A LITERATURE SURVEY ON THE INFORMATIVE VALUE OF SAMPLED IMAGES

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• Document Page Count: 110
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 25, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 12, 1967
• Content Type: REPORT

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A LITERATURE SURVEY
ON
THE INFORMATIVE VALUE OF
SAMPLED IMAGES
Prepared Jointly
by
June 12, 1967
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Introduction:
The primary goal of an anticipated experimental program is
addressed to the question, "How should photographs be transmitted and re-
ceived in a minimum of time while satisfying the search and detailed analysis
needs of the user?" Prior to beginning the experimental research, it was
considered wise to survey the technical literature to determine the use-
fulness of previous work. Thus, the methods used in searching and reporting
were strongly dictated by the question stated above.
Procedure:
We searched the literature and selected approximately 200 papers
which were read or scanned to establish relevancy to the question asked
above. Each of the 24 papers considered most relevant was carefully reviewed,
commented on, and is given with the author's summary or abstract in Appendix A.
Only a few of these 24 papers are directly relevant while the others are only
indirectly relevant.
The large number of papers considered not at all or marginally
relevant is given in Appendix B, with the author's abstract or summary. A
considerable number of papers and books generally on the topic of interest
was read and studied for our own benefit; such reading provided useful back-
ground information and answers to specific technical questions generated by the
performance of this literature survey.
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Conclusions:
Our survey of the literature showed a surprising lack of work
on the informative value of sampled images. The primary concern of most of
the authors was with the implementation of image manipulation techniques, for
example, bandwidth reduction schemes, image enhancement, digital processing,
or image scanners and reconstruction apparatus. Little emphasis was placed
on human performance as a function of image characteristics.
In the few papers where human performance was considered, either
the characteristics of the photography being sampled were not properly
specified, or the task performed was not one of extracting information from
the imagery.
The specific conclusions of our literature survey are as follows:
1. Except for one paper (Izzo-Appendix A), no work was found on the effects
of the size and shape of the scanning spot, and the overlap of the scans on the
informative value of sampled images. In the single paper dealing with scan-
ning spots, the investigator's primary concern dealt with the detailed char-
acteristics of the laser scanner which was constructed and the measurement of
the maximum attainable resolution,,
2. Most of the investigators did not systematically evaluate the imagery by
having subjects perform a task or by other sound experimental techniques.
Instead, their own judgment usually was used to evaluate the goodness of the
different kinds of images produced.
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3. Almost all of the papers dealing with objective evaluations of imagery
dealt with the aesthetic or pleasing aspects of pictures. Those few reported
experiments dealing with performance or the informative value of images include
those by Oatman (July and Sept. 1965 - Appendix A), Shanahan, (Appendix A),
and Freeberg (Appendix A). These three investigators were concerned only with
the effects on performance of differences in the horizontal bandwidth of a
television type display. Unfortunately, each of these studies had serious
deficiencies (Appendix A).
4. In the few papers reporting a systematic investigation of human perform-
ance rather than judgments, subjects were required to detect an object or a
gap in a Landolt Ring (an acuity measure). Measures of this kind show a very
low correlation with recognition or discrimination measures and therefore are
not directly useful in predicting the recognition performance of subjects.
5. In all the surveyed literature discussing experimental work with sampled
images, the investigators described in detail only those picture character-
istics with which they were concerned; in most such instances, these char-
acteristics are not those solely needed to properly specify the relation
between system parameters and information extraction by the human.
In conclusion, then, the survey of the literature revealed little
reported work which is directly useful in answering the question posed in the
introduction, or in providing the basic foundation with which to plan ex-
perimental research such as that recommended in the following section.
Nonetheless, some of the literature has been helpful in establishing the
approximate limits of the number of grey levels of digitized pictures required
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to obtain "Treasonably good" image quality. Also, the literature revealed
those bandwidth reduction techniques that are obviously inadequate for solving
the problem at hand.
Recommendations for Future Work:
As a result of this literature survey, we recommend the performance
of three basic experiments. They are:
1. To determine the informative value of sampled images as a function of the
number of scans per scene object. In addition to providing data of fundamental
importance, the results of this experiment will be important and useful in
establishing the number of scans per scene object which will optimize the
sensitivity of the performance measurements to be made in future studies.
2. To determine the informative value of sampled images as a function of the
shapes of the reading and writing spots. The effect of several distinctly
different spot shapes on the human performance in information extraction will
be examined. Also, this experiment will demonstrate which spot shape is
optimum for use in subsequent studies.
3. To determine the informative value of digitized sampled images as a
function of the number of grey levels used in quantizing.
The subject's task in each of the experiments will be to identify
the objects in the pictures. Each of the recommended experiments should be
conducted with at least two types of objects. The purpose in using two or
more object types will be to indicate whether or not the object type affects
the results obtained. More details of the recommended experiments are given
in a separate document.
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The need for the performance of this type of research cannot
be overemphasized. The comments of A. Reeves, made in 1965 with regard to
telephony, are typical of other investigators when he states, "It was clear
that nothing but subjective tests could provide the information needed for
design; and it is strange that even now some PCM planners and committees seem
to place a magical reliance on calculated qus,ntizing noise power, before those
few subjective tests now in progress have even been completed, let alone in-
terpreted for the designer. It is strange too that these very necessary,
systematic, subjective tests were not started by someone much sooner."
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APPENDIX A
References include author's abstracts, when
available, and our comments. The references
are given in alphabetical order of (Senior)
author's name. The numbers in parantheses
are for our filing purposes and should be
disregarded.
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THE MEASUREMENT OF RANDOM MONOCHROME VIDEO INTERFERENCE
J.M. Barstow and H.N. Christopher; Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
A.I.E.E. Trans., Part I, Jan., 1954, p. 735
SUMMARY:
The authors measured the subjective effects of random video noise com-
posed of different frequencies. The subjects' task was to set test noises
varying from 7.22 me to 40 kc wide equal in interference to a reference noise.
The reference noise was a 7.22 me low-pass band of flat noise at about 7 db
above the threshold of visibility.
The authors summarized the results as follows:
The frequency weighting derived from the judgement tests is given in
Fig. 1. This weighting is for use with a simple power-summing
measuring device.
The general principles derived from the tests may be summarized
as follows;
1. Low-frequency noise is judged much more interfering than high-
frequency noise of equal power.
2. A given amount of noise power is judged more objectionable if it is
concentrated in a narrow band than if it is spread out over a wider
band in the same frequency region.
3. Human vision in combination with the present television monitors
does not precisely sum weighted noise powers in arriving at an
over-all assessment of the interfering effect of random noise bands.
However, a reasonable compromise can be obtained with weighting
applied to a power meter. In the region of 7 db above threshold,
average errors of the order of 1 db with maximum errors of 2 db will
obtain.
At frequencies above 4.5 megacycles (mc) an unexpected effect was
observed called sparkle effect. When the total noise power is
contained in the region above 4 mc, sharp points of light of very
brief duration appear on the raster. It is believed that this
effect is the result of the random occurrence of high peak potentials
in the random noise which produce the sharp points of light on the
raster before the extremely fine-grain noise effect becomes visible.
The sparkle effect tends to flatten the weighting above 4 mc.
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(24.10) Continued
One of the limitations of the study conducted by these authors is
that no check was made on the dependence of noise objectionability on the
original picture. The authors used a uniform grey area after they found that
subjects were basing their judgments of noise in the middle grey areas of the
picture. Since the conduct of this study', Huang has reported that the
objectionability of noise is related to the original picture. He reports
"....that noises which contain frequencies similar to those of the picture
are less annoying."
Another limitation of the study is that the data were derived from
judgments of equality of interference. There is no way of knowing how such
judgements relate to the amount of information the observer can extract from
the imagery.
W A2
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THE INAPPROPRIATENESS OF COMMERCIAL TELEVISION STANDARDS FOR MILITARY
NIGHT OPERATIONS
L. M. Biberman; Institute for Defense Analysis Research and Engineering
Support Division
Research Paper P-235, January 1966; AD 479585.
SUMMARY:
Report discusses problems inherent in images on a conventional 30 frame,
525 line, 2:1 interlaced raster.
1) 2:1 interlace system results in an accumulated relative
motion smear effect for 1/30 sec. which limits the size
of the resolution elements at the various flight speeds.
Since the smear is independent of TV optics or camera tubes,
no improvement in these components will improve resolution.
The author concludes that the limitation in resolution lies in the
specification of the 525 line frame; consequently, the commercial form of
presentation--the 525 line, 30 frame/sec., 2:1 interlaced format is inadequate
for military applications (navigation and target acquisition).
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COMMENTS :
There are several highly subjective, qualitative statements which require
experimental confirmation.
" . . motion seen by the eye on a series of crisp, sharp, moving
frames permits better recognition than -does a series of motion-smeared
frames presented in the same manner."
it should not be inferred that laws governing the resolution
and recognition of still imagery or stop-frame imagery apply with
one-to-one correlation to motion picture presentation."
"The results obtained by integrating motion in a sensor and then
presenting motion pictures to the eye for appraisal are quite
different from results obtained by presenting a series of sharp
images in motion picture presentation and allowing the eye to deduce
the characteristics of motion."
Although the author's conclusions seem to be correct, there is no informa-
tion available on:
a)
How these conclusions were obtained
b)
How they are supported by experimental evidence
c)
How to describe the subjective judgments of the author in terms
of physical characteristics necessary for system design and
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IMAGE QUALITY ENHANCEMENT
R.W. Brainard and G.N. Ornstein, North American Aviation Inc., Defense Docu-
mentation Center, April 1965; AD 616-895.
SUMMARY AND COMMENTS:
Some background information is discussed in the first part of the paper
concerning the factors determining image quality: resolution, image sharp-
ness, acutance, and image definition.
An empirical formula is derived from the experiments which expresses the
relationship between definition, acutance and resolution. The authors state
that further studies are required to describe the precise relationship between
these factors.
The importance of edge gradients in target recognition is emphasized
throughout the report. Studies cited by the authors indicate that the effi-
ciency (speed and accuracy of performance) with which the display is searched
is considerably reduced by blurring the image. Since the image blur is a re-
duction in the slope of image edge-gradient, the image quality enhancement
should be based on the slope of these edge gradients.
There are references to the optical properties of the human eye and it
is generally accepted that the apparent sharpening of boundaries corresponds
to a second derivative correction of the retinal image.
Similar techniques can be used to compensate for the spread of edge-
gradient introduced by the optical system. If the derivative of an image is
obtained and subtracted from the original image signal, the quality (acutance,
resolution, contrast) of the resulting image will improve considerably.
An experimental apparatus for electro-optical signal processing is des-
cribed in the second part of the report.
An NBS resolution test chart, sine-wave test targets, and aerial photo-
graphs were used for enhancement purposes. Early results indicate that the
subtraction of second derivative from the original signal produces the highest
level of enhancement.
The purpose of the report was to establish the efficacy of image enhance-
ment techniques only. Further investigation is scheduled by the authors to
determine the effects of signal differentiation on human performance in infor-
mation extraction generally, and target identification specifically.
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ESTIMATION OF THE SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS OF NOISE IN LOW-RESOLUTION TELEVISION
SYSTEMS
R.C. Brainard, F.W. Kammerer, and E.G. Kimme; Bell Telephone Labs.
IRE Transaction on Information Theory (IT-8) 1962, p.99.
(Author's) SUMMARY:
A model for the subjective effects of noise on TV picture quality is des-
cribed. Experimental and data-processing procedures are developed from this
model which yield a subjective noise sensitivity function of noise frequency
for monochrome low resolution video pictures. The results obtained apply to
high levels of noise power. Two noise sensitivity functions are obtained us-
ing these experimental methods--one for still pictures and one for live pic-
tures.
The authors extended the results of earlier works by huller and Demur to
video systems characterized by lower resolution and higher noise levels than
commercial systems.
The investigation is based on the statistical comparability and equiva-
lence of noise effects.
The quantitative statement of the idea of equivalence is expressed by
S2 SZ
W(w)N1(w)dw = ,J W(w)N0(w)dw
0 0
according to the authors, where
W (w) is the so-called noise sensitivity function and defined on the frequency
range
N (w) spatial densities of noises.
During the experiments, uncorrelated broad-band noises (several spectrally
different broad-band noises and some fixed reference broad-band noises) were
compared and the noise sensitivity function determined experimentally for still
pictures and live test objects.
The results from the live test differ considerably from those of still
test and are generally less reliable.
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The authors state that: "...the evidence of uncontrolled variations in
the live-picture experiment make it clear that further studies to isolate the
effects of experimental procedures, quality of the video presentation, and
dynamic aspects of the pictures are needed."
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NOISE LIMITATIONS TO RESOLVING POWER IN ELECTRONICS IMAGING
J.W. Coltman and A.E. Anderson; Westinghouse Research Labs., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Proceedings of the IRE, May, 1960, p. 858
(Authors') SUMMARY:
A theoretical derivation, verified by experiment, shows that the maximum
visible line number of a displayed bar pattern is directly proportional to the
signal--to-white-noise ratio. The constant of proportionality and the effect of
finite screen boundries have been experimentally determined. It is found both
theoretically and experimentally that the masking effect of white noise depends
only on the noise power per unit bandwidth, and is independent of the upper
frequency limit of the noise spectrum, provided that this exceeds the frequency
limit set by the eye.
These results can be used together with the aperture response of any
imaging system to predict in quantitative terms the resolution limit as a
function of the signal and noise levels. As an example, the theorems postulated
are used together with the measured amplitude response function of the
5820-image orthicon to obtain a universal resolution vs signal-to-noise ratio
curve for beam-noise-limited tubes of the image orthicon type. The predicted
performance is in good agreement with experimental results. A similar set of
curves for quantum-noise-limited image tubes is also given. The effects of
object contrast variation, signal integration in time, and the presence of
spurious background are presented.
The authors describe data that are useful in predicting the visual
resolution limit of noise-limited imaging systems from the noise power per
unit bandwidth and the sine wave response of the systems. The limits of
visual resolution were obtained by having subjects detect the presence
or absence of sine wave patterns of different frequencies for different
signal-to-noise ratios.
The problem with data obtained in this study, or any data based upon
the visibility of sine wave pattern, is that they cannot be used to predict
the usefulness of a system when the output of the system is viewed by humans.
Obviously, in most operational systems the human's task is not to detect
sine wave patterns but to detect and identify complex images. Since the
relation between the visibility of a sine wave pattern and the detection or
identification of complex images is not known, resolving power measurements
based on the visibility of sine wave patterns are of limited value.
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THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF PULSE CODE MODULATION
E.M. Deloraine, Laboratorie Central de Telecommunications, ITT Affiliate; and
A.H. Reeves, Standard Telecommunications Laboratories, ITT Affiliate
IEEE Spectrum, May 1965, p. 56
SUMMARY AND COMMENTS:
These authors are among the earliest investigators of Pulse Code Modula-
tion. In fact, Reeves obtained several of the earliest patents on pulse time
modulation and pulse code modulation techniques.
Although this paper deals primarily with telephony, an interesting and
very pertinent observation is made. The comments of particular interest deal
with the effect of quantizing noise on the quality of telephony and need for
psycho-physical experimental data for the design of systems and the lack of such
data during the development and use of various systems. Part of the paper is
quoted here: "It was clear that nothing but subjective tests could provide the
information needed for design; and it is strange that even now some PCM plan-
ners and committees seem to place a magical reliance on calculated quantizing
noise power, before those few subjective tests now in progress have even been
completed, let alone interpreted for the designer. It is strange too that
these very necessary, systematic, subjective tests were not started by someone
much sooner".
This call for psycho-physical experiments by these prominent investigators
emphasizes the need for the assessment of human performance with systems having
an output specifically designed for use by humans.
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FORM PERCEPTION IN VIDEO VIEWING: EFFECTS OF RESOLUTION DEGRADATION AND STEREO
ON FORM THRESHOLDS
N. Freeberg; Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Airborne Instruments
Laboratory, A Division of Cutler-Hammer, Inc.
Technical Documentary Report No. ESD-TDR-63-136, Dec., 1962; AD 401654
(Author's) SUMMARY:
Form Recognition and Discrimination Thresholds were studied as a function
of 4 levels of Video Resolution Degradation and 2 Viewing Methods (Normal Bino-
cular Viewing and Stereo Viewing). Measures of pattern acuity for a video
presented target (Landolt Ring) were also obtained and correlated with the
Threshold measures.
Four solid stimulus forms were randomly constructed within the constraints
of equivalent size and "complexity" (number of contour turns), asymmetry, and
angularity of contour. Two sets of form faces were randomly chosen from the
four forms - one set for Non-Stereo and one set for Stereo presentation.
Results clearly indicated the association of threshold increases with
corresponding percentage degradations in the video image. Recognition Thresh-
old values were not significantly enhanced by the particular stereo system
used, whereas Discrimination threshold values - which depended primarily upon
contour discrimination - were significantly improved.
Correlations between video pattern acuity and form threshold scores were
low and insignificant, generally confirming previous findings for non-video
form perception. However, there are unique characteristics of the video image,
such as the orientation of the pattern in relation to scan lines, which can
affect visual acuity.
The randomly generated and randomly assigned form faces differed signifi-
cantly from one another within each set of faces chosen. There is serious
doubt that forms can be equated for visual threshold values on the basis of form
complexity variables determined from previous studies or by some degree of ran-
domization in their construction. The number of significant variables that make
up the basic perceptual dimensions of a form and their interacting effects re-
quire far more clarification.
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COMMENTS:
The horizontal resolution of a 525-line TV system was reduced by either
0, 10, 20, or 40% by reducing the horizontal bandwidth. These four levels of
resolution are what is referred to in the summary as "4 levels of Video Reso-
lution Degradation."
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with Landolt rings do not correlate with form recognition and form discrimina-
tion thresholds. Consequently, the data obtained are of limited use for de-
signing line-scan systems that are used by the observer to distinguish among
or to identify targets.
Two peculiarities of the report are notable. First, the dependent meas-
ure reported was called a "recognition factor," which was defined as displayed
target width (width of the gap) divided by displayed width of view (total field
of view on the monitor). It is surprising the author did not use the more com-
monly reported value of visual angle subtended by the gap. Second, no statis-
tical tests or reliability estimates were reported for the data presented.
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EFFECTS OF ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION ON HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
C.C. Gauder, P.A. Boeing; Electronic Warfare Division, Air Force Avionics
Laboratory
Proceedings of the International Aerospace Electronics Conference, Dayton,
Ohio, May 11-13, 1964, pp. 408-415.
A brief review is given of pulse code modulation and delta modulation as
applied to the analog-to-digital conversion of photographs. Based on subjec-
tive picture quality criteria, it is concluded that 6-bit PCM is better than
2-bit delta modulation when the photograph is sampled at the Nyquist interval;
and that 6-bit PCM is worse than 2-bit delta modulation when the photograph is
sampled at twice the Nyquist sampling interval.
An experimental flying spot scanner setup is described with which photo-
graphs, with a resolution of 100 A/mm. resolution using 4, 5, 6, and 7-bit PCM.
From these experiments it is concluded that five-bit PCM produces images which
are just acceptable, and that 6-bit PCM is satisfactory, and that little addi-
tional quality is obtained with 7-bit PCM. These conclusions are based on the
subjective judgments of the authors and are not substantiated with experiments.
