
pledged with military characters like a Tru-
jillo or a Batista. Progress without stability
is an impossibility and the bitter truth is
that in some Latin countries there are times
when the sole element of stability is the mili-
tary.
S. The notion that the United States is '
reverting to the "big stick," gunboat diplo-
macy that characterized the earlier third of
this century. We are not. There is nothing
in Latin America that we want to conquer
or possess; and we no longer swing our
weight for any pleasureable sensations of
fancied moral or racial superiority. Times
have changed in another respect: we are
now up against an international conspiracy
that seeks to unravel from within societies
that do not possess the social glue that
comes from a long tradition of functioning
democracy.
It is a fearful commitment the President
has made. We shall prevent, by force if nec-
essary, the establishment of another Com-
munist regime in this hemisphere. It is the
Monroe Doctrine, 20th century edition,
harder to fulfill than the original version,
but even more relevant to the realities.
?
Boston Globe: "The Soviet Union's attack
on the United States in the U.N. Security
Council will presumably center on the
charge that our intervention in the Domini-
can civil war was only a pretext for establish-
ing a rightist dictatorship there.
"This of course is not true. Sending in
the marines was a necessary act of humani-
tarianism, as the harrowing stories of these
evacuated attest.
"It is undoubted that Castroite Commu-
nists are seeking to take over the revolution."
Atlanta Constitution: "The use of U.S.
military forces in Dominica was a grave move.
It required careful and deliberate courage to
make that decision. Mr. Johnson made it
and in so doing demonstrated prudent lead-
ership?the kind of leadership we need in
today's world."
Boston Traveler: "The United States need
make no apology for sending troops into
Santo Domingo to protect American lives
when local authority broke down there."
New York Post: "President Johnson's ad-
dress last night on the U.S. role in the Do-
minican crisis exhibited a sensitive concern
for the decent opinion of mankind.
"Franklin Delano Roosevelt faced a simi-
lar Caribbean challenge in the first days of
his Presidency when the Machado dictorship
was overthrown in Cuba. He surrounded
the island with warships and mobilized the
marines but he knew the day of single-
handed intervention was over. Instead of
landing the marines he moved toward a
policy that made hemispheric peace and se-
curity the joint concern of the whole con-
tinent. A similar challenge and opportunity
Still confront Mr. Johnson."
Daily Oklahoman: "The U.S. intervention
in the Dominican Republic rebellion sud-
denly has become a key test in the entire
cold war.
"The policy upon which we have embarked
Is to say that there will be no more Castro-
type takeovers. Our justification can be
that if our intervention is a mistake; that
can be rectified later, whereas a Red take-
over precludes any later change by peaceful
means."
Dallas News: "In President Johnson's re-
cent report to the Nation on the situation
in the Dominican Republic he laid it on the
line. To the Communists he gave notice
that this hemisphere in general and this
country in particular do not intend to see
another neighbor nation enslaved by the Red
colonialists:
"To the many demagogs around the
world who have gained political capital by
Inciting violence against American lives and
property he gave clear warning that such ac-
tivities can no longer be launched in the
certainty that the U.S. Government will not
protect its own.
"Lyndon Baines Johnson is no great orator
but he is a very effective speaker because his
word are blueprints for action. We know it
and the world is learning."
Philadelphia Inquirer: "Joint action by
nations of the Western Hemisphere, utilizing
the administrative and diplomatic machinery
of the Organization of American States, offers
the best hope of resolving the crisis in the
Dominican Republic.
"As President Johnson said in his televised
report to the American people Sunday night,
'We have acted to summon the resources of
this entire hemisphere to this task.' He de-
fended his decision to send U.S. troops to the
Dominican Republic, without waiting for
OAS action, on humanitarian grounds. 'I
knew there was no time to talk, to consult or
to delay,' the President emphasized. To have
hesitated would have been to condemn count-
less men and women to 'die in the streets.'
"The peril in the Dominican Republic is
precisely the kind of crisis in which the Or-
ganization of American States is solemnly
pledged to respond. Such response should
have solid support from the United States
and other OAS members and should be suffi-
ciently firm to assure both peace and freedom
for the Dominican people within a framework
of self-government free of foreign dictation
from any quarters."
Memphis Commercial Appeal: "Use of
American troops in the Dominican Republic,
and President Johnson's words giving justifi-
cations to that act, will make history.
"More than that they will provide guide-
lines for U.S. policy for untold years to come.
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10366 CONbRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
"Lyndon B. Johnson has enunciated what
must inevitably become known as the John-
son doctrine. While the immediate purpose,
of this doctrine is to prevent Communist en-
croachment, the broad terms are amazingly
consistent with the Monroe Doctrine of 1823.
The Johnson doctrine, like its precedent, Is
not aggressive. It does not infringe on the
independence or sovereignty of any other
American state. It does not make protec-
torates of them. It invites change?even
revolution?if the impetus for change is in-
ternal.
"But Mr. Johnson identified communism
for what it is?an outside force aimed at dic-
tatorship. And the Johnson doctrine is very
plainly an enforcement of U.S. and hemis-
pheric interests against a real and present
danger to hemispheric peace and security.."
Houston Post: "That trained Communist
leaders moved in and took control of what
started as a pro-Boche revolution in the
Dominican Republic, the suspicion confirmed
by President Johnsen sunday night, should
have surprised nobody.
"Consistent Communist policy and strategy
required that they do this. So did the logic
of the current international situation. In
any case, it was too good an opportunity for
them to pass up.
"President Truman net his test in Europe
and Korea. President Eisenhower met his
principally in the Formosa Straits and the
Middle East. President Kennedy met his
in Cuba and in southeast Asia, and when he
showed he was willing to risk a nuclear
holocaust the Communists again paused.
"President Johnson is now undergoing his
test, and in some ways the assault upon him
is more virulent, more intense, and more
savage than that against his predecessors in
office, An.y show of weakness, irresolution
or indeciveness would, q course, be exploited
by the Communists to the maximum. How
long it will take to convince the Communist
leadership that he is just as tough, firm
and resolute as his predecessors in office re-
mains to be seen. ,
"In the Dominican Republic no less than
in Vietnam and Laos, President Johnson has
met the Communist test or challenge with
firm, positive and unflinching action. If the
Communists have not by now got the answer
to their question of what they can hope to
get away with while he is in the White
House, they are really rather dense."
