NO PEACE IN MIDDLE EAST WHILE ARABS EXPECT ISRAEL TO WITHDRAW

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Publication Date: December 29, 1969
• Content Type: OPEN

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December 29, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks E 11023
ago, and I know how deep are the currents of
this war.
President Nixon's proposal for timed with-
drawal is therefore eminently sound, and
his desire to keep such a timetable discre-
tionary is profoundly sensible. President
Nixon has clearly put us on the path to
peace.
Since it is far easier to start a war than
it is to end one (let us not forget that even
victors have difficulty ending wars), this
country should give President Nixon, not yet
a year in office, sufficient time to work out
the conclusion to one of the longest wars
In American history. Such support is simply
the reasonable action of a reasonable people.
To criticize the President's actions not for
being proper, but for being slow, is childish
and unrealistic. This country has been
founded on that delightful cry of the under-
dog: "Give a man a chance." I suggest we
give President Nixon a chance.
This is why it is so important for Repub-
licans especfally to band together behind
the President?to give him that solid sup-
port he needs to wage a war for peace. As
the titular head of the Republican Party,
President Nixon should not be exposed to
embarrassment or to any action by his own
Party which would weaken his quest for an
end to the Vietnam war. The earnest support
of our President is the freest expression we
have to show that we join President Nixon
in ending?as quickly as rationally pos-
sible?the hell of the Vietnam war.
In conclusion may I say that we as party
members should be slow to reject his ap-
pointees or question his policies, not be-
cause we should allow ourselves to be stifled,
but because Richard Nixon has come to the
Presidency at one of the most difficult periods
in American history and he is making de-
cisions to shape and to mold a better
Amer.
NO PEACE IN MIDDLE EAST WHILE
ARABS EXPECT ISRAEL TO WITH-
DRAW
HON. JOHN M. MURPHY
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, December 22, 1969
Mr. MURPHY of New York. There
can be no peace in the Middle East so
long as the Arabs, with the cunning ap-
proval of the Russians, expect Israel to
withdraw from occupied territories as a
precondition to negotiations for peace.
It is therefore inconceivable to me that
the United States should even remotely
suggest withdrawal by Israel. Secretary
Rogers, in his December 9th statement,
suggests that the intercession of the
United States and Russia, and the abanz
donment of occupied territories, will
hasten peace. Israel does not accept this
position. I do not accept this as a sound
position. The United States should not
accept this position.
The lesson of 1957 is clear. Israel was
amenable to accommodation with the
Arabs after U.S. assurance and the Arabs
used the presence of a weak-kneed
United Nations force as a cover for build-
ing a war machine to smash Israel.
When that clash came in 1967; 10 years
later, Israel responded heroically to her
own survival and secured the homeland.
Arab territory was taken. It would be
foolish to abandon that territory now in
the hope of inducing the Arabs to again
participate in negotiations while it is
clear that the Arabs are bent on nothing
less than the total destruction of Israel
and the annihilation of the Jews.
Israel must hold the occupied terri-
tory and negotiate its return to the Arabs
only as part of genuine, substantive talks
aimed at bringing a secure and lasting
peace to the Middle East. You do not
bargain with anyone by throwing in your
best cards at the beginning of the game.
The United Nations also errs when it
attempts to deal with the Russians to
have them intercede with the Arabs.
Russia is in absolute harmony with the
intentions of the Arabs, and Israel is op-
posed to bilateral talks with Russia and
the four-power talks with Britain and
France. We should actually be pushing
for face-to-face negotiations between
Arabs and Israelis.
Nations not directly involved cannot
hope to bring peace to the Middle East
when one of those nations is the instiga-
tor and supporter of Arab aggression and
hostility.
The security and integrity of the State
of Israel cannot be compromised. Israel's
best hope for long-range peace is
strength. I have therefore recently urged
the President to supply an additional 250
Phantom jets to Israel to insure her
defensive power in the shadow of in-
creasing Russian military assistance to
the Arab States.
While Israel is strong she will survive.
Her strength alone will finally compel
the Arabs to recognize the reality of the
existence of Israel and sit down to
achieve a lasting and durable peace.
Vital to Israel's strength is the un-
swerving support of her position by the
United States. The Secretary of State
can do grave injustice to Israel should he
attempt to compromise Israel's position
in opposition to Israel's wishes.
There has been war in the Middle East
three times in the last 20 years.
Let us learn from that history and not
make the same mistakes again.
CONGRESSIONAL REFORM
HON. DONALD W. RIEGLE, JR.
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, December 22, 1969
Mr. RIEGLE. Mr. Speaker, our col-
league, the gentleman from Missouri
(Mr. Bomaisio) has done our country a
great service by continuing to focus
national attention on the pressing need
for congressional reform.
His compelling article from the No-
vember issue of Playboy magazine speaks
for itself and I would urge all Americans
to read it.
This article follows:
THE HOUSE: "How THE LOWER CHAMBER BE-
SET BY REACTIONARY COALITIONS, STALE-
MATED BY All ARCHAIC AND CORR17PTIBLE
COMMITTEE SYSTEM, FAILS IN FULFILLING
THE NATION'S MOST PRESSING LEGISLATIVE
NEEDS"
(By Representative RICHARD BOLLING)
It is my conviction, a heresy in my trade,
that the primary failures of political leader-
ship at the Federal level are found in the
United States Congress. Particularly, these
failures are found in the House of Represent-
atives, where I serve?the legislative area of
civil rights excepted. The House has failed
to organize itself in such a way as to exercise
effectively and responsibly its share of the
political leadership that the American people
may fairly expect from their Federal Govern-
ment. A drastic change in the House power
structure and major reforms of the House
as an institution are needed. The House as
now constituted is ineffective. It is negative
In its approach to national tasks and usually
unresponsive except to parochial economic
Interests. Its creaky procedures are outmoded.
Its organization camouflages anonymous cen-
ters of irresponsible power. It often passes
legislation that is a travesty of what is really
needed.
The fundamental reforms I suggest are
directed at the way Democrats in the House
organize themselves. In the majority during
31 of the past 38 years, the Democrats are
largely responsible for the present condition
of the House. The inflammations in our cities
and the unresponsiveness in our schools and
the effluence of our polluted environment
would be much less aggravated if the Demo-
crats had faithfully put the House in order.
If the House were properly organized, such
reactionaries as Howard Smith of Virginia,
longtime chairman of the House Rules Com-
mittee and a Democrat in name only, could
not have arbitrarily throttled school aid,
housing programs and civil rights legisla-
tion in the Forties, Fifties and early Sixties.
If the House were properly organized, Repre-
sentative Wilbur Mills of Arkansas, chairman
of the powerful House Ways and Means Com-
mittee, would not have been able to pigeon-
hole Medicare for the elderly until 1965.
Congress would be a more respected body
today if it, rather than the Supreme Court,
had outlawed malapportioned Congressional
districts and segregated public school dis-
tricts. A majority of the Democratic Party in
the House has permitted its minority Tories
to misuse seniority in order to obstruct,
damage and deflate the party's national pro-
grams. The House must assume part of the
blame for ghetto fires and rioting, Birming-
ham bombings and the Little Rock school
confrontation.
Is the Congress, especially the House, to
continue as the least responsible organ of
Government, responding, if at all, often 10,
20 or 30 years after social problems arise? Is
the essential well-being of the nation de-
pendent on an occasional political landslide,
such as occurred in 1964 because of the Gold-
water Presidential candidacy? Will the na-
tion learn to improve itself by means of other
institutions and thereby push the Congress
to the outskirts of American society?
The naysaying 90th Congress of 1967-1968
Is a good illustration of how a legislative
body should not work. The House during
those years gave one of its worst perform-
ances. The Congressional trail was dotted
with the sump holes of legislative inepti-
tudes and misadventures. The House mangled
elementary-secondary school aid, Model
Cities, the promising Teacher Corps, rent-
supplement and other anti-poverty programs.
It amounted to a virtual war against Amer-
ica's poor.
The first mishap was the handling of that
flamboyant Harlem grandee, Adam Clayton
Powell. At the time, Powell was in deep
trouble of his own making. He had abused
his trust as chairman of the Education and
Labor Committee. It distressed the country.
It distressed many House members. But the
Speaker of the House, John W. McCormack
of Massachusetts, did not see it that way. He
felt that there was no problem. Just news-
paper talk, the Speaker said. Yet mail de-
manding Powell's head was being delivered
by the truckloads to House members from
irate constituents. A few of the senior bulls
shared McCormack's view. Disturb Powell,
they reasoned, and who knows which of us
Referral To CONG Not Required
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks December 29, 1969
committee chairmen may Someday be dis-
todged from our seniority shelter?
So what happened? Powell was quite prop-
erly stripped of his chairmanship of the
Education and Labor Comnllttee by a ca :sous
of his Democratic colleagnes. This a, ;tion.
then snowballed into a sUccessful but un-
constitutional move to deprive Powell or the
teat to which his Harlem cemstituents had
elected him. Incompetent leadership was to
blame for not blocking the exclusion effort.
As a result, Harlem, festering with dire
poverty, was not represented in the Horne for
the two-year life of the 901h Congress,
The Powell affair was only the first in a
Series of bumblings. The Democratic Douse
leadership agreed to accept an appor:ion-
anent of seats among Republicans and Demo-
crats on the key Ways and Means and
Appropriations committees that doorra d at
the outset the liberal domestic legis salve
ii.rogram of the President. While srbail
ghettos blazed during the inidsumin :r of
967, the House gutted remedial legislation
or urban areas in mindless fashion. It re-
used even to discuss a bill to authos ize a
at-eradication program for cities?yet A few
lays later, it became known that a celer tract
ha,d been let to eradicate rats in the office
buildings occupied by House membe..e. A
bill to renew and extend the anti-poverty
program?a real hope for millions of Ameri-
bans, both black and white -was so jr corn-
Patently scheduled that it barely stir dived
debate on the House floor.
Finally, in late 1968, the 90th Cor gress
ended on perhaps the most outrageous note
of all. The core of parliamentary government
is the vote. When it is abuiled or besmirched,
our democracy is gravely wounded. Ve', last
fall, it appeared that House assistant larks
were registering as present many members
who were not present?indeed, one rale tuber
was in California at the time he Was re-
corded. This scandalous ghost voting caused
no great outcry among Hou -e member s, al-
though it was referred for inquiry ti the
House Committee on Standards of C. racial
Conduct. That eommittee has recomsr, sided
a preliminary course of action that car lead
to effective reform in this vital area.
Amid this bedlam, the conservative and
reactionary committee chairmen prosaered.
One was Mills, the chairman of Way. and
Means. Under the rules of the House leg-
islation involving tax reform. Social Sec urity,
Medicare, welfare programs and a vast array
of other domestic problems are referred to
this grand committee. Mills is a legisiscor of
considerable ability and strong conservatism.
At some time or other, he has voted against
Medicare, minimum wage, foreign aid, Vfodel
Cities, anti-poverty funds and civil sights.
He bottled up the surcharge until he iorced
the President into agreement on a calling
on domestic spending, a deceptive-son iding
objective that disguised Its true pu 'pose;
rather than curtailing or stretching out such
expenditures as postponable military con-
struction, civil public works and highway
construction, Mills assured slashes 1.-1 the
newer, innovative programs designed tc solve
the problems of our cities.
As chairman of the Committee on Com-
mittees, composed of the 15 Democrats on
Ways and Means, Mills also occupies a power-
ful Democratic Party position in the House.
Until this year, when a small halter was
placed on it, this committee had, Without
restraint, assigned all other Democrats to
seats on the other permanent committees of
the House. Southern Democrats?actually,
"Republicans with Southern accents"- have,
until recently, been a reArbrity on th s key
Committee on Committees. Over the years,
this custom has enabled Southerners?many
of whom are able men of great integrity, but
virtually all of whom are Stuck to the segre-
gationist flypaper?to rise to head the major
legislative committees and key subcommit-
tees within these full committees. Even this
year, nine of the 21 committees have South-
ern Democrats as chairmen and only one of
the nine chairmen is what I would call a
"national Democrat."
How in the devil did this regressive state
of affairs develop? And why has it been per-
mitted to continua? The story begins in
1910, when insurgent Republicans, joined by
Democrats, successfully rebelled against a
tyrannical and deeply conservative G.O.P.
Speaker, Joseph "Uncle Joe" Cannon of
Illinois. The bipartisan rebels forged a voting
majority to strip the Speakership of its
major powers, among them the unilateral
power to appoint a:.1 members, Democrats as
well as Republicans, to committees. Subse-
quently, House Democrats and Republicans
each devised separate machinery to name
their respective members to the committees.
It soon became the, firm practice to re-elect
returning members to the committees on
which they had served in the previous Con-
gress. The Democratic committee members
came to be listed in order of the length of
time they had served on a particular com-
mite the greatest service
airman, if his p was the majority
p ty in the House. In a sense, this
stom was accep table. After all, it takes
ime to learn to be a competent national
gislator. But seniority became the over-
ing factor in determining appointments
to mmittees?a custom no other state or
nati 1 assembly in the world follows.
Custo became Congressional "common
law."' Vi ting sen:tority became as unthink-
able as s iting for one's sister. Senior
Congressmen, ?f course, enjoy the seniority
system. Most o those far less senior toler-
ate it, in the ho.e_ they too, someday will
enjoy the trappingB9 of chairmanships. The
few who recognize. 1
in any attempt to cha
The present state of a
For a Democrat to become
need only live long enough
elected often enough on colleagtes. Eventually, he'll Ma
though he may have the morais o
cape or the mind of a rnoron?or bo
who among Democrats is most like
achieve the cherished g
answer is easy: He is a member from a o
party Congressional district, usually in th
rural South?insu:.ar, suspicious and racist.
His rise on the seniority ladder is aided by
the competitive nature of many Northern
districts, where Democrats fare less well.
Consequently, Southern Democrats generally
hostile to the moderately liberal cast of
their national party came to dominate the
House power Structure. It is as if we named
George Wallace to head the United States
Civil Rights Cornmission, a Democrat to
head the Republican National Committee or
someone who believes the world is flat to
head the Federal apace agency. (Along their
way to power, it should be noted, the South-
erners have the assistance of the "dough-
faces"?Northern men with political appe-
tites rather than-- victions?elected from
rotten districts in Ne Chica o
other large cities. Both types c the
House to feast on the spoils. They don't give
a damn about issues.)
Occasionally, an aspiring Southern Demo-
crat lets slip his masks in this farce. Both
Albert Watson of South Carolina and John
Bell Williams of Mississippi, for example
supported the Republican Presidential can-
didate, Barry Goldwater, in 1964. Their ac-
tons. were so blatant that a thin, majority of
House Democrats, :tn caucus, was able to strip
them of their accumulated seniority. Watson
then showed his true colors. He resigned his
seat in the House returned to South Carolina,
ran as a Republice,n for the seat he had just
vacated and was elected. He still sits as a Re-
publican in the :House. Williams, a much
more senior member of the House, would now
be the chairman of the House Committee on
evils are outgunned
matters.
s, then, is this:
chairman, he
nd get re-
totance his
it, al-
Mafia
And
to
cal of -chaiman?
Interstate and Foreign Commerce had his
seniority on that committee not been taken
away. Deprived of this opportunity for great
national power, he those to seek the much
less important position of governor of Missis-
sippi. He succeeded., and now the people of
that sad state are the exclusive beneficiaries
of his reactionary tendencies. This year, Rep-
resentative John Rarick of Louisiana, who
had supported George Wallace, was likewise
stripped of his seniority ata Democratic cau-
cus?an action energetically fought by the
House Democratic leadership, including
Speaker McCormack.
But these are only dents in the iron sys-
tem of seniority, a system. with very real re-
wards. From his cockpit as committee chair-
man, a member may and does thumb his nose
at the President, the Speaker and a majority
of his own party. A chairman usually decides
which bills will be granted hearings. He con-
trols the timing of the hearings and the se-
lection of witnesses. By absenting himself
or refusing to call committee meetings, he
often can deny a bill passage through his
committee. It's that simple?and that
arbitrary.
Among the most right-wing chairmen is
Mendel Rivers of Charleston, South Carolina,
a Scopes who whispered support for Hubert
Humphrey in the 1968 Presidential election
while winking at the supporters of George
Wallace. During a TV interview, he once said,
"I don't put myself on a parity with a Gov-
ernment employee. The people, in the Consti-
tution, put me above them." lie supported his
party's national program only 37 percent of
the time during 1965-1966, and hasn't
changed since. He chairs the Armed Services
Committee, which seldom gives searching
thought to the major military matters within
its jurisdiction but acts, instead, primarily as
a committee on military real estate, parceling
out military installations to districts of "de-
serving members." John McMillan.af South
Carolina heads the District of Coluniblernorra-
mittee, which has made our nationserbeaf bf
Government a national disgrace. William
Colmer of Mississippi heads the powerful
Rules Committee, through which most legis-
lation reported favorably by committees must
pass before reaching the House floor for final
action. And this is only a partial list.
The result has been a grand deception
of the American people. For 34 of the past
8 years, as I noted earlier, the Democrats
ave been the "majority party" in the House.
the present 91st Congress, for example,
th e are 243 "Democrats" and 192 "Repub-
s" in the House. However, at least 60 of
the 43 Democrats are opposed to the Demo-
crat National Party platform. These 60 are
Sout rners almost without exception. And
there e perhaps ten John Lindsay types
anions, the 192 Republicans. Therefore, the
true nation on major domestic remedial
legisla ion is not 243 Democrats to 192 Re-
publit. ns. In fact, 243 Democrats to 192
Rep leans. In fact, 193 members are gen-
er in favor of progress and 242 are usually
osed. Consequently, the Southerners
Ill maintain a balance of power in those
dozen or so hotly contested domestic legisla-
tive rows that erupt during each session of
Congress. Their pivotal position is being
eroded, but it still often thwarts the national,
as opposed to the regional, interest.
This ratio is reflected within the key com-
mittees as well. Usually, the gutting of bills
to aid the poor and mistreated takes place
beyond the glare of publicity, behind the
closed doors of the committee room. The
truncated bill then comes to the floor?where
it is very difficult to restore the lost features.
The condition of committee appointments
has two faces, actually. One aspect is pack-
ing a committee, so that humane legis-
lation does not get a fair chance to be con-
sidered. The second aspect is equally disas-
trous to fairness and justice. Certain House
committees, as in the Senate, have become
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ELECIION OF MEMBER TO
COMMITTEE
Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speaker,
I offer a privileged resolution (H. Res.
770) and ask for its immediate consid-
eration.
The Clerk read the resolution as fol-
lows:
11. RES. 770
Resolved, That Philip M. Crane, of Illi-
nois, be, and he is hereby, elected a mem-
ber of the standing committees of the House
on Banking and Currency and House Ad-
ministration.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
ADMINISTRATION'S MARITIME
PROGRAM
(Mr. GARMATZ asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. GARMATZ. Mr. Speaker, today I
have introduced n bill which is designed
to implement President Nixon's proposed
10-year prograni to revitalize the Amer-
ican merchant marine.
I want to emphasize that this legisla-
tion is cosponsored by 35 members of my
House Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries, as well as myself. It is also
cosponsored by a number of Congress-
men who are not members of my com-
mittee but are concerned about the future
of the American merchant marine. This
includes the majority whip, the gentle-
man from Louisiana (Mr. Boccs) , and
the minority leader, the gentleman from
Michigan (Mr. OERALD R. FORD).
The fact that many Democrats and
Republicans have joined together to sup-
port this legislation is significant: It is
indicative?especially of my committee?
of the bipartisan, cooperative spirit with
which we are attempting to reverse the
alarming decline of our maritime indus-
try.
I hope the same spirit of cooperation
will now be displayed by all segments of
the industry?including labor and man-
agement?so that this program can be
made to work. I think the industry re-
alizes that?as far as a maritime pro-
gram is concerned?it is "now, or never."
Everyone is going to have to hitch in
his belt a few notches, and be willing to
make a few sacrifices.
When President Nixon first presented
his proposal for a long-range maritime
program to our Committee, I said at the
time that it was a good program, and that
I would support it.
The President first presented that pro-
gram to Congress October 23, 1969. When
the implementing legislation did not soon
follow, I became naturally concerned
about the time lag. I, therefore, an-
nounced on December 11, that my com-
mittee would begin a series of com-
prehensive hearings in January 1970 on a
total maritime program. In that hearing
schedule, I included a number of sub-
jects which are not considered in the
President's program. Among these are
the Jones Act, passenger ships, induce-
ment for ship construction in the do-
mestic trades, an independent maritime
(111033364R000300120003-9 1112971
all of this is leading to the Americani-
zation of the negotiations in the Middle
East, and I warn you, Mr. Speaker, it
will lead to another Americanized con-
flict. As the political settlement of 1957
led to another war, so will this settlement
as proposed lead to a conflict of im-
mense proportions. There is only one
way to serve the interest of all and that
is to bring the parties to the conflict in
1967 and the conflicts before that to the
negotiating table. Israel ran its war?it
can run its diplomacy.
I spoke above of a calculation. That
calculation is simply this. By concessions
to the Soviet Union, it is expected that
we shall appease them, and perhaps
neutralize the Arabs in the Middle East.
I am not unaware of the extent to which
Russia has armed the Arab nations fol-
lowing their disastrous defeat in 1967.
I am net unaware cf their rising power
in the Middle East, but I submit to you,
Mr. Speaker. and to this House that the
interest of the Soviet Union in the Mid-
dle East trans:ends their present in-
volvement with the Arabs and even su-
persedes their hostility to the State of
Israel.
The Soviets are working on a global
scheme. If they can subvert the Arab na-
tions and subdue and destroy Israel, they
will have reached the Indian Ocean and
the control of everything that touches
it. One arm of the pincers movement will
be secure. The other arm at this moment
is strengthening rather successfully, it
appears to me, through the Southeast of
Asia and the heart of South Vietnam.
If we pursue the policy in the Middle
East that seems to be developing, we will
have played into the hands of the Soviets.
Forget if you will, Mr. Speaker, the
strong sentiments of sympathy, of soli-
darity, of confidence and of faith that
many of us have for Israel. Forget its ca-
pacity to be born, its strength to live, its
strength to dream, its struggle to teach
its children the traditions, the aspira-
tions, and the realities of an ancient
faith. Forget if you will the thrust which
resulted in Israel's birth. Israel came
about after World War II largely because
an ancient people were nearly destroyed
in Europe. They were disappointed when
other people who might have helped
turned and looked the other way.
The Jews were lonely during those
years because of the faults of other men.
For Heaven's sake, do not make the Jews
of Israel lonely again. The very basis of
our policy should be to keep this one
democratic state in the Middle East
alive. If we cannot keep it alive out of
compassion and friendship, let us keep it
alive because of our own selfish self-in-
terest. No matter what we forget, let us
not forget that Israel is the bastion, on
a far away shore, of Western values,
Western culture, and free men. If this
Nation forgets that, it will have aban-
doned a primary of its own existence.
Therefore, Mr. Speaker, the policy as
INT understand it needs immediate re-
agency bill, nuclear potential, and so
forth. These matters are important and,
I think should be included in a compre-
hensive maritime program.
The schedule of hearings already an-
nounced were based on the assumption
that we would have in hand by the time
the hearings commenced the legislative
recommendations of the administration
to implement the President's long-range
maritime program. Accordingly, I do not
think it will be necessary to reprogram
our hearings to take account of the
administration's legislative recommen-
dations. I am confident that with the co-
operation of spokesmen for the Govern-
ment agencies, industry, and labor we
can complete the hearings in all the sub-
ject areas I have proposed within the
time frame I suggested.
I want to congratulate President Nixon;
Maurice H. Stans, Secretary of Com-
merce; and Andrew E. Gibson, Maritime
Administrator. They have kept their
word and presented America with a new
hope for its ailing maritime industry. I
hope Congress will give it the support it
deserves.
MIDDLE EAST CONFLICT
(Mr. McKNEALLY asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. McKNEALLY. Mr. Speaker, I rise
seriously to question a policy being pur-
sued by the State Department and the
administration. It is incredible that the
long, drawn out period leading to ne-
gotiations following the 6-day war in
1967 between the Arabs and the State
of Israel should be culminating in the
way they are. It is understood that the
Soviet Union and the other two parties
were informed by our country that Israel
should withdraw to the Egyptian border
of 1967. Now we are informed that Israel
is to withdraw to the Jordanian border
with minimal changes. It occurs to me
that this policy is based upon a calcula-
tion which works to the detriment of our
friends and will lead, if it has not already
done so, to a further unsettling of the
situation bedeviling the Middle East.
Israel won the 1967 war. It threw its
own soldiers into the fight. In a period
of 6 heroic days, they redeemed again
their right to exist as a nation. The issue
was simple enough?whether Israel was
to remain a sovereign state or was to be
obliterated. In 1948, within 11 hours
of the Declaration of Independence of
the State of Israel, the United States
recognized Israel's sovereignty. From
that day on, it has been understood by
all people that the policy of the United
States would be in pursuance of its
original show of friendship and support.
Over the years the American people of
all faiths and nationalities have visited
Israel and acclaimed the strength of its
spirit and its stability. Time after time
that spirit has been tested by the Arabs
and time after time that spirit has not vamping. Any policy concerning the
once been broken. It can, however, be Middle East must be based upon the cen-
broken by such behavior as we are wit- tral fact of upholding the State of Israel
nessing in the present attempts at nego- as the only bastion of freedom in that
tiations. area and the only light in a darkening
I might say to you, in addition, that world.
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_e_ember 23, 1969
talf PEACE IN mciatAEL
(Mr. XING asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the Rvcoao.)
Mr. KING. Mr. Speaker, I wish to as-
sociate myself with the remarks of the
gentleman from New York (Mr. Mc-
KNEALLY) . I, too, am greatly disturbed by
the attitude of the Secretary of State,
Mr. Rogers, in attempting to dictate
peace terms to the sovereign state of
Israel. The result of his latest press re-
leases has been to send a shiver of fear
down the backs of all Of us who have long
supported Israel. We must not yield to
Soviet influence. We must not become
intrapped by Soviet schemes. Russia is
not our friend; Israel is.
Earlier this session, I introduced House
Resolution 234, which calls upon arid
urges the President antong other things
to bring about direct negotiations be-
tween Israel and the Amb States. This
must be done. Israel won the war, it can
and must be allowed to negotiate its own
Peace.
House Resolution 234 reads as follows:
H. RES. 2E4
Whereas an internal 11B4dle East conflict
Inherently endangers the peace and well- the legislation:
being of the world community of nations; Juinelneadeseac
Whereas an open door in the Middle East .! The National Musemn of History and
is vital to the protection et NATO's sciuthern Technology (NMHT) is the center of historic
flank and to the flow of world commerce; . research and education at the -Smithsonian..
Whereas by 'United Nations declaration k It is fitting, therefore, that theInstitutiores
Israel legally deserves the status and rights \ observance of the Nation's Bicentennial in
of a sovereign nation and. ..the territorial in- 4976 should be focused principally upon this
tegrity which such status entails; Museum.
Whereas many thousands lost their lives in 'Yet this Museum, which has far surpassed
the recent Middle East conflict; and e ations in its popularity and in de-
Whereas it is essential to avoid repeating mands up its resources, is already made-
the mistakes of 1956 which led to the resump- quate to accOlhinviate the increased num-
tion of hostilities in 1967: Now, therefore, be bers of visitors aneto display to best advan-
it
tags its historical resoUrees. Unless action is
Resolved, That it is the acme of the House taken immediately to fit Museum for its
of Representatives that permanent pace in role in- the Bicentennial, the Museum may
the Middle East can be achieved only if? prove unable to make the corktribution the
(1) the existence and sovereignty of Israel occasion demands,
p3 acknowledged by the Arab ne,tionS;
mcamsee vcarroas, LIMITED SPACE
(2) freedom of passage in the Suez Canal
nd the Gulf of Aquaba is guaranteed not The number of visitors to =IT is in-
Only to Israel but to all nations; creasing steadily, oven without the Bicen-
(3) final settlement of the boundaries of tennial. In 1967, for example, the number of
the State of Israel is made end such boun- visitors to NMHT WBB nearly six million. The
etaries are acknowledged by the Arab nations; year 1976 will bring much larger numbers to
(4) effective restrictions _axe imposed upon the Mall and to the Museum.
the flow of arms into the Middle East from Exhibit space in NMHT is already scarce.
other members of the worui community; The historical collections are growing and
(5) all nations address themselves to a special acquisitions of historical artifacts
roblem in the Middle East; and be it Blether P
nal and equitable solutien of the refugee will be a part of the Museum's Bicentennial
reparations. If the Museum is to fulfill its
Resolved, That the House of Repreeenta- education role, to make a coherent and com-
'Oyes, in order that lasting peace May be prehensive statement about the growth of
established in the Middle East, urges the the United States it must now construct ap-
President of the 'United States - propriate exhibit space.
(1) to use all diplomatic resources at his To accommodate new permanept exhibits
oommand, Including our membership in the and to handle an unprecedented influx of
-United Nations, to work for the accomplish- Bicentennial visitors, the Sraithdonian Insti-
rnent of the five aforementioned objeetives, tution proposes that two Bicentennial pa-
vilions be added to the Museum of History
(2) to oppose, as a precondition the and Technology.
discussion and negotiation of the aforemen- THE BICENTENNIAL PAVILIONS
toned five objectives, the relinquishment by The Bicentennial Pvilions will become the
Ierael of territories possessed at the time the focus of a great effoxf of research to interpret
eease-flre was effectuated, and
the first 200 years of the United States Lon
U(3) to oppose an imposed settlement either after 1976, they, will be the seen of porg-
pon Israel or the Arab States, and
tent educational presentations revealing the
(4) to use every available means to bring epecialissternational nature of America's his-
a out, through direct negotiations between toey..---
rael and the Arab States, the consuinma-
As proposed, the two Pavilions will, with
t on of permanent peace treaties,
the present museum, provide a three-part
complex in the National Museum of History
AMERICAN POLICY IN THE and Technology.
MIDDLE EAST THE FIR ST PAVILION
The s pavilion, A Nation From the ] Na-
(Mr. LOWENSTEIN asked and was tions," will present the people who have
given permission to address the House settled America: their contributions, their
for 1 Minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
LOW,ENETEIN. NIL_ Speaker, I
wish to associate myself with the remarks
of the distinguished gentleman from New
York (Mr. MCKNEALLY) this morning.
____......,
Is/rust-LA/ OP HISTORY AND
TECHNOLOGY
(Mr. BOW asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous material.)
Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, the Board of
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
voted sit its meeting on November 5, 1969,
to request that the Congressional
Regents introduce legislation toauthor-
ize the construction of pavilions as addi-
tions to the Nati mal Museum of History
and Technology for the Smithsonian
Institution, including the preparation of
plans an spell Mations and all other
es],
work 1 dental thereto. ,
A?, member of the Board of Regents,
I cOnaplying with that request today.
'The Board of Regents has prepared the
/following statement of justificadtion for
trials, and their charactex. The tteme arquld
be the distinctive immigrant exp'erience of
each period of American history and of each
part of the country.
Topical exhibits would illuminate the rise
of American civilization, emphasizing the
contributions of all the different ethnic
groups: pOlitical Institutions and law in-
fluenced by other nations; technology, from
English factory organizations to Dutch dia-
mond cutting; thescientific, agricultural and
mathematical contributions of the Germans,
Danish, Swiss and Italians, and the many
contributions of various peoples to American
religion, art, architecture, education, science.
sports and other fields.
THE SECOND PAVILION
The present Museum will continue to show
the achievements of America: what the
American people have accomplished together,
from folk art to physics to human rights.
The second pavilion will provide the final
phase of the Musetim's Bicentennial presen-
tation: "A Nation to the Nations." Its goal:
to trace the influence of America on the
world: the shaping' power of our thought,
industry and politics upon the world.
A-final segment of this pavilion, entitled
"Toward World Community," will show how
Americans and their ideas of cooperation
have helped shape and cement a world com-
munity.
A SCHOLARLY EFFORT
It should be noted that the Bicentennial
Pavilions promise not only an effort in bricks
and mortar, but a focal point for new and
important scholarly activity,
As Secretary Ripley has said:
"We have failed to give the true historical
picture, to describe the whole panorama of
our. cultures. Young people representing
Negroes, Indians, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese
and other subcultures are not given the evi-
dence that they are part of the stream of
history of the United States with a noble
past, a vital present, and an unlimited fu-
ture. If our Institution is to play a valid role
in the Bicentennial of the American Revolu-
tion in 1976, we should be prepared to correct
what is in effect a series of oversights in his-
tory, the history of our country and of the
multiplicity of our people."
To this end, the Pavilion project will call
upon many of the nationl greatest scholars
as consultants. The Smithsonian hopes that
such eminent social historians as Oscar
Handlin, Samuel Eliot Morison, John Hope
Franklin, Oscar Lewis, Richard Hofstadter,
and others, will contribute to the Eiscenten-
nial Pavilion effort.
The paucity of scholarship both in immi-
gration-history and in the history of Ameri-
can influence abroad gives us the opportunity
to promote a deeper and wider discovery and
understanding of our role in the world.
At a time when our nation is preoccupied
with its internal divisions, when we are
tempted to identify "minority" status with
poverty and inequality, the Pavilions will
channel our concern into a broad humanistic
pride. They will remind ali Americans that
our "minorities" are the symbol of our pecu-
liar strength and of our ties to all mankind.
COST
Each pavilion will provide approximately
25,000 square feet of additional floor space.
Design, construction, site improvements and
completion of interior furnishings are esti-
mated to cost $6,000,000.
The text of the bill is as follows:
H.R. 15420
A bill to authorize the construction of pa-
vilions as additions to the National Mu-
seum of History and Technology for the
Smithsonian Institution, including the
preparation of plans and specifications and
all other work incidental thereto
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled That the
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Regents of the Smithsonian Institution are
hereby authorized and directed to have pre-
pared drawings and specifications for and to
construct suitable pavilions as additions to
the National Museum of History and Tech-
nology Building at 14th Street and Constitu-
tion Avenue, NW, Wasbington, D.C. (with
requisite equipment) for the use of the
Smithsonian Institution, to be used for spe-
cial exhibits in support of the Bicentennial
of the American Revolution and thereafter
for the use of the Smithsonian Institution,
at a cost not to exceed $6,000,000.
Sac. 2. That the preparation of said draw-
ings and specifications, the design and erec-
tion of the building, and all work incidental
thereto may be placed under the supervision
of the Administrator of the General Services
Administration in the discretion of the Board
of Regents.
SEC. 3. That there are hereby authorized
to be appropriated to the Smithsonian In-
stitution such sums, not to exceed $6,000,000
:f.'s may be necessary to carry out the provi-
sions of this Act: Provided, That appropria-
tions for this purpose, except such part as
may be necessary for the incidental ex-
penses of the Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution in connection with this project,
may be transferred to the General Services
Administration for the performance of the
work: Provided further, when so specified
in the pertinent appropriation act, that
amounts appropriated under this authori-
zation are available without fiscal year limi-
tation.
'VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION'S
MEDICAL PROGRAM FOR VET-
MANS -
(Mr. TEAGUE of California asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute and to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.)
Mr. TEAGUE of California. Mr.
Speaker, although the President in mak-
lug strenuous efforts to reduce expendi-
tures in all Government departments
and agencies, 11E. has shown his concern
for the medical care of our sick and dis-
abled veterans by recently authorizing
1,500 additional full-time employees for
the Veterans' Administration, Moreover,
83 percent of these employees were spe-
cifically earmarked for the hospital and
medical program.
Despite this action by the President,
and other significant developments, per-
tam news items that have appeared in
recent days in newspapers, and, which
have been highlighted in national.
news programs fail to present all orthe
facts regarding the Veterans' Adminis-
tration's medical care program for
veterans.
I am concerned that the general pub-
lic, and, more importantly, our young
Vietnam veterans may come to the belief
that the Veterans' Administration is
neither capable nor much concerned
about providing proper hospital care for
these younger veterans. Such a conclu-
sion would be entirely erroneous. This
Congress, the Veterans' Administration
and the President of the United States
are equally determined to provide?and
are not providing?outstanding medical
dare which the Nation's veterans have
most assuredly earned and deserve.
I am Informed by high officials of the
Veterans' Administration that these are
the facts.
Some reports infer that "an ava-
lanche" of Vietnam veterans are seeking
Veterans' Administration hospital treat-
ment, but that Veterans' Administration
facilities cannot provide the necessary
beds. Nothing could be further from the
truth. These reports overstate the de-
mand, and underestimate the Veterans'
Administration's capacity for meeting
the demand that actually exists.
Vietnam veterans have full and equal
eligibility for Veterans' Administration
hospital care with Veterans of all other
wars. An accurate measure of the present
demand is demonstrated by the fact that
of some 86,000 patients in the Veterans'
Administration's 166 hospitals at this
very moment, fewer than 6,000 are Viet-
nam era veterans. In the past fiscal year,
of the more than 800,000 Veterans' Ad-
ministration patients treated, only 44,-
000?or -slightly more than 5 percent?
were Vietnam veterans who required hos-
pitalization.