In describing their subjective judments the authors refer to fine detail,
consisting of buildings, etc. which illustrates that their judgments were
strongly influenced by the scale of the aerial photographs used in their exper-
iments. Since the original photographs and the respective digital images are
not well described in terms of physical characteristics, and since the worth of
the digital images was determined by the subjective judgments of the authors,
the conclusions of this work are not necessarily reliable or valid.
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PREDICTIVE QUANTIZING OF TELEVISION SIGNALS
R.E. Graham; Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey
Journal & Date UNKNOWN, p. 147.
(Author's) ABSTRACT:
A system is described for digital encoding of continuous information
sources based on quantizing the difference between the original continuous
signal and a predicted version thereof, as opposed to quantizing the original
signal itself. The coding is tailored to the observer's perception by employ-
ing fine quantum steps for the small prediction errors, and coarse steps for
the large errors where the predictor, and possibly the observer, are surprised.
With this tapering of the steps in the quantizing staircase, the total number
of levels needed in the quantized error signal for high-quality reproduction
may well be so small that a simple nonstatistical coding of the error signal
will yield a substantially lowered bit rate compared with conventional systems.
To extend the accuracy of digital representation obtained with this sys-
tem, an additional operation is described in which the "idle times" - the blank-
ing intervals in television - are commandeered to allow the introduction of
extra samples in difficult regions of the signal. This requires "elastic"
delay of a simple type in which the delay is varied step-by-step in one direc-
tion until reset to the starting point.
A series of photographs is included showing processed pictures obtained
by computer simulation of the various coding methods.
The predictive quantizing procedure discussed by the author should in most
cases require less bandwidth and should yield pictures with less quantizing
noise than normal pulse-code modulation. One procedure called differential
quantizing consists of quantizing the difference between the original signal
and a prediction of that signal, where the prediction scheme can take one of
many forms.
Two prediction schemes are discussed in this paper: in one case, the pre-
diction is based on previous in-line sampling (one dimensional); and in the
other case, the prediction is based on previous samples spatially adjacent to
the sample being predicted (two dimensional).
The author suggests that the tapered quantizer staircase (non-linear
quantizing) and the prediction schemes used for coding the signal yields pic-
tures particularly suited for human observation since the resulting picture
quality is considered reasonably good. Illustrations in the text compare high
quality pictures quantized to 512 brightness levels with pictures quantized to
eight brightness levels, and with pictures differentially quantized to eight
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brightness levels by one- and two-dimensional prediction schemes. Although the
three-bit differentially quantized pictures compare very favorably with the
three-bit normally quantized pictures, such preference is based wholly on the
subjective judgments of the author and the reader. Such preferences may not
necessarily correlate with the quantity or quality of the scene information
transferred from the pictures to the observer. This method of coding may yield
particularly poor results with image corners or image edges or lines forming a
45 degree angle with the scanning lines, and with approximately circular images
which are relatively small. These effects, and the necessity for an essentially
error-free transmission of the encoded signal (predictive coding systems are
exceedingly sensitive to digital transmission errors), probably make this encod-
ing procedure a rather poor candidate for the transmission of pictorial infor-
mation.
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PCM PICTURE TRANSMISSION
T.S. Huang; Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T.
IEEE Spectrum, Dec., 1965, p.57.
SUMMARY:
The author gives a brief review of the research being done on PCM picture
transmission at the Cognitive Information Processing Group of the Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The re-
search being conducted falls into two general categories: the quality of the
received picture as a function of system parameters and bandwidth compression
techniques.
An experiment is described in which subjects judged the quality of PCM
(pulse code modulated) pictures as a function of the number of samples in space
(L x L) and the number of brightness levels (2B). Each of three pictures,
which differed from each other in the amount of detail, was produced at dif-
ferent combinations of L and B. The number of bits required to transmit each
picture is equal to N = LxLxB. The question asked was "For a given value of
N, how should we choose values for L and B to get the best received picture?"
The subjects ranked the pictures according to their subjective quality.
The results were described in the form of isopreference curves (curves on which
the points represent pictures of equal subjective quality). The conclusions,
were:
1. The isopreference curves depart from curves of constant bit
rate (N).
2. The shape of the isopreference curve depends on the amount
of picture detail. Only a few brightness levels are needed
for pictures that have a lot of detail.
3. In some cases, for a fixed value off-.L , the picture quality
improved with a decrease in the number of brightness levels.
The author states that "A probable reason is that decreasing
the brightness levels increases the apparent contrast of the
picture.
In another experiment, the noise power of a received picture was deter-
mined for two ways of coding brightness levels and for the average of all
possible codes for various values of B. The two codes were the "natural code"
and the "Gray code." The results showed that..."the Gray code yields only
slightly more noise power than the natural code and is better than most other
codes." This result applies only if the input-amplitude distribution is flat.
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The results of other experiments showed that for channels in which noise
occurs in bursts (most practical channels), pseudorandom scanning will yield
less objectionable pictures than does line-by-line scanning.
The remaining portion of the article is a discussion of bandwidth reduc-
tion techniques being investigated. The author suggests that the most pran-
ising technique is probably some modified form of delta modulation. One
modified form called delta-squared modulation (high information delta modula-
tion) gives much sharper pictures than delta modulation. But, if the channel
is noisy, delta-squared modulation produces dark or light streaks in the scan-
ning direction.
The experiment most relevant to the studies we propose is that on the
number of brightness levels and the number of samples in space. The variables
investigated are those we propose to study, but the data reported are not use-
ful for our purposes because the quality of the imagery was based on the judg-
ment of aesthetic appeal and not the performance (information extraction) of
observers. Furthermore, the characteristics of the photographs used was not
described. Obviously, the quality of the picture observed is not only a func-
tion of the number of brightness levels and the number of samples, but of the
characteristics of the original picture.
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THE SUBJECTIVE EFFECT OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL PICTORIAL NOISE
T.S. Huang, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Jan. 1965, p.43
(Author's) ABSTRACT:
A study has been made of the subjective effects of the class of indepen-
dent additive rectangular low-pass Gaussian noises. Three original pictures,
varying in the amount of detail, were used. The general shapes of the isopre-
ference surfaces in a - kl - k2 space where o' is the rms value, and kl and k2
are the bandwidths of the noise in the horizontal and vertical directions, res-
pectively, were found. If the objectionability of noise is a linear functional
of the noise spectrum, then one may deduce that for the class of noises whose
spectra are symmetrical with respect to both horizontal and vertical frequen-
cies, the weighting function in the integral representing noise objectionability
is similar in shape to these isopreference surfaces.
Some of the author's conclusions from the study were as follows:
1. The objectionability of square noises of a fixed
power has a maximum at a bandwidth of around 0.2
cycle per minute of arc and falls off toward both
low and high bandwidths.
2. If the noise power is held constant and the verti-
cal (k2) and horizontal (kl) bandwidths are in-
creased such that the ratio kl/k2 is constant, the
objectionability of the noise will first increase,
then reach a maximum, and finally decrease.
3. Noises with vertical streaks. (vertical bandwidth is
smaller than horizontal bandwidth) are more objec-
tionable than noises with horizontal streaks.
4. Generally, noises which contain frequencies similar
to those of the picture are less annoying.
The author required the subjects to judge which of the noisy pictures they
would rather watch by rank-ordering them. Although ranking may be an acceptable
measure for the author's purposes, such measures are of limited value for deter-
mining how much information the human can extract from a picture. Furthermore,
the results are plotted in terms of equivalence measures (iso-preference curves).
The problem with equivalence measures based on preferences is that 1) equal pre-
ference does not imply that equal amounts of information can be extracted, and
2) differences in preferences (i.e., the differences among the isopreference
curves) are not descriptive of the amount of information that can be extracted
from the pictures.
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This experimental work is considered to be among the best of the litera-
ture surveyed. Unfortunately, the dependent variable (preferences) is useful
in application such as commercial television broadcasting, it is not directly
useful in relating the informative value of images to the image characteristics.
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OPTICAL SPOT SIZE STUDY FOR DATA EXTRACTION FROM A TRANSPARENCY
L.L. Izzo, CBS Laboratories, Stamford, Connecticut
Defense Documentation Center, September 1965; AD 628588
(Author's) ABSTRACT:
A breadboard model scanner using coherent light to generate a small optical
spot for data extraction from a transparency was constructed. Using the tech-
nique developed, a capability of distinguishing 256 lp/mm and 30 shades of grey
from light to dark was demonstrated. The system consists of a laser light source,
a beam expander, a beam normalizer, a rotating optical scanning system to cover
a 2 inch wide transparency, a transparency holder, a light collector and a photo-
multiplier assembly including video amplifier and high voltage power supply.
These system components are basically "off-the-shelf" items.
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With the scanner described in this paper, the author demonstrated several
rather well-known facts. For example, the resolution capability was related to
the size of the scanning spot and the number of detectable grey levels was re-
lated to the dynamic range of the system, the size of the scanning spot as it
relates to the granular structure of the transparency, and the noise character-
istics of the system. Circular scanning spots were used; special efforts were
made to make the scanning spot of uniform intensity over its area.
The title of this paper is somewhat misleading since several very impor-
tant factors were not discussed. For example, the effect of the shape of the
scanning spot on the characteristics of the extracted data is not mentioned;
instead it was assumed desirable to use a circular scanning spot of uniform
intensity. Likewise, there is no discussion relative to the overlap of the
scan lines and its effect on data extraction or image quality. Also, no men-
tion is made of the effects of the size and shape of the scanning spot on the
quality with which images of complex shape are reproduced.
This paper describes in considerable detail the characteristics of the
specific scanner which was constructed. But, it does not discuss factors of
fundamental importance in the extraction of data from a transparency; for ex-
ample, scanning spot shape and size, and the spatial interaction or overlap of
scanning spots.
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PRINTING BY WIRE
W. P. Jaspert
Perspective, 1966, p. 208
(Author's) SUMMARY
Some modern newspapers are set photographically. Photographs are easily
transmitted by telegraphy. Facsimile transmission offers possibilities of
sending complete pages by cable or wireless.
COMMENTS :
The author examines the various picture transmission systems (picture
telegraphy, facsimile) and their application possibilities in such areas as
the transmission of centrally prepared papers, magazine-color transmission,
meterological information transmission home facsimile new papers etc.
In all of these systems and applications the original is scanned first,
coded into electrical signals, transmitted and at the receiving end decoded and
recoded by electronic or photographic .means.
Since the original contains large amounts of information, it requires a
large bandwidth capacity channel or a long time for transmission.
In present day installations a good compromise has been reached between
bandwidth and transmission time with a 48 KC - 12 channel transmission system.
Further improvements in detail resolution, transmission speeds and re-
cording techniques (application of fiber option in direct recording on to
film or paper) are predicted.
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DATA COMPRESSION BY REDUNDANCY REDUCTION
C. M. Kortman; Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
IEEE Spectrum, March 1967, p.133
(Author's) SUMMARY:
Because of the increasingly pressing problem of spectrum overcrowding in
data transmission channels, it is becoming more and more necessary to develop
schemes to optimize the use of the available frequencies.
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COMMENTS:
The author reviews the various data compression techniques available
today.
First we find the definition of terms used in the information
processing field:
data compression
parameter extraction
adaptive sampling
redundancy reduction
encoding
predictor
interpolator
Then a classification of known data processing models is presented.
Of the many data-compression techniques the polynomial predictors and
interpolators are discussed in some detail., (They give the best approximation
to the real data.)
A comparison of several redundancy reduction algorithms is offered
in graphical and pictorial forms. It is surprising, that even for large
compression ratios and tolerance corridors, the difference between the original
video signals and the reconstructed data is small.
This remark is highly subjective since there is no mention of experimental
work relative to the information content of the images as a function of
different data compression ratios.
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IMAGE PROCESSING
L.S.G. Kovasznay, John Hopkins University; and H.M. Joseph, ACF Electronics
Proceedings of the IRE, May, 1955, p. 560
(Author's) SUMMARY:
A scalar function of two independent variables can be visualized as an
image. All mathematical operations can be conceived as a modification or pro-
cessing of the original image. An important class of modifying operators can
be realized by special scanning techniques without using a rapid access memory
storage device. It was found that the two important operators so far explored
may have practical importance. One is contour enhancement which has "de-
blurring" effects akin to aperture correction and "crispening" in television
practice; the other is contour outlining that produces a line drawing from a pic-
ture with continuous tones. The general concepts developed may also permit ex-
tension of the method to analog computers for certain classes of partial dif-
ferential equations. The flexibility and adaptability of the system offer
practical application whenever some predetermined operation is required on
picture material.
The authors were among the first ones to develop the theory of "image pro-
cessing" through mathematical manipulation of the "image function" (vector-
scalar function describing the original picture).
The "processing" itself is represented by homogenous, isotropic, linear
differential and integral operators of the vector-scalar field (original pic-
ture)
"Contour enhancement", "contour outlining" operations can be performed on
the original picture with the appropriate selection of these operators.
Several possible applications of these techniques are suggested by the
authors:
1) Image transmission through reduced bandwidth channel (contour
enhancement) prior to transmitting a low-definition picture
to compensate for losses sustained during the transmission.
2) Contour outlining may be used as a means of reducing the infor-
mation content of pictures, consequently lower the bandwidth
requirements for transmission.
Although there are more efficient ways to reduce bandwidth or losses dur-
ing transmission, these techniques warrant further investigation.
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STATISTICS OF T.V. SIGNALS
E.R. Kretzmer
Bell System Technical Journal, July 1952, 31:751.
(Author's) SUMMARY:
Measurements have been made of some basic statistical quantities char-
acterizing picture signals. These include various amplitude distributions,
autocorrelation and correlation among successive frames. The methods of
measurement are described, and the results are used to estimate the amount
by which the channel capacity required for television transmission may be
reduced through exploitation of the statistics measured.
The paper describes techniques for the measurement of the following
statistical characteristics of video signals:
1) Simple probability distribution of signal amplitude
corresponding to picture brightness.
2) Simple probability distribution of error amplitudes
resulting from linear prediction of T.V. signals. The
'"previous-value'" prediction is considered by the author
which supposes that each picture element has the same
brightness level as the preceding one. The prediction-
error signal is the difference between the picture
signal and the reference signal.
3) Auto-correlation of typical pictures: measurement of the
average correlation between picture elements separated by
varying distances. (It is the average product of the
two brightness levels of each adjacent picture-element
pair relative to the average square of all 'brightness
levels.)
The results show that if a signal is quantized into 6 amplitude levels
(6 bits/sample) and all 6 levels are equally likely, the average information
content/sample is about 5 bits.
The average information content from all available data is estimated by
the author as 3.4 bits below the 6-bit ceiling.
The instruments and measurement techniques described in the paper are
quite simple and can be useful in the investigation of statistical char-
acteristics of picture signals.
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THE FUTURE OF GRAPHICAL COMMUNICATIONS
T.M.C. Lance, Electronic Engineering, August, 1966,
SUMMARY AND COMMENTS:
A brief review of electronic transmission techniques of graphical data is
presented in the article and the effect of the "communication explosion" is
examined on future societies.
Demand for many additional forms of information transmission is predicted
in such areas as personal letters, photographs, drawings (industrial, commer-
cial and home use).
In all applications the original is scanned and synthesized by mechanical or
electronic means and presented in a) TV type or other forms of display (rapid
process photography, xerography), or b) digital form and stored for further
processing or viewing at a later date.
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R.E. Marshall, E.K. Holland-Moritz, J.G. Dute; Radio Science Laboratory, Univ-
ersity of Michigan, Memorandum of Project Michigan, 2900-489-R. Title and
Abstract unclassified. Most other parts classified "confidential."
(Author's) ABSTRACT:
This report describes techniques for improving the quality of quantized
pictorial information. The techniques discussed (1) companding (compression
and subsequent expansion) and (2) adding random or pseudo-random noise prior
to encoding. Particular attention is given to encoding with a few levels to
determine lower limits on the code length required for the transmission of
pictorial information.
Experiments were performed using random noise to remove contours. Pic-
tures derived from two sources of infrared video illustrate the effects of
quantizing, of varying the sampling rate, and of removing contours by adding
noise.
Mention is made of the use of contouring to emphasize isotherms, and two
photographs of ice fields are included to illustrate the application.
Further improvements in digital video processing which should be possible
with the use of pseudo-random noise and companding are discussed in the Appendix.
It is concluded that the use of two or three bits of information per
datum should be adequate for transmission or reproduction of many video sources
if pseudo-random noise and companding are used.
The companding techniques experimentally evaluated were not as successful
as were the techniques whereby random or pseudo-random noise is added prior to
encoding. Several aerial photographs were quantized at very few bit levels;
the authors conclude that by adding noise prior to encoding a picture quality
level is obtained which is subjectively equal or comparable to noise-free pic-
tures quantized with a greater number of bits. However, the authors also con-
clude that the pictures quantized with two or three bits to which noise was
added were of satisfactory subjective quality with regard to apparent grey
scale, but also noted that the presence of the added noise tends to obscure
small image detail.
In this experimental work, the characteristics of the aerial photographs
are not reported and the subjective evaluations of the quantized pictorial in-
formation was performed by the authors only, yielding results of questionable
reliability and validity.
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Compared with many other papers on this topic, this is a very good tech-
nical report. If the characteristics of the original and processed pictures
had been specified in greater detail, and if the processed pictures were evalu-
ated thoroughly by sound experimental techniques, this paper would be considered
excellent.
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TARGET DETECTION USING BLACK AND WHITE TELEVISION. STUDY I:
THE EFFECTS OF RESOLUTION DEGRADATION ON TARGET DETECTION
L.C. Oatman; Human Engineering Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
U.S. Army Technical Memorandum 9-65, July, 1965; AD 625231
(Author's) SUMMARY:
The experiment investigated how TV resolution affects target-detection
probability. Sixteen Ss (subjects) viewed a V-48 tank on a closed-circuit
black-and-white TV system under four levels of resolution (800, 600) 400, and
300). The Ss' task was indicating in which one of nine arer,.s the tank appeared.
The data indicate that Ss' target-detection probability decreases signi-
fic.antly between the 300 and 400 levels of resolution (the target detection
probability was lower for the 300 level of resolution); however, there was no
significant differences among the 400, 600, and 800 levels of resolution. In
addition, the target's location on the TV screen affected the target-detection
probability significantly; however, this effect was confounded with resolution,
luminance, and Ss' search techniques.
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COMMENTS:
The four levels of resolution described by the author were obtained by
changing the horizontal bandwidth (the bandwidths were 20.0, 6.0, 1.7, and 1.0
megacycles) of an 875-line TV system and holding the vertical resolution con-
stant (650 lines).
The author states that "Although it was expected that reductions in band-
width and/or resolution would affect the probability of target detection, it
is interesting that the relationship between resolution and target detection
probability is non-linear." In our opinion, one would expect either no rela-
tion or a "non-linear" relation between detection performance and the resolu-
tion values used in this study. We believe that if the subjects were given
sufficient time to look at the TV screen, detection performance could probably
have been perfect under the 800, 600, and 400 line resolutions. Instead, their
performance under these three highest resolutions was less than perfect because
they were shown a picture for only 0.5 seconds. In other words, the subjects'
detection performance was limited at the three highest resolutions by the time
given to search the TV screen. The 300-line condition was of sufficiently poor
quality, particularly considering that the resolution was even lower at the
corners of the screen, to slightly lower detection performance.