Portland Oregonian : "The American
people should support President Johnson's
decision to use military force as well as
-diplomatic negotiations to prevent the estab-
lishment of another Communist government
in the Western Henalsphere."
Mr. SMATHER,S. ,Mr. President, re-
cently, the able and distinguished Sen-
ator from Oklahoma iMr. HARRIS] made
an enlightening and Informative speech
at the State convention of the Okla-
homa Jxmior Chamber of Commerce at
Tulsa, Okla., on the Dominican Republic
crisis in support of the position of our
President on the action he has taken to
contain communism in this hemisphere.
I am certainly in accord with the views
Which the Senator from. Oklahoma has
etpressed, and believe that he has made
a great contribution toward enlightening
the American people on the existing
situation.
The speech is one which I believe
should receive the full attention of every
Member of Congress, and I therefore ask
unanimous consent that the speech de-
livered by the Senator from Oklahoma
be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the speech
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SPEECH OF U.S. SENATOR FRED R. HARRIS .TO
OKLAHOMA JUNIOR CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
AT THEIR STATE CONVENT/ON, SATURDAY,
'MAY 8, TULSA, OKLA.
The Dominican Republic occupies a part of
a =all Caribbean island near our shores.
It is a country of only 31/2 million people
with an area comparable to the little State
of Connecticut.
Yet, today, the situation in that tiny coun-
try and the actions our Government has
taken there have great impact on all our
Lives, and, perhaps, the future peace and se-
curity of this hemisphere.
The prompt action of President Johnson
In sending troops into the Dominican Re-
public to protect the lives of American na-
tionals, and, particularly, to prevent the es-
tablishment of another Communist country
in this hemisphere establishes, in effect, a
new, policy doctrine.
So far, only one critic, the representative
of Uruguay to the Security Council of the
United Nations, has given that new policy a
name. Last Tuesday in a speech before the
Security Council, calling for the removal of
American troops from the Dominican Repub-
lic, the representative of Uruguay called the
new policy "the Johnson doctrine."
I believe it will come to be called that,
admiringly, by those who are in agreement
with the policy. It will come to be recog-
nized as an important elaboration and ex-
tension of the Monroe Doctrine.
I supported the action of President John-
son in sending troops to the Dominican Re-
public to protect the lives of our citizens and
to prevent Communist takeover of that
country.
? In the age of the ICBM and the communi-
cations satellite, it can truly be said that
every part of the world is of immediate and
vital strategic interest to the United States.
Yet it is as true today as it has ever been
that there are some areas in which this- Na-
tion has a deeper inherent concern than it
may have in other parts of the world. Such
an area is our own immediate neighbor-
hood?the Western Hemisphere. We are
linked to the people of this hemisphere by
many bonds. Like us, their nations are rela-
tive newcomers to the world scene. Like us,
they have fought, and fought hard and long,
to secure, and then to maintain their na-
tional independence, although they have
faced difficulties in marshaling their total
resources to the task of raising the standards
of living of their peoples.
It is the tragedy of this hemisphere?a
tragedy which we feel, and in which we have
not been entirely blameless?that the hopes
of this proud and freedom-loving people have
Dot been fully realized, even to this day. In
past years, this Nation has, too often, looked
upon Latin America as an area in which our
basic interests gave us the right to intervene
Cu their internal affairs in order that they
"might be arranged to suit our convenience
Or transient wishes.
That era is behind us, now. It is behind
us forever. The day has gone when the
United States, with all its power and might,
eau casually or for light reasons, attempt to
dictate its will to the people of this hemi-
sphere. We are no longer?if ever we were?
the landlord of the Western Hemisphere.
We are, and we hope to remain, the partner
of a group of sovereign nations?a group
whose objectives, I hope and believe, will
usually be in accord with ours?but a group
whose friendship we will have earned and
Whose cooperation will come freely from the
=coerced recognition of a community of
interest.
In the early years of this century, the
United States thought itself free to occupy
ffie Dominican Republic, to order events
there in line with our own ideas?and free to
save when our objectives were achieved,
without giving much thought to the after-
math.
May 17, 1g6'5
. -
The aftermath of that American occupa-
tion was one which stands forever to the
discredit of the United States, and one
which We cannot lightly dismiss from our
- -
conscien.ce. iear, of course, to the bloody
and incredibly repressive dictatorship of
Rafael Trujillo?a dictatorship which made
the Dominican Republic a prison for its
people and an affront "to the hopes and aspi-
rationt of Americans of all of the American
republics.
Today American troops are again in the
Dominican Republic. But today they are
there with a far different mission, and we
stand obligated to see that the results of our
necessary intervention are of a totally dif-
ferent order than was the case 30 years ago.
In the words of President Johnson: "It is
our mutual responsibility to help the people
of the Dominican Republic toward the clay
when they can freely choose the path of
liberty and justice and progress. This is
required of us by the agreements that we
are party to and that we have signed. This
is required of us by the values which bind
Us together."
The choices which suddenly confronted
the Government of the United States less
than 2 weeks ago, were agonizing ones.
There were no easy alternatives, and few
simple black-and-white conclusions. The
democratic government which the Domini-.
can people had established after the death
of Trujillo had long since vanished, a victim
partly of its own inadequacies, partly of
some of the tragic legacies of the Republic's
long night of dictatorship. An effort to over-
throw the military junta that had replaced
Juan Bosch had begun, and between the
many groups that sought to direct this revo-
lution and the efforts of others to prevent it,
effective government collapsed in the streets
of Santo Domingo.
For .several days, the United States and
other 'American governments watched the
events in the Dominican Republic with great
care. No one in our Government viewed
lightly the possibility of American interven-
tion. If the Dominican people had been able
to order their own affairs, to secure and safe-
guard the free, democratic constitutional
government which they sought, we would,
in my judgment not have intervened. But
the people of the Dominican Republic were
not to be allowed to have that simple choice.
