MORE ON OUR FREEDOM ACADEMY GAP

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 1, 2005
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: April 13, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

April 13, 1,.9 65
Approve( fR& ftl
Irving Dilliard, the respected colum- MO
nist of Chicago's American, has pointed
this out in a recent article. He correctly
M
argued that equal apportionment, or the
on
right of each citizen to have his vote
yea
count equally, is the essence of repre-
me
sentative government.
B
I ask unanimous consent that Mr. Dil-
crit
liard's article, from the Chicago Ameri-
fore
can of March 28, 1965, be printed in the
pro
RECORD.
tion
There being no abjection, the article
inte
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
the
as follows:
ren
[From the Chicago American, Mar. 28, 1965]
can
REMAP SHOULD BE KEY ISSUE
for
cou
(By Irving Dilliard)
The headlines that have gone properly to
the war in Vietnam, the Selma march, and
the American and Russian space shots have
tended to obscure a most important struggle
in Congress and many of the States. This is
the battle over redistricting for seats in
the House of Representatives and in both
branches of the legislatures. _
Here is something that is the very essence
of representative government. For next to
the right to vote comes the right of each
citizen to have his vote count on a basis
approximately equal to the vote of each other
citizen. This is the heart of the Supreme
Court's series of redistricting decisions which
say in effect: "One man, one vote."
Greatly to their credit, some dozen States
have responded to the Court's decision by
reapportioning substantially on a basis of
population in both legislative chambers. The
dozen include States as widely separated as
Michigan and Oklahoma, New Hampshire and
Oregon, Virginia and Connecticut, West Vir-
ginia, and Colorado.
ALL CAN ACT SIMILARLY
What approximately a fourth of the States
have already done, all the States can and
should do promptly. This is the one best
way to guarantee that each voter's ballot is
close to equal in influence to each other
voter's ballot.
So far so good. But unfortunately this
desirable reconstitution of the legislatures on
the fair basis of equitable population districts
could go off the track at this point, Senator
DIRKSEN, of Illinois, Republican leader, along
with several other Senators, is pushing a pro-
posal to amend the Constitution to override
the Supreme Court's long overdue, beneficial
decision.
The Dirksen amendment would invite the
States to apportion one legislative branch
on a basis other than population.
While the Dirksen proposal has picked up
some additional, uncritical support, its hard-
core backing is the same crowd that tried to
slip over the "monkey wrench" amendments
a couple of years ago. These were the anti-
Supreme Court proposals designed to foster
disunity at the expense of our historic Fed-
eral system.
FEW CAN CONTROL THE MAJORITIES
The case against all these diehard road-
has not kept apace.
blocks to fair representative government has
Understanding the tactics of the ag-
been made with all the chapter-and-verse
gressor is the first step in stopping ag-
documentation anyone should need by Dem-
gression, but we do not fully understand
ocratic Senator DOUGLAS, also of Illinois. He
showed, for example, that fewer than 45 per-
make very little effort to disseminate
cent of the population can elect majorities
what understanding we do have among
In both legislative chambers In some 33
States. A consequence is that urgent urban
leaders of non-Communist countries
needs are frequently ignored by the dominant
majorities from sparsely settled areas.
That is, our antagonists have trained
The highly esteemed Federal legislation
thousands of professional revolutionaries
committee of the Association of the Bar of
to carry out their nonmilitary aggressive
the City of New York says the Dirksen
campaigns over the last generation, and
amendment could endanger "all constitu-
we have looked in awe as a great part
tional rights and the independence of the
of the world turned unfriendly or blot-
judiciary." That ought to set warnings bells
anti hostile to us.
ringing all over America. y
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
p
r. NDT. Mr. President, events
(Freedom Academy bills sponsors-see
the continent of Africa over the last
pages 4059, 4751-4753, 5276-5281, and
r and a half constitute strong argu-
6382-6387 of the RECORD, I would like to
nt for the Freedom Academy bill.
concentrate on the continent of Africa.
asic to this bill, perhaps the part most
More than a year ago the New York
ically needed in conduct of American
Times spelled out how the newly in-
ign relations, is the proposal that we
dependent country of Zanzibar had
vide political training to foreign na-
fallen to a Communist coup. The subse-
als who are not unfriendly to our own
quent combination of Zanzibar with
rests. All the programs proposed in
Tanganyika partially alleviated this loss,
bill-intensive research plus concur-
but observers expect that Tanganyika
t extensive training for first, Ameri-
may well follow Zanzibar instead of sav-
government personnel who work in
ing it. What I want to emphasize, how-
eign affairs; second, citizens of foreign
ever, is evidence of the tactics used by
ntries who need to learn how best to
Communists to conquer Africa.
resist nonmilitary aggression; and, third,
Robert Conley wrote the article. It
citizens employed in the private sector
appeared in the New York Times for
whose work closely involves international
January 20, 1964, as follows:
relations-all are critically important. I
One week after Zanzibar's revolution it is
hesitate to select one program as most
clear that Communist-trained Africans have
important because all are so closely re-
seized every bit of real power on the island.
unist China,
lated, but adequate training for defense They were trained by Communist
the Soviet Union, and Cuba.
techniques of nonmilitary ag-
The leftist revolutionaries control the prin-
gression is so sorely needed by-govern-
cipal ministries, including Foreign Affairs,
ment officials and by leading private citi-
Defense, and internal Affairs.
zens in scores of countries the world
Fewer than 50 subversives trained in
over-countries right now targeted for
guerilla warfare and political revolution car-
subversion and conquest-that this phase
ried out the Zanzibar takeover. Cuba
of the Freedom Academy proposal stands
trained the guerillas. Communist China
the Soviet Union trained the political
out. and
.
The bill, S. 1232, sponsored by Messrs. experts.
Real power is concentrated in the hands
DODD, DOUGLAS, FONG, HICKEN-
of the Vice President, Kassim Hanga * * *
LOOPER, LAUSCHE, MILLER, PROUTY, PROX-
a bitter opponent of the West, who is Soviet
MIRE, SCOTT, SMATHERS, MURPHY, and
trained.
myself, offers, in section 2(a) (7), this
Shiek Mohammed is head of the militarist
was
finding
leftist UMMA, or People's Party. Hehad
Finally, the cause of freedom has been trained by Chinese Communists and'
in Zanzibar of
handicapped by the inhibited been the representative
press
attitude of the United States toward the Hsinhua, the Chinese communist
agency.
and training of foreign na-
tionals. Nowhere, with limited excep- Three other prominent Africa nationalists
are in the revolutionary government ,as fur-
tions, is education and training provided
ther camouflage * * *. Trained subver-
for foreign nationals which will acquaint
been assigned to them, however.
them, in depth, with the spectrum of sives have
In the President's office, Mr. Karume's
Communist subversion and insurgency
chief executive assistant is * * * a Soviet-
and the wide range of instruments that
trained labor agitator who is publicly com-
"Socialist Zanzibar in
may be developed and utilized to defeat mitted to setting up a
the working people would establish
this while seeking to build free, independ- which
their dictatorship."
ent, and viable societies. Yet, the prin-
Mr. Hangs, is in control of internal affairs
cipal burden of repelling Communist
and security with Cuban-trained guerillas
subversion and insurgency must be borne
under him. The guerillas retain their auto-
by the citizens of the nations involved.
matic weapons.
We have identified at least six schools
In the Ministry of Communications * *
within the Communist bloc, or blocs if
is * * * a political activist trained by the
that is preferable, where foreign na-
Soviet Union.
tionals are educated in the arts of non-
He arranged for young Zanzabaris to go on
military warfare. A whole new academic
scholarships to the Soviet Union and Eastern
discipline has matured in the last gen-
Europe.
eration-this discipline of nonmilitary
warfare involving subversion, psychologi- The Communist revolutions occurring
cal warfare, infiltration, guerrilla tactics, all over Africa, Mr. President, are not
and all the rest-but the United States coincidental. They are planned and co-
ordinated by experts trained in the art
of nonmilitary warfare in countries
which are antagonistic to our interests.
Against this professional training in ag-
gression, we offer nothing in training for
defense.
Mr. Conley continues:
Every indication, suggests that the revolu-
tion itself had been planned clandestinely
before Zanzibar gained independence.
Twenty-two Zanzibaris are reported to have
'returned to the island on independence
day, after several months of training in
Cuba, to make final preparations.
These guerrillas became the hard core with-
in the untrained ranks of the "liberation
army."
~R~IA-11 AIP20446R000600080003-5 7599
Today, in my continuing effort to uti-
lize the current news in our American
ress to support these contentions of
 Approved For Rel"&M&6h~iIEQ 00454E6RAOTE 00080003-5 Apil 13, 1965
The purpose of the "liberation army."
Conley says, was to give "the impression that
the revolution was a `sponstansous upris-
ing,"' and "to give African followers a sense
of direct participation In an insurrection that
was not of their making."
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the full text of the article "Red-
Trained Africans Consolidate Hold After
Zanzibar Revolt," from the New York
Times of January 20, 1964, appear at this
point In my remarks. I
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed In the RECORD.
as follows:
RED-TRAINED AFSICANS CONSOLIDATE HOLD
ArrEa ZANZIBAR REVOLT
(By Robert Conley, special to the New York
Times)
One week after Zanzibar's revolution it is
clear that Communist-trained Africans have
seized every bit of real power on the island.
They were trained by Comunist China, the
Soviet Union, and Cuba.
The leftist revolutionaries control the
principal ministries, Including foreign af-
fairs. defense, and internal affairs.
Fears have been expressed that neither the
rest of Africa nor the West can prevent the
revolutionaries from turning Zanzibar Into a
Communist state-just. 25 miles off the East
African coast.
The takeover of Zanzibar gives the Com-
munists their greatest victory in Africa. It
has been likened to the loss of Cuba by the
West to the revolution of Fidel Castro 5 years
ago.
Fewer than 50 subversives trained In
guerrilla warfare and political revolution
carried out the Zanzibar takeover. Cuba
trained the guerrillas. Communist China
and the Soviet Union trained the political
experts.
REGIME GIVEN AFRICAN IMAGE
They made Abeid Karume President of the
revolutionary regime to give an African
image to the revolution, which overthrew the
island's Arab minority government. Mr.
Karume is the leader of the Afro-Shirazi
Party, the main political movement of the
African majority among the island's 310.000
people.
But the real power is concentrated In the
hands of the Vice President, Kassim Hangs.
and the Minister of External Affairs and De-
fense, Sheik Abdul Rahman Mohammed.
Mr. Hanga, a bitter opponent of the West.
is Soviet trained. He studied international
law in Moscow and has a Russian wife.
Sheek Mohammed is head of the militarist
leftist UMMA, or people's party. He was
trained by Chinese Communists and had been
the representative to Zanzibar of Hslnhua,
the Chinese Communist press agency.
