SUPPORT PRESIDENT'S ACTION IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500120035-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 22, 2003
• Sequence Number: 35
• Publication Date: May 3, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

8882 Approved For ReleagMI?AMPVI/X-WMOT4M?g00120035-6 M" 3' 1965
aet up by President Truman in the 1940's
and reiterated over and over by both him
end the Congress of the United States and
by President filsenhower and President Hon-
nedy?that whenever a country being at-
tacked by .a Communist aggressor nation
seeks our help. we will give it. militarily or
otherwise.
There was nothing In the advertisement to
bring out that we have readied the days for
a final issue in this world; either_ freedom
freed
Is to softly* and exist where It wliphes to. or
communism is to control wherever it wish',
to.
The mlideters who signed the original ad-
vertisement are the same type Who furthered
the Neal cause by onikitiragement: for the
organisation and flourishing of ? Nazi front'
in this country in the Mfrs..In mc. in-
stances they are the same identid,U Men?
youngsters ?with no real intelligenoe then and
/apparently having gained .Utile in the years.
that have pealed.?? ? . ?
They are the same type same In the leers
Immediately following World War II, again
furtbered the Communist cause; and. in
soma inatanaes they are the lame men. In
all of these activities they were ably assisted
from college .faculty. make; more so now
than in the past..
Some of them are the same men, who.
mingling With college pretensions, took pert
In the glair Play for Cubs, ConAmittee which
was a Castro Oofmnuniat propaganolg agency
in this country end viliic:h became the haven
of Lee Harvey Oswald. *muffed aelessin of
President Kennedy_ . , , , ,
Around the country one finds the"same
college professors?or the same type?that
were in the past engaged in furthering
pacifist or similar leftist-liberal organisa-
tions now seeking to break down American
opposition to its only, real enemy in the
world?communism.
IA the Sias of memberl of the clergy. mem-
bers of Coilege faculties. members of le-
called intellectual end educated groups de-
nouncing President Johnson for his South
Vietnam course also 'are found -many who
lead in defiance of law in a manner to bring
bloody violence. and. horrillip .murder as a
result of civil rights demonstrations. And
in their own advocacy of defiance of law, and
sometimes dollen?, on their own, 'who can
question that they encourage?perhaps with-
out any intent at all?the widespread vio-
lence and lawbreaking and even terror that
spreads over the Nation today from teenage
POWs on the beeches through college. cam-
puses and Into the , Avesta . of the chase?
Those who proclaim ."In the name. of Ood
get us out of Vietnam"?through surrender
or the equivalent if need be?would do better
to say:
"So long as we have a President who will
fight against communism and ores wager/a.
in Vietnam or anywhere else, Inthe name of
God support
SUPPOPRESIDENT'S ACTION IN
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
(Mr. FUQUA at the request of Mr.
A Ilowsitel was granted permission to ex-
;?0;, tend his remarks at this point in the
Rscoae and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. FUQUA. Mr. Speaker. rise today
to express my support of the Preddent
of the United States for his swift and
forceful action In the Dominican Repub-
lic crisis. Only this bold move prevented
yet another nation from falling into the
grasp of communism, with the conse-
quence that the United States would
have been faced with another Cuba.
The fast-moving events of the past
few days saw a revolt begin in that strife-
torn nation which had as its avowed pur-
pose a democratic government. This
revolt was quickly taken over by Com-
munist conspirators and drastic action
was necessary to prevent another Castro-
type government in this hemisphere.
Many of these Cominunist conspire.
tors. -who took control of the revolt, had
been trained. in these very methods In
Cuba. It is the type of situation which
concerns us greatly, and one which I
spoke to the House about needy 2 years
ego, when I pointed to the growing men-
ace of Communists trained in Cuba who
seek.. to infest, every land In South
Miseries.
As Prendent Johnson expressed so
ably to the Nation; we cannot and will
hot allow another Castro-type govern-
Ment to further Infest thie hemisphere.
Every beachhead they establish means
that they will redouble their efforts to
establish others, spreading violence and
discord in their wake?destroying every
vestige of freedom when they are in
control.
r eupport the swift and dramatic
tion of the President in sending Ameri-
can forces to protect American lives, and
then when it became .obviouri that a Com-
Mudd takeover was possible. taking
forceful action to prevent such eventu-
ation On the part of the Presi-
dent Is Pfirt of. the new policy of these
United States at We seek to halt aggres-
sion and the spread of communism
through violence, subversion, and deceit.
The Communist aggressors understand
only force Anil this Xenon 'must not
waver in. its deterrainaUon to halt the
spread of? Ulla dictatorial plague which
seeks to engulf ?all mankind. This course
of action we have embarked upon is a
dangerous one, we know, but one which
all those who love freedom must be will-
ing to assume.
I support the President in this firm
action. , ? .
We seek not to dominate Our neigkr
bora, but the same token, we cannot
end must not allow them to fall victims
to trained conspirators who seek to place
another land under the Communist doc-
trine, which stifles freedom in all its
forms. ? ?
I feel thelt such determined and force-
ful action on the part of these United
Statevmake It crYstc; Clear Our deter-
mination to motive freedom. and IS the
only course of aetion operi 80 ws if we
are to ultimately .preserve our own de-
mocracy.
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ON
THE VOTING 1411
(Mr. ROSENTHAL (at the request of
Mr. Howsite) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the Rzcoae and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, to-
day I am Introducing a Joint resolution
which proposes a constitutional amend-
ment granting American .citizens who
have attained the age 18 the right to
vote.
Poe mar years now, such action has
been proposed, discussed, put aside, pro-
posed again. discussed again, and put
aside again. I think we ought to under-
stand fully the present factors which
make it proper and necessary for citizens
bf 18 to be entitled to vote.
In the past several years, this country .
has, witnessed a significant growth in!
the maturity of our younger citizens.
Many of these young Americans are
actively involved furthering the goals at .
the Great Society: in civil rights, In the
war on poverty, in the Peace Corps, and 7.
In the armed services. In the Peace,
Corps and the VISTA program of thip
war on poverty, such foung citizens
'largely responsible for unpreceden
smocesses.
Young men Under 21 are spread all
over the world as members of our Arme414
Pbrces. ready to give their lives to fur.I.!
tiler what we believe to be the righteof
all freemen, regardless of nationality:
At this very moment, many such young
men are dying in southeast Asia. . -
During this past campaign, an un.
precedented number of young citizens
offered, without reward, their time arld;,,,
energy to political campaigns all &Mr,'
the country. All of us in this
I think, realize the extent and, in
the importance of this commitment.
. Almost every day, I receive 1ntelligen
Informed, and well-reasoned letters f
young constituents of mine, exp
a wide range of political views. I am
constantly impressed by the authority
and sophistication of such letters. r
also encounter this intelligence and
Interest when I return to MY district to '
meet with and talk to my constituents In
parson.
The conclusion seems to me Inescapa-
ble. Young men and women are already
taking part in the American Political
process, offering their resources and. In
many cases, their lives for democratic
Ideals we all seek to promote. That they
should be doing this without the most
basic of all political rights?the right tei
vote?seems to me a serious inconsist-
ency. We are asking our pOlilig soldiers
to die for our democracy; yet we den*
them an electoral voice in the operation
of that democracy. We are reaping the
benefit of the efforts of young Americans
In the war against poverty, and the
Peace Corp.; yet we refuge them basic
participation in the system they seek to
support and improve Many of us, rt.
ggrdles3 of party, find such young people
of enormous help in our campaigns. or
In summer Jobe In our (Coes. Yet all
these young Americans, and all their
contemporaries are denied the right tc
vote.
I strongly urge the adoption of a cool
stitutional amendment to grant thal
right to citizens above the age of I&
THE ROLE OP INTERNATIONAL LAV
IN THE CONDUCT or ?tut nrrER
NATIONAL BEHAVIOR :1
(Mr. DOWNING (at the request of
HOWARD) VMS granted permission to
tend his remarks at this point In ff
RRCORD and to include extraneous mit
ter.)
Mr. DOWNING. Mr. Speaker,
the years many of us have been con
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Approved For Release
WAS. POST, 3 MAY 65.
2??3/111d ;gPUTS16Pricovainibn
Of Second Communist
Regime in Hemisphere
Cable From Envoy
In his impromptu television
address, his third this week,
the President- gave a day-by-
day review of Dominican de-
veflopments that led to the
U.S. intervention.
He said the decision to send ,
in troops was prompted by a
cable from Ambassador W. ,
Tapley Bennett in Santo '
Domingo reporting that Do-
minican officials could no
longer guarantee the safety of
American nationals.
"Ambassador Bennett went
on to say that only the imme-
diate landing of American
forces could safeguard and
pilotect the lives of thousands
of Americans and the citizens
of 30 other countries."
Works for Cease-fire
On receiving the cable, Mr.
Johnson said, ?"I thought we
could not and we did not hesi-
tate ..." American forces were
immediately ordered in.
After reviewing the history
of events that led to the de-
cision to dispatch the troops
last Wednesday, Mr. Johnson
said:
"They have attacked no one,
and although some of our serv-
icemen have lost their lives,
not a single civilian as a re-
See POLICY, Al2, Col. 1
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Announces That
4500 More Troops
Bound for Island
By LaurenCe Stern
Washington Post Stalf Writer
President Johnson de-
clared last night that "Com-
munist conspirators" had
seized control of the Do-
minican rebellion and said
-that the United States
would not permit the estab-
lishment of another Com-
munist government in the
Western Hemisphere.
At the same time he an-
nounced in a late-evening tele-
vision address to the Nation
that he was dispatching an
additional 4500 troops to the
troubled Caribbean republic.
This brings to 14,000 the U.S.
troop presence on Dominican
soil.
The President's statement
went further than any previ-
ous official declaration in
labeling the Dominican rebel-
lion as Communist-controlled.
'Tragic Turn'
While the revolution was
originally committed to "de-
mocracy and social justice,"
he said, it took "a tragic turn"
and "moved into the hands of
Communist conspirators." He
Isaid many of the Communists
;were trained in Cuba.
Mr. Johnson made a dra-
matic, personal appeal to rebel
forces to lay down their arms
and assured them that "the
road is open to build a new
Dominican democracy."
He assured the Dominican
people, and in a larger sense
all of Latin America, that the
United States is not backing
"any one man, or group of
men" in the current crisis.
? Before making his telecast
the President met privately
with a bipartisan group of
Congressional leaders to re-
view developments in the
Dominican crisis. Secretary of
Stote Dean Rusk and Secre-
olgtxireststg IVIc-
ara oo part in e brief-
ing for legislative leaders.
A 12 Monday, May 3, 1965 THE WASHINGTON POST
POLICY?
From Al
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LIU Says Reds Control Revolt
suit of this protection has lost
their lives."
From the very beginning,
he repeated, the United States
has worked for a eease-fire.
The request was before the
Organization of American
States on Wednesday when he
made his announcement, Mr.
Johnson said.
But when the entire U.S.
team in the Dominican Re-
public said unanimously that
if he didn't send forces im-
mediately "men and women
. . . will die in the streets, I
knew it was no time to talk
or delay," Mr. Johnson said.
"It's not a light decision or
matter to send our boys to
another country," he said. But
one shouldn't "vacillate or
hesitate" when lives are in
peril.
He added:
"I don't think the Ameri-
can people expect their Pres-
ident to hesitate?or vacil-
late?in the face of danger(
just because the decision is
hard."
Mr. Johnson said the revo-
httionary movement took a
tragic turnw hent he Commu-
nist leaders seized a chance
to create disorder and get a
foothold and took increasing
control of the revolution.
Many of the leaders of the
original revolution took ref-
uge in foreign embassies, he
said, "because they ?had been
superceded by evil forces."
Because of this, Mr. John-
son said, all requests for a
cease-fire were ignored.
The OAS then "responded
wisely and decisively." A five-
man team was sent to the
Dominican Republic "to re-
store normal conditions and
restore the Democratic proc-
ess. This is the situation now."
Mr. Johnson said "I plead,
therefore, with every person
and every country in this
Hemisphere" to contact their
ambassadors in the Dominican
Republic and get a firsthand
report of the "violence and
terror and international con-
spiracy" which had gripped
the country.
Explaining the sending of
the additional troops, the
President cited as reasons the
need for distribution of food,
medicine and the health re-
Requests Ignored
qui rem ent to avoid an e
demic because there are "hun-
dreds in the streets who have
been dead for
He added thROPP9vgdoFor Release 2003/10/15 : CIA-RDP67600446R000500120035-6
. Besides Rusk and McNa-
mara other high Federal offi-
cials who have been closely
involved in the Dominican
operation joined the evening
conference. They included
Deputy Defense Secretary
Cyrus Vance; Gen. Earle G.
Wheeler, chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff; Ells-
worth Bunker, U.S. Ambassa-
dor to the Organization of
American States; Central In-
telligence Director William F.
Raborn; Under Secretary of
State Thomas C. Mann; U.S.
Information director C a r 1
Rowan, and McGeorge Bundy,
Special presidential assistant
for Foreign Affairs.
House Speaker John W. Mc-
Cormack led a delegation of
ranking House Democrats to
the White House. The Repub-
lican House leadership was
represented by Party Leader
Gerald R. Ford and Assistant
Leader Leslie C. Arends, and
Mrs. Frances Bolton, ranking
Republican member of the
House Foreign Affairs Com-
mittee.
Democratic Senate Leader
Mike Mansfield and Chairman
J. William Fulbright of the
Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee were present.
Ranking Republicans in-
cluded Sen. Thomas Kuchel of
California, Leverett Saltons-
tall of Massachusetts, Bourke
B. Mickenlooper of Iowa and
George Aiken of Vermont.
Envoys Sent
Even as the President spoke,
two top American diplomats
were busy in Latin America
explaining what the United
States was doing in the Do-
minican civil war.
Roving Ambassador W. Ave-
rell Harriman flew to Bogota,
Columbia, to talk with Presi-
dent Guillermo Leon Valencia
in what he later called "long
and useful" and "most cor-
dial" talks. He said he had
come at President Johnson's
orders. Harriman later flew on
to Lima, Peru. From there he
goes to Rio de Janeiro.
Teodoro Moscow, former co-
ordinator for the Alliance for
Progress, was sent to Mexico
and Venezuela.
In Washington, the OAS an-
nounced that the general com-
mittee of the organ of consul-
tation will meet at 11 a.m.
today to give further consider-
ation to the Dominican prob-
lem.
"But more than 5000 people
?1500 of whom are Americans
?are tonight awaiting evacu-
ation . . . We just must get on
with that job immediately,"
he said.
`Moitves Misused'
Mr. Johnson said "we know
many who are now in revolt
do not seek a Communist
tyranny. We think it is tragic
their high motives have been
misused by a small band of
conspirators who receive their
direction from abroad."
The President said for those
who fight only for justice, he
wanted to join the OAS in an
appeal to "lay down your
arms."
"The road is open for you to
share in building a Dominican
democracy, and we in Ameri-
ca are anxious and willing to
help you," Mr. Johnson said.
"You are needed to help
shape that future," he said,
"and no nation should ever
take it upon .itself to interfere
with the affairs of your coun-
try or any other country."
Earlier Mr. Johnson met
with 15 congressional leaders
of both parties and, according
to Press Secretary George E.
Reedy, "recapitulated t h e
events of the week and dis-
cussed the latest developments
with them as well as the goals
and objectives of this coun-
try's activity in the Dominican
Republic."
already had evacuated 3000
persons.
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DOMINICAN SITUATION
(Mr. ALBERT asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, our coun-
try faces a grave challenge in the Domin-
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May 3, 1965
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 8809
lean Republic?a challenge to safeguard
the lives of our fellow citizens and other
foreign nationals in the tragic break-
down of law and order in that country;
a challenge also to assure?in coopera-
tion with the other American Republics?
that the Dominican people are free to
work out their own destiny and are not
enslaved by international communism
which is busily at work trying to control
the course of the uprising.
Our President made this abundantly
clear last night; we all owe his strong
leadership our support in this national
crisis. We do not want in any way to
Interfere with the Dominican people's
destiny, and we wish them well in their
search for a stable and democratic gov-
ernment. We do want to protect Ameri-
can lives and the lives of other foreign-
ers. We have evacuated over 3,000 and
there are thousands more to come. We
want to be sure that international com-
munism does not seize and stifle the
legitimate desires of the Dominicans for
freedom and progress. We know that
there are scores of foreign trained Com-
munist agitators at work. We hope that
Dominicans of all factions will repudiate
them and work peacefully for their coun-
try. That is our aim. That is the aim
of all the American Republics.
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. ALBERT. I yield to the gentle-
man from Louisiana.
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to subscribe to the statement just
made by the majority leader. I think
this Nation and the free world owe a
debt of gratitude to President Johnson
for acting with dispatch. The word came
last week about the utter chaos then pre-
vailing in the Dominican Republic.
President Johnson moved expeditiously,
and I think we can say today that there
are several thousand Americans alive
who may not have been alive had he
and our Armed Forces not acted. It is
the hope of everybody in this country
that a repetition of what happened in
Cuba has been prevented by the dispatch
with which the President acted.
Mr. ALBERT. I thank the gentleman
from Louisiana for his comments, and I
now yield to the distinguished Republi-
can whip.
Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to add to what the gentleman from
Oklahoma, the majority leader, has said.
All of us in the Congress forget partisan-
ship in these all-important matters and
we wholeheartedly support the President
of the United States in the firm position
that he has taken and which he con-
tinues to take not only in the situation
in Vietnam but in the speedy and direct
action he took last week relative to the
Dominican Republic. I trust the Pres-
ident will understand and know that we,
too, are as interested in the national wel-
fare as he is and we wholeheartedly sup-
port him in his endeavors and purposes
in these two trouble spots in our world.
I feel that I can say for our minority
leader, the gentleman from Michigan
[Mr. FoRD], and other Members of this
side of the political aisle, that we applaud
the President for his firm stands already
taken.
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I thank
the very distinguished gentleman from
Illinois whose cooperation and support
of American foreign policy as against
any partisan foreign policy has been evi-
dent throughout this entire crisis. Of
course, that has also been true of the
distinguished Republican leader of the
House, the gentleman from Michigan
[Mr. Fon], and of the overwhelming
majority of Members on both sides of
the aisle. The action of the minority
leadership in connection with this mat-
ter has manifested constructive states-
manship of the highest order.
(Mr. WHITENER asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD.)
Mr. WHITENER. Mr. Speaker, the
action of the President in seeking to
restore order in the Dominican Republic
Is commendable. This forthright ap-
proach to the threat to democracy in
Latin America will, in my judgment,
prove to be one of the most fruitful deci-
sions by our Government in this genera-
tion in international relations.
We have seen the tragedy of the estab-
lishment of a Communist beachhead in
Cuba. The same Communist conspiracy
was at work in the Dominican Republic.
The situation demanded immediate
action if our Nation was to meet its obli-
gation to repel further Communist ex-
pansion in our hemisphere.
All thoughtful Americans deplore the
necessity for the action that our Gov-
ernment has so wisely taken. We all
regret the necessary exposure of our
military personnel to the snipers' bul-
lets. As much as we regret the necessity
for these happenings, we can take pride
in the fact that our military people
under the direction of firm civilian lead-
ership were ready, willing, and able to
fulfill their assigned role in this crisis.
There will be those in the United
States who disagree with the action
taken by our Government. Some of
them will be sincere in their disagree-
ment as is true in virtually every situa-
tion where such positive action is neces-
sarily carried out, There will be many
in the United States who will disagree
with this policy because of their disap-
proval of our overall philosophy of
democratic government. This latter
group will make themselves heard in the
usual disorderly fashion. We must be
able to identify the actions and the
sources of this latter element and warn
our-people of the rationale of the insin-
cere adversaries of our American sys-
tem.
Mr. Speaker, it is my fervent hope that
the President will have the support of
the American people in this great under-
taking for humanity. If all of us sup-
port him in his aggressive leadership in
meeting the problems confronting free
people in the Dominican Republic, I am
sure that the cause of mankind will have
been well served.
In this time of travail, let us all pray
that the right solution to the grave prob-
lems of the Dominican people will be
forthcoming without further bloodshed.
Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, I have just
returned from speaking engagements in
Charleston, S.C., Fort Pulaski in Savan-
nah, Ga., and from a visit?with my dis-
tinguished friend the gentleman from
South Carolina [Mr. RIVERS], chairman
of the House Armed Services Commit-
tee?to the Marine base at Parris Island.
I want to report to you, Mr. Speaker,
and to the House that the people approve
of the prompt and decisive action of the
President in Santo Domingo. Our peo-
ple are holding up their heads and are
proud to be Americans. They are back-
ing the President in his efforts to fore-
stall Communist aggression in the form
of infiltration, sabotage, and violence.
Santo Domingo is of worldwide stra-
tegic importance, it controls the wind-
ward passages?these great sealanes
which are so vital to the Western World.
We cannot afford and we cannot tolerate
another Castro Cuba. Make no mistake
about it, Castro's agents are in Santo
Domingo and all of the Republics of
South and Central America. These Red
agents of aggression are exploiting any
situation to seize power and establish a
base of aggression. Violence and blood-
shed in Santo Domingo is a cold calcu-
lated move by the Castro Communist to
capture another strategic base in the
Western Hemisphere. The President
acted in the nick of time. He acted in
the interest of freedom and the security
of the West. The President's swift and
determined reaction to this grave threat
further serves notice to the Kremlin, to
Hanoi, and to Peiping, that the United
States will stand firm for freedom
throughout this world.
Mr. Speaker, I am introducing a House
concurrent resolution today commending
the President for his timely and forth-
right action.
CORRECTION OF RECORD
Mr. JONAS. Mr. Speaker, on line 6
from the bottom in the second column
on page 8551 of the RECORD for April 29,
1965, I am reported to have said that
the second supplemental bill then under
consideration contained $227 billion in
supplemental appropriations. What I
said was that the bill contained $2.227
billion in supplemental appropriations.
Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent
that the permanent RECORD be corrected
accordingly.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection
to the request of the gentleman from
North Carolina?
There was no objection.
CONSENT CALENDAR
The SPEAKER. This is Consent Cal-
endar Day. The Clerk will call the first
bill on the Consent Calendar.
BENEFITS FOR DISABILITY IN LINE
OF DUTY
The Clerk called the bill (H.R. 3413)
to amend section 106 of title 38 of the
United States Code to provide that indi-
viduals who incur a disability in line of
duty during certain service shall be en-
titled to certain veterans' benefits.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the present consideration of the bill?
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8810 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE May 3, 1965
Mr. HAIL. Mr. Speaker, reserving
the right to object, there was colloquy on
this floor April 26, 1965, concerning this
proposed legislation and it was at that
time put over without prejudice.
Mr. Speaker, I understand the gentle-
man who requested this legislation, the
distinguished chairman of the Commit-
tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,
the gentleman from Arkansas [Mr.
HARRIS], is on the floor today and is
very much interested in this bill and
would like to make a statement with
reference thereto.
Mr. Speaker, I continue to be con-
cerned because of the precedent estab-
lished by. this single legislative action
concerning an individual, on the Vet-
erans' Preferance Act insofar as prefer-
ence in future like cases, is concerned,
despite the unfortunate circumstances
involved in this particular case. He is
getting veterans care?although he is not
In fact a veteran?since he has never
been inducted and he has received no
type of discharge.
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. HALL. I would be delighted to
yield to the gentleman from Arkansas
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. Speaker, I thank
the gentleman. I want to share his con-
cern with reference to the protection al
the Veterans' Preference Act. I do feel
however that there are mitigating cir-
cumstances here that justify?as a mat-
ter of fact that require?special dispen-
sation.
I would like to say to the gentlemar
from Missouri that in the first place
would not consider this as a precedent
I would hope it would not be considerec.
as such. I believe that as a matter of
fact that equity and justice sometimes
should be the prevailing and motivatinu
reasons behind our actions and not be
considered as precedent for genera
legislation.
Further, Mr. Speaker, I would like tie
say to the gentleman from Missouri ane:
to the Members of the House that this
would affect a constituent of mine, E,
distinguished gentleman who lives in my
district, and a lifelong friend of the gen-
tleman from Texas [Mr. TEAGUE], chair..
man of the Committee on Veteransr
Affairs. He is a former State senator a
our State, served as Speaker of the House
of Representatives.
He moved to California where he livec:
for several years, during which time he
served in the position of postmaster it,
California. He came back to our State
and recently there was a vacancy in the
position of postmaster in the city a',
Mena, Ark. I designated him as the act.
ing postmaster.
pouring the war he was about to be
inducted, and on his way in a Govern-
ment vehicle with a number of othea
boys who were going to be inducted. Un.
fortunately, there was an accident thEt;
occurred to this vehicle. This party was
permanently injured in that accident.
Under the veterans law he waa
awarded service-connected disability,
and he has been drawing service-con-
nected disability since. However, in
view of the fact he had not served 90
days, or had actual service of 90 days,
though he was entitled to disability, and
received it, he is prevented from receiv-
ing the veterans preference in the ex-
amination for this position.
It is a well-known fact that several
other veterans who have taken the exam-
ination perhaps would have an advan-
tage, and we think it is just an inequity
under the present situation that could
not be helped. It is just one of those
things, and we seek to correct the in-
equity. I believe the inequity overrides
the matter of it being considered as a
precedent. For that reason we are try-
ing to give him the same preference only,
to do justice and equity under the cir-
cumstances, and I believe it is right.