Trai:ned, dedicated Communist leaders?a
number of whom have now been clearly
identified?sought to take advantage of the
situation and to turn the legitimate desires
of the Dominican people to the service of the
purposes of those who would establish a
Communist dictatorshtp on that island.
Our Ambassador had made a complete re-
port concerning the facts of the new direc-
tion in the revolution brought about by
Communist leaders moving into positions of
rebel strength and influence.
Among the rebel forces, and playing an
important role in organizing the mobs, are
55 identified, prominent Communists and
Ca.stroi.st leaders. They include 18 persons
known, or reliably reported, to have been
trained in subversive and paramilitary tac-
tics by the Cuban Intelligence Service or
Other similar Communist organizations.
The balance of the Communist leaders there
have been reliably and clearly identified over
the past years as Communist and Castroist
subversives.
It became probable, and was so reported,
that if the rebels were successful in taking
over the government, the Dominican Repub-
lic would shortly become a Communist state.
This government, and all the free govern-
ments of the Americas, have learned the
hard, dangerous way, that we cannot suffer
the establishment of another Communist
dictatorship in this hemisphere. We have
learned that as contrary to the spirit of the
American Republics as military juntas may
be, they represent a danger less immediate,
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My' 17, 1965
less mortal, than allowing another beach-
head for the Communist movement in this
part of the world.
In 1958 and 1959 and 1960, we allowed One
such beachhead to be established in Cuba
and become a source of mortal peril for all of
us. The world was brought, in October 1962,
closer to the brink of the ultimate war by
that faCt than we ever hope to come again.
As the efforts of the junta and the revolu-
tionaries to seize power in the Dominican
Republi6 teetered back and forth, order van-
isted. On Wednesday, April 28, the chief of
police in Santo Domingo advised the Ameri-
can Ambassador that he could no longer
guarantee the safety .of the Embassy or of
the thousands of Americans and other for-
eigners present on the island'. At that criti-
cal juncture, the President of the United
States, alone in the awesome responsibility
which that office imposes upon its incum-
bent, had to make a decision. As he has
himself said, delay itself would have been
a decision?"a decision to risk and to lose
the lives of thousands of Americans a,and
thousands of innocent people from all
lands." His decision was unavoidable, and
his promptness in making it may have been
the reason that thousands of American
'homes are not today mourning the death of
a loved one.
He ordered American forces into this
chaotic situation in order to save American
lives. This they have done. And they have
succeeded magnificently.
It was, indeed, unfortunate, as our Ambas-
sador to the Organization of American
States made clear, that there was not in be-
ing some peacekeeping force under the au-
thority of the Organization of American
States which could have been sent in to the
Dominican Republic instead of U.S. forces
alone.
The responsibilities in the situation, there-
fore, became apparent for the United States.
Having taken action, we notified the Or-
ganization of American States as rapidly as
possible and asked them to take responsibil-
ity for the peacekeeping operation. Our
suggestion has now been approved.
In early morning hours of last Friday, after
lengthy debate, by a vote of 14 to 5, with 1
abstention, the Organization of American
States decided to take responsibility for
keeping the peace in the Dominican Repub-
lic and to send in troops from the member
nations for this purpose. It is hoped that
when the military situation has been stab-
ilized and peace restored, the Organization
of American States within a year will be able
to supervise free and open elections for the
reestablishment of a democratic, responsible
government in that troubled island,
As a member of the Senate Subcommittee
on National Security and International Op-
erations, I believe the action of the Orga-
nization of American States setting up for
the first time a peacekeeping force to fill a
power vacuum in a Latin American country,
to bring about stability and peace and to
prevent a Communist takeover is, in itself, a
real advance in Latin American affairs.
Hopefully, this collective action will set a pat-
tern for the future of working together to
Insure the security and independence of Latin
American countries.
America's action in the Dominican Repub-
lic has brought sharp criticism from many
areas throughout Latin America and may
have given some additional impetus for the
moment to Castro's anti-American offensive
Wherein he has Most recently joined with
others In calling our actions "gunboat di-
plomacy."
This was the risk our Government had to
take, because the other alternative was much
worse. In the long run, allowing the estab-
lishment of a new Communist country in
Latin America would have given far more
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 10367
No. as-2o
impetus to communism and Castro, and the
critics of the hour would have been far out-
weighed by the criticisms of history.
It is not the policy of this Government to
dictate to the Dominican people the kind of
a government they shall have. It is most
emphatically not the purpose of the United
States to shape the future of the Dominican
Republic. And it is not the policy of this
Government to allow agents of the Commu-
nist conspiracy to deny to the Dominican
people their liberties and their hopes for
progress and stability.
Most of the beginning revolutionaries, as
newspaper accounts have made quite clear,
and as our Government is fully aware, were
not Communists or Communist sympathiz-
ers. On the contrary, most were motivated
by hopes for a constitutional and democratic
system under which their country could fol-
low the quest for justice and progress?
under which their fellow citizens could be
free to hold and to voice their free judg-
ments about their country's government.
Most of them were probably as bitterly
opposed to a dictatorship of the left as they
are to a dictatorship of the right?more bit-
terly opposed because a dictatorship of the
Communist stripe would have the interna-
tional support of other Communist coun-
tries.
Many of the more moderate revolution-
aries soon recognized the increasing danger
of a Communist takeover of the revolution
and took refuge in foreign embassies. It was
to protect them, as well as to protect Ameri-
cans and other foreigners, that American
troops are in the Dominican Republic.
But having gone in?having moved to pre-
vent the betrayal of the Dominican revolu-
tion into the hands of the Communists?the
United States and the other Republics of
the hemisphere have a continuing responsi-
bility there. We cannot now wash our hands
of the Dominican Republic, and leave their
liberties in the streets fOr the first opportun-
ist to pick up.