The two men are believed to be chiefly re-
sponsible for changing the course of the
revolution.
Their takeover appears to have put an end
to the role of John Okello, self-styled field
marshal of the revolutionary army. His
army, a ragtag collection of 600 men, Is being
disarmed.
The takeover means that the Communists
now are a direct threat to the African main-
land. By winning Zanzibar they have gained
a stepping stone for penetrating the heart of
Africa. Zanzibar has been a gateway to
Africa for centuries for slave traders, ex-
plorers, and colonizers.
Three other prominent African nationalists
are in the revolutionary government as fur-
ther camouflage. They are Othman Sharif,
Minister of Education and Information;
Hasnu Makame, Minister of Finance and De-
velopment; and Abound. Jumbe, Minister of
Health.
Trained subversives have been assigned to
them, however.
In the President's office, Mr. Karume's chief
executive assistant is Abdul Aziz Twala, a
Soviet-trained labor agitator who Is publicly
committed to setting up a "Socialist Zanzibar
in which the working people would establish
their dictatorship."
Mr. Hangs Is In control of internal affairs
and security with Cuban-trained guerrillas
under him. The guerrillas retain their auto-
Inatic weapons.
In the Ministry of Communications the
chief executive assistant is Hassan Nassor
Moyo, a political activist trained by the So-
viet Union.
He arranged for young Zanzibarls to go on
scholarships to the Soviet Union and eastern
Europe. He founded Zanzibar's Young
Workers League In 1962 to "unite all young
workers and enable them to receive trade
union and political educations."
Mr. Mohammed Babu, a former editor,
was released from prison last year after serv-
ing a 15-month sentence for sedition. He
had run the pro-Communist news sheet
Zanews supported by his Chinese Communist
patrons.
Mr. Hanga was one of two members who
walked out of the Island's national assembly
last November when the legislative body ex-
pressed its condolences over the assassina-
tion of President Kennedy.
THREAOLD PURPOSE EVIDENT
Every Indication suggests that the revolu-
tion Itself had been planned clandestinely
before Zanzibar and its northern Island of
Pemba gained their independence from Brit-
ain December 10. Twenty-two Zanzibarls are
reported to have returned to the Island on
independence day, after several months of
training In Cuba, to make final preparations,
These guerrillas became the hard core
within the untrained ranks of the "libera-
tion army." Field Marshall Okello, a 27-
year-old Ugandan, had been a branch secre-
tary of the Afro-Shirezl Party In Pemba.
He and his army, it Is now evident, had a
threefold purpose.
First. they gave the impression to the out-
side world that the revolution was a "spon-
taneous uprising." The Idea was to ob-
scure for a time the fact that the revolution
was a Communist coup.
Second. the rebel army was a means to
give African followers a sense of direct par-
ticipation in an Insurrection that was not
of their making. They were allowed to run
through the streets of the town of Zanzibar,
the island's capital. shooting and looting at
will.
Third. Field Marshall Okello had little ap-
parent knowledge of weapons or strategy.
For his uniform he wore a black visored
cap, a black shirt with one epaulet-on the
left shoulder--and black trousers. The
image of an eagle and a ball were on the
epaulet. The epaulet was supposed to rep-
resent him and the ball represented the
world. He said he had been a "brigadier"
of the Mau Mau terrorists in Kenya. Former
Mau Mau leaders here say they never heard
of him.
His followers went wild with racial hatred
against their former Arab rulers.
There is no evidence to suggest that the
guerrillas were supplied with arms from
outside Zanzibar. They seized their weapons
and ammunition by first raiding a police
armory and the security forces' arsenal before
dawn last Sunday.
Mr. MUNDT. Editors of the Times
must have found that article Interesting,
for 3 days later an unsigned background
story appeared.
Preparations for last week's pro-Commu-
nist revolution in Zanzibar began quietly in
Cuba late in 1981, when a Zanzibari political
office was established in Havana. They
reached their peak with the arrival 8 weeks
ago of a Cuban charged'affaires In Dar es
Salaam, Tanganyika.
Several hundred African "students" are
being trained in Cuba. The training is said
to include guerrilla warfare tactics.
These students are divided Into four main
groups.
One is from east Africa, the second group
from South Africa.
Students from Ghana, Malt, the Congo, and
Nigeria are said to form the third group.
The fourth group is made up of students
from Spanish Guinea.
But most interesting about this article
is the summary of State Department
attitude toward the whole development:
The fact that Cuba had been steadily in-
creasing her Interest In Africa has been
known to officials here for a long time. But
it caused no particular concern until the
events in Zanzibar and Tanganyika.
The assumption was that Cuba was
mainly concerned with commercial and cul-
tural ties.
Facts that once seemed insignificant, such
as the establishment in 1961 of the Havana
office of the Zanzibar National Party, were
being pulled out of the files and studied.
I submit, Mr. President, that had the
Freedom Academy been established in
1960 when the Senate first passed the
bill, we would have had numerous offi-
cers in the State Department and re-
lated agencies who would have recog-
nized the significance of these events
when they occurred, not years there-
after when country after country in the
non-Communist sections of the world
seem inexplicably propelled toward the
Communist bloc.
I ask unanimous consent that the
article "Cuba Began Role in Zanzibar
in 1961" from the New York Times of
January 23, 1964, be printed at this point
in my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
CUBA BEGAN ROLE IN ZANZIBAR IN 1961; WASH-
INGTON GETS DETAILS OF HAVANA'S INVOLVE-
MENT IN UPSISING IN AFRICA
WASHINGTON, January 22.-Preparations
for last week's pro-Communist revolution in
Zanzibar began quietly in Cuba late in 1961,
when a Zanzibari political office was estab-
lished in Havana. They reached their peak
with the arrival weeks ago of a Cuban
charge d'afaires In Dar es Salaam, Tangan-
yika.
The detailed story of Cuba's Involvement
In the Zanzibar revolt and Cuban activities
in connection with the training of East
African and South African guerrillas and
other African groups has been pieced to-
gether from reliable reports that became
available today.
In addition to tracing the Cuban strategy
in preparing for- the revolution in Zanzibar,
which lies off Tanganyika. The information,
which comes from many quarters, indicates
that several hundred African "students" are
being trained in Cuba. The training Is said
to include guerrilla warfare tactics.
These students are divided Into four main
groups-
One is from East Africa. Special emphasis
is placed on the second group, trainees from
South Africa, who were said to form the
largest single unit. Those from Kenya, Tan-
ganyika and Zanzibar also received special
emphasis.
This is believed to indicate that Cuba,
working with the Soviet Union and possibly
Communist China, is centering her attention
and activities on South Africa and the east
coast of Africa, where the successful revolt in
Zanzibar took place January 12 and an army
uprising broke out in Tanganyika on
Monday.
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
 Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
April 1.3, X965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
Studentis from Ghana, Mali, the Congo
and Nigeria are said to form the third group.
The fourth group is made up of students
from Spanish Guinea, on Africa's northwest-
ern coast, where there have been pro-inde-
pendence movements.
The fact that Cuba had been steadily in-
creasing her interest in Africa has been
known to officials here for a long time. But
it caused no particular concern until the
events in Zanzibar and Tanganyika.
The assumption was that Cuba, which
maintains diplomatic relations with nine
African countries, and trades with six, was
mainly concerned with commercial and cul-
tural ties. But the east African violence this
month and information coming to light is
rapidly changing this evaluation.
AIDES TAKE NEW LOOK
Officials who were reluctant to believe that
Cuba would become deeply involved in Afri-
can revolutionary movements are taking a
new look at the situation. They had assumed
that she was concentrating on internal prob-
lems and Latin American affairs.
Facts that once seemed insignificant, such
as the establishment in 1961 of the Havana
office of the Zanzibar National Party, were
being pulled out of files and studied.
For example, the man who ran the Zan-
zibari political office in Havana has emerged
as a top aide of John Okello, the self-styled
field marshal of the Zanzibari revolution.
His name was not available here tonight,
but dispatches from Zanzibar last Wednesday
quoted an aide of Mr. Okello as having said
that he had been trained in Cuba along with
other Zanzibarls.
As far as is known, the Zanzibari office was
the only African organization of its kind
operating in Havana, though African
students had been going to Cuba for a long
time.
How much power Mr. Okello has at this
point is not known here, but the available
Information suggests that Cuban "grad-
uates" still play an Important role;n the
Zanzibari situation.
LINK TO SOUTH AFRICA SEEN
Informed sources here also saw a relation-
ship between Cuban operations and the
activities of a nine-man South African Liber-
ation Committee based in Tanganyika.
It was suspected that Dar es Salaam might
have become a centerfor revolutionary activ-
ities- for east and South Africa and that the
Cuban Embassy there, which began func-
tioning suddenly last month, might be one
of the key elements in this effort.
Also under study here was a report that
the Algerian vessel Khaladoun arrived in
Dar es Salaam on January 2 with a cargo of
arms, supplies, and uniforms.
Some specialists here were checking the
possibility that these may have been some of
the arms sent by Cuba to Algeria last October
during Algeria's brief border conflict with
-Morocco, The Cubans sent two shiploads of
weapons, including tanks, to Algeria, and,
according to intelligence sources, they have
not been returned to Cuba.
Cuban military personnel accompanied the
arms and they, too, are believed to have
remained in Algeria. There was interest
here whether the Cuban military men might
have traveled with the shipment that arrived
in Tanganyika 10 days before the Zanzibar
revolution.
Mr. MUNDT. Now I should like to
skip to the more current press, first the
New York Times and then the Washing-
ton Post.
Just north of Tanganyika, between
Tanganyika and the Sudan, lies Kenya,
which, according to recent press dis-
patches, is also experiencing the early
stages of nonmilitary warfare. -
Mr. Lawrence Fellows outlined an ar-
ticle- which appeared in the Times on
April 3, 1965.
The role of - Communist China in Kenya
was discussed in Parliament today during a
debate on arms smuggling.
[The] Health and Housing Minister said
the activities of Communist China in the
country posed a special problem for Ken-
yans. - -
If they 'came like the British, with guns,
it would not be so bad, the minister said.
But if the Chinese work underground and
supply arms to overthrow the popular gov-
ernment, there is a very real danger to the
country. - -
Obviously there has been some smuggling,
the [Defense] minister said, for someone
has furnished weapons to the bandits the
Government is fighting * * * In the north
The Information Minister declared:
"Kenya is trying to fight a foe she cannot
see or touch."
I ask unanimous consent that the text
of the article "Hand of Red China
Arouses Kenyans" from the New York
Times of April 3, 1965, appear at this
point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York Times, Apr. 3, 19651
HAND OF RED CHINA AROUSES KENYANS;
MINISTERS CHARGE SMUGGLING OF ARMS
AIMS AT REVOLT - -
(By Lawrence Fellows)
NAIROBI, KENYA, April 2.-The role of Com-
munist China in Kenya was discussed in Par-
liament today during a debate on arms smug-
gling.