Mr. HALL. I want to thank the gen-
tleman, especially for delving into the
matter of equity and justice being re-
garded as a precedent. There is not the
slightest question but what this might be
a place where a particular incident or a
particularly deserving individual, even
though actually inducted under one code,
would receive veterans benefits. He has
been receiving hospitalization when
needed.
Mr. HARRIS. That is true.
Mr. HALL. And also he deservedly
receives VA medical assistance. That
might well be and is properly considered
by this Government, but it does not have
anything to do with the question of
Precedent in the case. I have never had
the privilege of appointing a postmaster
or recommending one. That does not
bother me a bit as sometimes I think it
is a blessing. But the fact remains we
have two different rules and regulations,
two different opinions. The Veterans'
Administration has more or less washed
its hands in this case, and defers to the
Veterans' Preference Act as adminis-
tered by the Civil Service Commission.
For the benefit of the record, the Com-
mission says:
We believe that this should continue to
be the primary criterion.
Namely, preference under that act be-
ing contingent upon separation from the
armed services of the United States.
Continuing:
To accord preference for reasons other
than that would be contrary to the intent
of the Veterans' Preference Act and would
weaken the original benefit granted by
Congress.
And, parenthetically, these veterans
benefits are a gratuity of a grateful na-
ture. They are not a right under the
law.
Continuing:
Moreover, this legislation is inequitable.
It would have the effect of granting persons
who never saw active duty in the Armed
Forces an advantage over most of those who
did. This is because persons coming under
the purview of this legislation would be con-
sidered service-connected disabled ex-serv-
icemen, and would thus be accorded live
more points than nondisabled ex-servicemen
on earned ratings?
Who had served?
and late-filing privileges for examinations.
Therefore the Commission does not
favor enactment of this legislation, and
it comes back to my fear of a precedent.
Then I would like to ask one other
question. In addition to that, would it
not be better to allow this man to have
just a 5-point preferenc.e, if we are
going to "bridge the -gap" rather than a
full 10 points? Or would this upset the
appointing mechanism?
Mr. HARRIS. It would make some
difference because if, for example, there
are three other disabled applicants who
are receiving service-connected disabil-
ity as this man is receiving service-
connected disability, then they would
go to the top of the list even though
they made the lowest score.
Mr. HALL. But the fact of the mat-
ter is., if the chairman will bear with me
just a little further on this reservation
of objection, there are not three with
service-conneced disability?there are
three who have taken the same exami-
nation and are on the civil service regis-
try with non-service-connected dis-
abilities. Therefore, they have 5 points
of preference and this would automati-
cally put the man over them when he is
given 10 points of preference but no in-
duction or military service. Is that true
or is it not?
Mr. HARRIS. I do not know how
many have taken the examination. It
has already been called for but I do not
believe it has actually been held. Just
how many will show up to take the ex-
amination I do not know, but there
will be several who will be taking the
examination.
Mr. HALL. I was under the impres-
sion that the registry had already been
established in this. particular instance.
Mr. HARRIS. I do believe that
the Civil Service Commission's position
should be prevailing. They are talking
about the general application, and I
would agree that if there is going to be
a general application from the best
information we have, this just happens
to be a particular situation. It would
be a very rare thing if anyone else would
cane under this kind of situation.
Mr. HALL. But last week the chair-
man of the Committee on Veterans' af-
fairs and this week the gentleman who is
now in the well of the House admits that
it might well be used as a precedent.
Because of the fact that it does establish
a precedent objected to by the Civil
Service Commission and also provide for
10 points of preference instead of 5
points, even though it may be a most
deserving case, I ask unanimous con-
sent, Mr. Speaker, that this bill be passed
over without prejudice once again.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Mis-
souri?
There was no objection.
PROVIDING FOR THE REAPPOINT-
MENT OF ROBERT V. FLEMING AS
CITIZEN REGENT OF THE BOARD
OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSON-
IAN INSTITUTION
The Clerk called the joint resolution
(11.J. Res. 324) to provide for the re-
appointment of Robert V. Fleming as
Citizen Regent of the Board of Regents
of the Smithsonian Institution.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the present consideration of the joint
resolution?
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 8835
Both outside disciplines are strongly af-
fected by the size of Government borrowings
(the Federal debt). They also are affected
by the amount of private borrowings against
assets and future earning power, and the
maintenance of money as a stable measure
of the value of services, goods, and pavings.
EFFECT REPLACES CAUSE
It is argued by some that easy credit and
cheap money are necessary to promote maxi-
mum employment and economic growth.
This is putting the effect in place of the
cause. Maximum employment and eco-
nomic growth will produce easy credit and
cheap money but not vice versa. By trying
to use the effect to produce the cause, we
may damage both.
Maximum employment and economic
growth are basically, produced by intelligent
spending. We must always be able to dis-
tinguish the real from the sham. The ex-
penditure of the savings of people to create
new wealth and to increase purchasing power
is, of course, stimulated by consumer spend-
ing in the first place.
However, if here is insufficent incentive to
save and then to invest at a risk, the cycle is
broken. Here is where the interference of
Government to produce artifically low rates
of return for investment or to produce
cheaper money defeats its objectives.
GOVERNMENT FAILURE
In recent years, the Federal Government
has failed to use monetary and debt policy
to preserve an interest rate necessary to
channel the risking of savings into wise ex-
penditure policies. Indeed, Government
through its own expenditure policies has
contributed to a further deterioration of
good expenditure judgments.
The result is we have had a constant de-
terioration in our international balance of
payments. This has led to a flow of gold out-
side our society. This, in turn, is a threat to
the maintenance of the value of the dollar
as a medium of exchange domestically and
internationally. In other words, we have
riot preserved the value of the dollar.
Only by the exercise of self-discipline can
we maintain correct monetary and fiscal
policy. That discipline is to balance our
Federal budget and our international pay-
ments over the life of the business cycle.
THE TWO FACES OF CIVIL RIGHTS
(Mr. SELDEN asked and was given
permission to address, the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his re-
marks, and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, an article
In today's Washington Post, entitled
"The Two Faces of Civil Rights," indi-
cates the militant and unreasonable at-
titude being taken by elements of the
civil rights movement.
The article by Mr. Evans and Mr. No-
vak, which follows, points out that SCLC
leadership in Demopolis, Ala., is seeking
national publicity rather than their
professed aim of better jobs for Negro
citizens:
THE Two FACES OF CIVIL RIGHTS
(By Rowland Evans and Robert Novak)
DEMOPOL/S, ALA.?Although the newspaper
headlines from here last week told of clashes
between Negro demonstrators and tear-gas-
tossing police, the more important struggle
in Demopolis was waged between moderates
and radicals inside the civil rights movement.
In this Black Belt city of 8,500 (where
whites outnumber Negroes by less than 50
persons) the two faces of civil rights glare at
each other with increasing hostility, as else-
where in the Deep South.
? One face is conciliatory, seeking to reach
an accommodation with the white power
structure. The other face is revolutionary,
skeptical that "Mr. Charlie" (the white man)
will concede anything.
This conflict has ironic overtones in De-
mopolis. Mayor Ed Bailey, a segregationist
who realizes a new day has come to the
South, has made more concessions than any
other mayor in rural Alabama. Yet the civil
rights radicals?not the moderates?control
events here and have turned Demopolis into
the South's current trouble spot.
Doubly ironic is the fact there is only one
civil rights organization active here?the
Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King's Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).
But the SCLC itself is split between radicals
and moderates, its own fleldmen here travel-
ing separate paths.
This was graphically illustrated at a civil
rights mass meeting one recent Sunday in
the Morning Star Baptist Church.
Directing the meeting was the Reverend
Samuel Wells of Albany, Ga., a stout, worried-
looking SOLO organizer. Under his supervi-
sion, young middle-class Demopolis Negroes,
dressed in their Sunday best, softly revealed
results of negotiations they and Wells had
conducted with Mayor Bailey.
The results were impressive, indeed. SCLC
has won more in Demopolis during 6 days
than in Selma (45 miles to the west) during
6 weeks. Bailey had agreed to multiple de-
mands by the Demopolis Civil Club (an
SOW-sponsored group organized by Mr.
Wells) aimed mainly at better jobs for
Negroes.
But as the Civil (nub officers recounted
their negotiations, a dozen young men and
women (both white and Negro) seated on
the church altar seethed in anger.
Dressed in disheveled work and sport
clothes, these were the field workers of
SOLC's militant youth branch. Supposedly,
they got orders not from Mr. Wells in Demop-
olis, but from the Reverend James Bevel?
most militant of Dr. King's lieutenants?by
telephone from Selma.
Mr. Bevel's field commander in Demopolis,
a northern Negro named Gerald Turley,
moved to the pulpit. Dressed in sweaty
T-shirt and blue jeans, Turley stirred the
crowd for the first time with his gravel-
Voiced eloquence.
Though Mr. Wells and the Voters League
wanted a halt to demonstrations, Turley
shouted, "We're going to be on the streets.
We're going to die in the street if need be."
Henry Wershaw, a young white SOLO work-
er from New York, was even more explosive.
"If the white man won't let you have your
freedom, you're going to have to take it," he
yelled.
The upshot came the next morning. In
negotiations at city hall Bailey agreed to
much more than Selina's officials have got-
ten?city government supervisory positions
for Negroes and guaranteed sales jobs in
Demopolis stores. Nevertheless, Turley sent
Demopolis teenagers (kept out of school
against the wishes of the Civil Club) march-
ing through the streets.
Bailey would have Issued a parade permit,
but Turley refused to ask for it. To
maintain the principle of law and order,
Bailey told police to stop the marchers. The
result: Tear gas and national publicity.
Indeed, national publicity?not jobs in
Demopolis stores?was what Turley was seek-
ing. Believing that the white man is un-
worthy of trust, the civil rights movement's
revolutionary wing believes in agitation, agi-
tation, and still more agitation to bring out
the worst in the white man. Such is the ra-
tionale of the Gerald Turleys.
But Gerald Turley will leave Demopolis
sometime soon. When he does, the Demop-
olis Negroes will be left to reach permanent
understanding with the white establishment.
That's why many of them feel today that
Turley's radical tactics, coming after?not be-
fore?the whites had been forced to the bar-
gaining table, have done more harm than
good.
POLISH CONSTITUTION DAY
(Mr. WOLFF asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, today on
May 3 we commemorate the 174th an-
niversary of an event which in itself was
joyous and momentous but short-lived.
On May 3, 1791 the Polish Parliament
decisively adopted a constitution which
transformed Poland's limited autocracy
-into a constitutional democracy. Un-
fortunately, the enlightened government
established by the Constitution of 1791
survived little more than 2 years, for
not surprisingly, the government was not
to the liking of autocratic tsarist Russia.
Russian troops invaded Poland and final-
ly succeeded in overthrowing the govern-
ment. The Polish people struggled val-
iantly against the foreign oppressor, but
their brave battle was in vain. In 1793
their country was partitioned between
Russia and Prussia, and in 1795 Poland
disappeared from the map of Europe
until the end of World War I.
Because the Constitution of 1791 was
so quickly and forcibly shelved and be-
cause Poland's history since then has
been a tragic saga of foreign occupation
interspersed only by a brief period of
freedom between the First and Second
World Wars, the significance of this doc-
ument and of Poland's constitutional tra-
ditions are frequently overlooked. Po-
land was a great empire by the late 16th
and early 17th centuries, with lands ex-
tending far in the east into what is today
the Soviet Union and in the south to the
Black Sea and the Carpathian Moun-
tains. Even at this time, when most of
Europe was under the iron rule of auto-
cratic kings whose powers were unlim-
ited, Poland, though far from a democ-
racy, had already taken some initial
steps toward constitutional government.
From medieval times the respective roles
of the church, the clergy, and the gentry
had been carefully defined. The king
ruled, not as unlimited autocrat but
more accurately as cosharer of power
with the gentry and high officials who
sat in? a bicameral parliament vested
with legislative and executive powers
equal to those of the king. By the mid-
dle of the 16th century the king had be-
come an elective monarch, chosen for life
by parliament and obliged to sign a writ-
ten agreement enumerating his powers.
In a sense it is surprising that the
democratic Constitution of 1791 was
drafted when it was and not either sooner
or 'later, for Poland's earlier progression
toward constitutional government had
been interrupted during the 18th century
by the dynastic struggles of Austria,
Prussia, and Russia over Polish territory.
It may be recalled that in 1772 Poland
was partitioned among these three dynas-
ties and despoiled of one-fourth of her
territory. The mornent looked dark for
constitutional reform which would be
bound to antagonize Poland's stronger
neighbors, but when a rift developed be-
tween Russia and Prussia after the death
of Frederick the Great in 1786, Poland
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8836 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE May 3, 1965
seized its opportunity. In 1788 the Polish
Diet, or parliament, was convened to re._
vise the constitution, and by 1791 iti
work was finished.
The adoption of the new constitution
by Parliament and its acceptance by the
King, who took an oath to support and
implement it, was a unique step forward
in eastern Europe, a major advance in
man's history of governing himself, and
the beginning of what was expected tc
be a peaceful social revolution in Poland
Poland became a limited monarchy with
a cabinet government responsible to
Parliament. Parliamentary representa-
tion and certain other prerogatives of
the nobility such as the privilege of
office-holding, were extended to towns-
men. The cities- were given greater ad-
ministrative and judicial autonomy, and
the peasants were placed under the pro-
tection of the law, laying the basis for
the abolition of serfdom.
The unique significance of the Polish
Constitution of 1791 is not merely that
democratic government replaced limited
autocracy but rather than an event of
such magnitude was accomplished with
little or no bloodshed. In one sense it is
not surprising that Poland should have
chosen the 18th century for a monumen-
tal revision of its constitution, for the
fever of liberalism was spreading
through the Western world in the 18th
century. It was the century of Mon-
tesquieu and Locke, of the U.S. Constitu- _
tion, and the French declaration of the
rights of man and of the citizen. The _
concept of popular sovereignty?that all
authority emanates from the will of the
people?was being expounded far and
wide.
But, I repeat, the Polish experience is
still unique. Whereas the Americans
fought a war to gain independence and
tVe French succumed to a reign of ter-
ror in the name of democracy, the Polish
people accomplished the momentous-
transition peacefully. Commenting upon
the Polish Constitution, Baron d'Escare
wrote:
In Prance to gain liberty, they began with
anarchy; in Poland, the nation was given
liberty and independence, the respect for
the law, for person and property was assured,
and all this -without violence, without mur-
der sole), through the virtue of the courage
of the nation, which, realizing her misfor-
tune and her error, knew how to heal her
wounds.
Because of the important place Po-
land's Constitution of 1791 holds in the
history of constitutional democracy, the
sequel of Poland's own history seems
particularly tragic. To be swallowed up
completely by three greedy neighbors and
erased out of existence as an independent
nation for over a century is a particularly
bitter lot for a people as fiercely individ-
ualistic, courageous, and freedom-loving
as the Poles. The history of the Polish
people in our own country provides
numerous examples of the traits which
gave inspiration to the Constitution of
1791. Polish Generals Pulaski and Kos-
ciusko fought valiantly beside George
Washington in the Revolutionary War.
Polish Americans fearlessly helped to
open up the American West, gradually
pushing the American frontier ever far-
ther across our country until the wilder-
ness was gone and the Pacific Ocean had
been reached. In every community where
there are Polish Americans their in-
fluence has been felt: in street names, in
the cultural heritage of Polish songs and
dances, in Polish-American contributions
to civic office and community develop-
ment.
The tragedy of Poland itself has not
yet ended. After its brief interwar inter-
lude of freedom, Poland was overrun first
by the Nazis from Germany and then by
Soviet troops from the East. Many Poles
fought courageously and to their very
death at the side of the Allies in World
War II, but for them victory did not
mean a renewal of freedom. As we only
too well know, Poland was turned into
a Communist satellite where the individ-
ual liberties fought for so long and hard
were brutally repressed by a ruthless po-
lice state. Yet, even the repressive tech-
niques of Communism have been unable
to crush the ideal of freedom and democ-
racy which still burns brightly in the
hearts of the Polish people. The Poznan
uprising in 1956 and lesser signs of un-
easiness constantly recurring in Poland
are proof positive that the Polish people
are still willing to suffer severe hard-
ships for the right to speak out against a
government they abhor and to die for
the cause of freedom.
On this important anniversary, Mr.
Speaker, we commend from the bottom
of our hearts the unswerving courage of
the Polish people and encourage them in
the hope that they may yet one day
secure the ideals represented by the con-
stitution of 1791.
THE DOMINICAN CRISIS
(Mr. GIBBONS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. GIBBONS. Mr. Speaker, I sup-
port the action of President Johnson in
sending U.S. marines and paratroopers
into the Dominican Republic 100 per-
cent.
I commend him for the decisive and
appropriate action he has taken the past
several days to protect the lives of Amer-
ican citizens and other foreign nationals
In that tragically strife-torn country.
It was only after the local Dominican
police and military authorities informed
our government that they could no long-
er guarantee the safety of foreign na-
tionals that Mr. Johnson initiated action
for their prtoection.
As the President has said repeatedly,
our only motive has been humanitarian,
not lust for the territory of a small, sis-
ter republic. We crave not the land of
others, but the continued freedom and
security of the Inter-American systems.
We seek not domination over the brave
peoples of the Dominican Republic, but
the certainty that they will have the
right to determine their own destiny free
from the chains of an alien system.
It has become increasingly clear over
the past weekend that Communist agita-
tors have seized control of the revolt
in the country in an effort to drag yet
another free people behind the Iron Cur-
tain in the Western Hemisphere. We
are pledged to the prevention of another
Communist dictatorship as exists on the
island of Cuba, just 90 miles off the
shores of my own State of Florida.
If, in addition to protection of the
lives of foreigners in the Dominician Re-
public, the presence of American troops .
dramatizes our continuing commitment
to the freedom and independence of our _
sister republics, we are equally justified
in our course of action.
For the Communists, the world over,
understand only determination, force
and decisive action. They thrive upon
lack of resolve, weakness, and vacillation.
I share- the hope of our President that
an effective multination Organization of
American States police force can be
formed to replace the bulk of our troops
on the island. By, our willingness to co-
operate with such a mission, we will fur-
ther demonstrate to the whole world our -
lasting commitment to the Inter-Ameri-
can system arid close cooperation among
its members in preserving freedom in
our hemisphere and defeating an alien
system which seeks to destroy it.
DEATH TOLL ON THE HIGHWAYS
(Mr. FRIEDEL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. FRIEDEL. Mr. Speaker, for a
number of years I have not only been in-
terested, but very concerned over the ter-
rible slaughter on the Nation's high-
ways.
When the Special Subcommittee on
Traffic Safety was first created in 1956,
I became a member of that committee
which immediately set to work to learn
what it could about traffic safety and to
do something about it.
As a member of the Interstate and
Foreign Commerce Committee, I have
continued my interest in this field.
As a member of the Subcommittee on
Transportation and Aeronautics, which
has taken over the responsibility for
highway safety, among its multiple du-
ties, it is my plan to exert every effort
to reduce the terrible carnage on our
highways.
The increasing concern of the Con-
gress over the ever increasing death toll
has been indicated by the enactment into
law of legislation requiring seat belt
standards, brake fluid standards and in
the past Congress, safe car standards.
Mr. Speaker, it its my firm conviction
that we must continue to strive to make
our highways safe. When one considers
the financial burden, the loss of produc-
tivity and the hardship placed upon the
families of victims of highway accidents
which now cause the death of over 45,000
annually, as well as some four million
injured, bearing in mind that many of
those injured are totally and permanent-
ly disabled, it is time that we step up our
pace in the traffic safety area.
At the time that. the special subcom-
mittee was established in 1956, we found
that the public health service budgeted
only $150,000 for all accident prevention
research. I am pleased to note, Mr.
Speaker, as a result of congressional in-
terest, the budget of the Public Health
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
Service for this problem has been in-
creased to over $4 million. We still have
a long way to go, however, when you
compare the death and injury statistics
to the statistics on fatalities as a result
of heart disease, in which field over $135
million is expended in research by the
National Heart Institute and where over
$140 million is expended for cancer re-
search by the National Cancer Institute.
Mr. Speaker, I well realize that in the
last analysis, the man behind the wheel
is the controlling factor. Should his
vision be impaired, should he have had
too much to drink or have other defects,
accidents, many times fatal, will occur.
However, we can and we must reduce
this possibility to a minimum and I am
hopeful that through driver education
and through the various States taking
the initiative to adopt the uniform code,
we can reduce the number of incompe-
tent drivers.
Now, Mr. Speaker, I believe it is also
our responsibility to see that the pur-
chasers of automobiles and accessories
are provided with as safe a vehicle as
possible to reduce the possibility of mal-
functioning of equipment which is the
cause of many of our accidents.
As I previously indicated, Mr. Speak-
er, the Congress has taken the initiative
to provide standards for seat belts, brake
fluid, and safe cars. However, there is
still a glaring omission in safety stand-
ards?tire standards.
I do not believe that today there is a
Member of this House who, desiring to
purchase new tires for his automobile,
that transports his family, would know
the type, size, or quality of the tires he
would ultimately purchase.
Mr. Speaker, today we can purchase a
second line tire from a manufacturer
that will be labeled a first line tire under
another brand label. We are advised of
-tire sizes by the manufacturers, yet when
the General Services Administration
purchased tires for the purpose of com-
parison, there were many variations in
sizes and quality.
Mr. Speaker, we also see ads in the
papers where one may purchase tires for
as low as $9. It is not false advertising,
as the manufacturers indicate these tires
are for city or slow speed driving. Un-
fortunately, the teenagers, who have a
minimum to spend, purchase this type of
tire and then use them on highways at
excessive speeds causing the tires to blow
and we, in many instances, have another
statistic.
In line with the thinking of the Con-
gress, as expressed in the passage of the
bills previously mentioned, I am today
Introducing a bill to require safe stand-
ards for tires for motor vehicles. I be-
lieve such a bill is essential for the
motoring public and I hope that the
committee will move for early and expe-
ditious action on the leigslation.
I might go one step further, Mr.
Speaker, and say that I had hoped that
the manufacturers would take it upon
themselves, for the safety of the public
to provide set standards. However, after
the New York State Legislature had con-
sidered legislation to establish standards,
the manufacturers came out with a
hodgepodge of specifications. This still
leaves the public in the dark. There-
fore, I believe it to be imperative that the
Congress take action now.
Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con-
sent, I insert the bill which I am intro-
ducing at this point in the RECORD:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the
Secretary of Commerce shall prescribe and
publish in the Federal Register minimum
standards for tires for use on motor vehicles
other than those of carriers subject to safety
regulations under part II of the Interstate
Commerce Act. Such standards shall be
designated to provide the public with safe
tires so that motor vehicle accidents caused
by tire failure can be kept to a minimum.
Standards first established under this sec-
tion shall be prescribed and published not
later than one year after the date of enact-
ment of this Act.
Szc. 2. (a) The manufacture for sale, the
sale, or the offering for sale, in interstate
commerce, or the importation into the
United States, or the introduction, delivery
for introduction, transportation, or causing
to be transported, in interstate commerce,
or for the purpose of sale, or delivery after
sale, in interstate commerce, of any tire
manufactures on or after the date of this
section takes effect shall be unlawful unless
such tire meets the standards prescribed by
the Secretary of Commerce as set forth in
the first section of this Act.
(b) Whoever knowingly and willfully vio-
lates this section shall be fined not more
than $1,000, or imprisoned not more than
one year, or both.
SEC. 3. As used in this Act?
(1) The term "interstate commerce" in-
cludes commerce between one State, terri-
tory, possession, the District of Columbia, or
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and an-
other State, territory, possession, the District
of Columbia, or the Comonwealth of Puerto
Rico.
(2) The term "motor vehicle" means any
other vehicle or machine propelled or drawn
by mechanical power and used on the high-
ways principally in the transportation of
passengers.
SEC. 4. This Act shall take effect on the
date of its enactment except that section 2
shall take effect on such date as the Secre-
tary of Commerce shall determine, but such
date shall not be less than one hundred and
eighty days nor more than one year after
the date of publication of standards first
established under the first section of this
Act. It such standards first established are
thereafter changed, such standards as so
changed shall take effect on such date as the
Secretary of Commerce shall determine, but
such date shall be not less than one hundred
and eighty days nor more than one year after
the date of their publication in accordance
with the provisions of the first section of
this Act.
JUNIOR ACHIEVEMENT
(Mr. CALLAWAY asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. CALLAWAY. Mr. Speaker, today
lam privileged to take part in ceremonies
honoring the SeRoCo Junior Achieve-
ment Co. of Columbus, Ga. Junior
Achievement, as we all know, is an or-
ganization sponsored and supported by
business and industry in the United
States and Canada. Its aim is to edu-
cate youngsters in the principles and
facts of free enterprise, and further, to
educate through action.
8837
Each year boys and girls in Junior
Achievement groups gather in hundreds
of American cities to plan, form, and run
their own businesses. This year, the
award for the first place Junior Achieve-
ment Co. in America went to SeRoCo, the
company founded and run by 27 Colum-
bus, Ga., teenagers.
Their efforts in SeRoCo surely gave
these young citizens a first-hand knowl-
edge of our great American free enter-
prise system. Yet in addition, Mr.
Speaker, they have learned not only
how the free enterprise system works,
but also why it works?the greatness of
free men ruling a free economy.
I ask unanimous consent to insert in
the RECORD a speech that ably demon-
strates the value of this lesson. It is a
speech prepared by a young junior
achiever, David Reddick, president of
the award-winning SeRoCo Co.
I am proud today to salute the Junior
Achievement program, its sponsors, and
its fine young members like David. They
have joined forces to learn the workings
of freedom; and this, as the name im-
plies, is truly achievement.