The data from this study are of limited use because there is no way of re-
lating the performance of the subjects to the quality of the displayed picture.
Although the resolution at the TV screen is specified, the characteristics of
the photograph was not specified. One would have to know the characteristics
of both the TV system and the photograph to properly describe the displayed
picture.
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TARGET DETECTION USING BLACK-AND-WHITE TELEVISION. STUDY III:
TARGET DETECTION AS A FUNCTION OF DISPLAY DEGRADATION
L.C. Oatman; Human Engineering Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
Technical Memorandum 12-65, September, 1965; AD 627009
(Author's) SUMMARY:
Two previous studies have examined the probability of detecting an M-48
tank on a black-and-white close-circuit television (TV) system, with apparently
conflicting results. When only horizontal resolution was reduced to get reso-
lutions of 300, 400, 600, and 800 lines, detection performance was essentially
the same for the three highest resolutions, though significantly poorer for the
300-line resolution. Yet when resolution was reduced in both horizontal and
vertical dimensions, 800-line resolution gave better detection performance than
450-line resolution did. Extraneous variables that could not be controlled--
such as uneven brightness and resolution on the TV monitors themselves--made it
difficult to interpret these results. Thus it was not clear whether the first
result was an unlikely chance event or whether resolution's effect depends on
the number of dimensions reduced. The present study replicated the first one
to test its verifiability.
Displays at all four levels of resolution were presented to 20 subjects,
who were asked to indicate in which one of nine areas the tank appeared on the
TV screen. The results verified those of the first study: the subjects de-
tected targets about equally well with the 800-, 600-, and 400-line resolutions,
but their performance was significantly poorer with 300-line resolution. This
finding suggests that, if resolutions are equal, reducing both horizontal and
vertical dimensions will impair detection performance more than reducing just
horizontal resolution (i.e., reducing bandwidth). The effects of the tank's
location on the TV screen, although probably an important determinant of target-
detection probability, again proved impossible to isolate from various extra-
neous variables.
The same comments on the author's first study also apply to this study.
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TARGET DETECTION AS A FUNCTION OF EXPOSURE TIME AND DISPLAY MODE
L. C. Oatman; Human Engineering Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
Ue S. Army Technical Note 8-63; October 1963; AD 431118
(Author's) SUMMARY:
Ten Ss (subjects) were tested in an investigation to compare an operator's
ability to detect targets on a television and rear-projection screen. Mode
of presentation, slide or TV, was investigated as a function of exposure time,
0.3 second, one second, and five seconds.
The results indicated a significant difference between modes of presen-
tation and exposure times, with a significant interaction between mode of
presentation and exposure time. It was suggested that the differences in the
number of target locations (detections) between the TV and slide presentations
may be attributed to the poorer resolution of the TV system. Further in-
vestigations should be made to determine more adequately the relationship
between the mode of presentation and exposure time.
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COMMENTS :
The author states that "The purpose of this study was to examine the
operator's ability to detect the location of targets on a closed-circuit TV
screen and a slide-projector screen as a function of exposure time. The
procedures applied to the TV-monitor display in order to obtain baseline data
which were predicted to be comparable to data from other studies using screen
displays."
Our opinion is that the data obtained in this study are of very limited
use for establishing a "baseline" because the characteristics of the photography
used were not specified. Consequently, performance on both the sl.ide-pro-
jector and TV conditions cannot be related to the characteristics of the dis-
played picture.
The author's prediction that "...(1) location scores from the slide
display would be significantly better than the location scores from the TV
display...." seems rather trivial. This result is predictable from the
resolutions of the back-projection screen and the TV system. If the author's
intent was to compare a specific screen and TV system, this intent was not
stated nor implicit in that the characteristics of back-projection screen
were not specified.
No TV-system parameters were varied in this study so the data cannot be
used to establish the optimal values of such parameters.
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EFFECTS OF TELEVISION BANDWIDTH ON TARGET IDENTIFICATION
D. Shanahan; U.S. Naval Missile Center, Point Mugu, California
Technical Memorandum No. NMC-TM-64-2, April, 1964
(Author's) SUMMARY:
A laboratory test program was conducted to evaluate the effects of video
signal bandwidth and target contrast ratio on visual target identification.
The targets were observed on the monitor of a closed circuit television system.
A zoom lens was used to simulate motion. The tests were designed to idealize
the operation of a possible television command guidance missile system. To
eliminate undesired test variables, the targets were Landolt rings of known
sizes and contrast ratios.
The results of the tests indicate that:
1. Reducing the target contrast ratio degrades target identification
abilities.
2. Reducing the video signal bandwidth degrades target identification
abilities.
3. The ability to identify targets is degraded less by video bandwidth
reductions for low contrast targets than it is degraded by high
contrast targets.
4. The ability to identify targets is degraded less by target contrast
ratio reductions when using a narrow video bandwidth rather than
using a wide video bandwidth.
Because a narrow bandwidth requirement means an increase in transmis-
sion range, and because most targets exhibit a low contrast ratio to an air-
borne television system, it is suggested that a trade-off may exist for in-
creasing the performance of a guidance system in a marginal range situation.
It is emphasized that, because of the highly idealized parameters used in
the tests, the results are no more than indicative and are not to be considered
as suitable as working values for a television guidance system. The real value
of the results is in pointing out a promising avenue of effort.
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COMMENTS:
The subject's task was to report the position of the gap in an Landolt
ring, a commonly used task for measuring visual acuity, although the title
implies that the subject was required to identify different kinds of targets.
Another study (Freeberg) referred to in this review shows that measures obtained
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The most interesting finding in this study is that measures of pattern
acuity (the location of a gap in a Landolt ring) did not correlate with form
recognition or form discrimination thresholds. (This finding is consistent
with others that indicate a very low correlation - about .20 - between acuity
and form recognition measures.) The implication of this finding is that acuity
measures should not be used as a dependent measure in evaluating system para-
meters when the investigators are interested in image (form) recognition.
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SECURE COLOR VIDEO TECHNIQUES
C.F. Teacher and R.W. Yutz, Technical Report No. RADC-TDR-64-339, Feb., 1965;
AD 462528, Unclassified; restricted distribution.
(Author's) ABSTRACT:
This report examines and compares the merits of many analog matrixing
techniques for color television, efficient video digital encoding techniques,
color video pick-up devices, and color display devices. Tradeoffs between pic-
ture quality and data rates are examined for both briefing and surveillance
applications. The color systems investigated include NTSC, field sequential,
two-color, equal band and SECAM. The efficient digital encoding systems in-
vestigated include delta modulation (single and multibit; linear and exponen-
tial), PCM pseudo-random noise, split-band delta modulation, dynamic delta, and
block classification. It was found that digitally encoded NTSC systems are not
necessarily best for military applications. A new system called LADECOLOR
(Line Alternated Digitally Encoded Color) that includes some of the principles
of the NTSC and SECAM systems plus the efficiency of delta modulation and data
modems was found to be more effective. This new system will not become obsolete
since it can incorporate advanced redundancy reduction techniques as they are
developed.
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COMMENTS:
During this six-month program, described in this report, the authors at-
tempted to find efficient digital color television standards by which pictures
of high quality could be transmitted at low-bit rates. Much of the work was
of an analytical nature; several experimental tasks were performed in which
combinations of basic color TV systems and efficient digital and coding tech-
niques were evaluated and compared to the NTSC system. Specific bandwidth re-
duction techniques and combination of bandwidth reduction schemes were examined.
A literature search was also performed.
Selected pictorial data encoding techniques were examined in an experi-
mental facility with provisions for image manipulation by flying spot scanner
and photographic techniques. The resulting pictures were evaluated subjectively
by the authors and formed the basis of the authors' recommendation for the
Ladecolor system.
Although this report contains much technical data on many televion systems,
the resulting recommendation for a system is based primarily on analytical
reasoning. The experimental work was not sufficiently detailed, the charac-
teristics of the original photographs are not described in sufficient detail,
and the evaluation of the experimentally processed images was not adequate
enough to be considered in the selection of a system, nor additional experi-
mental work.
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PICTORIAL TRANSMISSION WITH HIDM
M. L Winkler, 'Radio Corporation of America, Communications Systems Divi-
sion, Tucson, Arizona
Digest of Technical Papers of 1964 International Symposium on Global Communi-
cations, Session 15.4, p. 91.
(Author's) SUMMARY:
High Information Delta Modulation, HIDM, is a new pulse coding technique
able to efficiently encode pictorial data with as little as three pulses per
picture element and adequately provide those picture characteristics which are
required by the visual mechanism.
HIDM has been used to transmit pictures between facsimile transmitters
and recorders using three pulses per picture element and providing quality com-
parable to six or seven bit PCM. The same technique can be extended to TV
picture transmission.
HIDM can transmit pictures with half the bandwidth or pulse rate of PCM
and a third the bandwidth or pulse rate of conventional DM. It is not troubled
with contouring or slope limiting.
High Information Delta Modulation is a most interesting technique for
pictorial transmission. As discussed in this paper, this technique is similar
to Delta Modulation, but the increment that is added to the signal as it is
regenerated is varied in accordance with the rate at which the signal is vary-
ing. This technique has two major advantages: it requires less bandwidth
than pulse-code modulation, and it does not exhibit quantizing noise charac-
teristics. High Information Delta Modulation provides better image quality
than straight Delta Modulation; this is particularly true since greater dynamic
ranges and greater signal slope gradients can be obtained with High Information
Delta Modulation as compared to straight Delta Modulation.
No major disadvantages of the use of High Information Delta Modulation
techniques are mentioned in this paper. However, it may be that the overshoot
accompanying sharp image edges may yield undesirable edge effects. Whelan*
reports that this technique suffers somewhat from a jitter phenomenon that pro-
duces an effect similar to a slightly noisy horizontal sinc signal in a con-
ventional television display, and shows up near edge information or rapid
transitions in the pictures and distorts such high-frequency information as
small lettering.
The paper presents a figure in which two pictures are compared--one pic-
ture was transmitted by facsimile with direct line connection; while the other
picture was transmitted through a high-information Delta Modulation link.
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Although the two pictures compare favorably, such a comparison is really not
valid since no information is presented in the paper on the characteristics of
the facsimile direct-line transmission.
The major conclusion made in this paper is that high-information delta
modulation is an efficient coding technique having distinct advantages over
conventional pulse-code modulation or delta modulation. Two reasons are given
for this: first, it is able to encode picture information with as little as
three pulses per picture e.lement;and, secondly, because its capabilities in-
herently match the visual requirements of the eye. The first-mentioned reason
is described in detail, but no detailed information is given which substan-
tiates the conclusions that its capability inherently matches the visual re-
quirements of the eye.
*Whelan, J.W., J. Spacecraft, 3:667 (1966)
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APPENDIX B
REFERENCES READ - NO COMMENTS INCLUDED
References include author's abstracts, when
available, and are given in alphabetical order
of (Senior) author's name. The numbers in
parentheses are for our filing purposes and
should be disregarded.
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LINEAR AND A!)APTIVE DELTA MODULATION
J..E. Abate, Proceedings of the IEE, Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
New results are presented, offering insight into the performance and
optimization of linear and adaptive delta modulation, together with a comparison
with pulse code modulation. The results are applied to three cases of practical
inceres ! television, speech, and broadband signals.
The results are presented as follows: first, a characterization of the
quantization, noise of linear delta modulation (DM) is given; second, an adaptive
DM system which seems promising for television and speech is evaluated; and
third, a comparison between PCM and adaptive DM is made for speech, television,
and broadband signals.
It is concluded that 1) the adaptive system provides DM with a companding
capability, 2) adaptive DM offers a bit rate or channel bandwidth reduction
capability in comparison with PCM for television signals, 3) adaptive DM appears
better suited to television and speech signals than linear DM, 4) the maximum
S/N performance of adaptive DM is the same as that of linear DM, 5) the companding
improvement offered by adaptive DM is not limited by the same practical considerations
as those of PCM, and 6) the S/N performance of adaptive DM is the same for both
Gaussian and exponential signal densities.
(24.159)
A SYSTEM OF AUTOMATIC CONTOUR DISPLAY (AUTOCON)
W. W. Anderson, AD 417193
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A newly developed system of Automatic Contour Display, entitled AUTOCON,
receives analog information from a plane of equally spaced data points and
simultaneously converts this information into complete contour response surface
plots. The system employs a series of analog storage, scanning, and interpol-
ation operations which take a finite number of data points in a plane and, from
them, generate an interpolated surface over all these points. As the surface
is generated, it is quantized into discrete contour levels which are then
drawn on a stored television display for immediate use and on 35mm film for a
permanent record.
no B1
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The present AUTOCON system can accept individual data points at a rate
of ten readings per second and will plot a contour consisting of eleven,
electronically-identified, distinct, contour levels. The complete system, as
well as certain individual portions, is generally applicable to any area of
investigation which uses contour-response surface plots or similar displays as
a method of graphical analysis. The system's chief advantage in its present
use of stray magnetic field investigations is the elimination of the time
required to obtain contour displays of 1 or 2 hour by manual plotting. Immediate
viewing of the magnetic field data in contour form results, then, not only in
a decrease of experimentation time, but also in an increase of experiment
validity and flexibility.
(24.146)
ADAPTIVE DATA COMPRESSION
C. A. Andrews, J. M. Davie$ and G. R. Schwarz, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55,
No. 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Data compression techniques are classified into four categories which
describe the effect a compression method has on the form of the signal trans-
mitted. Each category is defined and examples of techniques in each category
are given.
Compression methods which have received previous investigation, such
as the geometric aperture methods, as well as techniques which have not received
much attention, such as Fourier filter, optimum discrete filter, and variable
sampling rate compression, are described. Results of computer simulations with
real data are presented for each method in terms of rms and peak errors versus
compression ratio.
It is shown that, in general, the geometric aperture techniques give
results comparable to or better than the more "exotic" methods, and are more
economical to implement at the present state-of-the-art. In addition, the
aperture compression methods provide bounded peak error which is not readily
obtainable with other methods.
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A general system design is given for a stored-logic data compression
system with adaptive buffer control to prevent loss of data and to provide
efficient transmission of multiplexed channels with compressed data. An
adaptive buffer design is described which is shown to be practical, based
on computer simulations with five different types of representative data.
(24.122)
DIGITAL DATA PATTERN DISPLAY SYSTEM
Edward J. Armata
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace-Support Conference Procedures
(Author's) SUMMARY
This paper describes a data processing and display system that graphic-
ally represents digital data transmitted from a spaceborne vehicle in such a
way that the operation of the payload can be rapidly evaluated. The digital
data is converted to analog form and is presented in a pattern of dots and
special symbols, representative of digitally coded information, in an X-Y
coordinate form on a cathode-ray tube. The digital data processing system is
described, but emphasis is placed on the data storage system and the attendant
circuits. The storage medium used in this system is high-resolution scan-
conversion tubes, which allow simultaneous write-in and readout. The data,
which can be asynchronous, is read out by a high-resolution TV-type scanning
and monitor system. The use of the scan-conversion tubes affords the most
advantageous combination of storage capacity, storage time, short access time,
and equipment economy.
(24.56)
TELEVISION SYSTEM FINAL REPORT - PIONEER II
Stuart C. Baker, Space Technology Lab Report GM-00-4110-00549, December 1958
NO ABSTRACT
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VIDEO TRANSMISSION BY DELTA MODULATION USING TUNNEL DIODES
J. C. Balder & C. Kramer, Proceedings of IRE, April, 1961
(Author's) SUMMARY
A method is described which enables video signals to he transmitted by
the pulse code modulation system known as delta-modulation. A. tunnel-diode
balanced pair (Goto pair) is used for converting the video signal into a binary
signal. With a new and very simple circuit, operating at a hit rate of 100 Mc,
a ratio of signal-to-quantizing noise of 42 db is obtained. A more conventional
circuit, that combines tunnel-diodes with transistors, makes an even lower
quantizing noise possible.
(24. 521
TRANSMITTING VISUAL INFORMATION
D. A. Bell, Perspective 8 #3 1966
NO ABSTRACT
(24.150)
P. A. Bello, R. N. Lincoln and Herbert Gish, Proceedings of the IEE$, Vol. 55, No. 3
M arch, 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
This report describes the results of a study of Statistical Delta
Modulation (SDM), a new method of digital transmission of analog information.
In this method the system design is tailored to the statistical properties of
the input data so as to provide analog reconstruction values with a minimum
mean squared error. The method of system design is an iterative procedure in
which conditional means are evaluated based upon actual input data. The
report presents the theory of operation of the system and describes the
results of a computer simulation in which such questions as the effects of
sampling rate, channel noise, system memory, and mismatched input processes are
discussed. At the present time only a brief comparison has been made with
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conventional techniques. It was found that at low sampling rates and for a
particular non-Gaussian process, sampling rate reductions of 38 percent could
be achieved relative to a conventional delta modulation system at the same
SNR performance.
(24.51)
PROCESSING RANGER AND MARINER PHOTOGRAPHY
Fred C. Billingsley, SPIE Journal,4:147,April/May 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A discussion of the "Lunar Television Image Converter" (Lunar TIC) will
be presented. This is the system utilized for the digital processing of the
RANGER and the MARINER pictures. Digitizing requirements and "tradeoffs" will
be covered as they apply to this process which employs a magnetic analog tape
as the data source, converts the data for processing in a 7094 computer and
then converts it to picture form. Some of the RANGER and MARINER pictures
which have been processed in the JPL digital computer will be shown and the
various techniques used will be discussed. Samples will also be shown of
the capability of Lunar-TIC to scan, digitize, and reconstruct photographic
transparencies.
(24.110)
THE IMPROVED GRAY SCALE AND THE COARSE-FINE PCM SYSTEMS, TWO NEW DIGITAL
TV BANDWIDTH REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
W. T. Bisignani, G. P. Richards, and J. W. Whelan, IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 54,
March 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Two new digital television bandwidth-reduction techniques are presented
with experimental results. Each provides twice the efficiency of a conventional
pulse code modulation (PCM) system with similar picture fidelity, and each is
simple and feasible for present-day spacecraft Implementation. The Improved
Gray Scale PCM system effectively eliminates, by an averaging process, the gray
scale contouring effect encountered in low-bit digital TV systems. The Coarse-
Fine PCM system is somewhat more complex, but provides a higher fidelity
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reproduction of the original picture. The basic principles of operation of
these two new data-compression techniques are given along with comparative
pictorial results.
(24.102)
UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS SCANNING AND DIGITIZING SYSTEM FOR TELEMETRY DATA SOURCES
R. W. Bivans, F. T. Innes, G. D. Matthews, National Telemetering Conference
Los Angeles, California, June 2.4, 1964, Proceedings
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A new ground digitizing system is described which links 16 asynchronous
sources of PCM and PAM telemetry data, along with sampled and time multiplexed
outputs from FM subcarrier discriminators, to a digital computer for data
reduction and for real-.time control during count down and launch operations.
As part of a major NASA telemetry ground station at Cape Kennedy, the new
system provides the computer with random access to any of 2048 data channels,
with simultaneous provision for analog recording of any 64 channels. The
system is described with emphasis on performance and the problems posed by
asynchronism. Programming of the on.-line computer is discussed. Results of
operation during Centaur and Saturn launches are presented.
