PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S DECISION TO SEND U.S. TROOPS TO THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500120031-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 22, 2003
• Sequence Number: 31
• Publication Date: May 10, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

May 10, 1965
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE 9683
as the food shortages, have threatened more
than once to take matters into their own
hands. I heard some claims in New Delhi
that the trouble with a plebiscite in Kashmir
was that it could lead to demands for plebis-
cites in such restless constituent States as
the Pulijab and Madras. But no responsible
Government official could bring himself to
any such declaration of the fragility of
Indian union. -
It is true that a nation of such diverse
Ingredients and such ancient forces of sec-
tionalism and sectarianism as India cannot
take its unity for granted. But the officer in
the Ministry of External Affairs responsible
for Kashmir, B. L. Sharma, a knowledgeable
and perceptive man, believes that India has
twice had its ordeal by fire and its capacity
to stay united. The first occasion, the inva-
sion by China of Indian territory and the
remarkably swift and concerted rallying of
the population, clearly established India's
essential unity. The other was the death of
Nehru, and the nation's ability promptly to
agree on a new leader after Nehru, stating
flatly that it was the duty of a democratic
people to choose its own leadership, had re-
fused to name a political heir-again demon-
strated its singleness of purpose.
I sat with Sharma in his quiet chambers
in the Secretariat at New Delhi as, late in
afternoon when everyone else had gone, he
speculated about the effect of Kashmir on
Indian unity-whether the move to absorb
Kashmir did not again reflect a national
unity of will. But he knew that this was not
so, and he turned quickly to the emerging
figure of Shastri, and to his differences from
Nehru, rather than any similarities, as a
more likely unifying factor,
Far from being in any way either a symbol
or a source of unity in India, the Kashmir
impasse is keeping alive the Moslem-Hindu
hostility that split the nation apart at the
time of independence and still arrays its 425
million Hindus against its 50 million Mos-
lems. It has, moreover, been in large meas-
ure the reason why both Pakistan and India
have devoted such a large proportion of their
resources-badly needed for the hungry and
undernourished-to the military. (In 1
year India devoted 50 percent of her budget
to military purposes; in another Pakistan de-
voted 80 percent to them.) It has inter-
rupted such urgent joint Indo-Pakistani un-
dertakings as the Indus River development
project. It has paralyzed for 16 years the
praiseworthy work of a conscientious com-
mission of the United Nations and dimin-
ished the influence of that body among
emerging nations with whom it ought to be
strengthened. It is alienating a valued
friend of the West, as Pakistan fearful-
justifiably or not-that American weapons
in India may be turned on them as India
steps up the use of force in Kashmir, forges
new bonds with Red China. And in both
Pakistan and India, is is building up atti-
tudes of hate and suspicion and inspiring a
dialogue of vituperation, counsels of ex-
tremism, and an explosive atmosphere of
anxiety.
As I left the President's house in Muzaf-
farabad, however, I was sharply reminded of
the bitterest price of all-the plight of the
4 million Kashmiri, wholly deprived of any
voice in their -own fate, as bleak pawns in
a purposeless stalemate. The sound of the
gunfire was still echoing, as it had all
through the afternoon and evening, from the
cease-fire line. That weekend 12 people were
killed, 7 of them Kashmiri villagers.
Since the cease-fire line was established, an
estimated 16,000 have died, half of them
civilians. The living hostages had little to
expect of the future-too little food, too little
education, too little clothing and housing,
too little dignity, and too little sense of their
own identity. President Hamid, the justice
turned administrator, saw the question in
my mind before I could phrase it. "The
whole answer, the only answer," he said, "is
in the first article of the U.N. Charter, where
the purpose of the United Nations is clearly
stated: 'To develop friendly relations among
nations based on respect for the principle of
equal rights and self-determination of peo-
ples: " His voice trailed off, and he looked at
the mountains surrounding us, I thought
that his look seemed directed more hope-
fully to the future than regretfully to the
PRESIDENT JO S S DECISION
TO SEND U.S. TROOPS TO THE
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, as I
stated last Saturday, in a speech to the
Oklahoma Junior Chamber of Commerce
State convention, meeting in Tulsa,
Okla., I endorse the decisive action of
President Johnson in sending troops to
the Dominican Republic.
His prompt decision was necessary-
there being no OAS peacekeeping force
then in being-in order to protect the
lives of American nationals and to pre-
vent the establishment of another Com-
munist government in this hemisphere.
I ask unanimous consent that there
be printed in the RECORD two editorials
which also approve the action taken by
President Johnson.
There being no objection, the editorials
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Philadelphia Inquirer, May 5,
1965]
INSTEAD OF DOING NOTHING
Debate over the Dominican crisis in the
United Nations Security Council and the
Organization of American States during the
past 2 days puts into clear focus the difficult
problem and the grave decision that con-
fronted President Johnson a week ago. That
was when he received desperate and urgent
appeals for help from Santo Domingo-
where thousands of Americans and others
were in imminent danger of mass slaughter
by bands of terrorists roaming the lawless
city.
Events of the past 48 hours strengthen the
argument of the President that It might have
been impossible to get international sanc-
tion for a rescue mission to the Dominican
Republic in time to do any good. Men and
women could have been slaughtered in the
streets by the hundreds while the OAS or
the U.N. were deciding what, if anything, to
do about it.
This does not mean the OAS should have
been bypassed. We believe, and have said
repeatedly since the outset of the Dominican
crisis, that the Organization of American
States has both the authority and the duty
to take effective action in emergencies of this
type. There is a great need-underscored by
the present situation-for a general overhaul
of the OAS administrative and executive ma-
chinery so it can be counted on to act both
decisively and swiftly when catastrophe is
imminent.
As President Johnson put it, "We don't
propose to sit here in our rocking chair with
our hands folded and let the Communists set
up a government anywhere in the Western
Hemisphere."
And, as Ambassador Stevenson noted, in
addressing the Security Council, "Deliberate
effort of Havana and Moscow to promote sub-
version and overthrow governments, in
flagrant violation of international conduct,
is responsible for much of the unrest in the
Caribbean area."
It is extremely unfortunate-but an un-
deniable fact-that some of the most vocal
criticism of President Johnson, in the U.N.
and in the OAS, has come from countries
which oppose constructive action or initia-
tive by international organizations. Those
who frustrate any kind of response to crisis
at the international level, while at the same
time opposing any recourse to unilateral
action, seem to be advocating that nothing
be done by anybody, in any circumstances,
to help people in danger or to repel Commu-
nist subversion.
[From the Watertown (N.Y.) Daily Times,
May 3, 19651
THE PRESIDENT SPEAKS ON THE DOMINICAN
REVOLT
Emotionally and with deep sincerity Presi-
dent Johnson brought into perspective the
dangers of the Dominican revolution to the
American people Sunday night. His appear-
ance on television was without any advance
notice, and came as a complete surprise.
With his message he announced orders for
4,500 more American troops to go to the
island. Here is an instance in which many
citizens of the United States are satisfied
with his decision, satisfied with his reason-
ing, and applaud him for the speed and
magnitude of his moves. He does not have
to justify his actions Sunday or during the
previous week to the American citizen.
The value of his speech domestically may
well be the revelation that the American
citizen and he are both in agreement and
that they have been thinking along the same
lines ever since his first step Wednesday
ordering the Marines to Santo Domingo.
There will be no national argument over his
decision. A total of 15,000 troops into an
island in 5 days is an example of going all
out. The act of Wednesday, coupled with
the orders of Friday and Sunday, are proof
to most of us that the Dominican campaign
Is not too little and too late. Probably it
was unnecessary for the President to go be-
fore the people, but the fact that he did
means that in spite of the rigors of the
office, he intends to show a rapport with
Americans.
With equal emphasis his speech was di-
rected toward the other countries of the
Western Hemisphere. He made references to
the number of American and foreign na-
tionals in the Dominican Republic who'had
to be and have been protected by American
forces. He recounted the steps taken by the
United States to bring the Organization of
American States into a responsible role to-
ward the solution of the Dominican crisis.
He explained that it was impossible to discuss
or debate whether troops should be sent.
