IT IS HIGH TIME THE UNITED STATES TOOK A CLEAR STAND FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY IN THE MIDDLE EAST

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP69B00369R000200300043-4
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• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 43
• Publication Date: August 10, 1967
• Content Type: OPEN

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August 10, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
industry is to furnish its proper share of
these needs, prompt action is necessary
and I join with my colleagues in urging
that proper and prompt action be taken
by the Secretary of Commerce.
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, I
take second place to no man in my ad-
miration of the excellent judgment,
sound leadership, and expert knowledge
of American housing needs and pro-
grams possesed by the Senator from
Alabama.
When he speaks as he has today, he
does it with good reason and logic. I
agree with him and I am amazed at the
facts he has laid before us.
Improved housing for all citizens, as
he has told as, has been a consistent pol-
icy of the Senate and of the House for
many, many years. But apparently, we
have a department of Government, re-
luctant to support the intent of the Con-
gress.
I have confidence in Secretary Trow-
bridge, and though he is new in his pres-
ent responsibilities, I hope that he will
reject the advisory panel's recommenda-
tions.
Certainly, on the evidence the distin-
guished Senator from Alabama has
given us, the existing lumber standard
should be withdrawn and the industry
permitted to go ahead with its new and
improved product. This would be a true
public service.
I hope the Secretary will permit the
industry to do the job it is trying to ac-
complish.
Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, it has
long been recognized that the present
lumber standards are technically inade-
quate and not in the public interest. As
early as 1957 the southern pine industry
petitioned the American Lumber Stand-
ards Committee to revise the standards
to relate lumber sizes to a specific mois-
ture content. In 1964, after several years
of careful study, the committee recom-
mended to the Department of Commerce
a set of standards endorsed by the major
part of the lumber industry and many
interested Government agencies. Still, we
are operating under standards developed
in 1925, which have become totally un-
realistic because of changing practices
in the industry.
These outdated standards are an in-
convenience to the industry and unfair
to the consumer. Only a small minority of
green lumber producers derive any bene-
fit from the present standards. The
standards now in effect are intended for
dry lumber but are not related to any
specific moisture content. Since lumber
shrinks as it is seasoned, however,
standards which do not take into ac-
count the moisture content are really no
standards at all.
This was no problem before World War
IT, because green lumber was surfaced
to a larger size than dry lumber to com-
pensate for shrinkage. Since the war,
however, green lumber producers have
been finishing their product to the same
size as dry lumber and the shrinkage has
been passed on to the consumer.
The purpose and effect of the revised
standards proposed by the American
Lumber Standards Committee is to
establish uniform standards upon which
the consumer and the industry can rely.
The Secretary of Commerce has the re-
sponsibility and authority to withdraw
the present inadequate standards with-
out further legislative action. I strongly
urge him to assume that responsibilty
and exercise his authority promptly in
order that revised standards, which will
protect the public and promote the con-
tinued development of the industry, may
be adopted without Aurth: r delay.
wd.1 '
IT IS HIGH TIME THE UNITED
STATES TOOK A CLEAR STAND
FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, in the
aftermath of the swift and decisive vic-
tory of Israel forces over the Arab
armies, a number of facts have become
crystal clear which had previously been
obscured by the rhetoric of the Arab
governments, by the material support
provided by the Soviet Union to the Arab
military forces, and by the confusing and
uncertain policies of the United States.
It is imperative that these facts not be
swept under the rug and forgotten in
the feeling of relief that now exists be-
cause the shooting has ceased. Such feel-
ing is entirely understandable in the
light of the serious situation which would
have confronted the United States had
the roles of victor and vanquished been
reversed and if the Arab armies now
occupied Israel, and Soviet Russia in con-
sequence would have dominated the Mid-
dle East.
Nevertheless, if a start is to be made
in establishing a lasting peace in the
Middle East, a frank appraisal of the
underlying causes of the conflict is es-
sential. Unless we face up to these factors,
we must anticipate resumption of hos-
tilities, with all the dangers that would
entail for the world, in the next' 5 or
10 years, or even sooner.
The roots of the conflict can be found,
in my opinion, in the unremitting hos-
tility of the Arab countries to the very
existence of Israel and in their illusion
that Israel can be destroyed by force of
arms; in the Soviet Union's support of
such illusion and its attempt to use the
Middle East as a pawn in its cold war
tactics; and in the mistaken policy of
the United States that economic and mil-
itary assistance to the Arab nations
would somehow divert these countries
from aggression. If these issues were not
clear to the American people before, even
though some of us in the Congress have
over the years been pointing out the
dangers of U.S. Middle East policies, it
must be abundantly evident now that to
return to the conditions and policies of
our Government prior to May 1967 can
only bring about renewed conflict. Be-
cause of this, I would like to discuss
today in some detail the root causes of
the conflict as I see them and to suggest
some possible alternative courses by our
Government.
Arab opposition to the very existence
of Israel and its view that the United
States is the principal culprit responsible
for Israel's continued existence have
been expressed in such hyperbole and in-
vective that we have been inclined to
discount such statements as expression
of policy. But recent events have shown
S 11275
that we cannot dismiss these statements
so lightly or attribute them to domestic
propaganda efforts at bolstering the flag-
ging morale of peoples for whom the
promises of a better life have not borne
fruit-largely through their own short-
comings and the ineptness of their lead-
ers-and who now must be sustained by
the ideas of a mystic "Arab unity" and
the recapture of territory which they
never rightfully possessed. It is now evi-
dent that statements of Radio Cairo and
of the Arab governments, as irrational as
they sound to our ears, are indeed ex-
pressions of policy. We must now rec-
ognize that when the Arab leaders pro-
claimed toward the end of May 1967, that
"we feel confident that we can win and
are ready now for a war with Israel,"
and that if war came "it will be total
and the objective will be to destroy Is-
rael," they had every intention to carry
these threats into action. Indeed, their
secret orders provided for the slaughter
of every Israeli-man, woman, and child.
Events have proved that the Arabs
meant what they said and indeed pro-
vided us with a detailed blueprint of
their aggressive intentions as witness the
following excerpt from a broadcast of
Radio Cairo on May 20,1967:
With the closing of the Gulf of Aqaba,
Israel is faced with two alternatives, either
of which will destroy it: it will either be
strangled to death by the Arab military and
economic blockade, or it will perish by the
fire of the Arab forces encompassing it from
the south, from the north and from the east.
It is now evident that the statements
of King Hussein of Jordan regarding his
solidarity with the Arab cause, which the
United States tended to discount since it
conflicted with its picture of a plucky
little ruler strongly aligned with us by
the massive economic and military aid
the United States had furnished him,
provided a precise account of the course
of action Jordan would follow.
On June 2, 1967, King Hussein said:
There is no doubt that I am looking for-
ward to further frank cooperation with Egypt
and the other Arab States both to the east
and to the west, so that we may march for-
ward along the road which leads to the wip-
ing out of our shame and to the liberation
of Palestine. This is a basic cornerstone bf
Jordan's general policy, both within the
realm of Arab affairs, as well as in the
spheres of internal and foreign policies.
That "plucky little ruler" then pro-
ceeded to initiate hostilities against the
Israelis, employing the tanks, aircraft,
and other weapons the 'United States
furnished him to carry out plans which
had previously been made in coordina-
tion with the Egyptians, placed his forces
under the Egyptian command, and
opened his country to Iraqui forces
which began to move several hundred
tanks into the Jordanian salient 15 miles
from Tel Aviv.
This action by King Hussein came after
a plea to him by Israel not to, attack ac-
companied by Israel's pledge that, if he
did not, there would be no Israeli inva-
sion of the territory then held by him.
It is time-that the United States took
a good, hard look at the statements com-
ing out of the Arab countries and begin
to recognize that no matter how illu-
sionary and irrational they may seem to
 S11276
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 10, 1967
us, they represent the hard convictions
of the Arab rulers. Unless we do this, we
will continue to base our policies and
actions on the fanciful notions of what
we would like the Intention of the Arab
governments to be rather than on what
is actually planned.
Statements emanating from the Arab
countries In recent weeks show not the
slightest realization of the magnitude of
their military defeat, of the loss of size-
able territories to the Israelis, and of the
resultant precarious economic situation
which their aggression brought upon
them. For Egypt it has meant the loss of
the Suez Canal revenues. To put it
briefly, their view is one of unremitting
hostility both to the United States and
to Israelstated In abusive and often vio-
lent language. The United States is the
arch villain, an imperialist, colonial
power and Israel is its tool of aggression.
Here are some samples:
On July 19, 1967, the Cairo Voice of the
Arabs stated:
It appears that the outcome of the recent
tripartite aggression masterminded by the
United States has enthralled the Israeli gangs
and driven them into a euphoria of self-de-
lusion and arrogance, whereby they are now
brazenly aspiring to realize dreams and am-
bitions that will never be attained . . . Is-
rael, the dog of imperialism and the panderer
to the world imperialist forces, is today con-
templating and dreaming of passage- through
the Suez Canal ... This Zionist attempt
enjoys the encouragement and support of the
imperialist forces. No evidence of this could
be more eloquent than the United States'
insistence upon making the withdrawal of
the aggressor forces contingent upon the
fulfillment of the conditions contemplated
by the United States, which are- of course in
favor of the Israeli aggression: against the
Arabs-such as free passage for Israel in the
areas' waterways ...
Lest these words again be dismissed as
domestic propaganda, here is an excerpt
from the July 23, 1967, statement of
Egyptian President Nasser, which, unbe-
lievably, has been greeted as a temperate
and reasonable address by some news-
papers in this country:
A large part of the U.S. role in the recent
aggression is still vague. But we already know
a few things; We have already found the an-
swers to several questions. What was behind
the political and diplomatic role which the
United States played before the battle? This
role included the call for self-restraint, the
threat that any action taken by us would
expose the entire region to dangers, the pro-
posal to send the U.S. vice president to con-
fer with us on the subject, the approval of
Zakariya Muhyi ad Din's trip to Washington
to meet with Johnson to confer on the sub-
ject and to try and reach a solution. All this
took place before the aggression, before the
battle.
It was a deception. We must ask: in whose
interest was this deception? Certainly it was
in the Interest of the Imperialist Israeli ag-
gression. The deception was part of a U.S.
plan drawn up two years ago.. The aim of this
plan was to overthrow the free revolutionary
regimes, which do not heed the words of the
big powers and refuse to be under anyone's
influence.
The New York Times, in a recent edito-
rial appropriately entitled "Fantasy
From Nasser" charges that in accusing
the United States of an imperialist con-
spiracy to destroy Egypt's Socialist revo-
lution, Egypt is guilty of fantasy. The
editorial goes on to say that:
In spite of his impulsive seizure of Suez, his
irreaponsibl be retaliations, and there were. These in the evening, a concert of folk music was
When assault is resorted to by nations, it warlii a Arab acts, backing up verbal threats, offered. Now, I am very partial to this form
is a violation of the United Nations Charter, would have been suicidal for the Israeli of entertainment, for one learns much from
Article 2, Principle number 4. Yet for 19 years, Government to ignore. Arab leaders now be- uncontaminated folk songs. So I bought a
Israel lived under constant assaults. gan riassing enormous armies with much ticket for the performance.
In spite of my knowledge ,that a verbal first-rate equipment, and these gave every At the concert, I found a largenumber of
assault is sometimes more destructive than a evider ce of being able to crush Israel. What Egyptian families with their children. It was
physical battery, in spite of my recognition was most provocative of all, the leaders of a splendid night, filled with stars and cool-
of Arab behavior as aggression, and in spite this night openly announced that they ness, and we sat back to watch a first-class
of my experience with history that proves planned to launch a full-scale war. If ever performance of folk song and dance. The
one aggression breeds another. I still clung a nation was forewarned by word and act choruses were strong, the dancers agile, and
to my hope that as long as the Syrians and and specific promise of annihilation, it was the evening compared with others I had. en-
the Egyptians confined themselves to wordy Israel. o
abuse. Israel could learn to live with it as - What were the odds against Israel? A quick Ice City. Kyoto, Djakarta, Manila and Mex-
abuse. of the peculiarities of Arab politics. I glance at the figures--46 million in the sur- A rather large cast performed, and this
even began to understand why nations as far rounding Arab countries, 97 million in all, as made me wonder where the money to pay
away as Morocco. Algeria and Pakistan agains ; 2.6 million Israelis-might lead one them came from, for the audience was not
wanted to participate in the verbal cam- to believe that the Arab states would have unusually big, and the prices we had paid
paign, for in this way, they kept their fran- little trouble in overwhelming Israel, except were only nominal. I shrugged my shoulders
chise as Muslin states, I was pleased to see that twice before, in 1948 and 1956, they had and concluded that this was someone else's
that more mature Muslim sovereignties like tried to do so and failed. Arab leaders grew problem, but when the regular performance
Turkey, Iran and even Arab Tunisia wanted adept in explaining away the somber fact had ended, without a false note that I could
no part of this folly. Again and again, I told that twice, a handful cf Jews had resisted detect, the bugles started blowing, excite-
my Israeli friends and others who asked me. efforts to throw them into the sea. "In 1948," ment gripped the children in the audience,
"As long as the Arabs confine themselves to explained the leaders, "we were betrayed by and the curtains parted to show a scene
verbal threats alone, no great damage will Great Britain, and in 1956, it was the French in the year A.D. 2000. In a park much like
and English arm:.es that defeated us through the one in which we were sitting, a group
Unfortunately, the surrounding countries their invasion of the Suez." By June, 1967, of children played about the statue of an
did not confine themselves to verbalisms. a persuasive legend had grown up, largely Egyptian' soldier while an old man watched.
They also engaged in open acts of invasion, masking the truth that the Arab states had One of the children asked who the statue
sabotage, terrorism and military action. I ever et:ted arms with the Israelis, and com- was, and by means of a dance, the old fel-
myself witnessed the aftermaths of three pletely Ignoring that in each war, the Israelis low explained. Years dropped from his shoul-
such actions. had been victorious. In a magic flood of ders. His cane became a gun. His ragged
One day in 1963, I visited; the ancient words, history was repealed, clothes fell away to reveal a military uni-
I blwanack-tebasald of see how Jews had ,worshiped in of fantitsyb oleaders created an ne demagogue lived on the pworld form, and as more bgles Vie of
ro- his former companions In arms a' ppeared ghosts on-
the time of Christ. It is believed that Jesus nounce;nents of the other, and in time, all stage, and in wonderfully choreographed
vva~vi~i.iv~.71V?ty L1L i LIJIW - 6, NAiL August 10, 1967
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August 10, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
pantomine, the Egyptian Army demonstrated
how it had won the great war of 1956.
The scene was at Suez, where a handful
of heroic Egyptians held off and finally de-
feated not an Israeli army but invaders
storming ashore from French and English
battleships. For each Egyptian soldier, scores
of Frenchmen and Englishmen rushed on-
stage, only to be overwhelmed by sheer cour-
age. In the end, the invaders had to re-
treat, whereupon the Egyptian defenders fell
into a tableau of victory as fine as any I
had ever seen. The great powers had been
driven off, and Egyptian honor was once more
secure.
I looked about- me at the audience, and
it was apparent that the adults, many of
whom must have participated In the events
thus portrayed, had begun to accept this
version as history. Their eyes glowed, and a
real patriotism suffused their faces. As we
left the park, I saw one young boy of nine
or ten lunging out with an imaginary bayo-
net to hold off imaginary Frenchmen and
Englishmen. When I made inquiries about
the performance, I found that it was paid
for by the government and was repeated
throughout the year.
The whole thing was fantasy, of course,
and certainly no worse than similar versions
of English history offered in London or
French history in Paris. I am sure that
parallel perversions could be found in Amer-
ican folklore, and I doubt that much harm
is done to children by this patriotic non-
sense. But in the case of Egypt and the other
Arab lands, there was an additional danger
because adults, too, were accepting such
fables: college professors, university stu-
dents, newspaper editors, businessmen be-
lieved that Egypt had won a great victory in
1956. I could find no evidence that anyone in
public life was willing to admit that in
Egypt's military adventure against a handful
of Jews, the latter had easily won.
All nations engage in fantasy, but few
Indulge themselves with so virulent a dream
as the twofold Arab dream that Israel does
not exist and that the Jews who presently
occupy the land of Israel can easily be
pushed into the Mediterranean ... when-
ever the Arabs finally decide to do so.
Sometime in the spring of 1967, the Arab
leaders decided that the time was ripe. Under
incessant pressure from Ahmed Shukairy,
leader of the Palestine Liberation Organiza-
tion, who stood to win himself the satrapy
of Palestine if he could goad Egypt. Syria,
Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan and Saudi Arabia into
declaring war on Israel, and with the full
connivance of Gamal Abdel Nasser, who stood
to win himself an emperorship if the war
was successful, the Arab nations reached an
understanding. These men who had lived so
long on fantasy now conceived the supreme
fantasy that they could quickly destroy the
nation that had twice defeated them and had
in the interim grown stronger socially, psy-
chologically and morally, even though its air-
planes and tanks had not kept pace in num-
bers with those of the Arabs.
On May 16, 1967, President Nasser initiated
the two final moves. On that day, he elbowed
the United Nations Emergency Force out of
its peacekeeping positions along the Egyp-
tian-Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula
and forced it ignominiously to retire from
the area, thus depriving Israel of the one slim
assurance it had that a surprise attack would
not be launched from the desert. The fire
engine that was supposed to protect the com-
munity scuttled out of town at the first smell
of smoke. In its place, President Nasser
moved up his own divisions, and the stage
was set for war.
On May 22, 1967, he made his second
crucial move. With the retreat of the United
Nations troops, he found himself in sole con-
trol of Sharm el Shiek, the fortress-com-
manding the strait leading into the Gulf of
Aqaba. It was a simple matter for him to an-
nounce that henceforth, the Gulf would be
closed to Israeli ships and even to ships of
other nations carrying strategic materials
bound for Israel. None would be permitted
to enter and none to leave. This was a hos-
tile act and had to be construed as a declara-
tion of war. That President Nasser was aware
of the gravity of his act, he took no pains to
hide: "Sharm el Sheik and the blockade
mean real confrontation with Israel. Taking
such a step means that we should be ready
to enter full-scale war with Israel. It is not
an isolated operation."