(24.168)
A COMPUTER-AIDED INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR STUDIES IN TACTUAL PERCEPTION
J. C. Bliss and H. D. Crane, National Aerospace Electronics Conference,
Dayton, Ohio, May 11-13, 1964, Proceedings
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A system consisting of a small digital computer, special electronic
equipment, and an array of tactile stimulators has been developed for invest
igation of human perception of spatial temporal patterns displayed tactually.
This system can present tactual patterns consisting of up to 96 stimulators
according to several scan routines, present a number of patterns in sequential
order, and record and tabulate the subject's responses.
This system as well as results from some initial experiments on tactual
pattern perception are described.
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DOT SYSTEMS OF COLOR
W. Boothroyd, Electronics, December 1949
(Author's) SUMMARY
Recent advances involve the application of new sampling and multiplexing
techniques for efficient transmission of information t;roug: systems having a
limited frequency band. These have important implications for the television
industry, especially in connection with color television systems
(24.178)
STUDIES OF DISPLAY SYMBOL LEGIBILITY PART TI: THE EFFECTS OF THE RATIO OF
WIDTHS OF INACTIVE TO ACTIVE ELEMENTS WITHIN A TV SCAN LINE AND THE SCAN
PATTERN USED IN SYMBOL CONSTRUCTION
B. Botha, and D. Shurtleff, AD 420010
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects on
legibility of several factors characteristic of linear scan methods (TV raster)
of symbol construction and display. These factors were: (1) The ratio of the
widths of inactive to active elements within a TV scan line, (2) the scan
pattern (the path of the scan element over the symbol) used in symbol construction.
This study represents a continuation of an earlier study in which the effects
on legibility of the number of linear scan constructions per symbol height were
examined. A second purpose of the present study was to determine whether the
method of symbol illumination (reflected light vs. transilluminated light) had
an effect on legibility. Two groups of subjects viewed tachistoscopical'_y
transilluminated capital letters at a .03 sec. exposure for each of three
different ratios of the widths of inactive to active elements within a TV
scan line. Each group viewed letters constructed by a different scan pattern.
The results showed that both accuracy and speed of response in letter identif
ications decreased as the ratio of the widths of inactive to active elements
increased. The scan pattern used in the construction of letters had a progress
ively greater effect on response accuracy as the ratio of the widths of inactive
to active elements within a TV scan line was increased. The method of symbol
illumination had no effect on either response accuracy or speed.
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DELTAMODULATION FOR CHEAP & SIMPLE TELEMETERING
F. K. Bowers, IRE Transactions on Space Electronics & Telemetry, December 1959
(Author's) SUMMARY
Deltamodulation is a simple binary pulse transmission method
that can be readily adapted to transmit dc signal levels. It is particularly
useful where only a few channels are to be sent, and where one per cent
accuracy suffices. A signal-channel demonstration system has been built and
tested. The high-speed limitation of such a system takes the form of a finite
rate-of-rise, well suited to most telemetering. If, on the other hand,
sudden large signal changes are expected, then the system may be modified
accordingly. The modified system has the interesting property of giving
accuracy varying exponentially with the pulse rate (as in PCM), but still
without the necessity of framing the pulses.
(24.123)
GRAPHICAL-DATA-PROCESSING RESEARCH STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
A. E. Brain, et al, AD 637022, July 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The hardware, software, techniques, and experience that were developed
under the preceding Contract DA 36-039 AMC-03247(E) are briefly reviewed and
are used in assessing the subject matter for further experiments. The criteria
given most weight in evaluating the various types of graphical data are that the
symbols be hand-drawn, that they be produced by a writing instrument that
gives strokes of appreciable width, and that they occur in a situation that
requires selective attention and the use of context. They are to appear in
a free-field--i.e., a field without boundaries or special reference marks.
The subject matter selected was computer coding sheets, where the computer
language determines the character set and contextual relationship; the chosen
programming language was FORTRAN.
A special input system has been built and tested, and some initial
results on reading coding sheets are reported.
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The conclusions that have been drawn regarding preprocessor design
from the experiments with the 1024-image preprocessor are briefly summarized;
our present position is that we would like to use sample areas covering C.i'/,
to 17, of the field in our property detectors, and to have at least 10,000 samples.
The limitations of the existing preprocessor in relation to the new
requirements are discussed and the constants of two possible designs based on
multiple cathode-ray tubes and tubes with a fiber-optic faceplate are examined.
(24.124)
GRAPHICAL-DATA-PROCESSING RESEARCH STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
A. E. Brain, et al, AD 627335 October 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The experiments on the recognition of hand-drawn military map symbols,
using the edge-detector mask plate in the 1000-image preprocessor, have been
continued with each image being displayed in a series of 9 positions, plus a
10th view with the image somewhat larger. This gave a data set of 4050 patterns;
3240 were used for training, 810 for testing. The error rate was relatively
higher for the training data as compared with previously reported results, but
relatively lower for the test data. The piecewise linear structure performed
significantly better than the committee machine.
A brief account is given of the method used to display the characteristics
of the Dot Product Units in MINOS II.
The shift-register interface between the TV camera and the SDS 910
has now been completed and is operational. Illustrations are shown of the
normal picture, quantized picture, 120-line stored picture, and 24-line
stored picture for the map symbols used in the tests described above.
(24.143)
SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF PCM NOISE-FEEDBACK CODER FOR TELEVISION
R. C. Brainard, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
An optimization of a PCM coding system has been evaluated. The
system consists of a linear signal predistortion filter, a linear network in
a noise-feedback loop around the quantizer, and a linear reconstruction net-
work. Synthesis procedures for these filters to minimize the rms weighted
noise have been reported..
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Results of a program of subjective testing show that the subjectively
optimum system is nearly the same as that predicted theoretically. With a
sampling frequency of twice the signal bandwidth and three-bit quantization,
the optimum system gives nearly a 12-dB improvement in subjective signal-to-
weighted-noise ratio over a conventional quantization system with no filtering.
(24.3)
IMAGE QUALITY ENHANCEMENT
R. W. Brainard, and G. N. Ornstein, AD 616395, April 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A technique for enhancing the quality of imagery was investigated. The
technique consists of obtaining a video signal from a transparency and adding
to this signal its first and/or second derivative(s). The efficacy of the tech-
nique was evaluated by comparing imagery produced by the video signal and its
derivatives(s) with imagery produced by the video signal alone. The imagery
investigated consisted of standard test patterns and aerial photographs. The
processed test natterns were quantitatively analyzed to determine the resolution,
contrast and acutance of the imagery. The results indicate: (1) differentiation
enhances image quality, as indicated by the resolution, contrast and acutance
metrics, (2) greatest enhancement is produced by operations which include second-order
differentiation, and (3) the least enhancement is produced by first-order
differentiation. The aerial photographic imagery shows the same enhancing
effects as those obtained with the test patterns.
(24.30)
STUDIES OF CORRELATION BETWEEN PICTURE QUALITY AND FIELD STRENGTH IN THE UNITED STATES
C. M. Braum and L. L. Hughes, Proceedings of the IRE June 1960
(Author's) SUMMARY
The purpose of this paper is to present data which correlate a given
level of picture quality with some corresponding level of measured field strength.
The data were gathered by actual house-to-house surveys in conjunction with
field strength measurements. This procedure was followed rather than making
laboratory tests on new receivers because it was desired to evaluate coverage
as it actually was, not as it ought to be. Particular attention was paid to
differences between UHF and VHF channels with respect to receiver and antenna
performance in given field strengths. The ranges of field strengths required
for a passable picture quality are fairly well established for each band of
television channels.
"y B 10
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OPERATIONAL PROCESSING OF SATELLITE CLOUD PICTURES BY COMPUTER
C. L. Bristor, W.M. Callicott, & R. E. Bradford, Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 94
No. 8, August 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
This survey paper explains currently applied procedures whereby operational
products are formed from digitized satellite cloud pictures. Sufficient details
are provided so that prospective users of the products may understand how they
are produced. Comments on the outlook for digital product embellishments and
augmentations are provided.
(24.163)
METEOROLOGICAL PRODUCTS FROM DIGITIZED SATELLITE VIDICON CLOUD PICTURES
C. L. Bristor & W. M. Callicott, Manuscript Report No. 26, U. S. Weather Bureau
National Weather Satellite Center, March 1964
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Procedures are described whereby digitized vidicon cloud photos will
be computer processed. Data rates, preprocessing as well as rectification and
mapping are discussed and problem areas are indicated. The kinds of output
are described and products from various display devices are provided through
checkout samples.
(24.175)
A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE SPATIAL-FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A TELEVISION SYSTEM
Earl F. Brown, Bell Tele. Labs., Soc. of Motion Picture and Television Engineers,
April 16/21 1967 Conference
(Author's) SUMMARY
A simple method for obtaining quantitative measurements of the dynamic
response of a television chain to spatially distributed light input signals is
described. The major improvement over existing techniques is in the method of
scanning the target and the ability to make rapid quantitative measurements of
the system's response to almost any spatially distributed input light signal.
The measurement of a television system's response to spatially distributed
light input signals such as sine waves, square-waves, step or impulse signals
is described and/or illustrated. Adaptation of this technique for measuring
the line-profile of a picture tube is also described.
The apparatus required for these measurements is available in most
well equipped television laboratories and the measurement procedure is not
unfamiliar to television engineers.
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A SLOW-SCAN TELEVISION FILM RECORDER
Henry Canvel, Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 74, 770, September 1965
(Author's) SUMMARY
A special-purpose film recorder has been designed for recording
Mariner 64 television images on 35mm film. Design problems associated with the
slow-scan nature of the recorded information are discussed with regard to
scope phosphors, film types and processing. Recorder operation is described,
along with application information in support of Mariner Mars 1964 spacecraft
TV instrumentation.
(24.84)
A PROBABILISTIC MODEL FOR RUN-LENGTH CODING OF PICTURES
Jack Capon, IRE Transactions on Information Theory, December 1959
(Author's) SUMMARY
A first-order Markoff process representation for pictures is proposed
in order to study the picture coding system known as run-length coding (different-
ial-coordinate encoding). A'lower bound for the saving in channel capacity
is calculated on the basis of this model, and is compared with the results
obtained by previous investigators. In addition, this representation is shown
to yield an insight into the run-length coding system which might not otherwise
be obtained. The application of this probabilistic model to an "elastic"
system of run-length coding is also discussed.
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VIDEO TRANSMISSION OVER TELEPHONE CABLE PAIRS BY PULSE CODE MODULATION
R. L. Carbrey, IRE, 1546, September 1960
(Author's) SUMMARY
An experimental seven digit pulse code modulation (PCM) system has
been built for the transmission of monochrome and color television signals
over seven pairs of 22-gauge exchange area telephone cable, installed in the
laboratory. A beam coding tube converts the signal to seven parallel digits
of a binary Gray code at a 10 me rate. All circuits except the coding tube
deflection amplifier are transistorized. The coded digits are sent over the
cable in parallel form with alternate groups converted to complements of the
coded signal, thus substantially removing the low frequency component. This
makes it possible to use simple repeaters without special compensation for
duty factor variation. A repeater group is used after every 3000 foot section
of cable. One ten megabit repeater, consisting of an amplifier and blocking
oscillator, is required for each digit. All seven digit repeaters are tetimed
with a common timing wave. At the decoding terminal, transmitted complements
are restored to Gray code before translation to natural binary. A binary
weighted resistance network decoder converts the signals to a quantized
reproduction of the video signal. Good quality composite color and mono-
chrome pictures are obtained with six digits. Seven digits are believed
to be necessary for broadcast quality with some margins. Waveform photographs
illustrate the various functions, and photographs of decoded pictures are shown.
(24.140)
RESULTS OF A PROTOTYPE TELEVISION BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION SCHEME
coli,n Cherry and A. H. Robinson, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No, 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The transmitter/receiver system for bandwidth or data-rate
compression of television signals, described herein, is a prototype model of
the experimental system of Cherry et al. (1). The system is suitable for both
black-and-white or half-tone pictures, in realistic noise conditions. The
systan parameters may be adjusted so that an optimum run-length encoding may
be found; the great advantages of run-length quantizing are shown, especially
with regard to practical instrumentation, leading to the use of buffer stores
of modest capacity. One particular cheap form of receiver operates on a
quantized-variable-velocity principle and, being much more simple and cheap
than the transmitter, is suitable for use in situations requiring many receivers.
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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE POSSIBLE BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION OF VISUAL IMAGE
SIGNALS
Colin Cherry, M.H. Kubba, D. E. Pearson & M. P. Barton, IEEE, November 1963
(Author's) SUMMARY
It is a fact that the eyes are used far less often than the ears
in telecommunication systems. The obvious reason for this is that an adequate
signal can usually be obtained in aural communication channels with relatively
little data, but in contrast the eyes are considered to require a very great
deal of data in order to receive an adequate signal. There may be very many
industrial applications of a visual communication system if only the data
could be greatly reduced for such channels, so that adequate pictures of
various kinds might be transmitted and received in relatively narrow bandwidths.
Again, the criteria by which we judge these two kinds of channel are very
different; we regularly make use of aural channels which are highly distorted
and noisy, whereas we frequently judge vision channels, facsimile, etc., at
very high levels of quality, presumably because we are conditioned by the
needs of domestic television.
This paper, together with an accompanying paper by Kubba, 'describes
experiments upon the possibilities of automatic data reduction or bandwidth
compression of visual channels, for both black and white diagrams and for
half-tone pictures, using electronic equipment and accepting realistic noise
levels.
(24.24)
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE POSSIBLE BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION OF VISUAL IMAGE
SIGNALS
Colin Cherry, M. H. Kubba, D. E. Pearson & M. P. Barton, IEEE 1963
(Author's) SUMMARY
Same as (24.87 above)
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(24.74)
SOME POSSIBILITIES FOR THE COMPRESSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS BY RECODING
E. C. Cherry, D.Sc., and G. G. Gouriet, Paper No. 1401, Radio Section, July 1952
(Author's) SUMMARY
The paper describes first the excessive redundancy in television
signals, using the term in the sense of communication theory. The information
in a picture is largely contained in the edges and boundaries, but in practice
these occupy a very small part of the total area. The unequal probabilities
of signal elements lying in boundary and smooth surface regions are considered,
together with the transition probabilities between adjacent elements. Cr"mpress-
ion is shown to be possible by making such probabilities more nearly equal,
using a system of recoding.
Such recoding may be achieved by a variable-velocity scanning
system if the scan velocity is made high for all regions of the picture
having low picture-detail and low for regions having high picture-detail.
Picture-detail is defined precisely and measured values are given from
observations on working programme material.
Finally, compression is shown to be theoretically attainable in
both the vertical and the horizontal directions. Correlation between
successive line-scan waveforms is interpreted in terms of transition prob-
abilities, and again a redundancy is seen to exist. Suggestions are made
for reducing this by storage of every successive frame and scanning alternately
in the horizontal and vertical directions, in both cases using a variable-velocity
system. Finally, the paper should not be read as describing an existing working
system, but purely as a discussion of possibilities.
(24.69)
A QUANTISING HALF-TDNE GENERATOR FOR FACSIMILE RECORDING
H. A. Cole, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Report AERE - R 4878, 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
An electronic unit is described which enables the amplitude of a
continuously varying analogue signal to be quantised into six pre-selected
channels within the range 0 to (+) lOv. The boundaries of the channels are
defined by six discriminators which are connected via logic circuits to
control the conduction of six associated current generators. The currents
produced by the generators are used to produce a half-tone record on the
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(24.69) Continued
chart of a facsimile recorder. By pre-setting the generator currents to re-
present a given amplitude channel, a quantised facsimile of the analogue
signal may be produced in the form of a half-tone recording.
(24.132)
SPECTRAL LINES
C. C. Cutler, IEEE Spectrum, March 1967
No Abstract
(24.85)
DIGITAL SIMULATION IN RESEARCH ON HUMAN COMMUNICATION
E. E. David, Jr., Proceedings of the IRE,January 1961
(Author's) SUMMARY
Digital simulation is a powerful tool in uncovering the basic
properties of new or proposed communications principles, particularly those
involving coding of visual or auditory information. Operating on digitalized
speech or pictorial signals, a stored program computer can perform processing
equivalent to any coding. The output signals so produced can then be made
available for subjective evaluation, thereby removing the necessity for pre-
mature instrumentation to produce samples for viewing or listening. This
technique owes its efficacy to 1) the availability of computers fast enough
to accomplish the processing in a reasonable time scale, 2) the existence of
high quality translators to implement the flow of continuous signals in and
out of the computer, and 3) the creation of compiling programs which allow
uninitiated investigators almost immediate access to computer facilities,
and which keep programming effort low. Simulation is assuming an increasing
role in communications research.
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(24.21)
DIGITAL SIMULATION IN RESEARCH ON HUMAN COMMUNICATION
E. E. David, Jr.,,-IRE,1961
(Author's) SUMMARY - Same as (24.85)
(24.29)
MEASUREMENTS OF THE SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS OF INTERFERENCE IN TELEVISION RECEPTION
C. E. Dean, Proceedings of the IRE, June 1960
(Author's) SUMMARY
A measurement program was conducted in which almost 200 observers
made about 38,000 rating observations on color and monochrome stationary tele-
vision pictures impaired by various known amounts of interference. Separate
tests were made for the following types of interference: upper adjacent
channel, lower adjacent channel, random noise, co-channel with each of six
carrier-frequency separations, and simultaneous random noise and co-channel.
Six rating grades were used as follows: 1) Excellent, 2) Fine, 3) Passable,
4) Marginal, 5) Inferior, and 6) Unusable. The observations were handled
on a statistical cumulative frequency basis and plotted on probability paper.
Commercial monochrome and color receivers were used, and the tests were made
with laboratory signal-generating equipment on the lower VHF television
channels.
As representative results, a picture impaired by upper-adjacent-
channel interference (with 6-mc channels) was rated by 50 per cent of the
observers as Passable or better for-27db ratio of signal to interference.
For the lower adjacent case a similar value was founu, this result being
explained as due to better traps in the medium-high-grade receivers of the
test than in many receivers in use by the public. For random-noise inter-
ference the requirement for Passable or better rating by 50 per cent of the
observers was +27 db on the basis of RMS sync amplitude to RMS noise over
the 6-mc channel. The co-channel tests gave the following requirements for
the Passable or better rating by 50 per cent of the observers: 22 db for 360
cycles offset, 41 db for 604, 24 db for 9985, 17 db for 10,010, 29 db for 19,995,
and 17 db for 20,020. Data for simultaneous co-channel and random-noise
interference were taken for 14 combinations of test conditions.
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(24.83)
NARROW-BAND TV USES PSEUDO-RANDOM SCAN
Sid Deutsch, Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn, Electronics, April 1962
No ABSTRACT
(27.114)
THE POSSIBILITIES OF REDUCED TELEVISION BANDWIDTH
Sid Deutsch, IRE Transactions on Broadcast and Television Receivers, October 1956
(Author's) SUMMARY
A solution is sought to the following problem: Given a wide bandwidth
of the order of 50 kc, devise standards such that the entertainment value shall
be maximized. Four applications are considered: tape recording at a tape speed
of 15 inches per second; telephone conversation accompaniment over high-quality
telephone and long distance wire-line transmission over high quality telephone
lines; and short-wave transmission over a 120 kc channel. Bandwidth reduction
is achieved through reduced resolution, reduced field frequency, increased
interlacing ratio, the use of dot interlace, and the use of quantizating and
coding. The scanning frequencies and synchronizing signal are derived for
each case. In addition, for the short-wave system, a method of combating
multipath transmission is suggested.