That is why the OAS was not asked to con-
sider the desirability of the American mili-
tary intervention. The handling of the prob-
lem before the OAS has been and will con-
tinue to be careful and hopefully construc.
tive. The point has been well made by the
President and his advisers that the sole
interest of the United States in the Domini-
can Republic is that it have a chance to vote
freely in the establishment of a democratic
government. If he made this point once in
his speech, he made it several times.
To many the most important part of the
Presidents remarks was his declaration of an
enlarged policy with respect to the coun-
tries of the Western Hemisphere. He said,
"The American nations cannot, must not, and
will not, permit the establishment of another
Communist government in the Western
Hemisphere." While revolution may be a
matter for each individual country to deal
with, "it becomes a matter calling for hemi-
spheric action only when the object is the
establishment of a Communist dictator-
ship."
The President had previously commented
on the Communist infiltration by Cuban-
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CoN RESSION'At. RECORLI =SENATE Ma?j ' 10, 1965
trained Reds of the Dominican revolt, He
explained how they had taken over the re-
volt and were trying to transform it into
Castroism. He made it clear that this added
to the alarm of the U.S. Government.
It may be necessary this week that more
troops be sent. He did not give this indi-
cation, but he has clearly affixed the policy;
namely, no Communist takeover of the Do-
minican Republic. He has made this prom-
ise, and the evidence is clear he intends to
keep it.
SUMMARY OF MEDICARE TESTI-
MONY, MAY 10
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, in testi-
mony received by the Finance Committee
this morning, six more witnesses ap-
peared on H.R. 6675. I ask unanimous
consent that an unofficial summary, pre-
pared by my staff, may appear in the
RECORD, following those I have offered on
previous days of the hearings.
There being no objection, the summary
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
HEARINGS, MONDAY MAY 10, 1965
AMERICAN LIFE CONVENTION, HEALTH INSUR-
ANCE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, LIFE INSUR-
ANCE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, LIFE INSUR-
ERS CONFERENCE
Manton Eddy, senior vice president, Con-
necticut General Life Insurance-Co., Bloom-
field, Conn. Five hundred insurance com-
pany members of the four associations repre-
sented write 90 percent of health insurance
issued by U.S.,insurance companies.
1. Basic coverage (part A) "unnecessary in
the light of the existing magnitude and
growth of voluntary health insurance,
coupled with governmental programs for
those who need help." Remainder of points
relate to part B, the supplementary volun-
tary plan.
2. Selection from different kinds of plans
should be available Instead of an Inflexible
single supplementary plan.
3. The supplementary plan preempts the
field, involves Government "direct competi-
tion with private insurance" which would be
"unfair." In sul:n, "part B calls for much
more study and hence should be deleted from
the present bill."
4. "We oppose the projected 1971 increase
(in taxable wage base,, sec. 320) to $6,600."
Wage base should not exceed "current aver-
age earnings of :full-time workers covered."
5. Disability provisions (sec. 303) should
be deleted.
6. Full tax deduction . (rather than one-
half up to $250) should be allowed on medi
cal insurance expenses.
7. Section 213(e) (2) should allow state-
ment of medical costs in a multipurpose
policy by the insurance company, not simply
require cost specification in contracts.
8. Deduction should be allowed for costs
of income indemnity insurance.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RETAIL DRUGGISTS
Ralph R. Rooke, Richmond, Va., pharma-
cist, past president. The National Associa-
tion of Retail Druggists represents 41,000 of
the Nation's 54,000 drugstores, speaks for
"practicing retail pharmacists."
1. Proposes amendment of section 1861(t)
to allow prescription by brand names as well
as generic names (formulary dispensing).
2. Opposes allowing coverage regardless of
need; for "a screening process of some kind."
3, The 3-day prior hospitalization for
eligibility to extended care facilities should
be deleted.
4. Hospital out-patient facilities may in-
volve excessive travel. There should be
"maximum use of existing treatment insti-
tutions," doctors' facilities, etc., instead of
solely hospital-connected treatment.
R. B. ROBINS, M,D. (Past president, American Academy of
(keneral Practice, and of Arkansas Medical
:.pciety. Member, Democratic National Corn-
rlittee, 1944-52.)
-1, "In vigorous opposition to a program of
i.ealth care under centralized Federal ad-
rsinistration" financed by wage earners "for
Millions of Americans who do not need the
a $sistance."
2. Young doctors will be discouraged from
entering medicine.
- 3. Doctor-patient relationships will be dis-
r opted.
4. Doctors should not be forced into the
I -z social security system.
GROUP HEALTH INSURANCE OF NEW YORK
Arthur H.-Harlow, Jr., president. Insures
500,000 people, processing 40,000 claims
Meekly as a "consumer oriented plan."
1. "GHI favors the bill before your com-
r littee."
;2. Favors inclusion of anesthesiologists,
radiologists, etc., in basic hospital costs.
3. Regrets limitations of coinsurance,
"substantial deductible," exclusion of pre-
uentative medicine.
'4. Primary point: Choice of plans should
to available. "Independent plans" should
kg available (in the supplementary section)
with "the benef{cial results of private com-
I etition. "
C SEATER PHILADELPHIA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
(George L. Clothier, personnel superin-
Iendent Strawbridge & Clothier (depart-
laent store), chairman of the chamber's
k ospital task force.)
1. "In general sympathy with most of the
cbjectives," including Kerr-Mills extension,
Iasic hospital plan controls, separate volun-
tary supplemental plan.
2. Effective date of both basic and supple-
rientary plans should be July 1, 1967.
3. Cost control should be improved with
t.riiforrn cost accounting systems for hos-
t itals, while allowing for major differences.
.4. Financial incentives (reimbursement
l:rinciples) should encourage hospitals to
told down costs and to transfer patients to
cther facilities.
5. There should be uniform terminology
and numerical coding for all medical and
sargical services and procedures.
.6. There should be review and appeal pro-
cidures in each State on above and all other
r 3gulations adopted.
z7. Benefits. should be "graduated accord-
i:ig to ability to pay" and consideration
given to other available funds. The supple-
amentary plan should have maximum dollar
limits.
.8. Urge "extreme caution" lest this be
"the camel's nose in the tent.,,
CHICAGO MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION
(Dr. Paul E. Hanchett, educational
d [rector.)
The bill "should be unhesitatingly passed."
Like education, health care requires pay-
ment collectively. Medical care is "a pre-
candition to the efficient production and
e}joyment of all other commodities," with
iieplications beyond direct health benefits.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
f?lrther morning business? If not, morn-
ing business is closed.
- VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the unfinished
b isiness be laid before the Senate.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill
will be stated by title.
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (S.
11164) to enforce the 15th amendment to
the Constitution of the United States.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the request of the Senator
from Montana?
There being no objection, the Senate
resumed the consideration of the bill (S.
1564) to enforce the 15th amendment to
the Constitution of the United States.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
question is on agreeing to the amendment
offered by the Senator from Massachu-
setts [Mr. KENNEDY], on behalf of him-
self and other Senators, No. 162, to the
amendment in the nature of a substitute,
as amended, No. 124, offered by the Sena-
tor from Montana [Mr. MANSFIELD] and
the Senator from Illinois [Mr. DIRK5EN].
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
what is the time status so far as the
pending amendment is concerned?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
proponents have used 187 minutes and
the opponents haveused 165 minutes.
ORDER FOR RECESS UNTIL 12 O'CLOCK NOON
TOMORROW
Mr. 'MANSFIELD. Mr. President, to
clear the decks, I hope that the pro-
ponents and the opponents of the pend-
ing amendment will divide the time as
equally as possible. With that in mind,
I ask unanimous consent that when the
Senate completes its work work tonight, it
stand in recess until 12 o'clock noon
tomorrow.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection? The Chair hears none, and
it is so ordered.
Mr. MANSFIELD. There will be no
morning hour tomorrow. Immediately
after the prayer the Senate will resume
consideration of the amendment offered
by the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr.
KENNEDY], on behalf of himself and
other Senators, numbered 162, to the
amendment in the nature of a substi-
tute, as amended, numbered 124, offered
by myself and the Senator from Illinois
[Mr. DIRKSEN].