President Johnson has stated our long-
range hopes for this freedom-loving people
most eloquently, Let me quote from him:
"The road is open to you to share in build-
ing a Dominican democracy and we in Amer-
ica are ready and anxious and willing to help
you. Your courage and your dedication are
qualities which your country and all the
hemisphere need for the future. You are
needed to help shape that future. And
neither we nor any other nation in this
hemisphere can or should take upon itself to
ever interfere with the affairs of your country
or any other country. We believe that
change comes and we are glad it does and
it should come through peaceful process.
But revolution in any country is a matter
for that country to deal with. It becomes a
matter calling for hemisphere action only?
repeat only?when the object is the estab-
lishment of a Communist dictatorship."
This latter statement is, I believe, the an-
nouncement of a new policy, or doctrine,
which this country, hopefully with the aid
of the Organization of American States, must
firmly follow in the future as firmly as it has
been announced.
We seek only peace and self-determination
for the peoples of the Dominican Republic
and of Latin America. We do not seek domi-
nation or dominion. Again, the President
has made this clear. He said:
"The form and the nature of the free Do-
minican Government is, I assure you, solely
a matter for the Dominican people, but we do
know what kind of government we hope to
see in the Dominican Republic. For that is
carefully spelled out in the treaties and the
agreements which make up the fabric of the
Inter-American system. It is expressed, time
and time again, in the words of our states-
men and the values and hopes which bind
us all together.
"We hope to see a government freely
chosen by the will of all the people.
"We hope -to see a government dedicated
to social justice for every citizen.
"We hope to see a government working,
every hour of every day, to feeding the
hungry, to educating the ignorant, to heal-
ing the sick?a government whose only con-
cern is the progress and the elevation and
the welfare of all the people."
In these words of the President of the
United States there is a prescription, not for
the discredited techniques of so-called gun-
boat diplomacy, not for the condescension
and proprietary attitude which once tar-
nished our country's image in this, our im-
mediate neighborhood, but for a policy in
which the combined power of all the Ameri-
cas?military power where necessary, eco-
nomic power, and above all, moral power,
will be utilized to preserve freedom and to'
encourage progress, and to seek justice for
all Americans and for all the Americas.
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Florida yield?
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HART
in the chair). Does the Senator from
Florida yield to the Senator from Okla-
homa?
Mr. SM.ATHERS. I yield.
Mr. HARRIS. I am pleased that I was
in the Chamber to hear the remarks
made by the distinguished Senator from
Florida on the situation in the Domin-
ican Republic, as I was a few weeks ago
when he spoke so lucidly on the same
subject in a speech which was partly the
inspiration for the one I made in Tulsa,
Okla., which the Senator has been so
kind as to have printed in the RECORD.
I compliment the Senator fxom Flor-
ida on his statement today, and for the
statements he has made concerning the
situation in Latin America, and particu-
larly in the Dominican Republic.
Mr. SMATHERS. I am grateful to
the Senator for his statements.
SENATOR CHURCH'S VIEWS ON
VIETNAM
Mr. CLARK Mr. President, Senator
CHURCH has been one of the most out-
spoken public figures in advocating
thoughtful consideration and debate
about American objectives in Vietnam.
On April 22, I inserted an article by the
Senator from Idaho [Mr. CHURCH], en-
titled "We Should Negotiate a Settle-
ment in Vietnam," in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD. Several editorials have ap-
peared recently commending Senator
CHURCH for speaking out on Vietnam.
I ask unanimous consent to have two of
these editorials inserted at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the edito-
rials were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
[Prom the Idaho Observer, Apr. 15,19651
PRESIDENT "GOES TO CHURCH" IN VIETNAM
President Johnson's diplomatic "escala-
tion" of the war in Vietnam has brightened
the prospect of a political solution short of
the full-scale ground war toward which the
United States was headed a few short weeks
ago, and it has thereby placed the United
States on stronger ground in southeast Asia.
But it may not be enough to avert a debacle.
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10368 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE M ay 17, 1*65
In stating for the first time that the Unitei
States attaches no preconditions to negotia-
tion with Hanoi or Peiping, the President
moved the Vietnamese dispute toward thi
conference table, where we have some chime 3
of improving our position, and away from thi,
battlefield, where our prospects are slim in.
deed. The question now is whether thi
Communists will choose to risk at the con.
ference table the advantage we have given
them in the field.
In holding forth his offer of economic aid
to develop all of southeast Asia, the Pres17,
dent put our policy in perspective once again,
reminding the world, and perhaps also hit
countrymen, of the constructive purpose
which, after all, underlies our presence irc
Vietnam. Our military ventures in recen
weeks have all but obscured that purpose
and at times have seemed to replace it
Whether or not the Communists may elect.
to join us in this enterprise, the President'k
plan offers the only sound route toward the
political stability arid independence which
should be our objective in southeast Asia
The President has turned in the right
direction, but he may not have gone far
enough.
The conference doqr has been opened, but
the Communists are nnlikely to enter so long
as the U.S. bombings of North Vietnam con-
tinue to vindicate the Communist cause, to
cement their inner antagonisms and to goad
them toward a massive military response
with which we would be hard put to deal.
The economic door has been opened, but
little will come of that until the United
States begins to put its full weight into the
long, hard, and expensive undertaking.
The political door has been opened, but the
U.S. public, still largely deluded by the vain -
quest for a final military answer, must yet _
learn to live with compromise and accom-
modation. U.S. policymakers still must grope
their wax, toward a workable and enforce-
able political arrangement which will safe-
guard our interests, as well as the interests
Of others, in southeast Asia, This will be no
easy task.
But a start has been made. Perhaps he
did so too late, but the President at last has
put his seal of approval on a policy which
Makes sense. It is essentially the same pol-
icy for which others, including Idaho's Sena-
tor PRANK CHURCH, have been denounced as
heretics because they had the foresight to
grasp it earlier and the courage to speak up
for it.
S.H.D.
[Prom the Emmett (Idaho) Messenger-
Index, Apr 15,19651
VOICE OF ,DISSENT
One measure of democracy's strength is
the freedom of its citizens to speak out?to
dissent from the popular view.