(24.153)
ANALYSIS OF SOME REDUNDANCY REMOVAL BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
L. Ehrman, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Three redundancy removal bandwidth compression algorithms - the
floating-aperture predictor, the zero-order interpolator, and the fan
interpolator - are analyzed. Theoretical expressions are found for the mean
and mean-square times between output samples of these devices when the input
signal is a Markov process. These expressions are evaluated for the case in
which the input is a first-order Gaussian Markov process, and the resulting
output sampling rates and transmission bandwidths are compared to those required
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(24.153) Continued
by a PCM system using uniform sampling and optimum linear filter interpolation.
It is shown that, given sufficient a priori knowledge of the signal process,
there is little to be gained by using these redundancy removal techniques in
place of the PCM system. However, if the signal statistics are unknown, the
use of these algorithms instead of PCM may provide a considerable bandwidth
reduction.
(24.179)
THE RELATION OF NUMBER OF SCAN LINES PER SYMBOL HEIGHT TO RECOGNITION OF
TELEVISED ALPHANUMERICS
M. F. Elias, A. M. Snadowsky, E. F. Rizy, Tech. Doc. Report No. RADC-TDR-64-433
AD 608789
(Author's) ABSTRACT
To determine the effect of symbol resolution on the recognition of
alphanumeric symbols displayed on a television screen (video tube), 10 subjects
were repeatedly exposed to 36 symbols under 9 conditions of symbol resolution.
Results indicated that, depending upon its unique configuration, a symbol will
require a greater or fewer number of scan lines than another to be correctly
identified; and, for most symbols, a resolution as low as three or four scan
lines is not adequate for acceptable accuracy of identification under controlled
laboratory conditions.
(24.172)
THE LUNAR ORBITER PHOTOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
B. L. Elle, SMPTE 101st Tech. Conference, April 16-21, 1967
(Author's) SUMMARY
The photographic system which produced the photographs of the lunar
surface is a complex one. Inherent in its design is provision for dual lens
photography, film processing, conversion of the film images into video signals
for relay through the spacecraft transmitter, and reconstitution of the photo-
graphic image on earth after receipt of signals by the orbiter tracxing stations.
The prime objective of the Lunar Orbiter Mission is to secure topographic data
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(24.172) Continued
of the lunar surface to enable selection and confirmation of suitable Apollo
landing sites. In addition to the stringent performance objectives, the
equipment design was strongly influenced by a number of constraints; e.g.,
size, weight, power consumption, pressure environment, the ambient thermal
environment and the limitation on system control and instrumentation. Fund-
amental to the photographic system design was the selection of a suitable film
processing chemistry and lenses. These are all reviewed in detail. The
performance photographic requirements for the ground equipment are also
briefly reviewed.
(24.107)
DIGITAL TELEVISION - SHRINKING BULKY BANDWIDTHS
J. K. Fadely, J. M. Knight,G. L. Raga and B. C. King, Electronics, Vol. 37,
December 1964
(Author's) SUMMARY
Its flexibility and relative immunity to distortion have long been
known. Now a new approach solves the bandwidth dilemma, providing an effect-
ive tool for command and control or extended space-probe observations.
(24.16)
XV PROCESSING AND TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION
R. M. Fano, et al, Quarterly Progress Report No. 70, July 1963
NO ABSTRACT
(24.15)
X PROCESSING AND TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION
R. M. Fano, et al, Quarterly Progress Report No. 70, July 1963
NO ABSTRACT
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(24.42)
A MODEL FOR THE RANDOM VIDEO PROCESS
L, E. Franks, Bell System Technical Journal., April 1966
(Author's) SUMMARY
For problems concerning the transmission of video signals, it is
often desirable to know the statistical distribution of power in the frequency
domain for the signal process. It is convenient to have a model, involving
only a few essential parameters, which will satisfactorily characterize the
power spectral density of the random video signal. This paper proposes a
model for the random picture and derives expressions for second-order statist-
ical properties of the video signal obtained from a conventional scanning
operation on the picture. The properties of typical picture material make
valid certain approximations which lead to especially simple, closed-form
expressions for power spectral density. The continuous part of the power
spectral density is expressed as a product of three factors, characterizing
separately the influence of point-to-point, line-to-line, and frame-to-frame
correlation. For parameters representative of typical picture material there
is observed an extreme concentration of power near multiples of the line scan
and frame scan rates. An illustrative example of the use of the model in an
optimum linear filtering problem is included.
(24.28)
PICTURE QUALITY - PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS OF INTERFERENCE
G. L. Fredendall, W. L. Behrend, Proceedings of the IRE, June 1960
(Author's) SUMMARY
In 1958, Panel 6 (Levels of Picture Quality) of the Television
Allocations Study Organization conducted a comprehensive study of the sub-
jective effects on picture quality of a number of types of interfering signals
and noise, as functions of the levels of interference. These tests were de-
signed and carried out by teams of engineers and experimental psychologists
using a selective group of lay observers. This paper deals with the design of
the tests and with the laboratory facilities used in the tests.
(24.88)
PICTURE QUALITY - PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS OF INTERFERENCE
G. L. Fredenall, and W. L. Behrend, Proceedings of the IRE, June 1960
(Same as 24.28)
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(24.173)
DATA COMPRESSION WITH DIGITAL FILTERING
L. W. Gardenhire, Radiation, Inc., Telemetry Oct/Nov.1966
No Summary
(24.145)
OPTIMIZING SPACE TELEVISION TRANSMISSION
F.A. Gicca, International Telemetering Conf., Sept. 1963
(Author's) ABSTRACT
As space technology attempts to explore our planetary system in
continually greater detail, the processing of data for minimum telemetry power
is becoming increasingly important. In particular, television from space
occupies extremely wide bandwidths and therefore demands high telemetry power.
This paper explores how optimum digital television systems may be developed
which require a minimum of spacecraft power and weight. Four digital television
processing techniques are presented and their performance is compared with
conventional analog television. The most promising of these approaches called
"elastic encoding" provides telemetry power savings of about 5 db when compared
to analog television.
(24.94)
DIGITAL SPACECRAFT TV CAN BEAT BIT-RATE AND WEIGHT PROBLEMS
F.A. Gicca, Space/Aeronautics/Electronics Dec. 1962
(Author's) SUMMARY
Four basic methods have been applied so far in attempts to solve the
main problem of digital TV for spacecraft-the excessive bit rates required
by the typical encoding level of six bits. This article reviews these
methods in some detail, with particular emphasis on delta modulation and
Roberts pseudo-noise modulation. It points out that, of all the bit-reduction
techniques, elastic encoding looks most promising, and describes the design
and operation of a "synthetic-highs" version of an elastic encoder. In this
system, the output frame rate and therefore the transmitter power depend on the
average information content of the transmitted pictures and not on that of the
picture with the highest detail.
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(24.152)
STUDY OF AN ADAPTIVE QUANTIZER
L.S. Golding and P.M. Schultheiss, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3,
March, 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
As adjustable uniform quantizer dependent on observation of blocks of
quantized samples is investigated. In this quantizer, the range the samples
are expected to occupy within a block is predicted from observation of the
previous block. Then the upper and lower saturation levels of the quantizer
are adjusted independently to correspond to this predicted range. This
procedure is repeated for each new observed block of samples.
The adaptive quantizer is evaluated by means of a computer simulation,
comparing it to a uniform quantizer with fixed saturation levels. The system
is evaluated for television signals, spacecraft engineering sensor signals, and
a multiple Gaussian Markov process. For the television signals, the adaptive
quantizer acquires a "variable-range" mode of operation, making use of coherence
between successive lines in a frame to achieve a reduction in error. When
processing the other signals, the adaptive quantizer acquires a "fixed-range
variable-mean" mode of operation achieving reductions in mean squared
quantization error from 30 to 90 percent. A comparison with an ideal quantizer
illustrates the ability of the adaptive quantizer to make effective use of
coherence between samples to achieve a reduction in quantization error.
(25.54)
TELEVISION BY PULSE CODE MODULATION
W.M. Goodall, Bell System Tech. J. 30, 1951
(Author's) SUMMARY
Transmission by pulse code modulation presents inviting possibilities
in the field of television in that information may be relayed by many repeater
stations without deterioration. In a PCM system, the information signal is
periodically sampled and its instantaneous amplitude described by a group of
pulses according to a pre-set code. These pulse groups occur at the sampling
rate and constitute the transmitted signal. In this process an operation
known as amplitude quantization is required.
This paper will include a discussion of time sampling, amplitude
quantization, binary coding and decoding of a television signal. The operation
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of the equipment used to perform these functions is described.
The results obtained with an experimental system for different numbers
of digits (i.e., maximum number of pulses per group) from one to five are
illustrated by photographs. The television signal used in these tests was
obtained from a special low noise film scanner. As was expected, the number
of digits required depends upon the amount of noise in the test signal.
(24.76)
BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION OF A TELEVISION SIGNAL
G.G. Gouriet, Paper No. 2357R May 1957
(Author's) SUMMARY
Two sets of data are fundamentally required to describe a television
picture, one giving the significant changes of brightness, and the other the
positions of such changes. The total information content is calculated
according to Shannon, and the means are discussed for reducing bandwidth by
redistributing the data in time so as to achieve a constant rate of transmission.
Maximum compression is achieved by treating the two sets of data as independent
quantities, and using two channels for their transmission. A compromise may
be adopted, however, in which almost the maximum bandwidth compression is
achieved using a single channel at the cost of an increase of signal power.
The method is flexible in that it permits of an exchange to be made
between the size of picture element and the continuity of grey scale, for a
minimum stated bandwidth.
(24.144)
IMAGE TRANSMISSION BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONTOUR CODING
D.N Graham., Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The results of a computer simulation of an image transmission system are
reported. A reduction in the total number of bits required to describe a
picture by a factor of 4 to 23 is possible as compared with 6-bit PCM. In
this system an image is treated as a two-dimensional signal of the spatial
coordinates x and y. The large changes in brightness in a picture occur
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at the edges of objects and are accentuated by the visual system. The edge
points can be isolated by the gradient or Laplacian operator. The fact that
these edge points lie along connected contours in two dimensions is used to
code the location and characteristics of each point efficiently. Two-dimen-
sional reconstruction filters are derived to synthesize the high frequency
picture from the decoded edge information. A two-dimensional low-pass or out-
of-focus picture is also formed which can be transmitted with a relatively
small number of bits. After a possible accentuation to make the picture
appear "sharper," the "synthetic highs" signal is added to the low-pass
picture to yield the final output.
(24.135)
XII. COGNITIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING
D.N. Graham, Quarterly Progress Report No. 75, M.I.T. Research Lab. of
Electronics, Oct. 1964.
NO ABSTRACT
(24.160)
A HYBRID GRAPHICAL DISPLAY TECHNIQUE
H.L. Graham, Electronic Systems Laboratory, N66-39295, May 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
An on-line graphical display technique and an experimental system
prototype employing this technique are discussed. Unlike some methods, which
display graphical data by point-plotting or by piecewise-linear segments,
this technique employs a sequence of curved segments. This approach results
in compact storage of the digital commands that describe a complex curve at
the expense of some computing time necessary to establish these commands.
The prototype system, which is based on this technique, is relatively
uncomplicated and inexpensive; therefore, it is suited for use at the remote
consoles of a time-shared computer facility.
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(24.53)
COMMUNICATION THEORY APPLIED TO TELEVISION CODING
R.E. Graham, Bell Telephone Labs, Acts Electronics, 2, 1957-58
The problem of encoding a continuous television signal for efficient
transmission over a digital channel is discussed. Two arbitrary categories
of available techniques "time-warping" and "h yperquantizing" - are set forth,
and some of their idiosyncrasies described. An experiment is described in
which point-by-point prediction of a television picture is carried out by a
human being, and the indicated channel saving by means of statistical coding
is calculated from the prediction error statistics. Some drawbacks of
straightforward prediction-error coding are pointed out, including the effects
of random noise embedded in the signal prior to processing, and the disadvan-
tages of conventional amplitude quantization as a prelude to coding. These
limitations are to some extent avoided in an alternative approach to channel
capacity economy through efficient numerical description of the original
picture. Illustrations of such "hyperquantizing" methods include a combina-
tion of band splitting with conventional amplitude quantization, and a variant
of differential quantizing. An experimental trial of differential quantizing
of picture signals is described, in which an information transmission rate of
three binary digits per picture sample is required. A number of examples of
the resulting pictorial reproduction as shown..
(24.158)
ON THE NATURE OF INFORMATION-AN APPLICATION OF ENTROPY
M. Grossman, IEEE Spectrum Dec. 1965
NO ABSTRACT
(24.50)
READING AND WRITING WITH ELECTRONIC BEAMS
J. Herbert Jr., Electronics, 30 May 1966
NO ABSTRACT
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(24.27)
A CYLINDRICAL CODING TUBE FOR 8-DIGIT CODE
H. Heynisch, Proceedings of the IEEE, Nov. 1963
(Author's) SUMMARY
The cylindrical coding tube discussed in this paper has been designed
for converting a sampled analog signal into a digital signal of reflected
binary (Gray) code. The physical principle of the tube is one of electron-
optical image formation in a coaxially symmetrical electric field, similar
to 450-focusing in a homogeneous field. This principle leads to a minimum
of image errors.
The voltages applied to the tube remain below 250 volts, the control
voltage being smaller than 65 volts. The current pulses are decoupled on
eight discrete collectors. The signal sampling frequency may go up to 10 Mc
and higher.
The tube is relatively sturdy in its physical construction, the cathode
being designed for a long life expectancy. The tube assembly is 65 mm in
diameter, 250 mm long, and has a weight of less than 300 gms.
(24.170)
APPLICATION OF REDUNDANCY REDUCTION TO TELEVISION BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION
D. Hochman, H. Katzman, and D.R. Weber, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3,
March, 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Redundancy reduction processes have proven highly effective in compressing
the bandwidth of pictorial data. Compression is achieved by approximating the
video time function with polynomial sequences.
This paper presents experimental results obtained by computer simulation,
demonstrating the effectiveness of redundancy reduction when applied to different
examples of pictorial material. Some of the practical considerations in
implementing bandwidth compression systems for both black-and-white and color
television are also discussed.
Based upon these simulation results and laboratory investigations, it is
estimated that video bandwidth reductions from two to four can be accomplished
with the present state-of-the-art.
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(24.148)
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN PCM TRANSMISSION OF LOW-RESOLUTION MONOCHROME
STILL PICTURES
T.S. Huang, O.J. Tretiak, B. Prasada, and Y. Yamaguchi, Proceedings of the
IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3, March, 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
We present some results concerning the effects of changes in system
parameters on the picture quality in PCM transmission systems. We restrict
our attention to low-resolution monochrome still pictures, and discuss in
particular the effects of the number of samples per frame, the number of
brightness levels, the scanning pattern, and the channel noise, with a view
to the optimal choice of these parameters.
(24.101)
DIGITAL PICTURE CODING
T.S. Huang, National Electronics 22nd Conference, Chicago, Illinois,
Oct. 3-5, 1966, Proceedings.
NO ABSTRACT
(24.91)
PCM PICTURE TRANSMISSION
T.S. Huang, Research Laboratory of Electonics, MIT, IEEE Spectrum Dec. 1965
NO ABSTRACT
(24.115)
T.S. Huang and O.J. Tretiak, Symposium on Optical and Electro-optical
Information Processing Technology, Boston, Mass., Nov. 9, 10, 1964,
Proceedings.
NO ABSTRACT
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(24.117)
DIGITAL PICTURE CODING
T.S. Huang, Mass. Institute of Technology, Cambridge,, Mass.
NO ABSTRACT
(24.118)
USE OF SPACE VEHICLE TELEVISION DEVELOPMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL USE
C.T. Huggins, Symposium on Technology Status & Trends, Huntsville, Alabama,
April 21-23, 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The application of a technique developed by MSFC for space vehicles for
expanding the capacity of a transmission system is discussed as it could apply
to commercial and industrial situations. A short history of the development
and theory of operation is given using slides and film clips for illustration.
The system is basically a specialized method of time-sharing the output of
a number of cameras to create an interleaved-information stream which can be
sent over conventional television transmission links such as a long-line cable
or microwave links. The composite stream of information is separated at the
receiving terminal into a number of channels equal to the channels at the
transmitting terminal. Each channel may be viewed on a monitor as though it
were being transmitted continuously.
Uses of the capacity-expansion portion of the system is described as it is
related to industrial and commercial applications. Examples of these are
multipoint surveillance within two or more plants and multicamera coverage of
sports or news events. Also briefly discussed are the new developments which
compliment both the transmission and reception ends of the above system.
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(24.26)
A UNITY BIT CODING METHOD BY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
H. Inose and Y. Yasuda, Proceedings of the IEEE, Nov. 1963
(Author's) SUMMARY
Signal-to-noise performances of a unity bit coding method and the
characteristics of an experimental video encoder based upon the principle
are described. The system contains a signal integration process in addition
to the original delta modulator and features capability of transmitting dc
component of input signal.
The characteristics of the quantizing noise to the signal amplitude and
the integrator time constant are obtained theoretically as well as experimentally.
The characteristics of periodical noise which are inherent to the proposed system
are also investigated.
The design and the characteristics of an experimental encoder for digital
transmission of video signals are described as examples of the experimental
equipment constructed to demonstrate the realizability of the principle. The
experimental results show that considerably good reproduction of video pictures
is obtained with sampling frequency as low as 30 Mc and suggest that the proposed
system well fulfills the purpose.
(24.116)
DELTAMODULATION, A METHOD OF TRANSMISSION USING THE 1-UNIT CODE
F. de Jager, Philips Res. Rep., 7,1952
(Author's) S1JMMAR'Y'
It is known that in a communication system the influence of interferences
in the transmission path can be reduced considerably by coding the information
signal first and transmitting then a corresponding pulse pattern of 0 and 1
pulses. In wellknown systems of pulse-code modulation the n-digit binary code
is used. In deltamodulation, however, a "code" comprising only 1 digit is used.
Here the reproduced signal is obtained by applying the series of quantized
pulses to a linear network. This system enables us to obtain a simplification
of both coding and decoding devices. The conversion of the information signal
into a quantized pulse pattern is achieved by using a negative-feedback circuit
in which the voltage applied to the feedback network is quantized both in
amplitude and in time. The network in the feedback loop should be related to
the mean spectrum of the information signals. For speech an integrating network
may be used as such. It is found, however, that the frequency characteristic
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of the feedback network for frequencies lying between the highest speech-frequency
and the pulse frequency has its influence on the amount of quantizing noise in
the reproduced signal. A reduction of the quantizing noise is acquired by using
a combination of single and double integration in this frequency region. Then
the ratio between the r.m.s. values of'the information signal and the quantizing
noise is proportional to the 5/2 power of the pulse frequency.