Joseph Otiende, health and housing
minister, said the activities of Communist
China in the country posed a special problem
for Kenyans.
"If they came like the British with guns, it
would not be so bad," the minister said.
"But if the Chinese work underground and
supply arms to overthrow the popular gov-
ernment, there is a very real danger to the
country."
He was speaking in a heated debate on a
motion urging the government to put a stop
to the smuggling of arms into the country
lest it be drawn into revolution or an un-
wanted external war.
A-THREAT TO INDEPENDENCE:
Ronald Neala, who was the leader of the
now -defunct opposition party in Kenya,
said:
"I feel very strongly on the matter. The
country has just finished fighting for inde-
pendence and I do not want to see a new
form of imperialism--communism--coming."
President Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Presi-
dent Julius K. Nyerere of Tanzania and
Prime Minister Milton Obote of Uganda
would all be overthrown by revolution in
East Africa, according to a document pro-
duced by Mr. Ngala. -
The document, which was attributed to
communism, sources said the three East Af-
rican leaders had been condemned for hav-
ing "tried to eat out of both sides of their
months," he reported.
ARMS SMUGGLERS WARNED
Defense Minister Nj-oroge Mungai said the
government had no knowledge of arms
smuggling on large scale. He cautioned any-
one who might be contemplating such smug-
gling to beware not only of the army and the
police but of the wrath of the whole peo-
ple.
Obviously there has been some smuggling,
the minister said, for -someone has fur-
nished weapons to the bandits the Govern-
ment is fighting in desolate areas in the
north. But the government is tightening its
control, he added.
Achieng Oneko, the information minister,
declared:
"Kenya is trying to fight a foe she cannot
see or touch. -
"I lost my own youth in the fight for in=
dependence and I do not want to see brother
fighting brother because some people from
outside the, country have found a clever
way of getting in."
Mr. MUNDT. -Then on April 7 we see
evidence again supplied by fellows of
Kenyan students undergoing political
training in the Soviet Union. From
their ranks, - of course, will come the
future subverters of independent Kenya.
"It was more of an indoctrination camp
than a university," one student said. "Most
of our studies were taken up with brain-
washing and learning the Communist
doctrine."
"It was hell," another exclaimed.
These students had been among Afri-
can strikers for better living conditions.
Eighty-four students had begun the
strike; only 29 returned to Kenya. We
are not told the total number of Kenyan
students are enrolled in such Commu-
nist indoctrination camps.
I ask unanimous consent that the
article "Kenyans Charge Soviet Brutal-
ity," by Lawrence Fellows, from the
New York Times of April 7, 1965, appear
at this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed In the RECORD,
as follows:
KENYANS CHARGE SOVIET BRUTALITY; STUDENTS
FLY HOME AND TELL OF RACIAL DISCRIMINA-
TION
1 (By Lawrence Fellows)
NAIROBI, KENYA, April 6-Twenty-nine
Kenyan students told today after their re-
turn from the Soviet Union of misery, hos-
tility and beatings they suffered while at a
university in Baku. -
"It was more of an indoctrination camp
than a university," one student said, "Most
of our studies were taken up with brain-
washing and learning the Communist doc-
trine."
"It was hell," another exclaimed. "May
God let us all forget that place."
-
"All the -people hated us," one student
said. "They just didn't like black people.
If we went into -restaurants, they refused to
serve us. They don't allow you to dance
with white women and if we tried to dance
with a Russian girl in a club we were beaten
up?
He pulled- up the sleeve of his Jacket to
show a scar he said was inflicted during an
attack on him by a group of Russian youths.
Cut off from the world and unwilling to
stay in Baku unless they were given better
protection, they said, the students staged a
2-week strike at the university.
When that failed to get results, the stu-
dents moved in a body to the Baku railway
station and. camped on wooden benches
there for 8 days. Finally, Soviet author-
ities put the students, hungry and cold,
aboard an Aeroflot plane for home. Two of
them were women.
None of the African students at Baku were
pleased with their lot, those who returned
said, and the strike had been. kept from
growing larger because the African groups
at the university were kept from communi-
cating with one ano;:Ier. -
The strike had begun with 84 students
and was pared down by sickness to 77 stu-
dents by the time they moved to the railway
station.' - -
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
 7602 Approved For Rele R7%1d CIA--RRDDPP67BOO4 SENATE 6ROO06 0080003-5
Apnl 13, 1965
There, in freezing weather and with only their recommended interim successor A VIABLE CORPSE
enough money to buy it few soft drinks and
cakes at the station, many of the students government. They proposed to.-accord- Throughout the Abboud regime, the Com-
fell in and returned to the university. Ing to the article: munist Party had been outlawed, along with
Others were bribed away with money or I. Create an apolitical government with every other party in the Sudan. But where
promises of women, they said. a neutral Premier; the other groups either faded into obscurity
By Sunday, when authorities gave them an 2. Limit the parties to one council member or became dormant, the Communist Party's
ultimatum to return to the university or each; apparatus remained intact and moved into
suffer the conse
uenc
h
- -
q
es t
e 29 remainin
,g students stood firm and were given 50 min-
utes to prepare for the flight borne,
The Kenyan Government, which had been
notified of the expected arrival of the stu-
dently only after they were underway, had
some officials on hand at the airport to meet
the students and to rush them off to a dormi-
tory at the Kenya School of Admintstratton
at Kabete, onthe edge of Nairobi.
This morning, John Ole Konchellah,
assistant minister of education, met with
students in a closed session for about 4 hours.
Afterward, Mr. Konchellah said: "The
problem arose at Baku when the students
wanted a transfer to any other university
In the Soviet Union. There were allegations
that they were beaten up, that the popula-
tion was savage, hostile, would attack any-
body among the students."
represent Independent professional groups Significantly, Abboucl's half-hearted efforts
such as lawyers, doctors, and workers. to suppress the party provided Its main
The Communists, though, controlled dentifiedeasethe onlyresistance to the mike
beforehand these "independent profes- terry government, and they made important
atonal groups." gains In the labor movement and in the 100,
Fortunately for us who are not Com- 000-member tenant organization in Sudan's
munists, an independent politician re- vast Gezira agricultural project. They were
malned who commanded tribal loyalties. also known t country's have tightened
but Influential their gri-on the He eventually mustered 23,000 men lectual community. small but ineY
armed with spears, sticks, and blunder- But the extent of the party's penetration
busses, who camped quietly in the city Was not appreciated until after the revolu-
for the tense week of renewed govern- tion. It soon became evident that the Com-
ment negotiations. munists had won either control of, or a
This article needs no interpretation. commanding position In the executive or-
it describes plainly the near loss of the gans of all the leading professional organt-
Sudan, the recovery, although perhaps This turned s h ra
of doctors. ououtto b to bee and thei r r ace in ace in.
only temporary, T the
y porary, and the tenuous pose- hole d
i
ur
ng the tense mi
aneuverng to form
Mr. MUNDT. Finally, I should like Lion which the non-Communist govern- a provisional government in the aftermath of
to discuss 'a remarkable article from the ment now occupies. I ask unanimous the revolution.
Outlook section of the Washington Post Consent that It appear at this point in my PRESSED FOR TIME
of April 4, 1965. Written by Donald H. remarks. For 4 days and nights, the leaders of the
Louchheim, It presents another varia- There being no objection, the article professional, student and labor groups that
tion on the same old theme-citizens and was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, participated in the demonstrations met with
government officials of a n411hostile as follows: representatives of the former political parties
country who do not recognize nonrnill- IT ALMOST HAPPENED IN THE SUDAN-A Cosa- to formulate a government.
tart' aggression against them and, worse, mumisT TAKEOVER or AralsA's LARCNEST According to leaders of the Umma and
who have no place the world to turn CouNTar KO AvzRPED ATPER ToucH-AHD- National Union Parties, the two major anti-
for enlightenment about this modern risk Go TUSSLE Communist groupings, which are credited
with Donald H. Louchhetm with the support of about 60 percent of the
In statescraft: ) population, their representatives were clev-
A sm811 number of well-[acipilned Com_ KHARmUM.-Perhaps it oan't happen here, any duped by the Communists.
m smallfnum than 2 ell-dcame red Coil- but It almost did. A small number of well- They explain that time was running out. 000 close is winning control of Africa's largest disciplined Communists-fewer than 2,000-_- They were haunted by memories of the im-
nation
close . came startlingly close to winning control of potence of the political parties during the
All agree that the recent events in the Africa's largest nation, parliamentary period between 1956 and the
Sudan add up to a eextcen eve s an ate Some observers here believe that the Com- Abboud coup In 1958. They wanted to reach
emaed Communist takeover. munists could never have succeeded. Others a temporary consensus that would embrace
are not so sure, and they suggest that the all elements of the population. And they
These words are similar to those filed threat is still very real. But all agree that felt that unless they could produce a govern-
a few weeks ago concerning the Commu- the recent events In the Sudan add up to ment quickly, they would lose the confidence
nisi overthrow of the legitimate overn- a textbook case of an attempted Communist of the country.
meat
in - a the Congo a legit is to the Bean- takover. The Communists played on all these ap-
zaville government. Here it is called a American no accident that on the de of one prensions official in Khartoum the emits a copy was on their during and th it proposal ap-
textbook case; there it was a classic Com- of Harry and Bonaro Overstreet's "What. We peared to be a fair one:
munist-style takeover-page 4752 of the Must Know About Communism" or that pa- 1. Create an apolitical government with a
RECORD. perback editions of the book were made avail- neutral premier.
We should be teaching these people able to Influential Sudanese. 2. Limit the parties to one council member
and our own people what constitutes a A RMIME CAVES IN each.
textbook case. The drama began with an unexpected 3. Let the other nine members, a majority,
The article continues: revolution last October and culminated in such a represent
as nt ]awyere. Independent doctors, and w and woorkersrkers groups
The drama began with an unexpected revo- a quiet anti-Communist coup in mid-Feb- .
lution last October and culminated in a quiet ruary RIPE FOR TRANSITION
anti-Communist coup in mid-February. Talks with diplomatic observers, Sudanese
On October 28 newsmen, leaders of political parties, and par-
(there was a) "glorious revo- ticipants in the hectic 4-month struggle re-
lution." a genuinely popular movement veal this story:
joined by all segments of the population. On October 26. the 8-year-old military re-
No one here believes that the Communists game of Gen. Ibrahim Abboud collapsed.
triggered the revolution. But as It unex- Five days of demonstrations in this sun-
pectedly began to succeed, they did move to baked city at the confluence of the two Niles
the forefront. And when the collapse came, had succeeded. But, to the surprise of every-
they were the only organization capable of one, the regime was not overthrown. It caved
picking up the pieces. In
The extent of the party's penetration was The glorious revolution, as It Is now called,
not appreciated until after the revolution. wets a genuinely popular movement joined
It soon became evident that the Communists by all segments of the population. The
had won either control of, or a commanding demonstrations climaxed 6 years of stagna-
position in, the executive organs of all the tion and gentle but firm suppression. They
leading professional organizations of doe- were born of frustration and a desire to
tors, lawyers, and engineers. start afresh on the political and economic
This turned out to be their ace In the bole problems that had plagued the country since
during the tense maneuvering to form a independence in 1956.
provisional government In the aftermath of No one here believes that the Communists
the revolution, triggered the revolution. But as it unexpect-
The Communists were in edly began to succeed, they did move to the
good post- forefront. And when the collapse came, they
tion, as the only cohesive political force were the only organization capable of pick-
in the country, to secure acceptance of ing up the pieces.