So says a footnote to the Saturday Evening
Post's biweekly feature, "Speaking Cart," and
it is a truism that can never be overem-
phasized in a society where conformity is at
once Its strength and its greatest weakness.
In the April 24 issue of the Post, Idaho's
senior Senator FRANK ,CHURCH pursues his
conviction that "we should negotiate a set-
tlement in Vietnam." Ie marshals powerful
logic to support the view that our deepening
Involvement in the Vietnam war will have
the ultimate effect of extending Communist
China's influence through southeast Asia.
The Senator contends that steadily in-
creasing strikes to the north can only drive
North Vietnam into, Peiping's arms, which
it now loathes, and may eventually bring
Chinese armies in a ICora-type war involving
tens or hundreds of thousands of casualties
instead of hundreds.
He says only the South Vietnam people
themselves can win or lose what essentially
Is a civil war, and that although we have
' invested some prestige there, the struggle
1
by no stretch of the imagination can
threaten the life of our country.
The article merits thoughtful and careful
reading.
In the Vietnam matter, Senator Clinnictr
has no illusions about his being the voice of
dissent. Be knows that the popular view
does not now support his deeply held convic-
tions, and rumor has if that his speaking out
has brought down on his head the wrath of
the President.
History may never record with certainty
whether Senator CHURCH is right or wrong,
for the sweep of events, in whatever direction
they take, invariably find their own rational-
ization and?their own justification. The
schoolboy can find no indictment in the
history books. If American policy ever has
been misguided or shortsighted, the lone
voices that rose in timely dissent have long
since been muted and lost to all but the
careful scholar.
But this is not to say that timely dis-
sent is without influence. It often speaks
with greater power than the bland voice
of popular conformity, for it speaks from
the deep force of conviction that conform-
ity often finds missing.
It already has become apparent that Sen-
ator CHURCH'S voice of dissent has exerted
powerful influence over national policy. In
his recent "unconditional discussions"
speech, the President has adopted a position
advocated by Senator CHURCH all along,
Whether or not L.B.J. is willing to concede
any credit to P.C.
It is likely, indeed, that in his courage
to speak out strongly with a minority view,
FRANK CHURCH has done more than any man
In the United States, including the Presi-
dent, to clarify our perspective of the com-
plex entanglement in Vietnam.
If because of this the President is dis-
pleased with Senator CHURCH, it is a dis-
credit to the President and not to the senior
Senator from Idaho.
A man whose integrity clings to fully con-
sidered convictions in the face of majority
Opposition is a man of great courage. If
at the same time he speaks out in reasoned
dissent, he influences the headlong and some-
times heedless rush of history.
Senator CHURCH'S dissent already is vin-
dicated. Time might well prove that his lone
voice has been a critical factor in turning
America away from disaster.
And time also might show that if the
,Senator remains steadfast, the Presidential
displeasure will be transformed into greater
.respect and admiration.
Mr. CLARK. My own view is that
the Senator from Idaho has had a very
real influence in the modification of our
_foreign policy in, Vietnam. I commend
him for his earnest efforts in the cause
of peace.
HENRY J. TASCA NAMED AS AM-
BASSADOR TO MOROCCO
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I am
happy to call to the attention of the Sen-
ate the fact that President Johnson has
appointed Henry J. Tasca, of Philadel-
phia, to be our Ambassador to Morocco.
Mr. Tasca is a loyal alumnus of South
Philadelphia High School, and attended
Temple University, the University of
Pennsylvania, and the London School of
Economics.
It is greatly to Mr. Tasca's credit to
note that this 11th of 11 children is the
ion of an immigrant tailor who came to
Philadelphia from the Umbrian region
3f Italy many years ago.
_ I am happy indeed to note the fine
,Iareer of this distinguished Philadel-
'
phian; and I ask unanimous consent that
an article published in the Philadelphia
Sunday Bulletin for April 25, 1965, be
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was Ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
Naw Exvoy To MOROCCO IS LOYAL SOUTH
PHILADELPHIA GRADUATE
(By Anthony Day, Bulletin Washington
bureau)
WASHINGTON, April 24.?The career diplo-
mat President Johnson has chosen to he his
new Ambassador to Morocco is a passionately
loyal alumnus of South Philadelphia High
School.
It was at the school (class of 1930) that
the President's nominee, Henry J. Tasca,
the .11th of an immigrant tailor's 11 children,
learned 3 elements of a diplomat's educa-
tion: Languages, chess, and democracy.
He later studied economics at Temple
University, the University of Pennsylvania
and, the London School of Economics. Add
to this acquired knowledge a natural talent
for persuasive reasoning, a vigorous consti-
tution, imposing looks and a gentle manner,
and you have the formula that made a sue-
cesf ul diplomat of a poor boy from South
Philadelphia.
? TRIBUTE TO AMERICA
Tasca, 52, is unabashedly proud of his rise
from an obscure origin to a high rank in the
foreign service of the United States. He is
now 'Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for
African Affairs. He expects to go to Rabat,
Morocco, in about 6 weeks, after the Senate
confirms his appointment as Ambassador.
"It is a great tribute to America that the
son of an immigrant can go as an Ambas-
sador to an important country," he said yes-
terday.lasc was born in Providence, R.I. His
father, Julius, and his mother, Philomena,
came to the United States in the 1880's from
the Adriatic coast of Italy across the penin-
sula from Rome.
LIVED ON SOUTH 17TH STREET
Julius Tasca brought his family to Phila-
delphia when Henry Tasca was 7. They
settled in a house at 1820 South 17th Street,
and lived there during most of the Tasca's
boyhood. Several brothers and sisters still
live in the Philadelphia area.
The father died when Henry Tasca was
11. The boy went to Vare Junior High
School, then to South Philadelphia High.
Summers he worked, part of the time he cut
cloth, at a clothing factory near 7th and
Arch Streets.
At the big high school?it was the old
building?Tasca excelled in Latin, winning
a gold medal for his excellence in the lan-
guage.. (Now he is fluent in German, French,
and Italian.)