(24.49)
PRINTING BY WIRE
W.P. Jaspert, Perspective, 1966
NO ABSTRACT
(24.134)
BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES FOR METEOROGICAL SATELLITE PICTURES
E. D. Jones, N66-19006,Stanford Research Inst., May 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A selection of TIROS and Nimbus satellite cloud pictures were processed
to reduce the bandwidth required for transmission. Several analog processing
methods were studied, each aimed at a 9:1 bandwidth reduction ratio. A detailed
technical description of the several processes is given, together with the cloud
photographs that resulted. A possible implementation of a real-time operational
system is included. A discussion of noise considerations, errors, analog logic
techniques, and a comparison of the evolved bandwidth reduction system with
other approaches is appended.
It is concluded that the bandwidth compression schemes described here
retain meteorologically significant features decidedly better than a system
based on simple low-pass spatial filtering (averaging).
(24.32)
PULSE-SWITCHING CIRCUITS USING MAGNETIC CORES
M. Karanugh, Proceedings of the IRE, May 1955
NO ABSTRACT
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(24.68)
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED FACSIMILE
TRANSMISSION V. SYNCHRONIZATION OF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
D. Kleis and M. van Tol, Philips Techn. Review Vol. 10/No. 11, May 1949
(Author's) SUMMARY
The motors which bring about the scanning of the picture areas in the
transmitter and in the receiver of the Philips apparatus for high-speed
facsimile transmission have to run synchronously with a tolerance of no more
than 0.6 degree in their relative phase. This requirement cannot be met with
synchronous motors, nor with the system of stabilization by means of tuning-
fork generators much used for low-speed facsimile transmission. A new method
of synchronization had, therefore, to be developed. A regulating device was
employed which reacts to phase deviations between the motors in the transmitter
and the receiver, combined with a similar device reacting to differences
between the speeds of the two motors. These devices are controlled by synchroniz-
ing pulses produced by the optical rotor in the transmitter and transmitted to
the receiver together with the facsimile signal, and with the aid of pulses
produced by a small generator coupled to the shaft of the receiver motor. More-
over, in the transmitter a device is used which stabilizes the speed of the
transmitter motor, so that the synchronization only needs to provide a correction
for small variations in the transmitter. With this method it has been possible
to reach the necessary phase constancy; in the event of a disturbance the
equilibrium is aperiodically restored, with such an inertia that the edge of the
recorded picture does not show any disturbing undulation.
(24.64)
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMITTING & RECEIVING EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED FACSIMILE
TRANSMISSION IV. TRANSMISSION OF THE SIGNALS
D. Kleis and M. van Tol, Philips Tech. Review, Vol. 10/No. 10,April 1949
.(Author's) SUMMARY
The transmitting apparatus of a facsimile equipment supplies a voltage
which varies in accordance with the blackness of the successively scanned
image elements. This "facsimile signal" has a Fourier spectrum beginning at
the frequency zero and extending, in the case of the Philips system for high-
speed facsimile transmission, to 100 kc/s. In the transmission of the signal
to the receiving apparatus, where it has to control a gas-discharge lamp which
records the image on a film, there are particularly four stages of importance:
amplifying, modulating, reversal and slicing. Modulation on a carrier wave is
necessary because the carrier-telephone cables suitable for the transmission
do not pass the lowest frequencies of the signal. A carrier of 100 kc/s is
used, thus equal to the highest signal frequency; the lower side band is
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transmitted. At the receiving end no demodulation in the ordinary sense of
carrier-telephony is required, and a conventional full-wave rectifier will
perform this function satisfactorily. The signal has to be amplified before it
is modulated and in the receiver amplification again takes place in order to
modulate an output valve supplying the recording lamp. Alternating voltage
amplifiers are used, which, it is true, do not transmit the direct-voltage
component of the signal (average blackness of the image, frequency "zero"),
but the exact position of all signal levels can be reconstructed by the
periodical transmission of impulses with a given level and the use of C-R
coupling elements with an auxiliary diode. For this principle, known in
television, an improved circuit has been applied in our system. A reversal
stage permits the recording on the film to be made either positive or negative.
The slicer can advantageously be so set that for black-and-white documents, for
instance, parts with a reflection coefficient of 60% and more are recorded as
white and those with a reflection coefficient of 40% or less as black.
(24.67)
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED FACSIMILE
TRANSMISSION II. DETAILS OF THE TRANSMITTER
D. Kleis, F.C.W. Slooff and J.M. Unk, Philips Techn. Rev. Vol. 10/No. 9 Mar 1949
(Author's) ABSTRACT
In the transmitter of the high-speed facsimile transmission system
developed by Philips the documents to be transmitted are held electrostatically
on a conveyor belt by a D.C. voltage of several kV. A rotating optical system,
around which the conveyor belt is curved perpendicular to its direction of move-
ment, scans the paper in parallel lines at the rate of 180 lines per second.
The rotor comprises three identical scanning units set at angles of 120? to each
other, so that it is only necessary for the conveyor to curve through 120?. The
three scanning systems in turn project a scanning spot I/5mm'in diameter on the
document to be scanned and at the same time concentrate the diffusely reflected
light on a stationary secondary-emission photo-electric cell. A carefully
designed optical system, using a film projection lamp as light-source, produces
at the photo-electric cell a luminous flux of 0.20 for black and 0.70 millilumen
for white parts of the document. As the signal supplied by the photo-electric
when scanning white is 43 db above the noise level, the latter produces no visible
fluctuations in the tone of the received image.
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(24.131)
DATA COMPRESSION BY REDUNDANCY REDUCTION
C.M. Kortman, IEEE Spectrum March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Because of the increasingly pressing problem of spectrum overcrowding
in data transmission channels, it is becoming more and more necessary to
develop 'schemes to optimize the use of the available frequencies. The
Proceedings of the IEEE is devoting its March issue to the subject of "Redundancy
Reduction and Bandwidth Saving." This article, timed to coincide with the
Proceedings issue, briefly describes some of the salient features of the various
approaches to redundancy reduction.
(24.73)
REDUCED-ALPHABET REPRESENTATION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS
E.R. Kretzmer, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New Jersey
(Author's) SUMMARY
Experimental results are presented, in the form of kinescope photographs,
showing the performance of a scheme for reducing the alphabet required for the
discrete,representation of television signals. The reduction is obtained by
unusually coarse amplitude quantization of the high-frequency components of the
signal, the low-frequency components being rendered with customary accuracy.
The experiments reported on are of an exploratory nature and pertain to a
system requiring about half as much channel capacity as that needed with con-
ventional discrete representation. The resulting picture degradation is of
an unusual nature and is surprisingly small for many types of picture material.
(24.41)
STATISTICS OF TELEVISION SIGNALS
E.R. Kretzmer, Bell System Technical Journal 31:751 (1952)
NO ABSTRACT
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(24.25)
AUTOMATIC PICTURE DETAIL DETECTION IN THE PRESENCE OF RANDOM NOISE
M.H. Kubba, Proceedings of the IEEE, Nov. 1963
(Author's) SUMMARY
This paper is intended to be a companion to the paper in this issue by
Cherry, et al.,, entitled "An Experimental Study of the Possible Bandwidth
Compression of Visual Image Signals." It concerns particularly that part of
the visual signal compression process carried out by the "picture detail
detector". The purpose of this detector is to make a continuous running
examination of a scanned video signal, in real time and to make successive
decisions concerning the location of essential sample points. These points
are the boundaries between successive step functions which adequately represent
a reduced form of the picture suitable for encoding in a compression scheme.
"Suitable" here means an adequate representation of the picture as judged by
eye. The device is based upon a statistical inference process which effectively
leads to discrimination between the video signal and the background random noise
based upon the fact that the statistical properties of successive picture points
are different for the picture itself and for the noise.
(24.63)
TIGHTENING THE BELT ON TV BANDWIDTH
G. Lapidus, New York
NO ABSTRACT
(24.176)
DISCRETING OF IMAGES BY SEPARATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF CONTOURS
D.G. Lebedev, D.S. Lebedev, N65-26186, NASA
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A means of discreting of images (see note) which ensures a significant
lowering of the required number of levels of quantification by comparison with
the usual discreting procedure is investigated. The procedure is based on
separation and quantification of values of brightness of elements of the images
which form curves with subsequent reproduction of smooth transition by two
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dimensional interpolation. Selection of the Laplacian as the operator for
separation of the contours is founded. Results of simulation of the proposed
procedure for discreting on an electronic digital computer are presented.
*(noted): D.G. Lebedev, D. S. Lebedev, "A Procedure For Analysis and
Synthesis of Television Images," authors copyright No. 163204 with priority from
5 July 1962.
(24.162)
APPLICATION OF PERCEPTRONS TO PHOTOINTERPRETATION
H.R. Leland, G.E. Richmond, M.G. Spooner, Report AD No. 603377, Aug. 1963
NO ABSTRACT
(24.139)
SOURCE-RECEIVER ENCODING OF TELEVISION SIGNALS
J.O. Limb, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The first stage of efficiently coding television signals-the nonreversible
process of obtaining a discrete signal-is investigated. The process depends on
the properties of the source and the receiver which in this case is the human
sense of vision. Emphasis is given to the examination of the properties of the
receiver and the selection of an appropriate criterion of performance. The
criterion adopted is the probabilistic measure of viewer preference in a direct
comparative judgment between the original and the coded-decoded version. For
this criterion the precision with which picture components need be reproduced
will depend primarily on the visual thresholds associated with the picture
components. The "Optimum Decision" model of threshold vision is investigated
using the criterion.
As an example a practical encoder is discussed which is designed around
the loss of sensitivity of the visual system adjacent to a change in luminance.
High-quality pictures have been encoded having first-order entropies in the
range 0.8 to 2.0 bits per picture element.
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(24.105)
IMPROVEMENTS TO BE REALIZED THROUGH THE USE OF BLOCK-CODED COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
W.C. Lindsey, C.I.T. Jet Propulsion Lab., IEEE Transactions on Aerospace
and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-2, May 1966.
(24.161)
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCESSING OF LUNAR TELEVISION PICTURES
C.S. Lorens, A.M. Boehmer, J. Gallagher, N65-17214 11/2/62
(Author's) ABSTRACT
It is estimated that large quantities of lunar planetary pictures are
to be obtained from forthcoming experiments. The processing of pictures through
digital computer techniques offers one possibility for handling the large number
of pictures which are to result from these experiments. This report is the final
report on a theoretical and experimental study of techniques for processing
pictures.
An outline is presented of possible linear and non-linear theoretical
work which can be made applicable to processing lunar and planetary pictures.
The theoretical material of this report is limited to linear processing. The
material deals with exploiting the geometry of pictures principally through the
assumption of statistically stationary properties under translation and rotation.
Pictures are defined as functions of one index where the index is a 2-dimensional
vector corresponding to the 2-dimensional coordinates of the picture. This nota-
tion makes it possible to handle pictures in the conventional 1-dimensional nota-
tion of classical processing theory while preserving the 2-dimensional properties
of the picture. The report deals with representation of the pictures, linear
processing, matrix products, correlation functions, stationary and symmetry pro-
perties optimum linear processing, trivial processing, orthogonal preprocessing,
minimum error, minimization with a constaint, preprocessing with prediction,
quantization, and convergence of iterative computations.
The experimental work of this report tests the theoretical results for
complexity, usefulness, and correctness. An experimental capability was developed
capable of producing pictures with up to 750 elements in 6 shades of brightness
corresponding to the 6 faces of the cube onto which the shades of brightness were
pasted. This capability was then used in the experimental representation of the
Craters Eratosthenes and Archimedes in 15 x 19 fields of elements. Artificial
pictures were also constructed having controlled correlation functions. A number
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of experiments were performed with these pictures to extract in an optimum
manner another desired picture. A variety of FORTRAN programs are included
for eventually performing the processing computations on a digital computer.
(24.98)
DIGITAL PULSE COMPRESSION USING POLYPHASE CODES
E. S. Lurin, IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 51, Sept. 1963..
NO ABSTRACT
(24.166)
NIMBUS DATA-HANDLING SYSTEM
R.M. Madvig., M.G.H. Ligda, A. Macovski,, J.J. Bialik, A.R. Tobey, N 63 12010
Oct. 1962
(Author's) ABSTRACT
This report covers the technical progress made during the third quarter
of the project.
Some conclusions are made regarding requirements for distribution and
processing of cloud pictures. The possible applications of infrared data and
possible ways to automatically process the IR data are discussed. Operational
applications of Nimbus data as obtained from a survey of weather analysis
centers and weather forecasting groups are reported.
A method for rectification of cloud pictures is described, the problems
associated with digital rectification are discussed, and the increase of
communications cost for transmission of rectified pictures over the cost of
transmission of unrectified pictures is reported.
The line-leasing costs are estimated for several networks for distributing
cloud pictures to United States Weather Bureau agencies.
Methods for gridding and rectifying Nimbus cloud pictures on board the
satellite are described.
A number of short topics on the subject of computer gridding are included
in an appendix.
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(24.39)
ULTIMATE SENSITIVITY OF IMAGING DEVICES
L.R. Mailing, JPL Space Programs Summary No. 37-33 Vol. 4, 1965
(Author's) SUMMARY
The photon population for a given luminous intensity has been estimated
by means of two separate concept f6of the lumen. A useful approximation for
space science is 1 ft-c = 1.1X10 photons/sec.
From the photon concentration on the picture element, the ultimate sensitivity
may be expressed by quite simple equations: for non-storage devices as S/N=
(na/B) 1/2, and for storage devices as S/N=(2na)1/2.
The quantum efficiency of the slow-scan vidicon, r1=40%, is seen to be much
greater than is generally supposed and approaches that of the best photoconductive
cells. As with the broadcast vidicon, early experimental samples exhibited a
sensitivity that later units could only marginally exceed because of the fundamental
relationship ri= T/Tr, established by the camera system restraints.
(24.92)
DELTA MODULATION
Robert H. Maschhoff, Argonne Nat'l Lab., Electro-Technology, Jan 1964
(Author's) SL1I4fA1~Y
Delta modulation has proved useful in some speech and video communication
systems, and in control systems which require encoding and transmission of
analog information. Use of delta modulation requires an understanding of its
basic mode of operation and performance characteristics, and of its relationship
to other, similar modulation methods.
(24.112)
VISUAL DATA TRANSMISSION
R.J. Massa, Data Sciences Lab. Project 4610, Air Force Cambridge Research Labs.
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Statistical coding and visual fidelity criterion approaches to the television
bandwidth reduction problem are described and contrasted. A review of techniques
based on both approaches is'presented. A brief discussion of television signal
properties and several television user applications is included. Emphasis is
placed on bandwidth and/or power reduction through consideration and utilization
of human visual summation properties. A class of reduced rate systems with
random-scanning, non-information bearing masks, and amplitude weighting are
presented and discussed.
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(24.167)
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
D.M. Meadows, IEEE Reg. III Conv. Proc. April 1966
(Author's) SUMMARY
A description is given of the Lockheed-Georgia Company activities in the
area of man-machine graphical communications. The Company program, Man-
Computer Graphics (MCG), is discussed in terms of applications, software and
hardware. A general background of the program is also provided.
(24.5)
PERCEPTION OF TELEVISION RANDOM NOISE
Pierre Mertz, Journal of the SMPTE,Vol. 54, Jan, 1950
(Author's) SUMMARY
The perception of random noise in television has been clarified by
studying its analogy to graininess in photography. In a television image the
individual random noise grains are assumed analogous to photographic grains.
Effective random noise power is obtained by cumulating and weighting actual
noise powers over the video frequencies with a weighting function diminishing
from unity toward increasing frequencies. These check reasonably well with
preliminary experiments. The paper includes an analysis of the effect of
changing the tone rendering and contrast of the television image.
(24.12)
VIDICON APPLICATIONS FOR SPACE-BORNE TV CAMERAS
M.H. Mesner, SPIE Journal Vol. 3, 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The feasibility of TV in satellites and space probes has been demonstrated
in 8 TIROS vehicles. Other usages are discussed including other weather
observational satellites., space astronomy for stellar and solar measurements,
uses in manned and unmanned lunar missions, and biological observations. Solutions
to problems pertaining to the space environment and the design choices in using
vidicons for remote instrumentation are discussed. The direction of anticipated
growth and development are outlined.
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(24.48)
THE SURVEYOR LUNAR LANDING TELEVISION SYSTEM
D.R. Montgomery and F.J. Wolf, IEEE Spectrum, Aug 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
From the period of June 1, 1966, through June 14, and from July 6 through
July 13, the Surveyor spacecraft television camera provided the United States
a close-up view of the lunar surface at the millimeter scale. This article
describes the functional engineering aspects of the camera and its performance
capabilities.
(24.1)
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF IMAGE INTENSIFIER TELEVISION SYSTEMS
R.D. Moseley, T. Holm and I.H. Low, J. Roentgenal 92, Aug. 1964
(Author's) SUMMARY
Methods for the performance evaluation of image intensifier-television
systems utilizing a modulation transfer function derived from the composite
video signal have been described. The results with a stationary square wave
test pattern and with a moving sine wave test pattern have been presented.
The method is effective for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of
different systems,, as well as for the developmental analysis of a single system.
The technique may also be used to maintain a system at optimum performance levels.
(24.58)
TRANSDUCING SYSTEM FOR PHOTOGRAPHICALLY RECORDING VIDEO IMAGES AND SOUND SIGNALS
RELATED THERETO
J.T. Mullin, June 15, 1965 (U.S. Patent No. 3,189,683)
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(24.47)
DIGITAL VIDEO-DATA HANDLING
R. Nathan, Technical Report No. 32-877, Jet Propulsion Lab , Jan 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A technique has been developed which makes it possible to perform accurate,
detailed operations and analyses upon digitized pictorial data. Television
pictures transmitted from the Ranger and Mariner spacecraft have been significantly
improved in clarity by correcting those system distortions which affect photometric,
geometric, and frequency fidelity. Various classes of structured noise have also
been detected and removed digitally by means of newly devised two-dimensional
filters. Although mathematically the filters are easier to describe in the
frequency domain, they are more effectively applied as a convolution operation on
the original digitized photographs. The cleaned-up, enhanced pictures are then
used by the computer for further interpretive and statistical analyses.
(24.165)
AN EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY FOR SEQUENTIAL DECODING
C.W. Niessen, MIT N 66 28513 Tech. Report 450 Sept 13, 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Sequential decoding is one of the few practical methods known for
communicating over a noisy channel which, for interesting rates, attains the
error-correction capability predicted by Shannon's coding theorem. Since
analytical investigations are limited by the difficulty of the mathematics
involved, experimental studies into the behavior of sequential decoding are
necessary. This report describes the system design and implementation of a
facility for the experimental study of sequential decoding that may be used
at M.I.T. by graduate researchers in communications theory. Flexibility and
ease of use are the primary requirements of this system.
Thorough investigation of the characteristics of sequential decoding and
likely problems to be studied led to a system based upon the Project MAC PDP-6
computer. The design reflects constraints imposed by time, cost, equipment
availability, and the anticipated class of users. A portable data-acquisition
system, consisting of a digital tape recorder and analog-to-digital conversion
equipment, is provided to make available to the computer the outputs of
experimental demodulation equipment. The experimenter can decode the acquired
data sequentially in accordance with an algorithm specified and easily written
by him in a version of Fortran modified for this purpose. The modified Fortran
contains statements for the use of special subroutines provided, such as a con-
volutional coder. The program is run within a monitor system which handles most
input-output automatically and provides for man-machine interaction with the
program. The monitor also collects statistics on the decoding process to aid
the user in evaluating his algorithm.