The Gulf has been recognized as an inter-
national waterway because four sovereign
nations lines its coasts: on the east, Saudi
Arabia; on the west, Egypt; on the north,
Israel; and on the northeast, Jordan. But it
Is more important economically to Israel than
to any of the other three, since Elath is a
major port for handling oil and other heavy
cargoes. If the Gulf of Aqaba were to be
closed to all shipping, whether to Jordan or
Israel, the blockade would damage Jordan,
but it would prostrate Israel. However, ships
intended for Jordan were allowed to pass,
and during the exercise of the blockade, sev-
eral did proceed unmolested to Jordan. This
underlined the fact that the blockade was
meant to be an act of war, and lest any mis-
understand the intention, President Nasser
proclaimed on May 26:
"The Arab people want to fight ...
"We have been waiting for the suitable day
when we shall be completely ready, since if
we enter a battle with Israel we should be
confident of victory and should take strong
measures. We do not speak idly.
"We have lately felt that our strength is
sufficient, and that if we enter the battle with
Israel we shall, with God's help, be victorious.
Therefore, we have now decided that I take
real steps.
"The battle will be a full-scale one, and
our basic aim will be to destroy Israel."
Obviously, the major maritime nations of
the world, having anticipated that such a
blockade might one day be attempted, in
which case their ships would be powerless to
enter the narrow strait, had long been on
record regarding two points: (1) the Gulf of
Aqaba was an international waterway, and
(2) as such, it must be kept open for all
nations to use equally without let or hin-
drance.
By flouting international law and block-
ading the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping,
President Nasser had effectively and some-
what cleverly cut Israel's lifeline to the
south. If the blockade were allowed to con-
tinue unchallenged, Israel would experience
what its Arab neighbors had been threaten-
ing for so long-its strangulation. This was
war, but still only an indirect version, in the
economic field. One could reasonably hope
that from it, President Nasser might back
away, but such hopes were dashed on May 28,
when he announced over the radio: "We
intend to open a general assault against
Israel. This will be total war. Our basic aim
is the destruction of Israel."
As the Arabs prepared for what they
assured themselves was to be the final con-
quest of Israel, their morale was at high
pitch. And because of what they had been
told so continuously over the previous eight
years regarding their victory over the British
and French in 1956, they believed in all
honesty that this time they were going to
crush Israel, and fairly easily.
President Nasser encouraged this belief by
his belligerent speeches. From Syria, Chief
of State Al-Attassi thundered. that his army
was impatient to begin marching.
The foot soldiers, the aviators, the tank
commanders and even the generals prepared
to launch what they were convinced would
be an easy, victorious sortie. In the fantasy
world in which they had lived for so long,
and to which they had contributed, words
took the place of accomplishment, wishes
S 11281
took the place of military discipline, and in-
flated dreams of revenge superseded facts.
If the Arabs with their verbal assaults had
made life difficult for Israel, they had per-
petrated a worse crime against themselves:
for they had come to believe their own in-
flated nonsense.
At the hour of attack, the Voice of the
Arabs radio station in Cairo issued this
stirring call to its soldiers. It is the usual
heartening battle cry that all nations use
at a time of crisis and in general purpose is
not much different from what Englishmen
or Russians or Americans would shout to
their soldiers: but In the cry for avenging
1948, one hears a unique and ominous
overtone:
"Destroy, ruin, liberate. Woe to Israel, your
hour has arrived. The Arab nation is on its
way to render its account. 0 Israel, this is
your end.
"Every Arab must take revenge for 1948,
must cross the Armistice lines from all di-
rections and head for Tel Aviv. We shall
drive out of existence the shame of Zionism.
Rescue the looted Palestine. Hit everywhere
till the end.
"There is no room for Israel in Palestine.
This Is your responsibility. 0 Arab soldiers!
Israel, taste death!"
It required less than 72 hours in June to
deflate this bombast.
What can be done to awaken the Arab
masses to the reality that Israel stands
where it does and will presumably remain
there for some -centuries? In the aftermath
of 1948, the rest of the world permitted
and perhaps encouraged the Arabs to fol-
low a policy of blindly refusing to admit
that Israel existed. The armistice commis-
sions, which should have worked out re-
gional policies, were not permitted to oper-
ate effectively. Decisions upon which peace
depended could not be made because the
Arabs refused to acknowledge that history
had produced an old-new nation that would
prove most viable-that was too young to
die. The normal intercourse between nations,
such as Is conducted between Russia and
Germany, which were certainly as bitter
enemies as Egypt and Israel, was forbidden,
and the region fumbled its way to the war
of 1956.
When Israel won handily, the refusal to
admit realities persisted, and the same er-
rors were allowed to continue. International
commissions did not function, and normal
Intercourse between nations did not mature,
even though the Arab portion of the region
and the Israeli form a marvelous, interlock-
ing whole-a unit whose various segments
could well profit from economic, medical,
educational, developmental and planning co-
operation. The blindness and the arrogant
folly that produced this stalemate also pro-
duced the speeches cited in this article. And
they in turn produced the hysteria that led
to a third war in less than 20 years.
If the world, in 1948, had insisted that the
nations of this area sit down in honest con-
sultation,. 1956 might have been avoided. If
the world, following the disaster of 1956, had
insisted that the Arab nations at least
awaken to the existence of Israel, the tremen-
dous folly of 1967 could have been avoided.
Now, the world has a third chance, and if
some right decisions are made in the months
ahead, the even greater tragedy of 1977 may
be avoided. What is necessary is a reason-
able revision of boundary lines: a sensible
settlement of the Palestinian refugee prob-
lem: a cessation of verbal assault and phy-
sical battery; and a union of talents and
interests, of resources and abilities, so that
the region can move forward to a creative
society in which all members live infinitely
better than anyone there now does.
Am I hopeful that the world will now
sensibly tackle its problems when it refused
to do so in the aftermath of 1948 and 1956?
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S 11282 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 10, 1967
I am not. President Gamal Abdel Nasser
-pulled out of the hat .one of the cleverest
tricks of his career when, in the first hours of
defeat, he invented the enticing theory that
once again it was not Israelis who were
crushing his armed might from every direc-
tion but English and American; aviators. His
explanation captivated the imagination of all
Arabs, and within a few days was adopted as
official dogma. In 1970, when I revisit the
lovely waterfront of Alexandria, I expect to
see a tableau explaining how, in a moment
of travail in the spring of 1967, the Egyptians
and their Arab allies stood bravely against
the combined air might of Great Britain and
the United States and repulsed it. That Israel
was Involved will not be mentioned.
At the moment when Egyptian armies were
suffering their worst defeats, Egypt's unde-
feated radio was broadcasting the following
careful analysis of the situation:
"The United States is the, enemy. Its
fighters and bombers gathered in large groups
to provide for Israel an air umbrella that
prevents the Arabs from bombing Israel's
towns and villages, while it is: moving fast
all along the occupied frontiers of the Arabs.
The United States, therefore,, Is the ag-
gressor.
"The United States saw Israel about to
collapse under the blow of death. The
Chicago gangs moved: the state of gangster-
ism and bloodshed moved; it moved in order
to protect its aggressive base in the Middle
East. How vile and treacherous the United
States has been in Its Collusion with the
Zionists! It refrained from coming out
openly to fight us. It refrained; from facing
the Arabs with an open and daring hostility.
No, Arabs. The United States is; too vile and
too base to have the ethics of cavaliers. The
United States threw, from all: its airports
and aircraft carriers in the Mediterranean,
huge and continuous massings of its fighters
and bombers in order to provide that air
umbrella that protected Israel from the
revenge of the Arabs, from the; massings of
the Arabs, and from the victory of the Arabs.
"The battle is continuing, United States.
It is going on until you: become, as
Britain became after the 19y56 collusion,
third-rate state. Here we shall bury the
American international gangsterism. Here,
Arabs, dig graves everywhere; dig them for
every U.S. existence; dig them. Arabs. Dig all
the homeland a grave for U.S. existence. Dig
it, Arabs. Dig it, Arabs. Dig it, Arabs.
"The curse of all the Arabs, from the
ocean to the gulf and from every corner of
the globe, is on you, America, and on your
lackey, Israel; together with the curse of all
free peoples, the curse of free men every-
where."
On the night when the defeat of the Arab
armies was known to the world as one of
the most crushing in history., I discussed
matters on an all-night radio show with Dr.
M. T. Mehdi, secretary-general of the Action
Committee on American-Arab Relations, and
he made these points: "Nothing has changed.
Israel is worse than Nazi Germany, and the
Arabs will have to drive her from the region.
The war will continue precisely as it has
been going for the past 19 years. And what
the Americans and the English took away
from the Arabs by their Intervention, the
Arabs will recover at the conference table.
Peace talks, of course, will have to be con-
ducted through third parties at the United
Nations, because no Arab leader will ever
agree to sit down and talk with an outlaw
nation like Israel. You'll see. The United
Nations will force Israel back to her 1948
boundaries, after which all Arai} nations will
unite in a war to exterminate her, because
this is going to be just like the Crusades.
For two hundred years, the Arabs will con-
tinue their fight and in the end they'll do
exactly what they've said. Push Israel into
the sea."
Nasser will probably gain more from the
Arab world in defeat than he would have
gained in victory. The war made him a tragic
hero -ar fund whom the emotional Arabs can
rally. Se ton, his new crop of generals will be
making the old speeches of 1948, 1956 and
1967. H.s people will believe them, for fan-
tasy is impossible to eradicate if one's whole
society Is structured on the perpetuation of
the Aralan Nights.
Yet vie must dispel that fantasy. To do so
is the , ob to which we are all committed
. un:.ess we are content to watch this
pathetic farce of Arab self-delusion repeated
in 1977, 1988 and 1999.
[From the New York Times, July 28. 1967]
FANTASY FROM NASSER
Presic.ent Nasser of the U.A.R. has been
variously described as cautious and impul-
sive, reasonable and Irresponsible, calculating
and tee ipestuous. During his thirteen-year
career is absolute ruler of his people and
aspiring leader of pan-Arab Socialism, Gamal
Abdel Sasser has displayed all of these con-
tradictcry traits..
In sp.te of his impulsive seizure of Suez,
his irresponsible campaign in Yemen and
other fcrays into international politics, many
informed observers have been inclined In
the past to minimize the Egyptian leader's
excesses, citing his relative caution in com-
parison to other, more volatile, Arab leaders,
and pointing to many reasonable and con-
crete steps he has taken to try to rebuild
Egypt's impoverished and demoralized feudal
society.
Today, however, it must be sadly noted
that President Nasser has apparently thrown
caution and reason to the desert winds.
In calling on Egyptians once more to mobi-
lize their meager resources for continuing
warfare against azi Israel he refuses to recog-
nize after a third, shattering Egyptian de-
feat by Israeli armed forces, Nasser has be-
trayed Ifs promise of a better life for 'the
Egyptian people. He has shown himself to
be -a pr Boner of the extreme Arab emotions
he once sought to master.
Speaking on the fifteenth anniversary of
the Egyptian revolution the other day, Nasser
charged there is "an American imperialist
conspiracy to destroy our socialist revolu-
tion." Thus have failure at home, where
the ecoi Lamy is a shambles, and defeat abroad
reduced a once-promising leader to fantasy.
It is, rf course, no American conspiracy but
Nasser's own intemperate ambitions and in-
flexible antipathies that are destroying
Egypt's hope to show the way to a better
Arab society.
AND REALITY
On tie basis of well-authenticated evi-
dence, Egypt has been using and is continu-
ing to use poison gas against Yemeni royal-
ists. Thy) United States has a last made public
its beliief that gas may have in fact been
employe d. An investigation by the United
Nations Human Rights Commission is clearly
called f )r.
The IaternationaI Red Cross sentone team
to a vilage called Gahar in north Yemen
on may 15. While its report has not yet been
oficiall3 released, the text has been printed
in U.S. News World Report. The Red Cross
doctors found proof of-the use of toxic gas
by the Egyptian forces. Their report has been
circulated offlcia:tly only to Egypt, Saudi
Arabia and both sides in the Yemen civil
war; but each of these parties has reasons to
keep tho contents secret.
Two hundred Members of Parliament of all
parties in London have just called upon their
Government to take the issue to the United
Nations Foreign Secretary George Brown in-
dicated that Britain would not take action.
Although he did not say so, the reason is
presumably that the British do not want to
get int) more trouble with Egypt. Saudi
Arabia, which is most concerned because it is
support.ng the royalists and because Yemen
is on Ila borders, evidently does not want
further to disturb Arab unity in these critical
times.
Washington had been holding back for va-
rious reasons. It had no positive proof and
still has none, and it too was trying to get
along with Nasser. However, relations with
Cairo could not get worse than they are now.
And the increasing evidence of the use of
toxic gas has become too disturbing to ig-
nore. It is believed that in recent bombings
the Egyptians have used a modern, sophisti-
cated nerve gas, whereas previously they had
used World I phosgene.
The State Department said yesterday that
it will support International action to investi-
gate this horror. Washington should do more.
It should initiate such action.
[From the Washington Post, July 30, 1967]
ISRAEL FAKED EGYPT OUT OF' HER SOCKS
(Excerpts from an article entitled "The 6-
Day War" by Randolph and Winston
Churchill)
It all started with a lie---a Russian lie. In
early May, the Soviet government passed to
Cairo the story of a large Israeli troop con-
centration on the Syrian border. During the
following two weeks, Cairo received informa-
tion from Moscow indicating that an Israeli
force of up to 11 brigades was involved. At
the time, the Israelis had no more than a
company (120 men) in that particular area,
waiting in ambush for Syrian saboteurs.
The United Nations, which had observa-
tion posts along the Israeli-Syrian border,
confirmed, toward the end of May, that it
had no evidence of the alleged troop move-
ments. It seems that the: Russians, alarmed
by the possibility that Israel might be plan-
ning a punitive raid on Syria, wanted Egyp-
tian President Nasser to commit his forces
in Sinai as a diversion to deter the Israelis
from attacking.
The crisis had been building up for six
months. In October and November, 1966,
there had been an intensification of Arab
terrorist activities against Israel by the El
Fatah terrorist organization. On Nov. 4,
Syria and Egypt signed a- defense agreement.
There followed two incidents in which- the
Israelis undertook major ,punitive action.
On Nov. 13, a large Israeli force, including
tanks and armored cars, rolled over the- Jor-
danian border and attacked Samu, a village
of 4000 people. Israel felt no great hostility
toward Jordan but carried out the raid in
order to show that she was not prepared to
tolerate the use of Jordanian territory by
the El Fatah organization.
At the beginning of April, 1967, the Israelis
decided to knock out Syrian artillery which
was bombarding Israeli farm workers in a
demilitarized zone near the Sea of Galilee.
In the resulting air battle of April 7, the
Syrians lost six Mig fighters, a significant
proportion of their total air strength.
EMBARRASSING FOR NASSER
The situation was clearly becoming in-
creasingly embarrassing for President Nasser.
In particular, the presence of the United
Nations Emergency Force, commanded by
Gen. Rikhye of India, on the borders of
Egypt and Israel was a subject of scandal
and scorn among his Arab rivals.
Nasser, believing that a confrontation be-
tween Israel and Syria was imminent, felt
bound to demonstrate the reality of his de-
fense pact with Syria by some evidence of
military zeal. On May 15, large numbers of
Egyptian troops were seen moving through
Cairo on their way to the Suez Canal. They
were accorded the maximum publicity by the
government-controlled press, radio and tele-
vision.
Then at 10 p.m. on May 18, the Egyptian
chief of staff, Gen. Fawzy, sent a telegram to
Gen. Rikhye:
"For your information, I gavemy instruc-
tions to all U.A.R. armed forces to be ready
for action against Israel the moment it
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August 10, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
t C ads to discuss the crisis with THE TURNING POINT
an
S 11283
might carry out any aggressive action against new o
any Arab country ... For the sake of corn- Prime Minister Lester Pearson. The same day, On May 30, King Hussein of Jordan unex-
plete secure (sic) of all U.N. troops which in- the Egyptian Defense Minister, accompanied pettedly arrived in Cairo and, after a stay of
stall O.P.'s along our borders, I request that by a ten-man delegation, arrived in Moscow only six hours, signed a defense agreement
you issue orders to withdraw all these troops to seek Russian support and material. with President Nasser. This surprised the
Egyptian people as much as foreigners. The
immediately ..." EBAN'S TREK WEST
Gen. Rikhye immediately reported the On May 24, Israeli Foreign Minister Abba two men had for long been at loggerheads,
Egyptian request to United Nations Secretary Eban left for Washington, via Paris and Lon- President Nasser having often denounced
don, to see President Johnson and later to Hussein as a traitor to the Arab cause.
General U The trot c New York and retired defense pact was undoubtedly the
next bed. made broadcasts tof Cairo hat Gen. RRikhye adio the ted o had address the United Nations Security waiting Council. turning point between peace and war. Stra-
been d to it clear that Gen. from On May 26, after keeping Eban waiting for
tegically, an alliance between Egypt and Jor-
bee n asked to withdraw his men from the most of the day, Mr. Johnson called him in clan could scarcely be tolerated by Israel. For
border and concentrate them inside the Gaza for a talk. The President was disconcerted Israel would now be exposed to attack at its
Strip. . No mention was made of the wave , when Eban produced a file of documents most vulnerable point, the "soft underbelly"
Nations * U HThant w
s a El telegram, Egyptian of a firm American commitment to uphold into Israel and provided a hostile base for
rd on Ambassador n Kony, the the principle of "free and innocent passage" attack only 12 miles from the Mediterranean
at t the e United Nations, , and in- through the Gulf of Aqaba. coast.
representative
formed him that a partial withdrawal of the Among these papers was the draft of a Thus the talkers were being overtaken by
force was impossible. Nasser was therefore speech made by his immediate predecessor, events. While PresidenteJohnson and Prime
told he must either request the complete Golds Meir, to the United Nations General Minister Wilson were hawking a document
withdrawal of the U.N. Emergency Force from Assembly on March 1, 1957. This had been
Egyptian territory or else allow it to remain prepared jointly by Eban, at thattime Israeli around d tthe he world rld seeking atito ons obtfaarin c the the su lupp-
in its existing positions. Ambassador in Washington, and John Foster p to open the n or the on ertd
IIAMMARSKJOLD LEGACY Dulles, and amended in Dulles' own hand. action o become a the minor of n issue s f Tiran, Israel. prob-
deadly threat of m Arab military Israel.