On October 30, a new Council of Ministers
was announced. From the 15 members, the
Communists could muster 10 votes. Sources
say that the number of card-carrying party
members may have numbered only four but
that the other members of the group, prin-
cipally drawn from hidden sympathizers in
the professional organizations, could be
counted on for their consistent support.
On November 4, the party held its first
aboveground plenum in 6 years. It was de-
cided that the revolution had been a na-
tional democratic revolution, that the neces-
sary first stage had been completed and that
the time was ripe for the transition to so-
cialism. Party members and their supporters
were given the green light.
From subsequent developments, it appears
that the Central Committee determined that
the army was the most serious potential
threat to the hoped-for translion.
On November 9, a bold stroke was carried
out In an effort to build support for a mas-
sive army shakeup. A party member walked
into the state radio station and broadcast
a false report that the army was trying to
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
 Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
April 13, 1,965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
carry our a reactionary coup. He appealed supporter, unilaterally took the air in the
for immediate demonstrations to counter name of the government. He claimed that
the threat and urged the replacement of the the revolution was 'being threatened and
counterrevolutionaries with more reliable called for demonstrations of support. Ob-
subordinates. servers say that the now familiar demonstra-
A JOLTING BOOMERANG tion squad turned out but with limited
""??` "??? -7 a "-' ' " The next .day, Sadiq Elmahdi, leader of
broadcast was a serious tagtieal error from the Umrna Party and a political chieftian of
the Communist point of view. It was re- the powerful and disciplined Moslem Ansar
vealed as a hoax before the Communists brotherhood, summoned 23,000 of his fol-
could implement their plan. More impor- lowers to Khartoum "to prevent any monkey
tant, it served its a jolting eye opener to the business." Armed with spears, sticks, and
-
non
Communist parties and it marked the
beginning of their campaign to regain con-
trol.
It was to be a tough, 2-month battle. The
Communists still had a healthy majority in
the Council of Ministers, and they began a
systematic campaign to tighten the noose.
They already had succeeded in getting a
pledge of support for all "liberation move-
ments" written into the provisional national
charter. Capitalizing on genuine popular
sympathy for the Congolese rebels they now
opened up the Sudan as an arms pipeline
into the northeastern Congo. In addition,
the Government began to provide support to
Eritrean dissidents. seeking to detach that
coastal province from Ethiopia.
Domestically, the Communists pushed even
harder, possibly too hard. A purge commit-
tee was established and it attempted a sys-
tematic cleanup of anti-Communists in key
sectors of the country, including the army
and the judiciary. The British-trained civil
service, which had kept the country operaiting
during the first 8 uncertain years of In-
dependence, was one early target. A dozen
key administrators were forced out and the
Communists cleverly whetted the appetites
of junior officials eager for advancement.
The press was another major target. Sev-
eral papers were closed outright. In two
other cases,, anti-Communist editors were
pushed into retirement and low-echelon
Communist sympathizers rose to power. By
January, the anti-Communist press com-
prised only the Umma and National Union
Party newspapers, both house organs with
limited circulations.
Many of the purge casualties were victims
-of a stroke of a pen and it is conceded that
in some cases the retribution was just.
Others, however, were subjected to black-
mail.
Dossiers citing instances of possible collab-
oration with the Abboud regime were pro-
duced with warnings of what could happen if
the individuals failed to play ball. Busi-
nessmen, landowners, and other influential
persons outside of direct government can-
trol were put under pressure.
The Communists rode the crest of the
wave through mid-January. By then, the
reaction to the heavy-handed purge efforts
began to increase. It coincided with a rally-
ing of strength by the leadership of the Um-
ma and National Union Parties. '
The turn of the tide was reflected in
the second Communist Party plenum, held
January 14; The party secretary general, Ab-
delkhalig Mahgoub, admitted that the assess-
ment of the first postrevolutionary gather-
bhinderbusses, they camped quietly in the
city for the tense week of renewed govern-
ment negotiations.
Prime Minister Serrel-Khatim KhalIfa who
throughout the post-revolutionary period
had been little more than a tail wagged by
the top dog in the Council of Ministers, re-
signed on Feb. 18 The negotiations to form
a second transitional government began, but
this time the Umma and National Union
representatives found themselves armed with
most of the cards. Their trump was the
presence of the 23,000 Ansari.
In the reshuffle, the Communist, Party and
its ally, the People's Democratic Party, were
allotted only four of the 16 Council posts
and the anti-Communist parties held a ma-
jority. The Communist refused' to partici-
pate in the new alignment; they demanded
two additional seats for "workers and ten-
ants' representatives" but the other parties
refused to budge.
This second transitional government ended
officially last Thursday under a mandate
limiting it to March 31 unless it could guar-
antee elections by April 21. It could give
no such assurance, but a last-minute flurry
of political jockeying will keep It in power
for a few more weeks and possibly longer.
Most observers here think that the danger
of an Outright Communist takeover has
passed, at least for the immediate future,
but they are aware that the Communists
retain a strong influence that could soar if
the traditional parties fail to come up with
a constructive and progressive government.
At the moment, the. Communist Party is
somewhat divided Into Moscow and Peiping
factions, but it. is,.still the best organized
and best financed group in the Sudan. It
has been receiving large donations of Sudan
ese pounds bought by the Russians In Beirut'
and by the Chinese in Dar Es Salaam. -
The Party publishes five newspapers and
a mimeographed monthly circulates within
the army. It has also established a busy
network of workers' clubs throughout the
country's major cities. Although most of
its supporters have been exposed, it is still
campaigning hard with both carrot and stick.
Mr. MUNDT.. What is important to
comment on here is that Communist ex-
perts in nonmilitary aggression will
study their failure in the Sudan and will
subsequently apply what they learn in
new essays in aggression. Louchheim,
on the other hand, tells something of our
patchwork efforts at resistance during
these weeks in the Sudan:
ing in November had been premature. . It is no accident that on the desk of one
"We made some mistakes," he said. "There American 'official in Khartoum there is a
were certain weaknesses which prevented the copy of Harry and Bonaro Overstreet's "What
national democratic forces from realizing We Must -Know About Communism" or that
complete success." paperback editions of the book were made
He conceded that the party had overe'sti- available to influential Sudanese.
mated its support and coordination and It is good that we are consulting this
urged a more gradual "transition to perspicuous book. But it is time that
swe provide thorough familarity with
the The eswi switch came anti late. A month a nonmilitary aggression for those persons
launched plenum their the countercoup. anti-Communist
. It It was st parties t signaled ies in non-Communist countries upon
by an event similar to the false Communist whom our own defenses rest.
broadcast directed against the Army Nov. 9. Enactment of the Freedom Academy
7603
NEW MEXICANS MAKE STRONG
CASE FOR BAYARD VETERANS'
ADMINISTRATION HOSPITAL
PRESERVATION
Mr. MONTOYA. - Mr. President, Pres-
ident Johnson's decision to review the
Veterans' Administration order closing
a number of VA hospitals has been very
encouraging to us who feel the closing
would be a serious disservice to the vet-
erans of this country.
Just before establishing a committee
to review the closing order, the President
instructed the Administrator for the
Veterans' Administration? Mr. William
J. Driver, to visit each of the endangered
hospitals.
Unfortunately, Mr. Driver was not
treated with proper courtesy at some of
the institutions, but I am happy to say
that the citizens of Silver City and Grant
County in New Mexico were not among
this group. Mr. Driver's reception when
he visited Fort Bayard Veterans' Hos-
pital on April 3 so Impressed him that
he sent a letter of thanks to the chamber
of commerce.
I believe the comments of Mr. Jim
Elliott, of the Silver City Daily Press,
following Mr. Driver's visit may be of
interest to my colleagues, and I ask
unanimous consent that the comments
be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the com-
merits were ordered to be printed in the
Rzooxn, as follows:
The Silver. City-Grant County Chamber of
Commerce has received a letter from Wil-
liam J. Driver, Veterans' Affairs Adminis-
trator, complimenting Grant Countians on
their presentation of the case for retention
of the VA hospital at Fort Bayard, as being
orderly, degnifled, and without dramatics.
Driver, who was at the Fort Bayard facility
on direct orders of the President, was met
by hospital Administrators,, leaders of the
Tri-State Veterans Steering Committee
Thomas P. Foy, Ernie Parra, Dr. George Cor-
nali, and others; news representatives, and
Senator JOSEPH M. MONTOYA, representing
the New Mexico congressional delegation.
Also on hand were a number of veterans
organization members, including ranking
State officers of the DAV.
In addressing the local people, Driver
stated In the briefest terms that his mission
was to make a personal inspection, that other
VA Officials with him were even then tour-
ing the Fort Bayard complex, and that he
would submit his evaluation of the facility's
worth and importance directly to President
Johnson,
Many of the assembled veterans shook
hands with the Administrator, said they Were
certain his on-site inspection would be re-
flected in a favorable report, and left any for-
mal statements to Senator MONTOYA,
Senator MorrroYA said he wished.to speak,
not of economic importance of the facility,
but of the hardship its closing would work
on veterans of this area, especially the great
distance to he traveled by ailing veterans to
the nearest VA hospital.
In less than 10 minutes the conference. was
over, and Driver began his own tour, of the
plant.
Driver's treatment InGrant County was in
sharp contrast to that he received in some
supposedly more sophisticated communities,
where groups of exservicemen, wearing little
caps jangling with hardware, dogged his steps
as he toured facilities, wore placards de-
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
 7604 Approved For Rel a lRT fflAf 1R COR67~BOOS ~R~O~OO6OOO8OOO3-5 7 i { nc c
? ~ti ~..e every re:nars anc and weedlCides. The same is true Miss Carson, not only should the pr;sent ac-
railed at him.