SPEECH GIVEN SY DAVID REDDICK, PRESIDENT OF
SERoCo, No. 1 JUNIOR ACHIEVEMENT CO.
NATIONALLY, 1984-63
"Communism will rule the world." This
was a theory echoed around the world by
Mr. Lenin way back in 1918.
During the past 3 years, I have had the
opportunity of being a member of Junior
Achievement. .'he experience and knowl-
edge I have gained during this time has
taught me that Mr. Lenin's theory was noth-
ing more than hot air. Communism will
never rule the world.
I have been taught the true meaning of
the free enterprise system and the profit
motive. During this period of time I have
been in companies that have been very suc-
cessful and in some not quite so successful.
I have experienced the sweetness of success
and also the bitterness of failure. I have
learned the risks that must be taken and also
the rewards at the end of the rainbow.
I have grown in knowledge and experience
and have learned of the organization and
procedure of business. It has given ins the
basic qualification for entering the business
world. Not Only have I gained in experi-
ence, but I have been taught the importance
of initiative, the ability to work with others,
but most important, the need for making a
profit. It is my confirmed opinion that a
business is as good as the people who run it.
No better, no worse.
The training and experience to be gained
by active participation in Junior Achieve-
ment is a must for all young people. It has
made available to me vital knowledge which
cannot be obtained in high school or college.
I would like to make it clear here that this
is certainly no reflection on our school sys-
tem?we have one of the best, but the high
schools are just not prepared to teach busi-
ness because the curriculum is already over-
loaded.
Junior Achievement provides all young
people with the necessary tools to construct
a foundation for most any type business.
The training received prepares us for the
future of tomorrow, and what does the future
of tomorrow hold?
I might answer that by saying?Row high
is up? Allow me to quote one of the Na-
tion's leading insurance companies, and I
quote, "The future belongs to those who
prepare for it." As a result of the training
received in Junior Achievement, I am con-
vinced that I am better qualified to compete
In tomorrow's business world where job com-
petition is becoming greater and greater.
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8838 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
We have taken as our responsibility the
preservation of the free enterprise systesx4
The free, private enterprise system has bear.,
and will continue to,be, the one outstandin;
reason for America's phenomenal economia
growth and secure position as leader of the
free world. The free enterprise system ami
its amazing productivity was the key to
America's victory in World War II. It hal
survived the test of time in a way that no
other system has.
This is not to say, however, that the stir
vival of our American economic way of lifn
is guaranteed. On the contrary, the secu-
rity of free enterprise is maintained only,
through hard work and faith, faith and be-
lief that ours is the best way, the only way
to secure the good life for our people.
Free enterprise and America, for they are
one and the same, Is being challenged lin
many people with many ideas. Because oi
this, we must dedicate ourselves, in our own
way, to the preservation of free enterprise
Without free enterprise America would no
longer exist. Our bursiness system is the key
to our freedom, and if It were to vanish, then.
history would say of us, "They had a good sys-
tem, but neglected to appreciate and pre-
serve it."
/t is by the investment of our business
leaders that more young people are being
taught about the greatest heritage the world
has ever known?the American free enter-
prise system--a system upon which America
was founded, built, and upon which it will
build its future.
The question has often been asked among
young peeple, "How can one get a job that
takes experience, if he has no experience?"
Our business and industrial leaders have
made this experience available to over
100,000 young people this past year. It has
been stated that a person who has received
training in the Junior Achievement program
makes abetter business person than one who
has graduated from high school without ex-
perience and training in Junior Achievement.
There are many in this room who are
responsible for Junior Achievement and its
success. I'm sure I speak for everyone in
Junior Achievement when I say that we will
forever be indebted te you and others like
you for the opportunity you have given us.
May I leave you with this quote: A noted
historian made this observation: "Most
democracies last for about 200 years"?
gentlemen, ours is 176 years old.
Thank you.
PRESIDENT'S ACITON IN DOMINI-
CAN RETUBLIC
(Mr. GLENN ANDREWS asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute and to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. GLENN ANDREWS. Mr. Speaker,
I rise to commend the President of the
United States for the firm, prompt, and
thorough manner in which he seems to
be handling the situation in the Domini-
can Republic.
His expressed determination to pre-
vent the establishment of another Com-
munist regime in this hemisphere is.the
most encouraging announcement in'
America's foreign policy since January
1961.
In a spirit of constructive admonition,
I should like to take this opportunity to
state to my colleagues that until the
Communist cancer, centered in Havana,
Cuba, is torn out by the roots, more
American boys will have to be sent into
other Latin countries and too many will
return home in flag-draped coffins.
The President did not hesitate to tell
the Nation last night that many of the
Communists active in the Dominican up-
rising were trained in Cuba.
The eruption in the Dominican Re-
public should be the last evidence re-
quired by this hemisphere for a decision
to eliminate the Communist regime in
Cuba.
I urge the President to quickly an-
nounce that the liquidation of Cuba's
Communist government is a definite aim
of American foreign policy, and that no
pressures from any source, Communist
or ally, will dissuade us from that goal.
GOVERNMENT STILL GOING IN THE
RED
(Mr. MARTIN of Alabama asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute; to revise and extend
his remarks and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr. Speak-
er, in spite of the optimism of the Pres-
ident who reports with great satisfaction
that the expected deficit will be less than
he anticipated, the fact is we are still
piling up huge deficits which endanger
our economy.
Federal spending continues to increase;
shortly we will be asked to increase the
debt limit; each year the Federal Gov-
ernm.ent goes deeper into the red. We
cannot continue following such fuzzy
economic theories without being forced,
one day, to pay the piper for the ball the
big spenders have been having.
Let me remind you that the last bal-
anced budget was in the last full fiscal
year of the Republican administration
under President Eisenhower. We have
been told that spending has increased
because of the increase in defense costs,
but again let me remind you that the
spending level increase has not been due
to increased defense programs, but to in-
creased social welfare programs.
would also like to point out that the
-increase in dollar spending, serious as
It is, does not reflect an even more seri-
ous danger to our Republic, the increase
of Federal encroachment in areas which
are rightfully the responsibility of the
private sector, the States and individual
citizens.
Mr. Speaker, it is far past time for us
to return to responsible fiscal policies. If
our private enterprise system is to sur-
vive we must live within our income. We
must call a halt to programs we cannot
afford if we are to remain a strong and
solvent nation.
How far we have gone along the road
to irresponsibility in fiscal matters is
ylearly shown in the excellent editorial
yy David Lawrence in this week's issue
U.S. News & World Report. I include
the editorial, "Only $30 Billion in the
aed" as a part of these remarks.
ONLY $30 BILLION IN THE RED
(By David Lawrence)
President Johnson, in a somewhat opti-
mistic vein, the other day told the American
people by television and radio and through
the press that the deficit in the Federal
budget for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1965, would be at least a billion dollars below
May 3,1965-.
the $6.3 billion which he had estimated last
January.
This is supposed to be a sign of an improve-
ment, if not a reversal, in the deficit spend-
ing 'which has now been going on year after
' year. ?
The sad truth is that in the 5 fiscal years
beginning on July 1, 1960, the gross public
debt will have increased by approximately
$30 billion. The total interest now costs
more than $11 billion a year.
Unfortunately, most persons in official life
and also many others engaged in economic
dialog are not disturbed by deficits total-
ing only $30 billion in 5 years. The thesis
of the new school of economists is that defi-
cit spending is the way to keep business
good and that it doesn't matter whether the
Government, year after year, is spending
more than It is taking in.
The official budget estimates are often mis-
leading. In the past 10 years, the original
forecasts of the budget made 18 months be-
fore the end of a fiscal year amounted cu-
mulatively to a total of only $200 million of
deficit. But the revised estimates, made
each time a year later, added up to DZI ac-
cumulated deficit of $36.9 billion. In that
same 10-year period, the actual figures
showed a deficit total of $40.8 billion.
The big fact is that the Government is
running in the red year after year. Expedi-
tures are kept down in some categories but
go up in others.
The assumption is that, even with the
large deficits, the United States will be able
to pay its bills. But it can do so only with
depreciated currency, and the risk to the av-
erage citizen is that prices will rise as the
monetary unit dwindles in value. Many
governments have bad a tragic experience
with such inflation.
Business conditions, of-course, are regarded
as good today, largely as a result of the re-
cent cuts in tax rates. But how long will
this last? For wages and prices as well as
State taxes are continuing their upward
trend. The mere size of the sales volume
is not an indicator of a nation's ability to
maintain its monetary unit on a stable basis.
The truth is that the Government is spend-
ing money for many things that it could
well do without. This doesn't mean that the
money is actually wasted, but it does mean--
that priority could be given to sound finance
and the Nation would not suffer.
No administration, of course, can balance
the budget at o:nce. It must be a gradual
process so that the economy can absorb the
changes. But when year after year there
Is no sign that a balanced budget is even In
sight, there is bound to be discouragement.
Meanwhile, the Nation will have to examine
carefully all the official forecasts being made
because experience Ms shown that, under
both Republican and Democratic adminis-
trations, erroneous esilmates have been of-
fered. This is due to some extent to an in-
ability to gauge correctly future trends in,
business, both in this country and overseas.
The Eisenhower administration in Janu-
ary 1958, for example, predicted a surplus of
$500 million for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1959. But, due to a downturn in busi-
ness which, during that same period, devel-
oped into a real recession, receipts were $6.1
billion less than anticipated. In an attempt
to reverse the business curve, the spending
went up by $6.7 billion. So the final out-
come was a budget deficit of $12.4 billion.
Likewise in January 1962 the Kennedy
administration forecast a surplus of $500
million for the fiscal year ending June 30
1963 but the estimate proved to be wrong
by nearly $7 billion. This was because cor-
porate -profits had been estimated at $56.5
billion and turned out to be only $48.2 bil-
lion. Also taxes from individuals did not
come up to the figures that had been predict-
ed. Much of this was due to the_uncertain-
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May 3, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE
ties in business occasioned by the unsettled
conditions in the steel industry. The final
result was a,budget deficit of $6.3 billion,
It would be much better if an incumbent
Administration would make long-range ap-
praisals and chart the budget trends for a
given period of years rather than concen-
trating on a single year.
What America needs is a comprehensive
program of expense cutting along with a
stimulus to business which will produce
more tax receipts. Such a plan cannot be
confined to a single year. There ought to be
at least a 5-year look ahead with a pro-.
gram for a balanced budget which would be
accepted as the reasonable reflection of a
sound trend in Government finance.
The American people would welcome an
end to the deficit era?a total deficit of $40,8
billion in the last 10 years with $30 billion
of this piling up in the last 5 years. The of-
ficial figure for the public debt now is close
to $317 billion. It's the biggest debt that
any nation has ever faced in the history of
the world.
LOCATION OF JONES & LAUGHLIN
STEEL CORP. PLANT IN CONGRES-
SIONAL DISTRICT REPRESENTal)
BY REPRESENTATIVE MICHEL
(Mr. MICHEL asked and was given
Permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD with respect to the
location of Jones 8z Laughlin Steel Corp.
plant in his congressional district.)
Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, last week
the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. the
fifth largest steel producer in the United
States, made a very significant an-
nouncement with respect to the future of
Jones-Laughlin and to my congressional
district.
Mr. Charles M. Beeghly, chairman of
the board and chief executive officer of
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., told the
annual meeting of shareholders on April
29:
The Middle West is one of the fastest grow-
ing markets for products made by your com-
pany. A location in that general area for
a J. & L. steel plant is essential if we are to
achieve our objective of selling an increas-
ing share of the total steel used, as well as
expanding our position as a supplier to the
national market. Our opportunity for shar-
ing in the growth of the Middle West ap-
peased to be limited by new steel plants
recently built or building by our competitors,
chiefly in Metropolitan Chicago, as well as
by the expansion of the longer established
companies in that area. We concluded that
to locate a new J. & L. plant next door to our
Chicago-area competition would lack in im-
agination and economic sense. Accordingly,
we conceived and developed a quite different
approach to this competitive problem?an
offensive, rather than a defensive posture.
Our objective became the identification of
an extraordinarily large site, accessible to the
Middle West and Southwest markets by
means of modern highway systems, barge and
rail, and with rail and water systems to
accommodate economic delivery of raw
materials and semifinished steel. Many
months have been spent in the search for a
site which met all of our criteria. These in-
clude a site of sufficient size to provide build-
ing room for steel-fabricating customers, who
will find it advantageous to locate next door.
Our search has ended. We have optioned
almost 6,000 acres, more than 10 times the
area of any existing 3. & L. steel plant, ap-
proximately 100 miles west of the Chicago
Loop, on the Illinois River near the town of
Hennepin.
No, 78-5
Mr. Speaker, I am proud to say that
Hennepin, Ill., is the county seat of the
smallest county in the State of Illinois,
located in my congressional district, so
you can see that this is a very significant
announcement for our area, and I would
surely draw special attention to the fact
that as Mr. Beeghly pointed out, the site
is, "of sufficient size to provide building
room for fabricating customers who will
find it advantageous to locate next door."
We hope that in the coming months and
years ahead many progressive, forward-
looking concerns will look to the many
advantages of this location and what we
In central Illinois have to offer.
Mr. Beeghly went on to advise the
shareholders as follows:
Long range, our plan. includes an inte-
grated steel plant, with iron-ore pellets or
prereduced iron to come from our taconite
lands to the north. Short range, our plan
includes facilities to finish steel, which will
be melted in our Pittsburgh, Aliquippa,
Cleveland, and Detroit plants. From any of
these four steel plants, we can reach our new
site by rail or water. We have the option of
the river system or rail from Pittsburgh and
Aliquippa, or from Cleveland and Detroit by
rail, or by lake boat with rail or barge
transshipment.
The property is located close to the new
East-West Interstate Route 80, which in an
easterly direction will speed delivery of
finished products into the network of new
highways around the Chicago area. Connect-
ing with this fine new high-speed interstate
highway, are major highways and new ones
planned which will permit us to reach north,
west and south. This will mean good access
into other important steel-consuming mar-
kets, which will continue to grow as the in-
dustrial trend continues to spread across
our country.
Plans for the development of this new
steel plant are in preparation. We expect to
complete land acquisition and begin con-
struction next year. Plat-rolled steel prod-
ucts are included in our plans and perhaps
other steel shapes as well. No further de-
tails as to product lines will be announced at
this time, nor can we state now when we
will be in production. Announcements will
be made from time to time as our plans
progress.
Even in its initial stage this project will
represent the largest single development ever
undertaken by Jones & Laughlin. It will
greatly increase our percentage of finishing
capacity and service capability in products
and markets of great future promise. Of im-
portance also, is the finishing capacity this
expansion will free-up in our existing J. & L.
plants, providing us with an ever better
ability to supply the markets closer to these
well-established J. & L. producing points.
Mr. Speaker, I just want to say in con-
clusion for the RECORD that we feel very
fortunate in J. & L.'s decision to locate
in our congressional district. We wel-
come this industrial expansion in our
area with open arms and we are sure that
it will lead to a wide range of develop-
ment for this very productive area?that
part of my home State which we like to
refer to as "The Heart of Illinois."
THE 20TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE
FOUNDING OF THE UNITED NA-
TIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO
(Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN asked and was
givei permission to address the House
8839
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN. Mr. Speaker,
this year marks the 20th anniversary of
the founding of the United Nations in
San Francisco. In connection with this
anniversary, I think proper recognition
should be given in California to one of
the great early leaders of the United
Nations?Dag Hammarskojld. To that
end, I have before you today, a resolu-
tion expressing, the sense of Congress
that a silent, timeless redwood forest in
my district be designated the Dag Ham-
marskj old Memorial Grove.
To fully explain this proposal, I will
attempt to relate the real meaning of
Sequoia sempervirens?the ever-living
redwood. A book I have been reading
tells the story of the life of one tree. I
would like to attempt to summarize this
story in a few words, if I may.
During the founding of the Babylonian
empire 2,200 years ago, a sprout emerged
from a seed no bigger than a match-
head. It crept up, straight and true,
a few inches a year toward a patch of sky
between the cover of the huge trees sur-
rounding it. Two hundred years later,
about the time Jesus of Nazareth began
to preach his parables, our tree was 100
feet tall and 3 feet thick at the base.
Over the centuries it inched up, expand-
ing a fraction of an inch in girth each
year as empires rose and fell, as the
dark ages came and disappeared into the
Renaissance, as Columbus discovered the
New World and a new nation with a new
idea of government based on freedom and
individual responsibility grew to matu-
rity.
During these millenniums, monumental
natural calamities struck. Floods of the
centuries crept up the trunk of the tree,
depositing several feat of new soil over
Its root system. Six times in its life, the
tree grew a new set of roots closer to the
surface to gather forest nutrients. Sev-
eral major forest fires scared its skin and
ate its flesh, but each time It healed its
wounds with decades of new growth until
1849, the year of the great gold rush to
California. That year, a forest fire
burned a 17-foot-wide sear on its side,
killing all the roots under the wounded
area. The tree, over the next decades,
started to lean. At the same time, it be-
gan growing a brace to shore up its
wounded side. In 106 years, it grew a
buttress projecting 4 feet to shore up its
great weight. But the centuries needed
to fully protect itself from natural dis-
aster were not to come before the next
natural onslaught.
Everyone recalls the 1955 floods in
California when levees broke. Yuba City
was flooded, and scores of people were
drowned. This same flood made a bag
around the tree and th6 buttress sank in
as the tree leaned farther and farther.
Finally, its 1,000 tons of redwood snapped
Its good roots and crashed to the ground
along a 350-foot path. When its great
trunk was cut, most of the history of
modern civilization could be traced on its
life rings.
This, Mr. Speaker, is why national
interest has been aroused over preserva-
tion of a suitable grove of these stately
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8840 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
trees, in commemoration of the respe3t
People throughout the world hold for the
great international leader, Dag Hammaa'-
skjold.
The life of Dag Hammarskj old was in
concordance with the deep and pervading
majesty of the rodwoods among which
we find spiritual refuge and gain a more
profound realization of his own thought
that "we each have within us a center of
stillness surrounded by silence."
Dag Hammarskjold, until his death in
1961, served 8 years as Secretary General
of the United Nations, carrying on kli3
widely significant and courageous search
for world peace. By their very grandeur,
the giant redwoods imbue us with a
strong realization of human dignity, tol-
erance and stateliness, so characteristic
of Dag Hammarskjold's life.
This, Mr. Speaker, is largely the senti-
ment expressed in my concurrent resolu-
tion. I think it altogether fitting that
redwood grove in my district be selected
by the State of California as a memorial
to this world leader, and I would urge my
colleagues to join me in this recognition.
years the director of the Indianapolis
Chamber of Commerce.
Few men have left a greater Mark on
Indianapolis. He was a citizen whom In-
dianapolis and the entire State of In-
diana will miss, a man most difficult to
replace.
Bill Book was a quiet and friendly man,
but fervently and unselfishly dedicated to
the principles which he believed were
right. He had a host of friends in many
walks of life. I took pride in being one
of those friends.
Mr. Speaker, under unanimous consent
I insert at this point editorials by the
three daily newspapers in Indianapolis in
tribute to Mr. Book:
[From the Indianapolis (Ind.) Star, May 1,
1965]
WILLIAM H. Boca<
Bill Book was a prime mover. Other men
have formed committees. He formed com-
mittees and got things done.
Much lipservice is paid to business. Bill
Book gave business?and the whole commu-
nity?much more. He gave It true steward-
ship. In the depths of the, depression, when
morale and courage were low, he helped the
unemployed find jobs. Then he helped rally
EVENTS IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC the forcesthat had the power to rebuild,
to
attract new industry and get things going
BRING HOME FQRCEFULLY FOLLY
OF ALLOWING COMMUNIST BASE main concern of thousands of hard-hit work-
IN CUBA jug people.
(Mr. BRAY asked and was given per- The times called for imaginative leadership.
mission to address the House for 1 min-
Bill Book offered it. The community gained.
ute and to revise and extend his re- during
became a key industrial center
an era that began in economic stag-
marks.) - nation and could have ended in something
Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, the tragic far worse.
events in the Dominican Republic have In the grim days when every dollar was a
again. It was a time when jobs were the
brought home forcefully the folly of al-
lowing the Communist base in Cuba to
continue in spreading its poison among
Its sister Republics of Latin America.
Several of us in the past have noted
the school of Communist subversion and
revolution which Castro has founded and
which has been directed by Che Guevara.
I pointed out this on the floor 2 years
ago. It is obvious that Cuban-trained
revolutionaries are at this moment plan-
ning to attempt revolts in other Cen-
tral American countries. Perhaps the
swift reaction of the United States in
the Dominican Republic will retard
their efforts.
Unfortunately we are continuing to
pay for -the fumbling defeat at the Bay
of Pigs, which not only allowed Castro
to remain in power but encouraged Com-
munist subversives to believe they could
proceed in Latin America without fear
of U.S. action.
The President has courageously taken
the correct step.
Today the Communist world should
be on notice that they can no longer
expect to romp in safety, for the United
States will resist attempts to establish
new Communist regimes by force in Lat-
in America.
WILLIAM H. BOOK
(Mr. BRAY asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
Point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, the city of
Indianapolis was saddened last week by
the death of William II. Book, for many
drop of economic blood, William H. Book,
executive vice president of the Indianapolis
-Chamber of Commerce, fought to hold gov-
ernment spending to a minimum, to elimi-
nate waste. Then in the days of expansion
after World War IT, as the city grew and faced
new problems, Bill Book battled equally hard
.to sell business leadership on the spending
necessary to solve these problems. This led
to collisions with hardheads, but the cool,
efficient Bill Book was the winner?and so
was Indianapolis.
In time he won the nickname "Mr. In-
dianapolis." Few men have done more to
deserve it.
He took pride in being a conservative. He
warned of the dangers of centralized super-
government and unrestrained Federal power.
And he opposed turning to the Federal au-
thority for financial aid. As the chamber
often has pointed out, with Bookian logic,
the "Federal" money came from local com-
munities in the first place. So "Federal
aelp" was a misnomer, and furthermore it
lusted Federal strings.
Yet Indianapolis needed to rebuild much
its downtown district. It did, spectacu-
larly, with private money and initiative, and
won admiration from all over the country.
Bill Book's newspaper days taught him
the value of facts and research, the sound-
ness of gathering detailed, valid data before
making decisions on complex problems. His
forte was research, as he often said, and re-
search is a pillar of the chamber's operation
today. This thin, calm man, with his trim
riustache, rare powers of persuasion and
abounding energy which poured into dozens
of constructive channels, gave his talents to
Iadianapolis and its chamber of commerce
for four decades. He played a giant role in
ranting our chamber one of the most effec-
tiVe organizations of its type in the land.
BM Book helped lead Indianapolis to the
threshold of new potentialties and chal-
lenges. He believed in preserving what was
May 3, 194
best of the past and adapting imaginatively,
intelligently to the changing world. "If we
don't have a good vision for the future," he
said, "we are not going to achieve very much
in the future."
His vision was that of "a strong, virile,
growing, dynamic community," energetically
developing its cultural, social, business, edu-
cational, professional, research and scientific
opportunities?making the most of its hu-
man resources.
This vision is Bill Book's heritage to the
city that was his life.
[Prom the Indianapolis (Ind.) Times, Apr.
30,1965]
Witniawr H. BoOx
The impact of William H. Book on this
community and his contributions to it are
not difficult to measure. Both were im-
mense.
As head of the chamber of commerce for
many, many years, he not only set the tone
for industrial and business expansion here,
but the political and philosophical tone of
Indianapolis as well.
He had a rugged belief that the responsi-
bility for problem solving lay primarily with.
local communities, and this was a belief
which he pursued with unyielding vigor.
Many disagreed with some of the things
which Bill Book stood for. But he earned
universal respect for his sincerity and for his
integrity.
Beyond his duties with the chamber, Mr.
Book was an energetic volunteer in count-
less civic efforts.
He was was closely identified over many
years with the Bed Cross, and was chairman
of the Indianapolis chapter at the time of
his death.
He served ably in a reniarkable variety of
-other activities, ranging from the 500 festi-
val to the annual fund drive for the United
Negro Colleges.
For a man of his strong convictions and
boundless energy, he was personally remark-
ably retiring. His voice always had that
soft quality of his native Virginia, and his
approach was quiet and always friendly.
The people of this community, in all eco-
nomic stations, will miss Bill Book immense-
ly, for he was a man whom they had known
well and admired deeply.
Few men do so much to shape the current
of any community as Bill Book did here in
Indianapolis, and few work so tirelessly at
what they so earnestly believe to be right.
[From the Indianapolis (Ind) News, May 1,
1965]
WILLIAM H. BOOK
No one person will ever know all the good
that William H. Book did in his life on this
earth.
And no one?though many have tried?
will be able to pay full tribute to his abilities
or all of his accomplishments.
His interests and activities were innumer-
able arid yet he found the time to give active,
useful support and leadership to all of
them?his church, his community, his fami-
ly, his friends, his schools, his State, and his
country. It was typical of him that he had
been as busy in retirement as when he was
full-time executive vice president of the
Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce.
Throughout a career that involved news-
paper work, public service, and his chamber
career, he had a part, and always an Impor-
tant part, in every /najor civic enterprise in
this city. Often little publicized, these pur-
suits included participation in business de-
velopment, race retations, all kinds of legis-
lation, government administration, social
and welfare activity, Slate regulation, mu-
nicipal planning, and a host of nongovern-
mental programs directed by citizens deter-
mined to bring about a better city, State, or
Nation.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 8841
Bill Book believed firmly and fervently in
free, private enterprise as it has developed
under our unique form of government. He
respected politics and government but he ab-
horred unnecessary government and its inter-
ference in private affairs. More than that,
he personally was willing to do something
about it. He spent all his waking hours?
too many of them to the detriment of his
health?trying to further those causes in
which he believed.