UNEF was the peacekeeping force which had Eban also reminded Mr. Johnson during lem had p
controlled the border since the time of Suez. their 85-minute conversation of the Presi- along her bwas aaamount.
It had originally been established there un- dent's record on the issue. When Mr. Johnson Israel, h, borders with or four of five men her army
der an agreement concluded between Presi- was Senate Democratic Leader in 1955-6-7, civilians, could not afford to maintain her
dent Nasser and the late Dag Hammarskjold, he had been strongly pro-Israel. He had orcea mobilized not afford rd to aintain, her
could not afford to stand down from her high
then United Nations Secretary General, in enburst into ed Israel with sanctions threat- f
November, 1956. level of mobilization while the imminent
Egypt and d the United Nation, according to drew from Sharm with danger of a concerted surprise attack by her
this document, made a compact that at no In n his talk lk with h Eban, Mr. Johnson was i existed.
withdrawal should take place before the full of friendly bluster-"I want to see that neighbors situation for her.
Throughout an the country, intolerable and particularly her.
"task" was accomplished. In the event of an little blue and white Israeli flag sailing down was
the was growing unrest and dis-
Egyptian request for the United Nations those straits"-but would make no firm com- the army, Throughout
matter troops to leave. Hammarskjold recorded, "the mitment. satisfaction. army, there
would at once be brought before the Eban was asked to give Washington ten signs in a dIt It was one ne o of those rare opinion
non-election ywas able pu lie rraae di real
Assembly. If the General Assembly days or a fortnight for negotiations. anon-electidemocracy when
found that its task was completed, every- Eban genuinely believed that something pressure to on year a was ato bring
thing would be all right. If they found that might be achieved through negotiations; he With their veteran leader BentGorton In
the task was not completed, and Egypt, all has argued In private since the war that for retirement, r the Israeli leader turned now In
the same maintained Its stand and enforced the sake of Israel's international reputation one man retirement, t.From Dayan, the Sinai vit-
the withdrawal, Egypt would break the it was essential that the diplomatic method one of 1-.From Dayan they whe accept a tor
agreement with the United Nations." be tested, even though it might be found decision to fight or to wait with complete
Though U Thant has pointed out that the wanting. He also maintained that Israel conviction that the decision had been taken
Hammarskjold memorandum was not an might have been accused of indecent haste for sound reasons.
official United Nations document, it is inter- had she struck the moment the strait was r sound Peres, one of the leading lights of
esting prede eo note how far he departed from his closed. DESTROY ISRAEL the Raft Party, has described the problems ssor's rInet code action. which confronted Israel in the days leading
In the e event; however, , the Egyptians had On the day of President Johnson's meet- up to the war: "There were two questions to
not waited for any formal response from ing with Eban, the situation in the Middle be resolved-the decision to go or not to go,
U Thant. By 8 a.m. on May 17, they were East took another decisive turn. President and secondly, who should bear the responsi-
already taking over UNEF observation posts Nasser, addressing the leaders of the Pan- bility for that decision. There was growing
along the Egyptian-Israel border. In Cairo, Arab Federation of Trade Unions, said that resentment in the country and in the army,
Foreign Minister Mahmoud Riad called in if war came, "it will be total and the objec- not because the government hadn't decided
the envoys of each of the seven nations con- tive will be. to destroy Israel. We feel on war-but because it had taken no de-
tributing to UNEF and demanded the with- confident that we can win and are ready cision." Raft was, broadly, 'the party of the
drawal of their contingents, receiving imme- now for a war with Israel." "hawks," while the "doves" put their trust in
diate assent from the Yugoslavs and Indians. The great powers were alarmed by Nasser's Eshkol and Eban of the Mapai Party.
Shortly after midday on May 18, the Egyp- recklessness. He appeared to be losing his By May 24 Peres was the organizing center
tians ordered the force of 32 United Nations balance. President Johnson sent a note the of a political alliance which could muster 50
troops manning observation posts at Sharm same day to the Egyptian ambassador in of the Knesset's 120 votes, and which aimed
El-Sheikh to withdraw immediately. It was Washington requesting the Egyptians to ex- to overthrow Eshkol.
went
4 p.m. when the official Egyptian request for ercise restraint and not to open fire first.
withdrawal of the force reached the United That night Nasser was called out of bed at Discussions vainlyiscussss toions and with th the roughout May government 31 went on
an up in Nations-too late for U Thant to preserve 3:30 a.m. to hear an urgent message from the aaimpt to get Dayan accepted in a position
the integrity of the force. Soviet ambasadar in Cairo. He told Nasser at authority, either as Prime Mor
At a brief ceremony in Gaza on May 19, that Egypt was strongly. advised not to ini- Minister Das Pr was Minister nisteis or
dDefense, nse was prepared to have
the flag of the United Nations was'lowered tiate the fighting. Minister
but only Eshkol
and UNEF was no more-an ignominious and While wishing to avoid any confrontation, him depressed.
an advisory capacity,
abrupt demise. the Russians were also aware of the inade- him In in viory capacity,
Perhaps no one was more surprised than quate condition of Egyptian military prep- offering him deputy premiership committee
r
Nasser when U Thant acceded to his demands arations. A team of Soviet inspectors, check- for defense, of the the a e gae en 's Inner m 13 people. sisted of so promptly without even consulting the ing Egyptian airfields, found pilots who had Both positions which coonse involved respon le.
Security Council or the General Assembly. not been airborne for days. Egypt's dummy Botty without power.
On May 22, the crisis entered a new stage planes were unconvincing and their real ones at 3 p.m. on June 1, there was a
when Egypt declared the Strait of Tiran were massed together where they would be Then a
t the secretariat of Iv, there which
closed to Israeli ships and to all strategic easy targets. meeting aOf these, a tut which
19
materials being shipped to Israel on board Nasser's judgment was distorted by the 24 people spoke.
five backed Al19n, tchief
non-Israeli vessels. President Nasser de- enormous failure of his sycophantic intelli- Dayan ayan only Minister of Labor. the 7 chief
clared: "If Israel threatens us with war, we gence srvicewhich underestimated the of staff and
Raft met and it was
will reply thus: Go ahead, then." enemy's strength. There is little reason to Eshkol and and delegates now ow n agreed that Dayan should have the Defense
lasted have more than m no
On May 23, Levi Eshkol, the Israeli Prime believe that Nasser was bent on a military rt. t a yan should
Minister, warned that interference with showdown with Israel from the outset. How- 10 minutes.
Israeli shipping in the Strait of Tiran would ever, as Eban has put it, "Nasser was like a
be regarded as an act of war. man who had gone to Monte Carlo with $100 An hour later, the Raft leadership met in
On May 25, there were signs of mounting and staked it at the roulette wheel. Each time Ben-Gurion's house. After two hours of dis-
pressure on the Israeli Prime Minister for his number came up he became more coura- cussion, Ben-Gurion approved Dayan's ap-
Israel to "go it alone." President Johnson geous; he felt that fortune was smiling." pointment. By 11 p.m. the cabinet met and
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G eEss1u 7AL 1fECORD - SENATE August 10, 1967
iiayan's inclusion as Defense Minister was
among the three additions made.
It is now a controversial issue in Israeli
politics as to who should be given credit for
the decision to strike and for the successful
conduct of the war. Dayan'sadmirers claim
that when he entered the cabinet the deci-
sion to fight had yet to be taken, and add that
no detailed plan of attack had been worked
out.
Brig. Gen. Ezer Weizman has said that
when Dayan became Minister of Defense, "he
knew that there was a possibility that the
decision to go might not be taken." Others
claim that the Eshkol government was too
fearful to make the decision without him.
They wanted Dayan included so that if the
whole thing ended in disaster they would not
have to hold the bag alone.
Eban and Allan recall events differently
from Weizman. Eban says that the decision
to fight had been- reached by June 1: it was
dictated by the pact between Nasser and
Hussein. Allan agrees. He says that prior to
the defense pact there was a division in the
cabinet, a majority still hoping for a diplo-
matic solution. But after May 30 war was in-
evitable.
Dayan was included in the cabinet because
the Eshkol government was being forced to
two unavoidable conclusions: Israel had no
alternative but to fight, and the Israeli gov-
ernment needed Dayan because the nation
demanded it and because it needed his knowl-
edge, courage and optimism.
Just as It had taken Hitler to make
Churchill Prime Minister in 1940, so, as Dayan
put it shortly before the start of the war, "it
took 80,000 Egyptian soldiers to. get me into
the Israeli cabinet."
By the time Harold Wilson and Lyndon
Johnson met in Washington on. June 2, it was
too late for a diplomatic formula to succeed.
War was certain. Only the date was open.
SAFE TO ACT
By the first weekend in June while diplo-
macy was taking its course in the world
capitals, two things were clear to the Israelis.
First, that they would not incur the wrath of
June 4 the soldiers and airmen knew that the There can be no doubt that overall, the
following morning they would be at war. Israeli deception achieved its purpose. Egyp-
It 7iad been an agonizing and anguished tian generals were seen that weekend on the
decision for the cabinet. When Gen. Hod, the tennis courts of Cairo.
h
d
f t
ea
o
he air force told th tht
,ema their
air force could destroy the air force of Egypt
and Lny other Arab power that intervened The armed forces that Dayan was about to
withoat Tel Aviv being subjected to enemy lead into battle made up a remarkable and
bombardment, they found it hard to believe. unique military machine, largely composed
So :ouch had been heard of the new Rus- of farmers, fruit dealers, taxi drivers and
scan-trained Egyptian air force, equipped businessmen in they we In the defense of
with more than 400 modern jet fighters and their own land, they v re one of the finest
bombrrs-how was it possible to knock There
out armies the was no ova aver lan
such ,d force wish One blow and be sure that Gen was no ecrarl plan of campaign.
Tel A`ivwould not be bombed? "We . Weinman, director of operations, said:
But Moshe Dayan was an optimist and he have got a plan for everything-even for
was oae of the few who knew that the air capturing the North Pole. The plans are like
force could do what it promised. Dayan's bricks. They can be used one by one to build
influe:ice over .he cabinet was perhaps his don't structure
go in for pr or pre sieconceiveceived dn anddevelops. We
most decisive contribution to the victory. - inflexible in and, therefore,
Whim Dayan assumed the office of Defense Although master redt for Minisi er June 1, he was already very clearly the credit fIsraeli's air victory
in the.picture. or the previous two weeks, was to to Gen. Hod, It was Gen. Weizman
with the permission of both the Prime Min- who over er the past ten years was been archi-
ister and the Chief of Staff, Gen. Rabin, he tect of the air force. It was his decision to
had biien visiting the troops in the field and, devote available resources to create a strong
in particular, going over all the plans with der rct them by havv ing a bomber a b bombers rbomber er f well. than squan
well. A
the individual commanders. bomber's th's major ha
m centers of
Between Juno, 1 and June 4, there can mber's prole Is to bomb had no o
be no doubt that he made several alter- chest n population, which Israel had no air
ations to the plans within the framework force foret h doing. Gen. Weizman enemy air
of thu, original conception of the battle. which that could destroy any enemy force and
This 1.ad been to hold the line of the-Jor- It was ar gtoe nd any a ground troopsthe
Israel daniar. and Syrian fronts while destroying wb fore to find anyone n who in openly
the Egyptian army in Sinai. weeks before the war began who openly
For instance, the day before his appoint- wanted war, but without eirF> or bto go, the
ment, Dayan visited den. Narkiss, the cen- men-and their cleft ther jhe to re and
trai commander whose task it was to and fight for was that country. 'Their r they werTel Aviv, the densely populated coastal guard
fighting strength was they they knew what ihy were
and tt e Israeli part of Jerusalem from at- the for. Arabs They would realized Iriean the While defeat for tack, j)rtncipally by Jordan. They met in army, e loss of her
Jerusa em and went over the plans, and- then xistence for Israel t would the the end o h
went to a vante~ge point outside Jerusalem existence as a state and the ;annihilation of
from which they surveyed the whole area. her people.
Dayan suggested that Israeli troop move- the a an Israeli officer who had served with
ents be kept to the bare minimum so as had British army in World War II and who
into offer no provocation to the Jordanians. fought
se Alamein put it: "This would
In case of a Jordanian attack, which it was have. been a second Biblical massacre of Mas-
felt would probably be a local one and in soda. When the Egyptians got here they
would h
eve
.onstration or solidarity the President of the United States as they with hi3 fellow Arabs by King Hussein, Dayan
had done in 1956; secondly, the Soviet Union warned Narkiss: "Don't bother the general
would not intervene. staff w.th requests for reinforcements. Grit
Whether this was merely a shrewd assess- your teeth and ask for nothing."
went of the situation by the Israeli Intel- Days, a was known to be a man of action,
ligence or whether In fact some wink had and on hearing of his inclusion in the Israeli
been received through unofficial channels government, many people felt that this would
from Mr. Johnson is impossible to say. Any- mean that a decision to fight would soon
way, the Israelis felt that it was safe for them come. to act should the situation demand it. One if the fire,t tasks he set himself was
The strategic situation outlined by Gen. to disc lute the world of any such idea by
Yariv, heatl of Israeli intelligence, was black. a brilliant deception campaign and thus re-
In addition to the fateful kiss between Nas- gain the element of surprise which was vital
ser and King Hussein the Israelis now knew to Israel, It was at once pointed out that the
that Egypt's Gen. Ftiadh hadi arrived in army, Rhich after two weeks of mobilization
Amman to establish an advance command and waiting in the desert was demanding
post and that Jordanian forces had been that a decision be taken, would accept a
placed under his command. Besides this, on decision not to fight far better from a gov-
the evening of June 4, the vanguard of an t
r
e
mer; which includd D
eayan.
Iraqi infantry division reinforced by more
than 150 tanks began crossing the Jordan Dayar_s first public appearance as Minister
than into the West Bank area. ; e
of Defei at
Tuunne3 3. e-. He said it was was a press confer-
The Iraqi buildup would be complete by ence
military too late for a
the middle of the week and posed gravrspontaneous mTiran reaction and to still t o os
threat to the security of Israel. While she early to to oe, of draw the conclusions of the o l e
could cope with 800 ormore Egyptian tanks outcome any conclusions of tpossible
He added:
In Sinai, Israel felt that the presence of 300 "The ome r me ent-befcore I became action.
or 400 enemy tanks so close her major gar of ili -erkeed befa m must
air bases and centers of mbark on diplomacy; we musintolerable danger. population was an give it e. chance."
ound no one alive. I would have
killed my wife and daughter rather than let
them fall Into their hands. And I don't know
anyone who wouldn't have done the same."
IRAQ DETERMINED To "CRUSE[ ZIONIST AG-
GRESSION"-WAR SPIRIT RAMPANT INBAGH-
DAD
(By Robert Dietsch)
BAGHDAD, IRAQ, July 26.--The elevator
bumps to halt on the ground floor of the Ho-
tel Baghdad, the doors glide open and con-
fronting me on the wall Is a poster reading:
"We shall continue to crush economic in-
terests of American, British and West Ger-
man supporters of Zionist aggression against
our peaceful Arab homeland."
Outside the hotel, pasted on the wall of an
East German airline office, another poster
says: "Johnson, the servant of capitalists,
mule of Zionists."
Two hundred yards down the street, next
to the Hungarian Embassy's commercial of-
fice, are posted two dozen pictures from Red
China. A cherubic Mao Tse-tung smiles from
half them.
SOVIET Exams'T
Farther down the road is an exhibition of
the 'Tigris Riveriiwhich Oil here Is h 200 bank
yards
wide but - I
a In as a
mbassy, mill pond--is the pad-
The following day, the day immediately locked U.S. E
In addition, the Egyptian ask force was preceding the outbreak of war, newspaper It is silent as a tomb and empty except for
getting cocky. For 10 years there had been offices throughout the world received pic- a Belgian "caretaker" diplomat, a couple of
no intrusion or violation of Israeli air space tures of Israeli troops on leave relaxing on cats and an Arab gardener. Atop the flag-
by Egyptian aircraft. Now, in the past two the beac.ies. Several thousand Israeli soldiers pole flea the black, yellow and red flag of
weeks, at least three flights had been made had been authorized to go on leave that week- Belgium.
by Egyptian Mig 21s over Israel from the Dead end.
Sea toward El Arish, a route over some of Inside the Is a Government buildings
-
Israel's mair bases and the area in which Follow to the cabinet sessions taken, which the along the Tigris a new Cabinet ruesp
the bulk major
her armor was deployed. was decision to strike had been taken, the corn- pointed last week by President: Abdel Rah-
ANaemunique designed for use by papers June man Aref after visits to Cairo and Moscow.
menticned only banal Israel's final doubts and hesitations were ranging irom aew bond issagenda of ue to the Items the West even Includes no
roaders, but
swept away or overcome. By the evening of fication cf a cultural accord with Belgium. men whose allegiances today are intertwined
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August 10, 19 6T CONGRESSIONAL REM -
the Israeli victory, has rested with the eX-
with Cairo and Damascus and bent toward
Moscow and, perhaps, Peking.
THEY FORGET
This gives an idea of what is happening in
Iraq since the Arab-Israeli waro c re-
try completely has forgotten pre-war
to encourage a limited amount of private
enterprise and invite in Western business.
Iraq broke relations with the U.S. on the
ground that Washington helped Israel fight
the war. No one gives any hope of restoring
those ties soon.
There were about 500 Americans in Iraq
before the war. Most were evacuated
they
Today there are only 17 Americans in Bagh-
dad, a city of 1.5 million.
So far as I know, I was the first American
granted a visa to visit Iraq since the war.