Based on experience to date, the total
of Vietnam veterans requiring treatment
probably will reach about 60,000 in this
fiscal year, and the Veterans' Adminis-
tration has the capacity to meet the
gradually increasing hospitalization
needs of our younger veterans. Thanks in
large part to farsighted legislation initi-
ated by our House Committee on Veter-
ans' Affairs, plus constantly improving
treatment methods, the Veterans' Ad-
ministration is treating more than 150,-
000 additional patients than it could
accommodate a decade ago.
The Veterans' Administration appro-
priations bill recently signed by the Pres-
ident includes $1.5 billion for medical
care?the highest sum devoted to this
purpose in the history of the Veterans'
Administration. The amount is about
$68 million over last year's appropria-
tions, and more than $180 million in ex-
cess of amounts available in the 1968
fiscal year.
Although much has been said about
the inadequacy of Veterans' Administra-
tion hospital staffs, the staffing ratio
between medical employees and patients
is constantly improving. The ratio for
all types of Veterans' Administration hos-
pitals in this fiscal year is about 127 em-
ployees for each 100 patients. The ratio
was 121 to 100 last year; 117 to 100 the
year before, and only 104 to 100 in fiscal
year 1966.
It has been alleged that physicians are
leaving the Veterans' Administration pro-
gram in disproportionate numbers. This
Is not borne out by the latest statistics.
As of September 30, 1969, the Veterans'
Administration had 4,954 full-time phy-
sicians?including 799 hard-to-get Psy-
chiatrists. This is 190 more doctors than
VA had just 6 months earlier, including
26 more psychiatrists.
Many of the critics who mistakenly
claim that physicians are not attracted
to the Veterans' Administration medical
program, infer that this has occurred
principally because of a major reduction
in medical research and medical educa-
tion and training funds. The truth is
that the Veterans' Administration now
has a medical research budget of $57.6
million, which is 20 percent higher than
last year, and 26 percent higher than
the year before?and is currently funding
the medical education and training pro-
1112973
grams at an all-time high level of $87
million, a sum $11.4 million higher than
the year before.
It has been claimed that the Veterans'
Administration was loading its psychi-
atric patients with chemicals and, thus
was dooming young Vietnam veterans
to perpetual stays in mental hospitals.
The psychotropic drugs now used
throughout the medical world, have
nearly doubled the turnover of mental
patients in all mental hospitals. The Vet-
erans' Administration, through its co-
operative studies, has scientifically estab-
lished the proper use of these drugs. As
a result, the Veterans' Administration
monthly turnover of psychiatric patients
in the past fiscal year was 18.4 percent.
The turnover was 15.4 percent the year
before, and was 12.7 percent and 10.6
percent in the 2 years before that. In
fiscal year 1950?before the Veterans'
Administration's pioneering work with
these drugs?the turnover rate was only
5.3 percent.
I want to assure our Vietnam veterans
and the American people that the Na-
tion's veterans now have, and will con-
tinue to have the finest medical care
possible in our Veterans' Administration
hospitals. I also know that no one is more
determined that this should be so than
Presic.1>t Nixon and his administration.
AMERICAN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE
EAST FAILS TO SERVE PEACE
(Mr. PUCINSKI asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I believe
that Secretary of State Rogers is play-
ing a very dangerous game in the policy
he has assumed in the Middle East, par-
ticularly the policy he has proposed for
the solution of the Arab-Israeli problem.
I believe the Secretary is totally un-
mindful of the fact that there is a whole
new problem in the Middle East since the
Soviet Union has come into the Middle
East and has moved in on that situation.
I believe the policy of parity in arms in
the Middle East which this country has
followed for many years is no longer
realistic when we consider that the Soviet
Union has given Egypt 960 jet fighters
and has given the Syrians 460 jet fighters
and has rearmed completely the Arab
armies and is now stirring up aggression
in the Middle East.
In my judgment it is folly for our State
Department to fail to see that, unless we
give Israel the kind of arms she needs to
defend herself and to have a balance of
power in the Middle East, we are actually
inviting a major disaster in that part of
the world.
I was astounded to hear the Secretary
now is suggesting an imposition of terms
on Israel which neither Israel nor the
Arab States have had anything to say
about. We remember well the result of
Yalta and we remember well the result
of the other international agreements
where the major powers have tried to
determine the destinies of small coun-
tries, and we know what happens.
I suggest Mr. Rogers seriously recon-
sider his policy and that Mr. Rogers
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Approved For Rtemtritmi3RKi chfigkv Bowgeonooinxtmaber 23, I 9-0 ?
i deed move in the diredion of for ing
tie Arabs and the 'smelts to sit down
ad work this problem ror thernsel yes.
There are these whOlircay. the Lsia ells
are the aggressors I thhia. we. hav( to
derstanel what the sitinaion is e . *
nation of 2.5 ' million -"'"" . I-1 1 c is
nd heroically and valiantly gal'4"137
y trying. to
s em the tide of 100 million leaders
ave publicly stated th 0 will not rest
ntil" Israel is driven Mb the sea. So
rael cannot under ant circumstances
, ? rmit any kind Of buil op of streagth
nywhere Along her many borders. The
orrient she lets two or three pocket!, of
trength build up, she is through. So the
raelis have had to tale a calculated
sk because they are lit hting against
rea,t odds. 4
I think it is high time That we Atreri-
ans recognize the surinval of a free
rael is not a sentimental journey for
e Jewish people alonenut it is in the
ighest interest of the United Stats.
What happens in the Middle East may
ery well control and delermine the fu-
ure of this world. Ther&la an old saving
at he vehb controls Mika controls the
orld. The rich natural ftourees of that
rican Continent have ttways been the
eat ambition of the Soviet Union. little
srael alone stands todair in the way of
he complete domination by the Soviet
nion of the Middle East.
So I say, Mr. Speake, it is a-4MM
? hey Mr. Rogers is follbwing today. I
? elieve the United States ought to nub-
iely declare that the sirvival of Iarael
s in the highest interests of the Utated
tates and of all free nations, arid act
ccordingly. If Israel needs 200 Phantom
ets, give her 260 Phantnin jets to in am-
am n peace. The only Way we will ''iave
? eace in the Middle Eaff" is to let I ;reel
?e strong enotigh to da'end herself. If
e forget this nation 'Ye will see the
oviet Union dominathig the Maidle
ast, dominating Southeast Asia, and
? orninating Europe. There is no quealon
hat this is coming uttriss we at de-
isively. aL
That is why I say there is reaaen to
? elieve that the State department on
collision course in the Middle East. Two
?bjectivee are the nnotivition which may
ead to a point of no &turn: first the
desire to appease the Solffet Union in the
t
ope that by such appelisement the So-
let Union will reciproaite by attempt-
ing to gain concessions fht us from la anoi
and second, the desire -by the United
States to regain the lost amity once en-
joyed in her rela,tionsh with the arab
nations. Both attempts are pregnant with
danger for the United States. The le ;sons
of Yalta should have giught our ratate
Department that the apptasement' el the
Soviet Union can only Wing tragedy in its
wake. Because of its prelent involVement
with Conimunist China-tile Soviet Union
- may give the impressiorilhat she is will-
ing to abandon her Conimunist expan-
sionism in exchange fni friendly rela-
tions with the ITnitecrStates. This is
sheer hypocrisy. There fee better way for
the Soviet Union to ziemonstrate her
peaceful intentions: Bylillowing the peo-
ples of Eastern and antral Europe to
,
hold free elections. I Eat sure that the
United States would apPland such laction
and offer many concrete acts of friend-
ship once that is done. But not until such
time ought we to rely on Soviet promises.
The desire to regain friendly relations
with the Arab States is commendable.
The United States should attempt to
achieve friendly relations with all na-
tions. But at what cost? How is one to
measure friendly relations? And with
whom do we seek friendly relations?
with the people of the Arab States or
with their dictators? Are we attempt-
ing to appease Nasser.? If we are, then
I hold that the American people ought
to be appraised of that fact. In my opin-
ion, appeasement is a mistaken policy. A
man who sees war as the only solution
to the problems in the Middle East is not
my idea of a man in whom the American
people should have trust and confidence.
By contrast, how does the Prime Minis-
ter of Israel state her case?
Mrs. Golda Melt. declared:
We have decided, that as far as it lies
within our power. Emil to the extent that it
depends on us this is going to be the last war
that will be fought between the Arab States
and us. We don't ask them for a love declara-
tion but that they must acquiesce to our
existence in the area. They will be there for-
ever. We ask them to live with us in peace?
f or our part, in cooperation.
Any concessions made to Nasser will
not be interpreted by anyone as a vic-
tory for us. It will, in deed and in fact,
be a defeat for the United States and a
victory for the Soviet Union.
The prdblems of the Middle East can
be solved only when the principals them-
selves are made to sit down at the con-
ference table. I am sure the Israelis
would not object, no matter what the
shape of, the table may be. Instead of
pressuring the Israelis, as is now being
done, the United States would do well
to take a more positive stand on the side
of Israel, not on the side of 'the Soviet
Union.
GI EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS
The SPEAKER,. Under a previous or-
der of the House the gentleman from
New York (Mr. HALPERN) is recognized
for 5 minutes.
Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, I deplore
the fact that Congress has failed to take
final action on a broader veterans' edu-
cation benefit bit. this year. It is my fer-
vent hope that action on an increased
GI education bill, will be the first order
of business whe:a the Congress recon-
venes in January.
It is nly belief that the increases being
proposed are inadequate, because they
fall far short of today's realities. The
House passed a 30-percent hike, raising
benefits from $130 to $170 monthly.
However, the Senate passed the Yar-
borough-Cranston bill, similar to my
own proposal, providing for a 50-percent
boost to $190 monthly. The difference
must now be reconciled by a Senate-
House conference, which I hope will
swiftly be convened when Congress re-
turns.
Another major difference in the bills
passed by both houses, was that the
Senate passed an amendment sponsored
by Senator Camearon, which I sponsored
in the House, setting up a PREP pro-
gram, a remedial education incentive
effort to encourage more Vietnam GI's
to use their educational benefits. The
House failed to act on this amendment.
Indecision on this matter of GI bene-
fits vitally affects the Nation's future.
GI education costs should be considered
a part of the cost of waging war. I do not
hear anyone asking that we skimp in
the coat of weapons to help our men
defend themselves.
In June of 1944 this Nation under-
took a bold new commitment in the
area of veterans' benefits with the pas-
sage of the Servicemen's Readjustment
Act of 1944. Among other provisions, this
act, popularly known as the GI bill,
established a program to help returning
war veterans obtain an education.
The response to this program was im-
mediate and immense. More than half
of the 15 million veterans returning from
service in World War II took advantage
of it to further their education. Under
a similar program enacted for veterans
of the Korean war period, another 2.4
million ex-servicemen received educa-
tional assistance, and the number of
veterans who have participated in the
current program for those serving in the
post-Korean period has already passed
the million mark.
It is not possible, of course, to meas-
ure precisely the long-range effects of
these programs of educational assistance
for veterans, but we can, in general
terms, be confident that every dollar
spent for such purposes is a dollar wisely
invested.
Education is after all. as Abraham
Lincoln once said, "the most important
subject which we as a people can be
engaged in." We do, moreover, know that
on the average the more education an
individual receives, the higher his life-
time earnings will be. In a very real
sense, then, we may look forward to
repayment with interest of whatever we
spend on veterans' educational allow-
ances in the form of the taxes to be
paid on incomes which might otherwise
never be earned. For this reason, failure
to maintain these educational allow-
ances at a level which will encourage our
veterans to go back to school and enable
them to stay in school would be false
economy of the very worst kind.
CHANGING POLICY TOWARD
MIDDLE EAST SOLUTION
(Mr. BROWN of California asked and
was given permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and to
include extraneous matter.)
Mr. BROWN of _California. Mr.
Speaker, the Middle East is a powder keg
fused with big power politics and lit with
deep emotional issues of sovereignty and
survival. How this problem?this crisis?
can be resolved has troubled me for some
time. Every person concerned with world
peace must think about the Middle East
and the possible strains, conflicts, and
destruction it can create throughout the
world.
Until now, my position had been in the
formative stage. My first appraisal of the
conflict led me to the belief that the
United Nations must play a crucial role
along with the big powers to resolve the
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problem. In this regard, I did not cospon-
sor the many resolutions which advoacted
direct talks between the hostile nations.
I still firmly believe that through the
efforts of the U.N. and major powers of
the world a true peace can be obtained. It
is through these bodies that I am looking
for economic aid, refugee assistance, and
a world leadership and guidance in ob-
taining a lasting peace. However, I have
reevaluated the situation and now be-
lieve and would like to be associated with
those who advocate that an immediate
end to the continuous undeclared war
can be found in direct talks between the
hostile nations.
The reasons for my new position are
multifold. I have watched the United
Nations debate the merits of the 1967
war while one nation became the victor.
This demonstrated to me the importance
of a preventive role of the U.N. and the
likelihood of its direct intervention in
another all-out war.
The problems in Vietnam and the in-
effectiveness of the present negotiations
in Paris provide a good lesson. If we are
to avoid another Vietnam, and more de-
pendent relationships, we must permit
hostile nations to independently negoti-
ate their own peace?if they are to con-
trol and operate their own governments.
I am greatly distressed by the recent
pro-Arab foreign policy statement by our
Secretary of State. If the United States
is to become a viable agent in the search
for peace in the Middle East, we must
demonstrate no bias in our views and
vested interests. This was not shown by,
the Secretary's recent declaration. The
huge arsenal buildup by the Soviet Un-
ion in the Arab world coupled with the
neglect by the United States, Britain,
and France in the survival of the only
democratic nation in the Middle East
produces great concern for the real pros-
pects of an immediate peace and the
role of the United States in the search for
that peace.
The answer to Middle East crisis must
be found not in military terms, but in
solutions which emphasize peaceful co-
existence, recognition of the Sovereign-
ties of the area, and their right to peace-
ful existence, recognition of refugee prob-
lems and their right to live, and recogni-
tion of nonmilitary expressions of hos-
tility.
CONGRESSMEN CALL ON PRESI-
DENT TO NEGOTIATE WITH IN-
DIAN PEOPLE ABOUT ALCATRAZ
ISLAND
(Mr. BROWN of California asked and
was given permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and
to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. BROWN of California. Mr.
Speaker, Alcatraz Island long stands out
as a poignant symbol of our civilization.
For years it was "the Rock," an im-
pregnable prison fortress?its image one
of solitude, repression. Today, though,
Alcatraz begins to assume a new, more
positive, role. To American Indian people
a saga now taking place on Alcatraz is a
milestone. It represents a real break-
out to them, an escape by the Indian
people from a series of private and public
binds imposed by our society.
Since early November?and in the face
of persistent official harassment?Indian
people have "occupied" Alcatraz Island,
not as a conquest, but instead as a means
of pointing out the tragic place of the
Indian people in this society. The occu-
pation of Alcatraz by the Indians has
been a harmless, yet effective, method
of bringing to the attention of the
American people the fact that we have
neglected the cultural needs of today's
Indians.
To date, government Indian policies
have been patronizing, treating them like
children, and further alienating the In-
dian people and destroying their rich
culture. One has only to read recent
books by young Indians such as Vine
Deloria and Scott Momday, and by the
Indians who wrote the moving study
"Our Brothers' Keeper" under auspices
of the Citizen's Advocacy Center, to un-
derstand the impact of the Government's
futile attempts to assimilate Indian peo-
ple into the "mainstream of American
life."
Assimilation, termination, the entire
list of Indian policies have failed misera-
bly. There are more Indians in America
today than ever before, we are spending
more than ever on various Indian pro-
grams; yet, the Indian people consistenly
rank as the poorest, most illiterate, short-
lived and distant members of our society.
Therefore, Alcatraz is critically impor-
tant: It is a move by the Indian people
themselves. Unfortunately?and tragic-
ally?the Government has failed them.
Now, Indians have decided to peacefully
take destiny into their own hands.
I view the Alcatraz experience as no
"renegade" act. The island is barren,
crumbling, isolated, seemingly unwanted
by the Government which owns the prop-
erty. While various proposals for the is-
land have been made since the prison
was abandoned, virtually all have been
rejected as unfeasible for one reason or
another.
I assume that had not the Indians
moved onto the island, it would have gone
unused, unnoticed for years. Over that
period, it would be a continual cost for
the Government; but, while it may be a
debit for Government, for the Indian
people it poses many immediate benefits.
On Alcatraz the Indians are doing
something positive. They have created
a living community on the island. And
their future plans are both feasible and
viable. Instead of a casino or a gold rush
days exposition, two possible alternative
suggestions bantered about at one time
or another for Alcatraz, the Indian peo-
ple envision using the facilities on the
island to set up a cultural center and
educational complex.
Along with a surprisingly large num-
ber of my colleagues, I support the In-
dian people in their plans and their
vision. Three weeks ago I met with some
of the Indians from Alcatraz?the group
is known as the Alcatraz relief fund?
at the American Indian Center in San
Francisco, and I indicated that I would
do all I could to help the Indian people
in their efforts to gain title to the island.
Last week, a meeting was held in my
Washington office. The relief fund was
represented by Mr. Browning Pipestem
of the Arnold & Porter law firm, the
fund's Washington counsel. Mr. Pipe-
stem had just returned from San Fran-
cisco, and we discussed the current situ-
ation on Alcatraz.
As a result of that meeting, Represent-
ative OGDEN REID and I decided to in-
troduce legislation to assist the Indian
people in their plans to obtain title to
Alcatraz. The language contained in the
joint resolution we are introducing today
was approved at a meeting this past
weekend by the Indians on the island.
Now, Representative REID and I have
been joined by nine of our colleagues to
sponsor a House joint resolution.
This resolution directs the President to
initiate immediate negotiations with
delegated representatives of the Alcatraz
relief fund and any other appropriate
representatives of the American Indian
community with the objective of trans-
ferring unencumbered title in fee of
Alcatraz Island to the relief fund or any
other designated organization of the
American Indian community.
Joining with Mr. REID and I in this
measure are: JONATHAN B. BINGHAM,
SHIRLEY CHISHOLM, DONALD M. FRASER,
ALLARD K. LOWENSTEIN, ABNER J. MIKVA,
OGDEN R. REID, BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL,
EDWARD R. ROYBAL, WILLIAM F. RYAN,
and Louis STOKES. In addition, Repre-
sentative Tom REES expressed his wish
to be associated with this resolution.
This resolution is but a first step. Next
session I plan to sponsor a broad legis-
lative proposal aiming to establish Gov-
ernment-funded, but Indian-run, cul-
tural centers and educational systems
geared to the needs and objectives of the
Indian people.
For too long, the relationship between
our Government and the Indian people
has been distressingly dismal. Alcatraz
can be a significant turning point in that
relationship, and I pray that President
Nixon will begin these important nego-
tiations as soon as possible.
(Mr. BROWN of California asked and
was given permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and to
include extraneous matter.)
[Mr. BROWN of California's remarks
will appear hereafter in the Extensions
of Remarks.]
(Mr. BROWN of California asked and
was given permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and to
include extraneous matter.)
[Mr. BROWN of California's remarks
will appear hereafter in the Extensions
of Remarks.]
(Mr. BROWN of California asked and
was given permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and to
include extraneous matter.)
[Mr. BROWN of California's remarks
will appear hereafter in the Extensions
of Remarks.]
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H 12976 Approved For RelegoNZAWAgfar.RARKTIR1i3g13W9R30012000A-9_
Liecember 23, 19619'
LABOR DEPARTMENT SHOLLD
INVESTIGATE
(Mr. HECHLER of West Virginia
asked and was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. HECHLER of West Virginia. Mr.
Speaker, on December 9, 1969, members
of the United Mine Workers of America
voted for their international officers. In
an unprecedented move, the challenger
for UMWA president, Joseph A. Yablon-
ski, had posted about 2,000 volunteer
election observers at many of the polls
throughout the country. Thus, he was
able to document many new violations of
the UMWA constitutio and the Labor-
and Disclosure
A requirements,
ked the union's in-
December 18, 1969,
the UMWA inierna-
the union's three top
le, George J. Titler,
challenging the De-
d setting out In de-
his challenge. All of
binitted to the De-
e of it he",(1 al-
ItEcorta---July 15,
H5955; July 29, H6509 and December 3,
H11682. The rest of theNiformation, in-
cluding election day violations, I am in-
cluding in today's RECORD.t.14.111?1441-.Y.--.?--sh
of Labor has authority under sect c u601
of LMRDA to make an investigation in
connection with the December 9 ele.tion.
As the following documented informa-
tion reveals, the Secretary of Labor
should investigate these matters.
I am cognizant that there are those
who would prefer to forgive and forget
any election, once it is over. I subrni that
law and order should not be suspended,
either during or after an election cam-
paign. We have an obligation to insure
that the law of the land is fully enforced.
There follow the documents to wl- ich I
have referred:
Management Repor
Act. Pursuant to
Mr. Yablonski in
ternal remedies
when he wrote t
tional tellers an
officers, W. A. B
and John Owens,
cember 9 election
tail the grounds fo
this material was s
partment of Labor.
ready appeared in th
Board the mattees covered by the enclosed
letter to the International Tellers and ap-
pendices.
Fraternally yours,
JOSEPH A. YABLONSK/.
DecEssexa 18, 1969.
International TeLers WILLIAM CALPIN, CLYDE
,.W. RUNIONS, and Elowtuan A. LAZUR,
United Min? Workers of America,
Washington, D.C.
GENTLEMEN: For the following reasons I
hereby challenge the December 9, 1969 elec-
tion for International Officers:
I. All of the conduct, unlawful under the
UMWA Constitution and the Labor-Manage-
ment Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959
forth in Mr. Joseph L. Rauh,
- Jr.'s July 9, 1.0* :.etter to Secretary of Labor
George P. Shultz, attached hereto as Ap-
pendix A.
2. All of the conduct, unlawful under the
UMWA Constitutien and LMRDA, set forth in
Mr. Rauh's July 18, 1969 letter to Secretary
Shultz, attached hereto as Appendix B.
3. All of the conduct, unlawful under the
UMWA Constitution and LMRDA, set forth
in Mr. Rauh's July 25, 1969 letter to Secre-
tary Shultz, attached hereto as Appendix C.
4. All of the conduct, unlawful under the
UMWA Constitution and LMRDA, set forth
in Mr. Rauh's July 30, 1969 letter to Secre-
tary Shultz, attached hereto as Appendix D.
5. All of the co:aduct, unlawful under the
UMWA Constitution and LMRDA, set forth
in Mr. Rauh's August 13, 1969 letter to sec-
retary Shultz, attached hereto as Appendix E.
Et All of the conduct, unlawful under the
UMWA Constitution and LMRDA, set forth
in Mr. Rauh's December 1, 1969 letter to
secretary ereto as Appen-
dix F.
DECEMBER 18, 1169.
Messrs. W. A. BOYLE, president; GEOF.GE J.
Timm, vice president; and JOHN Owzias,
secretary-treasurer,
United Mine Workers of Ante ica,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MESSRS. BOYLE, TITLER, AND OWENS:
Section 402 of the Labor-Management Re-
porting and Disclosure Act of 1959 requires
that I Invoke the remedies available ander
the UMWA constitution prior to fling a
complaint with the Secretary of Lator to
Invalidate the election of December 9.
The UMWA Constitution is not clear on
what remedies are open. to me inside the
Union. I submit this letter and the er,:losed
letter to the International Tellers and ap-
pendices thereto and request that they be
treated as my effort to exhaust any ad all
available remedies within the UMWA to in-
validate the December 9 election as vio_ative
of the UMWA Constitution and LMRDA, all
as described in massive detail in the en( losed
letter and appendices.
I desire to present this matter to the In-
ternational Executive Board at its next meet-
ing. Secretary Owens has informed me that
the Board would be called to consider my
letter concerning your financial peculations.
Either at that meeting or at one specially
called to consider your eleotion violations. I
will present to the International Executive
7. All of the conduct, unlawful un he
UMWA constituton and. LMRDA and
breach of Secretary-Treasurer Owens' Letter
of Instructions sent to UMWA local unions
pursuant to representations made on behalf
of 1.71VIWA to Judge George Hart in Civil Ac-
tion No. 3061-69, set forth in the affidavit of
Joseph A. ("Chip") Yablonski, who coordi-
nated my campaign effort in the field, at-
tached hereto as Appendix G.
8. All of the conduct, unlawful under the
UMWA Constitution and LMRDA, set forth
In the affidavit of Clarice R. Feldman, at-
tached hereto as Appendix H.
There is no need to repeat here what is set
forth in those eiget appendices. What they
Show, in a word, is that Tony Boyle stole the
election through massive violations of the
UMWA Constitution and. LMRDA unprece-
dented in the history of the American trade
union movement. his campaign can best be
described as a great treasury raid in which
he converted the dues of hones-t mine work-
ers and elderly pensioners to his personal
campaign and used the personnel of the
UMWA as though they were his private
servants,
These eight appendices demonstrate that
the election must be set aside because of the
maealve violations up to election day, includ-
ing already judicially-adjudicated violations
of Title IV of LMRDA; that it_must be set
aside because of the massive violations on
election day; and that it must be set aside
because of the massive violations of the
UMWA Constitution in counting the votes
cast in unconstitutional bogey locals. The
election must be sat aside for each of these
reasons separately. Taken together they make
an overwhelming case binding on the mind
and conscience of all honest men.
Tellers, stand up before It's too late. I, too,
once submitted to the discipline of Tony
Boyle. But I shall die an honest man because
I finally rejected that discipline. I realized
at long last that there are values so great in
this world that the time had come to stand
up and be counted for decency in our union
and a better life for the miners we repre-
sent. Your conscience will have to be your
guide.
Fraternally yours,
JOSEPH A. YASLONSKI.
LAW OFFICES RAUH AND SILARD,
Washington, D.C., July 18, 1969.
Hon. GEORGE P. SHULTZ,
Secretary of Labor,
Department of Labor,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. SECRETARY: On July 9, 1969,
Joseph A. Yablonski, candidate for President
of the United Mine Workers of America, and
H. Elmer Brown, candidate for Vice President
thereof, requested an immediate and con-
tinuing investigation of the illegal activ-
ities of the incumbent UMWA officers
who are seeking to prevent the nomination
of Mr. Yablonski and Mr. Brown for those
offices. I am writing on behalf of Mr. Yablon-
ski and Mr. Brown once again to Bet forth
additional pieces of information supporting
our earlier request for an investigation. It
can truthfully be said that there has never
been the equal in massive violations of fed-
eral law to what the officers of the UMWA
are now doing.
Initially, it should be pointed out that a
copy of the July 9th letter was served the
same day upon W. A. ("Tony") Boyle, Pres-
ident, George J. Titter, Vice President, and
John Owens, Secretary-Treasurer, with a re-
quest that the Union or its governing Board
or officers bring suit to remedy the breaches
of trust by the incumbent UMWA officers and
those working with them as enumerated in
the July 9th letter to you. That request was,
In effect, rejected in a letter from Mr. Edward
Carey, General Counsel of the UMWA, dated
July 14, 1969, a copy of which was sent to
you. But the significant thing about Mr.
Carey's letter was not his rejection of our
request; rather it was his calculated failure
deny practically every assertion in our let-
to you, a denial which would have carried
th enalties of 18 U.S.C. 1001.
I identally, in the two instances where
Mr. rey did make statements of fact, they
are thout foundation. The suggestion in
Mr. C y's letter that Mr. Yablonski was
somehcv involved in the change of the
UMWA onstitution in 1964 to require 50
nomina ons from local unions rather than
5 has no upport in any record of the UMWA
and is Ijicorrect. The statement of fact?
Mr. Caret's denial that "an attorney for the
UIVIWA cliberately sought to sabotage the
mailing" falls in the face of the actual facts.
After JlJdge Corcoran issued his prelimi-
nary in. nction on June 20, 1969, directing
the U A to send out Mr. Yablonski's cam-
paign terature, lawyers for the UMWA and
Mr. lablonski worked out an arrangement
und,er which a non-profit bulk mailing per-
nn.itt was obtained by the UMWA from the
Silver Spring, Maryland, Post Office (Permit
No. 542). It was understood that this per-
mit was acquired f Or the purpose of distrib-
uting Mr. Yablonski's campaign literature
pursuant to Judge Corcoran's Order. While
Mr. Yablonski's literature, under the label
"Miners for Yablonski," was on the printing
press and after the postal authorities had
approved use of said permit by Mr. Yablon-
ski, Mr. Willard Owens, a lawyer for the
UMWA and son of Secretary-Treasurer John
Owens, called Mr. Harold E. McKnight, the
relevant official of the Post Office Depart-
ment, and informed him that an organiza-
tion of private individuals, i.e., "Miners for
Yablonski," was attempting to use the
UMWA non-profit bulk mailing permit. Mr.
Owens further told Mr. McKnight that
"Miners for Yablonski" was not the same
entity as UMWA and that therefore he
thought they should not be allowed to use
the UMWA bulk mailing permit. He did not
mention the fact that the EIVIWA were under
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President's plan for ending the Vietnam
war and a resolution which I also co-
sponsored concerning the humane treat-
ment of American prisoners of war in
North Vietnam. Both passed the House
by large margins.
I was equally pleased by the work of
the Veterans' Foreign Affairs Committee
on which I am now the third ranking
Republican. Legislation increasing the
monthly education allowances for GI's
was reported out and approved by the
House. The Senate has passed a similar
but not identical bill, and both Houses
are now meeting in conference to iron
out the differences. Other veterans legis-
lation which was favorably acted on
includes the elimination of the require-
ment for filing an annual income ques-
tionnaire, a raise in dependency and
indemnity compensation, and liberaliza-
tion of mailing privileges for servicemen.
The committee has also begun action to
prevent veteran's pensions from termi-
nating as a result of the recent increase
in social security benefits.
H.R. 13374, funding of Federal Water
Pollution Control Act;
H.R. 13463, creation of mass transit
trust fund;
H.R. 13776, establishment of orderly
procedures to consider renewal of broad-
cast license's;
H.R. 13875, broaden active duty al-
lowed for GI education benefits;
H.R. 13983, revenue sharing with the
states;
H.R. 14130, increase in home loan fi-
nancing for veterans;
H.R. 14214, railroad passenger service
standards;
House Resolution 614, "peace with jus-
tic,e in Vietnam" resolution;
House Concurrent Resolution 441,
prisoner of war declaration;
H.R. 14893, giving Secretary of State
authority to impose restrictions of travel
to countries when such travel under-
cuts American foreign policy; and
House Resolution 758, establishment
of congressional Committee on Improv-
ing the Quality of Our Environment.
LEGISLATION INTRODUCED
Following is a list of some of the bills
I have introduced which I feel are vitally
important to our country and to the
Fourth District:
House Joint Resolution 304, FCC study
of violence on TV;
House Joint Resolution 305, constitu-
tional amendment allowing prayer In
public schools;
House Joint Resolution 357, constitu-
tional amendment for electorar reform;
H.R. 3045, definition of ;dad supple-
ments for the Federal Facia, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act; -
H.R. 3855, establishment of a Com-
mission to Improve dovernment Man-
agement;
HR. 4782, exempt ammunition from
Federal regulation;
H.R. 4783, limit questions in census
taking;
H.R. 4784, increase outside earnings
without deductions from social security
benefits;
H.R. 5168, pieventive detention of
criminals;
H.R. 5171 and 11.R. 14202, prohibit
mailing of obscene Material;
H.R. 7427, cost-of-living increases in
social security payments; -
H.R. 7428, cost-of-living increases for
railroad retirement;
H.R. 8769, permit joint operation of
newspapers for economy reasons;
House Concurrent Resolution 169, Bi-
af ran relief;
H.R. 9156, deduction of increased liv-
ing expenses from taxes due to the de-
struction of ones home;
H.R. 9355, Supreme Sacrifice Medal
for wives and parents of servicemen
killed in Vietnam;
H.R. 11118, liberalize eligibility of blind
persons for social security benefits;
H.R. 12744, authorization of Eisen-
hower silver dollar;
HR. 12425; addition of kidney disease
to Public Health Act;
House Resolution 301, creation of Na-
tional Gerontology Center to study ways
to help the aged;
H.R. 13053, benefits for firemen and
policemen killed in line of duty;
would fall short of an actual, peace treaty.
The notion is spreading that olir government
is willing to use its great influence on Israel
to accept a withdrawal arrangement similar
to the 1957 roll back. You are aware, sir,
of how the 1957 withdrawal from the .Sinal
Peninsula contained international assurances
that were so lacking in substance that we
are now faced with the present tragedy which
is daily taking a toll of Israeli lives.
I am certain you recall your erudite and
well-received address of September 8, 1968,
before the B'nal B'rith convention in Wash-
ington, D.C. You asserted that "it is not
realistic to expect Israel to surrender vital
bargaining counters in the absence of a
genuine peace and effective guarantees."
Have you now changed your mind?
You stated in that same speech that "we
support Israel because it is threatened by
Soviet imperialism". Yet Secretary Rogers
failed to remark on that fact in his recent
remarks. Nor did he find a single word in his
lengthy address to denounce the growing
menace of Soviet support of Arab guerrillas
and terrorists and the deadly pipeline of
Russian munitions supplying the unrelent-
ing Arab war against Israel.
In your own speech, sir, you stated that
"we must impress upon the Soviets the full
extent of our determination". But Secretary
Rogers gives the impression that we might be
vulnerable to appeasement at Israel's ex-
pense. He said nothing about the vitriolic
anti-Israel and anti-Jewish policies of the
Soviet Union. Are you still mindful, Mr.
President, of this sinister aspect of the
Kremlin's policies?
You told the B'nai B'rith that "we can
hardly ignore the fact that during the past
five years of active Soviet penetration, the
United States Government has at times
seemed to hide its head in the sands of the
Middle East. The (previous) Administration
has failed to come to diplomatic grips with
the scope and seriousness of the Soviet
threat". Sir, is your own Administration
similarly failing?
Mr. President, you told the B'nal B'rith
in 1968 that "as long as the threat of Arab
attack remains direct and imminent . .
the (power) balance must be tipped in
Israel's favor". You pointed out that "if
maintaining that margin of superiority
should require that the United States should
supply Israel with supersonic Phanton F-4
jets, we should supply those jets so that they
can maintain that superiority".
Secretary Rogers did not even state that
we were still concerned about a balance to
deter aggression. Are you still in favor of
maintaining an Israeli margin? When may
we expect a reply to the promise you made
to Israeli Premier Golda Meir when she
visited the White House last September?
Mrs. Meir got the very definite impression, it
would seem, that you were following the
Soviet military build-up of the Arabs and
were considering authorizing the sale of ad-
ditional jets, in addition to financial ar-
rangements to enable Israel to cope with
the developing military situation. As an
original sponsor of the Congressional resolu-
tions favoring the provision of Phantom jets
to Israel, I would naturally like to know
what is happening involving the supply of
such aircraft beyond the number originally
sold. I also am extremely eager to know
whether we will agree to financial arrange-
ments that would permit Israel to deter the
mounting Soviet-backed and Soviet-armed
vendetta of the radical Arab states against
Israel.
Secretary Rogers has created more ques-
tions than he answered. I feel that the crisis
CONCERN FOR THE SECURITY OF
ISRAEL
(yr. PODELL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
'minute, to revise and extend his remarks
and include extraneous material.)
Mr. PODELL. Mr. Speaker, I am
deeply concerned about the security of
Israel in the conflict that now rages in
the Middle East. The erosion of Israel-
American relations threatens that secu-
rity still further.
Many of the points in the December 9
speech delivered by Secretary of State
William P. Rogers contradict some of
the earlier administration's declarations
concerning Israel. On December 19, I
wrote to President Nixon asking him to
clarify the U.S. position on this matter.
I think it important that the contents
of this letter be repeated.
DECEMBER 19, 1969.
The PRESIDENT,
The White House,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I have carefully ex-
amined Secretary of State William P. ROgeIS
address of December 9, 1969, stating the Ad-
ministration's policy objectives in the Middle
East. Secretary Rogers enunciated a stand
that appears to differ in important aspects
from your own thinking on the issues of
peace and security in that region.
It would appear to me, Mr. President,
that the Congress has a right to know
whether to regard Secretary Rogers' expres-
sions or your own words as the official guide-
line to our Middle East policy. You have
often stated that it is important for our
enemies not to miscalculate on our inten-
tions. A situation now exists, however, that
finds Members of our own Congress confused
BS to whether the Administration is still
backing Israel's insistence oil a real peace
as the essential precondition for any rolling
back of Israeli forces from the present firing
lines.
I would be appreciative, Mr. President, if
you would clarify the actual position of the
'United States Government on the question
of Israeli withdrawal from occupied tem- in the Middle East requires that we say what
tory. Secretary Rogers has opened a Pandora's we mean-and that we mean what we say.
box of confusion by giving the Communist Since I, as a Member of the Congress, do not
bloc and the Arabs the impression that the know what is going on with reference to our
United States might press Israel to withdraw Middle East policy, there is a considerable
In exchange for some flimsy accord that likelihood that the Russians and their Arab
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ecember 23, 7vu9 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
tin have been reasonable and should
o ce again result in a budgetary surplus.