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All sequential decoding algorithms may ultimately be described as tree
search algorithms in which it is desired to find the "best" path through a
tree. A display of the paths searched by the algorithm has therefore been
made the principal tool for the man-machine interaction. The user watches this
display and controls the running of the algorithm via a light pen and commands
typed to the monitor.
The system has been successfully implemented and tested, and experimental
results are described.
(24.45)
AREA PROPERTIES OF TELEVISION PICTURES
S. Nishikawa, R.J. Massa, and Mott-Smith, IEEE Trans. on Information Theory
IT-11 No. 3 July 1965
NO ABSTRACT
(24.164)
THE NIMBUS I METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE-GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS FROM A NEW
PERSPECTIVE
W. Nordberg, N65-29819, May, 1965
(Author's) SUMMARY
The Nimbus I meteorological satellite which was launched into a nearly
polar, sunsynchronous orbit and was fully earth oriented carried a set of very
high resolution television cameras, a directly transmitting television camera
of lesser resolution and a High Resolution Infrared Radiometer. The observa-
tions of detailed cloud features during daytime, the direct transmission of
such observations to local weather station via an Automatic Picture Transmission
system and the measurement and pictorial presentation of earth, water and cloud
temperatures from orbital altitudes at nighttime with the infrared radiometer
have provided geophysical and meteorological measurements from a truly global
perspective. Temperatures of ice surfaces of Antarctica and Greenland were
presented in high resolution, radiation pictures with accuracies of about
?2?K. Pictorial maps of cloud cover and of cloud top heights were obtained
during nightime permitting a three-dimensional analysis of the global cloud
structure and inferences regarding the dynamics of weather fronts, severe
storms, atmospheric circulation cells, etc. Measurements of sea surface
temperatures were made in many areas of the world. Radiation patterns
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observed over terrain in cloudless conditions indicate the temperatures of the
soil and permit inferences, in certain cases, of soil conditions such as moisture,
vegetation, mineral composition, etc. The data are available for further
analysis by the scientific community and a catalog of all NIMBUS observations is
contained in reference (9).
(24.125)
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF VISUAL DATA PROCESSING IN THE HUMAN BRAIN
D.L. Ockerman AD 619394 June 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The operation of the visual portion of the human brain has been simulated
on the IBM-1620 and IBM-7094 digital computers. The simulation is designed
using the cross-correlation method postulated by Dr. Kabrisky. The simulation
is very coarse as the grain size of the visual area of the human brain is four
hundred times finer than the computer model. The model stores new patterns,
standardizes pattern sizes, rotates the input pattern and recognizes identical
or similar patterns. The model is evaluated by inserting twenty test patterns.
The model did seem to simulate the human visual recognition system for these
input patterns. The model will recognize patterns that are reduced, enlarged,
shifted,, or rotated. After analyzing the satisfactory results recommendations
are made for the design of larger and more intricate models. The computer
programs and sample results are included in the Appendixes.
(24.147)
A BOUND ON SIGNAL-TO-QUANTIZING NOISE RATIOS FOR DIGITAL ENCODING SYSTEMS
J.B. O'Neal, Jr., Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
When an analog signal is encoded into digital form and then decoded back
into an analog signal, quantizing noise is always introduced. The amount of
quantizing noise which contaminates the decoded analog signal is inextricably
tied to the amount of redundancy present in the signal and in the digital bit
stream. Reducing the quantizing noise and, therefore, increasing the fidelity
of the resulting signal requires that the redundancy in the digital bit stream
be reduced or eliminated. There is a point., however, beyond which the quantizing
noise cannot be further reduced. This is discussed in quantitative terms by
deriving an upper bound on the signal-to-quantizing noise power ratio possible
for a given bit rate and signal ensemble. Ratios of signal-to-quantizing noise
greater than this bound are not possible for digital encoding systems. This bound
is compared with the operation of pulse code modulation, differential pulse code
modulation, and delta modulation systems.
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(24.19)
SELECTED TOPICS IN OPTICS AND COMMUNICATION THEORY
Ed. O'Neill, Itek Corp., Sept.1958
NO ABSTRACT
(24.138)
XIV. PROCESSING AND TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION
J.W. Pan, Quarterly Progress Report , M.I.T. Research Lab of Electronics,
July 1962
NO ABSTRACT
(24.141)
A REALISTIC MODEL FOR VISUAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
D.E. Pearson, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
In this paper Shannon's model of a communication system is extended to
allow for the influence of the human viewer on the encoding and decoding processes.
The extended model is shown to represent actual visual systems more realistically
and to lead to the design of viewer-oriented codes which maximize the fidelity
of transmission. Systematic procedures for the calculation of these codes
are suggested, with practical examples.,
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SEQUENTIAL OPERATIONS IN DIGITAL PICTURE PROCESSING
J.L. Pfaltz, A. Rosenfeld, Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery,
Vol. 13, Oct. 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The relative merits of performing local operations on a digitized picture
in parallel or sequentially are discussed. Sequential local operations are
described which label the connected components of a given subset of the picture
and compute a "distance" from every picture element to the subset. In terms
of the "distance" function, a "skeleton" subset is defined which, in a certain
sense, minimally determines the original subset. Some applications of the
connected component and distance functions are also presented.
(24.7)
AN EXPERIMENTAL PHOTO-TAPE FRAME-CAMERA SYSTEM
W. J. Poch, Journal of SMPTE 74: January 1965
(Author's) SUMMARY
The basic principles and advantages of recording and storing optical
images in the form of equivalent electrical charge patterns on a special kind
of flexible tape are presented. An experimental model of a frame-type camera
system which was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of this method of
recording is described. Characteristics of the camera and its method of
operation are discussed. The paper describes the "prepare" or "erase" process,
the "writing" or recording process and the "readout" process. The results
of preliminary tests which are reported verify the validity of the basic
concepts involved in this kind of video recording system.
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SOME POSSIBILITIES OF PICTURE SIGNAL BANDWIDTH COMPRESSION
Birendra Prasada, IEEE Transactions on Communications Systems, Sept 1963
(Author's) SUMMARY
An experimental appraisal of the Cherry-Gouriet proposals, for the
bandwidth compression of television signals by variable-velocity coding, has
been made. A flying-spot variable velocity scanner was built for this purpose.
The encoding of the signal in this system is done by a nonlinear feedback loop.
Qualitative studies on the stability of the loop have been made. It has been
found that the effect of the source noise on the encoder performance is ex-
tremely important. It is concluded that owing to the limitations of the
devices, the variable-velocity scanner is not practically feasible for tele-
vision transmissions. However, this system seems ideally suited for LF trans-
mission of pictures.
The potential bandwidth compression of the B.B.C. test card C has
been determined from its run-length statistics.
An open-loop system of bandwidth compression has been described
which uses variable-rate sampling. Using the statistics obtained from the
test card C, the storage requirement of the open-loop system has been
assessed.
(24.171)
STOP-SCAN EDGE DETECTION SYSTEMS OF TELEVISION BANDWIDTH REDUCTION
W. K. Pratt, AD 465106, June 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A family of systems is developed to code television pictures
such that the bandwidth, or time, required for transmission is reduced
significantly compared to transmission by conventional pulse code modulation.
The systems have application for spacecraft television communication where
the reduced bandwidth enables a reduction in transmitted power. Data from
optical detection and tracking sensors may be processed at a significantly
increased rate with the systems. Also, for a fixed communications bandwidth,
the television bandwidth reduction systems permit an increase in the number
of television channels that can be relayed by an earth orbiting satellite or
microwave relay station.
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The major informational content of a television picture as
judged by a human viewer lies in its outline, or edges, which occupy only a
small area of the total picture. A bandwidth reduction is realized by trans-
mitting video information suitably coded and time redistributed only at the
edge positions in a picture. Edges are formed by subtracting the intensities
of adjacent picture elements along a television line. If the difference signal
exceeds a threshold value an edge exists. The position of each edge is coded
as the number of elements scanned since the previous edge occurrence.
The time redistribution is performed by a stop-scan picture
information gathering and display process at the coder and decoder eliminating
the need for high speed buffer storage units. In the stop-scan process,
camera scanning proceeds at a uniform rate; when an edge is detected, scanning
is halted. At the next allowable edge transmission time, the video inform-
ation is transmitted, and scanning resumes. The display of video information
at the decoder follows an inverse stop-scan process.
In this report the psychophysical properties of image viewing
related to television systems are investigated to determine the relationship
between television design parameters and communications bandwidth. Inform-
ation theoretic bounds of bandwidth reduction and the optimum selection
of system parameters are established. Statistical image measurements are
performed to determine the probability of occurrence of edges. The implement-
ation of an operational prototype of the basic stop-scan edge detection system
is described. Viewing tests are performed to verify the quality of pictures
processed by the basic system.
(24.157)
MAN-COMPUTER GRAPHICS FOR COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
M. David Prince, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 54, No. 12, December 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the history, concepts, state-of-the-art, and
future directions of the use of man-computer graphics for computer-aided design.
Computer-aided design is based on a real-time graphical dialogue between the
man and the computer in which the man draws on a display by means of a "light-
pen" or other input device. The computer "understands" the picture, makes
calculations based on it, and presents the results pictorially to the user for
his approval or revision. This man-computer graphical conversation has been
made possible by recent advances in the speed of the digital computer, time-
sharing programming, computer-driven display technology, and graphical input
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devices. The light pen is the most commonly used graphical input device, but
keyboards, joysticks, flat matrix arrays, and other devices are also used.
The programming state-of-the-art is a limiting factor in the
implementation of graphical computer-aided design; much work remains to be
done in systems programming, efficient time sharing, list structure concepts,
file organization, and memory protection. A number of experimental equipment
configurations in use in various laboratories are cited and the hardware
state-of-the-art is reviewed.
Several experimental and production applications of computer-aided
design evolved in a large aircraft company are described and illustrated by
display photographs. These applications relate to structural analysis, dynamics,
information retrieval, accounting, and numerical control tape preparation.
For the future, advances are required in improved man-computer
communication, techniques to permit the operation of displays at great distances
from the central computer, and methods of inputting existing drawings into the
computer in a meaningful form.
(24.103)
THE UTILIZATION OF BANDWIDTH TO MINIMIZE REQUIRED TRANSMITTER POWER
G. Rabow, IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, Vol. Com-13, June 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
In the transmission of a signal between two points, a set of
primary parameters is the ratio 2B of transmission bandwidth to signal bandwidth,
the required signal-to-noise ratio Po, the ratio Pc of transmitted power-to-
noise density, and some measure of system complexity. The constraint here im-
posed on system complexity is not to allow coding in the time domain beyond
that which is incidental to expanding the base signal bandwidth.
Typically, the original signal is first quantized into M levels
where M = \/-"O'+ The M-ary digits are then transformed, into M' ary digits,
where M'/log M' = 4B/log M. This is done to have the transmitted signal just
fill the available transmission bandwidth. Transmission space is divided into
M' bi-orthogonal components, such as two quadrature channels in each of M'/4
noninterfering frequency channels. The M' integer then transmitted is a
pulse in the appropriate one of the M' phase-frequency channels, and is detected
by a maximum likelihood device. The resulting coding scheme reduces to
conventional modulation methods such as AN, FM, PM, and PCM for certain combin-
ations of Po and B, but for all other cases requires lower Pc.
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SIGNAL CODING FOR TRANSMISSION AND RESOLUTION USING GRAPH THEORETIC METHODS
C. V. Ramamoorthy, Honeywell, Inc. IEEE Annual Communications Convention,
Boulder, Colo. June 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to develop a graph-theoretic approach
to noiseless digital waveform coding for better signal resolution. The
advantage of such an approach is that it provides an efficient representation
of the discrete signal waveforms, an enumeration technique to count the max-
imum number of waveforms possible under a given set of constraints and
measures of comparison between different encodings.
This paper is divided into two parts. The first part deals with
signal representation and enumeration. In the second part we postulate codes
suitable for signal resolution under noise jitter and inter-symbol interference.
An example of implementation of the techniques in the case of an ultrasonic
delay line is given.
(24.43)
DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT PULSE SIZES FROM SINGLE CATHODE ELECTRONS IN AN IMAGE
INTENSIFIER
G. T. Reynolds, D. P. Hutchinson and P. Botos, Jr., Brit. J. Appl. Physics,
Vol. 17, 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The size distribution of light pulses from the anode of a transmiss-
ion secondary electron image intensifier tube has been measured for single photo-
electrons emitted from the cathode. The distribution deviates from a simple
exponential, but does not approach a Poisson distribution. The noise distrib-
ution has also been studied and several different components distinguished.
The effect on these components of cooling the cathode has been investigated.
By virtue of absolute calibrations, a measurement of the photon gain of the
intensifier can be calculated from the observed single electron pulse height
distribution. A comparison of this gain with that determined by a direct
measurement indicates that a significant fraction of the electrons emitted
from the cathode are lost in the dynode structure, even under conditions of
good electron optics.
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SENSITIVITY OF AN IMAGE INTENSIFIER FILM SYSTEM
George T. Reynolds, Applied Optics, Vol. 5, April 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Using calibrated light sources, the sensitivities of several common-
ly used films have been determined in terms of the number of photons incident
required to develop one grain of emulsion. By incorporating an image intensi-
fier in the system, the time required to obtain an image of a given quality
or information content can be reduced significantly. Criteria are discussed
whereby an estimate of the time advantage can be made for various experimental
conditions. Noise, quantum fluctuations, spatial resolution, and over-all
detection efficiency are discussed.
(24.34)
FACSIMILE IMAGING SYSTEMS, PARTS I, II, III
G. H. Ridings, Western Union Technical Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, October 1964
NO ABSTRACT
(24.66)
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED FACSIMILE
TRANSMISSION - I GENERAL
H. Rinia, D. Kleis and M. van Tol, Philips Technical Review, Vol. 10, January 1949
(Author's) ABSTRACT
In recent years a new system has been developed at Eindhoven for
facsimile transmission and reception of drawings, photographs or printed
matter capable of transmitting a document of quarto size (21 cm x 29.7 cm) in
8 seconds by means of a cable or by radio. The system is continuous: the docu-
ments, the size of which - apart from a limit on the width of 22 cm - is
immaterial, are placed on an endless belt upon which they are electrically
"stuck" for scanning by a rapidly rotating optical system. At the receiving
end positive or negative reproductions, reduced 6 x in size, are "written"
on a continuously moving film which then passes through the developing and
fixing processes and can if necessary be printed immediately on sens4_tized
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paper, enlarged to the original size. The resolving power of the system is
5 lines per mm, which corresponds to the best reproduction obtainable from
the older and slower types of equipment. A number of characteristic features
and possibilities of application of the new system are reviewed in this
article; a description of the mechanism, with details of the optical and
electrical devices, will be presented in subsequent articles in this review.
(24.97)
PICTURE CODING USING PSEUDO-RANDOM NOISE
Lawrence Gilman Roberts, IRE
Transactions on Information Theory, February 1962
(Author's) SUMMARY
In order to transmit television pictures over a digital channel,
it is necessary to send a binary code which represents the intensity level
at each point in the picture. For good picture quality using standard PCM
transmission, at least six bits are required at each sample point, since the
eye is very sensitive to the small intensity steps introduced by quantization.
However, by simply adding some noise to the signal before it is quantized and
subtracting the same noise at the receiver, the quantization steps can be
broken up and the source rate reduced to three bits per sample. Pseudo-
random number generators can be synchronized at the transmitter and receiver
to provide the identical "noise" which makes the process possible. Thus, with
the addition of only a small amount of equipment, the efficiency of a PCM
channel can be doubled.
(24.99)
CODED DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS - INFORMATION TRANSFER, NOT ENERGY TRANSFER
P. Rosen and I. L. Lebow, Space Aeronautics, Vol. 39, February 1963
(Author's) ABSTRACT
We know enough today about the application of communications theory
and about digital coding, this article points out, to design communications
systems on the basis of information transfer rather than energy transfer. The
authors discuss what this approach involves in terms of the relationship be-
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tween data rate, channel capacity, and probability of error, and show how it
affects the functional organization of transmitting and receiving terminals.
The problems of substituting a discrete for a continuous channel and the
suitability of various types of coding are also reviewed.
(24. 174)
A PRECISION FLYING SPOT FILM DIGITIZER
Jerome A. G. Russell, N64-17291
NO ABSTRACT
(24.23)
CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF AN ELF DISPLAY SYSTEM
E. A Sack, P. N. Wolfe, and J. A. Asars, Proceedings of the IRE, April 1962
NO ABSTRACT
(24.46)
A LOOK AT COHMERCIALLY AVAILABLE LIGHT SENSITIVE IMAGING TUBES
I. T. Saldi, E. T-. Chace, G. W. Iler, and H. Shabanowitz, Electronic Industries,
May 19 66
NO ABSTRACT
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DELTA MODULATION, A NEW MODULATION SYSTEM FOR TELECOMMUNICATION
J. F. Schouten, F. de Jager, and J. A. Greefkes, Philips Technical Review,
Vol. 13, No. 9, March 1952
(Author's) SUMMARY
In this article the development of different modulation systems
is described, a development which aims at achieving the transmission of
audio or video signals as free as possible from interference. The inter-
ference occurring in carrier modulation systems and also in pulse-position
modulation arises from very small effects of interference being cumulative
in the course of transmission. This cumulation can be eliminated by quan-
tizing the signals to be transmitted, both in time and in amplitude. The
system of delta modulation, based on this principle, is described and compar-
ed with other systems employing quantization (pulse code modulation). It
appears that for a good reproduction, using a reasonable bandwidth for the
transmitted signal, the apparatus required for delta modulation is relatively
very simple, because of coding being applied with the aid of only one unit.
This is possible by reason of the fact that with delta modulation account
is taken of the correlation properties of the signal, by employing a special
kind of inverse feedback in the transmitter, and that the properties of the
system are matched with those of speech and music and of the human ear.
(24.77)
SYNTHETIC HIGHS - AN EXPERIMENTAL TV BANDWIDTH REDUCTION SYSTEM
W. F. Schreiber, C. F. Knapp and N. D. Kay, Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 68, August 1959
(Author's) SUMMARY
A complete system is described which codes a standard video
signal to match a narrower band channel and subsequently decodes the received
signal for display on a standard TV monitor. The system transmits the low-
frequency, or macrocontrast signal, in analog form. The location and amplitude
of the edges are transmitted by a digital code. At the receiver the edge in-
formation is used to synthesize the highs content of the video, which is the'i
added to the lows to reconstruct the original video signal. Bandwidth reduce..
tion is achieved by exploiting both statistical correlations and psychophysicai
phenomena.
Apparatus for the separation of low frequencies, detection of edges,
quantization and binary digital coding of edge amplitude and synthetic re-
construction of highs is described. The digital coder for edge locations has
been described elsewhere.1 Picture-tube photographs of the resulting pictures
are shown. Factors affecting the degree of bandwidth reduction and the effect
of variation of system parameters such as separation frequency and quantization
levels are discussed.