I ask unanimous consent that tomor-
row, immediately after the prayer, the
available time be equally divided between
the proponents and the opponents of the
amendment.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection? The Chair hears none, and
it is so ordered.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
should like to suggest the absence of a
quorum, the time necessary therefor be-
ing charged to me. It will be a brief call.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection? The Chair hears none, and
it is so ordered.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence Of a quorum.
. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The Chief Clerk proceeded to call the
roll.
Mr. 'ANSF'IELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
yield 1 hour to the Senator from Missis-
sippi [Mr. EASTLAND].
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from Mississippi [Mr. EAST-
LAND] is recognized for 1 hour.
Mr. EASTLAND. Mr. President, I rise
to speak against the pending amendment
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May 10, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
AIKEN, LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, JOHN
SHERMAN COOPER, MILWARD SIMPSON, LEN
B. JORDAN, an~cA JAMES B. PEARSON.
IS THE OAS WRITING HISTORY
ON THIS CONTINENT? THE STORY
OF HOW PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S
MOVE IN THE CARIBBEAN IS
BEING VINDICATED
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
yield whatever time is necessary to the
Senator from Alaska.
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, I
thank the distinguished Senator from
Montana.
The Organization of American States
is now meeting at the Pan American
Union to decide what action to take with
relation to events in the Dominican Re-
public. The outcome of that meeting
will be of historical dimensions. What
the 20 special delegates from the Amer-
ican Republics decide to do about the
Dominican situation will determine
whether OAS machinery for peace and
security in the Western Hemisphere
moves forward into the context of the
1960's or grinds to a disastrous halt.
On May 6 I pointed out on the floor
of the Senate that the situation in the
Dominican Republic is totally different
from the one we face in Vietnam. For
one thing it is at our front door in the
Caribbean. It is not on the continent of
Asia. I commend the-President for his
swift action in the Dominican Republic,
both for humanitarian purposes-the
saving of lives-and for heading off Com-
munist takeover in the Caribbean. I also
urged that our initial action be made as
soon as possible a joint concern of all
the American Republics. I am glad that
the administration did indeed lay the
matter before the Organization of Amer-
ican States.
Unhappily, the U.S. press has been
gravely derelict in reporting what has
transpired in the OAS with regard to the
Dominican crisis. Reports continue to
imply that the United States overacted
in the Dominican circumstances. While
generally accepting the necessity to res-
cut U.S. national and other foreigners
whose lives were endangered, commen-
tators express doubts regarding the wis-
dom of expanding our mission to prevent
a Communist takeover. Many reports
question the extent of Communist infil-
tration.
Yet, to my knowledge, none of the
major wire services, newspapers, or
radio-television systems have taken the
trouble to examine the findings of the
OAS investigating team that returned
from the Dominican Republic last week-
end. The Special Committee of the
OAS consisted of the following five
Latin American Ambassadors: Ricardo
M. Colombo, Argentina; Elmar Penna
Marinho, Brazil; Alfredo Vazquez Car-
rizosa, Colombia; Carlos Garcia Bauer,
Gutemala, and Frank Morrice, Panama.
On Friday night, May 7, the Council
of the OAS met to question the Com-
mittee regarding its findings in the Do-
minican Republic. The meeting lasted
almost until 3 o'clock Saturday morning.
While the meeting was private and the
press not admitted, the OAS Council de-
cided to release its proceedings so that
the hemisphere-indeed the world-
could be apprised of the true situation in
the Dominican Republic.
The Pan American Union made the
document available to the press on Sat-
urday night about 8 p.m. The text is
in Spanish, so it appears that reporters
who do not read Spanish simply ignored
it existence. I understand that the OAS
secretariat does not provide translations
of proceedings in languages other than
those in which they transpire. Since
the text of this particular meeting is so
important, I shall put the entire docu-
ment into the RECORD as soon as I have
it translated.
Meanwhile, it is imperative that the
gist of the Ambassadors' revelations be
widely publicized. If we are to judge
the efficacy of U.S. policy and to plan for
similar episodes in the future, we must
first understand what is taking place in
the Dominican Republic. What better
source, then, than the views of five Latin
American Ambassadors, from five ex-
ceedingly diverse Latin American coun-
tries, sent,to the Dominican Republic in
the official capacity of investigators of
the OAS?
Here, then, are some of the highlights
of their testimony.
The members of the Special Commit-
tee were asked to report on the degree
of Communist infiltration in the rebel
and junta forces. The Ambassadors of
Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia all
expressed their opinion that the de-
gree of Communist infiltration had in-
deed reached worrisome proportions.
Ambassador Colombo of Argentina re-
vealed that Colonel Caamano himself
recognized that Communist infiltration
was a great problem for the rebels.
The delegate from Brazil put the situ-
ation this way:
Mr. President, to corroborate the affirma-
tive answers just given by my colleagues from
Colombia and Argentina and add an aspect
which I believe can help to clear the focus
thta can be given to this problem, I wish
to say, Senores Special Delegates, that with
the total collapse of public authority-since
neither the forces of the junta of govern-
ment (Benoit, Santana and Saladin), nor
those of Colonel Caamano controlled the sit-
uation-the Dominician State practically dis-
appeared as a juridicial-political entity, dis-
solving into a kind of no-man's land. The
arsenal had been handed out to the people,
and all of the disoriented population, ado-
lescents and fanatics, carried modern auto-
matic armaments, in an excited state which
was even more exacerbated by constant ra-
dio broadcasts of obvious subversive char-
acter. Neither I, nor any of the members
of this Committee, I believe, am in condi-
tion to assert with assurance that the move-
ment of Colonel Caamano, backed by the
really popular figure of ex-President Bosch,
is an essentially Communist movement. But
one fact is-indisputable: during the state
of true anarchy in which the country was
engulfed for various days, especially the capi-
tal, where bands of snipers sacked, killed,
and did not obey anyone, whatever orga-
nized group disembarked on the island could
have dominated the situation. For that rea-
son, and on this the majority of the chiefs
of foreign missions there agree, all the mem-
bers of the Committee are in accord in ad-
mitting that the movement of Caamano, al-
though authentically democratic in its ori-
gins, since none of us believe sincerely that
Caamano is a Communist, could rapidly have
9721
been converted into a Communist Insurrec-
tion.
The special delegate from Uruguay-
Senor Oribe-asked whether the situa-
tion is such that it would endanger the
peace and security of the hemisphere.
As you know, Mr. President, collective
action by the inter-American system can
be invoked only in the case that the peace
and security of the hemisphere are en-
dangered. Otherwise, collective as well
as unilateral action would be considered
intervention in the internal affairs of a
member state, and hence prohibited by
Charter of the OAS.
In answer to this crucial question, the
special delegate from Colombia replied:
The first question is: Is the situation such
that it endangers the peace and security?
My answer is "Yes;" yes, there exists a sit-
uation which endangers the peace and secur-
ity. The reasons are very clear. A disturb-
ance or even a war in one member state is
not the same where there exist elements of
order and constituted authority as in a state
where one can see, one can judge the degree
of, and one can document the absence of
constituted authority. What to do, Senor
Delegate, faced with the absence of a state?
What does the (inter-American) system do
when a state does not exist? What happens
when blood is flowing through the streets;
what happens, Senor Delegate, when an
American country-and I am going to speak
frankly so that your Excellency meditates
with all the clarity that we recognize you
possess-if those conditions are found, in the
vicinity of Cuba? Do we sit in the balcony
to watch the last act of the tragedy? Do
we sit as in a bullring awaiting the entrance
of the matador and his crew? What to do,
Senor Delegate? We are in a movement of
the struggle of international communism;
and we are in the world, Senor Delegate, and
America is not separated even by the sea
from other continents. The Dominican Re-
public, as any country in America, is a part
of the (inter-American) system, and it is
the system which will suffer when any of its
members is headless. The problem we face
is not one of juridical concepts, subject to
an exact legal interpretation. The problem
is one of deep political significance, of con-
tinental importance, much graver than that
of any of the other American revolutions.
Mr. President, the five OAS delegates,
all of them Latin Americans themselves,
have performed a magnificent service for
inter-American peace and solidarity.
They have, in a very real sense, vindi-
cated President Johnson's decision to act
quickly in the Dominican situation.