T e past fiscal year was the first time in
10 years that a national administration
cli sed its fiscal books in black ink In-
st ad of red ink.'
wo main areas that I felt required
r actions in spending were the space
pr ram and foreign aid. The annual
a horization for NASA this year was
$3 9 billion which is less than previous
Ye rs and represents a recognition that
w need to solve many of our problems
on earth such as air and water pollution
w le we carry on our space exploration.
ving attended the launch of Apollo 11
ani having spoken with the astronauts,
I ally realize the importance of the
sp e program, but feel .that we must
be patient and only allocate what we
can afford to the program.
'though the Nixon administration has
eff ted improvements in the foreign aid
program, there is still too Much evidence
of wasted taxpayer's dollaas. Thus, I
votd against both the foreign aid au-
th rization bill and the foreign aid ap-
prcpriatlon bill. I offered amendments
boti in the Foreign Affairs Committee
and on the floor of the House which re-
dulled the requested authorization sub-
sta tially
Further attempts to curb expenses in-
clu ed my vote against the addition of
anqther staff member for congressional
aft es at the taxpayer's eiwnse, oppoi-
tIo4 to the construction of a new wing
to he Capitol Building, and support for
the provision in the Agricultural Appro-
pri tons Act limiting Fedef al subsidy
Pay ents to farmers to a ceiling of
$20 000 per year.
DRAFT REFORM
I strongly favored the draft reforni
legi414tion initiated by the Nixon ad-
mi ration as it should cure many of
the inequities in the present system. It
will minimize the disruption in the in-
divi ual lives of our young people 1:n!
red icing the period of prime vulner-
bilitW to the draft from up to 7 years to
12 Months. Moreover, selection of those
clasSifled as available on a complet4y
ran;om basis will give all an equal
cha ce.
ELECTORAL REFORM
Daring the last Presidential election it
becarne apparent that a situation was
dev loping whereby the contest could
have been thrown into the House Of
Representatives. Fortunately, this did not
happen, but it was evident that reforni
was in order. While I favored the distriet
plan and introduced a bill proposing
such, I voted for the direct election plan
on final passage in order that the Nation
would not have to face the possibility f
anot er Presidential election under the
Pres t system. The Senate still has to
act oi the constitutional amendment and
it must be ratified by three-fourths Of
the States.
CRIME LEGISLATION
As crime continued to rise across
America, the democratically controlled
Congress continued to delay considers-
tion of anticrirne bills, some of which
Presi ent Nixon asked for as long ago as
Jan ry 31. The President proposed a
wide-ranging attack on criminal activity
at all levels, including a stepped-up drive
against organized crime, illicit drug
traffic, and illegal gambling; legislative
changes in witness immunity laws, bail
reform laws, and grand jury procedures;
and Federal aid to State and local en-
forcement agencies. The only proposal
acted on by the Congress was an amend-
ment to the Bail Bond Act, which I co-
sponsored, to permit "preventive deten-
tion" until a trial is held of defendants
likely to commit fusther crimes. Among
the few ariticrime bills to come before the
House, all of which 7. supported, were the
following: establishment of a Select
Committee to Study Crime; the Correc-
tional Rehabilitation Act; and the Drug
Abuse Education Art which authorizes
educational programs concerning the
adverse effects from the use of drugs.
CONSERVATION AND POLLUTION CON TROL
The House was especially acti ? this
area, as we all realize the ent need
to improve the quality of r environ-
ment. The House passed t Water Pols
ludon Control Act which mended and
strengthened water polluti control lag-
islation and proposed an thorization
of $348 million for a 3-year od. Fur-
thermore, the Public Works A opria-
tions bill called for $600 million for ter
pollution control grants to the Sta .
This is considerably more than h
been appropriated in the past. I also sup-
ported the Clean Ali Act which author-
ized funds for research into air pollution
problems involving fuels and metor vehi-
cles, the major contributors to air pol-
lution. In addition, legislation was passed
to establish a Council on Environmental
Quality. Permanent machinery to study
and recommend solu ;ions for this Press-
ing problem has long been needed.
EDUCATION
Several constructive developments oc-
curred here. I suppoited the Republican
proposal for a 2-year extension of the
Elementary and Seeondary Education
Act approved by the House instead of
a 4-year extension. A shorter author-
ization is needed a; Congress should
change the fund distribution formula
after the 1970 census results and the
program should not be frozen beyond
the current 4-year presidential term.
This bill aso pombined four Federal grant
programs into a single block grant to
the States which is much more efficient
and allows better planning by the States
and local communities. Since I strongly
support vocational education programs
as they make productive citizens out of
many who would otherwise be on our
welfare roles, I voted for an amendment
to the HEW appropriations bill which
raised the total for :EIEW programs to
$17,500,000 as the increase was primarily
in the area of vocational education. The
House also passed the student loan
emergency bill which increased the
Federal subsidy on stfident loans by 3
percent. This was imperative as college
tuition in Indiana went up markedly this
year and at the same time interest rates
on loans increased. Finally, I favored a
House-adopted amendment to a supple-
mental appropriations bill which denies
Federal interest subsidies on college con-
struction loans to colleges which fail to
certify that they are complying with a
H1097'
law directing colleges to Cut off Federal
aid to students or employees convicted of
crime of force against the college or who
engage in disruptive activities detrimen-
tal to the college. I voted for this amend-
ment as I felt the Congress had to do
something to assure those students who
are in college primarily for an education
that they will obtain the education for
which they paid.
socrss SECURITY
The Congress passed an immediate
across-the-board increase in social secu-
rity benefits of 15 percent for the 25
million elderly people, disabled people
and their dependents, and widows and
orphans who now get monthly benefits
Because of the recent inflationary trend
It arleipasste-'6'bVi7tritsstcTe that there was a
sing and urgent'
eed for an across-
the-board increase in the social security
payments of people now on the benefit
roles.
DEFENSE SPENDING
Although I feel that some budgetary
Restraints are needed by the Pentagon
In its operation of our Defense establish-
ment, I voted for the military procure-
ment authorization bill which included
funds for the ABM as it is needed to
protect U.S. missile bases against a Soviet
first strike and would aid rather than
harm our nuclear disarmament talks
'th the Soviet Union. By deciding not
to ut ABM's around our cities, the Presi-
den as effectively removed them from
the li of high priority targets, but at
the sam ime has made certain that we
will have t power to react if an enemy
strikes first. s is the best way, I feel.
to deter such attack and save millions
of lives if it sho id ever take place.
COM IViETEE WORE
As the senior Republican member of
the Foreign Affairs 'Committee. I have
spent a great . port* of this session
working on legislation 'affecting our for-
eign affairs and also consulting regularly
with President Nixon and Secretary of
State Rogers on foreig4 policy matters
The bulk of the co ittee work con-
cerned foreign aid. As mentioned previ-
ously, I led the succe ul effort to reduce
the amount autho ed and encouraged
more emphasis technical aid rather
than on gra nd loans. A new feature
of the- gn Aid Act is the Overseas
Private Investment Corporation which
will facilitate private U.S. investment
abroad, and, thereby, reduce the need for
U.S. tax dollars to be spent on foreign
assistance.
Both in the committee and on the floor
of the House, I supported the annual
authorization bill for the Peace Corps
During the hearings on the bill, we heard
a good deal of refreshing commonsense
testimony from the new Director, Joe
Blatchford. He proposed that we utilize
the services of older persons whose fam-
ilies are grown and who have the skills
so needed by the developing countries.
Moreover, because of Blatchford's reduc-
tion of administrative personnel, the
Peace Corps was able to reduce its re-
quest for funds by $8,700,000.
The Foreign Affairs Committee spent
most of its remaining time on the con-
sideration of a resolution which I, along
with others introduced supporting the
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DeCeirtler 23, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? HOUSE 11 13099
friends may grievously miscalculate on
American intentions.
I would deeply appreciate a reply that
would help clarify the seeming incon-
sistencies.
With assurances of the highest, personal
respect.
BERTRAM L. PODELL,
Member of Congress.
IS DAVID ROCKEFELLER PROMOT-
ING ANTI-ISRAEL POLICIES?
(Mr. KOCH asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute, and to devise and extend his remarks
and include extraneous material.)
Mr. KOCH. Mr. Speaker, an article
which appeared in the New York Times
today indicated an apparent anti-Israel
position by David Rockefeller, president
of the Chase Manhattan Bank and sev-
eral other oil company executives who
are advising the President. The implica-
tions of that article distressed me and
I am sure other Members of this House.
To ascertain whether the columnist
correctly stated Mr. Rockefeller's posi-
tion, I have written to him today. A copy
of my letter follows:
HODSE Or REPRESENTATIVES,
Washington, D.C., December 22, 1969.
Mr. Davin Roatzrestre,
New York, N.Y.
DEAR MR. Roc Jim: I was very dis-
tressed to read this morning in the New
York Times an article by Tad Szulc which
clearly indicated that you, as president of
the Chase Manhattan Bank, John J. MeCloy,
former president of the Chase Manhattan,
and Robert B. Anderson, former Secretary
of the Treasury and director of Dresser In-
dustries Company, which has oil interests
in Kuwait and Libya?as well as others?
met with the President on December 9th
and advised him against continuing the
present policy of allegedly supporting Israel
in its confrontation with the Arab coun-
tries. /t appears that you basically argued
that the oil industry and perhaps the Chase
Manhattan Bank are suffering because our
policies toward Israel have received an ad-
verse economic and political reaction from
the Arab states?and that "the-United States
must act immediately to improve its rela-
tions with oil producing and other Arab
states."
In my own judgement, the United States
has not sufficiently supported Israel and has
failed to provide it with arms and planes
necessary to offset the arms and planes
furnished by the Soviet Union to the Arab
states, and indeed now Secretary Rogers is
attempting to impose a settlement in the
Middle East which would be . adverse to
Israel. I, for one, believe it is in our national
Interest to support the State of Israel ads
the one democratic government in that area
which from its inception has identified with
the United States and for which reason it
has gained the enmity of the Soviet Union.
In addition, and of equal importance, are
the moral reasons for supporting the people
of Israel in their fight to survive. However,
if you are not already convinced of the
validity of both or either of these two rea-
sons, this letter will not persuade you and I
will not attempt to elaborate on them.
The reason for this letter is to inquire
whether the thrust of Mr. Szulc's article was
correct. And to do so I would appreciate hav-
ing the opportunity of meeting with you as
soon as possible.
While you and the Chase Manhattan Bank
have an absolute "right to take any position
you deem correct in support of your eco-
nomic interests and while I have no quarrel
with your having financial agreements with
any of the Arab states, I want you to know
that when you attempt to influence the for-
eign policy of the United States so as to sup-
port your economic interest, you run the
risk of having those who disagree with you
undertake a campaign designed to render
effects which would be economically adverse
for the Chase Manhattan Bank. The survival
of Israel is an important issue to me and
Ymy constituents?Jews and Christians alike.
If after our discussion, it is clear that the
article fairly sets forth your position, further
acts with respect to your bank would be in
order. And in that eventuality, your patrons
may be heard from.
Sincerely,
EDWARD I. KOCH.
(Mr. BURTON of California asked and
was given permission to address the
Home for 1 minute, and to revise and
extend his remarks and include extrane-
ous material.)
[Mr. BURTON of California addressed
the House. His remarks will appear here-
after in the Extensions of Remarks.]
PLAN TO RESTRUCTURE NEW YORK
PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
(Mr. LOWENSTEIN asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. LOWENSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, Mon-
day's papers headlined a story on Gov-
ernor Rockefeller's plans to restructure
the New York Public Service Commis-
sion. The commission's predilection for
servicing the utilities it is supposed to
regulate, rather than protecting the pub-
lic, has been documented many times.
Many of us in Nassau County are liv-
ing and working literally on top of ex-
plosive evidence of the commission's
dereliction of duty. I am referring of
course, to the high pressure pipeline in-
stalled with the cursory approval of the
State Public Service Commission by the
Long Island Lighting Co. The route for
this pipeline?capable of generating
pressure of up to 350 pounds per square
inch?runs directly through heavily pop-
ulated and traveled routes in Rockville
Centre, East Rockaway, Long Beach,
Island Park, Lynbrook, Hempstead, Mal-
verne, and Oceanside. In many instances.
the route passes within 50 feet of resi-
dences and within 12 feet of a high
school. The Public Service Commission
took the incredible position that the
choice of route fo rthis potentially lethal
installation was largely within the dis-
cretion of the LILCO and did not really
subject it to scrutiny.
In fact, the commission held abso-
lutely no hearings on the entire issue un-
til the construction of the pipeline was
virtually completed and $9 million had
been spent. After 4 days of so-called
hearings in which no cross-examination
was permitted, the commission predict-
ably issued a finding that permitted the
completion of the pipeline. Subsequent
lawsuits by aroused citizens groups and
affected villages were unsuccessful
largely on technical grounds. However, in
these cases one senses an underlying feel-
ing by the court that the existence of
the Public Service Commission as a
guardian of the public interest, was per-
suasive in denying these petitions. Resi-
dents of the areas through which the
pipeline traverses are not so deluded.
They are living over a powder keg of
incalculable destructive potential. At
least once in a week gas leaks and ex-
plosions are reported in various parts of
the country. Yet, not one of these dis-
asters approaches what could be the
magnitude of a similar incident in Nas-
sau. Potential for explosion or leaks is
always present and becomes greater as
time goes on. The pipeline is constructed
a few inches under heavily traveled high-
ways, and is located closer to homes,
schools, and other underground utility
lines than the distance specified by law.
This variance was made possible by
further odd behavior on the part of the
Public Service Commission?again act-
ing without hearings?without even con-
sulting the people most directly affected.
If this pipeline did not represent such
a continuing potential for catastrophe
for so many human beings, we could
file its existence as a case history of the
way in which the Public Service Com-
mission and the utilities it is entrusted
with regulating operate in partnership,
cynically disregarding the need and
rights of the public.
But it does represent such a potential,
and residents of the community cannot
file as history what remains a clear and
present danger. They have sought re-
dress from the Commission, from the
courts, and from Congress. Their cause
is the cause of all Americans whose
rights and interests have been sub-
ordinated to the financial conveniences
of powerful companies and the unrelent-
ing pressure of a technology that may
yet destroy its creators. All of us who
have been in this fight welcome the
new voices that have joined our protest
against the failures of the Public Serv-
ice Commission to fulfill its functions.
We hope they will add their energies
as well as their words to the tough battle
to bring some regulation to the regu-
lators.
And we hope they will remember that
among the continuing victims of the
Public Service Commission's past der-
elications are the people who must live
every day literally on top of the LILCO
pipeline. We will not be quiet while this
totally inexcusable invitation to disaster
perils the health and safety of our
community.
COAL MINE SAFETY BILL
(Mr. MOLLOHAN asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. MOLLOHAN. Mr. Speaker, it is
unfortunate that the administration has
taken its present stance as Congress
moves to clear its agenda for this session.
The threat of a veto is, of course, a
legitimate weapon in the President's po-
litical arsenal; but in the past, most ad-
ministrations have exercised this threat
only at times when legislative and execu-
tive branches have reached an impasse.
It is unfortunate that an administra-
tion should use this most potent of weap-
ons to shape legislation when other
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H 13100 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
means, and more cnstructive means,
have been and are avetilable,
For instance, the administratien used
the veto threat agailest the cost mine
1 safety bill last week, lecause of the ex-
pense of th,e compediation pnoesions,
i even though the Secrelary of the interior
I ignored until last week a requeet of 6
months ago to comment on those very
1 provisions, and their expense. The con-
ferees had completed_ their, work a full
month before the Secretary arawered.
Thus, the threat to veto the legislation
came at a time when neither Hoese was
1 in a position to reopen its consideration
of that 13111. In this itatice, the threat
of veto hampered raWe than centrib-
uted to the legislative?process.
Now we are faced with the tin at of
veto for the suppleniental appi opria-
tions for Labor and 11EW utile Is the
' President's civil rights plan, the Ph ladel-
phia plan, is left intact The Ooneptroller
General has flatly stated that the plan
1 is in direct violation ?of the 196e civil
rights law. In view of the administra-
' tion's efforts to curb _Federal construc-
tion and the general decline 'le the
, construction industry cd,this time, irnple-
menting the Philadelphia plan \meld be
profoundly divisive at a time when this
Nation should seek unity rather than
, further division.
Capitalizing on the *ire of the Con-
gress to adjourn, the administrator' is
'using this threat of veto to shape legis-
1
1, lation on taxes and apPropriations alike.
I The Senate was bluntly informed dur-
ing its consideration Of both tie: re-
form and the appropriations for the
,Departments of Labor and Health, Edu-
cation, and Welfare, that their lei isla-
tion was unacceptable and would be
Ivetoed. The warning was based upo i the
Cost of the two measure& and both were
represented to the public as being lughle
inflationary. The adminletration dee tined
to note that even with the higher expense
bf the tax bill and the tlays for Labor
4nd HEW, the budget would not be dis-
turbed because of the nearly $51/2 billion
put in the Defense budget.
This use of executive powers is a :arm
Of legislative overkill, add it is lam ent-
ble that the admiaistrateon has chosen
uch a blunt and inflexible approace to
hape the Nation's legislation. It is viola
rovocative than productive, and th( re-
ponse of the Hill is more likely to be re-
ctive than reasoned. In, the final anal-
sis,this attempt to legislate through
eth is likely- to be more damaging to the
Country than helpful.
'
PRICE OF CHRISTMAS TUR.KEYS
AFFECTED BY ECONOMY
(Mr. McCARTHY asked and was gi Jen
p rmission to address the House or 1
inute, to revise and extend his
remarks.)
1Mr. McCARTHY. Mr?, Speaker, as
Americans shop for their Christmas tur-
keys the high prices of the restive birds
mind them that we are_auffering from
tije worst inflation in 18 yeara
Last month the wholesale price of tur-
keys skyrocketed 61/2 permit. And indi-
cations are that the average turkey price
of 52.2 cents a pound will go even higher
in the future.
Since President Nixon took office in-
flation has pushed prices up 51/2 per-
cent?the highest rise since 1951. An-
other increase' this month equal to last
month's will make 1969 the most infla-
tionary year since 1947.
In the meantime, the average weekly
paychecks of some 45 million U.S.
workers have actually dropped. They fell
62 percent last month because of shorter
work weeks in the slowing U.S. economy.
When asked about price increases 7
days after taking office, President Nixon
answered that the Government would
not intervene in price and wage deci-
sions, that the fight against inflation
would rest on fiscal and monetary Policy
and he ' would not eallortelsnetness and
e -
labor.
That blew/U.1E lid off prices right there.
. Thesident has supported a severe
moneta
e policy. He demanded contin-
uation/of the tax surcharge. But un-
like P esident Johnson, he has made no
effort/ to use the moral power of the
presidency to persuade business and
labo to modify their price of wage de-
m ds. The Johnson administration not
on used moral suasion but put the
pr ssure on rising prices by sales out of
s u piles and by altering Government
b ing policies, especially at the
Pe tagon.
ile Members of Congress, including
mys f, have sought to reduce defense
spene g, not only to shift priorities but
to figh flation, the President has sup-
ported oat all of the new major
weapons s teme. Clearly, in this vital
area, the P 'dent has fumbled the eco-
nomic ball an t off a cycle of runaway
inflation. And th ect has been deva-
stating especially on ose with fixed in-
comes, those living on s ial security and
pensions. In the case o working men
and women, price increas ave far out-
distanced gains in wages.
I believe the time is long at due for
President Nixon re start us g the pow-
ers of his office to do some rig mean-
ingful to halt this cycle runaway
inflation.
(Mr. FULTON of Penns vania asked
and was given permission address the
House for 1 minite a to revise and
extend his remarks.)
[Mr. FULTOj. .1 Pennsylvania ad-
dressed t.1Io11se. His remarks will ap-
pear -11 reafter in the Extensions of
Remarks.]
(Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
[Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN addressed the
House. His remarks will appear here-
after in the Extensions of Remarks.]
(Mr. WYMAN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
[Mr. WYMAN addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks.]
December 13: 199
(Mr. CORMAN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks
and include extraneous matter.)
[Mr. CORMAN addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks.]
The SPEAKER. Under a previous order
of the House, the gentleman from Texas
(Mr. PATMAN) is recognized for 30
minutes,
[Mr. PATMAN addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks. I
PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION AND
POISONING?TIME FOR ACTION
The SPEAKER. Under a previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
Connecticut (Mr. MoNecee) is recog-
nized for 30 minutes.
Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. Speaker, the fail-
ure of the Department of Agriculture to
protect the public from the effects of cer-
tain pesticides has resulted in a mini-
mum of 100,000 unnecessary human
Poisonings in the past 10 years. The De-
partment has failed to enforce provisions
of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act?FIFRA?intended to
protect the public from hazardous pesti-
cide products being marketed in violation
of the act. Moreover, unless constructive
action is taken by the Department of
Agriculture to ? enforce provisions of
FIFRA?much of our food will be ille-
gally adulterated with pesticide residues.
At present, millions of pounds of cheese
and fish are impounded for this reason
and will have to be destroyed. Unless
consteuctive action is taken, much of the
food supply will contain large amounts
of cancer-producing pesticide com-
pounds. Unless constructive action is
taken to reduce environmental contami-
nation, a very large percentage of the
world's remaining animal life faces ex-
tinction during the next twenty years
and human life may be endangered.
Much of this wanton destruction has
been attributed to pesticide contamina-
tion and misuse.
The President and members of the
Cabinet acting as the Environmental
Quality Council should not be forced to
oversee, review, and order the cancella-
tion in part or whole of every pesticide
registration allowed by the Pesticide Reg-
ulation Division of the Department of
Agriculture that may be a potential or
imminent health hazard. If the Depart-
ment of Agriculture had carried out its
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Ro-
denticide Act responsibilities by follow-
ing a prudent course in matters concern-
ing hazards to human, other forms of
life and our ecology, much of our prob-
lems and fears would not exist.
It is chilling to realize that certain
food additives and pesticide residues
which we ingest may kill, cause cancer,
create fetal deformities in animal?
mammalian?life and also be hazardous
to humans. Pesticide fogs, sprays, and
vapors in a constant fallout in concen-
trations sufficient to kill animal life may
fall on man. Certain pesticides stored
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December 20, Mzevt(bWRAS1/41WCP3inailtfilA:liVellgig93?111:Masi 20003-9
ennese police to clear his way through
the mobs.
The testimonial dinner was as reward-
ing as the joys that he has brought to so
many with his remarkable voice and
warm personality.
Therefore, Mr. Speaker, I would like
to take this opportunity to again ex-
press the gratitude of so many along with
best wishes to Mr. Tucker and his wife,
Sarah, for a future which continues to
be as exciting and worthwhile as he has
known in the past.
And I would also like to mention the
names of some of the other persons who
helped to make this dinner such an out-
standing event. They are: Cochairmen:
Harold Donnitch, Mrs. Selma Kon and
Bernard Martin; program cochairman:
Al Liederman and Shelley Goren; and
Rabbi Bernard Jacobson.
e
GREECE TODAY AND THE LIMITS
OF COMPROMISE
HON. ABNER J. M1KVA
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, December 18, 1969
Mr. MIKVA. Mr. Speaker, the recent
resignation of Greece from the Council
of Europe underscores the need for close
scrutiny of relations between the United
States and Greece. Charges of political
suppression and dictatorial rule are ap-
parently not without foundation. More-
over, the prospect of continued violence
in Greece at a level unseen since the 1946-
49 civil war, should alert both Greeks
and Americans to the need of restoring
democraitc rule in Greece.
One expert who has thoughtfully ana-
lyzed the situation in Greece and appro-
priate American action is Prof. George
Anastoplo. In a briefing at the Chicago
Council on Foreign Relations, Professor
Anastoplo presented a paper which I
commend to my colleagues.
The paper follows:
GREECE TODAY AND THE LIMITS OF
COMPROMISE
(By George Anastaplo**)
"It is not fit that you should sit here any
longer! ... You shall now give place to better
men."?Oliver Cromwell.
The American scholar who has been per-
haps the most respectable advisor to the
** The author, who lives in Chicago, Is
Chairman of the Political Science Depart-
ment at Rosary College, as well as Lecturer
in the Liberal Arts at the University of Chi-
cago and Professor of Politics and Literature
at the University of Dallas. Other discussions
by him of Greece today may be found in the
current volume of the Congressional Rec-
ord at pages E1875 (March 11, 1969) , E2631
(April 2), E2632 (April 2), E5156 (June 23),
E5978 (July 15) and E6294 (July 28). ,
See, also, Saville R. Davis, "Blow to NATO:
Greek Armed Forces Disintegrating?" Chris-
tian Science Monitor, August 29, 1969, p. 1;
Christopher Wren, "Greece: Government by
Torture," Look, May 27, 1969.
This discussion has been prepared for use
in a briefing to be given by Dr. Anastaplo at
the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations,
September 15, 1969.
tyranny in Athens has recently returned to
Washington from a visit to Greece. He offers
us his current advice about Greek affairs
in an article, "A Role for the U.S. in Greek
Solution," published in the Washington Post
of August 3, 1969.
The truly significant feature of this article,
however, is not its advice but rather its ad-
mission that even Greeks who had been "dis-
heartened by the pre-coup quarrels and po-
litical instability and therefore intially ac-
cepted the [present] regime with a sigh of
relief" are now "cool if not downright hos-
tile" toward it. The mood of this article is
in marked contrast to its author's published
defenses of the regime ever since its seizure
of power, defenses which have been so gen-
erous as to be thought worthy of distribution
In this country by the Greek government.
(See, e.g., Notes on World Events, Chicago
Council on Foreign Relations, May, 1969, p.
5.)
There is, moreover, no discussion in the
Washington Post article of why anyone
should now be cool toward the regime in
Athens. But the article does manage to con-
demn as "intransigent" the Greek opponents
of the regime who have been cool and even
hostile toward it from the very beginning.
They are "intransigent," it seems, because
they prefer to continue their determined op-
position to this tyrannical regime rather than
to accept the advice of those who have col-
laborated with it.
Advice which has evidently been spurned
in Athens, at least by opponents of the re-
gime there, is now offered to Americans and
to their government in Washington. Let us
see what the advice in this article amounts
to and whether American critics of the Greek
regime should be as "intransigent" as the
Greeks who have already rejected it.
Ix
We are told in this article that there are
two opinions in Athens about what is likely
to happen in Greece if things continue as
they are now: "Opponents of the regime are
firmly convinced that in spite of his pro-
testations, Premier Papadopoulos has no in-
tention of allowing the return of free politi-
cal life. On the other hand, government
spokesmen assert that the regime is only tem-
porary and that elections will be held as soon
as 'the aims of the revolution are a,ccom-
plished.' " "Whatever the truth," the article
goes on to advise us, a "compromise" must
be found between the opponents and the de-
fenders of the current regime in Greece. But
until one is prepared to decide which of
these two opinions about what is likely to
happen in Greece is correct, one is neither
entitled nor equipped to offer responsible
advice either to Americans or to Greeks on
this vital matter.
Who is right here, the opponents of the
regime or the government spokesmen? There
is, of course, a sense in which both opinions
are correct: there is a sense that is, in which
both opinions come down to virtually the
same thing. Elections will be held in Greece,
if only for the sake of propaganda, as soon
as the aims of the revolution are accom-
plished: that will be when the transforma-
tion (or, at least, the immobilization) of
Greek institutions and of Greek public opin-
ion has reached the point where purportedly
free elections (but with the press still con-
trolled, of course) can be held without
jeopardizing the tight grip upon the coun-
try of its present rulers. After all, what do
"the aims of the revolution" amount to now,
if not primarily the personal advancement
and welfare of the handful of junior officers
(predominantly colonels) who betrayed in
April 1967 their military oaths, their king,
their comrades and their fellow-citizens with
the deliberate intention of holding on to
power long after the immediate political
crisis which permitted them to seize power
had passed?
E10873
The suggestion in the Washington Post
article of a "compromise" rests upon the con-
dition that things should be so arranged
that "the constitutional reforms" that have
already been achieved may be preserved. Pre-
cisely what reforms can the author be re-
ferring to? The Constitution of 1968 is hard-
ly an improvement upon its predecessors, de-
signed as it is to legitimate the colonels
who imposed it upon their country. Indeed,
the only permanent result of the 1968 Consti-
tution may be to discredit the occasional
worthwhile innovation included in it which
will hereafter be identified with an oppres-
sive regime.
One must consider, in order to assess prop-
erly "constitutional reforms," not only the
Constitution itself but also how it has been
imposed and what maintains it. We are deal-
ing, after all, with a regime that is ruthless
and, even worse, shameless in what it will
do and say to perpetuate itself. It is a tyran-
ny which has revealed itself as remarkably
incompetent in everything but the tricks of
conspiracy and of counter-conspiracy. No
conscientious student of Greek affairs can
Ignore the evidence, available since the first
year of the regime and now overwhelming,
which displays the present regime as having
easy recourse to extensive arrests and torture,
to the most flagrant deceptions, to open con-
tempt for constitutions and laws (including
Its Own), to the harsh suppression of all
independent opinion, and to an extravagant
(and eventually ruinous) expenditure of
funds on public works.
Who can doubt that all this is done by
the colonels not in the interest of Greece
but primarily in order to perpetuate them-
selves in power? It is no wonder that Greeks
who know what is going on in their country
are "cool if not downright hostile" toward
this regime and its apologists. The wonder
is that any responsible man can remain sin-
cerely sympathetic to the regime once its
character becomes apparent to him. Some
responsible men did express sympathy for
the regime at its beginning in the hope that
they might thereby help induce the colonels
to surrender power willingly?but it should
have been evident by the end of the col-
onels' first year, if not before, that this
approach would be of no use.
What informed man can continue to be-
lieve that there remain any serious "aims
of the revolution" worth preserving, any
coherent and defensible set of principles
guiding the program of the Greek dicta-
tors? The serious problem is not how to
preserve the legacy of the "revolution," but
rather how long it will take to eliminate
from Greek life the depredations of the
present tyranny, and at what price. The
corrupting influence of the colonels in
Greece will remain long after they are gone,
even if they should go tomorrow: they have
done much that will be difficult to undo
justly and harmoniously. Is not that usually
the legacy of an army of occupation?
The more astute among the colonels must
realize that if they go, their constitution
and "reforms" will go with them, no matter
what promises or deals or "compromises"
should be made in advance of their depar-
ture. The concern of the colonels at that
time is not going to be whether their "re-
forms" will survive their regime but wheth-
er they themselves will. The only com-
promise the colonels will ever take seriously
will be one which seems to permit them to
save their necks, not their "aims of the
revolution," in the event they find them-
selves about to fall.
Both the colonels and their opponents are
correct in recognizing each other as irre-
concilable enemies. What each realistically
seeks from the other is not compromise but
surrender. The advocacy of compromise be-
tween the government and its opponents
in 1969 (as distinguished from 1965, 1966
or 1967) is not only naive, it is also harmful
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORb? Extensions of Remarks December 20, 1969
to -the revival of genuine constituti nal
government in Greece. The only prac cal
effect of a serious attempt at compror4iise
at this time would be to demorslize, radi at-
ize and divide the serious opposition to
th: present regime and thereby to gain for
th colonels even more time.
l'ime is working against the interesta of
both Greece and her allies: the colonels'
u precedented purging and reshaping of
th4 officer corps, of the civil service (inclnel-
in the courts), of the school system, of lOcal
co ncils (both public and private) and of
th Church cannot but help them cling te
potrer if they remain united. Once their eX-
tensive reorganization is complete?and it
should be, except perhaps for the Church,
the Navy and Air Force, and she 'Universi-
tiee, virtually complete by the summer of
19t0?Greece is likely to have to endure for
a generation both the colonels' self-riglt-
eosts tyranny and the sporadic armed re-
sistance it will generate. There is atrea ly
more violence in Greece today than thcre
ha e been at any time since the 1946-1919
Civil War.
m
Massive propaganda, reinforced by gels, r-
ou subsidies, will continue to be used at
hone and abroad by the present Greek gt v-
erximent to magnify the vires of the col-
on ls and the vices of the politicians. We,
on the other hand, are not Obliged, in ore er
to expose the colonels to be aabad for Greece
as they are, to make the politicians of 19e1-
19 7 better than they were. Out the longer
th se colonels stay, the better those politi-
ci$ns look. In fact, it Is difficult to name a
sirjgle prominent Greek politician who would
no be better for Greece and her allies teday
thn the colonels now in power. Indeed, the
m t serious indictment one might make of
Greek politicians before April 1967 is that
sueh people as these colonels were permitted
to remain in the Army, that they were given
an opportunity to attempt to seize power,
an that they could suceed in such an at-
te pt. It is to be hoped that the legitimate
po i
f,
tical and military leaders of Greece, as
w 1 as her allies abroad, have learned the
appropriate lessons from this disastrous ex-
periment. One important lesson is that
detent Greeks of all parties and allegiances
hake much more in CODITOCCH than any of
them has in common with tile kind of man
who is apt to be tempted to seize power for
hintsell if decent men are not moderate in
their political differences.
It is to the credit of Greek politicians of all
parties, as well as of Greek intellectuals, that
almost all of them have stood firm since
April 1967 against the threats the sophistries
anti the enticements of the present Greek
goyernment and of its apologists abroad. The
satne tribute should be recorXed on behalf of
thKing of Greece and most of the senior
i
as well as many of the junior officers of the
armed forces of that countrt These Greeks,
in itheir respect for the best in Greece, have
been more perceptive and more principled
alout what has been happening to their
co ntry than have been certain American
stiidents of Greek affairs (in and out of the
AMerican government).
The Washington Post artfele suggests as
the appropriate role for the United States
today that we encourage the "compromise"
it advocates. But if, as I haveargued, any at-
tellipt at such compromise in these circum-
stances will help the colonels consolidate
their power, then any American effort along
that line can only weaken the legitimate in-
fluence of America in Greece. For the longer
the colonels stay, the more independent they
are likely to become of American influence
and, indeed, of the influence Of any moderate
men at home or abroad. (One need only re-
cal Shakespeare's Richard In) We Amen-
ca could have discreetly helped the eon-
stitutional leaders of this NATO ally get rid
of their usurpers any time between April and
Dember 1967, a period during which, the
colonels were relying mostly on bluff and
maneuver to stay in power. Instead, we were
duped by talk of "constitutional reforms"
and "law and order" and hence did, or failed
to do, various things in 1967, as well as in
1968, which permitted and even helped the
colonels to dig in.
Measures are still available to us which
can be used to help our true friends in Greece
dislodge the colonels and restore their coun-
try to control by its reople, measures which
would be far more effective than Are likely
to be the timid ones our government now
employs to indicate its tardy approval of so
destructive a tyranny. Every serious student
of Greek affairs knows what more can and
should be done by the United States in the
present circumstances. There is no need for
me to spell out again on this occasion the
measures available to us, measures which
would emphasize the publicized withdrawal
of vital American support rather than any
explicit American interference in Greek
domestic affairs. I need only add that I con-
tinue to believe, along with many in Greece,
that Constantine Karamanlis is the best,
though not the only, name around which
effective opposition to the colonels can rally.
I also continue to believe that it would be
prudent for Mr. Karamanlis to offer to in-
clude in a coalition government, legitimated
by the King and recognized by the United
States, figures such as Andreas Papandreou.
This is where genuine comprornise would be
good for Greece.
iv
The colonels, by the end of their third
year in power (in April 1970), will probably
have immobilized, if rot transformed, all in-
stitutions in Greece which might stand in
their way: repression and propaganda and
the lavish use of public monies will have
done their work. When that happens,
whether by 1970 or by 1971, responsible ele-
ments in Greece and abroad (including in
the United States) will no longer have any
significant influence in that country. If the
colonels are dislodged thereafter, it will
probably be (unless a serious international
crisis erupts) only - teeause of the use of
armed force against them in Greece. If vio-
lent opposition should somehow be success-
ful, the liberators of Greece?whoever they
may be?are not likely to forget first our
negligence and thereafter our impotence in
the time of their des:serate need. And then
what will our long-tenn influence be in that
allied country which we insist is of great
"strategic importance" to us?
Whether there will be in Greece a gen-
eration of violent tyranny or an immediate
return to constitutional government and the
rule of law depends, in large part, on what
the United States does In the months imme-
diately ahead. We Americans had better use
our power while some of it remains, rather
than allow ourselves to be duped again (this
time by talk of "cornrromise") into promot-
ing a policy unworthy both of us and of the
Greeks.
The peace and the prosperity, as well as
the liberty and honor, of Greece require that
the colonels go and with them everything
they have come to represent. This is what
Informed and conscientious Greeks are cer-
tain of. This, it is to be hoped, is what the
sadly misinformed American government is
belatedly beginning to realize.
LEST WE FORGET
HON. BILL CHAPPELL, JR.
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, December 18, 1969
Mr. CHAPPELL. Mr. Speaker, the
Christmas season is approaching and
families throughout America are gather-
ing together for worship and gift giving
and rejoicing in family reunions.