Some of Bill Book's critics complained that
he was too conservative, too opposed to
changes, too much a servant of business.
They didn't really know him and they didn't
know his record.
He was a leader, not a follower. He was
constructive, not obstructive. He could see
someone else's point of view. And he wanted
change, but he wanted change for the better,
not change for the sake of change.
To get those changes, he wrote speeches
and articles, raised money, buttonholed
friends and strangers, prepared legislation,
generated news stories?in short, did every-
thing possible to accomplish his purpose.
His writing was an outgrowth of his early
career as a newspaper reporter. He was both
an excellent reporter and an excellent writer.
He was proud of the record he made at the
Indianapolis News and we at the News were
proud to have him as a distinguished
alumnus.
Above all else, Bill Book was a Christian
gentleman who believed wholeheartedly in
the principles of his religious faith and prac-
ticed those principles to the end of his days.
His life and his work made this city and
State much better places in which to live.
And he set a rare and admirable example of
Christian service to his fellow man.
TRACKING DOWN A Litel,SAVER
(Mr. BRAY asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, under unan-
imous consent I insert in the RECORD an
editorial from. the Indianapolis Star of
May 3, which tells the amazing story of
the development of a new wonder drug.
This new drug, which promises to be
of major significance in combating sev-
eral types of infection, was developed
through a series of programs, but ulti-
mately it was through the persistence of
the researchers at the Eli Lilly Co. in In-
dianapolis that this drug was produced
in a usable form.
This story demonstrates again the in-
valuable role which private drug com-
panies play in the development of new
medicines and medical techniques. Not
infrequently these companies are sub-
jected to attack from those who believe
that all such activities should be con-
ducted by the Federal Government. A
few years ago, the Eli Lilly Co. was
among five which were charged with
price fixing concerning the Salk polio
vaccine. At that time I spoke in defense
of the great record these companies had
in producing a tremendous amount of
the vaccine in a short period of time.
The great discovery of Dr. Jonas Salk
had to be translated into efficient, inex-
pensive manufacture to make it useful
to the millions who needed it.
The various private companies rose to
meet that challenge in a truly remark-
able manner. I am glad to say that the
price-fixing charges were dropped, be-
cause the Government could produce no
evidence to substantiate them.
The story which follows about cepha-
lothin tells a similar tale, and there are
many such in the annals of drug
research.
Despite this record the private drug
industry continues to know abuse at the
hands of its own Government. Very un-
wisely, I believe, our Government has
purchased drugs from sources outside of
this country which operate in violation
of the drug patents possessed by Ameri-
can manufacturers. This practice has
been decried, and legislation is pending
to try to remedy this situation.
Although originally conceived of by
an Italian scientist, drug producers in
that country were unable to effectively
develop cephalothin. One reason is that
they have little protection for drug dis-
coveries, hence, it is not feasible to un-
derwrite new research.
In any event, we again can see from
the following article the debt that we do
owe to private drug companies. They
have done much to relieve suffering, and
the facilities and brainpower they offer
in their research programs which cost
many millions of dollars annually offer
great hope in the continuing battle
against disease.
The article follows:
TRACKING DOWN A LIFESAVER
There's a new name among lifesaving
"wonder drugs." It is cephalothin, one of a
family of antibiotics called cephalosporin. It
Is the practical result of one of the longest
laboratory hunts in the history of anti-
biotics.
The long trail began in 1945 in the Medi-
terranean Sea, off the coast of Sardinia. Prof.
Giuseppe Brotzu of the Cagliari Institute of
Hygiene was studying micro-organisms where
the city's sewers discharge into the sea. He
found a fungus which secreted a substance
with the power to attacrand destroy disease-
causing bacteria.
Excited by the discovery, the professor
spent 3 years pursuing it. He succeeded in
growing his fungus in the laboratory and ex-
tracting a drug which was tested with some
success. Most provocatively, it was effec-
tive against the dreaded "staph" infections,
which resist penicillin and the sulfas. At
the same time it was relatively free from the
side effects and adverse reactions sometimes
encountered with those drugs. The new sub-
stance produced improvement in patients
with typhoid and undulant fevers.
Alas, Professor Brotzu's drug was too weak,
and too costly to produce. He made a re-
port of his findings, and there the matter
seemed at an end. To go further would
require the facilities of a large industrial
research laboratory, and there was no such
in Italy.
An alert British health officer in Sardinia
passed the report to Sir Howard Florey at
Oxford University, who had helped to rescue
penicillin from the oblivion of a forgotten
report. The Oxford laboratories explored it,
almost abandoned it because of lack of sig-
nificant new results. Then after 7 years the
new antibiotic, dubbed cephalosporin C, was
isolated and defined It was still too weak,
but now the work went on with new encour-
agement. The British National Research
and Development Corporation patented the
new substance, but efforts to develop it into
a practical commercial medicine met failure
after failure.
Ultimately the scene shifted to the lab-
oratories of Eli Lilly & Co. in Indianapolis.
There were more setbacks and more disap-
pointments. But there was also promise
and the scale of work was multiplied. At
last came the breakthrough, the discovery of
a way to produce a cephalosporin derivative?
cephalothin?of useful strength and in com-
mercially practical quantities. The trail was
19_years long from the discovery off Sardinia
to Lilly production of a marketable drug.
Along the way, the search also produced
in other laboratories some new types of
penicillin which went into commercial pro-
duction. Still to be explored are other pos-
sible derivatives.
Many individuals and many institutions
had a part in the development. There were
various key elements?but one without which
the others would not have been possible.
That one key was the patent system. The
overriding reason for lack of a major indus-
trial drug laboratory in Italy is the fact that
in Italy there is no patent protection for
drug manufacturers. The hunt for cephal-
othin involved the commitment of large sums
of money. The only practical source of such
sums, to finance this kind of extended re-
search, is the revenue to be recovered from
sale of a patentable product when one is
developed. That's why this work was accom-
plished in countries where that protection
is available.
The story of the hunt for cephalothin is a
story of perceptiveness, ingenuity, skill, de-
termination, and risk taking?all thriving in
the favorable climate of free enterprise
economy.
A PACIFIC MEDICAL CENTER FOR
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
IN THE CONQUEST OF DISEASES
(Mr. MATSUNAGA asked and was
given permission to extend his remarks
at this point in the RECOUP.)
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, I
have today introduced a bill which seeks
to authorize the establishment in Hawaii
of a Pacific Medical Center. The bill is
a concrete and far-reaching effort to
carry out in the field of the medical arts
some of the laudatory ideas which were
expressed by President Johnson in his
April 7 address at the Johns Hopkins
University.
You will recall that our President
stated upon that occasion:
These countries of southeast Asia are
homes for millions of impoverished people.
Each day these people rise at dawn and
struggle until the night to wrestle existence
from the soil. They are often wracked by
disease, plagued by hunger, and death comes
at the early age of 40.
The American people have helped gener-
ously in times past ? * *.
Now there must be a much more massive
effort to improve the life of man in the
conflict-torn corner of our world * * *.
And the President went on to say:
The wonders of modern medicine can be
spread through villages where thousands die
every year from lack of care. Schools can
be established to train people in the skills
that are needed to manage the process of
development.
And these objectives, and more, are within
the reach of a cooperative and determined
effort.
Mr. Speaker, such a cooperative and
determined effort is encompassed by the
provisions of the bill I have introduced.
The bill would authorize the establish-
ment of a medical center which would
provide suitable administrative and phy-
sical facilities in order to enable teach-
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8842 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
ing and research of the medical arta so
badly needed throughout southeast Asia,
the trust territeries, Okinawa, and 21e
numerous island archipelagoes of ;he
Pacific.
The United States has pioneered in lie
field of cultural and technical intar-
change between the East and the West
through the East-West Center in Halm di.
We have already seen, with justifiaOle
pride, the incalculable benefits which
have flowed to the peoples of Asia and
America from the East-West Center. It
is with a deep conviction, therefore, that
I state that our island State, with ts
people of heterogeneous racial back-
grounds, is the most suitable site from
which to launch this cooperative and
determined effort in the field of the med-
ical arts.
It seems that this view with regard ?,o
the suitability of Hawaii as the home of
such a Pacific Medical Center is sharcd
by many. For example, it has recent.y
been announced that Hawaii will be tie
site of the first meeting of Japanese and
American scientists who will commenc e
in October 1965, to recommend ways la
which their respective governments caa
aid in the fight against such diseases as
cholera, tuberculosis, and leprosy ii
Asia.
Hawaii, Mr. Speaker, has the experi-
ence, the vision, and the enthusiasm to
undertake this project.
Through scholarships and research
grants, we can attract those with tho
best potential to the proposed medical!
center or direct them to more specialized
institutions in the continental United
States, in order to train Asians to heir
their fellow men.
We can hope to attract the very best
medical minds of the more developed
countries of Asia and the Pacific, as well
as the United States, to impart their:
skills and knowledge to their counter-
parts from the less developed countries,
Trained physicians and researchers
from the technologically advanced coun-
tries of Japan, the Philipines, and Hong
Kong will be invited to offer their serv-
ices under the auspices of the United
States in order to further develop the
medical resources of their fellow Asian
countries.
Universities and hospitals both in Ha-
waii and in the continental United
States will be called upon to provide ap-
propriate educational services through a
program of fellowships, grants, and re-
search stipends to be administered by the
center.
Advanced medical scholars and re-
searchers from the United States will
not only be asked to offer their knowl-
edge and skills, but als8 to learn from
Asians and Pacific Islanders who have
long specialized in certain areas, such
as tropical medicine and pathology.
-Mr. Speaker, I am convinced that such
a medical center and such a medical-
sharing program will be immediately
embraced by the countries of Asia and
the Pacific. The medical center will be
a lasting and living memorial of Amer-
ica's aid to medicine in the countries of
Asia and the Pacific.
The Pacific Medical Center will be a
Federal project in its entirety and will
come under the cognizance of the Secre-
tary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
I have been informed that the cost of
operating the Pacific Medical Center for
a whole year should be much less than
the expense for carrying on 1 month's
effort in Vietnam. The comparison may
not be entirely appropriate, but it is cer-
tainly graphic.
Mr. Speaker, a similar bill was intro-
duced in the Senate on April 28, 1965, by
the distinguished Senator from Hawaii,
DANIEL K. INOUYE. Senator INOUYE has
requested the support of the President
of the United States. He has also
requested the support of the Secretary
of Health, Education, and Welfare and
the Secretary of State. He has already
been assured of the support of many of
his distinguished., colleagues in the
Senate.
Mr. Speaker, I earnestly solicit the sup-
port of the Members of this great body
for the establishment of a Pacific Med-
ical Center in Hawaii.
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
Mr. CHELF. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the Committee
on the Judiciary be permitted to sit dur-
ing general debate for the balance of
this week. I understand, Mr. Speaker,
that this has been cleared with the gen-
tleman from New York [Mr. CELLER3 on
the majority side and with the gentle-
man from Ohio [Mr. McCusLocst] on the
minority side.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Ken-
tucky?
There was no objection.
ONE-PRICE COTTON
(Mr. DORN asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, the elimi-
nation of two-price cotton has been the
greatest incentive for the American tex-
tile industry to expand, remodel, and
employ more people than ever before in
this history of the textile industry. The
elimination of two-price cotton is aiding
the American cotton'grower. It is esti-
mated that the American textile industry
will use 1 million bales more of American-
grown cotton this year than during the
last, year of the two-price cotton. Two-
price cotton was unfair to the American
cotton farmers. It was unfair to the
American textile manufacturers. It was
unfair to the American textile workers
and employees in related industries.
Mr. Speaker, let us get rid of two-price
cotton once and for all by appropriate
legislation during this session of Con-
gress.
Mr. Speaker, the South Carolina Leg-
islature in both houses unanimously
adopted a concurrent resolution ad-
dressed to the Congress urging that we
extend the one-price cotton program.
This resolution was adopted on April 28
and follows:
May 3, 19e5
H. CON. RES. 7-- ?
A concurrent resolution memorializing the
Congress of the United States to extend
the one-price cotton program for the sea -
:Sons of 1966 and 1967
Whereas the present one-price cotton pro-
gram makes cotton competitive in price in
the domestic market as well as the foreign;
and
Whereas it ended the cost advantage to
foreign mills which were rapidly taking over
domestic markets; and
Whereas the two-price program would de-
stroy many public opportunities and eco-
nomic activities generated by the great cotton
Industry: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the house of representatives,
(the senate concurring), That the Congress
of the United States is respectfully requested
to extend the one-price cotton program for
the seasons of 1966 and 196'7; be it further
Resolved, That copies of this resolution be
forwarded to the Senators and Members of
the House of Representatives in the Congress
from South Carolina and to the Secretary
of . Agriculture,
Attest:
INEZ WATSON,
Clerk of the House.
POLISH CONSTITUTION DAY
The SPEAKER. Under previous order
of the House the gentleman from Illinois
[Mr. KLuczystsinc] is recognized for 60
minutes.
(Mr. KLUCZYNSKI asked and was
given permission to revise and extend his
remarks and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. KLUCZYNSKI. Mr. Speaker, to-
clay is May 3, but in Poland today there
is no rejoicing, no celebration of that
glorious Polish national holiday, May 3d
Constitution Day. This Polish holiday,
observed by the Poles for the last 174
years?since 1791?has been abolished
by the Communist government imposed
by Soviet Russia on the Polish nation.
The Soviet puppets have created another
national holiday for Poland, the date of
the so-called liberation of Poland by
Soviet armies. What bitter mockery of
liberty this is.
But free Poles all over the world and
Americans of Polish descent keep the
faith, and celebrate May 3 as the true
Polish national holiday. And Poles in
Poland who cannot celebrate this glori-
ous anniversary openly are celebrating
It in their hearts, hoping always that the
day will conic when once more Poland
will be free and the bells in all the
churches in Poland will once more ring
joyously the message of May 3, the mes-
sage of freedom, justice and democracy.
The Polish Constitution of May 3,
adopted in 1791, is a veritable landmark,
not only in Polish history but in the po-
litical and constitutional history of all
eastern Europe. For the first time, con-
stitutional monarchy with limited powers
and a responsible cabinet form of gov-
ernment was adopted in that part of Eu-
rope. By that Constitution, ancient class
distinctions and privileges were wiped
out, and the arm of the central govern-
ment was strengthened by extending the
protection of the law to the peasantry.
Most significant, however, for those days
and for that part of Europe, was the fact
that this Constitution guaranteed abso-
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May 3, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
[From the Great Palls (Mont.) Tribune,
Apr. 30, 19651
MINNEAPOLIS STAR-TRIBUNE AGREES To PUR-
CHASE TRIBLINE CO. Assurs
The Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co. has
concluded an agreement to purchase the as-
sets of the Tribune Co. of Great Falls.
Simultaneous announcement was made
Saturday by Joyce A. Swan, executive vice
president of the Minneapolis newspaper pub-
lishing company and by Alexander Warden,
the Great Falls publisher.
The Great Falls firm publishes the Trib-
une, a morning and Sunday newspaper with
circulation of $6,000 morning and 42,000
Sunday over the northern half of Montana,
and the Leader with evening circulation of
9,000, primarily in Great Falls. The com-
pany also owns a printing firm and office
supply store.
New publisher of the Great Falls news-
papers will be William A. Cordingley, na-
tional advertising manager of the Minneap-
olis Star & Tribune, Swan announced.
Cordingley and his family will move to Great
Valls after April 30, when the purchase will
be completed.
Principal owners of the Great Fails news-
papers have been members of the Warden
family. Publisher Alexander Warden and
executive editor Robert D. Warden are both
retiring from management of the newspa-
pers as of April 30. Advertising director
Scott A. Warden of the two newspapers and
manager Jock F. Warden of the printing and
office supply division will continue to be as-
sociated with the new ownership.
Purchase price of the Great Falls company
was not disclosed.
Retiring publisher Alexander Warden made
the following statement:
"After a lifetime of publishing in our na-
tive Great Falls, there are inevitable regrets
by the retiring ownership. Our best consola-
tion lies, however, in firm conviction that the
new owners are seasoned and thoroughly
competent newspaper people who will give
our readers publications at least as good as
have prevailed. In Minneapolis they have
fine newspapers that rank high in the met-
ropolitan field and there is every reason for
confidence in their performance here."
"The Great Falls newspapers have a rich
history of public service in Montana and we
are proud and pleased to accept the respon-
sibility for carrying on their heritage in
western journalism," Swan said.
NEW OFFICERS
Swan will be president and Cordingley vice
president of the Great Falls Tribune Co.;
a newly organized subsidiary of the
Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co.
"Bill Cordingley, as publisher, will be in
charge of all aspects of the Great Falls op-
erations," Swan said.
Cordingley, 47, was born in Des Moines,
Iowa, and was graduated from Harvard Col-
lege in 1940.
He joined the national advertising depart-
ment of the Minneapolis newspapers shortly
after his graduation. He enlisted as a pri-
vate in the Army in 1941 and while serving
in the North African and European cam-
paigns for 34 months he rose to the rank of
lieutenant colonel.
Returning to the Star and Tribune in 1948,
Cordingley worked in the retail and national
advertising departments and was appointed
national advertising manager in 1950.
Cordingley has been active in civic and
educational affairs in Minneapolis, including
service for the Sales Executives Association,
chamber of commerce, and the Curative
Workshop. He was a trustee of Breck School
and is an officer and member of the board of
governors of Hazeltine National Golf Club.
He captained the Harvard golf team his
senior year and has continued a strong in-
terest in competitive golf, ranking as a semi-
finalist in the Minnesota State amateur tour-
nament four times.
Cordingley and his wife, Mary, have three
children: William, Jr? 16; Thomas, 15; and
Constance, 9.
START AS WEEKLIES
Both the Great Falls Tribune and the Great
Falls Leader had humble origins as weeklies
back in the eighties. The morning Tribune
originated in Sun River, a pioneer town 20
miles west of Great Falls, in 1884. Several of
the first copies were printed on silk and auc-
tioned for as much as $75. Moved to fledgling
Great Falls in 1885, the weekly became a daily
in 1887. The evening Leader was founded in
the spring of 1888, blossoming into a daily
later in the same year.
After varying ownership and fortunes, the
Tribune was bought in January 1895 by two
young New Englanders, 0. S. Warden and
William M. Bole, With a freshly acquired
sheepskin from Dartmouth College, Warden
had come west in. 1889 to work for the Leader,
arriving in Helena just as the constitutional
convention for the new State of Montana
was adjourning. Vermonter Bole was a
printer by trade, having learned his trade
setting type by hand in the famous Riverside
Press in Boston. One of Riverside's jobs at
this time was setting the current Ring James
version of the Holy Bible. Blessed with that
rare gift of total recall for the rest of his life
and through years as an editor, Bole could
pull any Biblical allusion verbatim out of his
head, identifying book, chapter, and verse
without ever picking up a Testament. An
itching foot drifted him to St. Paul to
become a rural mail carrier and, on the
side, a hip-pocket real estate broker, cap-
italizing on the human yearning of the city
dweller for the joys of rural living and the
farmer for urban residence. One day he was
worth $60,000; the next day he was flat broke,
as the panic of '93 hit. He than headed west
as the panic of 1893 hit. He then headed west
and landed in Great Falls, a printer again.
Drawn together because of their New Eng-
land origins and because of Scottish fore-
bears, Warden and Bole bided their time
until the chance came to buy the Tribune
for $6,000. This they didn't have, but were
able to close the deal with $200 that Warden
dug up and a like amount that Bole raised
with a chattel mortgage on his library.
They were just getting their heads above
water at the turn of the century, when the
Clark-Daly Senate fight posed a threat of a
new Clark paper in Great Falls. A fast look
at their hole card, and they sold to Clark.
Bole bought the Bozeman Chronicle, not
finding out who really had owned it until a
year and a half after his purchase. Warden
stayed on as a business office manager for
the Clark ownership.
BUY PAPER AGAIN
The shifting political scene gave Warden.
and Bole opportunity to buy the paper back
again, which they did in 1905. They con-
tinued as owners and partners until Bole's
retirement and death, at which time the
crntrolling ownership passed to Warden.
0. S. Warden died in 1951.
During these years the Leader had been
stumbling through troublous times and was
finally acquired by the Tribune, but except
for joint mechanical facilities it was pub-
lished by a separate staff and in its own
location until recent years.
The present Tribune building was built in
1918, housing Tribune and allied operations
which included a newly formed Tribune
Printing & Supply Co., the bimonthly Mon-
tana Farmer-Stockman, sold in 1964 to the
Cowles farm paper interests in Spokane;
majority ownership in Great Palls radio
station KMON from its inception in 1948
until disposal in. 1958.
s
' 8905
[From the Hungry Horse News, Apr. 16, 1965]
THE BIG INDEPENDENT
Noted with regret is the sale of the Great
Falls Tribune and Leader, announced by the
Warden family to the Cowles interests that
own the Minneapolis Star and Tribune.
Long the largest daily in Montana, the
Tribune has been the State's most influen-
tial newspaper. In recent years, the flashy
and enterprising Billings Gazette passed the
Tribune in circulation, but the Tribune re-
mained the daily with best capitol and State-
wide coverage and in its responsible way gave
editorial leadership to Montana journalism.
The Tribune, with 36,686 morning circula-
tion and 9,312 for the evening Leader, was
also a daily that endorsed some top Demo-
cratic candidates in 1960 as well as in 1964.
This is unique. Newspapers in the Main-
Street pattern are more conservative politi-
cally than the majority of their readers.
Evolution of journalism in Montana fol-
lows a national pattern to chain ownership,
and It is good economics.
Montana benefited when the Anaconda Co.
sold its papers to the Lee chain?publishing
Is their business. This chain owns the Bil-
lings Gazette. The Montana Press Associa-
tion directory is the source for these weekday
circulation figures. The Gazette has 36,924
paid mornings and 11,202 evenings; next is
the Montana Standard at Butte with 24,273,
followed by the Daily Missouliau with 18,159
mornings and 2,500 for the evening Sentinel.
The Lee chain also owns the Helena Inde-
pendent-Record, 8,514, Anaconda Standard,
5,189, and the Livingston Enterprise, 2,901.
The Scripps League has three Montana
papers, the Daily Inter Lake of Kalispell,
6,895; the Bozeman Daily Chronicle, 5,111,
and the Havre Daily News, 4,066.
Largest Montana-owned daily newspaper
now is the Miles City Star with 4,609. Ken
Byerly, now a University of North Carolina
teacher, is principal owner of the Lewistown
Daily News, 3,749.
Evolution of Montana journalism has
come to the point where the Hungry Horse
News, published in Columbia Falls, has the
largest audited paid circulation of any Mon-
tana-owned newspaper, weekly or daily.
Last quarterly Audit Bureau of Circulation
figure was 4,773.
At the same time, a weekly newspaper is
never a substitute for a daily. The Hungry
Horse News hopes that every subscriber also
gets a daily, and Montana's have been get-
ting better.
It is interesting to note that sale of the
Tribune was to an organization new to Mon-
tana journalism; namely the Cowles inter-
ests of Minneapolis (associated with Des
Moines but not Spokane). The sale could
have been to one of the chains already in the
State, and having a third chain ownership
is some diversification.
There will be considerable interest in the
Cowles operation of the Great Fails Tribune,
and whether or not the paper will keep and
develop its State image established by the
late 0. S. Warden and William M. Bole.
[From the Lewistown (Mont.) Daily News,
Apr. 13, 19651
THE END OF AN ERA
It is with profund regret that we see the
Great Falls Tribune leave the most capable
and honored leadership of the Warden fam-
ily.
On May 1 the grand old Great Falls Trib-
une will pass into the hands of out-of-State
ownership.
Perhaps because of sentimentality more
than anything else, many Montana journal-
ists see this transfer of ownership as the end
of the great era of Montana newspapering.
The Tribune, first under the guiding hand
of the late 0. 8. Warden, and for the past
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8906 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
,? .71.5 years under the- very capable leadership
of Alex Warden, has trained many of Mon-
tana's present-day newspaper publishers and
produced several outstanding authors.
There was Joseph Kinsey Howard, of "Mon-
tana, High, Wide, and Handsome" fame; Dan
Cushman, who has gained immortality with
"Stay Away Joe"; popular columnist Chick
Guthrie; Jack Travis, former publisher of
the Havre Daily News; Sam Gilhily, former
editor of the Glasgow Courier and now pub-
lications editor of the Montana Chamber of
Commerce; Fred Martin, publisher of the
Park County News.
Paul Verdon, publisher of the Tabby West-
ern News; Bob Gilluly, editor of the- Ravalli
Republican; Earl Mizen, publisher of the
Belt Valley Times; George Brammer, pub-
lisher of Townsend Star; and countless oth-
ers who have moved on to the New York
Times, Milwaukee Journal, Denver Post, and
a host of other great metropolitan newspa-
pers.
As for myself, the Tribune was my home
for fully a fifth of my life and nearly half
of my newspaper career.
So we say hail and farewell to the Warden
family, which has done such an outstanding
job In Montana InewspaperIng for so many,
many years.
And we offer good wishes to the Cowles
syndicate, which will assume the reins of
Montana's great newspaper on May 1.