Now the question of the future of the
Dominican Republic has moved on to an
inter-American stage. The OAS Spe-
cial Committee has declared that, in the
anarchial situation in the Dominican Re-
public, there existed the danger of a
Communist takeover. Hence, the OAS
presence in the Dominican Republic is
warranted as a counterforce to extra-
continental intervention in an American
Republic.
The question which the OAS must now
face concerns returning that tragic little
American Republic to a semblance of
peace. It is not enough to have nipped
off an impending Communist subversion.
I believe that the OAS now has the re-
sponsibility to protect the Dominican
people from either a tyranny of the left
or the right. The prospect of a Com-
munist tyranny should not be an excuse
to permit the establishment of an ab-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE May 10, 1965
horrent dictatorship of the Trujillo
stripe.
The United States, having intervened
to stave off a Communist dictatorship,
cannot now abandon the Dominican peo-
ple. The OAS, having in effect condoned
the U.S. intervention and turned it into
a collective action, now must assume the
responsibility for assuring that the Do-
minican people do indeed get the oppor-
tunity to exercise those democratic rights
upon which the Charter of the OAS is
based.
It is my understanding that the meet-
ing at present in progress will concern
itself with the next collective steps to
be taken in the Dominican Republic. As
is clear from areading of the discussion
by the members of the Special Commit-.
tee, both sides in the present conflict in
the Dominican Republic respect the in-
ter-American system, have faith in it,
and desire to cooperate with it. This
augurs well for any imaginative attempt
by the OAS to proceed to the tough task
of reconstruction.
I do not underestimate the tremendous
problem ahead in any - collective ef-
fort to help the Dominican people on
the path of. attaining a viable, demo-
cratic government. But I am convinced
that the effort must be made. I ferv-
ently hope that the Council of the OAS,
presently meeting, will hasten to estab-
lish a committee of distinguished hem-
isphere citizens to serve as advisers and
counselors In the Dominican Republic
until such time as democratic elections
can be held to record the voice of the
Dominican people.
As soon as I can obtain a translation
of the May 7-8 session of the OAS, I
shall insert It in the RECORD. It is re-
quired reading for all those who wish to
know what really transpired in the Do-
minican Republic that led the United
States to risk the opprobrium of our La-
tin American friends by landing U.S. ma-
rines on Latin American soil for the first
time in a generation.
In short, we may be on the eve of a
great turn of events in the history of
American relations. If these materialize
as a result of President Johnson's swift
action coupled with his efforts to get the
Organization of American States to take
over, then the tragic losses of life in the
Dominican Republic may not have been
in vain. This could well be the most im-
portant change In hemispheric policy
since President Roosevelt's declaration
of the good-neighbor'policy early in his
administration and his subsequent efforts
to make the Monroe Doctrine, as he
termed It, "a joint concern" of all the
American Republics.
The President, as we know, has been in
touch with the outstanding apostles of
democracy in the Latin American world:
Romulo Betancourt, the great ex-Presi-
dent of Venezuela; Jose Figueres, former
President of Costa Rica; a figure of in-
ternational standing; and our own Luis
Munoz-Marin who has written a bright
page of history in the Caribbean. In the
case of Munoz-Marin, it has always been
regretted by those who appreciated his
great statesmanship that it could not
have been exercised on a scale larger than
a small island-Puerto Rico. Maybe the
opportunity has now come for him to put
his i great talents and vision to work in
behfif of the whole hemisphere.
Finally, let me say again that Presi-
dent Johnson Is to be commended for his
swif i statesmanship and action in the
Caribbean, although I find it difficult
to understand the-size of the military
comnitment that has been made. But as
of naw, we must all hope that a hemis-
pheite organization will move in, and, as
I said on the floor of the Senate last
Thursday, relieve the United States both
of the responsibility and the onus of
unilateral intervention.
Mr. President, I suggest the absence
of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll. I'
T]le legislative clerk proceeded to call
the ::all.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
Tlhe PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out abjection, it is so ordered.
3, a consul,: and a secretary in the Diplomatic
Service of the United States of America.
The following-named Foreign Service offi-
cers for promotion from class 7 to class 6:
Fredrick C. Ashley, of Ohio.
John M. Beshoar, of Colorado.
Warren Clark, Jr., of the District of Co-
lumbia.
Raymond H. Collins, of Missouri.
Wilfred F. Declercq, of Missouri.
Roger R. Gamble, of New Mexico.
Richard E. Ginnold, of Washington.
Kenneth Allen Hartung, of New York.
Arthur D. Levin, of Rhode Island.
Charles T. Magee, of the District of
Columbia.
Edward Michael Sacchet, of Maryland.
Cameron H. Sanders, Jr., of New York.
William L. Swing, of North Carolina.
Norman E. Terrell, of Washington.
Miss Lenore E'. Westfahl, of Wisconsin.
The following-named Foreign Service
officers for promotion from class 8 to class
7.
Paul G. Berry, of Maine.
Kenneth WWr. Bleakley, of :New York.
Duane C. Butcher, of Oklahoma.
David P. N. Christensen, of Nevada.
Jared J. Collard, of Washington.
Lowell R. Fleischer, of Ohio.
Richard M. Greene, Jr., of California.
George H. Haines IIT, of New, York.
Lauren Wells Jackson, of New Jersey.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, Charles E. Lahiguera, of Rhode Island.
undii' the agreement previously entered, Thomas G. Martin, of Alabama
I ask unanimous consent that the Senate Shirl F. McArthur, of Washington.
stand in recess until 12 o'clock noon Joseph D. McLaughlin, of Kansas.
Donald E. Mudd, of the District of
torn IrroW. Columbia.
There being no objection, the Senate Bruce S. Pansey, of Rhode Island.
Cat o'clock and 18 minutes p.m.) took Irwin Pernick, of New York.
a recess, under the order previously en- Gordan R. Powers, of Idaho.
terel until tomorrow, Tuesday, May 11, John P. Riley, of New Jersey.
196E. at 12 o'clock meridian. Miss Ruth ]M. Schimel, of New York.
NOMINATIONS
EHecutive nominations received by the
Senate May 10, 1D65:
U.S. ATTORNEY
Harold B. Beaton, of Michigan, to be U.S.
attorney for the western district of Michi-
gan for the term of 4 years, vice George E.
Hill, resigned.
DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE
Mercer Cook, of Illinois, now Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the
Unit-xl States of America to the Republic of
Sene;al, to serve concurrently and without
additional compensation as Ambassador Ex-
traordinary and Plenipotentiary of the
Unit :d States of America to The Gambia.
Ridgway B. Knight, of the District of Co-
lumk ia, a Foreign Service officer of class 1,
to bi' Ambassador Extraordinary and Plent-
pote] Itlary of the United States of America
to Be Igium.
George A. Morgan, of the District of Co-
lumk ia, a Foreign Service officer of the class
of career minister, to be Ambassador Extraor-
dinaiy ' and Plenipotentiary of the United
States of America to the Republic of Ivory
Coast 7.
Ba. mey B. Taylor, of Michigan, now a For-
eign Service officer of class 2 and a secretary
in the Diplomatic Service, to be also a consul
general of the United States of America.
Ronald I. Spiers, of Vermont, for appoint-
meni ' as a Foreign Service officer of class 2,
a consul, and a secretary in the Diplomatic
Servile of the United States of America.
Godfrey Harvey Summ, of Virginia, now a
Foreign Service officer of class 3 and a sec-
retary in the Diplomatic Service, to be also
a ca:lsul general of the United States of
Amer lea.
Morris H. Crawford, of Virginia, for ap-
poinl went as a Foreign Service officer of class
John F. Simmons, Jr., of the District of
Columbia.
Gilbert J, Sperling, of Pennsylvania.
Thomas Ronald Sykes, of Illinois.
Paul Daniel Taylor, of New York.
Thaddeus C. Trzyna, of California.
The following-named persons for appoint-
ment as Foreign Service officers of class 7,
vice consuls of career, and secretaries in the
Diplomatic Service of the United States of
America:
Sydney Goldsmith, of New Jersey.
Alphonse F. LaPorta, of New York.