Today I ask all Americans to join with
me as we celebrate this holiday, to re-
member those men who are missing in
action and prisoners of war--
Lest we forget our own gladness in be-
ing free;
Lest we forget our own joy in being
with our loved ones;
Lest we forget that over 1,300 families
will be without a loved one?again this
year;
Lest we forget that the reason these
men are so cruelly held in. prison is be-
cause they were fighting for us;
Lest we forget that it Is. our responsi-
bility to bring these men home again;
Lest we forget the brotherhood of man
and our reasons for celebrating Christ-
mas.
Mr. Speaker, this is a time for each of
us to take the families of these:tor
men especially to our hearts. Let 114.1711
renew our efforts for freedom so that
these absences can be soon turned into
rewarding reunions for all the Christ-
mases to come.
NEW U.S. LINE ON WITHDRAWAL A
SEVERE BLOW TO ISRAEL
HON. HUGH SCOTT
OF PENNSYLVADILA
IN THE SENATE OF' THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, December 18, 1969
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in the
Extensions of Remarks an article entitled
"New U.S. 'Line' on Withdrawal Deals
Severe Blow to Israel," written by Wil-
liam S. White, and published in the
Philadelphia Inquirer of December 16,
1969.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
NEW U.S. "Linn" mt. WITHDRAWAL DEALS
SEVFRP BLOW TO ISRAEL
(By William S. White)
WassuNctoss?The old year is drawing to
its close on a somber note for Israel, whose
whole position in her fight for survival has
worsened markedly in these recent days, The
newly enunciated American policy line call-
ing for Israeli withdrawal frim frontier se-
curity positions seized from the Arabs in the
1967 war, in return for Arab promises for
peaceful coexistence, has hit the Israelis a
cruel if unintentional blow.
For this well-meant effort to take up a
purely even-handed attitude from Washing-
ton is in truth a revolutionary departure
from the traditional American posture of
candid friendliness to the Israeli side in the
chronic crisis of the Middle East.
The difficulty is that-the doctrine of osten-
sible even-handedness actually assists those
extremist Arab states which are pro-Com-
munist and publicly bent both upon Israel's
literal destruction and the spread of Soviet
power in the Middle East.
It ignores the immense reality that this is
not a case where two adversaries are equally
good or equally bad. One cannot equate ag-
gressors patently embarked upon a Vietnam
type of "war of liberation," urged on by the
Soviet Union, with defenders motivated sim-
ply by the desire to stay alive?and defenders
moreover who form a pro-Western outpost in
the worldwide struggle that is the Cold War.
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close it by reminding my friends, the
leaders and the assistant leader on the
side, of another reference in our liter-
ature to the effect that a rose by any
other name would still smell the same.
DEATH OF FORMER SENATOR
JAMES H. DUFF, OF PENNSYL-
VANIA
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, It is with
extreme sorrow that I report to the
Senate that a former Senator from
Pennsylvania and former Governor of
our Commonwealth, the Honorable
James H. Duff, died today. A spokesman
for George Washington Hospital an-
nounced that Senator Duff, aged 86, col-
lapsed at National Airport, was taken to
the hospital, and pronounced dead at
9:43 a.m. We have no further details, so
I shall say nothing further now except
that I was a longtime friend, associate,
and admirer of Big Jim Duff. We will
miss him greatly. We shall have more to
say in the form of a memorial tribute at
a later date.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. SCOTT. I yield.
Mr. JAVITS. I should like to join the
distinguished Republican leader in ex-
pressing my sadness at the death of Jim
Duff, an old friend of mine. He lived a
very rich life and died at a ripe old age.
We shall miss him.
Mr. SCOTT. He died as he always
wished to?with his boots on.
Mr. JAVITS. I extend my condolences
to the members of his family.
Mr. SCOTT. And so do I.
Ail 0"
GREEK-TURKISH ECONOMIC
COOPERATION
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, on sev-
eral occasions, I have brought to the at-
tention of the Senate the work which
was initiated by the NATO Parliamen-
tarians Conference, now the North At-
lantic Assembly, looking toward Greek-
Turkish economic cooperation. Reports
on this matter were presented to the
Senate on June 3, 1965, October 20, 1965,
January 19, 196'7, December 15, 1967,
January 28, 1969, and some remarks on
the subject were included in my report
on a trip abroad which was presented
to the Senate on July 2, 1969.
A number of important developments
have taken place during calendar 1969,
which I should like to lay before the
Senate.
At the outset, to put the work which
has been done on this project in its
proper context, requires some brief com-
ment on the political situation in the
area, and of the relationship of this
project to that situation.
The project for Greek-Turkish eco-
nomic cooperation, although launched
by an inter-parliamentary body, was
conceived of as essentially a private ef-
fort. Through its good offices, working
with the private sector, but with govern-
mental support and approval, possi-
bilities in economic development yield-
ing mutual benefits to Greece and Tur-
key could be expanded. The effort was
designed to function in the economic
and not in the political sphere.
Thus, the major thrust of the project
has been to bring together participants
from Greece and Turkey, where pos-
sible mainly from the private sector, to
work together in such areas as tourism,
the cooperative exploitation of such nat-
ural resources as fish, the increase of
agricultural exports to Western Europe,
and the common development of the
border region between the two countries
along the shores of the Meric-Evros
Rivers. It is, I think, fair to say that al-
though the emphasis of this effort was
thus in the noncontroversial area of eco-
nomic benefit to both sides, the parlia-
mentarians had in mind, when the proj-
ect was initiated, not only the fact that
Greeks and Turks were among the less-
developed members of the NATO al-
liance, but also the fact that work on
mutually beneficial development proj-
ects would tend to increase contacts be-
tween the peoples of Greece and Tur-
key, and hopefully to ameliorate the
tensions which at the time existed as a
consequence of the Cyprus dispute.
In these objectives, it is fair to say
that the project Initiated in 1965 by my-
self and by my Greek and Turkish par-
liamentary colleagues, Messrs. Kasim
Gillek and Alexander Spanorrigas has
been eminently successful. Despite much
Initial skepticism it has, in fact, proved
possible to bring Greeks and Turks to-
gether and to produce useful and coop-
erative work. And that has been done
even at a time when tensions in the
area were extremely high. The result, I
believe, has been a substantial contribu-
tion to U.S. foreign policy objectives and,
I may note, the U.S. Government has
consistently supported this effort. So
also has there been a contribution to
the security which is the aim of NATO
Itself. In this latter belief, I am, inciden-
tally, reinforced by the comments on
several occasions of the Secretary
General of NATO, Manlio Brosio.
The recent course of political develop-
ments in Greece cannot pass unnoticed?
as I am, also, chairman of the Political
Committee of the North Atlantic Assem-
bly?a committee which had occasion to
consider a deeply troubled report on this
situation as recently as October last.
It has been my hope, as it must be the
hope of all friends of human liberty and
of the Greek ideal of moderation and
tolerance which forms so large a basis of
our own political system, that swift
progress would be made in Greece, to-
ward restoration of a representative par-
liamentary system, and that present re-
strictions on essential liberties would
quickly be removed. It remains my con-
viction that this must come, and that
it would greatly contribute to the secu-
rity, stability, and welfare of the Greek
state, and of the Greek people.
In this context a continued and in-
creased measure of cooperation on proj-
ects leading to the economic and so-
cial betterment of the peoples of Greece
and Turkey, and to peace in the south-
eastern area of NATO continues to be
vital. As the project for Greek Turkish
Economic Cooperation is such a project,
It benefits all. For this reason, I continue
the support which I have given in the
past to the objectives of the project
which are designed to bring together, the
peoples of that often-troubled area of
the world, to ameliorate the relation-
ships between them, to increase their co-
operation on mutually beneficial works,
and to set up institutions which can serve
as channels of communication between
the Greek and Turkish peoples.
With this introduction, Mr. President,
I should like to deal with some of the
attainments of the project during 1969,
and with some of the prospects for its
future work.
First. The project has been adminis-
tered over the course of the past several
years by the Eastern Mediterranean De-
velopment Institute, a nonprofit unincor-
porated association. The board of direc-
tors consists of nationals of the NATO
countries, with a large majority being
nationals of Greece and Turkey.
In the course of the past year, in-
digenous sister organizations have been
set up in Greece and in Turkey them-
selves, and funds have been raised in
local currency to meet their necessary
expenses. Work has been going forward
on various projects of the sort men-
tioned above.
In several of these areas, there has
been substantial progress.
In the held of tourism, a notable suc-
cess was achieved when, in March 1969,
the Greek National Tourist Organiza-
tion and the Turkish Ministry of Infor-
mation and Tourism held a meeting in
Istanbul, at which were present as ob-
servers the deputy chairman of the
EMDI, the Honorable Kasim Gillek, and
Its executive director, the Honorable Sey-
mour J. Rubin. At the March meeting,
the two sides approved, subject to ratifi-
cation, the first intergovernmental docu-
ment signed between Greece and Turkey
since the eruption of the difficulties over
Cyprus. This was a proces-verbal which
Is intended to lead to a formal agree-
ment on cooperation in the field of tour-
ism. The agreement which is contem-
plated would call for the establishment
of a permanent consultative committee
before which can be laid various pro-
posals of mutual benefit in touristic
endeavors.
Subsequent to the meeting of officials
In March, further meetings of a less
formal sort have been held. The most re-
cent of these was held in Athens on De-
cember 5, 1969. At these meetings, the
private sector of both countries has
strongly expressed its support for coop-
eration on tourism, and has agreed that
the lifting of visa restrictions for tourists
of Greek and Turkish origin would be of
mutual benefit to the two countries. Were
this to be done, it would largely restore
the freedom of transit between the two
countries which had existed after the
farsighted arrangements which were
made in the mid-1920's by the two great
statesmen of the area, Venizelos and
Ataturk.
Additionally, others outside the region
have expressed strong interest in par-
ticipating in touristic developments. A
meeting thus was held tinder the spon-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE December 20, 1969
of the Deutschebank in Frank-
furt on October 13, at which various Ger-
Man and Italian interests, together with
* representative of the International
Finance Corporation, diseussed the pos-
Sible organization of research and -fi-
nancing entities which might help to
promote tourism in the region.
Tourism in this region is of great im-
portance. It Is already a major source of
income so far as Greece is concerned; it
promises to be an equally useful Source
et foreign exchange on the Turkish side.
Moreover, the touristic area of the
Aegean is so interlaced between the
Turkish mainland and the Greek ialands
as to make regional development not
Only attractive to tour operators and to
developers of touristic areas, but practi-
eally at least in the long run, inevitable.
The administrative arrangements
Which are contemplated under the
proces-verbal of March 1969, aheuld
Make a continuing contribution tO this
development and should help to develop
Oontinuing working relationshipS be-
Omen the two sides.
A major endeavor of the project for
Greek Turkish Economic Cooperation
and the Eastern Mediterranean Derlop-
Ment Institute has been that inv lying
the Meric/Evros River. In previons re-
Ports, I have noted that this work has
Moved forward extraordinarily well with
a heavily documented prefeasibility or
reconnaissance study having emerged in
late 1967 from the joint work of a large
group of Turkish, Greek, and German
experts. This report was revised and in
its final form approved, subject to right
Modification, at a large interna ional
Meeting held in Frankfurt in September
1967. It was then put in the hanida of
'various international financing lodies
iuch as the World Bank and the uro-
eau Investment Bank, and has been
xtensively discussed with the tnited
Nations Development Programme hich,
with the IBRD, had been kept au conrant
at all stages of the research and Study
ork. After a considerable amouit of
reparatory discussion, both the ?eek
land the Turkish Governments hav ofti-
kially notified the UNDP of their esire
move forward with farther deVelop-
ental work on the Mer1c/Evros,1 with
e help of the UNDP. As of earltv De-
ember 1969, a senior representat 0 of
the UNDP has visited both Greece and
Turkey for discussions with expert and
governmental officials there. Thes dis-
cussions are expected to lead to an orilcial
proposal to be laid before the next gov-
erning board of the UNDP in the spring
Of 1970.
Hopefully, this work will lead to full
icale feasibility study financed b the
D
P and the Greek and Tirkish
overnments, with certain small pilot
projects included, in areas of land -
*gement, irrigation, and small er
tojects in this sensitive area, the der
ween Greece and Turkey in 'I'hrace.
Should full scale implementation of this
feasibility study be undertaken, the final
eeale of expenditure is estimated in the
neighborhood of $100 to $150 nxllion.
This is obviously a matter of great im-
portance both to the economies of eece
and Turkey, and to the population of
this politically sensitive border area.
It is important to note, as I have men-
tioned in previous reports, that the
Meric/Evros River rises in Bulgaria,
where it is called the Maritsa, and that
the Bulgarian Government has in several
ways expressed interest in the develop-
mental work which I have just men-
tioned. This interest was expressed, for
example, in a visit to me of the Bulgarian
Ambassador in Washington. Prior to its
recent contacts with the Greek and
Turkish Governments, the UNDP con-
sulted with Bulgarian authorities in
Sofia. It would be :premature to make any
predictions as to whether the Meric/
Evros project may evolve not merely into
a binational and regional development
project, but into one which would form
a link based on mutually useful devel-
opment work between West and West.
That prospect in any case remains open,
and is partially encouraged by a recent
amelioration of relationships between
Turkey and Bulgaria and between Greece
and Bulgaria.
Finally, in this respect, it should be
mentioned that one of the objectives of
EMDI has been from the outset to stim-
ulate the activities of others on develop-
mental projects in the Greco-Turkish
area. This attempt to achieve a multi-
plier effect with toe efforts of EMDI has
had more than a reasonable amount of
success.
Thus, not only have tourism projects
evolved and have physical and business
connections with the two sides devel-
oped, but a new project has been set in
motion in the field of agricultural re-
search in the Meric/Evros region.
This is a project funded by the Thys-
sen Foundation of Germany, and led by
a group of German agronomists to in-
vestigate the conservation of soils which
on both the Turkish and the Greek side
of the river have been eroded over the
course of many years by excessive graz-
ing and by improper methods of land
Management. Thls project, which is a
direct outgrowth of the work done by
the German, Turkish, and Greek team
on its Meric/Evros study, is at present
under way. Hopefully, other aspects of
the basic Merle/ Evros study will lead
to further exploratory and scientific
work of this same general sort. The pros-
pect of this happening seems to be quite
good, since the basic material upon which
further research proposals can be based
is already contained in the Meric/Evros
report, and since that report itself dem-
onstrates the feasibility of a joint and
cooperative research effort.
On other projects of EMDI, it is not
necessary at this stage and in this form
to say much in detail. Work is proceed-
ing on projects having to do with the
export of agricultural produce to West-
ern Europe and on investigation of the
ecological conditions affecting fish re-
sources in the eastern Mediterranean.
The recent meeting of the beard of di-
rectors of EMDI received a new sugges-
tion that EMDI could perhasp contribute
to the training of Greek and Turkish
guest workers in Western Europe, and to
the evaluation of methods by which the
skills of these workers could be put more
effectively to work when they returned
to their own countries.
A proposed meeting of industrialists
of the two countries is to take place
shortly in Istanbul and its program has
been expanded to include the develop-
ment bankers of both countries.
In short, there are ample opportuni-
ties for cooperative work, opportunities
which can be seized if conditions permit.
Second. I turn now to a new and po-
tentially extremely important aspect
of the work which has, until now, been
done on the project for Greek-Turkish
economic cooperation under the aus-
pices of the EMDI. This arises out of the
recommendations contained in the re-
port of the rapporteur of the Political
Committee of the North Atlantic Assem-
bly, the Honorable Erik Blumenfeld, of
Germany. This report, which was con-
sidered by the Political Committee of
the North Atlantic Assembly at its meet-
ings in Brussels in October 1969, under
my chairmanship, suggested the desir-
ability of expanding the objectives of
EMDI and of establishing a Mediterra-
nean development organization. The rec-
ommendation was carefully considered
by the Political Committee. It was, there-
fore, considered also by the Economic
Committee of the Assembly, under the
chairmanship of Mr. Bishop, of the
United Kingdom. During the discussion,
it was suggested that, after preliminary
work, a governmental conference should
be convened with the aim of establishing
a Mediterranean development organiza-
tion "with the ultimate aim that respon-
sibility for furthering the project should
be entrusted to the Eastern "teira-
nean Development Institute." I ei7d a
copy of the resolution which emerged
from the deliberations of both the Polit-
ical and Economic Committees of the
North Atlantic Ateembly to this state-
ment.
There are many problems as well as
many opportunities presented by this
recommendation, which was endorsed at
the plenary session of the North Atlan-
tic Assembly. Yet any new type of orga-
nization in the field of economic devel-
opment enters an already crowded arena.
It is clear, moreover, that cooperation
between donors in any such organization
is difficult, and a recommendation which
contemplates, as this one does, some
type of organizational unity between
"donors" and "recipients" makes the
task even more complicated. Nonetheless,
there is at present no specific organiza-
tion which deals with the developmental
problems of the Mediterranean base, nor
is there one which expresses those NATO
responsibilities which lie in the field of
development. It was for these reasons
that both the Political and Economic
Committees at the plenary session en-
dorsed the recommendation annexed
hereto.
Since the adoption of this recommen-
dation, a number of steps have been
taken to move forward with this project.
I have consulted with Mr. Blumenfeld
and with Mr. Rubin, the Executive Di-
rector of EMDI, here in Washington.
Subsequently, the matter has been dis-
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December 20, lARYd S 17407
cussed by Mr. Rubin with Greek and
Turkish board members of EMDI and,
immediately thereafter, with the chair-
man of the Economic Committee of the
North Atlantic Assembly, with Mr. Blum-
enfeld, and with M. Phillippe Deshormes,
the Secretary-General of the North At-
lantic Assembly.
Based upon an analysis prepared by
Mr. Rubin, further work is going for-
ward to explore both the problems and
the possibilities with a view toward a
meeting at the International Secretar-
iat of the North Atlantic Assembly in
March next, which will consider the es-
tablishment of a working group, as called
for in the recommendation and which
will attempt to establish a program of
work for that working group. The time-
table set up at the Paris meeting of
December 9,1969, suggests that it should
be possible to lay a specific proposal be-
fore the fall 1970 meeting of the North
Atlantic Assembly.
Many difficulties will have to be over-
come before one may reasonably say that
progress has been made toward the ob-
jectives of the recommendation annexed
hereto. But work has been started on this
project in a good spirit, with a desirable
objective in mind and with the first
prerequisite of success; that is, knowl-
edge of the difficulties.
In these circumstances, I think it is
justifiable to hope that the experience
with the project which was begun by
the NATO parliamentarians in 1964-65
and which has yielded highly useful re-
sults is only the beginning of an en-
larged and even more useful experiment
in international cooperation for eco-
nomic and social development.
CONVEYANCE OF CERTAIN MATE-
RIALS TO EMOGENE TILMON,
LOGAN COUNTY, ARK.; ENOCH A.
LOWDER, LOGAN COUNTY, ARK.;
J. B. SMITH AND SULA E. SMITH,
MAGAZINE, ARK.; AND WAYNE
TILMON AND EMOGENE TILMON,
LOCAL COUNTY, ARK.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Chair lay
before the Senate messages on S. 65, S.
80, S. 81, and S. 82, in that order, and
that the Senate agree to the House
amendment in the case of each measure.
These bills are relatively minor items,
all dealing with a related subject.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore laid before the Senate the amend-
ment of the House of Representatives to
the bill (S. 65) to direct the Secretary of
Agriculture to convey sand, gravel, stone,
clay, and similar materials in certain
lands to Emogene Tilmon of Logan
County, Ark., which was, on page 2, line
2, strike out ": And provided further,
That such sand, gravel, stone, clay, and
similar materials shall only be used on
said tract."
The amendment was agreed to.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore laid before the Senate the amend-
ment of the House of Representatives to
the bill (S. 80) to direct the Secretary
of Agriculture to convey sand, gravel,
stone, clay, and similar materials in cer-
tain lands to Enoch A. Lowder of Logan
County, Ark, which was, on page 2, line
2, strike out ": And provided further,
That such sand, gravel, stone, clay, and
similar materials shall only be used on
said tract".
The amendment was agreed to.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
Pore laid before the Senate the amend-
ment of the House of Representatives to
the bill (S. 81) to direct the Secretary of
Agriculture to convey sand, gravel,
stone, clay, and similar materials in cer-
tain lands to J. B. Smith and Sula E.
Smith, of Magazine, Ark., which was, on
page 2, line 3, strike out": And provided
further, That such sand, gravel, stone,
clay, and similar materials shall only be
used on said tract."
The amendment was agreed to.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore laid before the Senate the amend-
ment of the House of Representatives to
the bill (S. 82) to direct the Secretary of
Agriculture to convey sand, gravel, stone,
clay, and similar materials in certain
lands to Wayne Tilmon and Emogene
Tilmon of Logan County, Ark., which
was, on page 2, line 2, strike out": And
provided further, That such sand, gravel,
stone, clay, and similar materials shall
only be used on said tract."
The amendment was agreed to.
ADDITIONAL POSITIONS IN GRADES
GS-16, GS-17, AND GS-18
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I ask the
Chair to lay before the Senate a message
from the House of Representatives on
S. 2325.
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid before
the Senate the amendment of the House
of Representatives to the bill (S. 2325)
to amend title 5, United States Code, to
provide for additional positions In
grades GS-16, GS-17, and GS-18 which
was to strike out all after the enacting
clause, and insert:
That (a) section 5108(a) of title 5, Unit-
ed States Code, is amended by striking out
"2,577" and inserting In lieu thereof "2.727".
(b) Section 5108(b) (2) of such title is
amended by striking out "28" and inserting
in lieu thereof "44".
(c) Section 5108(c) (1) of such title is
amended by striking out "64" and inserting
in lieu thereof "90".
(d) Section 5208(c) (2) of such title is
amended by striking out "110" and insert-
ing in lieu thereof "140".
SEC. 2. Section 4 of the Act entitled "An
Act to provide certain administrative author-
ities for the National Security Agency, and
for other purposes", approved May 29, 1959,
as amended (50 U.S.C. 402, note) , is amended
to read as follows:
"SEC. 4. The Secretary of Defense (or his
designee for the purpose) is authorized to?
"(1) establish in the National Security
Agency (A) professional engineering posi-
tions primarily concerned with research and
development and (B) professional positions
In the physical and natural sciences, medi-
cine, and cryptology; and
"(2) fix the respective rates of pay of
such positions at rates equal to rates of
basic pay contained in grades 16, 17, and 18
of the General Schedule set forth in section
5332 of title 5, United States Code.
Officers and employees appointed to positions
established under this section shall be in
addition to the number of officers and em-
ployees appointed to positions under section
2 of this Act who may be paid at rates equal
to rates of basic pay contained in grades 16,
17, and 18 of the General Schedule.".
Mr. MeGEE. Mr. President, the meas-
ure with the adjustment has been cleared
with both sides. I move that the Senate
concur in the House amendment to the
Senate bill which was to strike out a
provision for 45 additional supergrades
and a provision for eight supergrades
specifically allocated to the Smithsonian
Institution.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ques-
tion is on agreeing to the motion of the
Senator from Wyoming.
The motion was agreed to.
COMMUNICATIONS FROM EXECU-
TIVE DEPARTMENTS, ETC.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore laid before the Senate the following
letters, which were referred as indicated:
WESTERN HEMISPHERE AFFAIRS
A letter from the Secretary of State, trans-
miting a draft of proposed legislation to re-
organize and strengthen the United States
Government structure for dealing with West-
ern Hemisphere affairs (with accompanying
papers); to the Committee on Foreign Re-
lations.
REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ON
REAL END PERSONAL PROPERTY
A letter from the Deputy Secretary of De-
fense, transmitting, pursuant to law, a report
on the fixed property, installations, and
major equipment items, and stored supplies
of the military departments maintained on
both a quantitative and monetary basis (with
an accompanying report); to the Committee
on Armed Services.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES
The following reports of committees
were submitted:
By Mr. BAGLETON, from the Committee
on the District of Columba, with amend-
ments:
S. 2694. A bill to amend the District of
Columbia Police and Firemen's Salary Act
of 1958 to increase salaries, and for other
purposes, with amendments (Rept. No. 91-
629) .
By Mr. MAGNUSON, from the Committee
on Commerce, with amendments:
S. 2289. A bill to amend the Interstate
Commerce Act, as amended, in order to make
unlawful, as unreasonable and unjust dis-
crimination against and an undue burden
upon interstate commerce, certain property
tax assessments of common and contract
carrier property, and for other purposes
(Rept. No. 91-630).
NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF
SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL
BUSINESS?INDIVIDUAL VIEWS (S.
REPT. NO. 91-627)
Mr. BIBLE. Mr. President, I submit
the 19th annual report of the Select Com-
mittee on Small Business.
I ask unanimous consent that the re-
port be printed, together with individual
views of Senators JAMS, SCOTT, and HAT-
FIELD.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The re-
port will be received; and, without ob-
jection, the report will be printed, as
requested by the Senator from Nevada.
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S 17408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE December 20, 1967
REPORT ENTITLED "THE EFFECTS By Mr. moNToYA (for himself, Mr. percent in the first 2 years to 10 percent
OF CORFORATIO11 FARMING ON CANNON SUd. Mr, RANDOLPH): in the 8th year, and in poverty areas
SMALL BUSINESS"?REPORT OF A S. 3281. A bill to amend section 139 of title from 90 percent in the first 2 years to
COMMIrrelh',--INDtVID_,, UAL VIEWS 23, United States Code, relating to additions
to the Interstate System; to the Committee 10 percent in the 10th year.
(S. REPT. NO. 91-628) on Public Works. Other major features of the bill pro-
Mr. BIBLE. Mr. President, from the (The remarks of Mr. MONTOYA when he in- vide that operational support would con-
Select Committee on Small Business, I troduced the bill appear later in the RECORD tinue to be provided to recipients who
submit a report entitled "Impact of Cor- under the appropriate heading.) have already received commitments for
poration Farming on Small Business." I By Mr. YARBOROUGH: future support under the existing law;
ask unanimous consent that the report S. 3282. A bill for the relief of Jean Rawls Federal funds for all types of mental
Fairbank; to the Committee on the Judi-
be printed, together with individual views ciary. retardation projects in a State would
not be less than the amounts allotted
of the Senator from Colorado (Mr. Doan- S. 3283. A bill for the relief of John L.
NICE). to the State in fiscal year 1970 for con-
Clark; to the Corr mittee on Armed Services.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The re- By Mr. KENNEDY: struction of community mental retarda-
port will be received; and, without objec- S. 3284. A bill to authorize the acquisition tion facilities; joint funding arrange-
tion, the report will be printed, as re- and maintenance of the Goddard Rocket merits with other Federal programs
quested by the Senator from Nevad t. launching site in Iccordance with the act of could be entered into; and before grants
August 25, 1916, as amended and supple- are made, States must be given an op-
mented, and for other purposes; to the Com- portunity to review and make rec,om-
EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF A mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs. mendations on projects in their juris-
(The remarks of Mr. KENNEDY when he
COMMITTEE dictions.
introduced the bill appear later in the RECORD In order to meet the problemto which
under the appropr: ate heading.)
By Mr. YAK3OR0UGH: the President called attention in his
S 3285. A bill for the relief a Mrs. Louise message of April 30, I969, to the Con-
Sheridan; to the Cnnmittee on the Judiciary. gress on improving the administration
By Mr. MAoNcsobt (for himself, Mr. of Federal programs, the Department of
GrinhaN, Mr. PEARSON, Mr. PROUTY, Health, Education, and Welfare has pro-
and Mr. Soon.) (by request) : vided in the bill for consolidating the
S 3286. A bill to assist consumers in eval- present separate categories of grants for
uating products by promoting development construction of mental retardation fa-
of adequate and reliable methods for testing
characteristics of consumer products; to the cilities, for construction of university
Committee on Commerce. affiliated facilities, andlor initial staffing
(The remarks oi! Mr. MAGNUSON when he of community mental retardation f a-
introduced the bill appear later in the EEC- cilities into a single, flexible program of
ORD under a separate heading.) grants to public or nonprofit agencies
covering facilities and services for the
mentally retarded.
S. 3278?INTRODUCTION OF THE Appropriations authorizations are re-
MENTAL RETARDATION SERVICES quested for 3 years.
AMENDMENT OF 1969
. The PRESIDING OlerICER. The bill
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I intro- will be received and appropriately re-
BILLS INTRODUCED duce, for the administration, the Mental f erred.
Retardation Services Amendments of The bill (S. 3277) to amend the Mental
Bills were introduced, read the first 1969. The bill assures the continuing Retardation Construction Act to extend
time and, by unanirnons consent the support of the Federal Government in and improve the provisions thereof, and
second time, and referred as folloW ;: providing services and expanded facil- for other purposes, introduced by Mr.
By Mr. JAVITS: ities for the mentally retarded, including JAVITS, was received, read twice by its
S. 3277. A bill to amend the Menta I Re- special incentives to encourage these title and referred to the Committee on
tardation Construction Act to extene and activities in areas having the most Labor and Public Welfare.
improve the provisions thereof, and for other critical need.
purposes; to the Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare. i Included among the activities for
S. 3279?INTRODUCTION OF A BILL
(The remarks of Mr. Jimrs when he intro-
nder the appropriate heading.) which grants could be made under the
bill are the provision of services for the TOIYAB NATIONAL FOREST
mentally retarded?operation grants? TO EXTEND BOUNDARIES OF THE
uced the bill appear later in the RXORD E ,
By Mr. BRVIN (for himself, Mr. construction of mental retardation facil- Mr. BIBLE. Mr. President, I introduce,
ALLEN, Mr. EitarLAND, and Mr. Hex,-
Latto): ities ; development and demonstration of for appropriate reference, a bill to ex-
S. 3278. A bill to amend? the Civil Bights new or improved techniques for provision tend the boundaries of the Toiya,be Na-
Act of 1964 by adding a new title, vrialc b. re- of services for the mentally retarded; tional Forest in Nevada.
ieh
By Mr. BIBLE: share of the costs of new projects, in- forest. The bill would extend the na-
eluding construction projects, shall be tional forest boundary to include 12,920
adtraminiiiing of personnel to work on the The purpose of the bill, is to aid in the
tarded; and State and local planning, maintenance of the watershed, wildlife,
bill provides:
various problems of the mentally re- protection, improvement, and proper
First, the maximum on the Federal within the boundaries of this national
I am pleased net the administration ues of the lands in the Lake Tahoe Ba-
istration, and technical assistance, recreation, and natural environment val-
sin, much of which is already embraced
res to local sehool boards their oorattitu-
ons1 power to administer the public schools
mmitted to their charge, confers op par-
ts the right to choose the public 4011001c
eir children attend, secures to child/nil the
Ba-
t to attend the public school chosen by
ir parents, and makes effective the rightpublic school administrators and tee:hers
serve in the schools in vitich they cTact
serve; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
75 percent except in poverty areas where acres of largely undeveloped, privately
S. 3279. A bill to extend itte houndari .6. of 90 percent would be permitted;
(The remarks of Mr. HIET.P when he in- projects providing mental retardation Lake Tahoe is a unique body of water
Second, the duration of support for othwenel adkel a. nds along the Nevada side of
e Toiyabe National For in Nevada, and
r other purposes; to the Committee 01_ In-
rior and Insular Affairs. -
services is to be extended from the pres- set in a basin which, despite encroach-
..II
By Mr. TALIVIADGE:
ent 51 months to 3 years except for pov- ment by urban development, still retains
der the appropriate heading.) erty areas where support could be much of its natural environmental
educed the bill appear later In the Mame
granted for 10 years; and beauty. It is one of the Nation's out-
s. 3280. A bill for the relief of Sergio I. Third, the Federal share of support standing natural assets.
=izamon; to the Committee on the Judi- for projects providing services would de- The stability of the natural conditions
. cline gradually, from a maximum of 75 contributing to the clarity of the lake
Mr. 1VIAGNITSON. Mr. President, from
the Committee on Commerce, I report
favorably sundry nominations in the
Coast Guard which have previously ap-
peared in the CONGRESSIONAL RECOR3 and
I ask unanimous consent, in order to save
the expense of printing them on the
executive calendar, that they lie on the
Secretary's desk for the informal m of
any Senator.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
The nominations, ordered to lie on the
desk, are as follows:
David W. Hiller, and sundry other ? ricers,
for promotion in the Cnairt Guard; ate:,
Paul L. Milligan, and sundry othe ^ Re-
serve officers, for appointment to the Coast
Guard.
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December 19, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks
however, a great service to the American
public. It is a critical stage in the delivery
of pharmaceuticals to the consumer, and in
my view, our accounts should be organized
so that the role of this essential service can
be better measured.
Next among the basic commitments is edu-
cation. We have an extensive education sys-
tem. It begins with the detail man, but it is
in our literature, in the distribution of re-
prints from the technical journals, our sym-
posia, our hospital meetings, our films?a tre-
mendous educational network directed to-
wards every physician, pharmacist and hos-
pital. And in every analysis of this system
that I can recall even by our critics, one
thing we get back clearly from the doctor
is that certainly to a significant extent, our
activities in relation to them, are truly edu-
cational and a true service to the medical
profession and, therefore, to the patient.
Now finally, there is promotion?sheer,
straight building of the market and share
of the market. Our industry is different from
others in degree but not in kind. 'Attention
must be attracted to the products available,
especially new products. This history of mar-
keting proves that people do not beat a path
to your door to buy that better mousetrap.
The market must be made. We must take
greater care, but we must still build the
market. This is a typical free enterprise type
of operation which is expensive and necessary
and without it the other services would not
be possible.
So there they are, these six commitments
of the pharmaceutical industry.
The most significant thing about this
briefly told story is that it brings home that
the pharmaceutical industry is not just a
manufacturing industry, but a service in-
dustry as well. We are a service and a prod-
uct industry with six commitments of pro-
found social value, This is basic to an under-
standing of what we are.
At the beginning of this talk, I touched
so lightly as hardly to have done it on some
of the accomplishments of this industry. But,
In the future, even more should be expected
of this industry because knowledge builds
on knowledge in geometric progression. And
the evidence is all there, that there will be
a speaker like me 30 or 35 years from now,
making the kind of comparison I did at the
outset of my remarks and probably likening
us, too, to some equivalent of the kindly old
general practitioner who had hardly any-
thing in his black bag.
But some members of this industry do not
assume all of these commitments. Some,
hardly any of them. And I think this con-
trast helps bring the significance of these
commitments into clear perspective.
I remember many years ago encountering
one of these people in this category of little
or no commitments, and out of sheer curi-
osity, I said to him, "How do you operate? I
know you don't do any research. I doubt if
you do any development. I've never seen any
advertising, and you. don't have any detail
men do you?" And he got a big laugh out of
this. And he said, "It's simple enough. First
of all, I'm not a full-line house, I pick and
choose the fast-moving items that are al-
ready developed, like the best-selling prod-
ucts in the Pfizer penicillin line." This was
many years ago, as I said. But he said, "I can
make these products and, in fact, I can make
them cheaper than you can?you're too
fancy. And I can send a postcard to the drug-
gist. Not all across the nation, not even
throughout all of my state. But I can send a
postcard to the druggist and say I've got
penicillin available at the lowest price on the
market. They won't all come to me, but I'll
get my share." He said, "I'm going down to
Palm Beach this winter. What are you do-
ing?"
I don't deny that man his right to operate
in that fashion as long as his products meet
proper quality standards. I don't even criti-
cize. But I ask this question: What is the
relative social value of this entrepreneur. I
don't mean the value of his enterprise to
himself. I mean the value to society. This is
what is in issue these days. This is what the
debate is really all about, or should be about.
To some, the lower prices of the drugs he
supplies will seem an important social con-
tribution. But just what is the net value to
society of that price differential, when it
is achieved by largely or completely avoiding
those vital service commitments to research,
development, quality control, distribution,
education, and marketing that has earned
world leadership for the American pharma-
ceutical industry, and on which the progress
of therapeutics very substantially depends?
What is the real price of that low price drug?
And who pays it?
So this is the point of beginning for our
industry?to know ourselves through serious
study, to welcome the beginning of the pos-
sible new atmosphere as the shrill cries seem
to moderate, or at least as some moderate
voices begin to be heard. Before us now is
the difficult problem of the future of health
care in this country. Our hope and our re-
sponsibility is to participate with our new
partners?government, the medical profes-
sion, and academia, in building for the
future, The old way of hostile hearings and
regulatory battles has little to do with this
future?indeed can only hinder and impede
it. In a word, if we are to build the future
it will be by cooperation. In that necessary
cooperative effort, the pharmaceutical indus-
try is ready to do its part.
AMENDING TITLE 28, UNITED
STATES CODE, TO EXTEND THE
TIME FOR FILING TORT ACTIONS
BY CERTAIN PERSONS
SPEECH OF
HON. JACOB H. GILBERT
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, December 15, 1969 '
Mr. GILBERT. Mr. Speaker, I sup-
port H.R. 10124, offered by the gentle-
man from Massachusetts (Mr. Doxo-
Bus) , to extend the time for filing tort
actions by persons under the age of 21,
or insane or mentally ill, or imprisoned
on a criminal charge.