[From the Western News and Libby Times,
Apr. 15, 19651
THE END OF AN ERA
Without discounting the achievements
of the 39th legislature, probably the most
significant development in Montana this
year is the sale of the Great Falls Tribune
properties.
The acquisition of Montana's largest and
most influential newspaper by a Minneapolis
company may have far-reaching effects upon
Montana and upon the Tribune which has
always aimed at deserving the title "Mon-
tana's best newsgatberer." Through the
years it has earned the name.
Founded more than 80 years ago at Sun
River, the controlling interest in the Tribune
ownership for many years has been vested
in the family of 0. 5. Warden, whose sons
have guided the paper since their father's
death., younger members of the Warden
family will continue to be associated with
the paper, but ? ownership after April 30
will go to the Minneapolis Star-Tribune Co.
Most of us who grew up or lived long
periods in northern or eastern Montana con-
sider the Tribune as a member of the family.
For this writer, the Great Falls paper has a
special meaning. My first reading practice
was on its comic pages, and for most of my
life the morning Tribune came before break-
fast. For 17 years, beginning as a student
at MSU journalism school, 1-have been al-
most continuously a Tribune correspondent,
staff member, or contributor.
The factor that always distinguished the
Tribune from the other major daily news-
papers of the State was its local ownership.
Every other paper large enough to be con-
sidered a competitor with the Tribune for
Statewide prestige has been owned either
by a large industrial corporation to whom
publishing was an unprofitable sideline dic-
tated by political purposes or by a large
newspaper chain headquartered in the Mid-
west and with no true understanding of the
Montana which we natives know and live.
The Tribune served the Treasure State
well because it was Of, by, and for Montan-
ans.
This great service may continue lithe new
ownership recognizes the importance of pre-
serving the Tribune image throughout the
State.
We salute the Great Falls Tribune- we
thank the Tribune for outstanding service to
Montana for more than three-quarters of a
century; and we look forward to continued
leadership in the future.
[From the Great Falls (Mont.) Tribune]
L'Earvox
After more years than we care to count, the
senior management of the Tribune companies
steps down and out today as new ownership
and direction take over the reins.
What will we do? Where will we go? How
do we feel about retiring? Well, we'll do
whatever we can find to do?here in Montana
where our roots run deep and where our old
friends live. We don't know how we feel.
!lifter years of punching the time clock, this
s a new experience. We'll have to wait and
There's been one great reward for us. Many
of our friends and associates here and all over
Montana tell us now that it isn't true that
re wear horns and that after all our news-
j apers haven't been so bad.
It's nice to listen to such encomiums,
praises usually withheld until the recipients
co,n't hear them because they have just shuf-
fled off this mortal soil. In a box surrounded
b 7 lighted tapers and cloying posies, who can
sar well?
We have no qualms?else we wouldn't have
odd?about the papers deteriorating under
ti e new regime, and we don't expect decisions
to be delayed until Minneapolis speaks.
These newspapers were here before we
cane; they'll be here long after we've gone.
W )'re just glad to have played a role on the
sti.ge of their history.
ALEXANDER WARDEN,
Publisher.
ROBERT D. WARDEN,
Executive Editor.
ADVIY EQUIPMENT AND MATERIEL
Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, I have
previously advised the Senate that the
sta of the Preparedness Investigating
Subcommittee has been making a com-
prehensive study of the equipment and
maheriel status of Army combat divisions
and units. One of the more important
aspects of this study is the impact which
our operations in Vietnam, coupled with
other unprogramed requirements, have
had upon the Army's overall equipment
and materiel situation.
The staff inquiry, which commenced
in J umary, has now been developed to
the :mint that hearings can be held on
this very important matter. These will
commence tomorrow, Tuesday, May 4,
at 11 a.m. At the first session we will
recei 7e a report from members of the
subeemmittee staff on the results of their
3-moaths inquiry into this matter. At
subsequent sessions we will hear from
repre3entatives of the General Account-
ing Office, which has assisted us in this
study, 4nd the Department of Army.
Thi; healing deals directly with the
comb i I readiness and preparedness of
the A:-my. It is perhaps the most im-
portart, hearing which the subcommit-
tee will conduct in the field of prepared-
ness this year. In these days of spiraling
overseas involvement and mounting in-
ternational tension, it is imperative that
the Ccngress be fully informed of the
quality and quantity of the Army's in-
ventory of arms and equipment, and its
ability to perform its assigned mission.
I have been concerned about this mat-
ter for ,3everal months. My concern his
mountel with the constant increase in
May 3, 1965
the tempo of the fighting in Vietnam and
the resultant increase in the require-
ments for men, equipment, arms and
ordnance in that theater. The recent
dispatch of our fighting men to the Do-
minican Republic has levied yet another
requirement upon the Army. The total
Impact of these widely- separated opera-
tions is yet to be felt.
These and other requirements have not
yet been separately programed for and
funded. For the time being they are be-
ing met by the withdrawal of funds,
equipment, personnel and other assets
from the Regular Army inventory. The
impact which this has had and will have
on the Army as a whole must be inquired
into very thoroughly. We must be cer-
tain that we have the men, equipment,
and materiel to fulfill our commitments
in Vietnam, the Dominican Republic and
elsewhere. At the same time, we must
be certain that the drain of these activi-
ties does not result in an unacceptable
impairment of the readiness and combat
effectiveness of other high priority com-
bat units in the continental United States
and elsewhere.
The subcommittee will inquire into
this matter as exhaustively as is neces-
sary. Because of the nature of the sub-
ject matter, it will be necessary that the
testimony be taken in executive session.
At the conclusion of the hearing an ap-
propriate report will be made to the full
Senate Committee on Armed Services
and, through it, to the Senate. If the
hearings show a need for additional
funds for Army procurement, I am cer-
tain that they will b provided promptly
by the Congress.
THE DOMINI AN REPUBLIC
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in the
RECORD an editorial that appeared in this
morning's issue of the New York Times
entitled "Dominican Troop Buildup,"
and also an article, under two headings,
appearing in the Times for Sunday, May
3, "Bosch 'Surprised' by Johnson Charge
of Red Leadership" and "Bosch Holds
United States Responsible."
There being no objection, the editorial
and articles were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, RS follows:
[Prom the New York Times]
Dourracox TROOP BUILDUP
In ordering several thousand more marines
and paratroopers into Santo Domingo Satur-
day night, President Johnson reiterated that
their sole mission was in protect and evacu-
ate endangered Americans and other foreign
nationals. Last night the President went on
television to confirm what Congressmen and
correspondents in Washington had been told
privately from the start of the Dominican
rebellion?that the primary aim of the
U.S. military involvement is to prevent an-
other Cuba.
Thus, the official explanation has finally
caught up with the one consistently given
by authoritative administratice. briefings.
The President now tells the Nation that the
revolt began as an action dedicated to social
justice but It took a sinister turn when Com-
munists seized control.
What remains unexplained is why no
slightest expression of sympathy for the re-
volt's aims came from Washington in the
period when the massing of American troops
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May.3, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
was decided upon. The clear effect of their
influx was to strengthen the ruling military
junta in its efforts to block the restoration
of Juan Bosch as President. In a television
Interview taped on Saturday Professor Bosch,
who is no Communist, said that the revolt
had been won until Washington intervened.
He vehemently denied that the Communists
exercised any position of control.
The lz,'resident's unwillingness to see an-
other Communist state established in this
hemisphere will command national support.
But the question that need a much clearer
answer is whether a rightwing dictatorship
in Santo Domingo has not traded on
U.S. fears of communism to preserve its
power in a country still scarred by three
decades of brutal repression under Gen-
eralissimo Trujillo.
Restoring political stability in the Domini-
can Republic is the rightful responsibility of
the Organization of American States. This
responsibility has been acknowledged by
President Johnson; it is being exercised by
the 0.A.&. through its dispatch of a five-man
mediation mission to Santo Domingo. If
that delegation finds a need for an inter-
American peace force to help maintain a
cease-fire or to ward off subversion, the G.A.S.
is the proper instrumentality for bringing
the peace force into being.
The massing of American marines and
paratroopers in ever-increasing numbers al-
ready has stirred bitter recollections through-
out Latin America and the world of the ex-
cesses of "gunboat diplomacy." A unilateral
decision to assign these troops an active role
in helping the Dominican military junta put
down the revolt would run counter to all the
principles of "Progress, democracy and social
justice," for which Mr. Johnson appealed in
his televised remarks Friday evening.
Such an abuse of our strength would do
more to spread communism in this hemi-
sphere than the Castroite agents it was
directed against. As the President re-
peatedly pointed out in the 1964 election
campaign, the United States cannot bull-
doze its way to security, nor should it try.
The inter-American system, to which the
President has pledged full support, is our
best assurance?and the hemisphere's.
[Prom the New York Times, May 3, 19651
BOSCH "SITRPRISED" BY JOHNSON CHARGE or
Rae LEADERSHIP
SAN' JUAN, P.R., May 3.?Former President
Juan Bosch, of the Dominican Republic, was
surprised tonight by President Johnson's
remarks on television that Communists had
taken over the Dominican revolt.
"If the President says so, then maybe I
have been mistaken all my life," Mr. Bosch
said. "How is it possible for the Communists
to make a revolution with democratic
soldiers and democratic people?"
"Who is the leader who made this happen
so quickly in a few days?" Mr. Bosch asked.
The exiled former President, in whose name
the revolt began a week ago said: "I am so
surprised, I shall inspect President Johnson's
statement tomorrow and then maybe have
more to say."
Mr. Bosch added that he had talked "three
or four times today with the military head-
quarters in the Dominican Republic and as
far as I know the cease-fire is being observed.
Nobody mentioned Communist takeover to
me."
BOSCH HOLDS UNITED STATES RESPONSIBLE
WASHINGTON, May 2.?Mr. Bosch said today
that the Dominican revolt had been won un-
til the United States intervened, so that it
was now Washington's responsibility to bring
democracy to his country.
Asked if he proposed that the United States
carry on the revolution begun 8 days ago by
forces backing his return, Mr. Bosch replied:
"The duty is to do that. The United States
must do in the Dominican Republic what the
people in the Dominican Republic want and
were fighting for."
He said he had abandoned hope of a mili-
tary victory for lids backers, saying that
"this stage of the revolution is ended for
now.,,
Mr. Bosch, interviewed on the Columbia
Broadcasting System radio and television
program, "Face the Nation," said the upris-
ing was democratic, was not in any way
under Communist control and had crushed
the forces of Brig. Gen. Elias Wessin y Wes-
sin until American marines were brought in.
The program was taped in San Juan, P.R.,
yesterday and broadcast today.
Mr. Bosch said he thought President John-
son's order sending in the first troops last
Wednesday had been based on a desire to
protect American lives and to return peace
to the Dominican Republic, but in the end
changed the course of the fighting.
"When they landed they found Wessin y
Wessin was defeated * * * 24 hours more
and the Dominicans would have solved their
own problems," he said.
Mr. Bosch also said U.S. forces had broken
the cease-fire that was arranged at one stage
of the fighting.
Commenting on reports that Communists
had become quite active in the continuing
fighting in Santo Domingo, Mr. Bosch said:
"The revolutionary forces are not Commu-
nists; they had no control."
Mr. MORSE. Last Friday, as chair-
man of the Subcommittee on Latin
American Affairs, I said that, in response
to a notification by the military govern-
ment of the Dominican Republic that
they could not protect Americans and
nationals of other nations, the President
had a right to send in marines for the
limited purpose of evacuating those
nationals.
At that time I also warned that if the
evidence should disclose that the United
States went beyond the protection of
nations and became a party to the revolt
in the Dominican Republic by support-
ing one side, it would be acting outside
its treaty obligations under the Orga-
nization of American States Charter.
It would be acting outside the Act of
Bogota, the Act of Punta del Este, and
the Washington Act of a year ago. I
stated that I would wait final informa-
tion before making any further com-
ment on the subject.
Today I have called for a meeting of
the full Committee on Foreign Relations.
In the absence of such a meeting, I
shall call a meeting of the Subcommittee
on Latin American Affairs. I have been
assured by the acting chairman of the
Foreign Relations Committee, the Sen-
ator from Alabama [Mr. SpAakmAN],
that a briefing is being called for this
afternoon.
I shall withhold further comment until
that briefing is over, except to say now
that I am greatly disturbed about allega-
tions that have appeared in the press
over the weekend that we have gone be-
yond the evacuation of Americans in the
Dominican Republic, and that it may be
that we are acting unilaterally by tak-
ing sides in this matter. If we are, we
are once again clearly outside another
treaty obligation of the United States,
Which I hope will not continue to be a
foreign policy practice of the Johnson
administration.
However, it is highly important that
the Organization of American States and
8907
the members thereof live up to their ob-
ligations under the charter and under
the various acts to which I referred on
Friday and have briefly mentioned again
today.
I regret that the Johnson administra-
tion recognized the military junta, for
I appeared with other Members of the
Senate at the White House with the lone
voice dissenting from the proposed rec-
ognition recommended by the Depart-
ment of State after it had played its
cracked record again that the only way
to achieve stability in the Dominican
Republic would be to recognize the mili-
tary junta. I warned then that to rec-
ognize the junta would create serious
problems for the United States in Latin
America and for the distinguished lead-
ers of the free nations in Latin America.
I said to the President, "If you would
call in those free leaders?if you would
call in Mufloz-Marin, the Governor of
Puerto Rico; the President of Costa Rica;
the President of Colombia; the President
of Venezuela; the President of Chile;
and other friends in Latin America?
they would give you advice directly op-
posite to the advice being given by the
State Department. I do not think you
can justify recognizing a military junta
that has destroyed constitutionalism in
the Dominican Republic."
I said, "I hold no brief for Bosch, be-
cause I do not know what led to his over-
throw; but I do hold a brief for the con-
stitution of the Dominican Republic, and
that constitution calls for an order of
succession in case there is a vacancy in
the Presidency; it does not call for a mili-
tary takeover."
There is no question that General
Wessin y Wessin is the military dictator
who has destroyed the constitution of the
Dominican Republic, and we should not
recognize him and should not continue
to recognize his new government. We
should recognize the fact that now the
Organization of American States, not
the United States of America, has the
primary responsibility of restoring con-
stitutionalism in the Dominican Repub-
lic.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
well recall the meeting at the White
House to which the distinguished senior
Senator from Oregon has just referred
again on the floor of the Senate. I am
delighted to know that he is calling to-
gether the subcommittee of which he is
the chairman and which has performed
so outstandingly in the affairs of Latin
America, with respect to which that sub-
committee has a responsibility.
Mr. President, in view of the situation
which has developed in the Dominican
Republic, I feel it incumbent upon me to
say a few words at this time. I support
the humanitarian purposes of the Pres-
ident in dispatching marines to Santo
Domingo to evacuate our nationals and
those of other countries who desire to
leave. It is my hope that once this is
accomplished and a responsible Domin-
ican Government assumes office that
American forces can be withdrawn. I
am sure that the President would like
nothing better. However, we must keep
in mind that there is a very confused
situation in Santo Domingo and that at
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8908 CONG4ESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
present and for some days past, there
has been no *government in control. In
the meantime, confusion and chaos
range in certainparts of the city of Santo
Domingo and many hundreds of lives
have been lost and many hundreds of
people have been wounded.
I think it wise that a protective zone
has been set up for refugees within and
on the outskirts of the city. I approve
of what the papal nuncio has done to
bring about a cease-fire and I am happy
that the Secretary General of the OAS,
Jose Mora, is in Santo Domingo and that
subsequent to his arrival a five-man del-
egation representing the OAS has landed
on the island, in order to assist in the
process of making the cease-fire effective
and in bringing some degree of order
out of the chaos and disorder which
exist.
I would hope that the OAS would take
an even stronger stand and would con-
sider the possibility of organizing an in-
ter-American police force for the pur-
pose of handling not only this situation
but situations of this kind in the future.
I would suggest that the 20 states
comprising the membership of the OAS
could well consider the possibility of a
contribution of 1 company of men
numbering 300 under the direction of
the OAS and to be under the command of
an officer or officers from countries in
the OAS other than the United States.
This sort of unified OAS command could
serve to inter-Americanize the present
unilateral humanitarian role of the
United States. The role of this unified
command would be to protect noncom-
batants but not to engage on one side
or the other in this struggle pending an
OAS decision.
The President has indicated that we
support no faction and no individual
but that we are in Santo Domingo pri-
marily for humanitarian purposes.
I realize, as well as does the President,
that the landing of the marines awak-
ened slumbering memories. That is un-
derstandable and is seen in some of the
reactions which have followed the action.
But I am glad to note that our Govern-
ment is in contact with former President
Juan Bosch in Puerto Rico as well as
with Romulo Betancourt of Venezuela
and Jose Figueres in Costa Rica. I also
approve the action of the President in
dispatching Ambassador Averill Harri-
man to Latin American for the purpose
of explaining our position and former
Ambassador Teodoro Moscoso for the
same reason. It is well that these ac-
tions have been undertaken so that the
governments and the people of Latin
America can be as well informed of what
we are doing as are our own people and
aware of the reasons for the undertaking.
It is MY belief that unless and until
order is restored in Santo Domingo, the
present difficulty may spread elsewhere
and the situation in the Caribbean win
take a turn for the worse.
It is my hope that the prompt action
taken by President Johnson will help to
hasten the day when order is restored,
when tree elections will be held which I
would hope would be within the Period
of 30 to 90 days, and which will bring
about, on the basis of areturn testability,
a withdrawal of American forces and a
ret irn to the Dominicans of a govern-
me at of their own choosing to chart their
own future.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed at this point in the
RECIORD the President's address to the
Nal Ion.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as :talows:
?rc }ANSON'S STATEAIENT ON ISLAND CRISIS
(l"I:yrs.?The following is a text of Presi-
dent Johnson's statement last night on the
revot in the Dominican Republic.)
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. I
have just come from a meeting with the lead-
ers of both parties in the Congress, which
was Reld in the Cabinet room of the White
Home. I briefed them on the facts of the
situation in the Dominican Republic. I
want to make those same facts known to all
the American people and to all the world.
There are times in the affairs of nations
when great principles are tested in an ordeal
of conflict and danger. This is such a time
for t ie American nations.
At stake are the lives of thousands, the
liberty of a nation, and the principles and
the values of all the American Republics.
Tint is why the hopes and the concern of
this entire hemisphere are on this Sabbath
of Sunday focused on the Dominican
Repul dic.
?the dark mist of conflict and violence,
revolt tion and confusion, it is not easy to
find clear and unclouded truths. ,
But certain things are clear. And they re-
quire equally clear action. To understand,
I thick it is necessary to begin with the
events of 8 or 9 days ago.
Last week our observers warned of an ap-
proack tag political storm in the Dominican
Republic. I immediately asked our Am-
bassador to return to Washington at once
so that we might discuss the situation and
might plan a course of conduct. But events
soon outran our hopes for peace.
REVOLT ERUPTS
Saturday, April 24-8 days ago?while
Ambastador Bennett was confering with the
highest officials of your government, revolu-
tion erupted in the Dominican Republic.
Memerts of the military forces of that coun-
try overthrew their government, However,
the rebels themselves were divided. Some
wanted to restore former President Juan
Bosch. Others opposed his restoration.
Presideat Bosch, elected after the fall of
Trujillc and his assassination, had been
driven ircira office by an earlier revolution in
the Dor aincan Republic.
Those who opposed Mr. Bosch's return
formed a military - committee in an effort
to contqol that country. The others took
to the s ;met and they began to lead a revolt
on behalf of President Bosch. Control and
effective government dissolved in conflict and
confusic n.
Meanwhile, the United States was making
a constant effort to restore peace. From
Saturday afternoon onward, our Embassy
urged a sease-fire, and I and all the officials
of the _American Government worked with
every weapon at our command to achieve it.
On Tuesday, the situation of turmoil was
presented to the Pease Committee of the
Organization of American States.
On Wednesday, the entire Council of the
Organize. ion of American States received -a
full repoit from the Dominican Ambassador.
Meanwalle, all this time, from Saturday
to Wednesday, the danger was mounting.
Even though we were deeply saddened by
bloodshec. and violence in a close and
friendly neighbor, we had no desire to in-
terfere ii. the .affaire of a sister republic.
May 3,J965
DANGER CITED
On Wednesday afternoon, there was no
longer any choice for the man who is your
President. I was sitting in my little office
reviewing the world situation with Secretary
Rusk, Secretary McNamara, and Mr. Mc-
George Bundy. Shortly after 3 o'clock I
received a cable from our Ambassador and
he said that things were in danger, he had
been informed the chief of police and gov-
ernmental authorities could no longer pro-
tect us. We immediately started the neces-
sary conference calls to be prepared.
At 5:14, almost 2 hours later, we received a
cable that was labeled "critic," a word that
is reserved for only the most urgent and im-
mediate matters of national security.
The cable reported that Dominican law en-
forcement and military officials had informed
our Embassy that the situation was com-
pletely out of control and that the police
and the government could no longer give any
guarantee concerning the safety of Ameri-
cans or any foreign nationals.
Ambassador Bennett, who is one of our
most experienced Foreign Service officers,
went on in that cable to say that only an im-
mediate landing of American forces could
safeguard and protect the lives of thousands
of Americans and thousands of other citizens
of some 30 other countries, Ambassador Ben-
nett urged your President to order an im-
mediate landing.
In this situation, hesitation and vacilla-
tion could mean death for many of our peo-
ple, as well as many of the citizens of other
lands.
LANDINGS ORDERED
I thought that we could not and we did not
hesitate. Our forces, American forces, were
ordered in immediately to protect American
lives. They have done that. They have at-
tacked no one, and although some of our
servicemen gave their lives, not a single
American civilian and the civilian of any
other nation, as a result of this protection,
lost their lives.
There may be those in our own country
who say that such action was good but we
should have waited or we should have de-
layed, or we should have consulted further,
or we should have called a meeting. But from
the very beginning, the United States, at my
instructions, had worked for a cease-fire be-
ginning the Saturday the revolution took
place. The matter was before the OAS Peace
Committee on Tuesday, at our suggestion.
It was before the full Council on Wednesday
and when I made my announcement to the
American people that evening, I announced
then I was notifying the Council.
When that cable arrived, when our en-
tire country's team in the Dominican Re-
public, made up of nine men?one from
the Army, Navy, and Air Force, our Ambas-
sador, our AID man, and others?said to
your President unanimously: Mr. President,
if you do not send forces immediately, men
and women?Americans and those of other
lands?will die in the streets. Well, I knew
there was no time to talk, to consult, or
to delay. For ILI this situation delay itself
would be decision?the decision to risk and
to lose the lives of thousands of Americans
and thousands of innocent people from al/
lands.
I want you to know that it is not a light
or an easy matter to send our American
boys to another country, but I do not think
that the American people expect their Pres-
ident to hesitate or to vacillate in the face
of danger just because the decision is hard
when life is in peril.
TRAGIC TURN
The revolutionary movement took a trag-
ic turn. Communist leaders, many of them
trained in Cuba, seeing a chance to increase
disorder, to gain a foothold, joined the revo-
lution. They took increasing control. And
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what began as a popular democratic revo-
lution, committed to democracy and social
justice, very shortly moved and was taken
over and really seized and placed into the
hands of a band of Communist conspira-
tors.
Many of the original leaders of the rebel-
. lion, the followers of President Bosch, took
refuge in foreign embassies because they
has been superseded by other evil forces,
and the secretary general of the rebel gov-
ernment, Martinez Francisco, appealed for
a cease-fire. But he was ignored. The revo-
lution was now in other and danger-
ous hands.
When these new and ominous develop-
ments emerged the OAS met again and it
met at the request of the United States.
I am glad to say they responded wisely and
decisively. A five-nation OAS team is now
In the Dominican Republic acting to achieve
a cease-fire to insure the safety of innocent
people, to restore normal conditions, and to
open a path to democratic progress.
This is the situation now.
I plead, therefore, with every person and
every country in this hemisphere that would
choose to do ,so, to contact their ambas-
sador and the Dominican Republic directly
and to get firsthand evidence of the horrors
and the hardship, the violence and the
terror and the international conspiracy from
which U.S. servicemen, have rescued the peo-
ple of more than 30 nations from that war-
torn land.
Earlier today I ordered two additional bat-
talions-2,000 extra men?to proceed imme-
diately to the Dominican Republic. In the
meeting that I have just concluded with the
congressional leaders?following that meet-
ing?I directed the Secretary of Defense and
the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to
Issue instructions to land an additional 4,500
men at the earliest possible moment. The
distribution of food to people who have not
eaten for days, the need of medical supplies
and attention for the sick and wounded, the
health requirements to avoid an epidemic
because there are hundreds that have been
dead for days that are now in the streets, and
other protection and security of each in-
dividual that is caught on that island require
the attention of the additional forces which
I have ordered to proceed to the Dominican
Republic.
EVACUATED 3,000
In addition, our servicemen have already,
since they landed on Wednesday night, evac-
uated 3,000 persons from 30 countries in
the world from this little island. But more
than 5,000 people, 1,500 of whom are Amer-
icans?the others are foreign nationals?
are tonight awaiting evacuation as I speak.
We just must get on with that job im-
mediately.
The evidence that we have on the revolu-
tionary movement indicates that it took a
very tragic turn. Many of them trained in
Cuba, seeing a chance to increase disorder
and to gain a foothold, joined the revolution.
They took increasing control. What began
as a popular democratic revolution that was
committed to democracy and social justice
moved into the hands of a band of Com-
munist conspirators. Many of the original
leaders of the rebellion, the followers of
President Bosch, took refuge in foreign em-
bassies and they are there tonight.