Stephen 0. Lasser, of California.
Miss Sheila-Kaye O'Connell, of Massa-
chusetts.
John H. Penfold, of Colorado.
Bruce C. Rogers, of New York.
Theodor Rumme, of Massachusetts.
James W. Shinn, of California.
James E.. Taylor, of California.
John Way Vincent, of Illinois.
Miss Sarah D. Wilkinson, of California.
The following-named persons for appoint-
ment as Foreign Service officers of class 8,
vice consuls of career, and secretaries in the
diplomatic service of the United States of
America:
William E. Barreda, of Texas.
David L. Blakemore, of New York.
Colby Cornish Coombs, of Massachusetts.
James J. Ehrman, at Wisconsin.
Thomas P. Gallagher, of New Jersey.
Arthur H. Hughes, of Nebraska.
Richard L. Jackson, of Massachusetts.
Dennis W. Keogh, of the District of
Columbia.
Peter S. Maher, of Illinois.
Gene B. Marshall, of New Hampshire.
Richard Keller McKee, of Illinois.
Walter M. Notheis, of California.
John E. Ormond, Jr., of Rhode Island.
Alan Parker, of Kansas.
Albert J. Pl:anagan, of New York.
Bruce F. Porter, of Iowa.
Mark S. Ramee, of New York.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX May 10, 1965
In Cooperation iI' OAS
EXTENSION OF RE
HON. DANIEL. J. FLOOD
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 10, 1965
Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, the Phila-
delphia Inquirer of Tuesday, May 4, 1965,
in its lead editorial, commented on the
situation and developments in the Do-
minican Republic.
The Inquirer supports the action taken
by President Johnson in his decision to
send U.S. troops in there immediately in
order to save the lives of countless men,
women, and children, many of them U.S.
citizens.
In addition, the Inquirer states that
"the peril in the Dominican Republic is
precisely the kind of crisis in which the
Organization of American States is
solemnly pledged to respond."
The editorial follows:
IN COOPERATION WITH OAS
Joint action by nations of the Western
Hemisphere, utilizing the administrative and
diplomatic machinery of the Organization of
American States, offers the best hope of
resolving the crisis in the Dominican Repub-
lic. Proposals by the United States on Mon-
day, enlisting the participation of other Latin
American - countries in emergency peace-
keeping operations, under OAS auspices,
point the way to proper and effective han-
dling of an extremely grave situation.
There are several urgent elements in the
Dominican turmoil and each of them requires
decisive and immediate attention. In each
instance the authority to act lies clearly
with the OAS. President Johnson is moving
in the right direction in calling upon the
Organization to exercise its authority as ex-
peditiously as possible. '
Responsibilities for ending the bloodshed
in the Dominican Republic, and safeguarding
hemispheric interests there, should be as-
sumed by the OAS swiftly so the United
States may `be relieved of its interim role
Of unilateral intervention that was under-
taken to save thousands of persons from an
imminent threat of mass slaughter by Com-
munist-inspired terrorists.
As :President Johnson said, in his televised
report to the American people Sunday night,
"We have acted to summon the resources of
this entire hemisphere to this task.' He de-
fended his decision to send U.S. troops to
the Dominican Republic, without waiting for
OAS action, on humanitarian grounds. "I
knew there was no time to talk, to consult
or to delay," the President emphasized. To
have hesitated would have been to condemn
countless men and women to "die in the
streets."
Communist efforts'to captialize on the Do-
minican upheaval for their own purposes are
not surprising. It is the classic Communist
strategy of turning chaos into opportunity.
The OAS has placed itself on public record
several times in opposition to Communist
Infiltration and aggression in the Western
Hemisphere.
One such occasion was In January of 1962,
at "theOASmee ting inUruguay, when several
'eolutions in condemnation of Communism
were adopted. President Johnson made ap-
propriate reference to one of these resolu-
tions in his address Sunday night.
The :peril in the Dominican Republic is
precisely the. kind of crisis in which the.
Qrganization_of American States is solemnly
pledged to respond. Such response should
have solid support from the United States
.and other OAS members and should be suffi-
.ciently firm to assure both peace and free-
.dom for the Dominican people-within a
framework of self-government free of foreign
dictation from anywhere.
Medical Association of Georgia Selects
Georgian General Practitioner of the
Year
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. G. ELLIOTT HAGAN
OF GEORGIA
IN THE MOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 10, 1965
Mr. HAGAN of Georgia. Mr. Speaker,
It is my pleasure to advise the House that
a high honor has been bestowed upon
the father of one of our distinguished
colleagues, ROBERT G. STEPHENS, JR.
The House of Delegates of the Medical
Association of Georgia just recently
selected Dr. Robert G. Stephens, of
Washington, Wilkes County, Ga., as the
General Practitioner of the Year for
the State of Georgia.
Dr. Stephens has been dedicated to the
noble practice of medicine for 60 years,
and I am proud to insert in the RECORD
a splendid article about his selection as
General Practitioner of the Year:
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA SELECTS
GEORGIAN GENERAL PRACTITIONER OF THE
YEAR
AUGUSTA, GA.-The House of Delegates of
the Medical Association of Georgia at its an-
nual session at the Augusta Town House on
May 2-4 selected Dr. Robert G. Stephens, of
Washington, Wilkes County,'Ga., the "Gen-
eral Practitioner of the Year." Dr. Stephens,
father of Congressman ROBERT G. STEPHENS,
Jr., of the 10th District, was nominated by
the Wilkes County Medical Society and en-
dorsed by the Richmond County Medical So-
ciety. The award was made on 'May 4 to the
-honoree at the afternoon session. 'Congress-
man and Mrs. Stephens flew from Washing-
ton, D.C., for the ceremony and one daugh-
ter, Mrs. J. Mason Williams, Jr.,.came from
Perry, Fla., while Dr. Stephens was accom-
panied by his daughter, Mrs. Lucian Wilson,
who lives with him.
The Medical Society of Georgia, founded
in 1849, through its committee chairman,
Dr. Hubert Milford of Hartwell, cited Dr.
Stephens for his 66 years of service with
these words:
"Dr. Stephens has practiced medicine for
60 years. Sixty years of unselfish devotion
to the practice of a profession that he con-
siders a calling. He practices the type of
medicine that is attempted by many but
achieved by few. He keeps abreast of the,
best medical practice and shares his knowl-
edge unselfishly for the benefit of the rich
and poor alike. He has been an inspiration
to those of us who have had the privilege
of working with him since he started practice.
"Dr. Stephens was born in Crawfordville,
Taliaferro County, Ga., on June 17, 1881,
the, youngest of four children born to John
Alexander Stephens and his wife, Mary Emma
Stephens. Of noble lineage, he was the
nephew of Alexander H. Stephens, Vice Pres-
ident of the Confederacy, an outstanding
Southern statesman. He received his pri-
mary education in Washington, Ga., and later
in Atlanta. He is a graduate of the Uni-
versity of -Georgia, and while there, was out-
standing in its activities, having been asso-
ciate editor of the Pandora and treasurer of
the athletic association. He graduated from
the-university in 1902, with an A.B.'degree.
He then entered medical school at the At-
lanta College of P:lpsicians and Surgeons,
.from which he' graduated April 3, 1905, with
an M.D. degree. While there, he was in-
strumental in establishing the chapter of
Chi Zeta Chi medical fraternity, and in 1910,
at the national convention of this fraternity,
he was elected to supreme historian of the
national council and held this position for
a number of years.
"It is of interest that Dr. Stephens was the
.first resident physician of Wesley Memorial
Hospital, which at that time was on Court-
land Street in Atlanta, where it remained
until 1918, when It Was relocated in a large
and up-to-date new plant on the campus of
Emory University, where its name was later
changed to Emory University Hospital.
"When Dr. Stephens finished his residency,
he started his practice as contract physician
and surgeon for a lumber company in Silver
Springs, Fla. He returned to Atlanta, Janu-
ary 1907, where he started in private prac-
tice in the general practice of medicine.
Soon after his start in practice, he became
adjunct professor of physiology at the At-
lanta Medical College which was the fore-
runner of Emory Medical School and later
acted also as chief of the outpatient depart-
ment.