Grant Co throughout the Nation, tvity be taken as a well-deserved and well-
personal attack on ck ons the didn't
VA 't chief have to to make make their a Every merited result of her efforts to shock the
Precaution should be taken for
point, The point was well made by the human safety, to be sure. But let there American people into a realization of the
sparkling appearance and obviously smooth not be Ill-advised, hasty action which change have aase which man's efforts the face improveof hie
operation of the hospital itself. will be based on emotion or hysteria but earth; but I am further convinced that with
It shouldn't be hard to guess which is which will result in heavy and irrepa- Miss Carson no longer here there is a real
dirties left the more favorable impressions rable damages to those whose safety is need to bring these matters into focus, that
on the inspection tram.
being sought. we map keep a sense of balance with re-
A Member of the Congress who has gard to man's essential weapons In his nev-
REPRESENTATIVE WIiTTN N CAIT S studied the pesticide matter carefully and erending contest with insects and diseases,
thoroughly is Representative JAn~IE L. with pests and pestilence.
FOR UNDERSTANDING ABOUT f s Mississippi. Repress chairman JA of the In connection with this effort on my part
PESTICIDE.' House Appropriations Subcommittee on a t place by a"lent ousped p public in d the oper focus resultin
Mr. HRUSKA. Mr. President, from Agriculture. He is one of the country's we must realize that the substitutes which
time to time, various of our colleagues foremost agricultural authorities. Ail were offered not only in "Silent Spring"
have seen fit to discuss In this Chamber who have dealt with him have confidence but by those who took its public warning as
the several aspects of pesticides, insects- In his integrity, ability, and knowledge. the last word are, themselves, dangerous to
Bides, and aeedicfdes: their place and Recently Representative WRITTEN the extreme.
value in agriculture; their proper use; gave a speech to the Council of Cali- Spring" was Recommended as bacteria, suu a stituIt is te it "finest
their effect upon agricultural produc- fornia Growers. It is entitled "Our Pes- much suffering , thou a the cause
tion, availability of foodstuffs as well as ticide Problem-Public Understanding AAlso suggested d as a substitute for chemicals
quality; and proposed legislative Our Greatest Need." Because of its were viruses. As we know, viruses are not
measures relating to their manufacture, timely and factual information. I ask only the known cause of many diseases of
distribution and use. unanimous consent to have the speech man and animals, but to you and me they
This Senator has also engaged in such printed in the RECORD. are the cause to which is attributed just
discussions in this Chamber previously. I hope every Member of the Congress about everything for which the doctors can
find
In common with others who have done will take the time to read It. It puts this the boono ,
ks are answer. replete Not wit t Snih is this atio of
so, I too have counseled that before act- entire viruses; though o of
pesticide situation in its proper the mutations o of viruses; thus, our
ing by way of legislation, we should have context. Sooner or later, the Congress scientists may be able to determine a means
all the necessary facts firmly in mind. will, in my opinion, be called upon to of control for a particular virus, in succeed-
As we all know, the book, "Silent legislate In this field. The speech will Ing generations, changes may occur so that
Spring," by Miss Rachel Carson, forcibly prove invaluable to those who wish to It becomes something entirely different and
centered attention on this subject. wholesomely inform themselves in ad- not subject to any known control, a virus
In spite of her high dedication to the vance. running wild.
Another Item recommended by Miss Car-
cause of public well-being, however, the There being no objection, the speech son as a substitute was gamma rays, which
ich
book regrettably caused many fears, fe- was ordered to be printed in the REc- according to the Atomic Energy Commission
verish inquiries and concerns. This was ORD, as follows: - requires the greatest care and attention. A
regrettable because with more complete OI'a PSSTTCTDE PROSLLM-PUBLIC UNDERSTAND- real help In the treatment of cancer, there
information and consideration, such iNG Ova GRzATasT NEaD are those who begin to suspect that radia-
apprehensions have for the most part (Speech of co lion may be the cause of leukemia.
been classed as unfounded; better chairman, Appropriations a JAMrs L. ommit tee All of which means that if a Daphne du
for Agriculture, ppropr iat ions Subcommittee Maurier or Ernest Hemingway were to write
balance has been achieved. to the Council of Cali- a book to the effect that Americans, with
It is gratifying to note that with the fornla Growers) government a
passage of time and further studies,
Co the bulletin board at the university of deliberately releasing Into our environment
much of that original furor has sub- -California at Davis appears the following: viruses, bacteria, or gamma rays, they, too,
sided and has assumed more realistic One controversial book has bolted us into could scare the public to death with their
reevaluating man's entire relationship within power with words, in describing use of these
nature and degree. But this did not
occur before a good deal of harm had his environment." substitutes for chemicals suggested by Miss
This is a holdover from the food confer- Gerson.
been done to farmers, growers, and con- ence held at this institution in 1960, entitled The problem she points up is that some
sumers, as well as the chemical Industry. "Food for Man in the Future." chemicals do not break down readily and
This illustrates the need for exercise of Truly, the book, "Silent Spring," written that some residue is stored. One way of
caution in acting or speaking in the by Miss Rachel Carson, has created perhaps looking at it is that the substitutes recom-
name of public safety when the hazard as much furor and activity as any book in mended would be far more dangerous, since,
warned against is not sufficiently dem- this generation. It has actually resulted in as with theuse of viruses, the mutation pro-
onstrated or does not exist in the harm- tremendous expansion, if not the creation of cess could produce dangerous new viruses
ed, or not where the harm- a as laboratory at the university. It as an offshoot of one which at the outset is
fur degree or does
has resulted in the enlargement of the re- perfectly harmless and, perhaps in some in-
mental effects of such acting or speaking search activities of the Department of stances, actually beneficial.
far outweigh the criticisms or charges Health. Education, and Welfare; the Depart- In a television program several years ago,
leveled. ment of Agriculture; and the Fish and Wild- Miss Carson raised this significant question:
Recent inquiries, investigations, and life Service, as well as the creation of the "Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down
studies have brought out salient and President's Committee on Science. and five such a barrage of poison (chemical pesti-
vital facts in this his or six new laws. cides) on the surface of the earth without
Modern agriculture field. adequate size Not only this, but it has created greatly making it unsafe for all life?"
hout pesti- expanded work in the field of ecology, a To which I would reply that, with all the
and quality is impuro o1 w ad
branch of science concerned with the inter- known benefits and, In some cases absolute
rides. relationship of organisms and their environ- dependence upon chemicals, can anyone be-
Pesticides are one of the greatest bul- menta, and in renewed tests of man and lieve it should be mandatory to prohibit their
warks against disease. animals. The conferences resulting are with- use simply because some place, somewhere,
The greatest beneficiary of the Use of out number, and the tests made and being sometime, something bad just barely might
pesticides is the American consumer. made go on ad Infinitum. Like the work of happen? Truly, we must find a medium for
The consumer, because of pesticides, the ecologist, this will continue forever. reaching a median.
derives and enjoys better quality , greater In many areas the public clamor follow- "Silent Spring" pleads eloquently for the
derive, and wider variety his food at Ing "Silent Spring" has almost reached the balance of nature. When there were only
plower price than anyplace on earth. point of hysteria. Reassessments have been 800,000 Indians on this continent, the num-
made as to effects of chemicals on fish and her at the time of the discovery of America
No case of injury to human beings from fowl, man and animals, all of which if taken by Columbus, nature did a fair job for them.
the proper use of pesticides has been In proper balance might be good. Certainly. Today, if we had to depend on nature, we
documented, the sum total will be Increased knowledge, would probably die of disease at a fairly
This Senator knows that the farmer much of which will doubtless prove benefi- early age, if we did not starve to death first.
ctal and all of which will prove of interest The facts show that the proper use of
of the Midwest places high store and to those who by training are scientists. chemical pesticides, as well as other weapons
great necessity on pesticides, Insecticides, With the untimely passing of the late of our American agriculture, Is necessary
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67BOO446ROO0600080003-5
 Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
April 13, 1-965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
both to 11"uman health and to the produc-
tion of a nutritious and abundant supply of
food, for farm labor is simply not available;
and if people from our cities were forced into
farm work, they would be little if any help,
judging by other nations where dire neces-
sity has brought this about.
In recent years it has become more and
more difficult to convince the public and
Members of Congress of the importance of
chemical pesticides and herbicides to a pro-
ductive agriculture, and to the consumer as
well.
Public health and a constantly increasing
life expectancy are threatened today by such
attacks. Already there is legislation which
has led to requirement by the Government of
zero tolerance for pesticide residues for some
foods, meaning there must be no detectable
pesticide residue. From the standpoint of
practical application, there can be no such
thing as zero tolerance, for constantly im-
proved techniques of testing show traces so
small as to be of interest only to a sci-
entist.
Some years ago, a few cranberry producers
violated instructions for the use of pesticides
on cranberries, and residues resulted. The
problem was solved. Subsequently, around
Thanksgiving, sensational and unnecessary
statements were made to the press which
scared the buying public and destroyed the
market for good, wholesome cranberries. The
damage was felt for a long time. At the
direction of President Eisenhower, approxi-
mately $10 million was paid the cranberry
producers for the unnecessary injury inflicted
as a result of this uncalled for and damaging
publicity.
Other industries have been hurt by such
irresponsible publicity, including the dairy
industry. Yet, as I have stated, there has
been no evidence that human health has
been injured nor endangered where pesti-
eides and other chemicals have been properly
handled. On the contrary, it is plain that
human health 1s dependent upon chemicals
and chemical pesticides in many ways.
If It were possible to do without chemicals,
I believe all would be for such a course, for
chemical pesticides are costly. They require
frequent use, and- care must be used in their
application. However, only by their use do
we provide our high standard of living; only
by their use can we continue the good life
we now take for granted; and only by their
use do we protect our health.
In 1062 we had an estimated 60 million
television sets; the rest of the world had
around 69 million. We have approximately
2.6 million miles of paved and surfaced high-
ways; the rest of the world has 1.4 million
miles, exclusive of the U.S.S.R. We had ap-
proximately 78 million automobiles and com-
mercial vehicles in use in 1962; the rest of
world had only an estimated 62 million. We
spent approximately 18 percent of our an-
nual income for food; the average for some
other countries is as follows: Italy, 46 per-
cent; Japan, 51 percent; Ceylon, 57 percent;
Nigeria, 71 percent.
All of this is made possible because the
8 percent of our people on the farm provide
food and raw materials for the other 92 per-
cent. To do so, they must rely upon: (1)
intricate and expensive machinery; (2)
chemicals, including chemical pesticides-
both of which take the place of farm labor
which is no longer available; (3) greatly in-
creased investment and risk; and (4) con-
stant research. Each of these four is abso-
lutely essential if 8 percent of our people
are to free the other 92 percent from the
farm, so they may maintain national defense,
keep for us our standard of living, and
protect the public health.
Yet today we find some of these essentials
under serious attack from an aroused public
opinion, which we must calm. For, like the
foundation of a building, if one of these four
essentials is taken. away not only will it bring
down American agriculture, but it will se-
riously weaken our defense, greatly reduce
our standard of living, and endanger our
welfare,
Unless public thinking is brought back
into balance, insects and disease could run
rampant. The distribution of our popula-
tion could well reach a balance-50 percent
in the towns and cities and 50 percent forced
back to the farm. Our standard of living
would likely fall to the low level of Russia.