As for chess--"I think chess is a great
thing for any diplomat," he said. "Just as in
chess,, there is much in diplomacy that de-
mands a very clear notion of consequences.
You have to look ahead."
? SOUTH PHILL 1' DEMOCRACY
Thel South Philadelphia variety of demon-
racy has Tasca's total allegiance. "It was a
great time, a wonderful time," he said as he
recalled how the student body was a har-
monious mixture of many nationalities.
"We. Americans are made in our junior
high schools and high schools," he said.
"Other people- do not understand us until
they understand that. We learn in our
schools that we've got to be fair. We learn
to live together."
After obtaining advanced degrees?and
publishing two books on international
trade?'Tasca spent the war years in the
Navy as an economic specialist in U.S. mili-
tary government. He played an important
part ft establishing European monetary pol-
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A2420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX May 17, 1965
No nation offers its citizens more of an op-
portunity to advance on economic, political,
social, and cultural levels than does ours.
Every American within and without this
Chamber has a duty to strengthen and im-
prove our institutions and to protect the free-
dom of body and mind that gave birth to
them.
One hundred years ago Walt Whitman
wrote: "The United States themselves are es-
sentially the greatest poem. Here at last is
something in the doings of man that cor-
responds to the broadest doings of the day
and night."
Let us look forward to tomorrow with hope,
clarity of purpose and new dedication. The
years ahead are fraught with danger. We not
only have the menace of Communist arms
and subversion; but domestic unemployment,
poverty, disease, and inequality of opportu-
nity. But I, like you, believe that the United
States themselves are essentially the greatest
poem. I believe we can overcome the ob-
stacles in our path. I believe our Government
is consecrated to serve the will of the people.
We must act with courage?not sit transfixed
by fear. We must regard the past without
regret; we must contemplate the future with-
out alarm. America is on the move, and all
of us as citizens, as Democrats, are obliged
to serve he
Our Stand in the Dominican Republic
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CLAIR CALLAN
OF NEBRASKA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 17, 1965
Mr. CALLAN. Mr. Speaker, the edi-
tors of our Nation's newspapers have
been almost unanimous in backing the
policies of President Johnson in his
stand against communism in the West-
ern Hemisphere.
As so many papers have noted, we can-
not tolerate another Castro in our own
backyard.
President Johnson's bold and decisive
leadership to the Dominican Republic
crisis merits the praise of all Americans.
As the May 5 editorial in the Rochester
Times-Union pointed out, "Uncle Sam is
standing straighter," because of the
President's actions.
The Omaha World-Herald, another of
the Nation's outstanding newspapers, re-
pelated the President's announced rea-
sons for sending troops to the Dominican
island. The United States is there to
protect lives and to stop the spread of
Communist aggression.
In the long run, peace and freedom
owe a debt of gratitude to President
Johnson for his timely action.
Mr. Speaker, at this tithe, I ask consent
to include in the RECORD the editorials
from the Omaha World-Herald and the
Rochester Times-Union.
[From the Omaha (Nebr.) World-Herald
May 4, 1965]
ON WITH THE JOB
President Johnson summed up the reason
for the presence of U.S. troops in the Do-
minican Republic in one sentence Sunday
night:
"Our goal is to help prevent another Com-
munist state in this hemisphere, and we
would like to do this without extensive
bloodshed."
The address was an impressive account of
the President's reasons for the actions he has
taken since the Dominican crisis began, and
an equally impressive declaration of our
country's intentions.
The decision to intervene in the Domini-
can fighting came because of the immediate
threat to the lives of Americans and other
foreigners in Santo Domingo. As the revo-
lution disintegrated into apparent anarchy,
the original rebels were "superseded by evil
forces." The Communists saw a chance to
create more disorder and seize control, the
President said, and he added:
"The American nations cannot, must not
and will not permit the establishment of
another Communist government in the West-
ern Hemisphere."
Mr. Johnson chose to act first and then to
invoke the official machinery of the Organi-
zation of American States to ratify his de-
cision.
There is good reason to hope that his
forthrightness in facing up to what he
termed "violence and terror and interna-
tional conspiracy" will serve to rally support
in Latin America.
But if events should prove otherwise, if
our Central and South American allies should
fail to cooperate in the effort to prevent the
establishment of another Communist regime
in the Americas, President Johnson indicated
that he is fully determined to go it alone.
That determination was apparent in the
concluding paragraph of his report when
he said that, come what may, the American
people will not be "buried" by their Com-
munist enemy.
If the Communist bosses were looking for
a sign of weakness, they did not find it in the
President's words.
This time the United States has met a
Communist-precipitated crisis head on, with-
out hesitation that might be mistaken for
timidity, and without any hint of appease-
ment.
The President underscored his strong
words by ordering more troops into the city
of Santo Domingo, not only to evacuate
American civilians and others, but to dis-
tribute food and medicine, and to bury the
dead.
"We must get on with the job immedi-
ately," said the President.
Clearly this "job" is no mere rescue opera-
tion for American citizens in danger.
It is an operation to rescue another
American nation from communism, to pre-
vent another Castro-type takeover. The
President's prompt action and his unequivo-
cal words give every promise that the "job"
will be done.
[From the Rochester (N.Y.) Times-Union,
May 5, 1965]
PROTOCOL WON'T DEFEND FREEDOM.
Uncle Sam is standing straighter.
Through President Johnson's bold action
in Asia and in the Caribbean, America has
stopped being a musclebound giant, ever-
lastingly frustrated in checking commu-
nism's nibbling at the free world.
Direct action in Vietnam to give the Com-
munists second thoughts about aggression
and in the Dominican Republic to nip a
Castroite plot in the bud?this admittedly
is not polite, striped-pants diplomacy.
Some call it "unwarranted unilateral inter-
ference in the internal affairs of other coun-
tries." Others call it "brinkmanship."
They miss the main point.
President Johnson said last week of Viet-
nam: "Defeat * * * would deliver a friendly
nation to terror and repression. It would
encourage and spur on those who seek to
conquer all free nations * * * within their
reach."