"While engaged in the teaching of physi-
ology, Dr. Stephens revised and brought up
to-date 'Jones' Outline of Physiology' and
this was published under the title of 'Out-
lines of Physiology' by Jones and Stephens.
It was used as a textbook of physiology at
numerous medical schools.
"In 1910, Dr. Stephens was elected to the
position of medical director of the Atlanta
public schools, which he held until 1916, at
which time he refused reelection in order to
return to the full-time practice of medicine.
He did general practice in Atlanta, in Fulton
County, Decatur, in DeKalb County, and in
Old Campbell County and in portions of
Cobb County. During this time he was on
the staff at Crawford W. Long Hospital and
had privileges in every hospital in Atlanta
until the time of his removal to his old fam-
ily home in Washington, Ga.,. in 1938, where
he has served his community and followed
the practice of his uncle, Dr. Robert A. Simp-
son, Who died that year. His honors have
been many. Besides the aforementioned
honors and achievements he has -served on
the faculty of the Atlanta Medical College
and on the staff of Grady Hospital. He was
on the board of trustees at the Carnegie Li-
brary in. Atlanta for 10 years, serving as its
chairman for 6 years. He has served.as pres-
ident of the Washington, Ga., Kiwanis Club.
He has twice served as president of the Wilkes
County Medical Society and as chief of staff
of the Washington General Hospital. He is
a member of the board of trustees of the
Mary Willis Library in Washington and
chairman of the board for 16 years. Dr.
Stephens is Presbyterian; while in Atlanta
he was a ruling elder of the Druid Hills
Presbyterian Church for 26 years. He is now
a member of the Washington Presbyterian
Church where he has served as a ruling elder
for 26 years. During World War II, he was
appointed by the Governor to serve on the
Selective Service appeal board No. 3 and for
6-years was a member of that board,
"In 1907, Dr. Stephens married Miss Lucy
Evans, of Atlanta, a daughter of Gen. Clement
A. Evans and from this union was born four
children. Three girls, Mrs. Dudley W. Rey-
nolds, of Atlanta, Mrs. Lucian C. Wilson, of
Washington, Ga., and Mrs. Mason Williams,
Jr., of Perry, Fla. One son, ROBERT G. STE-
PHENS, JR., of Athens, Ga., now serving Be a
Member of Congress from the 10th District of
Georgia.
"As a ' final note` let It be said that Dr.
Stephens is still active in . the practice of
medicine, going day and night attending to
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educating the top 25 percent in academic
ability.
He pointed out that students are paid sti-
pends,to attend undergraduate schools and
pay no tuition, room or board.
The 75 percent who are not admitted to,_
Universities enroll in vocational or technical
schools or take correspondence courses. Some
will apply again to the universities.
Hoglan believes that a young Russian who
is not admitted to the university has a very
small chance of getting a good job and ad-
vancing himself.
The Russian school system does not offer
many 'opportunities to students in rural
areas. Education seldom goes beyond the
fourth grade there. Hoglan recalled that
one Russian official dismissed this fact by
saying: "If a student in the country really
wants an education, we will send him to a
boarding school."
The youth organizations of the Soviet
Union impressed Hoglan. He emphasized
that all extracurricular activities are spon-
sored by independently staffed and financed
Government agencies. The youth groups are
indoctrination agencies of the Government,
he added.
Communist youth programs, he added, are
much more extensive and intensive than ours
because of more money and personnel. He
pointed out that our full-time teachers must
double as extracurricular advisers.
Children in the primaries join the Octo-
brists; those in secondary grades, the Young
Pioneers. A selected number of pioneers
join Komsomol, the stepping stone to the
Communist Party and elite status, he said.
Secondary schools require each student to
take four languages. Hoglan explained that
the Soviet language program is stronger than
ours partly because their need is greater.
He noted that a trip from Tibilisi, Georgia,
to Kiev in the U.S.S.R.-a distance equal to
that between Denver and Marshalltown-
would take a Russian from an area speak-
ing Georgian to Kiev, where Russian is the
native tongue.
Voice of Modern History
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HARRIS B. McDOWELL, JR.
OF DELAWARE
IN THE, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 10, 1965
Mr. McDOWELL. Mr. Speaker, Mrs.
Charlotte Shedd, one of my constituents,
who conducts a regular program on
radio station WDEL in Wilmington, Del.,
forcefully: and eloquently set forth her
personal views in a May 3 broadcast.
Her remarks were based on her personal
experience and knowledge of the ruth-
less forces of totalitarianism, and hers
is, therefore, an authentic voice of mod-
ern history.
I take this opportunity to share her
views with my colleagues, and I include
the text of her broadcast remarks at
this point in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
VOICE OF MODERN HISTORY
Mine is but a voice in the wilderness, a
small voice, lost in the hum of 190 million
voices that fill this land from ocean to ocean,
from border to border, from hills to plains, in
the valleys, and on the mountaintops. And
a woman's voice at that.
But nevertheless it is a voice of a citizen
of, the United States of America. A citizen
not by birth but by choice. Thechoice de-
cided by the system of government and the
freedom of Its institutions offered to one
like myself-that very freedom indeed which
at this moment permits me to express my
viewe and my emotions freely through the
medium of a free press and radio.
I im concerned about this freedom, I
know-what it is like to be without it. You do
not. You have never sat in your livingroom
and listened to your President announce in
a voice filled with tears and breaking with
emotion: "foreign troops are crossing our
bordoirs, to avoid unnecessary bloodshed I
have ordered to cease all resistance; God
save---well, in my case it was-Austria."
You have never sat there, stunned at the
news, your throat choked with fear, your
hearir beating wildly, listening, listening for
the sound of the conquerors' boots. And they
came; the conqueror-with tanks and
plans and guns and with truncheons, and
chains and tortures and death.
Ard they had their lists of people who at
one time or another had voiced opposition
to dictatorship; who were known to be hos-
tile to the conqueror. And the knocks began,
on t:e doors of the citizens at 4 o'clock in
the morning, "open up--Gestapo." And the
fathers and sons and brothers and daughters
did not return from shopping trips because
they 'had been picked up in the streets, de-
nour.ced by their neighbors who thus gave
vent to a personal grudge.
You don't know all of this, and I hope and
pray you never will. But don't think, don't
let yourself be lulled into thinking, it can-
not happen here; it can and it will if we
perlr. it Communist infiltration of our neigh-
bors to the south. One by one, the plan
pres v~..v.... ,.......w.,.
most likelyto add stability to the inter- a role today-but they can be changed.
There is no easy answer to this Bi-
national community. The U.N. Charter provisions are not so
I lemma, and every course of action in- explicit and in the case of the Congo
OAS NATIONS ARE COMMITTED TO PROMOTING wolves calculated risks. For my money,
DEMOC
RACY :however, I would choose the right of self- the U.N. found a way to intervene. For
In the Western Hemisphere, to estab- =government unrestricted except for a the moment the political problems within
lish and maintain .representative de- continuing guarantee to the people that the U.N. probably preclude such a role,
mocracy is an important goal of the {their right to choose their own leader- leaving regional organizations such as
Organization of American States. In -would be respected and enforced. the OAS and the OAU in the best posi-
the Charter of Bogota which set up the -This would mean that a military coup or tion to act if they will. There is no in-
OAS in 1948 as a "regional agency with- , any other revolution would automatically -herent reason, however, why the U.N.
in the U.N.," there appears the following bring forward OAS forces designed to en- should not act when requested to act by
language: force these basic constitutional processes. a freely chosen government which is
The solidarity of the American States and his is the kind of intervention which in threatened by forces within the country.
the high aims which are sought through it my judgment is highly moral and is UNITED STATES MUST ANNOUNCE ITS OBJECTIVE
require the' political organization of those -sorely needed. OF FREE ELECTIONS
States on the basis of the effective exercise of Had this type of guarantee been in Some implications which follow from
representative democracy. effect in 1963 President Bosch could have this examination of our intervention in
A Conference of Western hemispheric called upon the OAS or the United States the Dominican Republic are inescapable.
nations was called in 3962 on this ques. for help in defending his constitutional We need to firmly fix in our minds and
tion. It is interesting to note that this right to his office. Such a procedure- announce to the world that our objective
y a e
The possr 1 l
becoming the multilateral agency to in-
tervene in support of free elections needs
further consideration. The OAS Charter
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_ APE
is the preservation of the right of people
to choose their own government. It is
In these terms that we must justify the
use of force, and not on the grounds of
anticommunism. Moreover, this re-
quires a reexamination of our position
on coups which are committed by the
military forces In these countries.