The American nations cannot, must not,
and will not permit the establishment of
another Communist government in the West-
ern Hemisphere. This was the unanimous
view of all the American nations when, in
January, 1962, they declared, and I quote:
''The principles of communism are incom-
patible with the principles of the inter-
American system."
This is what our beloved President John
F. Kennedy meant when, less than a week
before his death, he told us: "We in this
hemisphere must also use every resource at
our command to prevent the establishment
of another Cuba in this hemisphere."
This is and this will be the common action
and the common purpose of the democratic
forces of the hemisphere. For the danger is
also a common danger, and the principles are
common principles.
AMBASSADORS SENT
So we have acted to summon the resources
of this entire hemisphere to this task. We
have sent, on my instructions the night be-
fore last, special emissaries such as Ambassa-
dor Moscoso of Puerto Rico, our very able
Ambassador Averell Harriman and others to
Latin America to explain the situation, to
tell them the truth, and to warn them that
joint action is necessary. We are in contact
with such distinguished Latin American
statesmen as Romulo Betancourt and Jose
Figueres. We are seeking their wisdom and
their counsel and their advice. We have also
maintained communication with President
Bosch, who has chosen to remain in Puerto
Rico.
We have been consulting with the Orga-
nization of American States and our distin-
guished Ambassador, than whom there is no
better; Ambassador Bunker has been report-
ing to them at great length all the actions
of this Government and we have been acting
in conformity with their decisions.
We know that many who are now in re-
volt do not seek a Communist tyranny. We
think it is tragic indeed that their high mo-
tives have been misused by a small band of
conspirators who receive their directions
from abroad. To those who fight only for
liberty and justice and progress I want to
join with the Organization of American
States in saying, in appealing to you tonight,
to lay down your arms, and to assure you
there is nothing to fear.
The road is open for you to share in build-
ing a Dominican democracy and we in Amer-
ica are ready and anxious and willing to help
you. Your courage and your dedication are
qualties which your country and all the
hemisphere need for the future. You are
needed to help shape that future. And
neither we nor any other nation in this hem-
isphere can or should take it upon itself to
ever interfere with the affairs of your coun-
try or any other country. We believe that
change comes and we are glad it does, and it
should come through peaceful process. But
revolution in any country is a matter for
that country to deal with. It becomes a
matter calling for hemispheric action only?
repeat only?when the object is the estab-
lishment of a Communist dictatorship.
SUPPORT NO FACTION
Let me also make clear tonight that we
support no single man or any single group
of men in the Dominican Republic. Our
goal is a simple one. We are there to save
the lives of our citizens and to save the lives
of all people. Our goal in keeping with the
great principles of the inter-American sys-
tem, is to help prevent another Communist
state in this hemisphere, And we would like
to do this without bloodshed or without
large-scale fighting.
The form and the nature of the free Do-
minican Government, I assure you, is solely
a matter for the Dominican people, but we
do know what kind of government we hope
to see in the Dominican Republic. For that
is carefully spelled out in the treaties and
the agreements which make up the fabric of
the inter-American system. It is expressed,
time and time again, in the words of our
statesmen and the values and hopes which
bind us all together.
We hope to see a government freely chosen
by the will of all the people.
We hope to see a government dedicated
to social justice for every citizen.
We hope to see a government working,
every hour of every day, to feeding the
hungry, to educating the ignorant, to healing
the sick?a government whose only concern
is the progress and the elevation and the
welfare of all the people.
For more than three decades the people
of that tragic little island suffered under
the weight of one of the most brutal and
despotic dictatorships of the Americas. We
enthusiastically supported condemnation of
that government by the Organization of
American States. We joined in applying
sanctions, and when Trujillo was assassi-
nated by his fellow citizens we immediately
acted to protect freedom and to prevent a
new tyranny; and since that time we have
taken the resources from all of our people
at some sacrifice to many, and we have
helped them with food and with other re-
sources, with the Peace Corps volunteers,
with the AID technicians; we have helped
them in the effort to build a new order of
progress.
EXPRESSES SYMPATHY
How sad it is tonight that a people so long
oppressed should once again be the targets
of the forces of tyranny. Their long misery
must weigh heavily on the heart of every
citizen of this hemisphere. So I think it is
our mutual responsibility to help the people
of the Dominican Republic toward the day
when they can freely choose the path of lib-
erty and justice and progress. This is re-
quired of us by the agreements that we are
party to and that we have signed. This is
required of us by the values which bind us
together.
Simon Bolivar once wrote from exile: "The
veil has been torn asunder. We have already
seen the light and it is not our desire to be
thrust back into darkness."
Well, after decades of night the Dominican
people have seen a more hopeful light and I
know that the nations of this hemisphere
will not let them be thrust back into the
darkness.
And before I leave you, my fellow Ameri-
cans, I want to say this personal word: I
know that no American serviceman wants
to kill anyone. I know that no American
President wane to give an order which brings
shooting and casualties and death. I want
you to know and I want the world to know
that as long as I am President of this coun-
try, we are going to defend ourselves. We
will defend our soldiers against attackers.
We will honor our treaties. We will keep
our commitments. We will defend our Na-
tion against all those who seek to destroy
not only the United States but every free
country of this hemisphere. We do not
want to bury anyone as I have said so many
times before. But we do not intend to be
buried.
Thank you. God bless you. Good night.
Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield for a question?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. ELLENDER. The Senator from
Montana says he is in full accord with
what the President has done. Does the
Senator believe that as many as 14,000
to 15,000 soldiers are required to remove
the few Americans who are in Santo
Domingo now?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I understand there
are more than a few Americans remain-
ing. It is my understanding that at the
present time there are 5,000 nationals of
other countries in the Dominican Re-
public, and that of these approximately
1,500 are Americans.
Mr. ELLENDER. Why should we pro-
tect the others?
Mr. MANSFIELD. Someone should
protect them. We are the only power,
evidently, that is capable of doing so. I
think this is a good humanitarian
purpose.
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Mr. ELLENDER. I have no doubt of
that so far as American personnel are
concerned; but I do not know how we
shall be able to explain this action to the
world in view of what we are doing in
South Vietnam.
Mr. MANSFIELD. The President has
done his best to explain the situation.
Mr. F.r,T,ENDER. I heard him.
Mr. MANSFIrLD I think he had a
right to undertake the action he took
on his own responsibility to evacuate
Americans who were in peril and who
may well be in Peril, because a certain
part of the city of Santo Domingo is still
very unsafe.
There is a question of taking care of
not only nationals other than Domini-
cans but of Dominicans as well, because
I understand that disease is rampant,
and that there is a need for medical and
Red Cross facilities, for food, and for
other items which are very badly needed
at the present time.
I think anyone would approve of the
humanitarian aspects of what the Pres-
ident of the United States has done.
Mr. ELLENDER. Have we been giv-
en assurance that our forces in the
Dominican Republic are not taking
sides?
Mr. MANSFIELD. We have been
given that assurance by the President.
They have taken no sides so far as any
group is concerned, nor have they taken
any sides so far as any individual is con-
cerned.
Mr. ELLENDER. The group that is in
control there now, as the Senator from
Oregon [Mr. MORSE] has just stated, is a
junta that was installed 2 or 3 years ago.
I understand it is consulting with Mr.
Bosch, who was thrown out by the pres-
ent junta.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
RUSSELL of South Carolina in the chair).
The 3 minutes allotted to the Senator
from Montana have expired.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that I may pro-
ceed for an additional 3 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I
wish the Senator from Montana would
give his view on that aspect, since we
are consulting with Mr. Bosch, and,
doubtless with the junta that is there
now, and since the present junta and
Bosch are alined one against the other.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, we
shall probably be accused of taking sides.
However, we can accept the word of the
President of the United States that we
will not take sides with any individual or
group, and that includes General Wessin
y Wessin, who is the man in charge of
the Army tank corps, I believe, in Santo
Domingo, and who participated in the
revolt?in what way, I am not at all
clear at the moment. However, so far
as I am concerned and know, he is not
the government in Santo Domingo be-
cause there is no government in exist-
ence at this time.
Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I ex-
press the hope that our marines will be
out of Santo Domingo at an early date.
Anytime anything occurs In the world,
we seem to be the only country that does
the job of protecting the lives of people.
Also, I presume, we shall be called upon
to feed the people of that area.
It would seem to me that the quicker
the OAS can get to work and send in
their own resources instead of letting us
carry t le ball, the better off we shall be.
Mr. :V1ANSFIELD. I agree with that
statement. I wish that the OAS would
take a greater responsibility. I wish we
in this hemisphere could react in a co-
operative manner when such incidents
occur ill the Latin American States. The
primar7 responsibility is not ours. It
is the i esponsibility of the Organization
of American States. However, if they
do not act, we do not have much choice.
Mr. ln.,LENDER. Mr. President, does
not the Senator from Montana find it
strange that one of the chief critics of
the position we are no taking in Santo
Domingo is the Government of Vene-
zuela. If I am to judge from what is
reported in the newspapers, the Gov-
ernmert of Venezuela says that we
should not have gone in there. Yet, as
I unde:;stand, one of the reasons which
caused the overthrow of Trujillo was the
pressure brought to bear by the Govern-
ment cd Venezuela. There was never
any lole lost between Betancourt and
Truj
I do not say we aided in bringing it
about, but Trujillo was thrown out and
later aisassinated. There was a promise,
as I re.nember, that the Government of.
Venezuela would exert its efforts in try-
ing to throw Castro out. We delivered on
our promise, but they did not. Of all
people, the Government of Venezuela
should be the last to find fault with
what we are now doing in Santo
Domingo,
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
have rafted the reaction of Venezuela and
other Latin American nations as well.
I can well understand, at least in part,
bow they feel. What has been done in
Santo .Domingo, despite the fact that it
was being done for humanitarian pur-
poses, has revived memories of American
interveotion over the decades stretching
back tc 40 or 50 years ago.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield?
Mr. /4.AN5FIELD. I yield.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, I
commend the Senator from Montana for
the sta -,ement he just made.
It is tny understanding that the Presi-
dent has sent the Marines and other
troops into Santo Domingo to protect
American lives primarily. It is our re-
sponsitility to protect American lives.
The Or ganization of American States, as
I understand it, is set up under terms
which Make it difficult for it to act
quickly. It is also my understanding
that w certainly will share the respon-
sibility with the Organization of Amer-
ican States as soon as the Organization
of American States is capable or willing
to take its share of the responsibility.
It is also my understanding that we are
taking no part at the present time in
Santo Dominican affairs because there
is realr no government down there with
which we can take part. However, the
Senator from Louisiana has brought up
the issue of the lives of other national-
ities. These individuals are human be-
ings, and if we have the resources to go
down there and protect our American
citizens and save their lives, which is our
obligation, then if we can also save the
lives of other human beings, I am in
favor of doing so.
I commend the Senator from Montana
for his statement. I believe his state-
ment accurately reflects the policy of our
Government at the present time, with
which policy I am in full accord.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I had not
intended to make any further comments,
but the colloquy which has taken place
causes me to say to the Senator from
Massachusetts [Mr. SALTONSTALL ] that
we had better keep in mind that two
issues are involved. One is the right of
the United States to protect the lives of
Americans in the Dominican Republic.
When I spoke on Friday afternoon, I
said that there was no question about
the right of the President to take that
action. I made it perfectly clear that the
exercise of that right did not give the
United States any right to take sides in
the revolution that was taking place.
However, I Shall wait, before making a
final commitment, for the briefing this
afternoon. There seems to be a strong
indication that we have, in effect, stopped
the revolution, on the ground that some
Communists may be involved in it. As
former President Bosch said, it may be
that some Communists are involved.
Communists will be involved in. every
uprising in the world?let us face up to
that. However, President Bosch also
made clear that the Communists are not
in control of the situation.
lam particularly worried that the facts
may support the charge that we put down
the revolt by aiding the tyrannical mili-
tary junta which we should never have
recognized in the first place. From the
very beginning we have given our aid and
assistance to that military junta. We
have strengthened the military control
over the people in Santo Domingo. To
that extent, we have suppressed freedom
in another Latin American country.
Once again, we have played into their
hands by proving that whenever the
chips are down in Latin America, with
a junta involved, the United States al-
ways ends up on the side of the junta.
That is the warning that I gave at the
White House many months ago. That
warning has proved to be true, as has
been the case for too long a time in Latin
America.
I say to my friend the Senator from
Massachusetts [Mr. SALTONSTALL1, that
the Organization of American States is
not as impotent as the remarks of the
Senator would lead one to believe.
The Organization of American States
can move quickly in regard to a political
issue. It should try to move quickly in
regard to humanitarian issues. I do not
want at this time to be associated with
the approval of announcements which
have been coming from the White House
over the weekend, to the effect that we
are going to stand guard in cooperation
with a revolt such as this on the ground
that it is thought that some 58 Com-
munists are associated with the revolt.
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I would be surprised if there were not
more than 58 individuals who have Com-
munist leanings. However, the fact is
that the revolt is being conducted by a
segment of the army that was in revolt
against the military junta in the
Dominican Republic.
The PRESIDING Oe'FiCaat, (Mr.
MONTOYA in the chair). The time of the
Senator has expired.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the Senator
from Oregon be permitted to continue
for an additional 3 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, there
was a substantial amount of the Domini-
can Republic that was behind Bosch
when he was President. They had no
objection to the carrying out of the
policy of Bosch that the military should
be under the control of the civilian gov-
ernment. The tyrant General Wessin
ran the show and finally got the support
of the United States. It was a sad day
when the Johnson administration recog-
nized that military tyranny in the
Dominican Republic.
I agree with the Senator from Mon-
tana. I completely support his recom-
mendation that there ought to be an
Organization of American States take-
over so far as jurisdiction is concerned
in respect to the political issue that is
Involved.
Mr. President, are we really going to
announce to the world now that, in the
Western Hemisphere, or elsewhere,
whenever we think there is going to be
a revolution, American military forces
are going to be sent in? Have we lost
our minds? Have we become militarily
power drunk? Do we really think we can
use our military might for regulating the
world? If that is our policy, I say to the
American people, "You had better take
stock of the policy of the American Gov-
ernment." That is why I said on Friday,
and I repeat today, that the Foreign Re-
lations Committee had better get busy
and start to exercise its responsibility to
the people by exercising the responsi-
bility of the checks which are placed in
the Congress as contained in the Con-
stitution. Last Friday that it was an
"iffy" question. It still is, so far as the
facts are concerned. But if we seek to
Intervene in the Western Hemisphere, or
elsewhere, whenever we think the issue
of Communists has been raised, in con-
nection with refugees, that is not the way
to beat the Communists. The way to
beat the Communists and to hold them
in check is to take our case to the other
nations likewise bound by their treaty
obligations, and obtain joint action, in-
stead of American unilateral action, be-
cause that is where we are headed. The
signatories to the Organization of Amer-
ican States Charter have already signed
three agreements to stand together to
prevent the spread of communism. That
Is the way to get appropriate action.
So far as the remarks of the Senator
from Montana and the broad outline he
has stated are concerned, I associate my-
self with him in wanting to get the OAS
into the picture, and quickly.
No. 78-14
Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, it
may be that we are talking ahead of time
because the facts of the situation are
not yet fully known. But I cannot help
recalling that prior to this occurrence
we have spent in excess of $103 million
in order to assist the people of that area,
since the fall of the Trujillo regime.
This year we are in the process of spend-
ing more money. There must be some-
thing wrong with our intelligence that
the Dominican danger could not be de-
tected before it occurred so we could
have obtained assistance from other na-
tions or made recommendations to the
OAS.
As the Senator from Oregon has stated,
whenever there is trouble in South or
Central America, it seems necessary for
us to send marines to protect our own
people; and here we have sent as many
as 14,000 to take care of 1,500 Americans.
There is something highly suspect about
that. The situation did not arise in the
past 7 or 8 days. It must have been
going on for quite a time. The danger
should have been foreseen by our intelli-
gence.
We took it on ourselves to recognize
a government which was not a democra-
tic government by far. I would not even
begin to compare it with the government
of Trujillo. The government of Trujil-
lo was far superior to that of Bosch or
any of his predecessors.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, prior to sending the Marines to
Santo Domingo the President consulted
with the leadership on both sides of the
aisle, both the leaders and the whips of
both Houses, Democratic as well as Re-
publican Members. He explained the
situation as he saw it. He asked us if
there were any questions or What our
suggestions would be.
As one Member of this body, I would
say that if the President had sat idly
by while the Communists took over an-
other nation, the American people would
have been slow to forgive him.
Any time this Nation must resort to
force in its foreign policy, it does so with
reluctance.
Had a previous President, several years
ago, recognized the possibility of a take;-
over in Cuba by a Communist power and
put 15,000 men there, including a high
percentage of Marines, Castro would not
now be holding Cuba in his control and
we would not have a Communist dagger
pointed against the heart of America.
The President has used the best judg-
ment available to him. In the view of
this Senator, he has made the right de-
cision. In my opinion, the President has
acted on the best advice available to him,
and has acted to protect America's in-
terest.
So far as this Senator is concerned,
I could have advised no differently. If
the President believed that American
lives were in-danger; that there was no
real government in the country involved,
and that the Communists were about to
take over, it is my judgment that it be-
came his duty to the American people
to see that the interests of our hemi-
sphere, and particularly of our own Na-
tion, were protected. This Senator is
8911
one who advised the President to take
the action he did; and I do not regret it.
POLAND; IN TRIBUTE TO A GREAT
NATION
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, to-
day we commemorate the anniversary of
the May 3 Constitution. For Poland,
this was a joyous occasion. It gave the
Polish people an instrument through
which constitutional government and
national stability could be achieved. It
held the promise of a great national
destiny. .
On the morning of May 3, 1791, the
Polish Diet convened, and King Stanislas
produced the draft of the new Constitu-
tion which he had been in the process
of drafting since September 1'789. The
document was read aloud and submitted
to the Diet. By an overwhelming vote
the Constitution was accepted. Only a
small number of reactionaries dissented.
Immediately, . Stanislas, rising on his
throne, took an oath to the new Consti-
tution. Then, with the assembled legis-
lators, dignitaries, and people he
marched in a procession to the nearby
Church of St. John where a te deum was
sung. That evening all Warsaw cele-
brated. This was a joyous occasion for
all Poles, and for the next week cele-
brations were staged throughout the
cities and towns of Poland. According
to one historian, all Poland "seemed
intoxicated with joy."
News of the May 3 Constitution was
praised abroad as a solid achievement.
Edmund Burke called it "a great work."
Humanity must rejoice and glory--
He wrote?
when it considers the change in Poland.
In America, President Washington
hailed these "unexpected strides toward
liberty" in Poland as reflecting "great
honor" on the Polish King.
The great significance of the May 3
Constitution lies in the fact that Poland
now had within its possession the essen-
tial instruments that could mean the
flowering of consttutional democracy.
The principle of ministerial responsibil-
ity, undoubtedly the most important key
to demoncratic constitutionalism, was a
prominent feature of this document.
Political representation was extended,
and the peasantry, long subjected to the
arbitrary will of masters, was brought
under the protection of the law. Ac-
cording to Burke, the Polish Constitu-
tion "contained seeds of continuous im-
provement, being built on the same
principles which make our British Con-
stitution so excellent."
The promise of this Constitution was
not, however, fulfilled. The fault lay
not in the Constitution; it lay not in the
Polish people; it lay in the greed of
Russia. For the Russians, eager for
expansion westward, intervened mili-
tarily, destroyed the Constitution, and
partitioned a defeated Poland. The
Russians could not tolerate a strong and
independent Poland. But, more impor-
tant, was the fact that the Russians
could not tolerate a Poland whose Gov-
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8912 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 30.1965
errunent was founded on the principles
of democracy.
Russia destroyed Poland's chance for
freedom then, and it has ever since
sought the reduction of Poland to the
status of a vassal state. In the opening
phase of World War II, the Russians
joined Nazi Germany in an invasion of
Poland which ended in the total destruc-
tion and partition of the Polish State.
? Not content to destroy the institutional
structure of government, the Russians
destroyed the flower of Polish leader-
ship in the forests of Katyn. There, in
the spring of 1940, 25 years ago, the
Soviets murdered thousands of young
Polish officers. Many thousands more
have never been accounted for. By de-
stroying these young men, the Russians
were eliminating one substantial obsta-
cle to their eventual conquest of Poland.
As World War II came to an end, Po-
land, along with the other nations of
Eastern Europe, had been virtually con-
sumed by the conquering Soviet armies.
The United States, then carrying the
brunt of the lighting in Western Europe,
had never been able to extend its power
beyond Central Europe. Unfortunately
for all Eastern Europeans, the Russian
armies got there before the Allies; and it
is a significant fact that Soviet political
conquests had never exceeded the bound-
aries of their military conquest. It was
the Red Army that established the Iron
Curtain. Moreover, the United States
had also been burdened with the great
task of defeating Japan in the Pacific, a
war which by the best military judgment
was expected to extend into 1947. Cir-
cumscribed by the harsh realities of this
situation, the American people could do
only what was in their power; namely,
to formulate an international agreement
insuring free and unfettered elections in
the liberated areas of Europe. However,
the Soviets were not prepared to permit
freedom in Poland or anywhere else in
Eastern Europe where their military
power had been asserted and established.
That the Soviets were prepared to resort
to the most ruthless devices in order to
achieve their goals was demonstrated by
the massacre at Katyn, the Warsaw up-
rising of 1944 in which the Russians per-
mitted the destruction of the Polish un-
derground by Nazi forces, and finally the
seizure of the Polish underground gov-
ernment.
Since those dismal and tragic days of
1945, Poland has been a nation impris-
oned. Her people continue to suffer from
an oppression that bears down upon the
whole land. Will the Polish people sur-
vive this new ordeal that history has
thrust upon them? Perhaps, our best
answer to this question is to cite the his-
torical reality that Poland this year is
now celebrating its 1000th anniversary
OA a formally established nation-state.
In those years the Polish people have
known glory and tragedy, freedom and
tyranny; but they have survived and
lived to flourish again as a nation. And
this they shall do again.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
on May 3, 1791, 174 years ago today,
a new constitution was adopted by the
Polish nation. It established, for the
first time in that country, the principle
of the lesponsibility of the ruler to the
representatives of the people. That was
a momentous occasion for the Polish
people; and it is remembered today by
all people of Polish extraction, many of
whom xeside in their native land without
the freedoms which their countrymen
had so valiantly worked to obtain in
1791.
The constitution of 1791 not only
established a constitutional monarchy
and a responsible cabinet, but also
erased class distinctions and extended
the protection of the laws and the guar-
antee of civil liberties to all the people.
It em'sodied the basic philosophy of the
inherent dignity of the individual and
his al [enable right to enjoy the blessings
of life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap-
pines I, which was the philosophic cor-
nerst me of our own Constitution,
adopted 2 years earlier. The constitu-
tion ,gave promise to the Poles of a new
and 'setter life.
But the freedom gained under the
new constitution was of short duration.
At Vie direction of Catherine the Great,
Poland was invaded by Russian armies
on April 8, 17-92. The ensuing war
ended in her defeat and subsequent par-
titic n.
The Poles have made many signifi-
cant contributions to the enrichment
of life here in the United States. It has
been my privilege to know and to work
with many of them who have settled in
Massachusetts;
'AdaY, we join with the more than 7
minion Polish-Americans and people of
Podsh ancestry throughout the world
in observing this 174th anniversary of
Pclish Constitution Day. We hope the
time is not far off when freedom and
iniependence will again be restored to
that nation.
Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President, today is
Censtitution Day for citizens of Polish
origin throughout the world. Where-
eoer Americans of Polish descent live,
this Polish national holiday is observed
with appropriate exercises, to pay tribute
to the Polish nation. On this day, I
remind my Senate colleagues that Po-
l. Ind was one of the first pioneers of
liberalism in Europe.
As we look at a world in continuing
revolutionary disorder today, it is amaz-
:ng to note that on May 3, 1791, Poland
nicceeded in reforming her public life
and in erasing her internal decline, with-
out bloodshed.
But, as history tells us, this great
rebirth and assertion of liberal view and
social enhancement came to the Poles,
only to be blighted in 1795 by the third
partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia,
and Austria. That partition set the
stage of Poland's history to this day.
Nevertheless, the light of liberalism
shed in 1791 has continued through the
years, and remains today a threat to
tyranny and despotism in Russia and
Germany. The words of the Polish 3d
of May constitution which lit the torch
of European liberalism still echo, along
with the words of our American Found-
ing Fathers in the halls of liberty. They
are worthy of repetition today in the
Senate Chamber.
All power in civil society should be derived
from the will of the people, its end and
object being the preservation and integrity
of the state, the civil liberty and the good
order of society, on an equal scale and on
a lasting foundation.
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts.
Mr. President, within 2 years after the
adoption of the American Constitution
by its Constitutional Convention, Poland
wrote its own charter of freedom affirm-
ing its commitment to "the preservation
and integrity of the state, the civil liber-
ty and the good order of society." To-
day is the anniversary of that historic
May 3, 1791, when a liberal democracy
was established in Poland without blood-
shed or disorder. Born of the same
recognition of individual uniqueness,
the importance of personal freedom, and
the necessity for united endeavors, the
Constitutions of the young American
nation and the historical Polish state
have joined and sustained both our
countries in the long fight to guarantee
and preserve these liberties for our
citizens.