And he said this week of the Dominican
Republic: "We don't propose to sit * * *
with our hands folded and let the Commu-
nists set up any government in the Western
Hemisphere."
This has been the theme of U.S. policy for
nearly two decades. Unfortunately, it has
been applied only in fits and starts. Free-
dom has suffered many a loss while diplomats
haggled and U.S. leaders did too little too
late.
Emerging now is a new determination to
resist aggression and subversion as the occa-
sion warrants.
America's tactics sometimes may appear
distressingly similar to those of the Com-
munists. But the purposes of the opposing
forces are as different as the bright sunshine
of freedom and the black darkness of tyranny.
America wants not to dictate a form of
government but to permit free choice. It
seeks not to conquer new territory for itself
but to prevent others from expanding their
dominion. It wants not to destroy interna-
tional peacekeeping organizations but only
to act when their complex machinery breaks
down.
Those who protest that the conflict in
Vietnam is just a civil war ignore the plain
evidence of Red aggression from the north.
Those who argue that the Dominican rebel-
lion would not play into Communist hands
forget the duplicity of Fidel Castro.
And to those who cringe at the new fight-
ing, the President replies:
"From Munich until today, we have learned
that to yield to aggression brings only great-
er threats and * * * even more destructive
war. To stand firm is the only guarantee of
a lasting peace."
Importance of Rural Life in Civilization
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT A. EVERETT
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 17, 1965
Mr. EVERETT. Mr. Speaker, I have
the honor and privilege of representing
the Eighth Congressional District of
Tennessee. A few days ago the Future
Farmers of America in their annual State
convention meeting in Memphis, Tenn.,
heard outstanding members of their or-
ganization, participate in a speech con-
test.
Ernest Pounds of Bradford, Tenn.,
which I have the honor of representing,
won the statewide speaking contest. His
speech is so outstanding and timely that
I felt it should be brought to the atten-
tion of the Congress of the United States.
This speech follows:
IMPORTANCE OF RURAL LIFE IN CIVILIZATION
(By Ernest Pounds)
Honorable judges, Future Farmers, friends,
I am concerned about the future of our
Nation, not today, not tomorrow, not a
decade from now, but a more distant future.
Although one of the youngest nations of the
world, we are excelled by none. Our na-
tional resources seem almost unlimited. We
possess more copper, zinc, aluminum, cement,
pig iron, steel, and petroleum than any other
nation. We lead the world in the produc-
tion of corn, cotton, total small grain, meat,
and milk, making America the leading agri-
cultural nation of the world. With one of
the greatest merchant fleets we lead all
other nations in both imports and exports.
We boast of having the tallest and finest
buildings and the greatest network of high-
ways, and of being the wealthiest nation in
the world. This Nation has almost as many
telephones, radios, television sets, and motor
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May 17, 196 RiSS1ONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX A2419
18 Minion people over 65 with the average
cot pie over 65 haying an annual income of
approximately $1,700. The cost of 1 day of
hof pitalization is over $40 a day. Over 50
percent of our senior citizens do not have
ins/teal insurance because they cannot afford
it. Many do not go to doctors as the symp-
toms of disease appear because they are
afraid of having their meager savings wiped
out. By the time they do see a doctor and
are hospitalized, many have passed the point
where medical science can benefit them.
The only answer to this dilemma of in-
adelua.te medical treatment of our aged is to
enable each person during his productive
yea:ks to put aside a small amount of money
so that when he gets to be 65 he will be able
to aave hospital care without impoverish-
met it or charity. It is important in addition,
tha; an option be given our elderly citizens to
allow them to make small monthly premium
pay nents with matching Federal payments so
that private insurance may be acquired to
pay doctors' fees. This is what the medicare
bill provides. This is why it is good legisla-
tion and this is why it will become the law
of tie lend.
We are currently engaged in a bitter and
acri:nonious war in Vietnam. There are
som s, who are fainthearted and say the
United States should pull out. There are
others who are overly bold and claim that
the United States should begin bombing
civilian population centers. In my opinion,
the slow and studied escalation of our mili-
tary activities as directed by President John-
son .s the only course of action open to us.
What is the real issue in Vietnam? We
certainly are not fighting for the small piece
of real estate with wet and fetid jungles.
We we fighting for a principle. That prin-
ciple is that the United States lives up to its
international agreements, that we will not
give up our military commitments in far-
flung_ areas around the world where the Com-
mun Lsts practice naked aggression?that our
treaty commitments to fight to defend West-
ern Europe and Berlin are credible. I am
remiaded of the words of Abraham Lincoln
in his second inaugural address: "With mal-
ice for none; with charity for all; with firm-
ness in the right as God gives us to know
the right." President Johnson and the
Ame:ican people are not interested in a war
of aggression in Vietnam. The President has
offer 3d to meet the Communist leaders to
discu ss methods and means of peacefully set-
tling the hostilities. The Vietcong Commu-
nists are not interested. They believe they
can win the war by force of arms. We have
no malice toward the Communists but we
are firm in our commitments to South Viet-
nam because we are right. Our President
symholizes the spirit in America to resist
armei conquest by those who have an insa-
tiabli: thirst for power and that is why all of
us in this room tonight along with 180 mil-
lion other Americans support his courageous
stand.
Th e Congress and President Johnson have
not Just been concerned with education,
medicare, and Vietnam. They have recog-
nized that the only way we can maintain
the vitality and strength of our economy is
to have jobs available for all who must work
to lite. We have to develop and continue
progrims to train young men for employ-
ment in this age of complex technology and
to re rain those whose skills have become
antiq aated. Under Presidents Kennedy and
Johrn on, we have seen new approaches ap-
plied to solving old manpower problems. Vo-
cational training programs have been ini-
tiated to help those who want to help them-
selves._ Regional recovery programs such as
the Area Redevelopment Act and more re-
cently-the Appalachia Act, have been inacted
to inilgorate areas of great poverty and job-
lessness. An antipoverty program has been
created to give employment, training, and
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spent much of his life in the wilderness. He
possessed a toughness of spirit and resiliency
of character which was best demonstrated
by his championing of the cause of the com-
mon man. Be gave men from all walks of
life a chance to participate in politics and
in government. His credo was equal oppor-
tunity for all.