Most Iraqis, even those in government, were
surprised to see me here. I was treated cour-
teously. but curtly.
p
ro
I got to see only one government officer on Jordan. King Hussein reportedly wants the General Assembly, the Russians were eager
an official basis. I talked with half a dozen Iraqis to leave, but they have made no move to get some kind of resolution through in
others with the unspoken --understanding I to do so. order to show that the effort had not been
wouldn't use their names. I also met three When the Iraqi troops departed for Jordan, in vain. The United States worked out with
American businessmen here. I asked to talk President Aref saw them off saying: "See you the Soviet Union a compromise resolution
with their Iraqi employes, but all refused. in Tel Aviv." that would have, at least dimly, recognized
I walked to the streets in safety, but while The Iraqis were so cocky they talked of Israel's right to exist.
taking a taxi tour of the city, the driver al- the war as a "picnic." In short they believed But the Algerians and Syrians saw the
their own propaganda altho there was no resolution as a kind of Soviet quit-claim-
ways told inquiries I was French specially
when were were in thickly populated pro- training for mobilization for war. freeing the Russians from the obligation to
Nasser mosque areas. Despite the continued anti-U.S. and anti- undo Israel's victory. They refused strong
In the past seven weeks, Iraq has aligned Israel fever not all Iraqis foresee renewed Soviet pressure to support the resolution,
itself with Arab extremists in Cairo and fighting soon, But they feel it must come and they were able to swing the rest of the
Damascus who demand continued aggression in the long run. Most Iraqis are convinced Arab world with them. That is why the Gen-
against Israel, a continued oil boycott against Israel wants to grab all the land between eral Assembly had to turn the problem over
the U.S., Britain and West Germany, and the Nile and Euphrates Rivers. to the Security Council.
wider boycotts against Western firms. Iraq has been in a series of upheavals This deadlock has induced among some
Indeed, some sources say Iraq is the since 1958 when Gen. Abdul Karim Kassem American officials a keen disposition to find
loudest voice of all the Arab nations demand- overthrew King Faisal and set up the eoun- a way out. Behind the scenes there have been
ing stricter boycotts. Baghdad is flirting try's first socialist state. Kassem took Iraq heavy Administration pressures on Israel for
openly with Moscow and Peking, talking out of the Baghdad Pact and terminated one-sided concessions. At one point, the
trade and arms. several U.S. treaties. United States very nearly switched its United
NEW PACTS He flirted with communism but in the end Nations vote from abstention to aye on a
An Iraqi date-processing firm (produces took a fairly moderate socialist.line. Kassen Pakistani resolution which in effect called for
80 per cent of the world's dates) has signed was toppled in 1963 and for nine months, unconditional Israeli withdrawal from Jeru-
a pact with Hungary for a new plant. Poland Iraq was ruled by the extremist Arab socialist Salem.
has won a contract to supply Iraqi railways Ba'ath Party. This disposition to give way is particularly
with 200 cars. Iraq has quit trying for a $2 Then the moderates regained power and disquieting because beneath the surface of
million U.S. bank loan, turning instead to recently the Aref government did try for events there has been a considerable drift
France, Russia, and Czechoslovakia. economic progress and encouraged participa- away from the extremist lead of Algeria and
No U.S. newspapers or magazines have been tion in major projects with private Western Syria.
permitted in Iraq since last month's war. Interests. Jordan Is obviously eager for talks. The oil-
There is strict censorship of Baghdad's eight While Iraq remained basically a socialist rich states, insofar as they have boycotted
daily newspapers. All mail is censored and all state all major industries and almost land Britain and the United States under pressure
phone calls are monitored. are state-owned. As late as last spring, the of the extremists, have the best reasons for
Iraq has sent arms, trade and even sports U.S. Embassy here was telling Washington wanting a return to business as usual. Most
missions to Moscow. The army is in tight that progress was being made. important of all, there is the case of the
control of the country as usual, but the voice But Western businessmen I talked to here, countries bordering Algeria and Syria. gime has of the pro-Nasser army element is growing disclaim any such progress. They say their In M o it a helre own labor been strong
stronger. work was getting less efficient and less p enough to j - for
One Iraqi government official said: "Iraq ductive all the time. stirring up anti-Jewish sentiment. In Ta-
mst do like other Arab countries. We have EIGHTY MILLION DOLLARS nisia, President Habib Bourguiba is ready to
recognize Israel diplomatically as soon as
to act as one. We are acting as one." The three-week shutdown of oil production
ral anion Kinaani, under secretary of cul- have cost peace talks begin. And Iraq-.-a country e-spokes
access
for
man fo
nean-has j stseated a new cabie
to th thegovernment ctolde a"Iraq lacks tech- and Iraq an current estimated limited $80 million. production Major aggri- pendent
nicians, scientists, equipment of all kinds, cultural production has slowed because of net which looks away from Syria and toward
so si search for thm among our friends- On paper, Iraq has great agricultural, po- Egypt, of course, is the fulcrum of Arab
"Americans s working g i n Iraq deserted us the fight of Western technicians. Egypt.
Ro Ameri n, Fr tential. The Tigris and Euphrates River could opinion, the point where decisive swings
w can made. And so far, on such issues as
when the fighting began. Those on't know provide g the all the Romwateran needed. Empire this land-then the Arab summit and the Unite4 Nations
why. They just ran away. ThoAmericans known During Mesopotamia-was a granary for resolutions, President Nasser has tried to bal-sees byd arsit like a gazelle--which can't the empire. But today, 1600 years later, so- ante among factions in order to maintain
by its s earsins nstead of its eyes. You h u caann't cialist - Iraq doesn't produce enough grain top position in the Arab world.
imagine the damage America did itself by even for itself and has to import wheat. But Egypt is about the last country in the
its policies during this war. "
Like almost every other Iraqi, this official From the Washington Post, July 30,; 19671 world able to hold a half-way position in
remains convinced the U.S. helped Israel international affairs. It imports food and a
fight and that the U.S. Navy communications PUTTING UP WITH AN ITCH-LOGIC IMPELS wide variety of goods consumed by its mid-
ship Liberty was advising Israel. UNITED STATES To ALLOW TIME To PASS dle classes in Alexandria and Cairo.
"The way the Israelis fought, the tactics BEFORE SEEKING MIDDLE EAST SETTLEMENT Every day the Egyptians are losing millions
they used proves someone was helping them," (By Joseph Kraft) of dollars in foreign exchange from Suez
Kinaani said. Impasse in the Middle East has bred the Canal tolls foregone, from an absence of
DEFEAT'S EFFECT ' usual American itch to promote a settlement. tourists and from the closing down of oil
This statement, heard so often in Arab But logic still argues for a waiting game, prospecting in Sinai. The country is in seri-
nations, indicates the full effect of defeat aimed at allowing the forces now dominant ous economic trouble. And for all their gen-
ons,
ast-off
erosity
them
pla
Arab
e
everosince show a signcof pickingaup the tabRussialTs
stilaccepted
the yetlcomprehend the ext nt ofatheirhloses. in The init ative in the Arab worldse,lves
conceded his country now is turning to the
communists. He said:
,No matter who helps you in a plight, you
turn to him. It makes no matter what kind
of communists-Russian or Chinese. They
proved our friends in war."
This official also felt the Arab boycott will
be extended to all U.S. and British goods and
firms. He thought it already had been done
but had not been announced officially.
Kinaani said: "I once was against com-
munism. I was wrong. Communism can't do
any more harm to me than did Israel and
U.S. policies."
Another U.S.-trained official Said: "There
is no doubt about it. Many intellectuals in
Iraq who were against communism for years
.
STILL THERE summit meeting.
During the war, Iraq sent two brigades A similar situation exists over the matter
s to Jordan where they suffered of a compromise United Nations resolution.
o
of t
of the
treme left-wing regimes of Algeria and Syria.
These governments have been pressing the
other Arab states and Russia to keep the pot
boiling. On two occasions, they have been
able to head off steps that might have been
the prologue to a settlement with Israel.
First there Is the matter of a summit
meeting of Arab leaders. It has been ardently
advocated by King Hussein of Jordan. At a
summit meeting, Hussein could ask the other
Arabs to put up or shut up on the question
of helping his shattered state survive. If they
failed to meet his needs, as seems certain,
the whole world would know about it.
At that point, Hussein would be in a good
position to turn to the United States for
with
lk
s
help, and even for an approach to ta
But the Algerians and Syrians have,
Israel
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~kSSUNAL RECORD- SENATE August 10, 1967
can be a
In g this situation, doing proposition for the Ufa tea nothing
paying States. The fills Television, like any other media, ful- to appeal to others to take an initiative
more the -impasse
more time goes by, the its noblest function when it moves on behalf of peace; we can take the ini-
draws on without an agreement, the more peol>le to the good and better things of tiative ourselves. The procedures of the
there will be promoted the Dense of realities life; when It motivates without preach- Security Council are open to this Nation
which must precede any settlement. ing; When it corrects and changes with- as they are to any other to act on behalf
out the discipline ever being noticed. of its own interests in the restoration of
"THE ROAD TO NOWHERE," PRO- "The Road to Nowhere" is an example peace.
of lc cal television at its finest. This Nation can move, in effect, to call
GRAM OF KLZ-TV, DENVER, COLO. I congratulate KLZ-TV Denver, one up the resolution which. we introduced
Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, I would of the Time-Life Broadcast family and see to it, if necessary, that the ques-
like to call to the attention of the Mem- members, on a contribution in the pub- tion of taking it up is voted. The motion
bers of this body the work of television lic interest that through its fine pro- is procedural and not subject to the veto.
station KLZ-TV in Denver and a very grad "The Road to Nowhere" will be And if the resolution is taken up, this Na-
remarkable program the station has sere. ng People for years to come. tion can move to see to it that all who
created to help prevent teenage crime, I think every Senator here would be might be directly or indirectly involved
called "The Road to Nowhere." it was interested in seeing this program and in the restoration of ;peace in Vietnam are
produced by news director Jim Ben- l g it available to the people of his asked to appear before the Security
net, written and filmed by Roly Dahl- oo t State. It is truly a very contributive Council in a discussion of this question-
quist, and narrated by Don Roberts. if not in New York, then somewhere else,
This fine station has an exceptional - perhaps in Geneva, in o
record of public service down through pain session, face-
the years. It has been the: winner of al- THE UNITED NATIONS-THE U.S. to-face meeting.
most every major been award given for cr- RESOLUTION ON VIETNAM The invitation, moreover, can include
not only ative public service programing. "The Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, press any y other relevant and Hanoi but the NLF
The
Road to Nowhere" was recently given reports on yesterday indicate that the motion to invite, too, topang the well. T
the coveted "Emmy" station award by executive branch is giving motion on the basis of
sideration" to calling up the U.S. resolu- to veto. is procedural and not subject
the National Academy of Television to veto.
Arts and Sciences. tion on Vietnam which has been in a At-this late date I think it is essential
I also wish to commend KLZ-TV and limbo at the Security Council since the that the world know where every member
this fine program for additional bene- beginning of the year. I am delighted of the U.N. Security Council stands-
fits it has wrought above and beyond that the Departments are thinking of the wherewe stand, where the Soviet Union,
the awards it has won which, besides possi )ility because I know and can as- China, Hanoi, and all others stand-on
the Emmy, include the Institute for Edu- sert ;hat the administration is most vi- the readiness to come to grips in prelim-
cation by Radio, Sigma Delta Chi, and tally interested in the approach at the inary open discussions of the problems of
Colorado Broadcasters Association. U.N. which was discussed the other day restoring peace in Vietnam, to the end
"The Road to Nowhere" is a most by the distinguished Senator from Ken- that we may begin to find some basis for
compelling indictment of crime and tucky [Mr. COOPER) and myself. the restoration of peace.
criminal companions-but presented in I should like at this point to clarify Again, Mr. President, I compliment the
such a mcomp ns -auto teenagers to what is involved in this approach, inas- executive branch and the :Department of
stop and think-really stop and think- much as there are indications on the ba- State for giving serious consideration to
before embarking on a life of crime., sis of Press reports from Moscow and this matter, and I express the hope that
Prisoners tell the story of their own other sources that some sort of miracle or this Nation will take the 'lead in calling
tragic lives in an attempt to let young- instant U.N. solution is expected by the up its own resolution on Vietnam at the
sters g live of the ttemp to let young- Senator from Kentucky and myself. That Security Council in the near future. If we
lawful sow o church, and of disobeying is the last thing that is anticipated. What are compelled to insist;upon votes on pre-ool,
thorit
paxental lawfuy. In an era that has seen too is exlse0ted, however, is an end to the unary and procedural questions, then
much disregard for rightful authority, head-in-the-se,nd official position which I believe votes are in order, indeed, long
the tone of this program: is most re- has been taken by the U.N. from the out- overdue. In my judgment, win or lose, the
freshing-particularly when it is set by set. w hat is expected is a formal effort by effort to open discussions on peace in
the prisoners themselves. the U.N. Security Council to create at Vietnam at the U.N. 'Security Council is
KLZ-TV is making prints; of this half- least a small opening to peace, a small properly made and should be made at this
hour program available free to televi- crack in the wall of war. time. Indeed, this Nation has everything
sion stations around the United States Reports fror2 the Soviet Union indi- to gain and nothing to lose by making the
with only two conditions attached; one, cate doubt in that nation as to the use- effort.
that the film be shown at a time when fulness of the U.N. and a preference for Mr. COOPER. Mr.:President, will the
young viewers have the best o time whe - a Geneva conference, yet the Soviet Senator yield?
nity to see It; two, that a contribution Union has not :moved to convene a meet- Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
In the amount of the station's choice be ing o f the Geneva conference-even Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, again, as
sent to In of the New Life Founds- thoug] 1 it is it cochairman, and even I have in the past, I support the call of
sins to Denver, o org Lifeion deli- though Great Britain, the other chair- the distinguished majority leader to our
cated to the rehabilitation of prisoners man, has indicated time and time again Government to ask that it take the ini-
on parole, and an organization which its willingness to join with Moscow to tiative, without any reservation, to bring
feels It will be using the film for at least call fo, a reconvening of that conference. the matter of Vietnam before the Se-
5 years. Already "The Road to Nowhere" U 'chant has reiterated that he is curity Council of the - United Nations.
has been shown in many: States and doubtful that any useful contribution I agree with him that whatever may be
prints have been requested by five for- can bi: made by the Security Council; the disposition of other members of the
eign countries. - yet he is not pursuing any unilateral ef- Security Council, and notwithstanding
A Denver juvenile court judge keeps forts it this time and has announced statements of U Thant that it might not
a film print in his office to show to teen- that he has no intention of doing so. be the most favorable! time, one never
agers brought before him. The station I an impelled, therefore, to reiterate, knows what is the most favorable time.
itself has telecast it three times since that the potential of the U.N., to con- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time
its first showing in November 1966, in tribute to peace in Vietnam has not been of the Senator from Montana has ex-
prime evening time. More than 275 pri- explored, much less utilized. The U.N. is pired.
vate showings of the film have been not a one-man show or a one-nation Mr. MANSFIELD. M:r. President, I ask
made to club, civic, church, and school show. It is an organization with a charter unanimous consent that the Senator
groups in the Denver area to audiences and procedures for moving in the kind from Kentucky be recognized for 3
totaling more than 26,000 and reserva- of situition which exists in Vietnam. minutes.
tions for private showings, now handled This Nation should welcome help from The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
by Denver Junior- Chamber of Com- third parties, Mr. President, but we can.. objection, it is so ordered.
merce, have been made for several not and should not wait for them to pur- Mr. COOPER. Now is the most favor-
months in advance. sue our diplomacy for us. We do not have able time todo what is right and neces-
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 S 1136#pproved For Release C2" iWAF DWJ 69R ff%00043-4 August 10, 1967
projects or activities assisted under Federal
programs to which funds may be allocated
pursuant to this section.
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY TRUST FUND
SEC. 104 (a). There is hereby established in
the Treasury of the United States a trust
fund to be known as the "Economic Oppor-
tunity Trust Fund" (hereinafter referred to
as the "Trust Fund"). The Trust Fund shall
consist of such amounts as may be appropri-
ated or credited to the Trust Fund as pro-
vided in this section.
(b) There is hereby appropriated to the
Trust Fund, out of any money in the Treas-
ury not otherwise appropriated, amounts
equivalent to 33i/ per centum of the taxes
which may be received under a surcharge on
individual and corporate income tax liabili-
ties.
(c) The amounts appropriated by para-
graph (b) shall be transferred at least
monthly from the general fund of the Treas-
ury to the Trust Fund on the basis of esti-
mates by the Secretary of the Treasury of
the amounts, referred to in_paragraph (b),
received in the Treasury. Proper adjustments
shall be made in the amounts subsequently
transferred to the extent prior estimates
were in excess of or less than the amounts
required to be transferred.
(d) There are hereby authorized to be
appropriated to the Trust Funds, as repay-
able advances or otherwise, such additional
sums as may be required to make the ex-
penditures referred to in subsection (f).
(e) It shall be the duty of the Secretary
of the Treasury to hold and manage the
Trust Funds, and to,, the extent necessary
and appropriate he shall have for this
purpose the same powers as are conferred
upon him by the Federal-Aid Highway Act
of 1959 (23 U.S.C. sec. 101) to hold and man-
age the Highway Trust Fund.
(f) Amounts in the Trust Fund shall be
available for expenditure and allocation un-
der section 102 of this Act, and shall remain
available until expended.
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
SEC. 105 (a). The President shall carry out
the programs established in this Act dur-
ing the fiscal years ending June 30, 1968,
and June 30, 1969, and during the succeed-
ing eight fiscal years. For the purpose of
carrying out this Act, there is hereby au-
thorized to be appropriated the sum of $2
billion for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1968, $3 billion for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1969, and for succeeding years such
sums may be appropriated as the Congress
may hereafter authorize by law through June
30, 1977.
(b) Such authorizations and any such
appropriations shall be in addition to au-
thorizations and appropriations already made
for programs eligible for assistance under
this Act.
(c) Funds authorized and appropriated
pursuant to this Act shall remain available
for allocation or expenditure for two addi-
tional fiscal years after the fiscal year for
which they were authorized and ap-
propriated.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I conclude
as follows: We have all been talking, at
least a good deal of debate has been had,
about the Marshall plan. I have done my
best to implement this concept, in order
to lay before the Senate what can con-
ceivably be done in more specific terms
than those which are usually loosely used
when we speak of the Marshall plan. I
have come up with a figure, Mr. Presi-
dent, and a plan by which this might be
started. I commend it to my fellow Sen-
ators for study and careful thought.
As one who has lived a full lifetime in
and with the slums, I can tell my fellow
Senators that I do not believe the job
can be done any differently than through
a massive application of resources at a
given target within a given period of
time. The means must be massive.
Finally, Mr. President, this effort
would infinitely more than pay for itself,
even in the hardest-headed financial
terms, in terms of increases in income,
in the improved vitality and -skills of our
people, in the devotion of our people to
the American system, and in the enor-
mously increased tax base which will re-
sult for cities and States.