The ideals which animated the Polish
Constitution of 1791 have withstood and
survived the numerous onslaughts upon
her governments. It is fitting that to-
day, we also commemorate three his-
torical incidents which are milestones
In the Polish effort to implement their
ideals. Twenty-five years ago it was dis-
covered that thousands of courageous
scientists, professors, chaplains, and ci-
vilians had given their lives during the
Katyn massacre in an effort to preserve
the integrity of the state against the de-
moralizing forces of the Soviet Union.
This year marks the 20th anniversary of
the imprisonment of 16 members of
free Poland's underground government
who were willing to sacrifice personal
freedom as a consequence of determined
efforts to assure civil liberty to their
countrymen. Poland IS now approaching
the anniversary of the date when, 1,000
years ago, it adopted Christianity and
thereby joined its civilization to that of
the West. During the ensuing millenium
this nation has, through the creative
force of its good and ordered society,
contributed to the cultural development
and defense of the European nations.
The commitment to individual free-
dom in a united democratic society is
very much alive today. When I was in
Poland in 1962, I was most impressed
by the spiritual strength and progres-
sive outlook of the people?especially
evident in the churches and schools
where a nation looks for guidance.
When I spoke to the university students
who will be leading their country to a
dynamic future, I was encouraged by
their strong belief in the Catholic faith
and by their deep interest in achieving
professional competence.
Here, in the United States, we should
be proud and grateful not only for the
great, deeds of polish heroes such as Casi-
mir Pulaski who gave his life for us dur-
ing the American Revolution, but also
for the fine work being done by Ameri-
cans of ,Polish ancestry in councils and
as individuals throughout the country
as they continue the effort to keep the
world aware of the sacrifice a nation is
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Moiy 3, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
We were ready to applaud President John-
son when he said he would not allow himself
to be "blackjacked" into taking hasty action
in the organized disorders at Selina, Ala.
Yet in his broadcast speech, he recited the
refrain of the demonstrators' theme song.
Then he sent to Congress a bill that met
practically all the demands made by Mar-
tin Luther King in an article in the New
York Times a week before.
We do not quarrel with the necessity for
Government action, although both the 14th
amendment and the existing Civil Rights Act
provide plenty of channels for enforcement
of voting rights. We agree with the Presi-
dent that there is no constitutional issue
insofar as national elections are concerned,
although we seriously question the jurisdic-
tion over State and local elections.
But there is an issue which he did not even
mention, which is vital to the stability of our
American governmental system. This is the
issue we stated at the beginning?govern-
ment by intimidation and the same kind of
double standard being applied by the Fed-
eral Government against certain States that
it accuses the States of using against some
of its citizens.
Martin Luther King knows very well that
voters registration is governed by State laws.
He knew that Dallas County had no power
to change the laws of Alabama. Yet he
organized marches even after they had led to
rioting, bloodshed, and even murder. He
called on the National Council of Churches
for nationwide demonstrations by the clergy
to make his case a religious issue. We can-
not honestly believe that the purpose was
anything other than to bully the Congress
into enacting a national law on registration.
He defied a legitimate Federal court in-
junction not to proceed with the Montgom-
ery march, while expecting others to obey
such injunctions when they agree with his
goals.
Why did he not do as the Negro leaders did
in Louisiana? They challenged the registra-
tion law in the courts and, won their case
without spilling a drop of blood.
It is not enough to say that it was in a
good cause that one small city was made the
scapegoat of a national emotional binge.
Government by street demonstration is di-
vided by only a thin line from mob rule. If
it keeps on, there won't be any civil rights
left to argue over.
Mr. President, if there is a Member
of this body who wishes to defend Martin
Luther King for violating the Federal
court order in Alabama, I wish him to
take the floor during this debate and
try to defend him in this action.
Those who oppose the pending bill have
the right to hear from those who are
proposing the bill in defense of Martin
Luther King. It was Martin Luther
King's action in Alabama in creating
there a volatile situation, in causing the
wheels to be set in motion which resulted
in violence, which in turn resulted in
emotionalism all over this Nation, and
which brought the demand for the so-
called voting rights law of 1965.
If they wish to defend Martin Luther
King for violating that court order, we
wish to hear them. The law they are
trying to have enacted by Congress origi-
nated in violence, originated with a man
who has intentionally and willfully and
maliciously violated a Federal court
order at Selma, Ala.
The U.S. News & World Report on
March 29, 1965, presented an editorial
entitled "Bowing to the New Extremists,"
written by David Lawrence. The edi-
torial reads as follows;
BOW/NG TO THE NEW EXTREMISTS
(By David Lawrence)
The Government of the United States ap-
pears to have bowed to a new set of ex-
tremists.
The President, in an emotional address to
a joint Session of both Houses of Congress,
described in general terms an unprecedented
piece of legislation on voting rights and
demanded that it be promptly passed. The
text of the bill, however, wasn't even made
public until later in the week. Members of
the Supreme Court, attired in their judicial
robes, sat in the front row in the House
Chamber during the proceedings and joined
in the applause for the President's speech.
The sweeping proposals which the Presi-
dent virtually ordered Congress to pass were
pressured by street demonstrations, violent
and nonviolent, sitins and lie-ins in many
parts of the country and even inside the
White House, as well as the Capitol and
other Federal buildings. All this was de-
signed to stampede the Chief Executive and
Congress to brush aside the Constitution
and to accept the extremist doctrine that
"the end justifies the means." The tactics
of the demonstrators triumphed.
The Constitution explicitly gives to each
State the power to determine the qualifica-
tions of voters in National, State and local
elections. The Constitution also declares
that the right of citizens to vote shall not
be denied or abridged on account of race or
color.
The new proposal arbitrarily singles out
those States in the Union which, on Novem-
ber 1, 1964, happened to have registered less
than 50 percent of the persons of voting
age residing in the State or in any political
subdivision, or in which less than 50 per-
cent of such residents voted in the presi-
dential election last November.
This is a statistical yardstick which would
automatically adjudge as guilty of discrimi-
nation a State which had used any literacy
test if in such a State less than half of the
population of voting age had been registered
to vote or if "any person acting under color
of law" had in the previous 10 years engaged
In any act denying the right to vote because
of race or color.
An appeal to a three-judge court?only in
Washington?would be allowed. Instead of
the usual presumption of innocence for a
defendant, the bill would establish a pre-
sumption of guilt for the suspected State or
county. The governmental body not only
would have to prove that It was not guilty
of an act of discrimination on a specific date
but also of any other such act on any other
date in the preceding 10 years.
The bill, moreover, would strike down in
those States any "test or device" that may
have been used in the past years, even
though state laws may have sought to es-
tablish whether or not an applicant had the
ability to read and write, or may have pre-
scribed some other standard test of literacy
such as the Supreme Court of the United
States itself upheld as recently as 1959.
To select certain States or areas and apply
one kind of law to them while permitting
other States and subdivisions to be immune
from such interference is a conspicuous vio-
lation of the Constitution.
The whole controversy has revealed a dis-
regard of basic constitutionalism. It is
motivated by the reasoning of those who
have argued that two wrongs make a right.
It grows out of the rationalization, which
so many people are making today, that,
because injustices have been committed and
discrimination has once been practiced on
a wide scale in certain areas of the country,
it is permissible now to diminish the rights
of the States themselves.
Have we come to the point where the
Congress of the United States may decide
on whether a State will be permitted to re-
8937
main in the Union? Have we reached a
position where the national legislative body
will do again what it did 100 years ago after
the War Between the States had ended? The.
same State legislatures which had ratified
the 13th amendment, abolishing slavery,
were suddenly declared illegal by Congress
when they rejected the 14th amendment.
New legislatures were ordered to assemble
and in some instances Federal troops were
sent into the legislative chambers to compel
"ratification" of the 14th and later the 15th
amendment.
This was what happened in the Recon-
struction period in American history. Are
we to go through another such tragic era
because of the submissiveness of both a
Congress and a President to the dictates of
pressure groups whose emotional demon-
strations cause friction and disorder?
It is a sad story. Organized incitement
to violence has swept many areas of the
country. To yield to such demonstrations
is to weaken the whole fabric of democracy
and to encourage mobocracy.
It is a time for the processes of reason
to supersede the hysteria of impassioned
groups of citizens. For, grantin7 that they
have been unjustly treated, are there no
ways to accomplish effective reforms except
by violent demonstrations and a distortion
of the basic provisions of the Constitution?
Or must we continue to bow to the new
extremists?
These articles point out what is oc-
curring in some of the demonstrations.
Again I wish to tell my colleagues in the
Senate that although they call these
demonstrations nonviolent, nonviolent
they should be, but provocative they
must be. They must be provocative for
the purpose of creating, originating, and
generating resistance and thereby, vio-
lence. Violence for what purpose? Vio-
lence to attract attention for the purpose
of raising money for Negro leaders
throughout the Nation to carry on their
nefarious work; and for the second pur-
pose of creating emotionalism through-
out the country, to arouse some people
sufficiently to demand that Congress en-
act a law which will bring more power
to Washington and take it away from
the States and the people, where the
Constitution put it.
Those are the purposes of the demon-
strations. These tactics have, unfortu-
nately, been highly successful and they
will continue to be so until the American
public realizes the true nature and pur-
pose of the demonstrations and demands
an end to them.
I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll. "
Mr. ELLENDat. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for the
quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
TYDINGS in the chair) . Without objec-
tion, it isAo ordered.
MINICAN REPUBLIC
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, the
United Nations Security Council meets
today to patiently listen to the Soviet
Union's denunciation of President John-
son's action in sending troops into the
Dominican Republic.
Out of this meeting will come the
charges of "aggression" by the United
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8938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE May 3, 1965
States. And there will be many, in this
country and abroad, who will echo them.
There will be those who will Choose to
ignore the wisdom of President John-
son's action in moving promptly to pre-
vent another Communist government in
the Western Hemisphere?an action, in-
cidentally, which I support.
There will be those who will choose to
ignore President Johnson's words that
some of the Communist conspirators in
the Dominican Republic revolt were
trained in Cuba.
In light of these expectations, I be-
lieve it is imperative that the American
people, and others, be reminded of what
has gone on before. And there is no
better way than to -o on the table again
official findings.
A report of the Preparodness Investi-
gating Subcommittee of the Senate
Armed Services Committee of May 9,
1963, asserted:
The evidence is overwhelming that Castro
is supporting, spurring, aiding and abetting
Communist revolutionary and subversive
movements throughout the Western Hemi-
sphere and that such activities present a
grave and ominous threat to the peace and
security of the Americas.
On June 4, 1963, the Council of the
Organization of American States pointed
out that?
Communism has found subversion to be
the most effective means of winning peoples
and territory, without the tremendous risks
it might run in a world war.
It then remarked:
This subversion, with techniques that ex-
tend from insidious infiltration to violent
intervention, is conceived, developed, and
perfected constantly in the world and reg-
ional centers of communism, in accordance
with the particular circumstances. Its pur-
pose, however, is one: to replace the politi-
cal, economic, and social order existing in a
country by a new order that presupposes the
total physical and moral control of the
people.
Undoubtedly Cuba now Constitutes the
regional center for subversive action by in-
ternational communism in America. This is
true not only with regard to the spread of
the Communist ideology, but also, and what
is more dangerous, because it constitutes a
nearby center for training agents of every
kind whose function it is to carry on sub-
version in the countries of this hemisphere.
It is an obvious fact that as the Commu-
nist regime became consolidated in Cuba, a
number of schools and centers for training
in the techniques of subversion were orga-
nized, A large number of Latin Americans
attend these centers, where they receive in-
struction not only in Marxist-Leninist
theory, but also in propaganda techniques,
the use of arms and explosives, sabotage,
guerrilla warfare, and so on, in order to apply
them later on in their respective countries.
The cadres of instructors in these schools are
made up not only of Cubans and other Latin
Americans, but also of Russians, Czecho-
slovakians, Chinese, and others.
Lest there be a tendency to disregard
these statements, I wish to underscore
what Premier Castro had to say of his
designs and plirposes as dictator of Cuba.
Any student of history?and of commu-
nism?will know that the words Castro
spoke on January 16, 1963, at the closing
session of the Congress of Women of the
Americas, amounted to a declaration of
war aga.nst other nations in the Western
Hemisphere. Here is what he said:
We mist think about how to change that
situation?
That is, social and economic condi-
tions in Latin America.
There are persons who are experts on
ligures, 'Art what is needed are experts on
changinr the situation, experts on leading
peoples .en revolutions. That is the art of
the revclutionaries, the art that must be
learned arid developed. How to bring the
masses to the struggle.
It is he masses who make history, but
for then; to make history, the masses must
be taker to the battle. That is the duty of
leaders End the revolutionary organizations:
to make the masses march, to launch the
masses into battle. That is what they did
in Algeria. And that is what the patriots
are doin; in South Vietnam. They have sent
the mas ;es into battle with correct methods,
correct zotics, and they have brought the
greatest amount of 'the masses into the bat-
tle.
But if We tell the masses what the situation
is, they must also be told what the road is.
We Must bring them to the struggle, because
that ro d is much easier in many Latin
American countries than it was in Cuba.
Finally, I should like to draw upon a
resolution adopted by the foreign mini-
sters of the Organization of American
States - in late July of 1964. They
warned:
The Clovernment of Cuba that if it should
persist in carrying out acts that possess char-
acterist cs of aggression and intervention
against one or more of the member states
of the erganization, these states shall main-
tain th AT essential rights as sovereign na-
tions hr means of the use of individual or
collectire self-defense, which could go so far
as resoit to armed force, until such time as
the org m of consultation takes measures to
insure the peace and security of the con-
tinent.
To those who would say that Castro's
regime holds no threat to the Western
Hemisphere, I would say: Read the con-
cern 0:! the officials of other hemisphere
nations.
To those who would say that Castro's
regime is failing, I would say: You had
better realize that we have never seen
a Cot iniunist government overturned
under the same situations that Cuba has
today.
I, for one, am pleased that the Monroe
Doctrine appears to have undergone a
new r ?birth as the result of President
Johnson's affirmative action. This pol-
icy of firmness of action has long been
overch
And I would hasten to add: My sup-
port for President Johnson will continue
so long as this policy of firmness con-
tinues.
I think the time is appropriate to re-
view the meaning of the Monroe Doc-
trine. It is an expression of the right
of sell -defense by the United States. It
was onunciated by President James
Monroe on December 2, 1823. He said
that we would regard any attempt on
the part of any foreign power to ex-
tend its system to any portion of the
Western Hemisphere as dangerous to
our peace and safety.
On :December 17, 1895, President Cleve-
land said that the Monroe Doctrine upon
which we stand is strong and sound,' be-
cause its enforcement is important to
our peace and safety as a nation, and is
essential to the integrity of our free
institutions.
There is little doubt that Castro's
movements are being directed from the
Soviet Union and other Communist head-
quarters.
There is little doubt that Cuba is a
source of weapons, provocateurs, sabo-
teurs, agents of revolution, and of chaos,
as one report described that nation only
90 miles frombur shores.
There is little doubt that international
communism now has a firm foothold in
this hemisphere and, if we permit it to
remain this way, it is here to stay. For
as the Preparedness Subcommittee point-
ed out, by a process of erosion our neigh-
bors to the south may fall, nation by
nation, until the entire hemisphere is
lost and the Communist goal of isolating
the United States has been attained.
Despite the objections it knew would
be forthcoming, the administration had
to face up to a course of action in the
Dominican Republic: It could not ignore
the plight of the Americans there, and it
cOuld not ignore the potential of another
Cuba.
I know that the United States will be
criticized for acting unilaterally. But
under the circumstances and considering
the need for promptness, there was not
much else to do; and the United States
did call the Organization of American
States, and the United States did notify
the United Nations. I3ut had we failed
to act promptly, the possibility existed
that American lives would be lost and
the Western Hemisphere would have a
second Cuba.
I know there will be criticism for
allegedly intervening in the affairs of a
sovereign nation. But the facts here
override the fiction of a sovereign gov-
ernment, for under the revolutionaries
and the Communists, the Dominican
Republic had none.
American policy must rest on certain
premises and certain objectives:
First. A policy of firmness.
Second. A need to halt the inroads of
communism, 'through subversion, sabo-
tage, and guerrilla warfare.
Third. The necessity of preventing
other Cubaain the Western Hemisphere.
The decisive action in the Dominican
Republic is in line with this policy.
But I would warn that the American
people must have the facts at all times.
There must be no reluctance to provide
these facts.
Also, there must be no abuse of our
power because of imagined fears. The
American people will, rally behind our
President when the use of this power is
just. But if they are told one thing,
when another is true, distaste will set in.
The New York Times, in an editorial
Published today, takes note of this ques-
tion:
In ordering several thousand more marines
and paratroopers into Santo :Domingo Satur-
day night, President Johnson reiterated that
the sole mission was to protect and evacu-
ate endangered Americans and other, foreign
nationals. Last night the President went on
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 8939
television to confirm what Congressmen and
correspondents in Washington had been told
privately from the start of the Dominican
rebellion?that the primary aim of the U.S.
military involvement is to prevent "another
Cuba."
Thus, the official explanation has finally
caught up with the one consistently given
by authoritaive administration briefings.
The President now tells the Nation that the
revolt began as "An action dedicated to so-
cial justice" but it took a sinister turn when
Communists seized control.
What remains unexplained is why no
slightest expression of sympathy for the
revolt's aims came from Washington in the
period when the massing of American troops
was decided upon. The clear effect of their
influx was to strengthen the ruling military
junta in its efforts to block the restoration
of Juan Bosch as President.
The President's unwillingness to see an-
other Communist state established in this
hemisphere will command national support.
But the question that needs a much clearer
answer is whether a rightwing dictatorship
in Santo Domingo has not traded on U.S.
fears of communism to preserve its power in
a country still scarred by three decades of
brutal regression under Generalissimo Tru-
jillo.
Mr. President, this is a question which
should be answered. In view of what
has occurred, I would suggest that the
time is ripe for the President to take
some action on Cuba.
I believe the first step should be the
recognition of a government in exile. It
should be representative of all the vari-
ous elements now in exile from their
homeland. I feel that this would serve
notice on Premier Castro that, in fact,
we no longer recognize his regime and
that we are going to put a stop to what he
has been doing to subvert Latin America.
I ask unanimous consent that the fol-
lowing articles and editorials be printed
in the RECORD:
First. From the U.S. News & World
Report of May 10,1965: Articles entitled,
"War Steps Up?Where It's Headed";
"Full Story of Caribbean War: How Reds
Plotted a Takeover"; and "Communist
Strategy for Latin America."
Second. A list of Castro's top priori-
ties in Latin America, as reported in the
March 3, 1965, issue of "The Vision Let-
ter," an authoritative newsletter analy-
sis of Latin American affairs.
Third. An editorial entitled "Domini-
can Troop Buildup," published in the
New York Times of May 3,1965.
Fourth. An editorial entitled "From
Saigon to Santo Domingo," published in
the Wall Street Journal of May 3, 1965.
There being no objection, the articles
and editorials were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
[From U.S. News & World Report]
WAR STEPS UP?WHERE IT'S HEADED
(Norz.?A Red threat, and U.S. marines
moved in fast in the Caribbean?as they had
gone into action in South Vietnam. Mean-
ing: United States is making it clear to the
Communists that their days of easy conquest
are at an end.)
The U.S. marines were back in action again
on recent days in two widely separated parts
of the world.
In Vietnam, marines began for the first
time to operate as units against a Commu-
nist enemy, not merely as advisers to South
Vietnamese armed forces.
Then, on April 28, President Johnson sent
marines into the Dominican Republic. There
the lives of 1,300 U.S. citizens were endan-
gered. Civilians, including organized Com-
munists, had been given arms and roamed
the streets.
On April 29, several snipers opened fire on
U.S. marines who were guarding Americans.
They were driven off by marine return fire
which killed at least two. By April 30, one
marine had been killed and six wounded
fighting beside Dominican troops against
ragtag gangs of armed toughs.
Communists backed by Castro's Reds in
Havana were out to take over the country
in the confusion if they could. By week's
end there were over 4,200 U.S. marines and
U.S. Army paratroopers in the Dominican
Republic.
U.S. marines were making their first land-
ing in the Caribbean area since 1926?nearly
40 years ago?when they landed in Nicara-
gua. U.S. occupation of the Dominican Re-
public, begun in 1916, had ended in 1924,
No U.S. troops had remained in any Latin-
American country as combat troops since the
Franklin D. Roosevelt Good Neighbor policy
of 1934.
U.S. POLICY HARDENS
This time U.S. troops were moved into a
position to block another Communist try
for a take-over of a Latin-American govern-
ment, as in Cuba.
The United States today is the possessor
of immense military strength. That strength
had been applied but rarely in recent years.
There had been concern in the White House
and in Congress over what might be said at
home and abroad about the wider use of such
power.
A Communist dictator, Fidel Castro, took
over the island of Cuba, 90 miles from the
United States, and remained there after de-
feating one U.S.-sponsored invasion effort.
Powerful U.S. military forces were kept off-
shore on that occasion.
Mr. Johnson, his advisers indicate, now is
determined to make it clear to the world
that the withholding of U.S. power in key
crises can no longer be counted upon by the
enemies of the United States. This attitude
in the White House has been brought about
4 by growing concern over Communist aggres-
sion and Communist preparations for more
subversion.
Of late, officials say, Communists have
been growing bolder in Latin America.
Assassination plots, apparently financed by
Russian Communists using Italian Reds as
their agents, were uncovered recently in
Venezuela. Similar plots have been blocked
in Colombia and Chile.
BIGGER RED ATTACKS AHEAD? ?
In Vietnam, as the month of May began,
there was no real sign of a Communist will-
ingness to talk peace on any terms other
than a U.S. Withdrawal?a virtual surrender
of South Vietnam to the Communists. Com-
munist forces in South Vietnam were re-
ported gathering for large-scale attacks.
President Johnson already had met Com-
munist attacks on American advisers in
Vietnam by taking the tag of privileged
santuary off Communist North Vietnam.
Since February, 'U.S. bombers have been
striking at carefully selected military objec-
tives in the Communist-ruled country which
is keeping the war in South Vietnam going.
As April ended, the highest officials in
Washington set out to explain once again
why Americans are fighting a war in far-off
Vietnam. Dean Rusk, Secretary of State, on
April 23 made a major address designed to
clarify issues and explain American actions.
On April 22 and 23 there had been back-
ground conferences, with officials not pub-
licly identified, reporting on the war's
progress.
It was in these conferences that officials
made clear a readiness to use nuclear
weapons if the Vietnamese war expanded to
a point where such weapons were required.
At present and in the immediate future, it
was said, nuclear weapon's were not needed
nor was there any plan to use them. How-
ever, such weapons" are near the battle areas,
NCNAMARA AND L133 ON THE AIR
On April 26, Robert McNamara, Secretary
of Defense, went on the air to give the Amer-
ican people an account of what has been hap-
pening in Vietnam. President Johnson, in
a televised news conference on April 27, re-
stated the U.S. position in Vietnam and re-
iterated the U.S. desire to talk peace. But
the President also reported that he knew of
no change in the Communist position. Mr.
Johnson indicated he had drawn nothing but
abuse from the Reds for his offer of nego-
tiations and of a' billion-dollar contribution
to a peaceful development of southeast Asia.
All U.S. high officials made it plain that at-
tacks may be carried deeper into Communist
territory if North Vietnam and Red China
throw more forces directly into this wax.
It is in Vietnam, as the highest U.S. ?fa-
Gilds See it, that the U.S. now has deter-
mined to stand up to the first real test of
a form of aggression which the Communists
have given a new propaganda label: "wars
of national liberation."
Wars so named by Communists are those
conflicts or potential conflicts in countries
where Communist elements are strong
enough to dominate the groups stand-
ing in open opposition to a non-Communist
government. This is a purely propaganda
term?the revolt of Hungarians in 1956, for
example, could not have been designated a
"war of national liberation" by Communists
because Communists were in control of the
country which the rebels sought to liberate.
Fidel Castro's successful war to take over
Cuba is called by Communists?in retro-
spect?a "war of natiOnal liberation" be-
cause, soon after his victory, Castro admitted
he was a Marxist and placed Communists
in positions of power.
PERFECT FOR LIBERATION
The conflict in Vietnam is regarded by the
Communists as a perfect "war of liberation."
The country is divided and guerrillas in the
south are reinforced, supplied, and led by
Communists from North Vietnam, backed by
Red China. Since 1954, the U.S. has been
advising and aiding the South Vietnamese
while Communist North Vietnam and Red
China have been mounting an attack on
South Vietnam through support for the guer-
rillas there.
It is in Vietnam that the U.S. is taking
a firm stand. It refused to halt bombing or
withdraw U.S. troops so long as the Commu-
nists continued their aggression. Why is
Vietnam chosen for such a stand?
Answer given by U.S. officials is that the
U.S. has commitments to defend many coun-
tries of the world?commitments such as
those the U.S. entered into in Vietnam 10
years ago. If Communists were allowed to
win in Vietnam by a U.S. default, then Com-
munist "wars of liberation" would be cer-
tain to follow in Thailand, the Philippines, in
the Congo, in Venezuela?step by step, in
many other countries of the world that look
to the United States as an ally.
THE TIME IS NOW
Sooner or later, as Mr. Johnson sees it, such
Communist tactics must be met and halted.
Bigger war will certainly be a risk wherever
this is done. For Mr. Johnson the time to
put an end to such COmmunist wars is now,
and the place is in Vietnam, in the Carib-
bean, or in any area where Communists try
to take over new territory by.military aggres-
sion or subversion. .
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{From U.S. News & World Report]
FULL STORY OF CARV3DEAN WAR: Row REDS
PLOI.MD A TAHEOVIM
(When U.S. Mar.inCs Waded in Santo
Domingo, Howard Randleman, of the staff of
U.S. News & World Report, went in with them.