This may sound extreme, but I am confident
that a study of the facts will bear me out.
Recently I visited several of our airfields
and missile bases. There I saw the awesome
power of manmade fuels, saw demonstrated
the terrible destructiveness of our bombs, the
unbelievable speed of our fighter planes,
loaded with enough destructive force to de-
stroy many cities at one strike.
I visited Cape Kennedy where I saw all the
equipment demonstrated, manpower multi-
plied to the nth degree by machines, was
provided a complete briefing and stood at
the exact spot where the next space capsule
will soon be bolted to the missile.
As I stood there, I thought of Miss Car-
son's melancholy sense of foreboding, which
she expressed in these words: "Now I truly
believe that we, in this generation, must
come to terms with nature, and I think we
are challenged as mankind has never been
challenged before to prove our maturity and
our mastery, not of nature, but of ourselves."
Necessary though all of this defense effort
appears to - be, it occurred to me that it is
here Miss Carson's admonition should make
its deepest imprint; it is here that nature or
natural laws are being turned, not toward a
better food supply, a higher standard of liv-
ing, but toward the destruction of mankind.
Yet as I viewed these machines of destruc-
tion, while standing on top of the missile
which will hurl our next astronaut into
space, I felt I had some understanding of the
thoughts which must have crossed Miss Car-
son's mind as she dedicated "Silent Spring":
"To Albert Schweitzer who said, 'Man has
lost the capacity to foresee and to forestall.
He will end by destroying the earth.'
"To Keats, who said in the 1820's, 'the
sedge is wither'd from the lake and no birds
sing.' -
"And to E. B. White, who said, 'I am pes-
simistic about the human race because it is
too ingenious for its own good. Our ap-
proach to nature is to beat it into submis-
sion. We would stand a better chance of
survival if we accommodated ourselves to
this planet and viewed it apprecfately in-
stead of skeptically and dictatorily;' "
But back to the problem of insects, Miss
Carson says, in "Silent Springs": "All this
is not to say there is no insect problem and
no need for control. I am saying, rather,
that control must be geared to realities, not
to mythical situations, and that the meth-
ods employed must be such that they do
not destroy us along with the insects."
To me, this is a call for a public balance
of opinion. Had she foreseen clearly the
way in which the public received her story
as the last word, as scientific fact, she might
well have said the same with a slight varia-
tion, as follows: "While my warnings are
timely, for there is a problem of care and
caution in the use of chemicals, let care and
caution be geared to realities, not to mythi-
cal situations, and the methods employed
must be such that they, the public, do not
destroy themselves (by going) along with
the insects."
Today we have 2,683,078 people in the mil-
itary service of the United States and 1,173,-
542 civilians working for the Defense De-
partment; 2,975,000 people are 'engaged in
the manufacture of weapons and materials
for military use and uncounted millions in
related support. -
We have 32,417 people engaged in the space
program and an estimated 300,000 people in
our plants and factories in this program,
with 20,000 people providing general support
and supplies.
The fiscal year 1965 appropriations include
an annual expenditure for the national de-
fense and related programs, including space,
of some $58 billion, approximately 60 percent
of our total annual governmental budget.
To support this defense activity, the De-
fense Department has an estimated invest-
ment of $36.5 billion in plants and land
(original cost valuation) - and 26.8 million
acres of land for defense use. -
The heavy burden of national defense can
be readily appreciated when It is realized
that a B-52 military bomber costs about $8
million to produce, a conventional aircraft
carrier costs around $830 million, and a nu-
clear carrier runs in the neighborhood of
$400 million. -
No nation in the history of the world has
ever spent such a large share of its govern-
mental income on defense and other items
over a long period of time without a crackup
of its economy; yet in the United States of
America we have the highest standard of
living of any nation in the world.
It was my privilege during the period of
November 15-22, 1964, to participate in a
traveling symposium of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences. We spent a full day at the
U.S, Laboratory at Beltsville, Md.; the-Ameri-
can Cyanimid Laboratory at Princeton, N.J.;-
the Taft Engineering Laboratory at Cincin-
nati, Ohio; the Wildlife Laboratory at Den-
ver, Colo.; and the University of California
Laboratory at Davis, ending with a presenta-
tion by the U.S. Health Service at San Fran-
cisco, flying between these points at night in
order to save time.
At each place, detailed presentations were
made by leading scientists of the United
States, some from the institutions which we
visited, invited there to be on the program.
Each session was concluded by a question-
and-answer period.
This symposium did much to convince me
that our scientists can work together cooper-
atively and that it is primarily in the field of
public opinion that we need to seek a
balance.
In these hearings many things became
clear. First, without today's chemical pesti-
cides our timberwould become depleted and
our lands eroded, our watersheds would be-
come funnels for floodwaters rushing down
upon our cities.
I am well aware that real research progress
has been made. At Beltsville numerous ex-
amples of damages - to crops and timber
stands by various insects which have re-
sponded to these modern persistent chemi-
cals, and only to them on any significant
basis, are available. There it was demon-
strated that the sex attractant approach to-
ward elimination of insects, on which the
Department of Agriculture has worked for
many years, is very effective. We were shown
that male roaches literally would be driven
wild by the scent from the female of the
species. Detailed statements were presented,
describing many of the so-called modern
means of contrglling insects and pests,
though rather than modern they are actually
a mere expansion of the various programs
which have gone on in the Department for
many years.
Study of this subject further shows the
absolute dependence which modern-day man
has upon all his weapons, the old and the
new. Yet in the care and caution involved
are many years of research which go on prior
to the acceptance or approval of any new in-
-secticide or pesticide, the average being 5
to 6 years and the investment averaging some
$21/2 to $31/2 million for each new prod-
uct. These products, paid for by private
companies, are made possible only because of
the urgent need on the part of the buying
public and only after tremendous amounts
of energy and effort to make sure they are
safe for human use when properly handled.
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
 Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE ApTil 19, 1965
We have rend of numerous instances of fish
kill; yet a study shows this has occurred
throughout history. In the recent Missis-
sippi River fish kill it was contended that
the chemical, endrin, was the cause; and yet
,Dr. Arnold, head of our laboratory in Florida,
stated to our panel that once a fish is dead
there is no known way to be certain what
the cause might be. Dr. Arnold further
Stated that periodically the "red tide" would
strike salt water fish at sea, resulting in
death to large numbers of fish; why it causes
their death, we do not know.
A friend and participant In the symposiurn
repeated the oft-told tale about the ancient
Indian tribe which spent Its summers in the
mountains of the West but, on occasion.
would travel to the shore for ehelfish and
other seafood. At times the Indians would
be deathly sick after eating the shellfish.
Scientists have since determined that the
pink plankton became diseased, affecting the
fish and resulting in the illness of the tribe.
A tribal order was issued by the chief that
members of the tribe were not to eat the
oysters or other shellfish when the water
was red (with plankton), However, It wasn't
long until one of the braves, having taken
unto himself too much of a beverage which
brought about intoxication, determined to
have the fish and when he started toward the
ocean the chief struck him down with a club.
This, it is said, is the - first time the con-
trolling Government ever interfered with
the food supply.
Even the scientists who did the research
work in an effort to determine the cause of
the fish kill In the Mississippi River acknowl-
edged that in an Inland lake, Oxbow, in Sun-
flower County, Miss., where for many years
the persistent chemicals used on the crops
have run into streams which feed the lake.
the fish are fat, healthy and sassy; and yet,
these fish contained more than 40 times as
much chemical residue from persistent
chemicals as did the fish involved in the
Mississippi River kill.
Demonstrated to us also was the tremen-
dous pollution of our streams from other
causes- To stand in one of our national
laboratories and see in glass containers the
junk which had been taken from 250,000 gal-
lons of water from each of several rivers In
the general area, to remove the cover of the
container and smell the revolting odor, cer-
tainly made us realize that in this generation
we must give some consideration to the pro-
tection of essential water and other things
in our environment.
It was demonstrated that lethal doses of
the chemicals would kill fish and, as ex-
plained, would kill people-a fact all of us
know; deadly amounts of anything will kill.
We have even had cases described where
drinking pure water has killed, when some
unbalanced individuals on a gamble or dare
took on too much.
It was further shown that everything has
chemical content in varying degrees and that
minerals are nature's chemicals.
One of the scientists advised us that while
tests and research are excellent and neces-
sary, for they add to the sum total of human
knowledge. It will doubtless prove of some
benefit in most cases but in all Instances
would prove of interest to the research scien-
tists. With all of this, the public scare about
measurable residues seems to have no basis
in fact, since tests show levels are far be-
low the point at which anyone contends pub-
lic health would be endangered.
We were told that tests clearly show resi-
dues seem to have reached the maximum
level when built up to a level of 10 or 12
parts per million; and beyond that point
residues are thrown off by our bodies as rap-
idly as they are taken aboard. An example
was given of one man who worked with one
of the persistent chemicals--where tests
showed he had 648 parts of residue per mil-
lion-and he felt good, looked good, and
said he was completely healthy.
Our finite new testing methodsshow that
in rain on top of Mount Everest there is a
slight degree of residue from various pesti-
cides, while the average for Americans is some
four or five parts per billion. Here it was dis-
closed that the zero tolerance now required
on residues for milk Is an Impossibility, for
today we have come up with methods of
tests whereby It Is possible to separate three
parts of chemical residues from the persistent
chemical from a trillion (three out of 1 tril-
lion). No doubt to the average reader, as to
myself, this is Impossible to comprehend; but
It was explained that by such test we could
Identify one dime out of the annual Federal
budget of $100 billion (10 cents out of $100
billion) or, as expressed another way, 1 sec-
ond could be separated from the time in
32,000 years. Thus, It is no wonder that at
the University of California. at Davis, the
scientists referred to "working level zero"
In our discussions of pesticide research.
In our hearings at Denver, Colo., at the
Fish and Wildlife Research Laboratory, much
time was given to discussion of predator
animals, birds and rodents which destroy
young timber and In the absence of per-
sistent pesticides would prevent us from re-
storing the forests and refuges, for as the
young seedlings were set out these rodents
and other predators would destroy them.
Pictures were presented of the vast hordes
of blackbirds which steal from the feed lots
In the cattle areas of this country and from
the rice and grain fields of the southeastern
region. These hordes of birds continue to
increase; and In one spot in Arkansas 40 mil-
lion were counted in one roost. Pictures were
also shown of the starlings which Infest
much of the United States and on which
$10,000 was spent in the last Presidential
Inauguration, just to prevent the embarrass-
ment which might have resulted to the peo-
ple attending the Inauguration parade.
With regard to the title of the book,
"Silent Spring," the spring is anything but
allent, for the birds do sing. In reality, ac-
cording to personal observation and the best
figures available, those of the Audubon So-
ciety, there are more birds today than ever
before and certain kinds of birds constitute
a real economic threat.