I have sponsored a similar bill in past
Congresses and in this Congress?H.R.
4155, 91st Congress. The bill will modify
existing law by providing that the 2-
year statue of limitations applicable to
tort actions against the Government will
not run against persons under legal dis-
ability at the time the action accrues,
and that, such individuals may present
the claim within 2 years after the dis-
ability ceases. We should recognize the
fact that persons suffering from legal
disabilities and particularly those who
are under age are actually being deprived
of their rights because of the presently
overstrict limitation provision in subsec-
tion (b) of section 2401, title 28 of the
United States Code.
There is a demonstrated need for this
legislation. I support H.R. 10124 and I
commend my distinguished colleague
(Mr. DONOHUE) for the action of his sub-
committee in bringing this bill to the
House floor.
E10831
PLAYING WITH FIRE IN THE
MIDDLE EAST
HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, December 17, 1969
Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, I am
deeply disturbed about the apparent
erosion by the Nixon administration of
our position of support for a fair and
permanent resolution of the conflict be-
tween Israel and her Arab neighbors in
the Middle East.
The basis of our policy has been to
promote a settlement by direct nego-
tiations between the parties of their dis-
putes over borders, recognition, refugees,
and access to international waterways
and, until such a settlement can be
reached, to assure Israel's invulnerability
to Arab attack.
The first disturbing indication that the
Nixon administration was backing away
from this policy occurred at its inception
when Gov. William Scranton announced,
after a Presidential fact-finding tour of
the area, that the new administration
was going to pursue a more "even-
handed" policy. Next came a period of
equivocation over delivery of Phantom
jets to Israel in pursuance with prior
commitments. While the jets have now
been promised, they still have not been
delivered.
These events led to sincere fears that
"even-handedness" meant abandoning
Israel in favor of Republican oil interests
in the Arab States.
These fears were heightened when the
United States supported the United Na-
tions resolution condemning Israel for
her attacks on Lebanon in response to
actions of Arab terrorists in blowing up
an El Al airliner at Beirut airport with-
out any condemnation for the Arab at-
tacks which provoked the incident. This
hardly seemed even-handed. Nor did our
abstention from subsequent one-sided
U.N. Middle East resolutions or our
silence in the U.N. during the public
hangings by Iraq of Jews.
These fears were again aroused when
the U.S.-proposed four-power talks to
promote a Middle East settlement with
France and Russia committed to side
with the Arabs. They were barely as-
suaged by our assurances that the four
powers would concern themselves solely
with broad guidelines for peace and not
the specifics of a settlement which we
stated would be left to direct negotiations.
The State Department's latest pro-
nouncement inviting resumption of offi-
cial recognition of the Arab States that
have sworn to annihilate Israel and are
daily sending terrorists across her bor-
ders to kill her citizens can but confrm
these fears.
Worse yet, Secretary Rogers' recent
speech putting forward specific border
settlement proposals, undermines Is-
rael's chief bargaining position requiring
direct negotiations of the details of a set-
tlement. Indeed, since only direct nego-
tiations can produce a permanent and
lasting settlement, the State Depart-
ment's position seriously jeopardizes the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks December 19, 1969
prospects for peace in that troubled area.
It seems clear that President Nasser
and his 'radical Arab Iglsociates will in-
terpret Secretary Rogers' latest over-
tures as a signal that they are fi ee to
pursue, with Soviet Assistance, their
policy of military adventurism against
Israel and her people. This encourage-
ment could well prove to be explosive.
Indeed, it is significant that no sooner
had Secretary Rogers spoken than the
Soviet Union's prime minister promised
increased military aid for Egypt and re-
affirmed his nation's support for the ter-
rorist Arab guerrilla movement.
I think it is clear that the Soviet-Arab
strategy is to create an atmosphere of
such intense crisis that the United States
would force major concessions upcn Is-
rael as the price for a temporary respite.
And temporary it clearly would be, for no
arrangement worked out in the absence
of direct negotiations between Israel and
the Arabs can hope to have any
permanence.
We cannot, we must not let oun,elves
be coerced into such a position, for to
do so would jeopardize the political inde-
pendence and territorial integrity of Is-
rael without achieving a meaningful
peace in the Middle East. To undermine
Israel at this time would merely whet the
radical Arab appetite for full-scale as-
sault on Israel and increase the risk of a
wider war.
It is appropriate to remind our: elves
of the statements made by John Foster
Dulles when he was Secretary of State
under President Eisenhower:
The preservation of the State of Israel is
one of the essential goals of United States
foreign policy.
Israel is the one bastion of freed( no in
the Middle Esst. By encouraging the
Arabs, we are playing with fire in an
explosive situation. If the Arabs zikount
a major attack on Israel, we can hardly
avoid becoming involved. It is eminently
in our interests to prevent such a con-
flict from breaking out and to return to
the sound principles for a sound settle-
ment that this country ha; pursued until
the present.
BIG TRUCK BILL
HON. FRED SCHWENGEL
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRI`SENTATIA ES
Wednesday, December 17, 196,c-
Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker my
editorial for today is from the Arizona
Republic. The editorial _kilOWS :
CONGRESS LEFT To DECIDE Ss ET Y QUI.A /ION
OF HEAVIER TRUCKS
WASHINGTON.?The Nixon administration
left it up to Congress yesterday to decade
whether heayier and bigger bailer truck.; and
buses are safe enough to be permitted to
travel on Interstate highways.
Federal Highway Adadin erator F. C
Turner told a House public works subcom-
rnittee his agency did not hate "sufficient re-
liable evidence" to determine whether the
increased sizes of trucks and buses prbposed
in controversial legislation wraild mean addi-
Menai safety hazards to motorists. I
If Congress decides moterist s safety 'is not
affected "measurably," Turner said, the ad-
ministration would urge that implementa-
tion be delayed until July 1, '1972, rather
than on the date of passage. The govern-
ment needs the three years to set perform-
ance standards Sir the bigger trucks, he
said.
Turner's long-awaited disclosure of the ad-
ministration position on the bill, while not
an endorsement, brought smiles to the faces
of subcommittee members who support the
legislation.
As opponent, Re. Fred Schwengel, R-Iowa,
said it was "incredible" that the Transporta-
tion Department did not recommend delay
In action on the bill until it could collect
adequate safety data.
The bill, supported by the trucking in-
dustry and opposed by the American Auto-
mobile Association, would increase from 8
feet to 81/2 feet the maximum allowable
width of trucks and buses using the inter-
state highway system.
The limit on weight would be raised from
79,280 pounds to 188,500 pounds. The length,
which is not limited now, would be set at
70 feet. Turner recommended a maximum
length of 65 feet.
..,??=1//10
CHRISTIAN HIGHER EDUCATION
AND THE SEVENTIES
HON. BILL NICHOLS
Or ALABAMA
IN 1HE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, December .17, 1969
Mr. NICHOLS, Mr. Speaker, on No-
vember 18, 1969, Dr. Harry Phiipott, pres-
ident of Auburn University, addressed the
Alabama Baptis.; State Convention in
Birmingham. Dr. Philpott is an ordained
Baptist minister although he has never
held a pastorate, his entire career has
been in the field of education. In his ad-
dress, Dr. Philpoi;t outlined the continu-
ing need for Christian higher education
In the years ahead. I would like to share
his thoughts on this important subject
with my colleagues by inserting his re-
marks in the RES'Oee at this point:
cuRrsTrAN H/GHER EDUCATION AND THE
SEVENTIES
Our emphasis on Christian higher educa-
tion continues a glorious phase of Baptist his-
tory. It is well to remind ourselves of the
fundamental importance of education in the
development of Baptist churches. Our pres-
ent-day heritage has many roots but none
is more important than the leadership of
Luther Rice in the 19th Century. One com-
mentator has described his return from
Burma to solicit support for Judson's pio-
neering missionary enterprise as the single
most important event in Baptist history
during the 19th Century. He arrived with a
great zeal for missions but discovered the
support necessary for these could not be
obtained because of the fragmented charac-
ter and separatism of the Baptist churches
and because of the appalling lack of educa-
tion within the ministry and the leadership
Of the churches. If the missionary endeavor
was to move forward, it was necessary to
bring the churches together in associations
and conventions and to overcome the lack
of education and understanding.
With unequaled devotion, Rice traveled
throughout the eassern and southern United
States drawing Baptists together, presenting
the missionary challenge and sparking the
organization of Baptist colleges and schools.
The difficulty of hie task can be seen in the
fact that an early division in the ranks of
the Baptists separated those who believed
in education and Missions from those who
opposed such endeavors by the churches.
Our forebearers proudly proclaimed them-
selves Missionary Baptists and equally em-
phasized their great concern for education.
Church-related educational programs, acad-
emies, colleges, universities and seminaries
characterized the educational enterprises of
our churches and continue to be a basic em-
phasis of our Christian mission today. De-
spite the problems which face us-education-
ally and the changes in American educa-
tion which have had their effect on our pro-
grams, we Would be disloyal to our Baptist
heritage and, more importantly, unworthy
of the future if we did not continue to give
major importance to these endeavors.
I stand before you today as a concerned
individual with a troubled soul. I have al-
ways held, and still do, a firm belief in the
dual system of higher education as we have
known it in the United States. Problems
which face both the private sector and the
public sector of higher education are as dif-
ficult, if not more difficult, than at any
time in our history. During this century we
have witnessed undreamed of expansion in
public education, 'while the private and
church-related institutions have been forced
by a variety of circumstances to simply hold
their own, as a rule. In Alabama for ex-
ample, in the last ten years we have seen
a 115 per cent enrollment increase in our
institutions of higher learning, with only a
small proportion of this coming in the pri-
vate and church-related sector. Our best
estimates indicate that a 70 per cent increase
in higher education enrollment will take
place in the next decade, again with the
overwhelming percentage being in the public
institutions.
Changing circumstances have dictated new
patterns for our Baptist programs in higher
education. While continuing, as we absolutely
must, support for our own institutions, we
have been challenged to develop Baptist
Student Programs in our public institutions.
The developing Junior College system in
Alabama has opened a new opportunity for
student work in many of our churches and
for the State Convention. Christian higher
education today requires that we meet stu-
dent needs whatever type of institution they
attend.
It should not be supposed that the public
institutions are immune from the same prob-
lems private institutions face in attempting
to fulfill their responsibilities. We are wit-
nessing at the present time, and I can only
predict that this trend will accelerate in the
next ten years, an obliteration of the line
which distinguished private and public insti-
tutions of higher learning in the past. Tax
dollars now provide as much as 45 per cent
of the annual operating budgets for some
private and denominational institutions
while public institutions must avidly seek
private gift support to supplement govern-
mental appropriations.
We have only to remind ourselves that in
every State Convention of Southern Baptists
this year the issue of tax support for our
institutions, or government aid in a variety
of forms, will be a major consideration. I
have no simple answer to resolve this issue
but from a survey of recent history can only
offer the prediction that in the decade ahead
some form of support from the governments
will be required for the continued existence
of our institutions. Our task will be to devise
programs which will safeguard, so far as
possible, the administration of our schools in
private hands and which will draw a clear
line of distinction between activities which
are religious' in character and those which
are common to the educational experience
of all students.
In this connection, I am pleased with the
growing understanding being shown by my
fellow Baptists in placing the day by day
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December 19, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? HOUSE 1112801
Mr. WHITE. Mr. Speaker, the State
of Texas has lost one of its great civic
leaders, a widely known and highly re-
spected lawyer, a forceful and eloquent
Ig-ure on the political scene, a courtly
:espected gentleman.
Mr. Thornton Hardie came to El Paso
os a young graduate of the University of
Texas Law School in 1913. He has prac-
ticed law in El Paso for more than 56
years; certainly he was one of the senior
members and former presidents of the El
Paso Bar, a distinguished legal scholar,
and the senior member of the highly re-
spected firm of Hardie, Grambling, Sims
& Galatzan.
Excellence in legal training and prac-
tice, in civic life, and especially in the
field of education, were basic themes of
his life. For 6 years, he served our State
with great distinction as a member of
the board of regents of the University of
Texas system, as chairman of the board
for 2 years, 1961 to 1963. He also served
as a member of the Texas Council for
Higher Education, and was a member of
the Philosophical Society of Texas.
In politics, Mr. Hardie was an eloquent
defender of those principles of consti-
tutional government which he believed
essential to our Nation's well-being. Op-
ponents and allies alike respected his
great ability and admired his unfailing
courtesy and courtly bearing.
In our community of El Paso, he was
honored in the field of business, having
served as vice president and director of
the El Paso National Bank, director of
the Southern Union Gas Co., and the
Rio Grande, El Paso & Santa Fe Rail-
road Co.
His imprint upon the city of El Paso
and the State of Texas has been great
beyond measure. His memory will re-
main bright among his four children, all
of whom are outstanding civic leaders,
18 grandchildren and eight great-grand-
children, his brothers and sisters, and
his many friends.
Other Members of this body, who had
the good fortune to know Mr. Thornton
Hardie, I am sure will join in the senti-
ments that here was a citizen whose ca-
reer of service deserves our admiration
and respect.
ParsorieZaolk,T.- RESOLUTION
AMENDMENT
(Mr. FINDLEY asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, daily the
fighting in the Middle East increases,
daily the tension multiplies, daily the toll
of Arabs and Israelis killed mounts?
and each day the likelihood grows that
open warfare will erupt between nations
in that part of the world. If that fateful,
violent day comes again as it did in 1957
and 1967, the position of the United
States may well determine the future of
mankind. The military and political sup-
port which our Government gives to one
side or the other will drastically affect
the outcome of any war in the Middle
East, whether it spreads beyond the im-
mediate bounds of the conflict, whether
it involves a confrontation with the So-
viet Union, and whether once again
American boys are called upon to put
their lives on the line to support their
Government's foreign policy.
Does the United States have a commit-
ment that might draw us into a conflict
in the Middle East? If it exists, how does
it compare with the commitment our Na-
tion undertook in Vietnam? Who would
make the decision as to whether our in-
terest justifies military action? What is
the possibility of the United States be-
coming embroiled, through a Vietnam-
like process of gradualism, in another
undeclared war?this time perhaps pos-
ing an even greater risk of escalation to
a nuclear confrontation?
These are questions the Congress and
the American people are entitled to ask,
particularly at this moment of mounting
crisis in a region with which our country
has so many cultural, religious, ethnic,
and economic ties.
The answers will come as a surprise?
indeed, a shock?to most Americans, in-
cluding, I daresay, most of the Members
of Congress.
Still in full force on the statute books
is a resolution enacted by Congress in
1957 which states a broad area of na-
tional commitment to the preservation
of the integrity of nations in the Middle
East. It is far more specific than the for-
mal obligations cited as justification for
our entry into the conflict in Vietnam.
In fact, the all but forgotten Middle East
Resolution makes the Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution pale by comparison. It places
in the hands of the President the exclu-
sive authority to make the determina-
tion that military action is required and
to order into action military forces with-
out limit. It relieves the President even
of the necessity of consulting with the
Congress, as well as the necessity of se-
curing advance congressional approval.
It leaves open the possibility of an-
other Vietnam-like experience, another
undeclared war?this time bringing into
basic confrontation the vital interests of
the world's two super-powers.
What President?and especially one
now dealing with the agony of disen-
gagement from the Vietnam tragedy?
would wish to use this awesome power
without first consulting thoroughly with
the Congress and gaining from the Con-
gress specific approval. Surely, President
Nixon would be the last person inten-
tionally to permit the military doctrine
of gradualism to draw the Nation into
another large-scale undeclared war.
Indeed, President Nixon's statement
this week that he approves of the Sen-
ate appropriation bill amendment forbid-
ding ground combat troops from being
introduced into Thailand and Laos sug-
gests that the President would likewise
welcome congressional restraint on simi-
lar authority in the Middle East.
This estimate of Presidential intention,
while reassuring, does not relieve the
Congress of its own responsibility to the
American people. Under the Constitu-
tion, the power of the sword is vested in
the Congress. This power it unwisely sur-
rendered in 1957, and this power it must
regain. To argue that the resolution is
dormant and would never be cited is
scant comfort.
In the fall of 1964, President Johnson
would have scoffed at a forecast that he
would use the Gulf of Tonkin resolution
and the SEATO treaty as justification
for sending a half-million men into war.
Such a possibility has not been ruled
completely out in the Middle East. Dur-
ing the 10-day battle in November be-
tween the Lebanese Army and Arab guer-
rilla forces, Secretary of the Navy John
H. Chaffee told a London news confer-
ence, "I think certainly the United States
is not anxious to become involved in land
deployment in the Mediterranean." But
if circumstances became serious and re-
quired it, he said, "I think we could do
it." He added that, "I think the United
States would need very strong reasons
for landing troops from the 6th Fleet."
No one can forecast with accuracy the
passions and pressures which may be
generated by future events and brough;,
to bear on institutions of our Govern-
ment.
If experience has taught us anything,
it has shown how fragile peace really is,
and how difficult it is to draw the fine line
between U.S. involvement as a provider
of noncombat military support and U.S.
involvement in combat itself.
Difficult though it may be, the Con-
gress must assume responsibility for that
line drawing. The chore cannot wisely
be left to the President, even one as ex-
perienced and chastened as Mr. Nixon.
The power of the sword?one of the
two great powers reserved by the Con-
stitution to the legislative branch?is
clearly and exclusively established as a
congressional prerogative by this man-
date of article I, section 8 of the Con-
stitution, "The Congress shall have power
to declare war."
There are some, myself among them,
who believe that Congress has not ade-
quately fulfilled its responsibility in this
regard in the past. Irrespective of differ-
ing views on points of history, each of us
surely wants to guard the legislative
prerogative of power over the sword in
any future conflict which might entail
the use of U.S. troops.
If war should break out in the Middle
East?and there is every indication that
this is a real possibility?the Congress
should formally and officially participate
In any decision fixing the role the United
States would take in such a conflict. The
Constitution says we must, and the peo-
ple who elected us have the right to ex-
pect us to exercise our judgment in just
such a circumstance.
Yet, in the event of war in the Middle
East, would the Congress be called upon
to exercise its constitutional authority
before our military forces are used?
Under existing law, as interpreted
when it was enacted, it is clear that the
decision could be made to send Amer-
ican combat troops in almost unlimited
numbers into the Middle East to fight on
any side or as a buffer between sides
without specific approval by the House
or the Senate.
The Middle East resolution, passed in
the early months of 1957 when the men-
acing military posture of the Soviet Un-
ion seemed to threaten the stability of
the countries of the Middle East, states:
The United States regards as vital to the
national interest and world peace the pres-
ervation of the independence and integrity
of the nations of the Middle East. To this
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1112802 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
end, if the President determinos the ne-
cessity thereof, the United States s prepared
to use armed forces to assist any such na-
tion or group of such nations requesting
assistance against armed aggre-ion from
any country controlled by International com-
munism: Provided, That such employment
shall be consonant with the treaty obliga-
tions of the United States and with the Con-
stitution of the United States, Pub. L. 85-7.
This act has never been repealed. It
has no specified date of expiration. It
is permanent law.
Let there be no mistake. This resolu-
tion, passed under circumstances in the
Middle East which have 'adically
changed in the intervening 13 years, re-
quires neither consultation with Con-
gress nor congressional approval before
the President can send America/ men to
fight in a war.
When Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles testified on the resolution before
the Joint Senate Armed Sereices and
Foreign Relations Committees Ile made
that point abundantly clear in response
to this question put to him by Senator
Kefauver.
Senator KEFAIIVEFL But can you give as that
as an assurance, that before the Armed
Forces of this Nation will be used tinier cir-
cumstances which might bring aboval a sub-
stantial conflict, that the President wc ask
for a declaration that a state of war xlsted?
Secretary DULLES. Not prior to tin ir use;
no sir.
And in response to Senator Fut-
BRIGHT'S query, "Who determines wheth-
er or not a country is Communist dom-
inated?" the Secretary of State replied,
"That determination would be nide by
the President."
This broad delegation of congreFnional
power is far greater than the grant of
I authority in the SEATO treaty ? chich
, President Johnson often cited as au thor-
ity for American military actions ender
ethe Gulf of Tonkin resolution. 'Under
I article IV of the SEATO treaty, each
party to the treaty pledged, in accord-
ance with its "constitutional proce:ses."
to "act to meet the common danger- re-
sulting from "aggression by meats of
larmed attack in the treaty area age inst
any of the parties."
I The hearings on the SEATO tree y in
1954 made it perfectly clear that ,1 ome
form of congressional action won't' be
required to authorize military action
Under article IV. Senator Wiley, the
hairman of the Senate Foreign ee '1a-
ons Committee unmistakably clan fled
t le meaning of the phrase "constitutional
rocesses" when he asked Secretor of
tate Dulles the following question:
Senator WILEY. So whether it were the
threat mentioned in Section 2 [of article WI
or the common danger resulting from 0 ii.
attack, action could be taken only a' ter
cOnsultation with Congress?
\ To this, the Secretary of State i n-
cpealifiedly answered "yes."
IAgain, later in the hearings, the Sore-
retary of State affirmed that the Presi-
dent "would act through the Congress if
it were in session, and if not in sessim
[le would] call Congress."
here was no similar pledge by Suet-
ta y Dulles in the hearings on the Mid-
dl East resolution. To the contrary, as
in icated to Senator Kefauver above, the
Secretary specifically stated that the
President rued not consult first with the
Congress, nor seek any kind of congres-
sional authority or supportive action,
prior to committing U.S. Armed Forces to
fight in the Middle East. Secretary Dulles
did say that the President might, under
certain circumstances, call Congress into
session after he had committed troops
and the war had already begun. This
comment demonstrated clearly the de-
gree to which the resolution relieved the
Congress of its war-making power.
The only military action taken under
authority of the Middle East resolution
unquestionably supports this interpreta-
tion.
When President Eisenhower sent U.S.
Marines into Lebanon without prior con-
gressional approval on July 14, 1957, he
cited the Middle East resolution?passed
16 months earlier?in support of his ac-
tion, although the aggression was being
carried out exclusively by Arab na-
tionals using Soviet weapons. As further
justification, he listed the pattern of con-
quest by the Communists in Greece in
1947, Czechoslovakia in 1948, China in
1949, Korea and Indochina in 1950, and
stated:
We now see in the Middle East . . . the
same pattern of ionquest with which we be-
came familiar during the period of 1915 to
1950. This involves taking over a nation by
means of indirect aggression; that is, under
the cover of a fomented civil strife the pur-
pose is to put into domestic control those
whose real loyalty is to the aggressor.
Referring to the Korean war, Presi-
dent Eisenhower went on to say, "All
the world knew that the North Koreans
were armed, equipped and directed from
without for the purpose of aggression."
Times have changed since the Congress
passed the Middle East Resolution over a
decade ago. The nature of the conflict has
changed. Although Soviet power remains
and in some respect is much greater, who
can say with precision that any country
in the Middle East is, in the words of
the resolution, ''controlled by interna-
tional communism"? The fierce in-
dependence and nationalism of Arabs is
only partly nurtured by Soviet ambi-
tion and aid. To the deep wounds of many
years are added the scars of the 7-day
war. Tension and conflict are seen more
In nationalistic teems today than in terms
of confrontation between the free world
and international communism.
At the same time the Soviet threat has
taken on a more menacing, although
changed, character. The Soviet Union is
now a superpower whose nuclear weapons
are acknowledged eo be in the same class
as those of the United States. It is also
a first-rate naval power, operating ex-
tensively for the first time throughout
the Mediterranean.
If a confrontation should occur be-
tween the United States and the Soviet
Union over the Middle East, our country
would no longer hold the decisive ad-
vantages of yesterday, even though the
danger of intimidation of these states by
massed displays of Soviet ground forces
no longer seems so great.
These changes meke all the graver the
risks entailed by a confrontation with
"international communism" in that re-
gion. Such a confrontation may come.
December 19, 1969
The time may also-come when the United
States will find it clearly in its interest
to go to war. But the stakes are now
so mountainous as to make absolutely'
vital formal congressional approval be-
fore any such decision is effected.
The Congress can deal expeditiousl,
with a challenge in whatever manner e-
appropriate. Let no one doubt the ca-
pability or the capacity of the Congress
to act with dispatch if the occasion merits
it. The comment of Senator Lyndon B.
Johnson, later to be President, at the
hearings on the Middle East resolution
are as instructive as they are ironic. Re-
ferring to the request in the resolution
for $200 million to support U.S. economic
and military aid, theSenator told Secre-
tary Dulles:
I think that you can trust the Congress to
act with reasonable care on matters vitally
affecting this Nation and not to drag their
feet. I know of no disposition to do so. It
seems to me if the Secretary of State and the
President feel the need for further informa-
tion before they reach a conclusion, that they
will give the Congress the same privilege they
reserve for themselves.
The attitude of the American people
has also changed quite markedly over the
last decade. We have learned from bitter
experience the limitations of limited
wars.
We have learned that a war effort
which has been denied the unifying force
of formal congressional support and ap-
proval is gravely shortchanged. We have
found that a limited military response
ordered on his own by the President can
lead the Nation into a paralyzing and
seemingly bottomless quagmire, From
this experience, I believe the Congress
has become convinced that the American
people well not support U.S. involvement
in a foreign war unless and until such in-
volvement has been given formal ap-
proval by the Congress.
Because of these two changed factors,
plus the constitutional responsibility
mentioned earlier, I am today introduc-
ing an amendment to the Middle East
resolution. It would clearly spell out the
role of Congress in any decision to com-
mit U.S. forces to the Middle East under
the authority of that resolution.
Retaining all the basic language of the
resolution, the amendment would add
three significant wordeteekareff the Con-
gress," to the operative clause permitting
the commitment of armed forces. It
would cause section 2 of the resolution to
read, in pertinent part:
Furthermore, the United States regards as
vital to the national interest and world peace
the preservation of the independence and
Integrity of the nations of the Middle East.
To this end, if the President and the Con-
gress determine the necessity thereof, the
United States is prepared to use armed forces
to assist any nation or group of such nations
requesting assistance against armed aggres-
sion from any country controlled by interna-
tional communism: Provided, That such em-
ployment shall be consonant with the treaty
obligations of the 'United States and with
the Constitution of the United States.
This amendment does not in any way
lessen our commitment to peace, justice,
and national security in the Middle East.
Nor does the amendment in any way les-
sen our commitment to stand fast against
Communist encroachment in that part
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December 19, 1969 CONGREssIuiN AL litCUICIJ ?
of the world. Outright repeal of the Mid-
dle East resolution might very well have
that effect.
Acceptance by the Congress of the
amendment I propose would have the
undeniable effect of reaffirming congres-
sional support for and commitment to a
stable, peaceful, independent Middle
East. At this point in our history when
the shadow of Vietnam seems to dull
many of our commitments around the
world, it would be wise for the United
States to renew its commitment to stand
fast against Communist penetration in
this part of the world.
My amendment restores Congress to its
proper decisionmaking role, recognizing
that before the United States can con-
stitutionally commit armed forces to Pre-
serve "the independence and integrity
of the nations of the Middle East," ap-
proval by the Congress, as well as the
President is required.
This amendment would not infringe
upon the legitimate right?in fact the
duty?of a President to commit troops in
the Middle East or elsewhere under cer-
tain limited circumstances without prior
specific approval by the Congress. As
Commander in Chief, the President has
the implied power to repel attack and to
protect the lives and property of U.S.
citizens.
However, these exceptions to the gen-
eral rule of prior congressional approval
cannot properly be interpreted loosely.
Thus, a President cannot cite as authori-
zation the need to protect American lives
or property when in fact there is no
clear and substantial showing of danger
to such at the time of the intervention.
Similarly, the power to repel attack is
not an unlimited one. The right of self-
defense is undeniable, but this authority
permits only a limited response to a spe-
cific situation, and it terminates when
the need for self-defense terminates.
Beyond this, any intervention by Ameri-
can forces must be preceded by specific
congressional approval.
The need for action on this amend-
ment is urgent. If the volcano of war
does erupt in the Middle East, the United
States may well decide to send troops to
help restore peace and stability to that
part of the world. But let the decision to
do so result from the constitutional proc-
esses which form the strength and secu-
rity of our Nation and in which the role
of Congress is fixed by the Constitution
and not by the pleasure of the Presi-
dent. Let the decision to send troops, or
not to do so, result from a synthesizing
debate and vote?actions which will help
forge a unified public will behind na-
tional policy. Such a unified will can best
be forged on the one great anvil of de-
the Congress of the United
fense are conducting in-depth investiga-
tions.
Yesterday I received a letter from Mr.
Raymond J. Kappel, secretary of the
Fairview Park, Ohio, Jaycees, detailing
a meeting in July 1968, at which Ronald
Haeberle showed his now-famous color
photographs taken at Mylai.
Mr. Kappel, who did not attend that
meeting, wrote the letter in his capacity
as secretary of the group, at the request
of fellow Jaycees who were present when
the pictures were shown. I have discussed
Mr. Kappel's letter with a member who
was there, and he states that the facts
are accurately represented.
I know that my colleagues are tre-
mendously concerned with the alleged
events at Mylai and, accordingly, I am
making this letter part of the RECORD
and am striding copies of it to the ap-
propriate Department of Defense of-
ficials:
THE FAIRVIEW PARK JAYCEES, INC.,
Fairview Park, Ohio, December 11, 1969.
Hon. WILLIAM E. MID/SHALL,
Rayburn Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. MINSHALL: The Fairveiw Park
Jaycees have been deeply disturbed by the
alleged massacre at My Lai on Mazola 16,
1968. We also are concerned about tato sen-
sationalism of the publicity concerning My
Lai.
On July 10, 1968, Mr. Rorilld Haeberle
presented a slide show on Vietnam at our
monthly meeting. The main theme of his
presentation was Vietnafn countryside until
the final few slides, which showed Viet-
namese people, whom Mr. Haeberle said were
killed as a result ofa military search- and-
destroy mission.l he slides were the same as
photographs that are now getting sensational
publicity by the news media. We were sick-
ened by theAntographs. We questioned Mr.
Haeberle to how these deaths, occurred.
He stated that his unit was on a search-and-
destroy ntssion and that the village was a
V. d. stionghold; that the villagers were
warned_ two days in advance by dropped
leaflets, and voice communication that the
village was going to be destroyed, and that
they jhould leave, and that anyone remain-
ing uld be considered a V. C. The manner
in which he made his presentation generally
left he group with the impression that this
act ts justifiable.
queation the use of these pictures by vari-
ous to what occurred in My Lal, we now 'publications and news media, 11/2 years
afteeithey were taken.
We feel that the Government should
thorbtighly investigate the alleged massacre,
and that the truth should be determined.
cerely yours,
RAY KAPPEL,
Secretary.
Politicians often think people are fooled
by the press, but this is not true.
This letter from young Mr. Greg Mur-
phy, of Keene, N.H., sums up very well
the feeling expressed in the overwhelm-
ing majority of the mail received by our
committee on the Mylai investigation.
The main thrust of concern among
those who write to us is that the news
media have tried and convicted the
American soldiers in Vietnam before the
case has been proved and that our com-
mittee should investigate the whole mat-
ter indepth and not prejudge the case.
I think Mr. Murphy has summed up
very neatly the reaction many of us here
have had to the reporting of this story
in his reference to the fact that the
papers did not even bother to use the
word "alleged." Our mail would indi-
cate that a simliar reaction has been ex-
perienced by people throughout the
country
cur committee has received over 325
letkrs, and new batches of mail are de-
livered daily. There is a great interest
ph the part of the American people. The
mail comes from all parts of the coun-
try and from people in all walks of life.
Of course, we have received letters criti-
cal of our procedures and critical of
statements I may have made in public
interviews. But a staff review indicated
that the mail is running approximately
20 to 1 in favor of our manner of pro-
cedure.
Those who write to us seem to be prin-
cipally concerned that we get all of the
facts before jumping to conclusions and
that we assure that the rights of the
American soldiers involved are protected.
The people are greatly concerned that
these matters will reflect unfairly on all
of the GI's who have served in Vietnam.
The most frequent comment in our
correspondence is concerned that the
press and TV reports have assumed the
guilt of the men accused before any in-
vestigation or any court-martial is
completed.
Again, I want to say to Members of
the House that the subcommittee I ap-
pointed under the chairmanship of the
distinguished gentleman from Louisiana
(Mr. HEBERT) will press forward with a
thorough investigation and will not rest
until all of the facts are in. That sub-
committee will determine if there has
been a massacre, if there was who was
guilty, and the extent to which the
Army's system is at fault. That subcom-
mittee will be diligent to protect the
rights of individuals.
We shall not be swayed from our con-
stitutional responsibilities by the glare
of the TV lights or the slant of the edi-
torialists.
Mr. CLEVELAND. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. RIVERS. I am delighted to yield
to the gentleman from New Hampshire.
Mr. CLEVELAND. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to compliment the distinguished
chairman of the Committee on Armed
Services on his fine statement and, be-
cause he has used a letter of one of my
constituents, I would like to thank him
for having selected that particular letter.
I think it is fairly typical of letters I have
received from other constituents. The
THE MAIL ON MYLAI
(Mr. RIVERS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
States. remarks.)
Mr. RIVERS. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to read the House a sentence from a
letter recently received from a man in
Keene, N.H.:
I am an interstate bus driver (28 years
old), and if a thug accosted me and robbed
me, you can bet the news in reporting the
incident would say "alleged assault," but
here (the massacre) they almost never
bother to say "alleged."
And here is another sentence from the
same letter:
MYLAI INVESTIGATION
(Mr. MINSHALL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his re-
marks and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, on No-
vember 20 I took the floor to ask for a
complete investigation of the alleged
atrocities at Mylai. I am glad to see that
the Congress and the Department of De-
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cONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
motto of the State of New Hampshire
has been and it still is, "Live free or die."
There are many tough-rninded, thought-
ful people in the Granite State.
Mr. RIVERS. I want to thank the gen-
tleman.
PRESS COVERAGE OF THE ARMED
SERVICES COMMITTEE INVESTI-
GATION OF THE MYLAI INCI-
DENT
(Mr. NICHOLS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks
and include a newspaper article)
Mr. NWHOLS. Mr. Speaker, I read
with great interest the comments of our
colleague, Congressman BOB SIKES, of
Florida, concerning the press coverage
of the Armed Services Committee in-
vestigation of the Mylai incident. I agree
with him 100 percent, and I want to add
my endorsement to his statements about
Chairman MENDEL Ravaas and the clAair-
man of the special stabcommittee) lOok-
ing into the Mylai incident, Congrets-
man F. EDWARD HEBERT, of LouLaana. Vt,?
is an honor and a privilege to serve with
these gentlemen, and I know that they
have ony the good of America at heart
in this or any other Matter which comes
before our committee.
If there is any man in the Congress
who would do a better job of investigat-
ing these charges than Congressman
Mama, I do not know who he i. As a
career newspaperman for some 20 years
before coming to the Congress, he knows
that there is no use to try to whitewash
or cover anything as important as this.
Chairman RIVERS and Congressman
litaaar want only to see that justice is
done in this case.
While the press is "quick to publicize
incidents such as that which allege,lly oc-
curred at Mylai, they seldom niake an
effort to bring to the public's attention
both sides of the situation. For tru tance,
the Columbus, Ga., Ledger, on Tuesday,
December 16, ran a picture which was
taken some 2 weeks before the incident
showing Vietcong women and Voting
boys carrying arms in Mylai. Such a pic-
ture would not, of course, be of interest
to certain newspapers because it would
not help their case in prosecuting those
Army officers who have been accused of
participating in this incident.
I believe any man going into ar area
where he knew women and childrei. were
Part of the Vietcong force would be par-
ticularly wary of anyOrie. I ask unani-
mous consent that this article fro :a the
Columbus Ledger be inserted in the REC-
ORD at this point.
ARMY PHOTO SHOWS VC UNIT STATIOI ED /N
MYLAI AREA
A photograph of a Viet Gong unit lased in
the My Lai (4) area Was made available
Monday by a man who had served wii h the
11th Infantry Brigade at the time ( f the
incident of March 16, 1968, whiel has
brought charges that G.I.'s committed mur-
der against Vietnamese civilians,
He said the photograph came from a roll
of film captured in a Viet Gong bastcamp
in the Song My village area (My Lai was one
of the hamlets of this village) two weeks be-
fore the My Lai raid.
An officer who had Served with the 11th r
Brigade during its organimtion and as both
a field commander and staff officer, he said
the phOtograTh was developed by the
brigade public information office photog-
raphy laboratory, some copies retained by
that office, others given to inteligence
sources.
Identification of some of the individuals
in the group of 38 armed Vietnamese, in-
cluding three young women and several very
young boys, was made by 11th Brigade in-
telligence offices, he said.
Kneeling in -,he center of the group one
arm akimbo, wth a holstered piStol, is the
military leader of the unit, he said.
Standing at the far left, without a weapon,
In peasant garb of black pajamas, and obvi-
ously older than the armed guerrillas, is the
unit's political officer, he said.