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PICTURE CODING
W. F. Schreiber, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A critical view is presented of the development of certain
picture coding systems. An attempt is made to unify the treatment of these
systems by emphasizing the reaction of the observer to the types of alteration.
introduced into the transmitted signal, on the basis of what is known about
vision. For the purpose of casting a number of apparently different techniques
into similar forms, the relationship between differential quantizing and PCM
is discus$ed in detail. We conclude that the pre- and post-quantizing filters
play a key role in these systems. Optimum choice of such filters is shown to
improve both quality and efficiency. Two-dimensional and dual-mode systems
are seen to be outgrowths of these considerations. Recent results are de-
scribed and a method of comparison between systems is proposed.
(24.137)
XVIII. PROCESSING AND TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION
W. F. Schreiber, Quarterly Progress Report No. 68, M.Q.T. Research Lab of
Electronics, January 1963
NO ABSTRACT
(24.90)
INFORMATION TRANSMISSION, MODULATION, AND NOISE
Schwartz
Comparative Analysis of Systems Chapter 6
NO ABSTRACT
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XVII - COGNITIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING
F. U. Scoville, Quarterly Progress Report No. 73, M. I. T. Research Lab of
Electronics, July 1965
(24.177)
A STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LEGIBILITY OF TELEVISED CHARACTERS
W. F. Seibert, D. F. Kasten and J. R. Potter, Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 68
July 1959
(Author's) SUMMARY
Thirty-six volunteer subjects, screened for normal visual acuity,
viewed televised displays during a one-hour testing session. There were 252
displays; each consisted of four characters (letters and numbers) of a given
size and contrast condition. The study design made it possible to compare
visibility across: (1) six viewing distances, (2) three viewing angles, (3)
three figure-background contrasts, (4) four character sizes and (5) three
time-segments within the testing session. Results indicate that no visual
fatigue occurred, that black-on-white and white-on-black contrasts produced
about equal visibility, and that characters subtending 10 min of vertical
visual angle could be perceived with almost complete accuracy.
(24.128)
A NEW MULTI-LEVEL CODING TECHNIQUE FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
J. L Shagena & J C. Kvarda,
(Author's) ABSTRACT
In bandwidth limited digital communication systems, it is possible
to increase the data rate at the expense of demanding a higher signal-to-noise
ratio in the transmission medium. This multi-level coding scheme allows
adjustment of this data rate to match the capacity of the channel while main-
taining a constant bandwidth; or conversely, for a fixed data rate, it compresses
the bandwidth by requiring a higher signal-to-noise ratio.
A data modem equipment using this technique has been developed and
'! is also described in this paper. B57
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A TELEVISION IMAGE SIMULATOR AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Rostyslav Shavlach, SPIE Journal, October - November 1964
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The television signal resulting from the scanning of an image
(such as a photographic transparency) can be processed to achieve interesting
and useful effects. Among these effects are variation in resolution and
noise, variation of the contrast ratio within any specific range of the gray
scale, control of differentiation for bas-relief effects, and production of an
equal-brightness contour. Included are the descriptions of the methods of
producing the effects and the results attained. Photographs illustrating the
various processes are shown to demonstrate the results.
(24.65)
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED FACSIMILE
TRANSMISSION III. DETAILS OF THE RECEIVER
F. C. W. Slooff, M. Van Tol, and J. M. Unk, Philips Technical Rev. 10,
257-264, 1949, No. 9
(Author's) SUMMARY
In the Philips high-speed facsimile transmission system the signal
received, the strength of which varies according to the light and shade of the
image being scanned, is employed at the receiver to control the current flow-
ing in a gas-discharge lamp. The varying amount of light from this lamp is
projected in the form of a spot onto a film by an optical system rotating
in synchronism with the rotor of the transmitter. The film is curved to the
cylindrical shape of the rotor and passes the latter continuously, so that the
light spot traces on it parallel lines exactly corresponding to the scanning
lines at the transmitter. Owing to the very high resolving power of the positive
film used, the image can be reproduced in the receiver at 1/6th of the original
size, with consequent economy in film. To this end, the diameter of the rotor
is only 1/6th the diameter of the rotor at the transmitter, and the recording
spot is similarly one-sixth the size of the scanning spot (i.e. 331A). In this
case, too, the rotor carries three identical optical systems and the film is
curved only through 120?. Tolerances governing the relative position, size
and intensity of the spot in the three optical systems are essentially very
small and extreme precision in manufacture of the rotor and in assembly is
necessary. Whereas in the case of the scanning spot at the transmitter a
circular form is the most suitable, a substantially rectangular shape is
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better for the recording spot. This is produced by focusing onto the film
the image (reduced 4X) of a rectangular diaphragm having all four sides
adjustable. The lamp, which is capable of following modulating frequencies up
to 100 kc/s and the luminous intensity of which is sufficient to produce a
density of 1.5 on the film in 5 ?sec, is a gas-discharge lamp filled with
mercury vapour and argon at low pressure. The discharge is concentrated
within a tube 1 mm in widths A steady current flows through the lamp to
assist it in following the necessary high modulation and to give the light-
versus-current characteristic the desired form for linear reproduction.
(24.9)
A TELEVISION IMAGERY SIMULATOR
J. P. Smith and J. F. Baumunk, Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 70, January 1961
(Author's) SUMMARY
For evaluating TV systems and for studying image enhancement
techniques, there is a need for simulator equipment with adjustable and
measurable parameters. Because results must be duplicated from day to day
and from month to month, reliability is of importance in designing the
equipment. Also, when evaluating systems of high resolution, the resolution
capabilities of the evaluating means must be better than the system under
evaluation. The mechanical and electrical design must be flexible so that,
when new ideas present themselves, they may be developed and added to the
existing equipment. A TV Imagery Simulator which fulfills these requirements
has been built by the Astro-Electronic Products Division of RICA and has been
in use for over two years.
(24.6)
A VIDEO-MODULATION TEST SYSTEM FOR SPACE TELEVISION
G. R. Southworth, Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 74, April 1965
(Author's) SUMMARY
A video-modulation system, applicable to space technology, has been
designed for use in the investigation of modulation and transmission of single-
frame television images. Design objectives included generation of a high-quality
video signal with resolution preciselyy5ccontrollable from approximately 100 X 100
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to 1000 X 1000 picture elements. The output signal, limited to the audio-
frequency range, permits the operator to generate bandwidths from 100 cycles
to 8 kilocycles. An unusual degree of flexibility is provided and the major
limitations of conventional slow-scan systems are eliminated.
(24.59)
STORING DATA WITH LIGHT
R. D. Stewart, Electronics, February, 1966
(Author's) SUMMARY
This article, one of a series on optoelectronics, discusses four
ways of recording and reading back memory data optically: beam modulation, beam
deflection, bistable light emitters and optical delay lines.
(24.120)
SEQUENTIAL OBSERVATIONS BY HUMAN OBSERVERS OF SIGNALS IN NOISE
J. A. Swets & D. M. Green, Information Theory (4th London Symposium)
NO ABSTRACT
(24.129)
PROSPEF]IVE DELLE TELECOMUNICAZIONI SPAZIALI
Alberto Tamburrini, Missili E. Spazio, 7,December 1965
(Author's) SUMMARY
Tutte le trasmissioni possono convenientemente essere ridotte al
01
tipo digitale, proprio della traamiasione di dati. Questo sara facilitato
dalla possibility di ?fruttare ie attuali tecniche teoriche di codificazione:
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molto promettente appare it canale spaziale per quanta riguarda l'uso del.
codici ricorrenti (correzione d'errore) the dovrebbero affiancare i codici a
blocco (rivelazione d'errore).
Sono accennati i quattro momenti di studio di un canale: esame
degli errori, modello matematico, modello fisico, sistemi di codificazione.
(240142)
A PSEUDO-RANDOM QUANTIZER FOR TELEVISION SIGNALS
J. E. Thompson and J. J. Sparkes, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 3
March 1967
(Author's) ABSTRACT
A pseudo-random quantizer has been constructed to operate in a
standard 405-line television system using a digital channel of only two bits
per sample capacity. The "dirty-window" effect on moving pictures of a
synchronized dither signal has been converted to noiselike flicker equivalent
to 30 dB S/N ratio.
(24.57)
HIGH RESOLUTION OPTICAL FILM-SCANNING APPARATUS
T. Trott, U-. S. Patent No. 3,210,468
NO ASS GT
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A SURVEY OF CAMERA TUBES FOR TELEVISION BROADCASTING
4alter E. Turk, Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 75,Nov. 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The evolution of television camera tubes is traced with major changes and
improvements described. The survey covers dynode structure change, image
section change, and target changes brought about through use of the electronically
conducting glass target.
(24.126)
A SURVEY OF PICTORIAL DATA PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENTS
Andries VanDam, AD 626155, August 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
In response to the requirement of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts of
the Department of the Navy, and Engineering Data Systems subcommittee 0004,
The Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania
conducted a survey of pictorial data processing techniques and equipments to
serve as a state-of-the-art report.
The information contained in this document was contributed for publication
by private industrial organizations and universities. The listed organizations
were contacted by means of a form letter and follow-up telephone calls. The
material was drawn from special technical responses, brochures, reports, proposals,
existing surveys, and published literature. (A partial bibliography is included
in the Appendix). Because of time and manpower limitation, the information is
published essentially as submitted, and no attempt has been made to verify
performance claims or specifications, or to indicate relative merits of competing
equipments.
Whereas there exists a number of surveys and compendia, some of them
exhaustive, in one or another area of pictorial data processing, there is not,
to our knowledge, a single published report which collates and structures
existing equipments, and research and development efforts, for the entire
range. It is the purpose of this report to approximate such a survey. It is
not exhaustive, nor does it cover all of pictorial data processing. We have
addressed ourselves primarily to the present and future needs of the Engineering
Data generator and user (engineer, scientist, designer, technician, etc.) who
wants to communicate in real or near real time with his environment of digital
processors.
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Sincere appreciation and thanks are extended to the organizations and
individuals who contributed their time and effort to this undertaking. The
report was prepared by Andries van Dam, with help from David Evans, under
the supervision of Drs. Harry J. Gray and Noah S. Prywes.
(24.155)
DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR THE NIMBUS METEROLOGICAL SATELLITE
Alan Wachtel, 1963 Telemetering Conf. Proc. May 1963
(Author's) SUMMARY
This paper deals with a new data processing system, now under test,
conceived for the National Satellite Weather Center of the United States
Weather Bureau by ESS GEE, Inc.
The system is designed to accept a wide variety of inputs-including FM,
PCM-AM, PDM-AM, serial and parallel digital data-and performs two major functions.
The primary function is to format the input data for entry into a computer complex
and the secondary task is to provide a means of displaying portions of the data
in requisite format.
Flexibility and modularity is emphasized in the system design so that
expanded requirements for the processing of additional data can be met readily
with only the incorporation of the appropriate signal conditioners. Internal
analog data speed buffering and high speed processing are provided so that data
received at a wide range of rates can be readily accommodated.
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ANALOG DIGITAL CONVERSION OF TV DATA ON MARINER 4
J. Way, Sr. Space/Aeronautics, Vol. 44, August 1965
NO ABSTRACT
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ANALOG-FM vs. DIGITAL-PSK TRANSMISSION
James W. Whelan, IEEE Vol. COM-14, No. 3 June 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
This paper provides a comparison of the transmission of information in
analog form by frequency modulation (FM) and in digital form by phase shift
keying (PSK). The two systems are compared on the basis c. relative accuracy
provided, relative power and bandwidth required, and relative equipment
complexity involved, with the emphasis being on spacecraft application.
Although the two systems require about the same transmitter power (within
1 dB) to provide rms output signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios between 20 and 30 dB
at threshold, the analog system is generally simpler, whereas the digital
system is capable of greater accuracy. However, the digital system is more
efficient for extremely high S/N ratios. The transmission bandwidth required
by the FM system is less than that for the pulse code modulation (PCM) system
for moderate SIN ratios. For S/N ratios above 35 dB, however, the PCM system
requires less bandwidth, as well as less power, than the FM system.
Although the analog-FM technique is usually the most straightforward
approach, the information may be transmitted in digital form in order to take
advantage of one or more of the following factors:
1) Transmitter power savings over conventional analog-FM transmission
for high S/N ratios
2) Ability to regenerate the digital signal
3) Solidity with which the information is known when digitized
4) Ease of handling YES-NO or ON-OFF signals
5) Ease of multiplexing digital signals
6) Ability to encrypt the digital signal
7) Practicality of processing and sending information at extremely
slow rates, as from deep space probes, when in digital form.
(24.82)
DIGITAL TV BANDWIDTH REDUCTION TECHNIQUES AS APPLIED TO SPACECRAFT TELEVISION
James W. Whelan, J. Spacecraft & Rockets Vol. 3, No. 5, May 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Digital data compression techniques suitable for use in transmission of
television data from spacecraft are evaluated. Previously proposed compression
techniques are summarized briefly, and two new techniques are described. One
of these, the nontime-buffered Improved-Gray-Scale (IGS) pulse code modulation
(PCM) compression system, was evaluated by scanning slides, digitizing the
resultant video signal to 6-bit accuracy, processing the digitized signal,
converting it to analog form, and displaying it for photographic reproduction.
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This simple system, suitable for spacecraft application, offers a saving of 2-to-1
(three bits per picture element) with very little picture degradation compared
to pictures generated by a 6-bit system. Theoretical evaluatior.,, of the other, a
Coarse-Fine (C-F) PCM system (also nontime-buffered) indicates a possible 2-to-1
saving with essentially no degradation. Systems utilizing time buffering
techniques offer bandwidth reductions of as much as 4-to-1, and hybrid systems
utilizing botn nontime-buffered and time-buffered techniques offer compressions
up to 6-to-1 with possibilities of approaching 10-to-I for average complexity
pictures.
(24.119)
LENTICULAR STEREOSCOPIC TELEVISION
Charles White, Symposium on Technology Status & Trends, Huntsville, Al., 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
An old optical teclnique utilizing cylindrical lenses has been adapted to
dynamic displays, with particular reference to television. The techniques
also apply to motion picture photography and projection. Two cameras and an
electronic switch are required to produce the television picture. The television
display itself is a flat-faced cathode ray tube, but the effect of the lenses
in front of the display is to cause each eye to view only those portions of the
picture that were derived from the appropriate TV camera. Thus the viewer sees
what he would see if he were looking at a three dimensional presentation, and his
brain therefore visualizes the presentation as being truly three dimensional.
The limitation of the original concecpt, and later concepts which do not have
these limitations, are presented.
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COMPARISION OF CONVENTIONAL AND DIGITAL TIME DISPLAYS
C. Zeff, Ergonomics, Vol. 8, July 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
An experiment was devised to compare the speed and accuracy of reading the
time from possible forms of conventional rotary clocks and digital clocks for
both 12-hour and 24-hour displays.
Twenty subjects were each presented with 96 displays of digital and
conventional clocks in a balanced experimental design.
The results showed that the speed of reading (for logging to the nearest
minute) is three and a half to four times faster with a digital than with a
conventional clock. The errors with a conventional clock are ten times those
with a digital clock. No significant difference was found between the 0-12-
hour and 13-24 hour displays for either the digital or the conventional clock.
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INFORMATION DISPLAYS
EDN, Vol. 11, No. 4, April 1966
(Author's) SUMMARY
Information displays show promise of revising man's entire way of life.
At present, displays are revolutionizing how engineers design, how business
is conducted and how war is fought. In a few years the display will become
a household tool, as common as the telephone is today.
(24.40)
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS CONCERNING MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDING
EDN, March 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
Magnetic tape recording has advanced significantly in the past few years.
Because of this rapid advance the terminology often is misunderstood. In this
article the author answers some of the most frequently asked questions.
(24.37)
RE: MEASURING SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIOS
Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 75, March 1966
NO ABSTRACT
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TV DATA COMPACTION STUDY
Radiation Systems Division, AD 637694, Feb. 1966
(Author's) ABSTRACT
This final report, prepared for the U.S. Army Satellite Communicationu
Agency under contract No. DA 28-043-AMC-01677(S), covers the results of the
TV Data Compaction Study performed by Radiation Incorporated. The 'basic
objective of the study was to provide data about the characteristics of
meteorological weather pictures that would allow efficient application of data
compaction processes to the transmission and reproduction of these pictures.
The equipment utilized for this study were the government-furnished Automatic
Picture Transmission (APT) Ground Station and the Radiation Incorporated Data
Management Analyzer (DMA). The APT system provided a means of scanning pictures,
generating video signals, transmitting these signals, and then reconstructing a
final output picture from this data. The Data Management Analyzer was used to
process the data between the transmitter and receiver to simulate an actual data
compression transmission system. The flexibility of the DMA enabled the selection
of a number of different processing modes and provided all required data to
quickly evaluate the effects of these different processes. The goal of the study
was to obtain a minimum reduction ratio of 5 to 1 with acceptable picture quality.
This goal was accomplished.
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DECISION CELLS SIMPLIFY WEATHER-SATELLITE DATA
Author Unknown, Machine Design,Jan 20, 1966
NO ABSTRACT
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MANNED SPACECRAFT ADVANCED DIGITAL TELEVISION COMPRESSION STUDY
N66-37290 (Vol. 1 Text) April 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The information presented in this report represents the results of a
seven month investigation (combining theoretical and experimental approaches)
into advanced digital television techniques having potential application to
future manned spacecraft missions. The information is presented in two volumes.
Text Volume I incorporates in Sections 2 through 5 the summary results of the
various study tasks. Program conclusions and recommendations are given in
Sections 6 and 7, respectively, and the detailed results of the study tasks
appear in Appendices A through F. Volume II, the photographic volume, includes
the pictorial results obtained in several of the supporting experimental areas.
(24.133)
MANNED SPACECRAFT ADVANCED DIGITAL TELEVISION COMPRESSION STUDY
N66-37291 (Vol. 2 Photographs) April 1965
(Author's) ABSTRACT
(See above)
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PRODUCT PROFILE XEROX "LDX"
S.P.I.E. Journal. Vol. 2 April, May 1964
NO ABSTRACT
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PROJECT TELSTAR
A.C. Dickieson, Bell Lab Record, April 1963
(Author's) SUMMARY
This article "sets the stage" for the discussion of the Telstar experiment,
which culminated in the transmission of television across the Atlantic on July
10, 1962.
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WHEN TELETYPE OR VOICE WON'T WORK ....SEND IT BY MICROWAVE
Oil & Gas Journal,V54,No. 4,Nov. 21, 1955
NO ABSTRACT
(24.81)
DOT SYSTEMS OF COLOR
Electronics,Jan 1950
(Author's) SUMMARY
Sampling and multiplexing techniques permit transmission of color television
pictures in the presently assigned channel bandwidth. Several systems of dot
sequential color that may be compatible with blackand white are described.
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PICTURE PROCESSING AT JPL (unofficial title)
JPL Technical Report No. 32-1028
(Author's) ABSTRACT
The interpretation of medical and biological pictures, such as x-ray
photographs, can frequently be made easier if selected portions of the image
are first enhanced by means of a digital computer. Two particular enhancement
methods are described in this Report. The first method uses image subtraction
to achieve enhancement by removing unimportant information from the picture.
The second method uses two-dimensional filtering to achieve enhancement by
emphasizing selected portions of the picture frequency spectrum. This filtering
method is particularly useful for bringing out fine detail that is totally
invisible on the unprocessed picture. Examples of enhanced medical x-rays,
photomicrographs, and infrared photographs are shown.
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