The heritage of Jefferson and Jackson has
extended down to the present, and the result
has been that what was considered new and
controversial and dangerous in the adminis-
trations of Wilson, Roosevelt, and Truman,
is today almost taken for granted.
The history of progress in our country
is a revolutionary history?not just a revolu-
tion of arms and an overthrow of oppressive
British rule, but a revolution of ideas, dis-
coveries, and laws. As our Nation has pro-
gressed and the dignity of man has been
constantly reaffirmed, the Democratic Party
has served a great purpose. I think that we
Might ask ourselves what are we doing
now to meet the problems of today and
tomorrow.
Our country is undergoing dynamic and
rapid changes. Changes wrought by a de-
veloping technology, rapid communications,
vast population migrations, and spiritual
unrest.
We accept man's freedom of will and cor-
poreal independence and yet are confronted
by his singular inability to secure his job
and his family income against downward
trends in the national economy over which
he has no control.
We have as a Nation created a fiscal para-
dox whereby we spend only $450 a year per
child in our public schools, but spend $1,800
a year to keep a wayward child in a deten-
tion home; $2,500 a year for a family on
relief and $3,500 a year for a criminal in a
? State penitentiary.
In the past 4 years, under the leader-
ship of two great Democratic Presidents, a
Democratic controlled Congress has come to
grips with the realities of life for modern
man living in an era of social, economic, and
political transition. Hard-hitting programs
have been enacted to meet the national needs
of education, unemployment, civil rights,
and air and water pollution.
Just this past month, Congress passed an
education bill which is a major step forward
in guaranteeing equality of educational op-
portunity for all children in our land. It
authorizes $1.3 billion in the first year for
grants to States for allocation to school dis-
tricts with large numbers of children from
low-income families. Its purpose is to
strengthen primary and secondary school
education. It is a bill that is needed because
over 1 Million children drop out of school
every year without a high school diploma and
because in most poor communities, children
are destined to receive a poorer education
resulting from a lack of textbooks, school
facilities, and insufficiently trained teachers.
This bill was passed by a Congress and
signed by a President who, knew that unem-
ployment of -young people with an eighth-
grade education is four times that of the
national average; that the lifetini income of
a person tvho graduates from high school is
$60,000 higher than one who does not go to
high school, and that the lifetime income of
a college graduate is $135,000 more than for
one who has only a high school diploma.
This spring was a busy spring for the House
of Representatives. We not only passed an
education bill, of. historic scope, but we also
voted overwhelmingly in favor of medicare.
It see= strange that there aee still so many
people in our country who argue with self-
righteous fervor that every man ought to be
- totally responsible for his own old age medi-
cal needs. The great majority of people, old
or young, do not want to be charity cases.
They want to be independent, yet secure in
their .needs. In our Nation today, we have
hope to thousands -of youth out of school,
out of work, and disillusioned by an appar-
ent gray . destiny of economic dependency.
Much has been done but much more Is
required. This year the number of 18- and
19-year-old workers, is expected to increase
by 500,000?twice the increase of last year.
The labor force is expected to grow by 71/2
million workers in the next 5 years-50 per-
cent greater than the last 5 years.
Certain groups face greater challenges
than others. Negroes presently constitute
10. percent of our population, yet will ac-
count for 18 percent of the coming man-
power increase. The level of Negro unem-
ployment is twice that of whites in our
society. We can never be satisfied until all
races, colors, and creeds, have equal oppor-
tunity in all spheres of life.
The prospective and vast increase in our
labor force over the next 20 years comes at
a time that machines are replacing men at
an increasingly faster pace. Automation is
desirable in that it relieves man of the
drudgery of having to spend all his time
scratching out a living from the soil, the
mine, or the factory. It gives him time for
recreation, leisure, and cultural pursuits. It
provides opportunities for man to notice
himself and his relationship to his Creator.
Automation does, however, present thorny
obstacles and grave dangers to our people.
Year after year, throughout our land, pro-
ductivity per man-hour of work has risen.
Fifty years ago, it was considered- good if a
man could mine one-half a ton of coal in a
10-hour day. In 1965, a miner using the
latest equipment can produce 60 tons in an
8-hour day. Over 500,000 jobs a year are lost
out of our economy as a result of machines
replacing men and the era of a strong willing
back being a passport to success- has passed
forever. It is true that automation fashions
new jobs for our people, but the new jobs
require new skills and all too often the num-
ber of new jobs fashioned does not equal old
jobs lost.
What is needed is a strengthening and
broadening of college education and voca-
tional education so that the skills of our
work force will always match the jobs avail-
able in our economy. Counseling and job
replacement services must be expanded so
that the right man will be able to find the
right job. Job development activities must
be increased in order to create new service
employment opportunities in fields where
they have not existed in the past because
of an inadequately trained work force. The
people of our country want improved home
and equipment maintenance, they want
greater recreational opportunities for their
children and stricter supervision in play-,
grounds. There is no reason why these serv-
ices cannot be provided as automation stead-
ily frees more men from work on the farm
and in-the factory.
What is needed in addition, is a reaffirma-
tion of our cultural and spiritual heritage.
It is written in the Bible: "Man shall not
live by bread alone, but by every work that
proceeds out of the mouth of God."
These words have great meaning to a so-
ciety such as ours. We are a rich nation and
our people on the average work but 5 days a
week. We have time to reflect on our begin-
nings and op our destiny. We have time to
read, to play, to watch telev:Lsion, to listen to
music. Yet with all the free time we have to
relax and understand ourselves, we are a
country with 10 percent of the people suf-
fering from mental disease requiring treat-
ment and countless more from jangled nerves
requiring tranquilization. In a sense, mere
life itself within the community of man has
become one of our greatest challenges. In fu-
ture years of automated free time, our
churches, colleges, and cultural centers will
have a heavy burden to lift from many men
the yoke of uninspired existence and re-
store to theiia the joy of living.
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