Third from right, with a U.S. M-1 riffle,
posed on one tam, is a "combat hero" and
squad leader in the unit, the officer said.
mo ,rMir,-carbines, and M-1 of U.S. man-
Men .....falie-71YOtog have a 89 mm.
ttfacture and Mat 49 submaineguns of
French manufacture?typical Viet Gong
armament as opposed to North Vietnamese
regulars who carry Chinese-Communist
manufactured weapons of Russian style.
One man, standing on the right of the one
identified as the political officer, wears a
North Vietnamese regular's field uniform, as
does the squad leader in the front row. (The
n by the political officer was believed to be
h body guard, the officer said.)
PFC. C114.RLES F. TYSON III, LOVED
HIS N"PaTION AND HIS HOME,
MARTIN NUNTY, FLA.
(Mr. ROGEI of Florida asked and
was given per= on to address the
House for 1 minute, ? revise and extend
his remarks and i lude extraneous
matter.)
Mr. ROGERS of Flori$ - Mr. Speaker,
on Monday, November 10, ? 69, a special
Veteran's Day memorial ser ce was held
at Martin County High Sch. $1, Martin
County, Fla., to honor Pfc. k arles F.
"Chuck" Tyson, an alumnus ,of that
school, who gave his life in Vietnam.
Charles Tyson graduated from' artin
County High School in June 19.8. His
favorite pastimes were surfing and wirn-
ming, both very popular in bea tiful
and scenic country located on the : n-
tic Ocean, just north of West alm
Beach.
On September 17, 1968, Charles son
enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corp. He
completed his basic training with ring
colors and was vary proud to be a rine.
In March 1969, he arrived in etnam
and on March 2c.[ observed his 2$ birth-
day as a member of 3d Plato?. ompany
M, 3d Battalion, 5th Ma $i Regiment.
Private first class n was assigned
as a niflernanjj e 1st Squad of the
3d Platoon ti?M Company and on the
afternoon of June 21, 1969, Company M
was engaged in a search-and-clear oper-
ation approximately 4 miles east of the
Marine base at An Hoa, Quang Nam
Province, Repuladc of Vietnam. The en-
emy was encountered and during the
ensuing battle, Pfc. Charles Tyson was
struck by small-arms fire and was killed.
He was buried on July 8, 1969, at Fern
Hill Cemetery, Stuart, Fla., in Martin
County with military honors.
His commanding officer as well as his
ellow marines had a deep affection and
aspect for Charles Tyson for they knew
he was a sincere and dedicated marine
December 19, 1969
who loved his country, and particularly
Martin County.
His thoughts were of Martin County
High School, Stuart, Fla., when he wrote
to his parents in January of this year,
prior to his departure for Vietnam. I
would like to enclose that letter at this
point in the RECORD for the benefit of
my colleagues:
JANUARY 29, 1969.
To MY LOVING MOM AND DAD: Even though
I don't like to mention such things, it is a
necessary step that must be taken. If by some
odd stroke of fate I should not return from
my coming tour In Vietnam, there are a few
things I would like done.
1. First to be buried at Stuart, Florida.
2 To take the flag from my funeral and
give it to Martin County High School. In
addition I want $500 to be used to erect a
monument to all those students past, pres-
ent, and future who have given their lives
in defense of their God and country. With
an inscription by Nathan Hale, "I regret that
I have but one life to give for my country."
3. $2,000.00 from my insurance policy to be
used in 2 $1,000.00 scholarships for the most
deserving male aud fenaale students of Mar-
tin County High School,
4. The rest is to be used by the two of you
as you see fit.
Inc. CHARLES F. TYSON III.
The wishes of Pfc. Charles F. "Chuck"
Tyson were carried out at the Martin
County High School on November 10.
The flag from his casket was presented
to the Martin county High School by
Charles' parents, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard
R. Tyson, who now live in South Bay,
Fla., a short distance from Stuart, where
Mr. Tyson is now acting chief of police.
That flag now flies over Martin County
High School and has a very special
meaning to the students there.
The monument for which Charles be-
queathed $500 will be designed by the
students of Martin County High School
and will be constructed in the court-
yard. Charles' parents will give a savings
bond to the student who contributes the
most toward the design of the monu-
ment.
A scholarship is being established at
the school to provide $1,000 each to the
most deserving male and female student
at Martin County High School as
Charles requested.
Mr. Speaker, words are most inade-
quate to express one's respect and ad-
miration for this young man. Yet, I do
not believe Pfc. Charles F. Tyson III
would want us to linger in sorrow, but
would rather have us heed the words of
Nathan Hale in these troubled times:
I regret that I have but one life to give for
my country.
Mr. Speaker, r think this Nation will
continue to be strong as long as we have
young men of this caliber.
THE NORTH AND SOUTH MUST
HAVE EQUAL TREATMENT IN
DESEGREGATION
(Mr. THOMPSON of Georgia asked
and was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute, to revise and extend
his remarks and include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. THOMPSON of Georgia. Mr.
Speaker, it is my understanding that the
southern strategy of the Nixon admin-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE December 19, 1969
nese Program once again. Details of the re-
vision are, of course, classified and the Com-
mittee has not yet had an opportunity to
thoroughly examine and evaluate the full
impact of the budgetary reductions.
As I indicated earlier, I have invited the
Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chairman of the
Atomic Energy Commission to appear before
the Committee and testify on the possible
technological and political impacts of this
decision. For that reason this report, as it
pertains to Safeguard 3, must be considered
tentative pending the completion of the
hearing, which I hope to have some time
during the early part of the next session.
SAFEGUARD 4?IMPROVEMENTS OF OUR CAPA-
BILITY TO MONITOR AND DETECT VIOLATIONS
Safeguard 4 requires the improvement of
our capability within feasible and practical
limits to monitor the terms of the treaty,
to detect violations, and to maintain our
knowledge of foreign nuclear activity, capa-
bilities and achievements. The VELA pro-
gram is a joint AEC/DOD program supervised
by the DOD's Advanced Research Projects
Agency. It is a research and development
effort being jointly conducted to improve
the U.S. capabilities for detecting, locating,
and identifying nuclear detonations. The
VELA program has three subprograms:
VELA Uniform?detection of underground
nuclear explosions, VELA Satellite?detec-
tion by satellites of nuclear explosions in
space or in the atmosphere; and VELA Sur-
face Based?detection of nuclear explosions
in space by ground based equipments.
All of these subprograms are discussed and
managed under Safeguard 4, but it should
be noted that one of these subprograms,
VELA Uniform, while it produces important
information and gives us a capability to de-
tect, locate and identify underground nu-
clear explosions and to research technical
methods that could be used by other nations
to evade detection or identification of under-
ground nuclear explosions, does not contrib-
ute directly to the safeguards program of the
Limited Test Ban Treaty, This capability
might become much more significant in the
event that the talks that started in Helsinki
result in some agreement or that the United
States and the Soviet Union should enter
into treaties contemplating more comprehen-
sive test prohibitions.
VELA uniform?Detecticnt of underground.
nuclear explosions
The seismic location capability is being
Improved by application of knowledge gained
from a systematic study of all factors affect-
ing laypocenter determinations based on tele-
seismic data. Analysis of data available from
recent studies indicates that if source bias
can be effectively removed, then large events
can be located within areas of only a few
kilometers at high confidence. Investigation
of source bias is being conducted through
comprehensive evaluation of Long Shot as
well as Nevada Test Site data. A working
three dimensional earth model computer
program has been developed for evaluating
the travel time effects of differing crustal and
upper-mandle structures on location accu-
racy. Preliminary analyses have been initi-
ated to test new earth models which may
lead to prediction of travel time anomalies
(source bias) in uncalibrated regions.
The objective of the large array program
Is to develop and demonstrate the utility of
larger rays and associated .automated data
processing techniques for detection and
identification of small seismic events. To
achieve this, three large arrays have been or
are in process of being constructed and a
seismic array analysis' center has been es-
tablished in Washington, D.C. The Montana
array is complete. Construction on the large
aperture Norwegian seismic array began in
July 1966 and is expected to be completed
by the end of this year. The Alaskan long
period array was begun in April 1969.
Another area of effort is to evaluate tech-
nical methods that might be used by other
nations to evade seismic detection or iden-
tification of underground nuclear explosions.
As with most of the other VELA Uniform
Program, this effort is only incidentally as-
sociated with the safeguards to the Limited
Test Ban Treaty but might take on increased
importance in a more comprehensive test
ban situation. The research program includes
theoretical studies, laboratory research, and
chemical and nuclear experiments.
VELA satellite program
The VELA Satellite subprogram, with its
five successful launches in five attempts
and long-lived payloads, is recognized in the
field of space technology as a highly suc-
cessful endeavor. All spacecraft except those
from Launches I and II continue to function
about as planned. Launch I spacecraft have
been retired from active service in view of
several factors: (1) their more limited capa-
bility when compared to subsequent
launches; (2) the cumulated effect of mal-
functions which have decreased their capa-
bility; and (3) the undue burden placed on
facilities. The Launch H spacecraft, while
functioning reasonably well, are not now
the spacecraft tracking and data handling
being utilized on a routine basis because of
the improved capabilities of Launches III,
IV, and V.
CONCLUSION
To summarize the status of implementa-
tion of the Safeguards program we can say,
that over the past year DOD and AEC have?
made satisfactory progress in protecting the
national interest under the terms of the
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The under-
ground test program continues to provide
important information far beyond what was
originally expected. The laboratories are vig-
orous and productive and, as a result, they
are able to insure their vitality by retention
and, recruitment of high calibre technical
and scientific staff. Safeguard No. 4 was
adequately supported during the past year.
It is only in the area of Safeguard No. 3?
Readiness to Resume Testing in the Pro-
hibited Environments?that budget con-
straints are being imposed which will result
in degradation of the Safeguards program.
Whether this is the beginning of a change in
emphasis or a justifiable adjustment of pri-
orities which will still retain an acceptable
level of readiness is a question into which
the coming year will provide additional in-
sights and on which the subcommitee in-
tends to take additional testimony.
BILL OF RIGHTS DAY, HUMAN
RIGHTS DAY?THE PRESIDENT
AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS
Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, some
of us have worried and wondered
whether there is beginning a serious
erosion of the rights and freedoms
guaranteed to all Americans by our Con-
stitution. Because reassurance from the
executive branch on this score has been
limited, or given only in the context of
actions or statements which seem to
contradict the assurances, it is especially
gratifying to note that President Nixon
last week expressed his?and the Na-
tion's?continuing /dedication to consti-
tutional liberties and especially to the
Bill of Rights. In proclaiming December
15 as Bill of Rights Day. The President
pointed out that "the founders of our
Republic had fought for individual lib-
erty and for representative and respon-
sible government," and that "In the first
10 amendments to the Constitution they
sought to insure that the power of the
Government would not abridge the rights
of citizens." He stressed that "the Bill
of Rights is the law of the land" and ex-
pressed the hope "that we may rededi-
cate ourselves as a united people to the
task of assuring to every person?regard-
less of his race, sex, creed, color, o,
place of national origin?the full en
joyment of his basic human rights."
This is an important message for
day, especially since it comes from
President of the United States. So ti
all Members of Congress, as well as
those who carry out the President's pc
cies, may appreciate his commitment
constitutional liberties and hun
rights, I ask that the proclamation p,
claiming Bill of Rights Day and RUM(
Rights Day be included in the R,Ecor
There being no objection, the proc
mation was ordered to be printed in
RECORD, as follows:
BILL OF RIGHTS DAY AND HUMAN RIGHTS
(By the President of the United Stet(
AITIGT/Ca)
A PROCLAMATION
One hundred seventy-eight years ago,
Bill of Rights was ratified and incorpora
as part of the United States Constitutia
The founders of our Republic had fought fa.
individual liberty and for representative an
responsible government. In the first te.
amendments to the Constitution they sough.
to ensure that the power of the government
would not abridge the rights of citizens.
More than twenty years ago, the United
Nations General Assembly adopted the Uni-
versal Declaration of Human rights. The
founders of the United Nations had en-
dured a world war brought on by those who
denied the rights of men to equality and
justice and who abrogated the rights of na-
tions to exist in peace.
The two documents?the Bill of Rights
and the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights?are close in spirit although widely
separated in time. The Bill of Rights is the
law of the land. The Universal Declaration
is a statement of principles, of common
standards of achievement for all peoples and
all nations. We in the United States are en-
gaged in unremitting efforts to give real
meaning to these standards for every Amer-
ican, to assure to every person the full enjoy-
ment of his basic rights.
Now, therefore, I, Richard Nixon, Presi-
dent of the United States of America, do
hereby proclaim December 10, 1969, as Hu-
man Rights Day and December 15, 1969, as
Bill of Rights Day, and call upon the people
of the United States of America to observe
the week of December 10-17, 1969, as Human
Rights Week, to the end that we may rede-
dicate ourselves as a united people to the
task of assuring to every person?regardless
of his race, sex, creed, color, or place of na-
tional origin?the full enjoyment of his basic
human rights. Let us act so as to provide an
example that will point the way in the strug-
gle to promote respect for human rights
throughout the world.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set
my hand this ninth day of December, in the
year of our Lord nineteen hundred sixty-
nine, and of the Independence of the United
States of America the one hundred ninety-
fourth.
RICHARD NIXON,
tt)
CONCERN ABOUT REMARKS OF
SECRETARY OF STATE ROGERS
ON MIDDLE EAST
Mr. CRANSTON. Mr. President, I am
deeply concerned by Secretary of State
Rogers' recent remarks on the Middle
East situation. By calling for a balanced
approach to this critical area of the
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Dqcember 19, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? SENATE
'
ii
without adversely affecting the na-
out in the response time is acceptable. Car-
ta' y, if economies can be made in the pro-
gra
tional security, I, for one, would applaud the
actiten. A careful and critical _review of the
,ontinuing need for each element in the
afe uard program is a healthy and coin-
ietidable function of the DOD_ and AEC. In
aition to the Administration' examine-
however, I consider that it is incumbent
ale Safeguards Subcommittee to inquire
iv into a decision which will have a inirt
pact on the safeguards program. I
'he original assurances that the safe--
rifts would be maintained were given hy
aitient Kennedy in August of 1963. 'They
e reaffirmed by President Johnson in
11 1964. but the present Administration
s riot formally stated Its policy in this
(a7.
- lan to arrange for the Secretary Of
e se, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
t , the Chairman of the Atomic EnergY ,
nhlission, the Director of the Defense
,ijc Support Agency, and the Directora
two AEC laboratories, Livermore an./
tunas to appear before the Subco
to testify on the possible tech
'al and political impacts of the; decisi
on the policy of this Adrainistratio
trdlng the continued implementation o
(fegnard 3 as well as the other eafeguard4
Mich are our responsibility to oversee. i
As las been my practice in the past, E
amid like to discuss now the record of,
he At4.mic Energy Commission and the De-
martin nt of Defense in implementing each,
of the safeguards over the past ,year. Con-
siderabie detail will be included in order to
providS as broad a dissemination of this in-
formatiOn as is possible without compro-
mising our Nation's security.
SAFEGUARD I?UNDERGROUND TEST PROGRAM
This Safeguard requires the aggressive con-
duct of a continuing comprehensive under-
ground nuclear test program designed to add
to our knowledge and improve ow weapon
systema in all areas of significance to Our
military, posture. The underground test pro-
gram ia providing substantially more in-
formation than was expected when the safe-
guards 'were formulated in 1963. Through
the acq isition of more sophisticated tech-
nologies from the continuing underground
test pr ram and the researoh activities
conductd by the laboratories (Los Alamos
Scientift Laboratory at Los Alamos. New
Mexico, he Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
at Liver ore, California, and the Sandia
Laboratories) which support the test pro-
gram. there has been continued development
in our c pability to conduct a variety of
full-scales underground nuclear tests. Many
of the t hniques used were not envadorted
as possib e when the underground teat pro-
grams fi t began. The continuing ander-
ground t t program is of paramount im-
portance in the continued growth of the
United States capabilities in both the de-
fensive arid offensive categories.
During FY 1969 the BOWLINE test aeries
continued the underground test program at
Nevada Test Site at about the same level
as CROSS 'TIE, the FY 1969 test series. Two
tests in the FY 1969 BOWLINE series were
Plowshare experiments (peaceful uses) and
three were bOD effects tests which were logis-
tically and technically supported by the
AEC. The remainder of the BOWLINE tests
were ASO vvreapons development tests.
The AECI program to conduct h er yield
testing on ahute Mesa at the Nev Test
Site has pr ceeded in an expeditious faller.
Since my last report two more high yield
tests have leen conducted there, the largest
of which hd a yield of about one megaton.
The two supplement test areas have now
reached an Operational status, one in Central
Nevada and one in Amchitka Island in the
Aleutian Islands chain off Alaska. The site
calibration test MILROW at Amchitka was
conducted on October 2, 1969, with a yield
in the one megaton range with no untoward
effects generated. For FY 1970 the planned
weapons development program is directed
toward the primary objectives of weapon-
ization, weapon feasibility, advanced tech-
nology and site calibration. Because of a
reduction in the amculat of funding for
AEC weapons development which will be
available in FY 1970, tha level of activity will
be somewhat reduced from the 1969 level.
SAFEGUARD 2?MAINTENANCLOP Wr..67-DErtN
LABORATORIES AND,PfOGRAMS
-
The second safeguaid requires the main-
tenance of modern laboratory facilities and
programs in theoretical and exploratory mi-
clear technelogy which will attract, retain,
and insure the continued application of hu-
man scientific resources to those programs
on which progress on nualear technology de-
pends. The laboratory program is conducted
aby both the Atomic Energy Commission and
the Department of Detente.
The three weapons laboratories contractor
operated for the AEC, hale since the last re-
port continued to operate as progressive re-
search organizations in the nuclear, as well
as in non-nuclear fields. The nuclear research
d development programs are conducted
b'-Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and the
LawrgatekRadiation Laboratory at Livermore.
The non-?tear engineering and develop-
ment activiti re conducted by Sandia
Laboratories. In e of tie laboratories the
work performed can lffa classified into three
primary areas of interest?".,.
(a) The fundamental r1 arch of general
interest to a broad range , o eveloprnent
oeeds;
(b) Advanced development of sp fic con-
eepts; and
(c) The weaponization of these cm-islets
into stockpile weapons or weapon systenN
Of primary importance to the long-rank
vitality of the nuclear weapons development.
program is the emphasis which is placed on
, activities devoted to developing in advance
the new design concepts so important to
realizing the new state-of-the-art weapons
necessary for assuring the capability of meet-
ing future defense requirements. Emphasis
.on pre-weaponization development effort
'must be maintained in order to insure ad-
vancement of technology to meet the poten-
tial threat of the future and readiness to
meet future weaportization requirements as
pay rise. The Atomic Energy Commission re-
ports that the combination of the challeng-
ing research program in both nuclear and
non-nuclear weapons technologies, the con-
Vetting, progressive, highly complex nuclear
testing program, and the maintenance and
improvements in required laboratory facil-
hie,s have continued the laboratories' ability
to retain or recruit the necessary technical
and scientific( staff.
A major factor in the maintenance of proa
*save laboratories is the constant need na
up-date both facilities and equipment, both
whicho providing or a 7, e
spectrum of forward looking seientifie re-
search and development programs. A mesa-
mire of the magnitude of the requirement
ia found in the total of about $385 mllllott
witch has been authorized or obligated for
new or up-dated laboratory facilities and
equipment at Sandia, Los Alamos, Livermore
and the Nevada Test Site during the 6-year
period of Fy 1964 through FY 1969. The FY
19/0 budget allocates about $6 million for
construction and $51 million f ar equipment.
in carrying out its part of the responsi-
bility for implementation of Safeguard 2, the
Defense Department has expanded research
in n aclear technology in government labor-
atones and contractor facilities. These DOD
S 17289
????41,...
programs help insure a continuing source of
top scientific personnel.
Some of the accomplishments of the DOD
in implementing the second safeguard dur-
ing this reporting period are as follows:
Significant progress has been made in ob-
taining better calculations of radiation en-
vironments in the atmosphere and within
various structures.
Calculations of radiation transport at low
altitudes, including air/ground interface
were completed for use In studying missile
silo radiation hardness.
Vulnerability and hardening research was
expanded for design, test, and evaluation of
strategic re-entry vehicles and related sys-
tems components.
Improvements were made in calculations
of the magnitude of shock waves induced in
materials by x-ray depositions and the en-
suing propagation and attenuation of the
shock.
A 20-ton high explosive surface burst test
were used to check theoretical calculations of
structural damage due to air blast induced
ground shock from a nuclear explosion.
Models continue to be developed for high
altitude nuclear phenomenology for anti-bal-
listic missile radars and communications. A
first generation computer code for radar de-
gradation and a 8-volume coramunication
handbook describing nuclear effects on radio
propagation was published in late 1968.
Land and naval system vulnerability!
hardening, medical effects of nuclear radia-
tion and general development of laboratory
simulation of nuclear effects has continued.
The overall program has been active and re-
sponsive to Service requirements.
In summary, our evaluation Of both the
AEC and DOD program for implementation
of Safeguard 2 is that the laboratories con-
tinue to be vigorous, their facilitiets and-tech-
nical and scientific talent are being main-
tained in a high state of competence, and
their programs are supporting the second
safeguard effectively:
SAFEGUARD 3?READINESS-TO-TEST PROGRAM
The third safeguard requires the main-
tenance of facilities and resources necessary
ti institute promptly nuclear tests in the
p hibited environments (atmosphere, un-
de ater and space) should they be deemed
ess&atlal to our National security. The cap-
abil ty to conduct such a nuclear test series
on lort notice was first attained by the
AEC nd DOD on January 1, 1965. Since then,
the Ifational Nuclear Test Readiness Program
has een reviewed twice at the Presidential
staff/ level. It was revised in October 1968
and.: the revised program was approved by
the /White House in March 1969.
e revised National Nuclear Test Readi-
s Program required some additional prep-
tion to achieve readiness to carry out the
revised program. In the meanwhile, the DOD
-and AEC maintained their readineas to re-
sume testing in the prohibited environments with a significant program. As indi-
cated in my report of last year, the; reivsed
readiness program included:
I. Full proof of the survivability Of hard-
ened re-entry vehicles when they are sub-
jected to a realistic nuclear- environment
while in their operational modes;
2, Evaluation of the effects of ABM radar
operation from detonations at high altitude;
3. Obtaining realistic data on the electro-
magnetic fields created by nuclear detona-
tions at low and high altitudes;
4. Cratering, ground shock and debris ef-
fects on hardened systems and installations;
5. Air burst and underwater shock effects
related to problems of anti-submarine war-
fare and modern ship structure
11
As budgetary constraints grew tighter and
tighter during this past year, the AEC and
the Department of Defense felt compelled
to revise the National Nuclear Test Readi-
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world, he strongly implied that our past
policies were unbalanced. That is not
true.
The simple fact of the matter is that
the United States of all the major pow-
ers has been the only one with a bal-
anced Middle East policy. Time after
time we have urged the Arabs to recog-
nize the reality of the State of Israel, to
sit down with Israeli representatives to
negotiate a true peace, and to allow for
both sides freely to share and exchange
in the wealth, resources, and progress of
modern life.
The Secretary's remarks are being in-
terpreted in diplomatic circles as being
primarily directed toward moves Israel
should make, especially returning terri-
tory overrun during the 1967 war. His
speech was an ill-advised attempt to
move Arab leaders closer toward peace.
It has had precisely the opposite effect?
it has hardened Arab resistance to a
peaceful settlement. When the one ma-
jor power with a sensible position on the
Middle East crisis makes statements
which seem to unhinge its heretofor firm
policies, it is not at all surprising that
the side being favored?the Arab side?
becomes even more intransigent.
Where is the balance in this kind of
a policy?
What sense does it make to urge Israel
to withdraw from Arab territories?ter-
ritories only occupied by Israel in self-
defense?when there is absolutely no
reason to believe the Arabs are prepared
to accept the existence of Israel, to make
peace with her, and to end Israel's con-
cern for her own security?
As my colleagues know so well, there
will never be peace in the Middle East
until the parties to the conflict there are
willing to become the parties to the peace.
There must be a binding contractual
agreement between Israel and her Arab
neighbors, an agreement arrived at di-
rectly by the parties themselves?not im-
posed by outside powers.
I believe that in foreign policy as in
domestic policy, actions speak louder
than words. The actions of the Soviet
Union in the Middle East speak for them-
selves. Ahnost $10 billion worth of Rus-
sian arms have been shipped into Arab
countries in the last 12 years. Arab
armies have been completely resupplied
with modern jets, tanks, artillery, and
missiles in the last 2 years. Soviet mili-
tary instructors have swarmed into the
area. And now, for the first time, Russian
weapons are being shipped directly to
various terrorist organizations. Also
there has of late been an increase in in-
temperate attacks on United States and
Israeli policies in the Middle East in the
Russian press.
The Soviet policy is simple: to radical-
ize the Arab world with arms and with
rhetoric. The ostensible target is Israel;
the real target is moderate Arab leaders
and moderate Arab governments
throughout the area. The Soviets have
done nothing to demonstrate that they
want peace in the Middle East. Appar-
ently, they just want to keep the pot
Faced with this situation, the United
States must react with patience and with
firmness. We must counter Soviet arms
shipments to the Arab world with mili-
tary and economic assistance to Israel to
enable her to maintain parity in arms
and to sustain the continuing economic
burden of continual military prepared-
ness.
We must also continue to point out to
our Arab friends that this dispute is no
more in their interests than it is in the
interests of Israel. Russian arms and
military equipment cannot alleviate the
population explosion in the United Arab
Republic nor can they relieve the misery
of the Palestinian refugees. Arab social-
ism and Arab unity will never be ad-
vanced by a holy war against Israel, nor
will they be advanced by falling under
the domination of Russia. America will
see to it that Israel will always have the
tools to defend herself. And each defeat
will drive the Arab world deeper and
deeper into the embrace of the Russian
bear.
When the leaders of the Arab World
realize that a permanent peace with Is-
rael is in their interests and in the inter-
ests of their people, there will be a just
settlement. Foreign Minister Eban has
repeatedly said that all things are Pos-
sible in a condition of peace.
Until a permanent peace comes we
must not let our sensible long-term pol-
icies in the Middle East be nibbled away
at by those who shortsightedly seek
short-term tactical advantages there.
RETIREMENT OF DR. JOHN SLOAN
DICKEY, PRESIDENT OF DART-
MOUTH COLLEGE
Mr. McINTYRE. Mr. President, last
week my alma mater, Dartmouth Col-
lege, honored its president, John Sloan
Dickey, who has announced his retire-
ment.
Dr. Dickey has served as president for
25 years. During his tenure, this small
men's liberal arts college in Hanover,
N.H., has emerged as one of the leading
academic institutions in the Nation.
Dartmouth's stature today as one of the
top colleges in the country is in no small
part due to John Sloan Dickey's leader-
ship, his dedication, and his imagination.
At a tiine when university officials
throughout the land are being subjected
to criticism from all sides, I offer a well
deserved tribute to this fine educator.
I ask unanimous consent that an edi-
torial entitled "The Dickey Years at
Dartmouth," published in the Lebanon,
N.H., Valley News, December 13, 1969, be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
(From the Lebanon (NM.) Valley News,
Dec. 13, 1969]
THE D/CKEY YEARS AT DARTMOUTH
Whenever institutional cement has been
allowed to set around curricula and admin-
istrators, campus dissent has taken explo-
sive forms. And where internal rigidity has
been combined with outside urban pres-
sures, as at Harvard and Columbia, violence
has verged on catastrophe
This may be one instance when Dart-
mouths upstate location has been helpful.
But geography does not confer immunity
from disorder, (as the Parkhurst affair
proved), and it is to John Sloan Dickey, hon-
ored today after 25 years at the helm of
Dartmouth, that one must look for keeping
S 17291
this institution relatively loose and respon-
sive to changing needs.
Scholastically, Dartmouth under Dickey
came from behind in the Ivy League. From
the first, Dickey recognized that there must
be scholars as well as outstanding jocks on
scholarship, and that the Big-Green-party-
boy image must be replaced. So he sat out,
in his own words, to "compete with the best
for the best".
By raising faculty compensation and in-
stituting such benefits as faculty fellow-
ships, Dickey directed the recruitmen of a
new team to replace one that was superan-
nuated. Funds were also found to broaden
opportunity for deserving but needy stu-
dents.
For twenty years the campus was visited
by persons of distinction from every area of
endeavor who spoke of the great issues of
our times for the benefit of seniors. Dart-
mouth's Public Affairs Center, with its em-
phasis on participation in public life, from
Senatorial offices to those of local town man-
agers, was an outgrowth of this 1947 Dickey
innovation.
In 1954 Dickey persuaded the trustees to
study what the college should accomplish in
the fifteen years remaining before its bi-
centennial. Doctoral programs under the
faculty of Arts and Sciences were re-insti-
tuted, and deliberately kept small so that
Dartmouth would have, in the president's
words, "an undergraduate educational op-
eration worthy of celebration as she moved
from her second to her third century".
In turn, the fourth oldest medical school
in the nation was reconstituted to take
greater advantage of its proximity to the
regional medical facilities of the Mary Hitch-
cock Memorial Hospital and, most recently,
to provide more physicians and better medi-
cine through a shortened and sharpened MD
degree program. Two other professional
schools, Thayer and Tuck, received essential
encouragement.
The most dramatic innovations, the Hop-
kins Center and the time-sharing concept
of computer usage, underlined Dartmouth's
transition from a provincial institution to
one with concern for the whole man and
woman, outside as well as inside the aca-
demic community. And perhaps the most
"relevant" programs on and off campus are
those developed under the Tucker Founda-
tion, inspired by President Dickey, and named
after William Jewett Tucker, the last of
Dartmouth's minister leaders. The idea be-
hind ABC, A Better Chance, came to the pres-
ident following discussion in 1964 with pre-
paratory school headmasters over the needs
of disadvantaged youngsters in the secondary
school level.
Most recently Dickey insisted that the
merits of the black demands for an Afro-
American program on campus be examined.
"No white man," (said JSD), "no matter how
hard he tries, can understand the burdens
black Americans carry from 100 years of dis-
crimination on top of 200 years of slavery".
As John Sloan Dickey prepares to retire in
the countryside he loves, he leaves with the
satisfaction that Dartmouth is no longer a
small parochial voice in the wilderness.
Thanks to his quarter century of responsive
leadership, the numbers of those who love her
are now legion. And as his door was always
open to anyone who sought his counsel, so
the doors of a grateful community will always
be open to him.
SUPPORT FOR FUNDS TO IMPLE-
MENT COAL MINE HEALTH AND
SAFETY ACT GIVEN BY CHAIRMAN
CARL PERKINS OF HOUSE LABOR
COMMITTEE
Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, last
night, during the consideration of the
supplemental appropriations bill, 1970,
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S 17292 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? SE December-49-, 4 9 6 9
I offered for myself and te junior Sen- ator from New York (Mr. JAvrrs) , who pictures the Lapeer County Courthouse,
ator from Pennsylvania (Mr. SenwEikEe) likewise devoted an inordinate amount of the oldest courthouse still in use in
amendments to add to that measure $25 time and energy with acumen to the Michigan.
million for expenses necessary to improve development of the landmark health and The Journal has an interesting article
health and safety in the Nation's coal safety legislation. The untiring and in- about the history of the Courthouse and
mines?en million for the Department of telligent performances by the members the efforts of the Lapeer County Press in
Health, Education, and Welfare and $15 of staffs of the Labor Committee and preserving it.
for the Department of the In- Senate members of the committee de- I ask unanimous consent that the arti-
terier. We are grateful that the amend- serve special recognition and I corn- die be printed in the RECORD.
ments were agreed to and that the Sen- mend them. There being no objection, the article
ate followed this action by Agreeing also Mr. President, ask unanimous con- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
to the conference report on idle new Fed- sent to have printed in the RECORD the as folio
ws:
eral Coal Mine Health and Safety Act, December 18, 1969 letter from Chairman
MiouicAX's OLDEST
filn
which now needs only aeative action PERKINS of the House Committee on Ed-
Mark Twain's remark that the report of
by the President of the 'grated States to ucation and Labor to Chairman RICHARD
his death was an exaggeration may be become law. law. B. RUSSELL of the Senate Cortimittee on plied to the courthouse on our cover this
I desire at this time to Officially reeog- Appropriations, concerning appropria- month?the Lapeer County Courthouse. For
nize that, through inadvertence, we filed tions to implement actions under the through the years it has been considered a
in our discussion of the rieed for the ap-
Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety wreck, or a disgrace or fist plain falling
propriations addition to bring to atten_ Act of 1969. down, and it has been threatened with ex-
tion and place in the legislative record There being no objection, the letter tinction, destruction or replacement. Yet it
stans today, perhaps in better condition
a communication by the distingUished was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
thand it has ever been, on Napessing Street in
chairman of the House Committee on as follows: Lapeer, Michigan, a thriving little city in
Education and Labor, the HonOreble u.s. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, southeastern Michigan, proudly bearing the
CARL D. PERKINS of Kentucky, relating COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND mantle of the oldest courthouse in Michi-
LABOR,
to the funding essential to provide for Deceinber 18, 1969. gan still in use.
payments incident to black lung diisease,
Hon. RICHARD B. RUSSELL, The courthouse, constructed in 1839, was
for health research andemedical Omani- chairman, Commiteethe product of a feud that proved profitablei on Appropriations,
.
nations, for coal mine safety research, U.S. Senate, Wa for the residents of Lapeer The first settler
shington, D.C.
N.
and for coal mine health and safety DEAR MR, CHAIRMAN : AB you know, last of Lapeer, A. Hart, got into a fuss with
the second settler, J. R. White, who arrived
enforcement. night the House of Representatives passed
a few days later?a fuss that a later Lapeer
the landmark conference report on the Fed-
Chairman PERKINS' letter to the dis- County history described as "more or less
eral Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969.
tinguished chairman of our Appropria-bitter". By 1839 Hart and White, both of
I, and I am sure you, too, are quite anxious
tions Committee, Mr. RUSSELL, with to see that there is no delay in implementing whom were lawyers, each had built a court-
copies to the Senators from West Vir- this important legislation to protect our Na-
house and offered it to the public. Hart won
ginia, is of vital importeinee to the leg- tion's miners and .5o provide needed benefit what was called the "courthouse war" when
islative history
ry in support of the atnend- payments to those minens afflicted with pneu-
the board of supervisors bought his building
000, although it had him sio,000
t
meats agreedto. The able i eepresentative moconiosis, commonly called, "Black Lung,, for $3,
ospeszctAicts;dWem:r htea's coluartarthotzcost town's
aTehtighhe
from Kentucky was chairman Of the disease, and their widows.
I have consulted with the two Depart- L
House-Senate conference and submittedmeats concerned in administering this Act,
school. Everyone was happy about the war.
conference report No. 91-761 to aceomn- namely Interior and Health, Education, and Time and Wear and tear took their toll, for
pony S. 2917, the bill_ to improve the Welfare, and I find that the following by 1879 a committee of the board of super
health and safety conditions of persons amounts are needed for the remainder of visors sadly noted that the "courthouse is
working in the coal mining industry of this fiscal year to get this program off the fast going to decay on account of the xi crumb-
ling of the walls and poor condition of the
the United States. Chairman Pee
_eles ground ling
provided outstanding leadership, along To Health, Educ W underpinning The, conunittee also observed
Won and Welfare underpinning
The yard around the courthouse is in
(a) Black Lung Payments?$7 million to
with his subcommittee chairman Rep-
develop standards by April 1, 1970 and to pay a dirty and filthy condition by reason of
resentative JOHN DENT ,Df Penrisy vtama, initial claims filed between that date and cattle being allowed to run therein." The
on the legislation in the ether 009Y, and July 1, 1970. cows were chased away and the building
he presided with disPateb and ,fairness (b) Health Research and medical examine- moved to a new foundation.
over the remarkable ac.hievement of the tions?$3.5 million (a portion of this sum will In 1887 a supervisor from Imlay City, a
conference in agreeing to report the corn- be reimbursed). town that aspired to the status of Lapeer
plex measure following- a single day of To Interior: County seat, charged that the county build
meeting and working diligently and ,ami- (a) Safety Research?$8 million Ings were a "shame-and a-disgrace" and said
(b) Health ant. Safety Enforcement?$7 Imlay City was prepare& to spend $50,000
cably in that conference. million, for a new courthouse, if, of course, it were
Again, I highly commend the services I note that your committee approved the located In Imlay City. But this move was
performed for the Nation, and esPecially fiscal supplemental appropriations bill for defeated.
for the coal miners, by those leadepre and this fiscal year for floor action today. I By the 1960s the building had fallen into
their colleagues from the House. And strongly urge you to amend this bill to in disrepair again. It had not been painted
our colleagues in this WY, led by Chair- elude the atovetiluInsds0 We can getimmh 1 eidi- since before World War II, and the paint was
man RALPH YARBOROUGH or our Oernmit- t9 tiBieeirerartrisesn Is asns eepynoug peeling. It was stained from rusted pipes; it re minenrs and ;
tee on Labor and Public Welfare, and that, once includei in the Senate, / will work had dirty windows the yard was weedy;the heating system WaS erratic. The move
1 Chairman HARRISON WILLIAMS Off New actively in the Hcuse to gain at ceptance. for rejuvenation and restoration was led by
'Jersey, chairman of the Subcomittee on I appreciate your kind consideration of this the Lapeer County Press, which offered money
Labor, are deserving of praise fer per- matter which is of critical importance to for an architectural survey of the building.
severing on this measUre to a fruitful many people in Kentucky, West Virginia, Vir- This showed that the building Was struc-
conclusion. In my 25 years of service in ginia, Pennsylvan a, and other coal produc- turally sound, and a restoration fund was es-
the Congress, rarely have I absented and ing states. tablished. The Pregs sponsored what was de
worked at the side of a colleagne who With warmest regards. scribed as the "biggest dance ever held in
Sincerely, the county", the paper paying all the ex-
devoted as much time and expended as CARL D. PERKINS, penses and half the proceeds going to the
much effort with diligence, patience, and Chairman. fund. The board of supervisors allocated
intelligence as did Senator WILL1Aers of funds, but unfortunately the restoration was
New Jersey in presiding over hearings not completed.
and subcommittee sessions and in Senate THE LAPEER COUNTY A brand new building to house the county
management of the Coal Mine Health COURTHOUSE offices has been built behind the old court-
and Safety Act of 1969. He is deserving Mr. HART. Mr. President, the Amen- house, now 130 years old. But many of the
citizens
of a special tribute, as is the ranking can Bar Association has for some time of Lapeer County now realize they have a jewel in their midst, and they are
minority member of our Labor Fenbcome featured courthouses of unusual archi- determined to protect and cherish it. If they
mittee and its parent CommiSee on teetural interests on the cover of its have their way, the Lapeer County Court-
Labor and Public Welfare, the senior Sen- monthly Journal. The November cover house will last another hundred years.