It is accomplishable, Mr. President. In-
deed, the figure which I have named-
$50 billion-is a fraction of the gross an-
nual product of the United States for 1
year.
This is the order of magnitude which
Is required. It implements the words
"Marshall plan," which are magic words.
The idea was an enormous success on the
foreign front and I think it can be on
the domestic front. It offers to the Sen-
ate a plan and a channel through which
this accomplishment can be effected.
CORRECTION OF THE RECORD
Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, in the
RECORD of August 8, 1967, on page
511089, my name appears as a cosponsor
of amendment No. 246, which is referred
to on that page. My name is included
among the names of sponsors in error;
and I ask unanimous consent that
the permanent RECORD be corrected ac-
cordingly.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
oQ
`- L THAL GAS IN YEMEN
Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, per-
sistent accounts of the use of lethal gas
in Yemen have appeared from time to
time in the Nation's press. Some of these
charges were investigated by an Inter-
national Committee of the Red Cross.
On July 28, 1967, the New York Times
published the full text of the Red Cross
report, as follows:
TEXT OF THE RED CROSS REPORT ON THE USE
OF POISON GAS IN YEMEN
(By Andre Rochat)
WASHINGTON, July 27.-On May 11, 1967,
the I.C.R.C. delegation in Jidda received ap-
peals for assistance from the two villages of
Gadafa and Gahar in the Wadi Herran, in
the southwestern Jauf. According to these
appeals a proportion of the inhabitants of
these villages had been poisoned by gas
dropped from raiding airplanes.
Some hours later this news was confirmed
by representatives of the Yemeni Royalists
and by the Saudi Arabian authorities, who
requested the I.C.R.C. delegation to go im-
mediately to the assistance of the victims.
The head of the delegation decided to pro-
ceed immediately to the scene, accompanied
by another delegate, two doctors and a male
nurse; members of the I.C.R.C. medical team,
and a Yemeni escort. The two-lorry convoy,
loaded with food and medical supplies, left
Amara on May 13, after having given due
notice of its line of march and timetable
to the Egyptian authorities.
Unfortunately, following an air attack on
the I.C.R.C. convoy, it was not until the
night of May 16-16 that the mission reached
Gahar. This village is situated atop a hill
some 500 feet in height. All the houses are
clustered closely together, giving the appear-
ance of a small fortress.
ACCOUNTS OF SURVIVORS
According to the inhabitants, 75 people
were gassed during a raid in the early hours
of May 10, 1967.
The account given by the survivors is as
follows :
The bombers circled the village for some
time then dropped three bombs on the hill-
side, east of and below the village, two or
three hundred yards away to windward (wind
direction from east to west).
No houses were damaged. The explosions
were relatively mild. The bomb craters were
about eight feet in diameter and 20 inches
deep, smaller than the usual craters.
Twenty minutes after dropping the three
gas bombs, the planes dropped four or five
high-explosive bombs on the village and
the western flank of the hill. Only one of
these bombs caused any damage; this was
sustained by a house in the center of the
village.
Many animals, Including almost 200 cat-
tle, sheep, goats, donkeys and numerous
birds, were also killed. The villagers, who
were not contaminated, buried the dead ani-
mals in a large pit west of the village, whilst
the 75 humans killed were buried in four
large communal graves.
REPORT OF OBSERVATIONS
The I.C.R.C. delegates, for their part, ob-
served the following:
They inspected the village for several
hours, checking, whenever possible, the ac-
curacy of the information mentioned above.
The doctors examined the four surviving
gas casualties. Their medical report is at-
tached hereto.
The head of the mission had one of the
four communal graves opened. There were
15 corpses in it. An immediate autopsy by
Dr. Brutschin and Dr. Janin left no doubt
that death was due to pulmonary edema
(see attached medical report and photo-
graph).
The 75 gas casualties were either within
range of the gas when it was released or
were in its path as it was blown by the
wind. Some of the victims were found dead
in their homes, as if they had died in their
sleep.
Other inhabitants, working in the fields
or watching over the livestock, were east-
ward of the area where the gas bombs fell,
some of them very near to the spot, and
none of them were affected.
The four survivors who were In the con-
taminated area are all in pain from their
eyes and almost blind. All have pains in the
chest and none has any wound.
The doctors cannot testify to an air raid
with gas bombs of which they were not per-
sonally witness. On the other hand, they
stress that all the evidence leads to the con-
clusion that edema was caused by the breath-
ing of poison gas.
The delegates were later informed that on
May 17 and 13 the villages of Gabas, Nofal,
Gadr and, for the second time, Gadafa were
raided with gas bombs and that as a result
243 persons were killed.
Mr. President, the use of lethal gas in
Yemen has been reported on several oth-
er occasions by British as well as Yemeni
sources. The Israel Government reported
that gas containers were found in the
Sinai desert at positions evacuated by
the retreating Egyptian Army in tht
wake of the Arab-Israel confict.
Mr. President, the use of gas in war-
fare was specifically condemned by tht
1925 Geneva Convention.
As an instrument of death, poison gar
does not discriminate between soldie
and civilian. Borne by the prevailint
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 August 10, 1967
ApprolTOa2~600T/, CIASRPA00369R000200300043011363
My bill would make a start on this
effort by providing new money for the
first 2 of these 10 years through an ear-
marking of one-third of the revenues of
the President's proposed income surtax,
thereby producing about $5 billion. over
the 2-year period. If the income surtax
is not passed, the bill would make the
added funds available by direct authori-
zation and appropriation of $5 billion in
new funds.
The sound and fury of congressional
and public reaction to the riots has al-
ready produced the introduction of bills
to provide emergency assistance. But the
riots which have racked American cities
in recent weeks are evidence of a deep-
seated social illness which will not be
cured in a day or a year. The breakdown
of an orderly and adequate system for
the redress of grievances and the wide-
spread alienation of a significant portion
of our population present a major na-
tional crisis which requires a major na-
tional commitment of long duration.
Short-term and emergency measures are
needed, but they must not divert us from
the opportunity of seizing this occasion
to face up to the long-term needs-of
recognizing them and charting them out.
The Administration must not and the
Congress must not simply divert funds
from one purpose to another to meet
the emergency needs of the hour' and let
it go at that. This is robbing Peter to
pay Paul. We must heed the call of the
Marshall plan concept for our cities,
which was to my knowledge first raised
by Whitney Young of the Urban League
and was endorsed by me over a year ago
and most recently by Vice President
HUMPHREY and others, to make a new
commitment and to advance new funds.
My proposal would notcreate new pro-
grams. We have, in. model cities, the
Economic Opportunity Act, the Man-
power Development and Training Act,
the- Housing Act, the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act, and in other
laws of this type, all or most of the pro-
gram authority which we need. What we
do not have are the necessary authoriza-
tions and appropriations within this
existing framework. The bill I am intro-
ducing would make new money avail-
able to the President to be allocated to
these existing programs, or to new pro-
grams serving the same purposes, to
increase their impact over the next 2
years and would include a moral com-
mittment'if the program went well to
continue it for a decade. The President
would also be authorized to use such
funds to help public and private organ-
izations to meet their responsibilities
under these Federal programs to pro-
vide non-Federal matching funds.'
The money for these purposes would
come from either of two sources. First,
and preferably, the bill would earmark
one-third of the revenues to be raised
under the President's new 2-ye4r in-
come surtax proposal , if it is enacted
into law, for expansion of these anti-
slum and antipoverty programs. We are
told that this is not a war tax; if that
be the case then let us be sure of that
fact by allocating some of its revenues
to domestic programs of overriding
priority. Since it is expected that $6.3
billion would be raised in fiscal year
1968, and mo:~e in fiscal year 1969, this
earmarking p ovision would make funds
on the order A $5 billion available over
the' next 2 years for expansion of the
programs designed to cure urban ills.
The bill. provides a carryover of funds
so that if as sy amou:,,its were not ex-
pended in the .year for which they were
appropriated they could be carried over
for use in thi: succeeding 2 fiscal years.
Funds thus earmarked from the Pres-
ident's proposed income surtax would
be appropriated to an "economic oppor-
tunity trust fund," similar in operation
to the highway trust fund.
The establishment of this trust Sind
assures a minimum level of expenditures
and continuity for the programs dedicat-
ed to eliminating poverty and providing
economic sect Lrity.
It should be doted that earmarking a
prescribed p:rcentage of general re-
venues for a specific purpose is not un-
usual on the State level. In my own State
of New York, fqr example, the law re-
quires that ogle=ninth of the State's per-
sonal income, fax collections be deposited
in a fund now devoted to financing bonds
for the construction of mental health
facilities;'
A second approach provided in the bill
is direct autt orization. of appropriations
from eneral Treasury revenues of $2 bil-
lion fiscal year 1968 and $3 billion in
fiscal year 1939. If funds were forthcom-
ing nder they earmarking of the income
surtx appropriations to implement this
news uthoriztion would not have to be
enae d. As evidence of the congression-
al inte t to c .rry on these programs un-
til the *eed is. satisfied, the bill makes
reference - to authorizations extending
through fis'r it year 1977 in the same
manner in which the original Marshall
plan legislatiunaf 1943 sought, in similar
terms, to ind:.cate 'J,S. commitment over
a 4-year pet iod without actually com-
mitting fund: ? beyond thefirst year.
This is an experience very fresh in my
mind, as I participated in drafting that
very provision of the Marsha .l~lan.
The $5 bill: on that my bill would make
available would, of course, only, be the
beginning in terms of really meetlg the
problem. I would hope that afte these
first 2 yearn of additional allot ents
the administration would recogni the
need and would build up its existin pro-
grams to nee led levels.
And, letnc one think that these evels
would tax our capacities beyond eason-
able limits, for, as the freedom, budget
pointed out, a provision of $1 ~5 billion
a year would amount to anwerage of
only 2 percent. of the estim d annual
gross national product betten the 1966-
75 period. Ard as the aut ors of that re-
port so aptl' pointed: What could
better illustr3,te that the whole question
of whether we "can (ford" the "freedom
budget" is a mor question and not an
economic, issae?t
Mr. Presideirft, I ask unanimous con-
sent that tly text of my bill be printed
in the RECORD.
The PP(EEIDING OFFICER. The bill
will be.-'received and appropriately re-
ferred" and, without objection, the bill
will be printod in the RECORD, in accord-
ance with the request of the Senator
from New York.
The bill (S. 2274) to provide addi-
tional funds for programs designed to
eradicate poverty and urban slums by
reserving certain revenues raised under a
surcharge on income tax liabilities and
by other means, introduced by Mr.,JAVITS,
was received, read twice by its title, re-
ferred to the Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare, and ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
,.-~ S. 2274
A'e it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That this
Act may be cited as the "Domestic Marshall
Plan Act" of 1967.
FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF PURPOSE
SECTION 101. The Congress hereby finds
and declares that a new dedication of na-
tional will and resources must be made to
improve the quality of urban life and sub-
stantially to eradicate poverty in the United
States. The high concentration of unem-
ployed and low-income persons in certain
urban and rural areas, the heavy migration
of persons of limited skills into urban areas,
and the deterioration of housing and of pub-
lic services in the city slums have resulted
in conditions that degrade human dignity,
are basic causes of riots and civil disturbance,
threaten internal security, and require a re-
assessment of our national priorities.
The Congress further finds and declares
that such conditions must not and need not
be allowed to persist in this country and that
it is the first domestic priority of the United
States substantially to end poverty and to
eradicate widespread urban blight and decay
within the foreseeable future; and that pres-
ent programs to achieve these purposes are
receiving inadequate public funds and pri-
vate participation.
The purpose of this Act is to commit addi-
tional resources over an extended period of
time to programs of job training, employ-
ment, economic development, small business,
housing, health, income maintenance, com-
munity development and individual and
family services in order to dedicate this Na-
tion to the elimination of poverty, to the
eradication of degrading slums and the estab-
lishment of economic security for our
citizens.
ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM
SEC. 102. (a) The Presiden, with the advice
of the Economic Opportunity Council, is au-
thorized to allocate funds made available
under this Act to existing programs, or to
new programs adopted after the effective date
of the Act, designed:
(1) provide work training and employment
opportunities, including supportive services,
for unemployed or low-income persons;
(2) promote economic - development in
order to provide job opportunities for un-
employed or low-income persons;
(3) assist in the establishment or strength-
ening of small business enterprises located in
areas of high concentration of unemployed
or low-income persons or owned by low-
income residents of such areas;
(4) provide public or private: housing for
low-income persons;
(5) promote community development ac-
tivities in areas of substantial concentra-
tion of low-income persons;
(6) provide income support for low-income
individuals or families; and
(7) provide individual and family services,
including health, education and legal serv-
ices, to low-income persons.
(b) The President is authorized to make
grants or loans to public or private agencies
or organizations to meet up to 80 percent
of the aggregate amount of non-Federal con-
tributions otherwise required to be made to
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August 10, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
winds, gas inflicts its horror on men, wo-
men, children, animals, and crops alike,
without regard to status as combatants
or noncombatants.
Needless to say, the use of gas war-
faxe invites retaliation in kind, In an age
when sophisticated chemical warfare
agents are readily available to almost
every nation; the possibility of escalat-
ing poison gas warfare looms as a ter-
rifying prospect.
To date, our State Department has
"condemned" the use of poison gas, and
our Government has voiced "concern" in
the United Nations. But, Mr. President,
that is not enough.
I propose that the United States in-
troduce a resolution in the Security
Council of the United Nations calling for
establishment of a five-nation Commis-
sion to investigate and take action con-
cerning the use of lethal gas in the
Middle East.
I believe that such a Commission
should be authorized to-
First, determine the source and loca-
tion of such poison gas in the Middle
East, if it exists;
Second, seek assurances from the
Soviet Union and other Communist bloc
nations that no chemical warfare agents
are now being supplied to the Middle
East;
Third, demand on-site inspection to
insure observance of an embargo on
such chemical warfare agents, and make
sure that any existing supplies in the
area are destroyed; and
Fourth, insist upon reparations for the
victims of poison gas attacks.
Some apologists for the administration
seem- to indicate that our Government
may be reluctant to pursue this matter
at the present time for fear of being re-
garded as too "pro-Israel." I see no,
reason to hesitate mer8ly because our
words and actions might antagonize the
perpetrators of such criminal acts.
The use of poison gas is not just a
crime against a race or a nation; it is a
crime against humanity. From the first
gas attacks in the trenches in France
during World War I, to the murder of 6
million Jews in World War II, the use of
poison gas in war has been universally
and justifiably condemned. In Yemen,
gas warfare has been a crime of Arab
against Arab.
As the leader of the free world, the
United States should speak out and
condemn such atrocities whenever they
occur. As a great nation surely we have
an obligation to do more than the record
reflects to :date. The people of the United
States have a right to expect no less than
the action I propose today.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD an article entitled
"Why Israel Stocked Up on Gas Masks,"
written by Col. Ray Cromley, and pub-
lished in the Detroit, Mich., News, of
August 8, 1967.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
WHY ISRAEL STOCKED UP ON GAS MASKS
(By Col. Ray Cromley)
WASHINGTON,--There is no longer doubt
that the Soviet Union Is using the civil war
in Yemen as a proving ground for some of
Its advanced "poison gas" warfare chemicals.
The Russian chemicals were supplied to
Egyptian forces which are providing the bulk
of the military power of the rebels against
the Yemeni royalist government.
The chemical agents have proven highly
effective in some of the about five confirmed
cases of their use in the desolate country
at the southwestern tip of the Arabian penin-
sula.
This information was obtained from
sources which this reporter respects.
The Egyptian use of Russian mankilling
chemicals in Yemen, first reported in Jan-
uary, so worried the Israeli armed forces that
they made heavy purchases of gas masks at
the start of the June fighting with Egypt.
The Saudi Arabian government, which sup-
ports the Yemeni royalists, has protested this
use of chemical warfare to the secretary-
general of the United Nations.
Thus far, Secretary-General U Thant has
refused to take any action other than to
ask Egypt if its troops were using gas in
Yemen. The Cairo government replied that
they were not.
It can be stated, however, that the Russian
chemicals were supplied to Egypt in the
form of thin-walled "bombs" which break
open and spread their chemical agents over
a wide area.
The Russian-sponsored experiments seem
to have been systematic. The Egyptians have
not used the chemicals generally in the war
but only in certain areas. The attacks have
been carefully selected and the techniques
and agents used have varied.
Russian-built IL-28s, which have been
supplied in quantity to the Egyptian air
force, were used to carry the bombs over
the royalist targets. There is reason to be-
lieve Russian technicians supervised the
aerial attacks and the use of the chemical
"bombs."
There is no evidence that Russians piloted
the planes.
The chemicals being used are of several
types. One is a particularly deadly nerve
agent (commonly called a nerve gas) which
kills quickly. Analysis of fabric found with
bomb splinters after one raid showed traces
of organic phosphorous compounds which
are essential components of "nerve gas."
According to Saudi Arabian medical re-
ports, there are indications that several
man-killer chemicals were used in combi-
nation in some areas.
In Russian scientific literature, Soviet sci-
entists have reported finding chemical or
bacteriological agents used in combination
are more effective as killers than when used
singly,
Military experts make two points about
these gas attacks:
They recall that Russia as well as Nazi
Germany and Fascist Italy used the 1936-
39 Spanish civil war as a proving ground
for weapons and tactics used full-scale in
World War II.
The deserts and mountains of Yemen are
an ideal location for such experiments since
communications inside the country and with
the outside world range from nonexistent
to primitive.
Few independent observers or journalists
have been able to tour the battlefield areas.
And quick follow-up Investigation of gas
attacks Is essential since the evidence rap-
idly fades away.
The Yemen Unit 2 of the International
Committee of the Red Cross did report to
its regional office on Jan. 14 the gas attack
nine days earlier on Kitaf, Yemen.
The unit insisted that its members be
provided with gas masks before they could
continue their work.
The isolated nature of Yemen explains in
part, perhaps, the absence of any world out-
cry against the use of toxic chemical warfare.
In thoroughly reported Vietnam, the occa-
sional use last year of nonlethal riot control
gas by U.S. forces set off public demonstra-
S 11365
tions and government criticism in both the
Communist and non-Communist worlds.