We were presented with facts as to the
serious and sincere effort by the Fish and
Wildlife Service to handle predator birds
and animals and to rid the Nation of the
tremendous costs and damages brought about
by the blackbirds and starlings. Ibis year
the Department of the interior will spend
some $600,000 trying to get rid of birds which
due to tremendous numbers and hearty ap-
petites. have become pests. The Federal
Aviation Agency will join in spending hun-
dreds of thousands of dollars in an attempt
to remove the hazard to air travel by etrik-
Ing birds.
Testimony was given to show the buildup
of residues in birds, as formerly had been
shown with regard to fish. Yet with the di-
rectives and appropriations by the Congress.
I learned of no instance where dieldrin.
endrin, DDT. or other chemicals were used
in the efforts to get rid of these damaging
birds. As one scientist told me, facetiously.
I'm sure, failure to use these chemicals Is
due to the fact that it would take over 100
years to eliminate the birds by that means,
and by that time these chemicals might be-
come a necessary seasoning for their food.
Subsequently this whole problem was
brought into focus to a great degree. At the
University of California, at Davis, it was
readily agreed that we need to know more
about chemicals and chemical pesticides.
We need tcflearn to stop drift, so that when
we use airplanes for distribution of the pesti-
cide, as is essential In dealing with this
matter on a large scale, we need to see the
chemical doesn't blow across the fields to
plants for which it was not intended. It
was clearly developed that we need to know
more of the effects on land. as some vegeta-
s
bles have a tendency to absorb the soil- and
more of the chemicals used in preceding
years than others, though all of this, too,
becomes important because of government-
fixed tolerances rather than of proven dan-
gers to health.
It was learned that 20 percent of all the
chemical pesticides used in this country are
used. In California. The following statement
was made: "Without these chemicals and
chemical pesticides it would be impossible for
California to continue Its present production,
with the resulting effect upon the availabil-
ity of vegetables and agricultural products
upon the markets of the central and eastern
part of the United States."
We found that the challenge has been ac-
cepted, that man is doing everything pos-
sible to stay one step ahead in this constant
battle with Insects and disease. Repeated
was the fact that tolerance builds up in man
as it does in animals and insects. Since
this is true with regard to insects, it calls for
continued efforts by man to find new chem-
icals, new methods and ways to overcome the
tolerance which does build up in animals
and in insects. We must see to it that tol-
erances are based upon safety and set by a
standard test.
OUR ROAD AHEAD
"It takes so few of us to provide food.
clothing and shelter for the rest of us, the
rest of us can provide the highest standard
of living for all of us ever known by man."
I have made the foregoing statement in
quite a few speeches. To me, It sums up the
secret of our great success, but also expresses
a most serious threat to our welfare, With
so few people on the farm, the voice of agri-
culture Is weak In the legislativeballs of a
majority of the States and of the Nation.
No longer does agriculture figure promi-
nently in the planning of those who look to
the majority. This leaves a major task of
keeping the consumers Informed, the 92 per-
cent off the farm who must depend on agri-
culture for their supply of food and fiber.
Unless our urban population understands
agriculture, future generations could go
hungry and our Nation could go down to
ruin as did the city-states of the past. After
all, the eventual loser in the declining voice
of agriculture in our legislative bodies could
be the consumers that agriculture serves.
A few years ago I spoke to the annual con-
vention of the National Agricultural Chem-
icals Association at Del Coronado, Calif.,
with some 1,500 to 2,000 delegates In attend-
ance from all over the United States. I
spoke as chairman of the Appropriations
Subcommittee for Agriculture.
When the San Diego newspapers reported
I was to speak at Del Coronado, just outside
San Diego, I received a wire from the mayor
of San Diego offering me the keys to the city.
We have a big naval base at that city and
then, as now. I was a member of the Ap-
propriations Subcommittee for Defense,
which handles the appropriations for the ac-
tivities of the base.
Representatives of the local newspapers
came to the hotel to interview me. We had
about a 45-minute talk about the speech
I was to present. As they were leaving, one
of the reporters remarked, "Congressman, I
note you are also on the Defense Subcom-
mittee. I see in the press today that we
had another failure at Cape Canaveral."
I replied: "That Is typical of the United
States, to tell about every one of our failures
while Russia tells only of her successes."
Now, these reporters had spent 45 min-
utes with me discussing my speech about
agriculture. However, the newspapers car-
ried my picture with a writeup under the
heading, "Congressman Says United States
Advertises Its Failures." There followed a
story built around my offhand comment.
The Interview on my farm speech was
ignored, except for a brief statement at the
end that I was there to speak to an agri-
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
 Approved For Release 2005/07/13 CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
April 13, .P965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
,ultural "group, the National Agricultural
chemicals Association,
The, next day I referred to the brushoff
riven my farm remarks to illustrate how
lifficult it is to reach our urban dwellers.
Following my speech, a reporter for the aft-
,rnoon paper called me aside. He said he
wanted to see that his newspaper gave my
;peech better treatment. We discussed the
Lddress at considerable length. The next
lay, believe me, the newspaper not only did
zot mention my talk, but carried an editorial
raying San Diego County was a large agricul-
tural county and, in effect, was not getting
its share of Federal financial assistance.
My complaint is not about the treatment
accorded me. If I bad worn my defense ap-
propriations hat, what I said would have
been reported at length. The real tragedy is
that the editors of those newspapers knew
their readers, living in towns and cities, took
agriculture for granted and preferred to read
about Cape Canaveral (now Cape Kennedy)
and guided missiles.
This experience certainly points up the
problem we now have in reaching the Amer-
ican consumers who are not on the farms.
The consumers must be told that the good
health of agriculture is vital to their own
good health and welfare.
I wish to emphasize that we must see that
the 8 percent on the farm has the means
which will enable it to supply the 92 percent
in the cities with wholesome, nutritious,
abundant and, comparatively speaking, cheap,
food. The 8 percent must have the means
of production-efficient pesticides, fertilizers,
modern machinery and Other techniques of
modern agriculture. The 8 percent also
must get a fair price for what it raises. As
the Communist experience shows, one way to
wreck agriculture is to kill the incentive of
the farmers, and without reasonable profits,
there is no incentive.
We must continue research, including pes-
ticide research, in many fields so that we
can keep our farm plant efficient and ready
to meet the demands which will be put upon
it, both here and abrqad. As I have tried to
make plain, our agriculture is an asset In
many respects. Its scope embraces both
national security and national health.
We must not permit anyone or any group to
saddle our sources of food and fiber with
the burden of the unknown. We must abol-
ish once and for all time this effort to force
the home gardener, the homemaker, the flor-
ist, and those engaged in agriculture to prove
that their tools and working materials do
not cause that for which even our best
researchers, physicians, and scientists do not
know the cause.
So far as chemicals are concerned, we
must provide for, and establish, reasonable
tolerances for residues, tolerances which pro-
vide ample protection for the public health.
We must see that tolerances are determined
by standard procedures and that they re-
main fixed so long as there is no evidence of
danger to the public. We must not allow
compensation for damages resulting from
misuse, but also we must prevent damages
by government, local or other, where the in-
structions providing for health protection
have been carried out. The regulations must
abide by the rules of commonsense as well
as by scientific rules.
We must be ready with new weapons and
new methods; but in the meantime we must
not give up those we have. If we do not fol-
low this policy, we can get ready to tell
our farewell to our high level of living.
Both sides of the story must be told. The
overwhelming number of Americans living in
the towns and cities, including sportsmen,
must become aware of the fact that they
are heavily dependent on the latest and
best chemical pesticides.
The ability of animals and insects, as well
as man, to propagate is such that any one
species except for the problems of his com-
petitors and his environment would reach
such numbers as to fill the earth. From the
beginning, many has changed his environ-
ment for the purpose of improving his own
lot, of better handling his competitive sit-
uation with other forms of life around him.
With man's ingenuity, in time the final
and best method of testing developed would
not limit us to locating a dime in a budget
of a hundred billion dollars, or a second in
the time Of 32,000 years, but in all likeli-
hood man's ingenuity is such that every
change in our environment from the be-
ginning of time could be identified, all to
add to the sum total of man's knowledge-
though perhaps not In large degree to his
benefit. Doubtless, the results of such tests
will be of help in bringing to the people
of our Nation and the world a sense of bal-
ance, causing public attention, properly
aroused, to be given to care and caution, to
learning for the future. In no case must we
allow the hysteria which might result in
man depriving himself of the very means by
which he controls at least a part of the en-
vironment In which he lives. Public opinion
running wild can be like the mob which de-
stroys itself. We should lend our effort to
acknowledging Miss Carson's great contribu-
tion and join others in tribute to that great
lady, underwriting the statement appearing
on the walls of the auditorium of the Uni-
versity of California, at Davis: "One con-
troversial book has bolted us into reevaluat-
ing man's relationship with his environ-
ment."
But let us pledge to ourselves that we will
not allow that spirit or feeling to get out
of hand; that we will make every effort to
see that man continues to prosper, continues
to lengthen the years of his life.
PUBLIC RELATIONS FOR PUBLIC
DISASTER RELIEF
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, we
do not ordinarily find an industry or
its public relations representatives re-
ceiving wide acclaim for exceptional ac-
complishment in time of area-wide dis-
aster. -
That is why, In my opinion, the work
of the American Plywood Association, its
public relations manager, George C.
Cheek, of Tacoma, Wash., and of its
publicity manager, Tom McCarthy dur-
ing winter floods in the Pacific North-
west and northern California, is excep-
tionally noteworthy.
Public Relations News, published in
New York, related the fine work of the
association, and of Mr. Cheek and Mr.
McCarthy, in a recent issue under the
appropriate heading "How an Industry
Used PR To Help Overcome the Effects
of a Disaster."
The seriousness of this flood disaster
has been attested also in a special visual
report on the flood, carried over the Na-
tional Broadcasting Company's televi-
sion network.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the article referred to above
published in Public Relations News and
the script of the NBC-TV special report
on these floods be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows: - -
7607
HOW AN INDUSTRY USED PR TO HELP OVER-
COME THE EFFECTS OF A DISASTER
The foresighted public relations practi-
tioner Is prepared with written plans for
handling the kinds of disasters which might
affect his organization. But unexpected
crises must be handled, too, and such a one
occurred when sudden floods hit the Pacific
Northwest just before last Christmas.
An unprecedented 13 inches of rain within
a few hours developed raging torrents which
brought death and tremendous destruction.
Forty-three plywood mills were out of pro-
duction. Some 5,000 homes were demol-
ished and another 8,000 damaged. Almost
every survivor in the area was affected job-
wise or businesswise because its economy is
so heavily dependent upon such mills. Vast
quantities of logs and finished goods were
swept downstream, carried out to sea, and
redeposited as far away as 100 miles along
the coast. Many major highways and
bridges were washed out and vital logging
and secondary roads simply disappeared.