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Mr. PELL. Would the Senator from
Kansas have any reaction to the thought
of having wage and price controls as
being a means of moving from talk and
from various ideas into something that
would really stop inflation, which is, as
has been pointed out, the cruelest tax
that faces our American people?
Mr. DOLE. I think that is something
to consider. It is a little alien to those on
this side of the aisle. We do not like Fed-
eral controls, but I say, in all sincerity, it
may come to that.
Iwor HENRY J. TASCA
Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, I ask for the
yeas and nays on the confirmation of the
nomination.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The yeas
and nays have been requested on the
confirmation of the nomination of Henry
J. Tasca to be Ambassador to Greece.
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, I suggest the
absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a
sufficient second? There is a sufficient
second.
The yeas and nays were ordered.
The clerk will call the roll.
Mr. CRANSTON. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order f6r the
quorum call be rescinded, so that I may
proceed.
Mr. PELL. I withdraw my request.
The PRESIDING OrraCER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
H.R. 11959, VETERANS EDUCATIONAL
NEEDS
Mr. CRANSTON. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that I may proceed
for more than 10 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection? Without objection, it is so
ordered.
' Mr. CRANSTON. Mr. President, I
would like to speak on a matter directly
analogous to the matter that we have
just heard discussed on the Senate floor,
the threatened cuts in the HEW budget.
We face a similar slash in education and
health benefits for the men who have
fought for our country in Vietnam and
elsewhere and are not now being given
the level of education and health care
that they desperately need. To deprive
them of this for the same reason?be-
cause we have to make sacrifices to com-
bat inflation?and specifically to ask men
who have fought in Vietnam to now make
another sacrifice at home in the war
against inflation I believe to be heart-
less, unjust, and unacceptable.
I would like to speak briefly on the
exact situation that our country and
these veterans are presently facing.
Specifically, I am reporting to my col-
leagues in relation to H.R. 11959, the
House bill covering veterans' education
needs, which was passed by the Senate
on October 23 with an extensive sub-
stitute amendment.
After the passage of the substitute by
the Senate 7 weeks ago, the House yester-
day repassed the bill, substituting pro-
visions of House-passed bills for the Sen-
ate substitute. It rejected virtually all
significant parts of the Senate's special
educational package for high school
dropout veterans and only slightly in-
creased its 27 percent GI bill rate in-
crease up to 30 percent.
The House also failed to retain Senate
retroactivity of rate increases. The House
was offered no alternative to those this?
watered-down package.
The chairman of the Senate Commit-
tee on Labor and Public Welfare, the
distinguished Senator from Texas (Mr.
YARBOROUGH) , and I yesterday asked the
Senate to disagree to the House amend-
ment and appoint conferees. This was
done. Then, at once, I went off the floor
and called the chairman of the House
commrttee, requesting a conference on
Friday or Saturday. The Senate con-
ferees were ready to meet day and night,
if necessary, to reach agreement on this
vital legislation before our Christmas
recess.
But, to my regret, the chairman of the
House Veterans' Committee said that the
House Members could not meet in a
conference now; that we would have to
wait until after Congress reconvened on
January 19.
Unfortunately, this delay will affect
hundreds of thousands of deserving Viet-
nam veterans, war orphans, and wid-
ows trying to pursue GI bill education
and training with a grossly outmoded
rate structure.
The Senate does not want to accept
for them, and I am convinced that they
themselves do not want to accept, a poor
substitute package which fails to restore
comparability to Korean GI bill rates
which were available to veterans of that
war, and which fails to provide retythc-
tive increases back to the first. of the
school year, and which fails to propose
any substantive programs to attract and
assist dropout veterans?almost 25 per-
cent of all separatees?tb take advan-
tage of GI benefits. #'
It is basically the --President of the
United States, not the House of Repre-
sentatives or the members of its Veter-
ans' Committee, ,that is responsible for
this delay.
I categorically reject the President's
expressed view that the Senate rate in-
crease should be denied because of the
war on inflation. The hint of a veto, if
we passed a measure restoring aid to the
Korean ler, like the direct threat of a
veto of th analogous HEW appropria-
tion bill maple by the President last night,
apparently Influenced the House's action.
I understand the concern of House Mem-
bers. A veto%would mean another, even
longer delay, A11 giving to Vietnam veter-
ans the aid tkey need to get back to
school. Howevft, the President's ap-
proach, in effect, sks for double sacri-
fices from men vfh, have fought our
battles abroad.
First they made the sa'rlfJ,Qe of fight-
ing in Vietnam. Now that they Tia.ve come
back home, they are asked to make an-
other sacrifice to help stem inflation that
comes directly out of that war itself.
I do not believe Congress wants these
men sacrificed on the altar of the ad-
ministration's policies to combat infla-
tion caused directly by the war these men
were fighting. That makes sense to none
of us.
Finally, let me make abundantly clear
that GI bill education costs, like Veter-
ans' Administration hospital and medical
care costs, must be counted completely as
a cost of waging war.
I do not hear anyone say, "Deny our
servicemen the bullets and mortars and
armaments they need to wage the war."
Yet the administration is willing to pur-
sue policies which discriminate against
Vietnam veterans and deprive them of
our paying the cost of the war that re-
lates to their educational needs.
Why should we do less? I ask the Sen-
ate, why should we do less for Vietnam
veterans than we did for Korean vet-
erans? Are we discriminating, for some
reason? Because this is an undeclared
war? What reason has been advanced?
I have heard none. The 46-percent in-
crease the Senate bill provides in GI
benefits would mean only that we would
provide for Vietnam veterans the exact
level of educational aid that we gave to
Korean veterans.
Hearings which the Veterans' Affairs
Subcommittee is presently holding indi-
cate tliat not only Vietnam veterans, but
all veterans?veterans of World War I,
World War II, and the Korean war?are
being shortchanged at present on first-
rate medidal and hospital care in vet-
erans hospitals. This is totally intoler-
able. It cannot be countenanced.
Chairman TEAGUE in the House of
Represen.tatives has waged a superb bat-
tle in an effort to close this medical care
gap. He has established how great the
gap is in many respects.
,In our hearings we are now finding
some new evidence of incredibly bad
situations developing in terms of the
medical care we are not providing to
men who were badly wounded in Viet-
nam, or men who were wounded in any
of the wars our Nation has fought.
We join with Chairman TEAGUE in this
effort. We pledge ourselves to see to it
that the Senate is fully informed early
next session of exactly what our com-
mittee has found, and exactly what VA
medical and hospital needs are, after we
have established those needs.
Finally, to refer back to the situation
relating to GI educational benefits, we
conferees on the Senate side are gravely
disappointed that our attempts to secure
a conference have failed. We look for-
ward to a conference at the earliest pos-
sible date selected by the House conferees
in charge, and we will then report back
to the Senate what can be done to meet
the great education and training needs
of our Vietnam veterans.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I ask unan-
imous consent to proceed for 10 minutes.
.0*
M AMBASSADOR
Mr. FLTLBRIGHT. Mr. President, I
was going to speak on the Tasca nomina-
tion. Did the Senator from New York
intend to address himself to that subject?
I understood we were ready to vote on
the matter, and I was going to say a few
words. I understand the yeas and nays
are ordered.
Mr. JAVITS. May I say to the Senator
from Arkansas that my problem is that
I have another executive meeting at 2.
But I will sit down and wait until he
finishes.
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I dis-
like to inconvenience the Senator, but
I was told this was the proper order.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that upon the com-
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1)ecember 19, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? SENATE S 17235
I Said what I thought should be done by
the Chief Executive in response to the
nator's question.
say again that if the President makes
th choice to go against the old people
wlio need that 15-percent increase in so-
cial security, against the workingman
who needs that increase in the personal
exemption because of increased inflation,
to go against the Congress in the way it
has reordered priorities by reducing mil-
itary expenditures by more than $5 bil-
lion and increasing expenditures in such
vital areas as health, education, antipol-
lution, and so forth, by $1 billion and a
half, but still leaving a budget with a net
decrease of more than $5 million below
what the President asked?if he decides
to make that choice, that is his choice
and the issue is joined.
Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Oklahoma yield? /
Mr. HARRIS. I yield.
Mr. TYDINGS. Would the/senator
not agree that the President and the
Vice President made great use of the
coramtmications media, pa ularly tele-
vision, for the purpose of d4nonstrat4n.g
th ir faith and interest in t.e so-called
sil nt majority. They have Utilized the
fin st techniques of Madison rue to
ge their so-called message ac s, that
they are interested in the typical aineri-
ca family.
ask the Senator from Oklah4na
whether, when the issue comes to the+,
do ars and cents of tax reform and tax
re ef to the average American family as
op osed to the special interests, when it
cornes to the issue of some small increase
in domestic spending which affects the
average American family, whether the
President and the Vice President are not
talking, on the one hand, out of one side
of their mouths to incur favor, yet, Out
of the other side, when we get down to
tax reform and tax relief and the acttial
fight against inflation, they are pulling
the rug out from under the average
Anierican family and turning their baOks
on them.
l'hey come up and defend on the floor
of the Senate the so-called tax reform
proposal which elicits 25 percent of a
dol ar tax relief to those with $20,000 In-
cone and above, and then they turn
aroind and fight on the floor of the Sen-
ate an increase in the exemption from
$60P to $800 which would help every ndd-
dle-income family in the United States.
They say on the one hand that they
will veto a $1 billion-plus -increase ,in
the HEW budget because it Is infiatiop-
ary, and yet they give no credit whatso-
ever to the Senate which has reduced
$5 billion from the President's request in
defense appropriations.
I lask the Senator from Oklahoma hOw
can they justify to the American people
such completely opposite statements bon
one side and an action on the other. i
Ir. HARRIS. I do not think it can be
jus died. I think the Senator has stated
that rather well. I do not believe there
wo4ld be any major tax reform, nor
womfld there be the kind of overdue tax
reduction which has overburdened the
lower and middle income taxpayers, eX-
cent that Democrats stood together and
denianded there not be an extension of
the surtax unless there was also tax re-
form and tax reduction.
I believe that those are issues which are
critical issues for the people of this coun-
try, as are the issues of increased social
security, the human environment, health,
and education, for example.
Mr. TYDINGS. I ask the Senator from
Oklahoma, would not the Senator agree
with me that so far as coming to grips
with the problem of inflation in this
country is concerted, we have really
nothing but lipsenwee-frorn thtee,:_dmin-
istration, a/arsgil as the failu of the
administration to exercise leadership
either with big business or with big labor
in a manner which his three predeces-
sors, Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy,
and Johnson did, the sole reliance being
the raising of high interest rates with
Fed. Would the Senator not agree that
this puts all the burden, or nearly a ma-
jority of the burden of trying to curb
inflation on the homebuilding industry
in the United States and, really, rather
than curbing inflation is increasing in-
flation, and the longer the administra-
tion fails to take leadership in this area,
the worse the inflation is going to be-
come.
Mr. HARRIS. The Senator is quite
right. "Credit crunch" and "tight money"
have become words as familiar to the
U.S. public as the name of the Vice
President. Economists as disparate as
Walter Heller and Milton Friedman have
warned that the extremely restrictive
m etary policies of the Federal Reserve
Boa which have reduced the growth of
the m ey supply to zero, should be
eased.
Friedm , a leading Nixon economic
adviser, is esp?lly pessimistic:
We are headin or a recession at least as
sharp as that in 1 3i. There is more than
a 90% chance of tha\ l'here is a 40% chance
of a really severe receSkion, such as occurred
In 1957-58, when unernpVment reached 8%.
The potential home \buyer feels the
credit crunch when he tiles to finance a
loan, with mortgage Interest rates run-
ning about 15 percent high this year?
a high interest rate which the average
homeowner will carry until l completes
his payments 20 or 30 year from now.
And the U.S. Government no finds itself
as much a victim of tight r4oney as the
buyer of a $25,000 home. Ts year Con-
gress set a legal allowanc of $2 billion
for uncontrollable, built- increases in
expenses. Increased bate st cost on the
public debt alone has ounted by $1.5
billion?using up 75 p cent of the limit
Congress set. These creased costs will
ultimately be bo of course, by the
average U.S. xpayer. Further, the
Pres1dent.,Mself has pointed out that
ernment faces additional costs
because of "a potential shortfall in the
sale of Government :inancial assets, due
to the persistence of high interest rates."
Despite the administration's stringent
monetary control, big banks have found
ways to circumvent the restrictions to
meet the demands of large corporations
which were willing to pay exorbitant in-
terest rates and priced the small borrow-
er, the small businessman, local, State,
and even the Federal Government, out of
the marketplace.
I wholeheartedly support the action of
the House of Representatives in passing
interest and credit controls devised by
Chairman WRIGHT PATRIAN and his Bank-
ing and Currency Committee. These
Democratic initiatives will help lower in-
terest rates, fight InflatiOn, assist the
housing industry and small business, and
help provide more Jobs. The conference
report on the bill will give the President
power to authorize controls over exten-
sions of consumer and business credit
during times of inflation?controls nec-
essary to relieve the current cruel-Inter-
est rates. The President has not yetitised
the full influence of his office in moderat-
ing price and wage spirals and has, curi-
ously enough, opposed this bill which will
give him greater power to deal with high
interest rates. I hope that he will decide
to use these legal measures when they
are passed by the full Congress.
Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, will the Sen-
ator yield?
Mr. HARRIS. I yield.
Mr. DOLE. In these discussions we
tend to forget the item of the Vietnam
war, which was left on the doorstep of
the present President of the United
States on January 20,1969. That has had
some impact and it too Is a household
word. This. I might add, is another way
President Nixon is exercising his "veto."
He is trying to end the war in Vietnam.
Under his leadership, we may get that
done. When it is done, there may be
additional money for the projects the
Senator has mentioned and perhaps
there will not be further discussion about
who Is responsible for inflation.
We can select what is favored by one
Senator, or one issue, but let us take a
look at the No. 1 issue, which is the war
In Vietnam. Senators on both sides of
the aisle will agree that, by and large,
President Nixon has dealt with it very
successfully?not always with the co-
operation of Senators on both sides of
the aisle, I might add?but he has dealt
with it successfully thus far.
If we were all to use the same zeal
and cooperation, with the support of the
American people, on the war on inflation
as we have on the war in Vietnam, we
might bring it to an end.
It is disturbing and discouraging to
this Senator that some conveniently for-
get the war in Vietnam when talking
about inflation and costs. So do not for-
get the war in Vietnam President Nixon
Inherited on January 20, 1969.
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I note
that the Senator has apparently given
up trying to argue about Inflation and
interest rates and has decided instead
to talk about some other subject.
Mr. PELL. I wonder if the Senator
would give any thought to really moving
from talk to wage and price controls,
which none of us want to see, but which
may be necessary for the protection of
the victims of inflation and might seem
to be the solution.
The PRESIDING OPVICER. Does the
Senator from Rhode Island wish to seek
the floor?
Mr. FELL. I beg the Chair's pardon.
Mr. President--
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen-
ator from Rhode Island.
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?
pletion of the remarks of the Senator
from Arkansas, I may proceed for 10
minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered. The Senator
from Arkansas is recognized.
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, the
pending business, as I understand it, is
the nomination of Mr. Henry Tasca as
Ambassador to Greece.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. That is
correct.
Mr. FULBRIGHT. I should like to say
a word or two by way of background.
Mr. Tasca has been a distinguished rep-
resentative of the Foreign Service. His
nomination was held up in the commit-
tee for some time, and I was responsible
for holding it up. There were at least two
distinct reasons for that.
One was that I thoroughly disapprove
of the cruelty and ruthlessness of the
military regime in Greece. I think that
the treatment the Greek regime gives to
so many of the enlightened citizens of
that country is intolerable. I did not
wish to be a party to an action which
might seem to approve of such a regime
by quickly and readily approving this ap-
pointment.
That was only part of the reason. The
other side of the coin was that, at the
same time the administration had
nominated an ambassador, and a
distinguished man, to Greece, it had re-
fused, according to the newspapers, or
declined?I do not know exactly what
the correct word would be?to name an
ambassador to Sweden. The press reports
indicated that this was because of ad-
ministration disapproval of Swedish
policy, particularly with respect to its
attitude toward our policy in Vietnam.
Furthermore, and as a related matter,
not too long ago the Cranston resolution
was considered and agreed to by the
Senate. I supported it. That Senate
resolution stated a very wise rule;
namely, that approval or disapproval of
a regime is not indicated by recognition.
Thes resolution was in general terms and
certainly was not directed at Greece
alone and, in any case, the question of
recognition is not technically involved in
the appointment of ambassadors either
to Greece or Sweden. I make this state-
ment however, because someone has said
that holding up the nomination of Mr.
Tama for these few weeks is a violation
of the spirit, at least, of the Cranston
resolution. I do not think it was. It was
not a question, there, of recognition.
Also, the delay involved a combination of
our Government's refusal to name an
Ambassador to Sweden and the rather
rapid way in which the administration
had designated a new ambassador to
Greece.
In any case, after some time, admin-
istration spokesmen assured me that they
would proceed to nominate and name an
ambassador ot Sweden, I said with that
assurance, I was perfectly willing to
proceed. This was never a matter of
personality or any criticism of Mr. Tasca
himself; it involved our overall policy?
and I have no objection to approving the
nomination of Mr. Tasca.
But I want to reiterate that I do not
approve of the Greek regime. It is not
just because of my sympathy and con-
cern for the Greek people, although that
is an important reason. I think it is a
great tragedy for that country, which in
a sense is the birthplace and originator
of the whole concept of democracy. We
owe more, I expect, to Greece than to
any other single country for the basic
ideas under which our country has been
developed, and particularly our political
institutions. In addition, the Greeks are
a small and very brave people, and I
have great sympathy when I see the
tragedy of their being mistreated by their
own Government.
In addition, I am very much concerned
about an attitude that seems to be grow-
ing in this country. Even though it is
the Americans, my own constituents, and
my own Government, that concern me
more than anyone else or anyone else's
government, nevertheless it makes me
very uncomfortable and unhappy to see
how callous our Government seems to
have become about military dictator-
ships which mistreat their own people,
and destroy even the basic human qual-
ities of respect for the individual and
respect for the dignity of the individual
human being. When they engage in tor-
ture, as has been reported so often and
so freely to be the case in Greece, and
especially torture of the leading intel-
lectual people of their country?their
great musicians and their great writers
are picked out and especially subjected
to the most degrading kind of treat-
ment?I hate to see our country become
so callous that, for some ulterior politi-
cal purpose?in this case, it is said, be-
cause Greece is an anchor to NATO?
we overlook all these things and give
them special treatment and active as-
sistance.
I do not advocate that we go in and
try to change their regime. That is up
to the Greek people. We have had enough
of physical intervention, as demon-
strated in Vietnam and the Dominican
Republic. But we should not give active
support, such as we are giving to the
Greek colonels. This I object to. It shows,
In my view, a lack of appreciation for
simple basic human rights and human
dignity; and it is disgraceful, in my view,
for this country, which professes all this
concern for individuals and for human
dignity, to engage in it.
This type of thing, it seems to me,
cannot help but lead to increasing cyn-
icism on the part of our young people,
as well as those of our older people who
are at all interested in humanity, because
we profess one thing and do another. It
is the type of hypocrisy which I think
Is very damaging to our reputation in
the minds of thinking people.
So I regret that our country seems to
be put in such a position. I think we
should not give this assistance, and very
substantial military assistance, to a re-
gime which mistreats its own citizens.
I think it is a reflection on our own sense
of discrimination and our own princi-
ples with regard to human dignity.
Therefore, although I strongly deplore
what we are doing in supporting Greece
with military aid, I shall now support
the nomination because I do not regard
sending an ambassador, and do not be-
lieve it should be regarded, as approval
in the least of the regime, and because
it is in accord with what I think was the
sentiment of the Cranston resolution,
which this body approved, not quite
unanimously but overwhelmingly.
The political representation of this
country is not to be taken as a sign of
approval of the policies of the military
regime. The sending of an ambassador is
simply an essential instrument of inter-
national relations?essential to the con-
duct of our international relations. It
should not be interpreted as supporting
the regime.
I do not approve of the regime and
hope that it will change. Only recently
it found itself compelled to resign from
the Council of Europe because it was
about to be excluded because its policies
were rejected by other members of the
Council of Europe.
I believe that the Europeans have as
much, if not more, interest in NATO than
we do. Why sometimes we value the im-
portance of matter to NATO more than
they do in Europe is beyond my compre-
hension.
Mr. President, with these remarks I am
ready to vote for the confirmation of the
nomination. I want to make it clear that
I do not approve of this regime. I also
want to make it clear that we ought to
send an ambassador to Sweden, a coun-
try which is one of the most humane
and civilized countries in the world.
I have no criticism of Sweden and its
actions with regard to this or any other
matter. Sweden is a very advanced coun-
try. But they disagree with our policy in
Vietnam. And we have therefore failed
to name an ambassador to Sweden.
I hope that our Government will
promptly name an ambassador to Swed-
en.
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I feel that
the United States has been severely
handicapped by not having an ambas-
sador in Athens.
With the loss of our naval bases in
North Africa, there are only a few rather
tenuous harbors left for our fleet in the
Mediterranean. The Russian naval
strength in the Mediterranean is now said
to be about equal to our own.
One of the places where our Navy is
still welcomed, entertained, or able to
find a harbor is Greece. I do not believe
that confirming the nomination of an
ambassador to Greece will in any way
obligate us to approve or disapprove the
kind of government the Greeks have
there.
I feel there are those who do not feel
kindly toward approving an ambassador
to Greece who would feel very much
worse if our fleet were to leave the Medi-
terranean.
An exchange of ambassadors with an-
other country does not mean that we
approve of their form of government.
I call attention to Senate Resolution
205 which was enacted by the Senate not
long ago. The resolution was introduced
by the junior Senator from California
(Mr. CRANSTON) . I cosponsored the reso-
lution with him.
The resolution reads:
It is the sense of the Senate that when
the United States recognizes a foreign gov-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE December 19, 1969
ernment and exchanges diplomatic repre-
sentatives with it, this does not of itself i_nply
that the United States approves of the form
of ideology or policy of that foreign gm ern-
ment.
If the Senate takes the position that
it should confirm the nomination of Mr.
Tasca to be Ambassador to Greece, it
'Would not mean that we approve of the
present form of the Greek Government.
I have no excuse for our failure to send
an ambassador to Sweden. There should
be one there, and I am advised a selection
has already been made.
So I hope we confirm Mr. Tasca's nomi-
nation. There is no question of his abil-
ity. That point has not been raiseil at
any time during our discussions.
' The question was whether we would,
in effect, be approving the Greek Govern-
Ment by appointing an ambassador to
that country.
We are the ones who are paying the
price by not having an ambassador
there.
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I support
the nomination of the Honorable Henry
J. Tasca as Ambassador of the United
States to Greece.
Ambassador Tasca is a career Forsign
Service officer with more than two de-
cades of experience in Europe, North
Africa, and the Far East.
He is also an economist of note, rho
has at different times served as
Treasury representative in Rome, as al-
ternate U.S. Executive Director of /itene-
tary Fund, as Deputy Director of she
Marshall plan, and as AID Directo ? in
He also ranks as one of our top experts
On NATO affairs, having served as deputy
to Ambassador Harriman on the NATO
Council from 1958 to 1961.
In his most recent aSSigiltnent, as U.S.
Ambassador to Morocco, he conducted
himself, according to all reports, with
exceptional distinction.
, If there is opposition 'to Ambassador
Tasca, it cannot possibly be on the
grounds of qualifications, because the
Senate has rarely been called upon to
approve a nominee more qualified in
terms of both general background and
specific exprience in the area to which
lie is being assigned.
The oppositiOn is based, rather, on
the belief that no American Amba isa-
dor should be accredited to Athens so
lbng as Greece does not enjoy constitu-
tional government.
It is for this reason that the Am sri-
can ambassadorship in Athens has re-
mained vacant for more than a year
now. And it is for this reason that the
Senate Foreign Relations Commi btee
took 4 months to act on the nomina don
of Ambassador Tasca.
Mr. President, I believe that we lave
been playing a dangerous and strange
game with the American ambassador-
ship to Greece.
' Although most of those who oppose
the nomination are among the first to
protest against any suggestion of hater-
vention in the affairs of other nations,
the fact is that our failure to appolint a
riew American Ambassador to Greeee for
almost 1 year now does constitute al kind
of intervention in the internal affairs
of Greece.
I do not say this by way of approving
the present military government in
Greece. I remind the Senate that only
last Friday, when we were discussing
military aid to Greece, I introduced a
resolution which was unanimously ap-
proved, saying that it was the sense of
the Senate that the United States should
use Its influence to bring about the earl-
iest possible retur:a to constitutional rule
in Greece.
When we deliberately abstain from ap-
pointing an ambassador, however, we are
not merely intervening in the affairs of
Greece, but to compound the damage, we
are depriving ourselves of those normal
diplomatic contacts which could and
should be used to convey our thoughts
and suggestions to our Greek allies.
And to make matters worse, we are
undercutting the NATO alliance, because
without access to Greek harbors and air-
fields and anchorages, the position of
NATO in the eastern Mediterranean
would be critical indeed.
I consider our failure to dispatch an
ambassador to Greece strange because it.
seems to involve a double standard which
is applied to the prejudice of our allies
and to the advantage of our enemies.
When Moscow invaded Czechoslovakia,
with the support of several of its Warsaw
Pact quislings, in August of last year, I
know of no one among those who today
oppose the appointment of an American
ambassador to Athens who demanded
that we refuse to accredit an American
ambassador to Moscow until the Red
army vacated Czechoslovakia and re-
stored the Dubcek government,
Mr. President, I earnestly hope that
the Senate of the United States will put
an end to this dangerous and hypocriti-
cal and self-defeating game.
In the present critical situation in the
affairs of Greece and of NATO and of the
Mideast, it is imperative that America be
represented in Athens by an ambassador
of qualified background.
Ambassador Tasca has this back-
ground.
His nomination should be approved.
The PRESIDING OrisiCER. The ques-
tion is, Will the Senate advise and con-
sent to the nomination of Mr. Henry J.
Tasca to be Ambassador and Plenipo-
tentiary to Greece. On this question the
yeas and nays have been ordered, and
the clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk called
the roll.
Mr. KENNEDY I announce that the
Senator from New Mexico (Mr. ANDER-
SON) , the Senato r from Missouri (Mr.
EAGLETON) , the Senator from Mississippi
(Mr. EASTLAND) , the Senator from South
Carolina (Mr. HOLLINGS) , the Senator
from Hawaii (Mr. Isiouys), the Senator
from New Hampshire (Mr. McIN-Tvits) ,
the Senator from Georgia (Mr. RUSSELL) ,
the Senator from Missouri (Mr. SYm-
INGTON) , and the Senator from Maryland
(Mr. TYDINGS) , are necessarily absent.
Mr. GRIFFIN. I announce that the
Senator from New Jersey (Mr. Cass), the
Senators from Illinois (Mr. PERCY and
Mr. SMITE), and the Senator from Texas
(Mr. TOWER are necessarily absent.
The Senator from Kentucky (Mr.
COOPER) IS absent because of illness in
his family.
The Senator from South Dakota (Mr.
MUNDT) is absent because of illness.
The Senator from Tennessee (Mr.
RAKER) and the Senator from Nebraska
(Mr. HausicA) are detained on official
business.
If present and voting, the Senator
from Nebraska (Mr. Harsiss), the Sena-
tors from Illinois (Mr. PERCY) , and (Mr.
SMITH), and the Senator from Texas
(Mr. TOWER) would each vote "yea."
The result was announced?yeas 79,
nays 4, as follows:
[No. 266 Ex.]
YEAS-76
Aiken
Allen
Allott
Bayh
Bellmon
Bennett
Bible
Boggs
Brooke
Burdick
Byrd, Va.
Byrd, W. Va.
Cannon
Church
Cook
Cotton
Cranston
Curtis
Dodd
Dole
Dominick
Ellender
Ervin
Fannin
Fong
Fulbright
Goldwater
Goodell
Gore
Gravel
Griffin
Gurney
Hansen
Harris
Hart
Hartite
Hatfield
Holland
Hughes
Jackson
Javits
Jordan, N.C.
Jordan, Idaho
Kennedy
Long
Magnuson
Mansfield
Mathias
McClellan
McGee
McGovern
Metcalf
Miller
Mondale
NAYS-4
Montoya
Murphy
Muskie
Packwood
Pastore
Pearson
Pell
Prouty
Proxmire
Randolph
Ribicoff
Saxbe
Schweiker
Scott
Smith, Maine
Sparkman
Spong
Stennis
Stevens
Talmadge
Thurmond
Williams, N.J.
Williams, Del.
Yarborough
Young, N. flak.
McCarthy Nelson Young, Ohio
Moss
Anderson
Baker
Case
Cooper
Eagleton
Eastland
NOT VOTING-17
Hollings '
Hruska
Inouye
McIntyre
Mundt
Percy
Russell
Smith, ni.
Symington
Tower
Tydings
So the nomination was confirmed.
Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
President be immediately notified of the
confirmation of the nomination.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Cools
in the chair) . Without objection, it is
so ordered.
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, on the
occasion of the Senate's confirmation of
Mr. Henry J. Tasca as U.S. Ambassa-
dor to Greece, I want to express my deep
concern about the continuing deteriora-
tion of the political situation in Greece.
It is a situation which, if it continues to
worsen, could well lead to a new Viet-
nam?this time in Europe.
I want also to express my dismay at
the fact that the present administration
is following the same set of policies es-
tablished by the previous administration
that must inevitably lead to disaster, not
only for Greece but for long-range Amer-
ican interests in that vital part of the
world. The net result of these policies has
been that the majority of the Greek and
European peoples generally believe that
the United States is responsible for bring-
ing the military junta to power in the
first place and maintaining it in power
since April 21,1967.
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--
December 19, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD?
As early as August 10, 1966, 8 months
before the coloLels destroyed Greek de-
mocracy in its own ancient birthplace,
I had occasion to refer to the impending
disaster in an interview with the political
editor of the Athens Daily Post, Mr. Elias
P. Demetracopoulos. "If we want," I said,
"to avoid more Vietnam and Dominican
Republic interventions in other crucial
parts of the world, both the White House
and Capitol Hill should thoroughly in-
vestigate these grave charges voiced in
Greece against the United States."
The following year it was my unhappy
distinction to be the first Member of this
body to visit Athens after the colonels
came to power. I had lengthy talks then
with their leaders. The impression I
gained from those conversations has only
been reinforced by events in the interim.
And that is why last Friday I voted
against granting U.S. military assistance
to the present regime. How tragic it is
that a majority of the Senate determined
otherwise on the very day that member
nations of the Council of Europe took
the unprecedented action of forcing
Greece to resign from the council be-
cause of the regime's violation of the
human rights of the Greek people and
its torturing of political opponents. I
might add that the Council took this step
In the face of intense lobbying by Amer-
ican spokesmen arguing against it.
Thus the Greek issue has now become
a European issue. The action of our allies
last week constitutes a sharp diplomatic
slap against our policies in that area. We
had better heed the warning before it is
too late.
The Truman Doctrine of 1947 saved
Greece from becoming a satellite of the
Soviet Union. The Greek people have
been deeply grateful to us for this, but
their gratitude is turning now to resent-
ment and worse because of our support
of the dictatorship. If we fail to join ottr
European allies in their efforts to restOre
democracy to Greece, we may soon be
faced with developments too terrible to
contemplate. And we may end up by hav-
ing to bury, with our own hands, that
Truman doctrine which is so proud a
milestone in our postwar resistance to
tyranny.
Mr. President, these pressing issues
have been dealt with in characteristically
cogent fashion by Mr. Clayton Fritchey
In an article appearing in today's Wash-
ington Evening Star. I ask unanimous
consent that the article be printed at this
point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
WHY DOES U.S. BACK GREEK REGIME?
on the generals, for the junta can afford a
European boycott as long as it can count on
the support of the American government.
Instead of joining in the isolation of the
junta, however, the Nixon administration is
about to resume full military aid for the re-
gime, and it is also about to send a new U.S.
ambassador to Athens as further recognition
of the dictatorship.
The Senate Foreign Relations Committee
has been doing what it can to delay both
actions to indicate its disapproval of the
Athens government, but that strategy is
about exhausted. Sen. Claiborne Pell, D-R.I.,
got the committee to amend the foreign aid
bill to forbid all arms for Greece, but, with
administration blessing, the amendment was
defeated a few days ago by the full Senate.
The committee has also been holding up the
confirmation of Henry Tasca as the new am-
bassador to Athens, but he will soon be on
his way nevertheless.
All this, of course, is going to be dismaying
to the democratic exiles. Also, it explains why
our European allies are so skeptical about our
objectives in Vietnam, especially the Nixon-
Johnson protestations that the United States
has to fight in Vietnam because it is dedi-
cated to upholding the principle of self-
determination.
Even that leading hawk and veteran anti-
Communist, Sen. Karl Mundt, R-S.D., finds
this line too much to swallow. After hearing
Defense Secretary Melvin Laird and Secretary
of State William Rogers (in secret session)
emphasize "self-determination" as the No. 1
U.S. objective in the war, Mundt felt com-
pelled to say, "I do not think there is self-
determination in Greece . . . I do not -Wink
they have self-determination in Portu-
gal . . ."
Mundt could have cited 50 Other countries
where, unlike South Vietnam, the United
States has been unmoved by the suppression
of self-determination and democracy. In fact,
In many instances, such as Taiwan and Thai-
land, the United States is actively helping
the, very governments which abolished self-
determination.
Mundt thought the administration would
be on better ground if it substituted resist-
ance to aggressive communism as its prime
objective. But that, too, is subject to glaring
inconsistencies. Why, for example, could the
United States tolerate a Communist take-
over in North Vietnam, but not in South
Vietnam? Why is communism acceptable
only 90 miles away in Cuba, but not accept-
able 10,000 miles away in one small corner of
Asia?
The conclusion that our European friends
draw from this is that neither our dedication
to self-determination nor Communist con-
tainment is absolute. When it suits our in-
terest to back democracy or fight communism
we sometimes do so. Otherwise, we look the
other way, as in Czechoslovakia and Hungary,
or Brazil and Argentina.
In -the case of Greece, however, the Euro-
peans think we could do much to restore
self-determination at no cost and little or
no risk. The administration's answer is that
It must help the junta because the Greek
arm is supposed to be the southern anchor
of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Our allies point out that NATO is designed
to protect Europe, and if the Europeans are
not worried about the alleged southern an-
chor why should the United States be so
fearfull?
After all, the United States has been ex-
clusively equipping the Greek army for over
20 years, and so far it has used the arms
only to subdue the Greek people. If the se-
curity of Western Europe depends on this
Fascist force, Europe is in a bad way.
(By Clayton Fritchey)
After the military dictatorship that runs
Greece hurriedly quit the Council of Europe
to avoid being kicked out for violating dem-
ocratic freedoms, the country's former
finance minister, Constantine Mitsotakis,
now an opposition leader, said, "The next
step is up to the United States." It is indeed
but when that step is taken it is not going to
please Mitsotakis and his fellow exiles.