It is my fervent hope that events in
the Dominican Republic will cause this
Nation to take a good, hard look at what
it really seeks to do-and then to speak
the truth. If a fundamental reexami-
nation follows these events it may bring
a new surge of enthusiasm and commit-
ment to the enormous undertakings of
this Nation across the globe.
WE ARE AT A CROSSROADS
It is my considered judgment that the
United States stands at one of its most
crucial crossroads since World War II.
The energetic application of force by
President Johnson has filled a vacuum,
but like the genie in the bottle, we may
have uncorked an ill spirit which can do
more damage to the United States than
any other single action taken since the
end of World War II. People across this
entire globe will be watching with close
attention the steps now taken by our
Government. If there was ever a time
when the fundamental morality of our
Nation had to be demonstrated, that time
is now. This fundamental morality
must be pursued vigorously to its logical
conclusion despite the calculated risks
which are involved.
The Organization of American States
likewise stands at a crossroads. The
doctrine of nonintervention uncritically
accepted these past decades must now be
reexamined with eyes which also com-
prehend the enormous moral implica-
tions of the events which are unfolding.
If the OAS meets these challenges, it can
literally transform this hemisphere with
new relationships which recognize man's
responsibility to man and our mutual in-
terdependence in our common efforts to
secure the blessings of freedom for pos-
terity.
The Importance of Job Vacancy Data
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 10, 1965
'Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, for a
number of years the Republican mem-
bers of the Joint Economic Committee
have been urging the administration to
do a statistical survey on job vacancies to
serve as a critical tool of economic poi-
icymaking. Work on this project has
now begun. At the same time, the Na-
tional Industrial Conference Board has
been conducting its own pilot studies in
this area, the first results of which were
announced in the Washington Post of
May 10.
In a Rochester, N.Y., study, the NICB
found 8,000 job vacancies for an esti-
mated fob vacancy rate of 3 percent of
the work. force. When the NICB elimi-
nated those jobs that would be avail-
able at some date beyond the cutoff date
of the study, the job vacancy rate was
1.9 percent. Comparing these figures to
Rochester's 2.7 percent unemployment
rate presents a.convincing demonstra-
tion of how in at least one labor market
area, the number of jobs going begging
equals or even surpasses the number of
people unemployed.
This information makes strikingly
clear the dangers inherent in trying to
pump up aggregate demand in order to
reduce unemployment without knowl-
edge of the number of job vacancies ex-
isting in the economy. It lends new ur-
gency to the need for such data which
has been expressed by Prof. Arthur
Burns, Prof. Raymond Saulnier, and
other distinguished economists.
I ask unanimous consent that the ar-
ticle from the Washington Post, to
which I referred be included in the REC-
oim at this point.
The article follows:
JOB VACANCIES STUDY ADDS FUEL TO POLICY
CONTROVERSY
(By Frank C. Porter, Washington Post staff
writer)
New fuel for a continuing argument over
national economic policy was supplied yes-
terday by the National Industrial Conference
Board, which said a pilot study indicates the
significance of job vacancy statistics.
The finding bolsters the case of some con-
servative economists, who contend that un-
employment figures as a determinant of Gov-
ernment policy are misleading unless com-
parable statistics on unfilled job opening are
also considered.
Other economists have argued that job
vacancy figures are uncollectible in a form
precise enough to be useful-largely because
too many employers are unwilling to furnish
the information.
But the NICB, a business-backed research
organization, claimed yesterday that "a high
rate of employer response can be obtained."
It released the first part of a pilot study
in which it surveyed 401 employers in the
Rochester, N.Y., area and found some 8,000
job vacancies as of February 12.
NICB reported 33 percent of the openings
were for professional and managerial talent;
22 percent for semiskilled workers, 17 per-
cent for skilled, 14 for clerical and sales, 7
percent for service, and 6 percent for un-
skilled workers.
Despite the demand for professional types,
the survey, found that in 58 percent of the
vacancies, employers were willing to accept
those with no related work experience. And
in more than a third, no high school diploma
was required.
As a result of the survey, Rochester's job
vacancy rate was estimated at 3 percent of
the work force. Eliminating those jobs avail-
able at some future date, the rate would be
1.9 percent. The area's unemployment rate
was 2.7 percent at the time, NICB said.
The small spread between the job vacancy
and unemployment rate goes to the nub of
the argument set forth by Arthur F. Burns,
Chairman of the Council of Economic Ad-
visers under President Eisenhower. Writing
recently in the Harvard Business Review, .
Burns took issue with the longstanding pol-
icy of basing stimulative Federal monetary
and fiscal policies on the basis of a high
unemployment rate alone without any ref-
erence to existing job vacancies.
The Burns theory can be put this way.
'Faced with an alarming 7-percent unem-
ployment rate, a nation might resort to def-
icit financing and low interest rates to
perk up the economy and take up the man-
power slack. -
A2279
But supposing the job vacancy rate was
also 7 percent. This would indicate as many
unfilled positions as idle workers. And it
would suggest either or both of two condi-
tions: (a) imperfections in the machinery
of matching men or jobs, and (b) lack of
qualifications among the unemployed to fit
them for the vacant jobs.
Under these conditions, Burns argued, the
Government's stimulative policy would have
little impact on unemployment; rather
would it aggravate a skilled manpower short-
age through increasing demand and thus
produce inflation.
Some liberal economists, in addition to
being dubious about the usefulness of job
vacancy figures, fear they might be used as
a political tool to squelch or cut back eco-
nomic stimuli and other policies to relieve
unemployment.
But H. Bruce Palmer, NIOB president, not-
ed yesterday that "job vacancy information
has been collected and published regularly in
most of the developed countries.
"Our ultimate goal is the development of
at least as good a measure of the demand
for labor as we now have for the supply of
labor," he said. "Although final judgment -
must await the completion of two additional
surveys later this year, it seems apparent at
this point that a meaningful count of job
vacancies can be made."
Los Angeles City Council Opposes Dirksen
Amendment
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES C. CORMAN
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 10, 1965
Mr. CORMAN. Mr. Speaker, as a
former member of the Los Angeles City
Council, I am proud to report its unani-
mous opposition to proposals which
would overturn the one-man one-vote
rule. The action of the Los Angeles City
Council and of many other representa-
tive governmental bodies and, organiza-
tions throughout our Nation is encour-
aging evidence that the voice of the peo-
ple will be heard and that attempts to
write permission for unfair legislative
apportionment into the Constitution will
be defeated. The text of the council
resolution follows:
Whereas the central right of all men who
live in a self-governing society is the right
to vote; and
Whereas the form of a self-governing so-
ciety is nothing but a pretense and a decep-
tion to the extent that its structure actually
operates to grant to its members an unequal
voice in the conduct of their public business;
and
Whereas citizens of the populace counties
of California have an unjustifiably unequal
voice in the conduct of their affairs because
an amendment to the California constitu-
tion was adopted in 1926 for the purpose of
perpetuating the political dominance over
the affairs of this State which the northern
counties of California enjoyed by reason of
their population in the 19th century; and
this was done through the device of diluting
the strength of the votes of persons residing
within the rapidly growing heavily popu-
lated counties of the south; and
Whereas the citizens of Los Angeles County,
now totaling nearly 7 million in number, are
entitled by reason of their population to
more than 15 State _ senators, but have suf-
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CONGREG~IONAL 1PCORD APPPNDN
Mr. Ralph Atlass, and I should also like
to include in the RECORD today, the
namin of those illustrious Chicagoans
who sat at the main table in honoring
Mr.. Wass.
Those joining in the tribute repre-
sent(;l a cross section of Chicago's lead-
ing aersonalities in the radio and tele-
visioa industry.