The failure to act of UN Secretary-General
U Thant-is less easily explained.
Thant took no steps toward sending an
investigating team to interview victims of
the attacks, to study gas samples or to
analyze the remains of deal animals.
There is no sign to date that the UN will
ask both sides in the Yemeni fighting for
the right to send an Investigating team into
the area to discourage future attacks or to
get the evidence if they occur.
Thant has refused to make at this time
even a general statement condemning the
use of lethal gas without mentioning Yemen
or implicating Egypt or the Soviet Union.
In a letter on April 3 to Jamil Baroody, Saudi
Arabian ambassador at the UN, Thant wrote:
"In view of the fact that the secretary-
general of the United Nations, in being faith-
ful to the ideals and principles of the United
Nations, is necessarily against war and all
waxlike acts, including the, use of lethal gas
anywhere by anyone, and since,- as you well
know, I have repeatedly given expression to
this attitude, I do not believe that any use-
ful purpose would be served in acting on
this suggestion at the present time."
Baroody had noted in earlier correspond-
ence that Secretary Thant had not been re-
luctant to make statements about the war
in Vietnam.
CONTRIBUTION OF OEO EMPLOY-
EES TO THE PREVENTION OF
DISTURBANCES
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, we have been
deluged by statements concerning em-
ployees of, or participants in, Office of
Economic Opportunity programs and
their alleged 'involvement in the civil
disturbances which have recently oc-
curred in our Nation. Most of these have
been critical of the Office of Economic
Opportunity people, blaming them for
inciting, contributing to, or at least hav-
ing an approving attitude about the
riots. I am compelled to speak about
these allegations.
Recently, in my own State of Rhode
Island, there were some disturbances. I
am very happy to report that through
the effective and wise work of the Provi-
dence and State police, the city officials,
and the important contribution of per-
sons connected with Progress for Provi-
dence, these disorders were held to a
minimum.
Progress for Providence, Inc., is the
antipoverty agency in the capital city
of Rhode Island. This agency is dedi-
cated to the goal of improving living
conditions among the poor. Categorically
it can be said that one did not find em-
ployees of this community action agency
walking the streets calling for civil dis-
orders-on the contrary they walked the
streets of Providence on the 1st, 2d,
3d, and 4th of August calling on the
people to return to their homes, and to
use the vernacular, "cool it."
These poverty workers have been given
much of the credit for averting a major
outbreak in Providence. After the first
night of violence, the Providence Jour-
nal carried the following feature, which
I ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
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S 11366
ANTIPOVERTY WORKERS PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE
Antipoverty workers were active along with
police in South Providence last night and
played a major role in trying to prevent a'
major outbreak.
One Incident, in particular, illustrated the
role played by the volunteers from Progress
for Providence, Inc., the city's antipoverty
agency.
At about 9:30 p.m., a group.of about 20
youths gathered on Prairie Avenue and began
moving toward the Willard Avenue Shopping
Center.
Kenneth it. Delves, of 261 Rhodes St., a
young assistant director of the agency's
South Providence drop-in center on Prairie
Avenue, began to, follow the group from its
starting point at Blackstone Street.
Using a bullhorn, he urged the crowd re-
peatedly to go to the center. "Listen," he
called. "We've got to get back to the drop-in
center. That's why it's there."
The gang continued to move toward Com-
stock Avenue and the shopping plaza. Police
remained in the background while Mr. Delves
continued his pleading.
When the crowd arrived at Comstock Ave-
nue, it stopped and listened to a sailor who
tried to stir them up with inflammatory re-
marks.
After a few minutes, however, Mr. Delves
regained the youths' attention,, telling them
firmly: "Now come on-I'm on my knees to
you guys."
The group heeded Mr. Delves' urging this
time and moved to the drop-in center, where
most of them remained. It was 15 minutes
after Mr. Delves began using his bullhorn.
It was one of those turning points that kept
the area relatively calm before midnight.
Mr. FELL. Mr. President; Sgt. Manuel
Rodrigues of the Providence Police De-
partment is quoted as saying about the
poverty workers:
They did a good job; a very good job.
Going further than Sergeant Rod-
rigues, Mayor Doorley, of Providence,
stated:
As far as I'm concerned, there's no telling
how bad this might have been if it hadn't
been for you guys.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed at this point in the RECORD an
article entitled, "Mayor Praises Work of
Police, Poverty Aides," published in the
Bulletin on Thursday, August 3, 1967.
There being no ob7'ectibn, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
MAYOR PRAISES WORK OF POLICE, POVERTY
AIDES
Providence Mayor Joseph A. Doorley Jr.
today gave high praise to city police and
antipoverty workers for their efforts in try-
ing to head off and then quelling the dis-
turbances in South Providence Monday and
Tuesday nights.
The police, the mayor told his press con-
ference, showed "remarkable restraint" in
handling the trouble, a factor that un-
doubtedly prevented even greater violence.
As for the antipoverty workers, the mayor
said, they were invaluable in helping to deal
with the people of the community and the
city does not intend to lose contact with
them.
Some of these workers conceivably could
have been on the other side during the dis-
turbances in South Providence last summer,
the mayor said. Now there is great rapport
between them and the police, he added.
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, these teams
of poverty workers went without sleep
and did everything possible to help offi-
cials control the area-from getting peo-
CONGRES,IONAL RECORD - SENATE August 10, 1967
pie home, informing them of the curfew,
to helping the police in any way possible.
Their w3rk was further described in the
Providence Journal of August 3. I ask
unanimous consent that this article be
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
"SOUL PATROL" CHECKS: QUIET WAS
UNBELIEVABLE
(By C. Fraser Smith)
Team:r of Progress for Providence worker/
strolled through a bushed South Providence
last night unable to believe the quiet of-,the
Section in which most of them grew up.
Organized into teams of four, the "Soul
Patrol" moved out of the Willard. Avenue
Shopping Center shortly after nine. With
them v as a woman who was not aware of
the curfew set by city officials yesterday.
Escorting her home, they walked by the
vacant house o:a Prairie Avenue between
Dudley and Blackstone Streets where snipers
exchan led fire with police'Tuesday night.
Robert Young, 19, of 109 Chester Ave.,
stopped at the corner house on the north side
of the street, He pointed at several bullet
holes in the peeling white columns of the
house. The night before the street had been
tilled vith the sound of gunfire.
Last night, the Entire area was calm. Four
young people walked quickly by the white
helmeted patrol.,They said they would get off
the stl eet.
"We are ope{ating on the theory that many
people don't know about the curfew," one
of the workerjy said. They turned left on Dud-
ley Street, here firemen had been pelted
by bottles a d pricks two nights before. For
the fl,
jet 10I yards along the unlighted street
they : net o:ze. Barking dogs offered the
only break In the stillness.
"I've nev seen it this quiet here and I've
been .iving this area for 12 years," Young
said.
"It's-almost too quiet," Said Felix Donaiwa,
27, v ho is Working with the antipoverty
agency to develop a rehabilitation program
for d: rug addict,
Frcm the end of Dudley Street, they turned
down West Clifford at about 9:10 p.m., after
spealing to people in'a car. The driver had
pulle i away immediately.
At West Clifford and Peart;ytreet they cor-
ralled three youngsters walking down from
Broai Street. These three were esbprted home
also. \
At Pearl Street and Prairie Avenue, a spot
where a brick smashed the windshi Id of a
police car on the first night of the sturb-
ance r, they turned back toward the enter.
The first police car they had seen assed
slowly at 9:45 P.M.
Coming again to the corner of Dudley
Stre st, they turned left and moved ward
Rhole.Island Hospital.
A younger boy in a white tee shir passed
going swiftly the other way. "The min's go-
ing to grab you. It's going to cost yqu if you
get naught," be was told.
A aother youth taunted them g tly. "Why
don't you guys have billy clubs. " he asked.
`hey, I forgot where my souse is,'- he
added. They kept walking as he left the
street.
"Any trouble up there yet, Robert," some-
one yelled from the shadows referring to the
cen ter. "Not yet, " he answered.
At Dudley and Gay they met the only group
who refused ':o listen: "They knew about the
curfew, but they're going to stay out," said
Lester Fairweather, 22, a detached worker.
They turr..ed down Gay to Blackstone,
turned right and moved past the Flynn
School. Half way up the block they stopped
to talk to Walter Steele, 58, of 239 Black-
stone St.
I just put my wife on the bus for Dela-
ware, ' he said. "She's got a heart condition.".
Mr. Steele, who has a grocery store at the
corner of Blackstone and Gay Streets, said
he hoped he'd get some sleep.
"I CAN'T FIGHT"
"I haven't been to sleep in two days," he
said. He had been up watching the turmoil
in the center from his porch, while keeping
an eye on his store, he said.
"I can't fight," he said. "I'm 58 years old.
I'll fight for my rights, but I can't go up
there with those guys."
By then It was 10. A car passed and was
stopped by Mr. Fairweather's whistle.
"He was coming in from New Bedford.
Didn't know about the curfew," he reported.
Later, while checking out reports of fire
bombs on the East Side, the workers said
they had hoped the curfew would be ex-
tended to that area.
"What I'm worried about," said Lonnie
Wilkinson, 22, of 105 Rugby St., "is what will
happen at 1 a.m. when all those joints close
down." He was afraid that a lot of people
would begin to move back into the South
Providence with trouble in mind,
FAINTLY IN RED
They drove beyond Cypress Street and
stopped in front of a boarded store front
with the letters painted faintly in
red. Someone reported trouble on Pleasant
Street. They turned around..
As their car came to the intersection of
Pleasant and Camp Street, they stopped. The
macadam disappeared down a black cav-
ern. There were no street lights.
"Boy, I'm not driving down there," the
driver said, "Saul Brother or not."
But they would walk, they decided. "If we
can see them we can talk to them," they
reasoned.
More than 10 of the 29 Progress for Provi-
dence workers were in the Camp Street area
by then. They stopped each police car they
passed.
"Can we help you?" they asked. The police
briefed them each time, There was teamwork.
Mr. PELL, Mr. President, tribute for
the job done came from all segments of
the community. I think that an editorial
from the Providence Evening Bulletin of
August 4 aptly describes the role played
by Progress for Providence during the
outbreaks. I ask unanimous consent that
this editorial be printed at this point
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ON THE SCENE To HELP
if antipoverty workers have been instru-
mental in stirring up trouble in some U.S.
cities this summer, as charged, the evidence
is quite the contrary in Providence.
When trouble began in South Providence
Monday night, workers for Progress for Provi-
dence stepped in without hesitation to assist
police officers on the scene. Donning helmets,
they went among groups of. neighborhood
youths, pleading for an end to the disturb-
ance and asking them to disperse. One worker
used a police bullhorn for three hours, ap-
pealing for law and order. Observers said his
efforts were effective.
Tuesday night, volunteers from the agency
again formed the vanguard of those attempt-
ing to restore calm in the troubled area.
Police held lack as the workers pleaded with
the crowd. "Now come on," one volunteer
shouted. "I'm on my knees to you guys."
Eventually, gunfire forced the police to step
in, but the volunteers' efforts had not been
wasted.
Mayor Joseph A. Doorley Jr. extended this
well-earned praise. "As far as I'm concerned,"
he said, "there's no telling how bad this
might have been if It hadn't been for you
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August 10, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
principal of which shall be repayable in an-
nual installments equal to 21/2 per centum
of their face value. The principal amount of
such bonds issued by the Secretary in any
fiscal year shall not exceed the amount by
which national defense expenditures for that
fiscal year are greater than such expendi-
tures for fiscal 1965. The provisions of section
14(b) of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C.
355) shall not apply to any obligations issued
by authority of this Act. The authority pro-
vided by this Act expires upon the determi-
nation by the President that the United
States is no longer engaged in hostilities to
protect the independence of the Rgpublic of
South Vietnam. B
POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO ARAB
REFUGEE PROBLEM
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from New York [Mr. FARSSTEIN] is
recognized for 60 minutes.
Mr. FARBSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, when
Israel occupied substantial segments of
territory previously held by Jordan,
Egypt, and Syria during the war last
June, many of us who were familiar with
conditions in the Middle East felt a deep
foreboding about the problem of the
Arab refugees.
Ever since the 1948 war, the refugee
problem /had been one of the principal
contributing factors to instability in the
Middle East. During these 19 long years,
the Arab States did nothing to resolve
the problem and Israel, perhaps, did less
than it might have done. But while Israel
accepted hundreds of thousands of Jew-
ish refugees from Arab lands, it, at least,
made overtures to solve simultaneously
the problem of the displaced Arabs. The
Arab states, however, responded to none
of these overtures and refused to hear
of a settlement. In seeking to perpetuate
the suffering of the refugees for their
own political purposes, I believe the Arab
States have borne the burden of respon-
sibility for this misfortune. But we have
all paid the price.
Of the 1,300,000 refugees that were
under UNWRA care, some 700,000 have
now come under Israel jurisdiction.
More refugees have since joined them,
perhaps hundreds of thousands, victims
'of the war last June. The number is un-
certain, for there has been a consistent
pattern of disseml ling to inflate the re-
fugee rolls. But Israel, a country of only
21/2 million itself, obviously cannot ab-
sorb them, whether there are a million
or 2 million. Not only are its resources
inadequate, but it would be politically
absurd for Israel to try to give homes
to millions of people who have vowed
their eternal enmity to Israel's existence.
In a framework of peace and security
Israel may be satisfied to negotiate the
return of all or part of the land on which
the refugees are currently settled; but
since the Arab governments refuse to
negotiate a peace, Israel has no choice
but to maintain its jurisdiction. Arab
leaders recognize that the presence of
the refugees suits their purposes by mak-
ing life difficult for Israel. As for the
refugees themselves, the Arab States
seem to consider them political pawns
to be manipulated as policy demands.
They have not treated the refugees as
human beings, so it has been impossible
to appeal to a humanitarian impulse
within the Arab world.
Within the past few days, Mr. Speaker,
it has become increasingly clear that the
Arab chiefs who look upon the refugees
as a source of turmoil have assessed the
situation with some accuracy. Arab
propagandists are again at work with
their messages of hate and destruction.
The shock of the first days of war has
worn off and the troublemakers again
find receptive ears. We have only to take
note of the general strikq of Arab mer-
chants in Jerusalem last week. By the
agreement of all observers, Israel has
treated the Jerusalem Arabs well. The
strike indicates the kind of behavior one
could expect en masse if Israel tried to
absorb some millions of Arabs. That be-
havior might range from civil disobedi-
ence, such as we saw in Jerusalem, or
guerrilla warfare, such as was conducted
for years from the Gaza Strip. The Arab
refugees are restless. They are being
stirred up. They may soon be contribut-
ing actively, as they have in the past, to
instability in the Middle East.
Four years ago, I visited Israel and.I
made an extensive study of the refugees
living under United Nations jurisdiction
on the Israel frontiers. I warned then
that "unless the United States takes the
initiative, another decade will find that
the Palestine Arab refugees have become
even more institutionalized and more
difficult to integrate." I made 10 recom-
mendations for the purpose of restoring
fluidity to the situation. They were not
followed-with a result that we all
know-another round of destructive war.
I visited Israel again last month and
found the situation much worse than be-
fore. Millions of dollars had been spent,
most of them by the United States, to
sustain the refugees. But the years
brought no improvement. Conditions
have obviously become more threaten-
ing and all our money and efforts have
been wasted. I repeat now that the
United States must act if war is not
again to be the fruit of our efforts.
Mr. Speaker, it is against our national
interest to allow the current refugee situ-
ation to continue, deteriorating as it does
week by week. If the volatile situation in
the Middle East explodes once more, the
price may be much heavier for all of us.
I believe we cannot afford, no matter
what the cost, to permit the current
refugee problem to rigidify, as it did after
the 1948 war. Solutions obviously become
more difficult, Mr. Speaker, in ratio to
their rigidity.
Unfortunately, my recommendations
of 4 years ago will no longer do. Had
they been followed then, I believe the
refugee problem would have been re-
duced to manageable limits. But that is
spilled milk and we must look elsewhere
for an answer.
That is why, Mr. Speaker, I believe
that a dramatic gesture of constructive
good will on our part is both mandatory
and urgent. That is why I feel the time
has come to divest ourselves of some pre-
conceptions. It is the moment for cour-
age and audacity.
I would like, Mr. Speaker, for the Pres-
ident of the. United States to announce
at once his willingness to accept into this
country 25,000 refugees of the Arab-
Israeli wars.
I have no animosity for the Arab peo-
ple, nor do my fellow Americans. On the
contrary, I believe they can make pro-
ductive citizens of this country. My
study into the refugees 4 years ago indi-
cated that, with relatively little training,
many of them could be made into highly
skilled workers. I believe that many
Arabs would gladly accept the offer to
settle in the United States and that the
United States would absorb them with
almost no difficulty.
It is delusive to expect miracles, Mr.
Speaker, but I would hope that such a
gesture on our part would produce a
chain reaction that might lead to the
end of one of the most troublesome as-
pects of the Middle Eastern morass.
I would look to the other countries of
the West to make similar gestures. Most
of the Western European countries are
still short of labor. Australia and New
Zealand welcome immigrants. Canada,
Brazil, and Argentina have already of-
fered to accept some Arab refugees. The
West has room for more Arab peoples.
The nations of the Communist bloc
would, I hope, behave with equivalent
magnanimity. Certainly they could do
no less than the nations of the West to
assist their recent allies.
The various international philanthrop-
ic organizations, including the agencies
of the United Nations, would, I am sure,
cooperate in a major resettlement pro-
gram.
If I am right in foreseeing events, then
surely all the Arab States would be put
to tremendous pressure to take in their
own brethren, to the limit of their capac-
ity. Certainly, we would help them make
the transition, because we would rather
spend our money on resettlement than
on reconstruction made necessary by
another war. How long could the Arab
leaders resist welcoming the refugees, if
they were being welcomed by peoples
throughout the world?
I have no doubt that Israel would also
make its contribution, if such a chain
of events were underway. Israel is ready
to take a proportionate part of the re-
sponsibility for the integration of the
refugees into society, though obviously it
cannot take the full responsibility. Israel
has clearly indicated that it would help.