One key railroad was put out of business for
an estimated half year and another lost
some of its lines for more than a month.
(Plywood is shipped chiefly by rail and about
10 percent of the Nation's plywood-produc-
ing capacity was involved.)
It quickly became obvious to the Ameri-
can Plywood Association (APA), Tacoma,
Wash., the largest association in the forest
products field, that its help would be needed.
Many mills were closed down for the Christ-
mas-New Year's holidays, with -staffs on va-
cation. Disruption of communications and -
transportation would make it difficult for
individual mills to solve their problems alone.
What's more, the loss of shipping facilities
and supplies threatened disruption of the
plywood market.
APA's PR manager, George C. Cheek,
quickly launched a "flood mop-up" program.
He dispatched Publicity Manager Tom Mc-
Carthy, a former newspaper reporter and
competent photographer, to the hardest-hit
region to gather as much information as
possible. Based upon, preliminary facts, a
summary of the situation and an explana-
tion for the need for quick action were tele-
graphed to APA members and Governors of
the affected States. An offer to extend APA
technical assistance to nonmembers as well
as members was announced. Senators and
Representatives from the area were asked to
introduce legislation which would restore the
depleted disaster relief fund of the Small
Business Administration.
When the damage to transportation had
been appraised, APA moved to obtain water
transportation from areas out off from the
railroads. It telephoned all shipping lines
operating on the west coast and alerted
Senator WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Democrat, of
Washington, to the possible need for request-
ing the Interstate Commerce Commission
and the Maritime Administration for a tem-
porary exemption from the prohibition, un-
der the Jones Act, of shipments in foreign
bottoms between American ports. (The
first boat carried away a load of plywood by
mid-January.)
APA offered help toward provision of emer-
gency housing. The prime need, however,
turned out to be for facilities to replace
schools which had been destroyed. - Calling
upon the Industry's know-how for turning
out sound structures with great speed, APA
hired, on January 2, a contractor and three
foremen experienced in school construction.
Six days later a "school factory" was in op-
eration, Lumber and plywood were contrib-
uted by all the major producers in the area-
Georgia-Pacific, Arcata Redwood, Pacific
Lumber, Simpson Timber, U.S. Plywood,
Weyerhaeuser-and many smaller ones.
With all bridges to the operation destroyed,
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
 7608
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE April 13, 1965
these materials were flown in by cargo planes
loaned by the U.S, Government. Nine class-
rooms, equipped with salvaged desks and
blackboards and meeting State requirements
"in every respect." were in operation on Jan-
uary 18; all were completed within the next
week.
With McCarthy's Information and photos
in hand on December 31, a special report (4-
page, tabloid-sized, and about 75 percent pic-
tures) went to the printer on January 3.
Dated January 5, It carried the name of
Western Wood Products Association (WWPA)
as copublisber and was mailed to members
of that organization as well as of APA. Fed-
eral legislators, and other potentially Inter-
ested persons. Adding pictures from other
sources (U.S. Forest Service and local papers)
the report dramatically told the story of the
damage wrought by the floods, summarized
what was being done, and carried a joint
message from Executive Vice Presidents
James R. Turnbull and Wendell-B. Barnes of,
respectively, APA and WWPA.
Prompt restoration of production was
essential for such important reasons as pro-
viding jobs and reassuring consumers that
shortages would be temporary. Such steps
as these were taken: (1) on request, Con-
gress appropriated funds to enable the
Forest Service to restore access roads to pub-
licly owned timber lands; (2) timber from
such lands was made available, on an emer-
gency basis, to mills cut off from their normal
supplies; (3) heavy logging equipment was
loaned to State and county authorities for
use In road restoration; and (4) the bigger
companies built temporary bridges strong
enough to carry logging trucks and. In select-
ing locations, favored the smaller companies
lacking resources for such a type of con-
struction.
From the time the disaster began, APA
has taken palm to assemble and disseminate
Information which demonstrates the good
citizenship and public spirit of its members.
The contributions to school rebuilding and
efforts of APA members to provide jobs are
examples of such attitudes and Cheek has
made sure they are known to the media.
A 15-minute film about the flood, one which
points out the industry's efforts to assist
affected families, is now in preparation,
While, to quote Cheek's quip that "APA
members aren't out of the woods-or, rather.
in them yet," a special report on the NBC-
TV network, last week, Indicated that much
progress has been made in both rehabilita-
tion and in winning public understanding for
the plywood industry.
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, we
do not normally expect to find our na-
tional heroes among the members of the
public relations profession, although, of
course, these practitioners serve an im-
portant function in our economy. Yet,
the work of the American Plywood As-
sociation and, in particular, the good
works of its public relations manager,
George C. Cheek, of Tacoma, during the
Christmas floods which hit the Pacific
Northwest, can justly be called heroic.
A case study of the actions of the Ply-
wood Association during the floods, pub-
lished in the Public Relations News tells
of - the "Flood Mop Up" program
launched by APA. APA's action ranged
from the gathering and dissemination of
up-to-date information on the flood, to
spearheading a massive school rebuilding
program.
The State of Washington, indeed, the
whole Pacific Northwest, can take great
pride in the effective and public spirited
efforts of George Cheek and the Ameri-
can Plywood Association.
I ask unanimous consent that the case
study, "How an Industry Used Public Re-
lations to Overcome the Effects of a Dis-
aster," from the February 15 issue of
Public Relations News, be printed in the
RECORD, together with the script of a
special report on the flood, carried by the
NBC-TV network.
There being no objection, the ma-
terial was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA LUMBER INDUSTRY
Millions of dollars worth of logs line the
beaches of northern California.
They had been swept into the ocean by
flooding rivers and driven ashore by Pacific
Ocean tides and currents.
it is expensive to burn the debris, retrieve
the logs, and truck them back to the mills.
But this process is essential to recovery of
the California lumber industry which sup-
plies a good portion of the Nation's lumber
needs.
Some redwood loge were carried more than
10o miles to the beaches near Crescent City
from California's hardest-hit mill at Scotia-
Inland on the Eel River.
The river Is tranquil now. But it did
between $5 and $10 million damage to one
milt.
Pacific Lumber Co. was the world's largest
redwood mill.
In December, the river stole $3 million
worth of logs and lumber from this now-
empty storage yard. Pacific lost its entire
winter supply of loge--the basis for months
of production.
Gradually, the logs are being returned.
But production of lumber is only a frac-
tion of normal. Most of the mill machinery
still is being cleaned of silt and grit.
The entire spring inventory of finished,
high-grade redwood---42 million worth-was
hit by 12 feet of water and mud.
Now it must all be re-sorted, regraded, re-
washed. It will be months before it will
get to market.
Pacific lumber figures it can absorb the
mnitimillton dollar toss.
The men who work in the mills are Mt
harder by smaller losses. A skilled mill-
worker who normally makes $3 an hour
takes a 70-cent pay cut to work as a cleanup
man. If he can get that.
Some mills have laid off half their workers.
One of them is John MiJler, 24, father of
two. He usually makes $75 a week. Now he
will draw $50 a week In unemployment bene-
fits-The total payroll in Humboldt County,
Calif. is down by half-a-million dollars a
week-
The Impact on the business life of little
lumber towns is painfully apparent. And
even more men will be walking the street
with nothing to do, unless the transporta-
tion system is straightened out.
The Northwestern Pacific Railroad, main
line for carrying nothern California lumber
to market, literally is out of business for from
4 to 8 months.
This means costly reshipment by truck to
more distant rallheads. And road damage
is immense.
In the forests, access to new timber is un-
certain. No one knows for sure, even now,
how badly the wood Industry has been hurt.
With all this wood, seemingly all over the
place, it seems Ironic, yet understandable
that there may be a lumber shortage this
spring. Tom Pettit. NBC News, near Crescent
City, Calif.
DIAMOND JUBILEE OF THE BEL-
LINGHAM, WASH., HERALD
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I
should like to speak briefly on behalf of
myself and my colleague from Washing.
ton [Mr. JACNsox3.
The readers, advertisers, and em.
ployeas of the Herald, published in Bel,
lingham, Wash., toasted a diamond of
March 26.
Certainly newspaper carriers who de
livered the 110-page diamond anniver
sary edition will not soon forget the da.,
the Bellingham Herald became 75 year
of age. Nor will the rest of us.
Every page bulged with history wel
told.
Two editorials recounted the enormity
of the task of summarizing 75 years of
history, growth, and accomplishment
Having known the Bellingham Herald
management and writing team person-
ally over the years, I ask unanimous con-
sent to enter those editorials in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the editorials
were ordered to be printed in the REC-
ORD, as follows:
[From Bellingham Herald. Mar. 26, 1985]
A LONG LOOS BACK OVER THE HERALD YEARS
Some months ago, it occurred to some of
us that 1890 subtracted from 1965 leaves a
remainder of 75. We decided we had to do
something about It. Today's look back over
"the Herald Years" is the result.
It is a long look back, by local standards,
considering that Henry Roeder, who in 1852
had become, along with Russell Peabody,
the first settler, was still alive in 1890. So
were Edward Eldridge and his wife Teresa,
the first couple to make their home on Bell-
ingham Bay. The link with the origins of the
towns around the bay was direct and per-
sonal when the Herald published its first
edition in the town that Dirty Dan Harris
had recently sold to the Fairhaven Land
Co.
It also is something of a wistful look back.
Somehow, in retrospect, covering the news
in a bygone era seems today to have been
more exciting-at least as recalled by the
oldtimers-than during this more staid and
complex time.
The city and the county do have a mag-
nificent past, of course, with a- full measure
of local lore and legend based on fact. And
when 75 years are telescoped into 40 pages,
it is possible to gain a panoramic view of lo-
cal history that lands drama and color, as
well as appreciation of our heritage in north-
west Washington.
Through it all, the Herald has fulfilled its
role as daily historian; recorder of the hu-
morously trivial as well as the significant
acts and decisions that have affected the
lives of all of us. This newspaper-any
gpod newspaper-also has done its best, on
the editorial page, to interpret, criticize, en-
courage, oppose, and advocate important
matters of public concern.
To acknowledge that its judgments have
not always been perfect is to acknowledge
that it is a human institution, vulnerable to
human errors and limited by human short-
comings.
But it has, as best its personnel have
known how, lived up to its promises and
Ideals. We expect it to continue to do so
for another 75 years.
FASCINATING TODAY, A VALUABLE KEEPSAKE IN
THE FUTURE
Combining the 64 tabloid pages of two
special 1965 progress edition sections with
the 58 full-size pages in the main news and
"Herald Years" anniversary sections, makes
today's paper the largest weekday edition
ever published here.
The Evergreen Century edition-142 full
pages. Including comics-was larger, but it
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000600080003-5