Tie head table guest list included the
folio wing :
Bolf Larsen, Chuck Bill, Daddy-O Daylie,
Josh Brady, Merv Griffin, Gene Taylor, Capt.
Bill :eddy, Virginia Gale, Bob Atelier, John
Dorelnus, Norman Ross, Paul Gibson, John
Harrington, John Moser, Dan Calibraro.
Sark Hettler,Don McNeill, Larry Wolters,
Ed V allis, Howard Miller, Ralph Atlass, Jim
Beaci, Jack Brickhouse, Irv Kupcinet, Ernie
Shomo, Lee Phillip, Jack Bowen, Franklyn
Mac(:Armack, Eddie Hubbard, Fahey Flynn.
Mr. Speaker, Mr. Miller's remarks fol-
low:
ADDRESS BY HOWARD MILLER AT THE RALPH
ATLASS TESTIMONIAL BANQUET, APRIL 23,
1915
005001 2003 Oay M 1965
Ralph' Atlass conducted radio's first'-
coinci-dental listener survey--this is integrity-not
imposed by rules or regulations, but born in
a mind and a heart.
Today, Ralph Atlass, as vice president of a
great group: of radio and television stations,
continues to contribute, long he will. He
will continue to teach all of us how radio
stations should be properly operated to serve
the needs of an audience. He will continue
to teach us the value of integrity.
This is the Ralph Atlass we honor tonight.
fered by reason of the dilution of their voting
influence to the extent that now they have
but one senator, and the vote of a citizen
in the sparsely settled areas of the State is
inflated to the extent that it may have as
much as 450 times the influence in the State
senate as does the vote of a citizen in Los
Angeles County; and
Whereas despite court ruling that this in-
justice must end, an active and well-financed
campaign to preserve: the present system is
being carried on by members of the California
State senate and a member of California
interests which seek to preserve the present
system through which a minority of less than
11 percent of the people can effectively con?
trol the State senate; and
Whereas Members of Congress are being
actively solicited to adopt measures making
it possible for minority control to continue
in California, and there is danger that this
campaign of propaganda, if not forcefully
contradicted, may persuade even Congress-
men from those districts of California which
are most severely discriminated against that
the people of the heavily populated counties
are content with the present intolerable
situation: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the Council of the City
of Los Angeles advise California's Senators
and all Members of Congress elected from
the County of Los Angeles:
1. The Council of the City of Los Angeles
without a dissenting vote has advised the
State legislature that it favors the creation
at an early date of Senate districts in this
State based upon the judicially approved
principle of substantially equal population.
2. The city ? of Los Angeles requests the
Congress not to adopt any amendment to
the U.S. Constitution which, by superseding
the equal protection clause of the 14th
amendment, or otherwise, would make it
possible for a State legislature, whether sup-
ported by a majority vote of the people or
not, to be so organized that the equality
of the weight and influent of one citizen's
vote upon the State's legislative processes
is substantially different from the weight
or Influence of another's merely because he
lives in a different place, engages in a dif-
ferent means of livelihood, or belongs to any
class or group whose existence has no rela-
tionship to his status as a citizen.
Chicago's Radio and Television Industry
Honors Ralph Atlass
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 4, 1965
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, last
week the broadcast Pioneers Organiza-
tion awarded its annual achievement
award to Mr. Ralph Atlass, vice president
of the Westinghouse Broadcasting Co.,
Inc., and founder of radio station WIND
in Chicago.
Several hundred leading figures in the
radio and tlevision industry joined in the
tribute to Mr. Atlass, who has scored
with several of the "firsts" in the devel-
opment of the radio industry.
Mr. Howard Miller, one of Chicago's
most distinguished radio and television
personalities, served as master of cere-
monies at this inspiring banquet.
I should like to include in the RECORD
today, Mr. Miller's eloquent tribute to
L.B.J. Reemphasizes U.S. Desire To
Negotiate
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JOHN E. MOSS
OF CALI:FORNCA
IN THE HOUSE OF :REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, April 22, 1965
Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, the Sacra-
mento Bee, in an editorial dated April 30,
1965, makes it abundantly clear to all
that our President and our Nation is
willing to enter unconditionally into dis-
cussions on the Vietnamese crisis.
I am pleased to insert in the RECORD
the full text of this editorial:
L.B.J. REEMPHASIZES U.S. DESIRE To
NEGOTIATE
President Lyndon B. Johnson has provided
new evidence America Is eager to end hostili-
ties in Vietnam. In a well mounted press
conference he emphasized again the willing-
ness of this Nation to enter unconditionally
into discussions on the Vietnamese war, or
any other. subject with any government in
order to advance the cause of peace.
He emphasized that this Nation will not
relax its support of South Vietnam so long
as it is under aggression from the Vietcong.
Many the world over are asking why the
United States isin this messy fracas at all.
The answer is obvious. It is there because
twice it has been drawn into world wars
which it did nothing to head off when they
were building.
And America well may ask: Why are we
in this alone? Do the nations of Europe
have no recollections of Munich? Do they
have no memory of the clearly hostile steps
taken by the general staff of Germany before
1914?
This Nation has the logic of history on its
side, A Communist bloc, which already has
declared war on all capitalistic powers, 1s
making a. preliminary move in this war.
America is standing alone in trying to check
the expansion of a force which threatens all
free governments.
Of course this Nation should have done
more than It has done on the diplomatic
level. It should have reminded the signa-
tories to the treaty which ended the Indo-
china wax' in 1954 that they have as grave
a responsibility as the United States has to
see the treaty is observed. Probably the
United States has dune so. But has it done
so in terms which the other nations cannot
profitably ignore? Certainly the United
States should demand a :showdown with the
treaty signatories, with the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization and. with the United
Nations.
It is a :reflection on this country's persua-
sive power and on the gratitude of the other
free nations that America. alone has to suffer
the full cost of fighting the advance actions
of the Red bloc, which if they are successful
will embroil the whole world in annihilatory
Ur.like Marc Anthony, who appeared in the
Roman Senate to bury Caesar, not to praise
him,, we here admit that our privilege is to
praia a Ralph Atlass, not to bury him; be-
cause today, Ralph Atlass is as vital to our
industry as he has been since 1924, when he
brought a facility out of a basement in his
home in Lincoln, Ill., a facility which was
borr..a decade earlier in the mind of an 11-
year .old boy, only to become radio station
WBIIM. Since then, for these intervening
41 y 3ars, he has continued to make substan-
tial lontributions to our thinking and to the
art and science of radio communications.
Perlaps it is not wise to list accomplish-
ments of one so alive for fear a hearer might
beliixve the contributions have ended-
nothing could be further from the truth-
but for the historians, let me recite just a
few of the firsts achieved by Ralph Atlass:
First public service shows in conjunction
with the AMA in 1924, first courtroom broad-
casts in 1.929, first schoolroom of the air,
first- exclusive baseball broadcasts, first
broiaicast of a baseball road game, first co-
incigental listening survey-the birth of our
rating services.
T6ere are just too many more to list here,
but Ralph's biggest first was his introduction
of i, format or broadcast philosophy which
is now practiced by over 95 percent of all the
rad.o stations in the United States, the music
and'news format. It was in 1940, a quarter
century ago, that Ralph Atlass decided radio
could, and radio should do a better job for
our `citizenry; a quarter century ago that
he determined radio, as we knew it then,
was `overdue for an overhaul. With emphasis
on public service, he introduced music 24
hot rs. aday with news every half hour.
I0* these are the firsts which the docu-
meStarians can and will talk about. But so
that we. don't miss the real story, as an
em.)loyee, associate; and I am proud to say,
a f lend, the real greatness of Ralph Atlass
is born in the complete integrity he has
for our industry; integrity for the business
as; ect, for the client and. for the public.
Long before an NAB existed to establish a
cot.e of broadcast standards, Ralph Atlass had
United commercial word count and had in-
troduced a maximum spot content in the
br(,adcast hour, in keeping with good taste
he had banned certain types of objectionable
ad"ertising. Long before an FCC demanded
a share of time devoted to public service,
Ralph Atlass had initiated a wide spectrum
of programing designed to serve the needs
of our society. Long before our present-day
racing services were created to benefit the
adertiser in measuring circulation and to
assist management in pleasing the public,
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