Once the momentum of resettlement
begins, we may be able to resolve this
problem. The time has come, at least,
to make a beginning. We will solve noth-
ing by paralysis. The initiative in this
field must lead to negotiations in a
variety of other fields where differences
remain acute. We must restore fluidity
to a situation which is rapidly worsen-
ing. Peace in the Middle East requires no
less of us, and the cause is worth our ef-
fort.
Mr. Speaker, in my report to the Con-
gress in 1963, I stated:
Although I do not regard the solution of
the Arab refugee problem as the key issue
between Israel and the Arab states, I am
convinced that the refugee problem is one of
the problems that must be solved if there is
to be peace and stability in the Near East.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 10, 1967
Today, however, I am of the opinion
that unless and until the Ai *b refugee
problem is solved, there can be no peace.
It is tragic, Mr. Speaker, that 4 years
have passed since I made that report
on the Near East and we have gone
through another destructive war, but we
are still left with the same dilemmas.
The refugee problem is, as I said then,
only one of the many differences that
exist between Israel and the Arab States.
But we Americans learned to our dis-
may when we went to the brink of war
last June that the problems of the Mid-
dle East are the world's problems. A new
war may be a world war. We :cannot af-
ford to sit back waiting for the initiative
to come from another quarter. We must
not wait for the milk of human kindness
to flow from sources which, in our time,
have only been dry. We must show by
our own good will what the possibilities
are for peace. I believe we can set an ex-
ample for the community of nations.
We have the resources and the capacity
for moral leadership. I call: upon the
President to respond positively to my
proposal to restore the movement toward
permanent peace.
Mr. TENZER. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. FARBSTEIN. Yes, I will be glad
to yield to the gentleman from. New York.
Mr. TENZER. Mr. Speaker, I want to
congratulate the gentleman from New
York, a member of the Committee on
Foreign Relations, for his compassion
and understanding of the problem. With-
out the settlement of the Arab refugee
problem in the Middle East, 'permanent
peace cannot be established in that area
of the world. And while I do not speak
and cannot speak for what the State of
Israel might do, I believe it is. commend-
able that the suggestion is made that the
United States take the lead in suggest-
ing and promoting a worldwide program
for the resettlement of the Arab refugees.
Of course, the gentleman understands
that 25,000 of the 1.3 million' refugees is
a very small proportion.
I would like to say to the: gentleman
that on June 13, 1967, I made a state-
ment on the floor of the House rather
proposing an extensive program for re-
settlement of the Arab refugees on the
land available in the various territories
around the State of Israel, and that it
would cost far less to reclaim that and
desert land than it would to conduct an
arms race in that area.
Again, Mr. Speaker, I want to com-
mend the gentleman for all of his sug-
gestions. They deserve the greatest con-
sideration of our Government.
Mr. FARBSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, I want
to thank the gentleman for his remarks.
I want to say his view and his idea is an
excellent one. I might say that of course
this is part of this plan. But Ii feel that if
the entireworld felt a sense of awareness
of this problem, if the entire world did
something to break the logjam that has
existed for 19 years, that today these
Arab refugees who are presently under
the control and direction of Israel will
be permitted to emigrate from these
areas where they are presently located,
where previous to June 5 the Arab na-
tions would not permit them to emigrate,
because they used those Arab refugees
as a po itical whip with which to beat
Israel o'er the head.
Mr. Speaker, K. again want to say to
the gen;leman that any plan that will
tend to break this long logjam is a plan
that will lend to fluidity because if there
is an agreement insofar as one item is
concern xi, then who knows but one may
lead to another, this may start a chain
of events which will result in peace in
the Mic dle East, which is necessary in
order to have peace in the, world.
RYAN 11ILL TO FACILITATE ITALIAN
IMMIGRATION
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
SMITH cf Iowa). Under a previous order
of the House, the gentleman from New
York ^ Sr. RYAN]. is recognized for 30
minutes.
Mr. F.YAN. Mr. Speaker, remedy as it
did many of the irrational and inequi-
table policies of our. previous laws, the
Icnmigr:ition and Naturalization Act of
1965 ccntains certain defects-defects
which tndercut specific policies embod-
ied in that legislation.
Under the preseht law certain aliens
register-d in the fifth preference cate-
gory for immigration into the United
States find themselves in a situation
which is clearly inconsistent with the
policy of equality of treatment and that
favoring reunification of families-pol-
icies which are fundamental to our new
philosophy regarding the treatment of
aliens who wish to immigrate to the
United States.
Mr. 3peaker, as I will explain in
greater detail, the effect of the immigra-
tion lav, is to discriminate against Ital-
ian brothers and sisters of U.S. citizens
compared to brothers and sisters of
other nationalities applying for perma-
nent immigration visas.
The Existing situation is such that an
Italian brother and sister as well as his
spouse ,end children, on behalf of whom
a petition for immigration under the
fifth, preference category is filed today,
will wa:.t at the minimum 10 years be-
fore he will receive a visa. A more real-
istic estimate is that he will wait 15 to
20 year, ~.
In comparison, one from any of the
other f 3 nations for which the fifth
preference is oversubscribed, for whom
a similtsr petition is filed, will probably
be required to wait, in most cases, no
longer -han 1 or 2 years before receiv-
ing an immigration visa.
Convrsely, an Italian eligible for
fifth preference status must have filed
over 1.' years ago in order to receive
an immigration visa. An alien, holding
fifth preference status, from any of the
other i3 nations for which that cate-
gory is oversubscribed, must have filed
only 13 months ago in order to receive
a simils.r visa.
The 'visa Office. of the Bureau of Se-
curity f,nd Consular Affairs of the State
Department informs me that as of the
end of 1966 there were nearly 100,000
Italian:. who had been approved for fifth
prefere:ace status.
Under the current law the Italian
quota ii,5,666 per year; but section 201
(c) and (d) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act of 1965-8 U.S.C. 1151
(c) and (d)-provides that quota num-
bers, unused in a preceedin?; fiscal year
are to be put in an immigration pool
for use duringthe next fiscal year. Im-
migrants unable to obtain an immigra-
tion visa. under the regular allotment for
a specific preference category can ob-
tain a visa fromthis pool during a sub-
sequent fiscal year in accordance to
their preference status and the date
their petition was- filed with the Attor-
ney General-section 203(d) of the Im-
migration and Nationality Act of 1965-
8 U.S.C. 1153(c).
Although the 1965 act abolishes the dis-
criminatory national origin quota sys-
tem, it does place a maximum limit of
170,000 on the number of permanent
immigrants permitted to come into the
United States each year from non-
Western Hemisphere countries. Section
201(a)-8 U.S.C. 1151(a). Furthermore,
section 202(a)-8 U.S.C. 1152(a)-re-
stricts the number of permanent im-
migrants from any one country to 20,000
per year. Special immigrants defined by
section 101(a) (27) -8 U.S.C. 1101(a)
(27)-and immediate relatives of U.S.
citizens-defined in section 201(b)-8
U.S.C. 1115(b)--as children, spouses and
parents of a citizen of the United States-
are not subject to the numerical limita-
tions.
Under section 203(a) (5)-8 U.S.C.
1153(a) (5)-24 percent of the 170,000
annual maximum are permitted to immi-
grate annually under the fifth prefer-
ence classification. That is, 40,800
brothers and sisters, and their spouses
and children, of U.S. citizens are per-
mitted to come into the United States
each year in the order in which their
petition has been filed with the Attorney
General-section 204(a)-8 U.S.C. 1154
(a); section 203(c)-8 U.S.C. 1153(c).
I point out that the 40,800 limit in-
cludes not only brothers and sisters of
United Citizens, but a spouse or child-
unmarried person under 21 years of age-
who is not otherwise entitled to an im-
migrant status and the immediate issu-
ance of a visa, or to conditional entry,
under another preference category-sec-
tion 203(a) (9)-8 U.S.C. 1153(a) (9).
Thus, for example, of the 3,538 perma-
nent immigrant visas issued to fifth pref-
erence Italians between December 1,
1965, and June 30, 1966, 1,269 were for
brothers or sisters of a U.S. citizen; 726
were for spouses of those brothers and
sisters; and 1,543 were for children of
those brothers and sisters--Annual Re-
port of the Visa Office, Bureau of Security
and Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of
State, 1966, page 45.
. Theoretically, any visas not required
for the first four preference categories
can be used by fifth preference applicants.
Since the Visa Office has not, as yet,
compiled figures regarding permanent
visas issued for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1967, my projections are based
upon the number of permanent visas is-
sued between the effective date of the
1965 act, December 1, 1965, and June 30,
1966. During that period the number of
permanent visas issued to Italians by
perference category were as follows:
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX August lo, 1967
b
?s o
, Mr. Sobsey recallea.
The young soldier enlisted in the Army
two days after his graduation from Albert
Einstein High School, Kensington, Md., in
June, 1966.
BORN ON WEST COAST
He was born in Los Angeles and grew up
in Las Vegas, Nev. The family moved to
Maryland in 1959, after the election of Sena-
tor Cannon (D., Nev.), for Whom Mr. Sobsey
is executive secretary.
Pfc. Brunson is survived by his step-
father; his mother, Mrs. Mary Alice Sobsey;
his grandmother, Mrs. Tina Truman; a sis-
ter, Barbre Alice Brunson; and two brothers,
Stephen M. Sobsey and Robert L. Sobsey, all
of Garrett Park.
A Confused Call for Action
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HASTINGS KEITH
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, August 10, 1967
Mr. KEITH. Mr. Speaker, recently
there has been a great deal of publicity,
most of it unfavorable, focused on the
House of Representatives rejection of the
resolution to consider the Rat Extermi-
nation Act of 1967.
My vote against the resolution was
based on the conviction that rat eradi-
cation can best be handled at the local
level, and that the existing Federal pro-
grams to provide financial assistance to
fight rats do not require further prolifer-
ation.
No one, Mr. Speaker, ever denied that
rats pose a serious problem to the health
and economy of our Nation. Yet, there
was a great hue and cry to the effect
that Congress is impervious to the wel-
fare of small children-that it spends
millions to protect cows but spends noth-
opposition was that the problem is one for suggested it probably "exceeds the popula-
the cities. And it has been so considered. tion of Texas."
It is noteworthy that, on the authority of No one should question paying his share
Dr. Allan W. Donaldson, associate director when the nation is at war. It is little enough
of the U.S. Bureau of Disease Prevention and by comparison with the sacrifices of men
Environmental control, the city that has taken far from home to endure hardship,
been most successful is none other than De- and possibly injury or death.
troit, where rat bites were reduced from 123 Everyone has a right, though, to demand
in 1951 to 17 in 1965. an end to concurrent waste.
In this light, then, it is disturbing to re- And President Johnson has no right to con-
view what the President has said within the fuse one with the other in trying to justify
past few days: a 10 per cent addition to your tax bill.
If we can spend millions of dollars to
protect cows from screw worms, why can't - i
n~
we spend a little more money to protect our i A ?J-'? Iv
And, speaking to the nation after the ~ Nerve Gas: A First for Nasser
Detroit madness, "A government that has
spent millions to protect baby calves can EXTENSION OF REMARKS
surely afford the same concern for bab b
o
and girls." y ys
Sentiment has obscured reason in this ap-
proach. Contagious disease among animals or
humans, whether hookworm, hepatitis or
cancer, is properly a challenge to the federal
government. But there is no epidemic threat
in this country from rats, says Dr. Donaldson.
Rats would not be a threat without ac-
cumulations of garbage and filth and proper-
ty neglect, for which lazy or indifferent peo-
ple and city governments share responsibility.
It is at that level that Mr. Johnson should
call for action, and not confuse the need for
cleanliness with the causes of civil lawless-
ness.
You'll Pay for the Waste
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. FRED SCHWENGEL
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, August 10, 1967
Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, the
call by President Johnson for an income
tax increase has not been greeted with
enthusiasm in Iowa.
On Friday, August 4, an editorial in
the Davenport Times-rlmm-r.ot
efle
t
d
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, August 10, 1967
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, President
Nasser's inhumanity to his fellow man,
and to his brother Arab no less, was once
again demonstrated by his use of lethal
nerve gas against the Yemenite popula-
tion.
The International Red Cross has con-
firmed the use of this gas and has re-
ported that women, children, and live-
stock, as well as Yemenite troops, have
fallen victim to Nasser's brutality.
I commend to the attention of our col-
leagues an article written by Ralph Mc-
Gill, for the August 3, 1967, edition of
the Washington Evening. Star. The ar-
ticle concerns Nasser's atrocious acts and
follows :
NERVE GAS: A FIRST FOR NASSER
In Yemen President Nasser's love and com-
passion for his brother Arab is revealed by his
army's use of lethal gas on villages and
troops. Women, children, cattle and other
livestock are among the victims.
The International Red Cross has confirmed
the use of these gases. The United Nations has
a report. The gas is being dropped in bombs.
It is a mixture of phosgene and nerve gas.
Phosgene was the gas which attained no-
toriety and condemnation in the First World
War. The Germans initiated use of it against
French and Canadian troops on the Ypres
front, on April 22, 1915.
Nerve gas has been used in Yemen for the
first time in the history of warfare. It is, as
used in Yemen, mixed with phosgene. Nerve
gas, either in liquid or spray form, is a killer.
There is an injection of atropine which, if
taken immediately after exposure will save
the victim's life.
Adults, however, will find no comfort in
news of the specific. Persons around 40 years
old and above are not helped by the injection.
The U.A.R. reportedly had stockpiles of the
r
c
e
Standard Times pointed out in an edi- It called for reduced domestic spend-
torial of August 3, such claims are totally ing and elimination of waste. The edi-
unjustified. I am pleased to bring to the tonal follows:
attention of my colleagues what I con- YOV'LL PAY FOR THE WASTE
sider to be a significant contribution to President Johnson linked a call for a 10
the rational consideration of the issue in per cent surcharge on income tax Thursday
its proper perspective. As the editorial so with an announcement that American troop
aptly points out, "sentiment has ob- strength in Vietnam will be increased by
scured reason" in the rat, icciie 45,000 to 50,000.
s
~.. cvn nV'1'1V1V be plain to all. He would have it appear
President Johnson's continuing effort to war is the reason for measures toavertha
make the proposed federal rat control pro- budget deficit which could surpass $28 bil-
gram a symbol of what Congress could do lion.
for urban harmony and peace is most regret- It is one of the compelling reasons, of
table. course. This nation is pouring $66 million a
The President is unfairly making a scape- day into that effort.
goat of the House, which rejected the pro- The United States could finance a tre-
gram, He is furnishing ammunition to riot mendously expensive war without such a
inciters who need do no more than quote surtax, though, if it were not for the finan-
the President. And, unfortunately, the issue cial waste which Mr. Johnson and the Con-
has in reality, little or nothing to do with gress permit to continue in the Federal gov-
civii rights or civil disorder ernment.
The administration's idea is to spend $40 Pleas for greater fiscal responsibility are
million for eradicating rats, over a three- Ignored.
year period, with cities doubling U.S. grants Surveys reveal the cost of national defense
the third year but contributing nothing up has not risen as rapidly as that for non-de-
to then. Tense purposes.
It is beyond contention that the rat Just how many dundthd
lation is.substantial, that each year an un- Federal payroll~duri gathe Johnson Admin-
determined number of children and, adults istration cannot be stated accurately except
are bitten, and that material damage from When
gas bombs on the Sinai desert. There also are
persisting stories that Israeli troops captured
some of the bombs and at a moment regarded
as propitious for the best propaganda and
diplomatic results will release them for pub-
lic view. This story of the capture of such
gas bombs is, as aforesaid, not confirmed.
In Yemen it is confirmed. The Interna-
tional Red Cross has even exhumed some
bodies. Samples of tissue and blood have been
laboratory tested and evidence found of
phosgene and nerve gas. There also have been
signs of the occasional use of mustard gas.
Nasser has had 40,000 troops in Yemen
for about two years. (The total was reduced
to approximately 25,000 before the attack on
date because it has been a continual) on- Israel.) His enemies are the "royalists." They
continually are, for the most part, tribesmen who have
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t
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August 10, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
policy the Executive Is imposing upon our win In Vietnap. The United States has the
nation. power, the cajability, the history to win. We
Nevertheless, I am happy to announce that must now demonstrate that we have the
bridges are being built between the U.S. and will to win, wit only in Vietnam, but every-
Rhodesia. But this time, they are being built where that Cnmmunisin presents its chal-
from the other end. The Rhodesians: today lenge of world conquest. Ladies and Gentle-
consider that they have won the battle of men, when wa do, Rhodesia will be stand-
the sanctions. Not every sector of their econ- lug proudly k y our side.
omy is up to par, but in the main the balance
of trade favors Rhodesia. Despite the UN
sanctions, Rhodesia is trading with the world.
Meanwhile, Rhodesian chromite is on the
banned list, So to make good on our policy
of knifing our friends, the Administration
has had to allow U.S. dollars to go abroad to
the Soviet Union to import Communist
chromite.
So bridges are being built to Rhodesia, and
they are being built from both sides. The
wonderful turnout at this dinner this eve-
ning is proof that many Americans are will-
ing to indulge in "peaceful-coexistence" with
Rhodesia. It shows that there may be some
benefit in cultural exchanges after all. It
may even be that by programs such as this
we may cause Rhodesia to "mellow" and
cease being the threat to world peace that
Mr. Ambassador Goldberg keeps complaining
about.
Rhodesia's problem, If we may try to guess
at the strange workings of the minds of our
policymakers, seems to be that Rhodesians
are still too anti-Communist. Rhodesia wants
the West to win. The American policy is No-
win. All around the world, we have been
anti-anti-Communist. Our policy of Commu-
nist containment has been less than success-
ful. We have been far more successful at
containing and demoralizing the anti-Com-
munists.
I have one more item to report as evidence
of Rhodesian spirit. On May 7, the Rhodesian
Minister of Internal Affairs, Mr. William
Harper, spoke to the Rhodesian Reserve Offi-
cers Association in Bulwayo.
Mr. Harper expressed his personal view that
the Rhodesian Government would be willing
to allow Rhodesians to volunteer to help the
American effort in Vietnam. Telegram con-
A Tribute to Astronauts Grissom, White,
and Chaffee
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. EDWARD J. GURNEY
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, August 10, 1967
Mr. GURNEY. Mr, Speaker, I have re-
ceived a particularly impressive poem,
dedicated t) the memory. of the three
valiant astronauts who so tragically lost
their lives early this year. It was written
by John-Allen Seybolci and Donald A.