But he'd been oni the story long before that.
Here, train the scene, is ,his inside report of
events that led to crisis.)
Sarno DOminco.?This is the 'story of a
Communist plot that turned into America's
war in the Caribbean.
It started 6 month ago when mimeo-
.
graphed handbills began to appear, telling
people how to make Molotov cocktails, how
to build street barricades, plant bombs, how
tio' seize arras. It advanced carefully, step by
s'tepo
And by April 28 the Dominican Republic
was In chaos, Communist plotters were on
the verge of seizing power. The first of
thousands of American marines and para-
troopers arrived to protect Americans and
prevent this country from becoming a 'sec-
ond Cuba."
Two days later?on April 30?marines
found themselves in a firefight with rebels
in Santo Domingo. One marine was killed,
at least six others wounded.
SUGAR PRICES A BIG FACTOR
The plotting began against a background
of discontent on the part of the workers.
Sugar prices have been low, and sugar is the
base of the island economy.
, This forced upon the President, Donald
Reid Cabral, the need to impose a program
of austerity. He acted to break a strike of
sugarworkers. Businessmen were forced to
deposit with the Government 40 percent of
the cost ,of goods they imported.
At the same time, some high-ranking
officers were fired from the army out of fear
that there might be plotting against the
regime.
The result is that businessmen, workers
and key elements of the military all had
become disgruntled.
Complicating the situation was the fact
that the President was not a good speaker?.
he did not have the ability to go on tele-
vision and radio and make a convincing argu-
ment in favor of the austerity he was trying
to inipose.
Communist leaders, aware of the discon-
tent, speeded their plans.
Two weeks ago 52 trained Communist
agents slipped into the country--32 of them
from Ca,stro's Cuba where they had been
trained in guerrilla-warfare schools. The
rest were from similar training schools in
Russia, China, and other Communist coun-
tries.
Some came oh forged passports. Others
slipped in by boat at Hight.
IN TOUCH 'WHIT BOSCH
Month before, the leaders of the plot had
been working with Juan Bosch, former Pres-
ident who had been overthrown in Sep-
tember 1963, and had taken refuge in San
Juan, P.R.
Bosch was not known as a Communist, but
he knew that Communists were in on the
plot to restore him to power, and he worked
With them. All details for the revolt were
being worked out in secrecy. Timing became
the key element. Everything was in readi-
ness.
On Saturday morning, April 24, action was
taken to crack down on three colonels in the
Army whom the Government suspected of
disloyalty.
The colonels were ordered fired. Instead
of accepting the order, the three officers
seized and disarmed the Army Chief of Staff.
Communists found Out about this half an
hour atter it happened. They managed to
broadcast a report that the military was in
revolt.
By some means, the plotters then got hold
of the Government radio and television for
35 minutes and broadcast a false report that
the regime of President Reid Cabral had
fallen.
The broadcasters who appeared on the TV
Screen wore the beards ?and berets that are
standard equipment of Castro Communists.
They exhorted their listeners to take to the
streets. ?
Every possible device was used to capitalize
on the growing unpopularity of the Govern-
Orient. People started daneing in the streets.
They were inspired, and led, by known Com-
munists.
The President went on the air Saturday
night to show that he still was in power. He
told the people that loyal troops were sur-
rounding the two camps in which there were
disloyal colonels.
He announced that unless the disloyal ele-
ments surrendered by 5 o'clock Sunday morn-
ing, April 25, they would be attacked by
Government forces.
It seems, however, that Brig. Gen. Elias
Wessin y Wessin, a friend of the President's,
had been convinced by the Communist-led
mobs in the streets that this was a true
uprising of the people. He failed to carry
Slit the attack the President had ordered.
- When the attack did not come, the Reds
moved out in the open. Their months of
oareful plotting was triggered into action
Cith split-second timing.
Arms began to be passed out to civilian
aoughs on Sunday. The three colonels, work-
log with the Reds, had access to military
hquipment.
- - WHAT SOLDIERS DID
Lower echelons in the Army had been thor-
oughly infiltrated by the plotters, and they
went over with the colonels to the Com-
munist side.
Juan Bosch, in Puerto Rico, packed his bags
ob. that Sunday and prepared to move back
to Santo Domingo. Rebel forces, by then,
had chased President Reid into the Israeli
Itnbassy and were in control of parts of the
city.
Before Mr. Bosch could make his move,
issension developed in the ranks of his sup-
r orters.
!Mr. Bosch claimed the right to move back
atod serve out the unfilled portion of the
t um from which he had been ejected.
Cthers in the group insisted that new elec-
t ons be held.
WHEN REDS MOVED IN
While the squabbling went on, the Cox-a-
nimists took over the uprising. Something
close to panic spread through the ranks of
the non-Communists among the plotters.
The Air Force, most of the Navy and some
elements of the Army?as well as Santo
Domingo's 10,000 armed police?remained
loyal to the Government.
Gen. Wessin y Wessin had led the move
that overthrew Bosch in 1963 and was not
ready to accept his return.
Fighting between the loyal troops and the
reeels became intense. Casualties were high
or both sides.
By Monday, some followers of Juan Bosch
wore seeking asylum in foreign embassies.
The open takeover of the rebel movement by
Castro-type Communists proved more than
they were willing to accept.
There were defections from the Commu-
nia cause, too, by some of the Army officers
when they discovered that what they had
thought to be a true uprising against an
unpopular Government was, in fact, a Red
mcve to take power.
Hy this time rebel leaders and Commu-
nists had fanned out through the city, dis-
tributing rifles, Molotov cocktails, other
welpons to aroused civilians.
Many thus armed were known Commu-
nis:.S.
As for the others' the armed, trigger-
happy populace offered the sort of civilian
unrest that Communists always hope to cap-
italize oh.
Those in the rebellion ranged all the way
from known 13.omna-aunist, agents?carbon
copies' of Castro's revolutionaries?to bands
of criminals intent on looting. Many wore
the green fatigue unifOrms popular with
Castro Communists.
The violence that spread through Santo
Domingo gave the appearance of utter chaos.
Actually, it was cut to a standard Commu-
nist pattern.
Bands of young toughs--called "tigers"?
roamed the streets, carrying burp guns and
other weapons. Others sat on rooftops,
sniping. '
TO THE WALL
Victims were dragged from their homes
and shot down while angry mobs shouted,
"To the wall"?the Same cry that marked the
mass executions in Cuba in the early days of
Fidel Castro. The assa.ssinated Dominicans
were dumped into crude graves right at the
execution spots.
Anti-Communist pilots of the Dominican
Air Force added to the toll with their stra-
fing and bombing attacks on rebel strong-
holds in the capital. The rebels tried to
stop the air attacks by putting the families
of the pilots out in the streets where they be-
came targets.
Much of the gunfire appeared to be for no
other purpose than to terrorize the city.
There were reports of bands of young rebels
dashing through the streets spraying shots
wildly from their machine guns and rifles.
The result was chaos.
On Tuesday, April 27, there seemed to be
a turn against the rebels and a lull in the
fighting. But it was misleading.
That day, the U.S. Ambassador, W. Tapley
Bennett, visited the Presidential Palace. He
found it largely deserted. The rooms were
strewn with wreckage.
The island now was without any effective
Government. Anarchy prevailed in Santo
Domingo.
American citizens, in this period, began
to be in real danger.
On Wednesday, April 28, civil order broke
down completely.
Two to three hundred armed rebels
stormed into the Ambassador Hotel, where
1,100 Americans and some other foreigners
were awaiting evacuation.
? The rebels seized many of the Americans,
separated the men from the women and
children, marched them off out of sight of
their families, fired shots over their heads.
The purpose was terror. Ambassador Ben-
nett asked for marines to protect the lives
of U.S. citizens, after Dominican military
leaders had told him they could no longer
guarantee the safety of Americans.
Among the Americans on the island at
the time were many tourists, a University
of Michigan jazz band, and delegates to a
brewers' convention.
ADVANCE WARNING
Two weeks before the Ambassador called
for protective troops, the U.S. had learned
through intelligence sources that trouble
was impending in the Dominican Republic.
The United States had moved the aircraft
carrier Boxer, with a contingent of 1,100
marines, to a point within easy reach of the
island.
On Thursday, April 29, the marines?
first of thousands of U.S. troops?came in
by helicopter.
The announced purpose of the landing
was to protect American lives and to help
with the evacuation of foreigners.
Actually, the United States seemed to have
made up its mind that it would not permit
another Cuba on its doorstep.
On Thursday the fighting had become
heavy-. The U.S. Embassy was fired upon.
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Marine guards returned the fire. Several
rebel snipers were killed.
The war, itself, became more intense in
the city, but the countryside outside Santo
Domingo seemed quiet.
In the capital, the well-armed rebels had
concentrated their attack on the 10,000-man
police force. One estimate was that hun-
dreds of police were killed in the first 3 days
of fighting.
The Communists captured Radio Patrola,
the police network station. That made it
almost impossible for officers to direct police
reinforcements to areas where they were
needed most.
The rebels fought in small, roving bands,
but they were well armed.
At the time they attacked the American
Embassy they also shot up five other em-
bassies?those of Mexico, El Salvador, Guate-
mala, Peru, and Ecuador.
There was no mistaking the Communist
pattern of the revolution. One worried dip-
lomat told me:
"All types of Communists are in this
thing?Peiping Communists, Moscow Com-
munists, and Castro Comunists."
By Thursday night most of downtown San-
to Domingo was in the hands of the rebel
forces. By then, they had seized the inter-
national telephone exchange. Estimates of
the dead and wounde,d passed the 2,000 mark.
United States flew in 15,000 pounds of med-
ical supplies.
By Friday, April 30, the United States had
built up to a total of 4,200 American fight-
ing men-1,700 marines and 2,500 para-
troopers of the Army's 82d Airborne Division.
There was no slowing in the fighting. At
noon on Friday. a marine armored column
drove into the heart of the city to seal off
a zone around the American Embassy, and
drew rebel fire. The marines had their first
casulties.
The State Department announced that
"law and order has ceased to exist" and it
was clear now that the United States was
prepared to take any action necessary.
Said a high-ranking 'U.S. naval officer: "It
is our intention to pravent a Communist
takeover."
[From U.S. News & World Report]
COMMUNIST STRATEGY FOR LATIN AMERICA
SAN JUAN, P.R.?What follows is based on
top intelligence reports:
The speed with which the Communists
moved in on the Dominican revolt is added
evidence of a new and major subversion cam-
paign by the Reds in Latin America.
Chief Communist targets in the hemi-
sphere are Venezuela, Colombia, and Guate-
mala.
Second priority; according to analysts, goes
to such countries as Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, and Haiti.
While the Reds are making less-concen-
trated efforts in other countries, they hope
to capitalize an any opportunity presented
by recurrent political upheavals.
The new campaign of subversion is pointed
up by two recent events?a Communist-
backed assassination plot in Venezuela, and
increasing influence of Castro Communists
among back-country bandits in Colombia.
MONEY FROM MOSCOW
Venezuelan police, on April 10, arrested an
Italian man and two women and accused
them of trying to smuggle $330,000 into the
country to finance a revolt and of attempt-
ing to kill President Raiff Leoni.
Investigation showed the money traveled
a circuitous route?reaching Caracas by way
of Rome, Prague, and Moscow, where it had
originated. The Italian Communist Party,
acting as intermediary, supplied the couriers.
Inside Venezuela, the conspiracy involved
local Reds, foreign Communists, some mem-
bers of the armed forces and some conserva-
tive businessmen who opposed the social and
economic changes being pushed by the Leoni
government.
Though the plot involved both Rightists
and Reds, investigators say the Communists
clearly were the masterminds.
In Colombia, Castro Communists have
joined up with bandits who have been plagu-
ing the country for years.
Until recent months, the sporadic violence
was annoying, but not a dangerous challenge
to the Bogota government. Now things
have taken a new turn. Violence is on the in-
crease, and is linked to a wave of kidnapings
that appear to be any effort to raise funds
for Communist subversion. There has been
an average of one kidnaping every 3 days this
year. The latest took place on April 27 with
seizure of a prominent industrialist from his
ranch 240 miles from Bogota,.
Colombia authorities say that, for the first
time, the backlands guerrillas appear to be
getting arms and money from outside the
country. Also, the guerrillas have been or-
ganized into units by agents who claim to
represent the liberation forces of Castro
Communists.
A U.S. Central Intelligence Agency report
to Congress in mid-April stressed the con-
tinuing danger of Communist efforts to over-
throw Latin-American governments. The
CIA report said Cuba spent more than a mil-
lion dollars supporting subversion in Vene-
zuela from 1960 to 1964. Other sizable sums
were sent to Guatemala, Panama and El
Salvador.
At the time of the Dominican upheaval,
intelligence authorities say, special groups
from at least 10 other Latin American na-
tions were in Cuba for training in subversion
and guerrilla tactics.
[From the Vision Letter, Mar. 3, 1965]
Here is the outlook as seen from Havana:
Venezuela: This is still considered target
No. 1. Venezuela's guerrillas are the largest
and best organized in the hemisphere, call-
ing themselves Fuerzas Armadas de Liber-
aciOn Nacional. The FALN has the two in-
gredients that carried Castro to power in
Cuba?an enduring guerrilla force in the
mountains and a territorist machine in the
cities. Early this week, as an example, uni-
formed guerrillas toting machineguns took
over the town of Turugual, in the state of
Falean, destroyed all government documents,
held a revolutionary songfest in the streets,
then faded away before federal troops could
arrive.
Colombia: Next in order of possibilities is
Colombia, which has a long history of guer-
rilla activity and backland chaos, rugged
topography which makes pursuit and com-
munications difficult, and proximity to
Venezuela. Backland violence in the past
was at first politically motivated, then later
degenerated into simple banditry. Recently,
however, a Castro-style band of more than
50 youths mounted an armed attack on the
town of Simacota, in Santander (the Vision
Letter, January 13), and promised more of
the same. Colombian officials, who in recent
years had made considerable headway in
knocking out banditry, are nervously await-
ing developments.
Guatemala: The next most likely pros-
pect, Guatemala also has a long history of
guerrilla activity. The rebels are led in the
countryside by former army lieutenant Mar-
co A. Yon Sosa, who operates in the woods
and hills of the north, where population is
poor and sparse. Last month the rebels
threatened to carry the fight to the capital,
and there were two incidents in a matter of
days?an attempt to kill a U.S. military at-
tach?nd a grenade thrown under an army
truck. A state of siege was declared and
the lid clamped tightly on Guatemala City,
but the game is not over. The night before
the state of siege went into effect pamphlets
were distributed in the capital warning that
the "movement of reprisals" against the mil-
itary was beginning.
Honduras, Haiti, and Paraguay are also
thought ripe for "wars of liberation." These
nations all have dictatorial regimes and
fairly recent incidents of armed antigovern-
ment activity. If local leftist firebrands can
get something rolling, they will receive heavy
propaganda support and leadership training
from Havana, but few arms. According to
the teachings of Che Guevara, guerrillas
should not become accustomed to outside
arms. Above all, Castro will only help those
subversives who help themselves.
What chance do the Castro followers really
have of taking over any of these countries?
For the time being, it is felt, almost none.
Colombia and Venezuela both have demo-
cratic governments and, despite difficulties,
are attempting to cope with national prob-
lems. The guerrillas so far lack the one es-
sential component for success?the support
of the masses. What they can do is to stay
alive and active, waiting for the time when
democratic government may turn sour.
Then, they assume, the popular support wil'
swing their way.
[From the New York Times, May 3, 1965]
DOMINICAN TROOP BUILDUP
In ordering several thousand more marines
and paratroopers into Santo Domingo Satur-
day night, President Johnson reiterated that
their sole mission was to protect and evacuate
endangered Americans and other foreign na-
tionals. Last night the President went on
television to confirm what Congressmen and
correspondents in Washington had been told
privately from the start of the Dominican
rebellion?that the primary aim of the United
States military involvement is to prevent
"another Cuba."
Thus, the official explanation has finally
caught up with the one consistently given by
authoritative administration briefings. The
President now tells the Nation that the re-
volt began as "an action dedicated to social
justice" but it took a sinister turn when Com-
munists seized control.
What remains unexplained is why no
slightest expression of sympathy for the re-
volt's aims came from Washington in the
period when the massing of American troops
was decided upon. The clear effect of their
influx was to strengthen the ruling military
junta in its efforts to block the restoration
of Juan Bosch as President. In a television
interview taped on Saturday, Professor Bosch,
who is no Communist, said that the revolt
had been won until Washington intervened.
He vehemently denied that the Communists
exercised any position of control.
The President's unwillingness to see an-
other Communist state established in this
hemisphere will command national support.
But the question that needs a much clearer
answer is whether a right-wing dictatorship
In Santo Domingo has not traded on United
States fears of Communism to preserve its
power in a country still scarred by three dec-
ades of brutal repression under Generalissimo
Trujillo.
Restoring...political stability in the Domin-
ican Repubflic is the rightful responsibility
of the Organization of American States. This
responsibility has been acknowledged by
President Johnson; it is being exercised by
the OAS through its dispatch of a five-man
mediation mission to Santo Domingo. If
that delegation finds a need for an inter-
American peace force to help maintain a
cease-fire or to ward off subversion, the OAS
is the proper instrumentality for bringing
the peace force into being.
The massing of American marines and
paratroopers in ever-increasing numbers al-
ready has stirred bitter recollections through-
out Latin America and the world of the ex-
cesses of "gunboat diplomacy." A unilateral
decision to assign these troops an active role
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8942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
in helping the Dominican military junta put
down the revolt would run ?minter to all the
principles of "progress, democracy, and social
justice," for which Mr. Johnson appealed in
his televised remarks Friday evening.
Such an abuse of our strength would do
more to spread Communism in this hemi-
sphere than the Castroite agents it was di-
rected against. As the President repeatedly
pointed out in the 1964 election campaign,
the United States cannot bulldoze its way to
security, nor should it try. The inter-Ameri-
can system, to which the President has
pledged full support, is our best assurance?
and the hemisphere's.
[Prom the Wall Street Journal, May 3, 19651
FROM SAIGON TO SANTO DOMINGO
Naturally the United States is being ex-
coriated in many parts of the world, includ-
ing some quarters in the United States, for its
intervention in the Dominican Republic, and
in many ways the outcry is interestingly sim-
ilar to that raised over present American
policies in Vietnam.
It's true enough that it has been a long
time since the United States actually landed
troops in a Latin American nation in an ap-
parent effort to help shape its governmental
form as well as protect U.S. citizens. It's
true that the Dominican situation is not,
shall we say, exactly crystal-clear, even af-
ter a week of fighting and various kinds of
diplomatic activity. For all anyone postively
knows, the savage civil war may be merely
one more episode in the long atin tradi-
tion of gory grabs for personal power.
What nonetheless seems plain is that the
supporters of former President Juan Bosch?
those who started the revolution?include
many Communists, perhaps mostly of the
Cuban persuasion, and that Gen. Wessin
y Wessin, who had been trying to put down
the revolution, is strongly anticommunist.
In other words, the U.S. Government last
week faced not only a threat to the safety
of Americans in the Dominican Republic
but also the evident threat of another Cuba
in the hemisphere. This consideration, it
seems to us, overrides the numerous and
sometimes hysterical objections.
One objection is that, if the United States
should have done anything at all, it should
not have done it unilaterally. Washington
of course, did turn immediately to the Or-
ganization of American States, which yes-
terday dispatched an investigating commit-
tee to the island. And the United States did
inform the United Nations, where the Se-
curity Council is supposed to meet today.
Unfortunately, events do not always permit
waiting the outcome of diplomatic deliber-
ations, even if it could have been realistically
assumed that the upshot would be concerted
action.
Another objection is that intervention in
the affairs of a sovereign nation infringes
treaties or understandings among the hem-
ispheric nations. This complaint also
squares but imperfectly with the realities.
The Dominican Republic has had an-un-
happy history, including decadep of misrule
by the dictator Trujillo. It iniad but true-
it has had scant acquaintance with self-
government or the meaning of nationhood.
In the post-Trujiilo period the United States
has tried hard to help the nation not only
along the paths of democracy but toward
true sovereignty; now the Dominican Re-
public is the victim a what certainly seems,
at least in part, indirect aggression from
without. We for one do not believe the
United States should stand icily by in the
face of such a threat.
But the case for intervention in such situ-
ations goes deeper, and it covers some points
the querulous critics?those, that is, who are
not outright Communists?never seem to
get.
Though the Communist world is indeed
] in disarray these days, its components
haven't lost interest in fomenting Commu-
nist revolutions. Neither the Sino-Soviet
split nor resurgent nationalism in the Euro-
pean satellites prevented Khrushchev from
planting missiles in Cuba. Neither the Sino-
Soviet split nor any of Red China's other
troubles prevents that belligerent regime
from sponsoring aggression against South
Vietnam.
Indeed, if there is one thing the world's
Communists still are united on, it is on
old Khrushchev's double-talk about support-
ing "just wars ?of liberation." That means
that the Soviets, for their part, seemingly
feel themselevs blocked by the United States
? from major conquests such as taking over
Europe; consequently they turn considerable
attention to warmaking wherever it seems
profitable in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Anyone who thinks the other Communist
movements don't agree with the Soviets on
that proposition is not seeing what is actually
happening in the world.
That is the condition confronting the
United States from Saigon to Santo Domingo,
and probably for a long time to come?a host
of more or less little wars aimed at conquest
for the banner of communism and trouble-
making for the West. To the extent fea-
sible, and always reversing the freedom n.ot to
engage our forces in hopeless military cir-
cumstances, the United States should dis-
courage this activity and endeavor thus
eventually to tame the Communists. In
ultimately restraining Communist belliger-
ence, not in appeasement, lies by far the best
hope of genuine peace.
The United States is pursuing that purpose
in Vietnam, no matter how many mistakes it
has made or yet may make. It most em-
phatically must be its purpose in its own
neighborhood, the Western Hemisphere, even
if its efforts in the Dominican Republic
fail to bring good government there.
The United States should not have al-
lowed a Communist Cuba to happen, and
communism's victory in that nation remains
unfinished business for the United States.
It should not allow, insofar as it can act
effectively, through diplomacy if possible
but not excluding force if necessary, corn-
muniam to be exported elsewhere, whether
to Brazil, British Guiana, or the Dominican
Republic.
What, we may ask the complainers, is the
alternative? Whatever they or much of the
- world may think, we believe most Americans
at any rate consider it right and proper to
seek to keep the United States from Com-
munist encirclement.
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, I yield
briefly to the Senator from Rhode Island.
PRINTING OF ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF HEARINGS BEFORE JOINT
COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
send to the desk out of order a resolu-
tion and ask unanimous consent for its
immediate consideration.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
resolution will be stated.
The legislative clerk read the resolu-
tion (S. Res. 105) submitted by Mr. PAS-
TORE, as follows:
Resolved, That there be printed for the use
of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
eight hundred additional copies of Part 1
of the hearings held by that Committee on
Atomic Energy Commission authorizing leg-
islation, fiscal year 1966.
Mr. PASTORE. Mr. President, I dis-
cussed this resolution with the distin-
May 3, 15
guished majority leader and the assist-
ant to the minority leader, and it has
beenl cleared on both sides.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the present consideration of
the resolution?
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion was considered and agreed to.
THE VETERANS BENEFITS AND IN-
CREASED SOCIAL SECURITY
BENEFITS
AMENDMENT NO. 139
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, I send
to the desk an amendment to H.R. 6675,
now pending before the Committee on
Finance, and ask that it be printed in
the RECORD and appropriately referred.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, the amendment will be re-
ceived and appropriately referred; and,
the amendment will be printed in the
RECORD at this point.
The amendment was referred to the
Committee on Finance, and ordered to
be printed in the RECORD, as follows: ,
On page 266, after line 22, add a new sec-
tion :328 to title III of said Act as follows:
"INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VETERANS' BENE-
Frrs AND INCREASED SOCIAL SEURITV BENE-
FITS
"Sso. 328. (a) Section 503 of title 38, United
States Code, is amended by inserting (a)'
after '503', and by adding at the end thereof
the following:
'"(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of
subsection (a), in the case of any individ-
ual?
" '11) who, for the first month after the
month in which the Social Security Amend-
ments of 1965 is enacted, is entitled to a
monthly insurance benefit payable under sec.
tion 202 or 228 of the Social Security Act,
"'(2) who, for such month, is entitled to a
monthly benefit payable under the provisions
of this chapter, or under the first sentence of
section 9(b) of the Veterans' Pension Act
of 1959, and
"'(3) whose insurance benefit referred to
in clause (1) for any subsequent month is
increased by reason of the enactment of the
Social Security Amendments of 1965,
there shall not be counted, in determining
the annual income of such individual, so
much of the insurance benefit referred to in
clause (1) for any subsequent month as is
equal to the amount by which such insur-
ance benefit is increased by reason of the
enactment of the Social Security Amend-
ments of 1965.'"
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, the pur-
pose of this amendment is to take care
of a defect which is present in the bill
The defect is that social security pension
increases are being provided for, but the
result is that that it will cause a diminu-
tion in some veterans pensions because
of the present law.
We encountered a similar problem last
year when similar legislation was pend-
ing before us.
My amendment is patterned after an
amendment which the Senate saw fit to-
agree to last year to prevent this inequity
from occurring.
AMENDM ENT NO. 140
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, I send
to the desk another amendment to H.R.
6675, and ask that it be printed in the
RECORD And appropriately referred.
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