Seybold, who have tizken a great interest
in these thi ve astronauts, as a tribute to
the special place these men have earned
in our history.
As Representative from the Fifth Dis-
trict of Flo tide which includes the Ken-
nedy Spaci Center, I felt particularly
close to As:rdnauts Grissom, White, and
Chaffee. Tlai poem vividly illustrates the
contributief>; that these great men made
to our spa;Q program, and I would like
to share it with my colleagues.
A PLACE To STAND
(By John-Allen bold and Donald A.
SeY W-MJ_
It Is well worth the risk
In that sea
If life is lost,-yet, never,
Never in vain-
And said another
I have been there
I have walked in God's own yard,,
And nothing
Has made me more aware
That I had found a place to stand
Where men and trouble
Are of small regard-
And the third of these valiant men so tali
Said,--I wish to move the world
Still, I must do it well
Or not at all.
That selfish infinite sea, their goal
Ever reaching-but conquerable
Yet, cruel and merciless,
A vacuumed swell
So determined to exact its toll--
But that seeming endless task
Has only spelled their courage for a time.
It has not abated their valor,
Not one whit.
Let them gain a running start
In the spirit of their souls
And they are joined
By an entourage
Of young men who demand with grit-
Give to us that place to stand I
Give to us the valiant goals I
For only then, I stand to courage
With pride and dignity-
And they each say, together-
Let not the hours that wound
Retard your faith,
But renew each moment soon,
That others,-those behind us
The many valiant young shall ;make
That move to valor
So that our souls may hear them say,
Give me a place to stand
Give me a heaven near
I strive to move the world
I yearn to hold God's hand.
firms definite offer of Rhodesia to help. Now, For an insta nt-
the men of the Rhodesian army and reserves The valiant young have shown their-courage, Montgomery GI Dies in Vietnam
are superior trained fighters. They have had They have demonstrated a spirit, a fort e,
experience with Communist guerrillas fight- Detelmined'.that the task shall be done
ing hand to hand in Malaysia. More than A million moments of effort EXTENSION OF REMARKS
that, they have the will to win. If the offer of May fail,
the Rhodesian government is accepted by A million attempts
the U.S. and South Vietnam, it is believed Without gams-
that as many as 5,000 crack troops and ofii- Amid throei,
cers would immediately make themselves Laments ar.d refrains-
mvallable to go to Vietnam. There is nothing Yet, in anotler instant
that Rhodesians would like better than to Courage wi:I prevail,
help the West win the war against world Thai, one b:alliant moment
Communism. When the valiant shall demand-
I think that Rhodesia has solved many of When in their finest hour,
Its problems. Its independence is no more a They will anrm
matter of dispute by sensible observers. They I have a pia ice to stand,
are willing to open up lines of conlmunica- And I shall move the world,
tion with Britain on any matter that will not This,-an adage
jeopardize their independence. They would As ancient as the world itself
like to renew their relationship with Britain And still
as trading partners, to the mutual advan- As young and as grand-
tage of both. They are hoping that the U.S. That is all they have asked,
will return to a position that at least ap- These vali int three.
proaches neutrality, it not accepting the Give me a place,
willing hand of friendship offered. Let me contribute tc the knowledge vast
The question now stands with the United To contribute with honor
States: Do we want victory over world Com- Toward the conquest in space
munism? Are we so anxious to be friends Of that wideness sea-
with the Communists that we want to They have embraced their courage
squelch a valuable friend from the Western Embraced too, their love.
tradition? Will the U.S. accept; the Rho- Then these three,
deslan volunteers? If we accept the Rhode- These ver' valiant three of la
have the will to win, as the Rhodesians have Give us a place to stand
the will to win. Two years age when the Within the frame
Rhodesians declared independence, every- Of God's town estate-
body said that they couldn't win. They Whereupon-they stood
didn't reckon with the spirit of courage, pa- To be wel. counted
triotism, loyalty, and devotion that has As they s] tall be-ever pore-
typically animated Western man', The Rho- Of these i hree,
desians have it. That's why they are win- These val Cant who endeavored,
Ming. That's why they want to help the West One has citen said,';o us,
LION. CLARENCE D. LONG
IN TIlE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, August 10, 1967
Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker,
Pfc. I/ance D. Brunson, a young para-
troop$r from Maryland, was recently
kille in action in Vietnam. I wish to
coninend the courage of this young man
and to honor his memory by including
tbb following article in the RECORD:
, dONTGOMERY GI DIES IN VIETNAM-PFC.
BRUNSON SERVED WITH 101ST AIRBORNE
GARRETT PARE, Md, Aug. 9.-Pfc. Lance D.
Brunson, a Montgomery county paratrooper,
was killed Sunday In Vietnam, exactly three
weeks after he left the United States, the
Defense Department reported yesterday.
Pfc. Brunson died of multiple wounds re-
ceived on a combat mission, according to his
stepfather, Chester B. Sobsey, of 10705 Mont-
rose avenue, Garrett Park.
Pfc. Brunson, 20, was stationed in a
weapons platoon with the 101st Airborne
Division, the "Screaming Eagles." He left the
United States for Vietnam July 16.
TRIPLE VOLUNTEER
Pfc. Brunson was a.volunteer all the way,
Mr. Sobsey said last. night--he volunteered
for the Army, for the paratroopers and for
Vietnam.
"In his last letter he said there was no
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August 10, 19167 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - APPENDIX
remained loyal to their king, who was dis-
.placed by a Nasser-supported coup. Despite
the fact they are relatively untrained and
possess few weapons, they have managed to
stand off the Egyptian troops.
Now, however, they are probably near de-
feat. The first use of phosgene gas against
them was in 1966.
In January 1967, the International Red
Cross reported another gas attack, largely
against villagers. This was nerve gas, the first
use of it in history. Over 200 villagers, in-
cluding women and children, and livestock
were killed.
In May, shortly before mobilization against
Israel, there was another attack.
Since that war ended, Nasser has stepped
up use of gas. On July 4, 5 and 10, nerve gas
was dumped on the Yemen villagers and on
areas where the stubborn army was holding
out. There understandably is growing panic
and fear among the people who have for so
long opposed Nasser's army.
There has been loud outcry because of the
general use of napalm in recent warfare, in-
cluding that in Vietnam. There was protest,
even, against the use of defoliation sprays to
kill leaves in jungle areas of heavy troops
and arms concentration.
But Nasser's brutal use of lethal gas
against civilians and troops-all fellow
Arabs-has gone unprotected in and out of
the United Nations. The silence is out-
rageous.
Just why the Russians, who are now the
most influential power with Nasser, do not
use their connection to halt use of gas also is
a question. It does not redound to Soviet
credit to be rebuilding Nasser's armed
strength and not demanding he cease the
ugly and barbaric use of gas in Yemen.
Key Job To Fill at State
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. PETER H. B. FRELINGHUYSEN
OF NEW. JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, August 10, 1967
Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. Speaker,
it is with regret that many Members of
Congress learn that Wayne Fredericks,
Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for
African Affairs, is leaving Government
service. Mr. Fredericks is a man of un-
usual qualifications and his absence will
be felt in the State Department and here
in Washington. I wish to insert an edi-
torial from today's New York Times pay-
ing tribute to Wayne Fredericks.
The editorial is as follows:
KEY Jon To FILL AT STATE
A Deputy Assistant Secretary for African
Affairs does not rank high in the State De-
partment bureaucracy, but J. Wayne Fred-
ericks transformed that post into a key in-
strument of two-way education. He did much
to educate leaders of the new Africa about
America, but his greater contribution may
have been the education of Americans about
Africa's problems and prospects.
Mr. Fredericks was a tireless advocate of
an activeand distinctive American policy for
a continent usually low on Washington's pri-
ority list. He thus helped overcome that
"tremendous institutional inertial force" at
State of which Adlai Stevenson warned Presi-
dent-elect Kennedy in 1960. He aroused an
enduring interest in Africa on the part of
intelligent young members of the Congress
and many others in the community at large.
This dedicated man could carry on such a
free-wheeling, many-faceted operation in
part because . he was not a career diplomat,
beholden to the Foreign Service establish-
ment. With his departure from Government,
President Johnson and Secretary Rusk would
be well advised to conclude that they can
best fill the job by going outside the Foreign
Service, as President Kennedy did when he
appointed Mr. Fredericks in 1961.
Providing an Improved Promotion Sys-
tem for Medical and Dental Officers of
the Armed Forces
SPEECH
OF
HON. DURWARD G. HALL
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 7, 1967
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I rise in sup-
port of H.R. 10242 which would provide
for an improved promotion system for
medical and dental officers of the Armed
Forces. This legislation was a long time
coming and is urgently needed, in my
considered opinion.
By improving the promotional system
the poor retention rate of physicians and
dentists in the armed services will be im-
proved. This, in turn, will provide for
more experienced medical personnel, the
end result being improved quality in
medical care to our service men and
women.
Unsatisfactory promotion opportunity
has long been an important factor in our
poor retention rate in the medical and
dental officer corps. Physicans and den-
tists are highly trained and scarce com-
modities of personnel who have never
had equal promotion opportunity in the
armed services. They have always had
to compete with other officers in the line
for promotion when a vacancy occurred.
This new legislation will eliminate the
wasteful and unnecessary competition
with line officers, and will create new
promotional opportunities in the Medi-
cal and Dental Corps, especially for field
grades.
The legislation would also grant much
needed relief of the presently severe re-
striction in the number of authorized
general or flag officer positions. As we
well know, under existing regulations,
we cannot expect to retain our senior
colonels beyond the 20-year point un-
less there is a reasonable opportunity
for further promotion.
I have introduced similar legislation
which would assist in the elimination of
this problem throughout the entire
armed services which is entitled "selected
extended tenure program." Coupled with
this is the fact that the military is un-
able at present, to promote their ex-
perienced clinical specialists to general
officer grade without removing them
from their clinical position. What is re-
quired is authorized flag and general of-
ficer positions in our teaching hospitals
and larger medical centers, so as to pro-
vide the incentive for highly qualified
physicians to remain in the military serv-
ice. The remaining step is to possibly
increase and certainly -compress spe-
cialty professional and- proficiency pay.
A4073
Mr. Speaker, in summary, this legis-
lation not only provides new career in-
centive through promotion and reten-
tion, but it would substantially enhance
the prestige of highly qualified physi-
cians and dentists in the armed services.
Parceling Out the Riot Blame
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE M. RHODES
OF PENNSYLVANIA -
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
- Thursday, August 10, 1967
Mr. RHODES of Pennsylvania. -Mr.
Speaker, the events of the last few weeks
have demonstrated that there, is a need
for a reappraisal of the problems facing
the cities of America. However, rather
than a serious reappraisal, what we are
experiencing is a frantic effort to place
the blame for these tragic events on the
President, Congress, Governors, mayors,
and others.
I would commend to my colleagues a
column written by Frank Getlein, and
published in a recent issue of the Wash-
ington Star. It illustrates-the futility of
attempting to indict any one person or
institution for riots and other ills of our
society. The column follows:
PARCELING OUT THE RIOT BLAME
(By Frank Getlein)
The amazing things about the recent riots
in our cities is how perfectly they bore out
the direst forebodings of practically every-
one. It' isn't just that they didn't take any-
one by surprise. Nothing takes anyone by
surprise anymore. But beyond that, after the
events-and even during them-the riots
turned out to be- the predictable result of
what everyone on all sides of every question
has been arguing all the time.
Take the gunnuts, pro and con, who are
the easiest to identify with a simple, strong
position. From the point of view of the anti-
gunnuts, if only Congress had passed a fire-
arms control law after the assassination of
President $ennedy, - as the anti-gunnuts
urged at the time, the riots would never have
taken place, since the only guns around
would be in the hands of the police, a likely
story.
The pro-gunnuts, by contrast, find that
the riots prove their point that the worst
thing Congress could do would be to pass a
gun control law. When riots erupt, the law-
abiding citizen is well-advised to have a
shooting iron handy to protect his loved ones
and his property. If shopowners and pedes-
trians had only had more guns of their own,
the riots wouldn't have happened, another
likely story. -
Moving from the surface froth to the
surges of the deep, we find the same inter-
esting manifestation of simultaneous ar-
rival at the same place from opposite start-
ing points by moving in opposite directions.
One school holds that riots are the direct
result of congressional inaction on adminis-
tration proposals for expanding the poverty
program. "If Sarge were only here," the
thought goes, "these things wouldn't have
happened." This seems to suppose that snip-
ers and swipers are all subscribers to the
Congressional Record and - hit the streets
whenever their favorite magazine reports pad
news for ole Sarge. Possible, of course. There
have been stranger literary tastes than the
Record, although it's - hard to think of one
offhand.
On the other side of that particular street,
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A 4074 CONGRESS] ONAL RECORD - APPENDIX August 10, 1967
the view is that the riots are obviously that of Col. Daniel James, Jr., an Air African immigrant. I'm an American with
caused by a Supreme court gone soft oft the Force f [ghter pilot stationed in Vietnam, several generations behind me in my
rights of criminals. Civil rights are civil riots. as quoted by William Tuohy, writing in country.
Tell potential rioters in advance that police the ho,; Angeles Times of August 9, and "If something is,..wrong with my country
will not be allowed to listen to their con- right now, then I'm Willing to hold her hand
fessions, that they have to be provided with carried in the Washington Post Au- fora while until she pulls out of it and gets
lawyers, that if convicted they can be re- gust 10: right."
leased at once for any of a dozen constitu- If something is wrong with my country Born in Pensacola, Fla., and a graduate of
tional reasons, and naturally they'll riot, right ni w, then I'm willing to hold her hand Tuskegee Institute, James now lives in Tuc-
Wouldn't you? for a while until she pulls out of it and gets son, Ariz. He has two sons, one in Air Force
One of the most ingenious twists in the right. RQTC at the University of Arizona, and a
argument is the one that blames the riots on daughter who was formerly an airline
President Johnson for having aroused ex- So siiid Colonel James. tewardess.
pectations he was totally unable to fulfill and Mr. tspeaker, those words should be en- ~-~~--
hoar} Tlnw:`.
A
-- - -- -
i
'
mer
ca
s
d
The implication here is that as long as the much snore powerful are the words of this
wretched and oppressed don't. expect any- distinguished American who is serving
thing they don't give any trouble, so let's his Country so well than the mouthings
not disturb their despair.' In the historical of black power' advocate Stokely C8r-
so of presidential y for the what first is mieha,a who would tear this country
significant is s that at apparently ppareennttlly for
_,_ _ --4, ro+hor than build her un_
of
h
is wrong w
ith
ing
Mr. Speaker, somet
A Push For ETV
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD
citizenry actually believed what a president
said he would do for them and ran rioting
when he didn't do it. Well, it's true that
many Negroes have been deprived of a decent
education, but surely they are not so totally
deprived as to take a politician's word for his
bond. .
Equally comforting to those who hold it is
the outside agitator theory of riots. The ap-
proach here is that young unemployed Ne-
groes in any given community are perfectly
happy, all the time singing and doing the
cake-walk, until those rascally outsiders come
inside from the cold and make things hot.
A particularly striking instance of the iden-
tity of opposites in riot theory is found in
the role of the police. In Detroit, the police
are blamed for not moving in immediately
with hard hats and hard noses and no non-
sense. If only firm action had been taken
from the first, it is righteously pointed out,
nothing at all would have happened. On the
other hand, the police in Milwaukee did move
swiftly to control the situation and what are
they, for their pains? Honky-fascists, that's
what; guilty of police brutality and prema-
ture tough-mindedness. It's not just that the
police can't win; they can't even hope to stay
even. No matter what they do, no matter
whether a riot takes place or not, no matter
whether people are killed or people are saved,
the police are always wrong.
And so, for that matter, is everyone else.
From some point of view or other, everyone-
President, Congress, poverty workers, black
power shouters, mayors, governors, National
Guard, police, white men, black men, begger-
men, thieves-everyone is responsible for the
riots.
That's the beauty of it. What everyone is
responsible for, nobody has to do anything
about except sort out the blame onto all
those other people. And that is what, in Con-
gress, in committee, in state house and White
House, in your house and my house, we are
all engaged in doing.
Negro
Fighter Pilot Hits
Black Power
Carmichael,
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE HANSEN
OF IDAHO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES credentials In the civil nights movement, In Pennsylvania, the Governor's Commit-
James added, "Hell, I was in the original sit- tee on Public Television, cochaired by Albert
Tuesday, August, 1967 in bask in 1943." J. Nesbitt, of Philadelphia, and Joseph D.
Mr. HANSEN of Idaho: Mr. Speaker, He and nearly 100 other Negro Army Air Hughes, of Pittsburgh, met this week to
the history of the United States is re- Corpu cadets refused to accept segregation at . begin a study of the creation of a statewide
Selfr? dge Air Force Base in Michigan. They public television network as soon as pos-
were with the words and deeds of men were all arrested and threatened with court- sible and to consider the desirability and
who loved their country. The, words of mart.al, but they held their ground and the feasibility of establishing a, corporation for
these patriots have been pertinent to charges later were dropped. public television. The committee will com-
their times, and I know of no recent pub- "'Ghat I rea ly don't buy is that back-to- plete its work before the end of this year
lie utterance more apt and moving than Africa stuff." James concluded. "I'm not an and hopefully the seven ETV stations pres-
our country right now, thanks, in part, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
to the Carmichaels and the Rap Browns. Wednesday, August 9, 1967
So let us join with Colonel James-and
not only "hold her hand for a while until Mr. MOORHEAD. Mr. Speaker, as the
she pulls out of it and gets right"-but sponsor of legislation establishing a pri-
help h-r to "get right." vate, nonprofit corporation to improve
Mr. Tuohy's article on Colonel James noncommercial, educational radio and
follow i. I commend it to all who love our television, I am pleased that support for
country. public television is growing across the
NEGRO FIGHTER PILOT HITS CARMICHAEL, Nation.
BLACK POWER As the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette noted
(By William Tuohy) in an editorial on July 1, National and
DAN,,NG, SOUTH VIETNAM, AUGf~ST 9.- State committees are being formed "to
"Stokety Carmichael is a big-mouth,, who is develop a public interest in educational
making a profession out of being a` Negro, television, chiefly among practitioners of
and hg's got no damn business speaki