While the hopes of the democratic exiles
have been raised by the council's indictment
of the military junta, these oppositionists
know that it is not enough in itself to topple
the regime or even generate serious reforms,
unless the United States also applies pressure
LEGISLATIVE SESSION
Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres-
ident, I ask unanimous consent that the
Senate proceed
legislative business.
There being no objection,
resumed the consideration of
business.
S 17239
to the consideration of
the Senate
legislative
MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT?
APPROVAL OF BILLS AND JOINT
RESOLUTION
Messages in writing from the Pres-
ident of the United States were com-
municated to the Senate by Mr. Leonard,
one of his secretaries, and he announced
that the President has approved and
signed the following acts and joint res-
olution:
On December 15, 1969:
S. 564. An Act for the relief of Mrs. Irene
G. Queja; and
S. 2019. An Act for the relief of Dug Foo
Wong.
On December 16, 1969:
S.J. Res. 143. Joint Resolution extending
the duration of copyright protection in cer-
tain cases.
On December 18, 1969:
S. 118. An Act to grant the consent of the
Congress to the Tahoe regional planning
compact, to authorize the Secretary of the
Interior and others to cooperate with the
planning agency thereby created, and for
other purposes.
MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE
A message from the House of Repre-
sentatives, by Mr. Hackney, one of its
reading clerks, announced that the House
had passed the bill (H.R. 14944) to au-
thorize an adequate force for the pro-
tection of the Executive Mansion and
foreign embassies, and for other pur-
poses, in which it requested the concur-
rence of the Senate.
ENROLLED JOINT RESOLUTION
SIGNED
The message also announced that the
Speaker had affixed his signature to the
enrolled joint resolution (S.J. Res. 54)
consenting to an extension and renewal
of the interstate compact to conserve oil
and gas, and it was signed by the Acting
President pro tempore.
HOUSE BILL REFERRED
The bill (H.R. 14944) to authorize an
adequate force for the protection of
the Executive Mansion and foreign em-
bassies, and for other purposes, was read
twice by its title and referred to the
Committee on Public Works.
PERIOD FOR THE TRANSACTION OF
ROUTINE MORNING BUSINESS
Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres-
ident, notwithstanding the fact that the
morning hour has expired, I ask unani-
mous consent that there now be a period
for the transaction of routine morning
business, with statements limited to 3
minutes, making an exception in the case
of the Seantor from New York.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Under the previous order, the Senator
from New York is recognized.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD?SENATE December 19, 1969
FIGHTING INFLATION: RECESSION
OR STABILIT
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I rise to
'voice my serious concern over what ap-
pears to be a basic change in the admin-
istration's policy for fighting inflation, a
Change that is relevant to the current de-
bate over whether we are already in?or
the 50-50 chance that we will soon be
serious recession.
' The basic change in policy to which I
refer is the abandonment by our mone-
tary authorities of the strategy of orderly
Monetary restraint which was considered
So important by the administration last
spring. This strategy was intact last
spring, but during the summer and fall
we have seen it give way ta a system of
Monetary repression. It is now bringing
about a state of affairs causing alarm
among prominent economists and Which,
if allowed to persist, would accelerate the
danger of serious reces Aon without
bringing a halt to the steep rise in prices.
Since the administration is responsible
for this change, it can also be responsible
for not allowing it to persist and for
reverting again to ordei ly monetary
restraint. .
I would also like at this time to outline
the steps I think Congress should take to
Mitigate the suffering which this change
Will necessarily bring about
1 The present administration was
brought to power, at least in part, as a
result of widespread clissatisf action
among Americans over the "guns and
butter" approach Of the Johnson admin-
istration, a course which involved us
heavily in an unpopular-war in South-
east Asia and brought on crippling in-
flation at home. What was obviously
needed on the economic front was strong
leadership to bring the budget back into
balance and to coordinate this fiscal
Plicy with a system of orderly monetary
r straint.
f)
As far back as July 1988. presidential
candidate Nixon had charged that the
inflation has resulted "primarily from an
eXpanding money supply," which in turn
had been fed by the monetization of
budget deficits. To correct-tins condition,
Mr. Nixon said, required reversing the
irresponsible fiscal policies which pro-
diced these deficits.
The President's message to the Con-
gress, in March of this year, on combat-
ing inflation, correctly pointed out that
"Only a combined policy of a strong
badget surplus and monetsay restint
can now be effective in cooling inflation,"
This diagnosis echoed public stateatents
of administration economic policy-
Makers, all of whom emphasised the 4ieed
to get monetary and fiscal policies pack
on to the proper course of restraint
What was meant by "re Araint" was
spelled out by the Chairman of the Coun-
ci of Economic Advisers last spring.
Fiscal policy, he said, would be dfrecied
ttward achieving a strong budget surplus
in 1970. With regard to monetary policy,
Di. McCracken added:
There is one element here MAL is ver yl On-
pqrtant?that monetary and credit policY re-
main on a course of relatively Sl,av expanSion.
These words were said in March of this
year. On May 20, in testimony before the
House Banking and Currency Committee,
Dr. McCracken repeated this view when
he characterized existing monetary
policy as, "moving along a course permit-
ting only a slow and cautious expansion
of the money supply."
Looking back over the past 10 months,
I believe that the administration has
made commendable progress in bringing
fiscal policy back on the right track, as-
suming the Congress does not jeopardize
this progress by an improvident tax re-
form bill.
With regard to monetary policy, how-
ever, I fail to see the slow expansion of
money and credit which Dr. McCracken
thought was so very nt. The
growth of the m
supply has been
at an absolute steg dstill since late spring,
causing alarnass'among prominent econ-
omists as to'the effects of continuing
this state pf affairs any longer, and the
total sui1y of commercial bank credit
has re ined virtually unchanged since
last ril. Is this the relatively slow
expansion of money and credit which
we =Were told in March was very
imrtant?
fact, Mr. President, what we have
at i the moment is not monetary re-
st amt?it is monetary repression?and
I ubmit that the responsibility for this
not only with the Fed, which formu-
la s monetary policy, but also with the
istration, which is on record as
sup g it.
Some a anatdon for this funda-
mental chan 1 policy can be found
by examining pol, tatements of ad-
ministration economic ers over the
course of the past several m s. What
emerges is the distinct impress that
the makers of monetary policy have n-
icked, and have abandoned their pre
ous approach of firm restraint. Tha
approach was originally designed to slow
down the economy?to head it back onto
a noninflationary path.
The policy of firm restraint?in the
words of Secretary Kennedy last Feb-
ruary?was to last "until there are un-
mistakable signs" that we are headed
back on this path. But the same Secre-
tary Kennedy in October has been look-
ing for different signs. According to Sec-
retary Kennedy, the administration still
wants the signs to be unmistakably
clear, but this time he says the signs
must also show "that the balance of risk
has shifted from inflation to recession."
In other words, the administration
and the Fed plan to slam on the brake
and not to let off until there are
mistakable signs that the brakes ? y
lock.
While the administration d not
formulate monetary policy on a y-to-
day basis, it does closely coor ate its
long-range objectives with e of the
Federal Reserve Board an n the final
analysis, bears primary ? onsibility for
the state -actla y.
I urge the i'ilnistration and the Fed-
eral Reserve Board at this time to heed
the growing concern of economists and
legislator's including the Joint Economic
Committee itself, and bring monetary
policy on to the track of a slow but stable
increase in the money supply.
At the same time, so that the admin-
istration can realize significant budget
surpluses for the near future, I urge that
Congress in the House-Senate conference
on the tax reform bill reexamine the tax
rate reductions in the reform bill now
before us, including the very worrisome
action which the Senate took in raising
the personal exemption *to $800. I do not
put the self-financed social security in-
crease in the same class; we should not
expect the Social Security Trust Fund to
finance the Government debt as it is
presently doing.
Failure to act in both these policy areas
and on both these levels of Government
could quickly bring this country into the
grim situation of continued price infla-
tion coupled with a mild or not so mild
recession.
In some sectors of the economy we have
pretty grim conditions right now. If the
housing industry, for example, reflected
the state of the economy as a whole, we
could say we were in the middle of a full-
blown recession.
Also, Federal, State, and local govern-
ment financing has been hard hit by
soaring interest rates.
Prices of stocks are at a 3-year low.
We have viewed with alarm the omin-
ous weakening of the employment mar-
ket this year and November culminated
a 4-month slide in industrial production
this year.
I believe that two of the most impor-
tant areas determining the Nation's
economy areliousing and unemployment.
1-1.517SING
For two decades the stated objective of
Federal housing policy has been to pro-
vide every American with "a decent home
and a suitable living environment." Only
last year this objective was translated
into a specific national housing goal of
26-million units in 10 years?or 2.6 mil-
'on annually.
n the basis of present housing starts
w will not even approach that goal. At
th eginning of this year, housing pro-
duc on was at 1.9-million units. It now
sta s at 1.3 million, and by the end of
this ear it Is said that we will be build-
ing 'ouses at a rate of only 1 million
um a year?well under half the pro-
du on needed to meet the national goal.
obably the single most important
r son for this failure has been the pat-
of rapidly escalating costs in the
ilding industry, in excess of increases
n the cost of living. Increases in the cost
of money have been most dramatic. In-
terest rates have gone up so high that
the housing industry is today on the
verge of a major recession.
The tragic irony of the situation is to
be found in the contradictions of Fed-
eral policy. In 1 year we enact bold new
housing porgrams and establish national
housing goals. Yet, in the next year, the
administration supports changes in both
tax legislation and monetary policy which
could make it impossible to implement
the national housing policy which has
been authorized.
It would appear that periodic crises in
housing are built into our economic sys-
tem and the present structure of our
financial institutions, and that housing
will always bear the major burden of
tight money.
But this need not be so. I believe that
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December 18, 1969 follow on page S 17327
Congressional Record
PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 91St CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
M116
Vol. 115
WASHINGTON, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1969
No. 212
The Senate met at 11 o'clock a.m. and
was called to order by Hon. JAMES B.
ALLEN, a Senator from the State of Ala-
bama.
The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward
L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the following
prayer:
Eternal Father, as we gaze once more
upon the manger scene, may the child-
heart of simple faith and trust be born
In us again. Lead us to the truth which
is understood not by logic but by poetry
and music and a soul in tune with the
Infinite and eternal. In the long hours of
toil keep us from being pushed or
pinched by the day's program, but pre-
serve in us an area of serenity and quiet
strength. May we come to that reality of
Thy sustaining and abiding presence we
have never known before. And may we
serve in the spirit of Him who came
to be the servant of all. Amen.
DESIGNATION OF ACTING PRESI-
DENT PRO TEMPORE
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk
will read a communication to the Senate.
The assistant legislative clerk read the
following letter:
U.S. SENATE,
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE,
Washington, D.C., December 19, 1969.
To the Senate:
Being temporarily absent from the Senate,
I appoint Hon. JAMES B. ALLEN, a Senator
from the State of Alabama, to perform the
duties of the Chair during my absence.
RICHARD B. RUSSELL,
President pro ternpore.
Mr. ALLEN thereupon took the chair
as Acting President pro tempore.
THE JOURNAL
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the reading of
the Journal of the proceedings of Thurs-
day, December 18, 1969, be dispensed
with.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
COMMITTEE MEETINGS DURING
SENATE SESSION
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Committee
on Labor and Public Welfare and the
Senate
Committee on Armed Services be au-
thorized to meet during the session of
the Senate today.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Senate go
into executive session to consider a
nomination on the Executive Calendar.
There being no objection, the Senate
proceeded to the consideration of execu-
tive business.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The nomination on the Executive
Calendar will be stated.
AMBASSADOR
The assistant legislative clerk read the
nomination of Henry J. Tasca to be U.S.
Ambassador to Greece.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The question is, Will the Senate
advise and consent to the nomination?
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. President, on
Tuesday, December 9, I requested Sen-
ate Majority Leader MANSFIELD to place
a temporary hold upon the considera-
tion of the nomination of Henry J. Tasca
to be U.S. Ambassador to Greece.
I did not take this action because I
believed the United States should indef-
initely postpone sending an ambassador
to Greece.
On September 25, the Senate adopted
a resolution (S. Res. 205) declaring that
when the United States recognizes a for-
eign government, that action does not
in itself imply that we endorse its pol-
icies. I agree with the principle set forth
In this resolution, and I voted for it. In
general, the establishment and mainte-
nance of diplomatic contacts with other
nations should reflect the realities of in-
ternational politics, not our preferences.
Greece now is ruled by a brutal dic-
tatorship that does not hesitate to make
systematic use of terror and torture.
The repressive nature of the Greek
regime does not, however, justify a per-
manent refusal to dispatch an ambassa-
dor to Athens?any more than Soviet
police state methods would justify with-
drawing our Ambassador in Moscow.
Nor was my action based on any res-
ervations concerning Mr. Tasca's quali-
fications. He is, as I have stated pre-
viously, a most able diplomat who is
fully qualified for this sensitive post.
I requested a temporary hold on con-
sideration of the nomination because I
was convinced it was not the propitious
moment to approve an ambassador?as
the Council of Europe was about to con-
sider the expulsion or suspension of
Greece from the Council for violation
of the basic human rights of Greek
citizens.
I was fearful that the confirmation of
a U.S. ambassador a few days before the
Council's meeting would be misconstrued
in Europe as a gesture of support for the
junta and as an attempt to intrude our-
selves into a decision that should have
been made by Europeans themselves.
The Council's meeting has now taken
place. The Greek dictatorship was
forced to resign from membership in
this body of democratic nations.
The strong stand of the members of
the Council is most gratifying. It will be
a clear signal to the forces behind the
junta that the patience of the European
democracies with the Greek junta's
cruel and dictatorial methods has run
out.
Now that the Council of Europe has
met, the dispatch of an ambassador to
Athens could no longer be interpreted as
a sign that the Senate of the United
States opposes strong disciplinary ac-
tion by the Council against Greece.
Accordingly, I have decided to release
the hold I requested on the consideration
of Mr. Tasca's nomination. I am hope-
ful he can be confirmed soon, and I will
vote for his confirmation.
While I will not oppose this nomina-
tion further, I would like to register my
concern over the failure of the United
States to make effective use of its dip-
lomatic influence to press for more hu-
mane and democratic policies in Greece.
Reform in Greece is needed in the in-
terest of simple humanity and justice.
The victims of the Greek dictatorship
are human beings. They must not be
harassed, terrorized, and tortured. If we
show no interest in preventing this sort
of suffering, our claims of representing
democratic and humanitarian ideals be-
come no more than a mockery.
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Reform in. Greece is needed to pre-
serve our credibility. We simply cannot
afford to profess a double standard of
morality?one for Communist nations
and one for rightwing dictatorships with
which we happen to be allied. No one
will believe our protests against repres-
sion in Czechoslovakia or Russia if we
turn a blind eye to tyranny in Greece.
Finally, reform in Greece is needed to
Protect our security. Continued repres-
sion only increases the-chances of a civil
war?one which the Greek Communists
could exploit to reestablish the influ-
ence they lost in. the late 1940's.
The men supporting the junta are real-
ists. Faced
de-
mands for reform from the United States
and its European allies. these men may
well be induced by self-interest to Press
for more humane policies. Faced with
an ineffectual U.S. response, they will
have little incentive for change.
Regrettably, the official reaction of the
State Department to the junta's police
state practices has been-most ineffectual.
Despite indications that the forces in
Greece undergirding the junta might
press for reforms in response to a strong
U.S. stand, the State "Departmerit has
evinced little more than mild disapproval
for the regime's harsh asolicies. The De-
partment has succeeded in conveying
the impression that it is far more con-
cerned about what hypothetically might
happen to our military bases in Greece
than with what is actually happening to
the basic human rights of the Greek
people.
A glaring example of this sort of com-
placency was the Department's star d on
the ouster of Greece from the Council
of Europe.
The Council is restricted by its charter
to those countries that "accept the orin-
doles of rule of law" and the enjoyment
by all citizens of "Inman rights and
fundamental freedoms." The Greek dic-
tatorship patently fails to meet either of
these requirements.
Before the Council mel. last Friday, the
official position of the State Department
was "neutrality" on the aide of the junta.
Persistent reports came "from Pails that
the State Department was lobbying with
European foreign ministries for reten-
tion of Greece in the Council.
The basis of the Dejaai tment's pro-
junta stance was the familiar one of
fear of loss of the NATO bases in Greece.
The Department was 'naive enouga to
believe threats by semiofficial Greek
sources that if Greece shis ousted from
the Council of Europe it might "recon-
Sider" its membership ihITATO. It chose
to overlook the fact that the Council is
a purely advisory body of parliamentary
representatives that has never ineluded
the authoritarian goveihnient that has
been associated with NATO and Portugal.
It also chose to overlook the fact that
the junta has strong security and eco-
nomic interests in the maintenance of
the bases which would make its depar-
ture from NATO extremely unlikely.
As events turned out, the Department
miscalculated entirely. Its lobbying effort
failed, and Greece was forced out of the
council. Not surprisingly, Greece decided
to continue its NATO association.
Unfortunately, this was not an isolated
incident. It reflects the basic attitude of
the State Department at the working
level. Department officials profess a de-
sire for reforms by the junta, but they
fall to convey any urgency or real deter-
mination. They seem more concerned
with explaining away the junta's actions
than with inducing constructive changes.
I am hopeful that Mr. Tasca's depar-
ture for Greece will signal a change of
policy. I hope that he will be sent with
new instructions for a tough stand to-
ward the Gree e regime's police state
methods. I hope our State Department
will become an effective advocate of re-
form in Greece.
A crucial test of U.S. intentions will be
its decision on resuming regular military
aid to Greece. It was most unfortunate
that the Senate chose last week to over-
ride the ban proposed by the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee on military as-
sistance to the junta. The resumption of
full military aid at this time would be a
clear sign of support for the present
regime's policies. Regular arms aid should
be withheld until meaningful steps to-
ward democratization are taken.
Our foreign policy must reflect some-
thing more than a mere chess game of
power politics. It should embody our
underlying commitment to humanitarian
and democratic ideals.
The fundamental principles upon which
our Nation was launched, if they mean
anything at all, should be no less funda-
mental in shaping the relationship of
our Government toward othe eoples.
Where a great democracy has fi as
in Greece, we must avoid policies that
can be construed as support for those
who strangled it
Morality should not grind to a halt
at our borders. We should not park our
consciences when we pick up our diplo-
matic passports.
Mr. President, having said all this, I
believe the withholding of approval by
the Senate of the nomination of an am-
bassador to Greece 3 days before the
Council of Europe met did avoid involv-
ing this country directly in that decision
in the Council of Europe. I understand
this was read with some meaning by
members of the Council of Europe
that at least the U.S. Senate was refus-
ing at that time to take action that could
be interpreted as support of the Greek
junta.
I believe at this point it is in our in-
terest to have an ambassador dealing at
the highest level in Greece to present our
views forcefully to the Greek junta and
other elements or establishments of
Greece that we want the Greek Govern-
ment
o move back toward democracy;
that we do not attempt to dictate their
form of government or attempt to tell
them what change should be made, but
we do say we will not support a govern-
ment which engages in widespread viola-
tion of basic human rights of people.
These violations of basic human rights
in Greece by the junta are well docu-
mented.
Mr. President. under all these circum-
stances I withdraw my opposition to the
nomination of Henry J. Tasca to be U.S.
Ambassador to Greece.
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, I congratu-
late the Senator from New York on his
statement regarding the nomination of
Henry J. Tasca to serve as our Ambas-
sador to Greece. I differ with him some-
what on his conclusion as to the timing
on this matter but I agree heartily with
what he said about this matter.
I am one of those Senators who had
a "hold" against the nomination for the
very reasons discussed by the Senator
from New York, but I thought the time
of the pending action of the Council of
Europe would have been most inoppor-
tune for the United States to confirm an
ambassador to the junta in Greece.
This morning, therefore, I wish to an-
nounce I still object to the confirmation
of Henry J. Tana, as U.S. Ambassador
to Greece at this time because it is still
so closely associated with the action that
happened in the Council.
I do not oppose Henry J. Tasca because
of his lack of qualification for the posi-
tion. He has already distinguished him-
self as Ambassador to Morocco and
through a fruitful career in the American
Foreign Service.
I think he is eminently qualified. I
want to underline this point: that I do
not question his qualification, or his
worthiness in any respect. I oppose the
confirmation now, because I feel that for
the Senate to act at this time to send
an American of ambassadorial rank to
Greece would be a blunder in timing.
There are a number of reasons why.
I shall mention several.
Earlier this month, the Council of
Europe expelled Greece from that or-
ganization. I know that the colonels in
Greece say they withdrew. But the fact
is that the Council voted to expel Greece
at the end of this year on the charge that
the Greek Government had failed to re-
store democratic freedoms, and the colo-
nels withdrew rather than face the hu-
miliation of being kicked out.
The Council of Europe is not an eco-
nomic alliance. It is an association of
democratic governments designed ex-
pressly to advance democracy and hu-
man rights. Their moral disapproval of
the regime in Greece shows quite clearly
how the people on the other side of the
Atlantic feel about the military junta
which holds that country in its tyran-
nical grasp. The Council abhors the pres-
ent Greek Government. And furthermore,
many of them feel that it is only Amer-
ca's apparent friendship for the re-
gime?only our apparent support of the
colonels?which keeps them in power.
For the U.S. Senate to confirm an am-
bassador to Greece hard on the heels of
strongly expressed European disapproval
of the regime would be little less than a
slap in the face to many of our allies.
Second, according to no less an au-
thority than former Greek Minister Con-
stantine Mitsotakis, with whom I con-
ferred recently, the next few months?
possibly the next 3 months?offer the last
opportunity for a restoration of the
Greek democracy without a blood bath.
This opinion is also shared by my good
friend Elias Demetracopoulos, a distin-
guished European editor and a leader of
the resistance movement against the
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junta in America, who accompanied Mr.
Mitsotakis to my office.
The history and temperament of the
Greek people practically assure us there
will be an effort sometime in the future
to force out the colonel's government?
even if it drenches the country in blood.
No other people, on the face of the
earth, understand more fully the desire
of the Greek people for freedom, than
do the people of the United States.
Greece may have been the cradle of dem-
ocracy, but we have made democracy
work?and work reasonably well, for al-
most 200 years. The Greeks feel deeply
their bond with us. They are relying on
us now in their time of great travail.
Why give them cause to doubt our
support?why douse their spirits and
quench their thirst for freedom?by ac-
crediting a man with the rank of Am-
bassador to the junta government. It
would be an affront to the Greek pa-
triots.
Third, since the Nixon administration
has not yet come up with a policy on
Greece, why do we need a man of Am-
bassadorial rank there? America's affairs
can well be handled by the competent
career men already in our Embassy there.
Must we f111 the rank of ambassador
right now?
Mr. President, in the 21/2 long years
since the military junta took over Greece,
there has not been even one small step
toward the restoration of a parliamen-
tary government.
We hear stories every day about peo-
ple being brutalized in courts, and in
prisons. Civil liberties are dead. Nor-
mality and freedom and liberty and order
and security are only words which the
colonels use from time to time?they
have no real meaning to the people.
I realize that sending an American
ambassador to Greece does not neces-
sarily mean that this country approves
of the present government. But most cer-
tainly if we do not send an ambassador?
if the United States would postpone ac-
tion on confirmation of Ambassador
Tasca for some of the reasons I have
outlined, it would certainly be construed
as an expression of our disapproval of
the junta regime.
I suggest confirmation be delayed. It is
time to stop showing cordiality and
friendship for the colonels, to stop ex-
changing visits and honors with them,
and to start openly showing some sym-
pathy for the people who are striving to
restore the democratic freedoms that we
hold so dear in our own country.
The U.S. Senate should not at this
juncture in history be in the process of
confirming a U.S. ambassador to Greece.
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Utah yield?
Mr. MOSS. I am happy to yield to the
Senator from New York.
Mr. GOODELL. I want to express my
gratification for the very fine statement
the Senator has made.
We are in essential agreement. I think
the only area where we may differ is on
the question of sending an ambassador.
I agree with the Senator's comment
that the next 3 months will be critical
in Greece, that unless steps are taken
to ease the repression there and move
toward democracy, Greece may well
enter into a bloodbath and revolution,
one that will be difficult to control, be-
cause revolutions never can be controlled.
I think it is imperative, under those
circumstances, that we have an ambas-
sador there at the highest level putting
the pressure on the Greek junta, talking
to the top leaders in Greece, expressing
our concern.
I would emphasize that although the
Council of Europe has expelled Greece,
as the Senator has indicated, the Euro-
pean nations who are members of the
Council of Europe have ambassadors to
Greece in Athens and they are there, as
I hope our Ambassador will be there, to
express the deep concern of the peoples
they represent over what is happening in
Greece.
The record should be made clear, al-
though the Senator and I differ on the
timing of this approval, that I certainly,
and I think the Senate, in approving the
nomination?if that does occur?are not
In any way indicating to the Greek junta
our approval of their policies.
As a matter of fact, it is precisely the
opposite.
I think that our Ambassador should
now go there to indicate our disapproval
at the highest levels.
The Senator, who has just spoken so
eloquently, thinks that we should not
send an ambassador because that would
be a means to indicate our disapproval.
Thus, our only difference is in the way
we express our disapproval of the Greek
junta.
I thank the Senator from Utah for
yielding to me.
Mr. MOSS. I thank the Senator from
New York. He and I are in agreement
that U.S. disapproval of the junta should
be demonstrated. Our only difference is
whether the signal has been adequately
given by a rather temporary delay or
whether it should be delayed further,
I am perfectly willing to acknowledge
that such a signal has been given so that
the people of Europe, and the Greek peo-
ple themselves, understand that there is
no degree of approval but, as a matter of
fact, high disapproval of the regime of
the junta over there, and that now we
are sending our representative there to
have a spokesman on hand to deal di-
rectly with the junta.
As I say, this may possibly be so, but
I have felt that it is so close, still, to the
action taken by the Council of Europe,
that perhaps our disapproval should be
underlined even more clearly.
One thing that disturbed me a bit in
talking with Mr. Mitsotakis, and with
others, is that there is a feeling among
some of the Greeks that the United
States has some sympathy for the junta;
that, in fact, it has been said?rumors
spread so easily?that the junta would
not stay in power at all were not the
Pentagon in league with it.
We know that that is not true, but I
am wondering whether we should not
send the signal in more clearly than we
have, that it is not true that we support
the junta in any way.
But in either event, I think having this
colloquy on the floor and this expression
made in the U.S. Senate is helpful in-
deed to try to get word to the Greek
people that we have great affection and
sympathy for the Greek people; we
would like to see them have control of
their own destiny and have democracy
reestablished in their country; and we
are hopeful that in some way we can help
them back to controlling their own des-
tiny democratically, without having a
terrible blood bath, which may be immi-
nent.
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield further?
Mr. MOSS. I yield.
Mr. GOODELL. I think the Senator
will agree with me that, in any event,
Mr. Tasca should understand that the
U.S. Senate wants him to go to Greece
as an ambassador?if his nomination is
approved?to express, in the strongest
terms, our disapproval of the suppres-
sion and brutality occurring in Greece
under the junta.
I think we can agree that whether the
decision to send an ambassador to Greece
was wise or not will be judged by the
action taken by Mr. Tasca as Ambassador
in Athens. If he goes over there and
makes our voice stronger and clearer to
the junta, then it will have been a valu-
able contribution in sending the U.S.
Ambassador to Greece now.
I think the Senator and I would agree
that, assuming the Ambassador goes, that
is what we want him to do, and we hope
the State Department and the President
give him that kind of instruction.
Mr. MOSS. I heartily concur with the
Senator and thank him for that expres-
sion.
I rather expect that the confirmation
of Mr. Tasca will be confirmed. I hope
there is not the least shadow of reflection
of his ability or integrity coming from
my remarks, because I think he is a fine,
able man; but I concur with the Senator
that, if he goes there, he should go there
with a message, as strongly expressed as
can be expressed, that we do not sympa-
thize with the actions of the Greek
junta; we sympathize with the Greek
people and we want freedom and civil
rights reestablished in Greece at the
earliest possible time and without a blood
bath.
Mr. GOODELL. If the Senator will
yield, that point, I think, was made un-
mistakably clear the day the U.S. Senate
reversed the decision on military aid to
Greece; we immediately thereafter, and
unanimously, passed a provision that de-
cried what was going on in Greece and
urged the Greek Government to move
back to democracy. That was a unani-
mous action.
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, I yield the
floor.
Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, I listened
with a great deal of interest to the col-
leagues from Utah and New York, and I
find myself in complete agreement with
their general thoughts. I see, once again,
however, that it is possible for reason-
able men to pursue the same goal by
different means. I find, on weighing all
of the facts, that my colleague from
Utah, has made an equally persuasive
case.
At this time, I, personally, am op-
posed to Senate consideration of the
nomination of Henry J. Tasca as U.S.
Ambassador to Greece. But I am inclined
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to lay aside my personal inclinations in
the interest of Senate procedure.
I do not question the qualifications of
Ambassador Tasca. It has been pointed
out that he has served with distinction
as Ambassador to Morocco and has
proved his abilities as a diplomat dur-
ing a long foreign service career. I op-
pose consideration of his nomination at
this time for the same reasons I op-
posed the amendment of my distin-
guished colleague, the Senator from Con-
necticut (Mr. Dorm) , striking section
508A from the foreign aid authorization
bill, as a demonstration to the Greek
Government, the Greek people, and the
world, that the Congress of the United
States does not approve of the prac-
tices of the current military regime in
the cradle of democracy.
This regime's policy of torture and
denial of constitutional rights ha S been a
matter of deep concern to me, not only
as a 17.S. Senator, but as a citizen of
the United States. In a country where
we take for granted those rights, it
is difficult for us to imagine a normal
political life without them. Yet the Greek
people are now suffering from the delib-
erate denial of basic haulm and i3olitical
rights.
I would remind the Senate once again,
of the action taken November 18 by the
European Commission of Human Itights,
when it delivered a scathing report to the
Council of Europe detailing its findings
that the regime in Greece has allowed
torture to be used against its political op-
ponents "as an administrative practice"
and that the regime has failed to prove
its claim that the suspension of civil lib-
erties had been justified by an Internal
emergency.
As has also been pointed out, on De-
cember 12 Greece withdrew from the
Council of Europe but only wheT. :it be-
came clear that she would be su pended
until democracy and human rights were
restored to the Greek people.
As I pointed out a moment or tWo ago,
the only means available to the Senate
to express its disapproval is to lay this
nomination over for a short period of
time. Then when we come back early in
January, we could quickly confirm the
nomination of this man, who is fully
capable of pursuing the course the Sena-
tor from New York has suggeSted he
should pursue and that, hopehiliy, he
will. If he was not so inclined, t think,
after reading the debate and be4ng in-
formed, he certainly will be. I appreciate,
however, the unusual nature of this pro-
cedure and so I shall not press the mat-
ter.
Mr. President, would it be in oder to
address a parliamentary inquiry at this
time?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. tt is in
order.
Mr. BAYH. As part of the advice and
consent authority that is set forth in the
Constitution, is it possible, in confirming
the nomination of an ambassador, for
the Senate to fix a time certain orl Which
the confirmation of the norhination
would take place?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Chair would be of the opinion that that
would not be within the province of the
Senate. The Senate has the duty at this
time of passing on the confirmation, yes
or no.
Mr. BAYH. May I address a further
parliamentary inquiry?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. A parlia-
mentary inquiry is in order.
Mr. BAYH. Is it possible for the Senate
to fix any condition, such as a time at
which the Ambassador would present his
credentials? In other words, would it be
possible for us to advise and consent with
the stipulation that the credentials would
not be presented before January 15, for
example, as a display of our displeasure
with the Greek regime?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Chair
is advised that that would not be in or-
der. The-Senate has the rigIat to confirm
or reject. If it wishes to postpone con-
sideration, it has that authority; but as
long as it acts on a confirmation affirma-
tively, then it is within the province of
the State Department to give the nomi-
nee his assignment.
Mr. BAYH. appreciate the Chair's
clarifying this point.
I realize that it would be possible for
the Senate to move to defer considera-
tion. After listening to the discussion be-
tween the Senator from New York and
the Senator from Utah, though, the Sen-
ator from Indiana is inclined to follow
the course of action expressed by the
Senator from New York. I do not want it
to appear that the Senate is refusing to
cooperate with President Nixon in the
formulation of his traditional foreign
policy prerogatives. I wish it were pos-
sible for us to cooperate with the Presi-
dent and still indicate our displeasure
with the Greek regime. It is not possible
according to the Chair's ruling.
Mr. PFlrj, Mr. President, it is tragic
that on the same day that Greece was
forced out of the Council of Europe for
its repressive policies and its practice of
torture, the Senate voted to continue the
authorization of military assistance to
that unhappy country.
It was argued here on the Senate floor
that we should not interfere in the
domestic affairs of a friendly nation?
and the definit on of not interfering is
that we should continue the authorizing
of many millions of dollars of military
support and weapons for that country.
My definition of not interfering is
"doing nothing." But, I guess what we
have now is the new Alice in Wonder-
land look?not to interfere means to
have a massive aid program?to inter-
fere is not to have such a massive aid
program. Be that as it may, the net re-
sult of the actions of the Council of Eu-
rope and of our Senate is that the Greek
people now realize that the Greek re-
gime is abhorrent to the Western Eu-
ropean democracies, but the object of ac-
ceptance and sit:31)0ft by our own Nation.
From reactions I have already re-
ceived, I understand that the United
States is now, more than ever, identified
by the Greek people as a supporter and
an advocate of the junta. One immediate
result of this action is the statement by
Col. George Papadopoulos, the present
Greek chief of government, to the effect
that no elections will be held in the fore-
seeable future.
What a slap in the face to the United
States is this announcement coming as
it does, immediately after our action in
the Senate that specifically authorized
the continuation of military assistance,
by knocking out my provision specifically
denying continuation of such assistance
in the committee bill. Now let it not be
thought that we are turning the other
cheek when, in a very few moments, we
confirm the nomination of Henry Tasca
as our Ambassador to Greece.
I am confident he will make a fine am-
bassador, but he certainly will have a
difficult mission.
The Pentagon approves of the Greek
Government as an efficient government
and one which provides agreeable ports
of call for our military forces. The execu-
tive branch of our Government has never
vigorously expressed itself; as a whole it
really has a "no policy" policy. Our Sen-
ate is divided as shown by the 45-to-38
vote last week. And our people as a whole
have a justified revulsion to the Greek
regime.
In voting for the nomination of Henry
Tasca, I wish him luck in an exceedingly
difficult position. May he have success in
relaying the abhorrence of the American
people for the practices of the recalci-
trant Greek regime and in nudging it
back onto the path of civilization, democ-
racy, and freedom. And may he particu-
larly succeed in reducing or?and this
would be truly wonderful?in eliminat-
ing the use of torture by the junta as a
matter of administrative practice.
Finally, in voting for the confirma-
tion of Henry Tasca's nomination, I am
following what I have always believed is
the correct policy when it comes to hav-
ing diplomatic relations with a foreign
government: The more a.bhorent the re-
gime, the more we dislike the regime,
the more we disapprove of the regime,
the more important it is to have tela
level representation at that regime's
capital.
If we want to tangibly express our dis-
approval, let us not do so just in word,
but let us off our aid, because by doing
that, we hurt that regime; but by not
having top level representation, we are
simply cutting Off our nose to spite our
face, and I do not think this serves our
national interest.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD the news story
from Athens, headlined, "Greece's Pre-
mier Bars Early Vote: Defies Euro-
peans," written by Alvin Shuster and
published in the New York Times of
December 16, 1969.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York Times, Dec. 16, 19691
GREECE'S PREMIER BARS EARLY VOTE; DEFIES
EUROPEANS; HE Banana's ASIDE COUNCIL'S
CONCERN? SAYS R,EGIME WILL RULE IN-
DEFINITELY
(By Alvin Shuster)
ATHENS, December 15.?Premier George
Papadopoulos tonight ruled out any possi-
bility of early elections in Greece and insisted
that the aims of the army-backed Govern-
ment must be met first.
In an unyielding speech, which made no
mention of any new liberalizing measures,
the 51-year-old Premier said that the Govern-
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December 19, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE S 17231
ment would continue indefinitely to exercise
all executive and legislative powers of the
country. He said this was because "the people
will it, because it is in their interest and
because it is history's command."
Brushing aside the concern in the Council
of Europe about the failure to announce an
election date, Mr. Papadopoulos said: "This
is a matter that concerns only us because it
concerns our life and the life of our nation."
IIE WARNS ALL/ES
He warned Greece's Western allies to be-
ware of the threat of democracy in their own
nations. He said that Greece with drew from
the Council of Europe last Friday rather than
be suspended because she could not take
orders on how to run her affairs, Greece has
become accustomed to bitterness from her
allies, he added.
Mr. Papadopoulos, who led the army coup
d'etat on April 21, 1967, spoke to the nation
on radio and television from the chamber
once used by Greece's Parliament. It was an
emotional address, delivered in high-pitched
tones before an audience of about 500, in-
cluding Aristotle S. Onassis, the multimil-
lionaire shipowner.
The Premier insisted that Greece now had
a form of government that "in substance in-
sures total freedom to the individual, except
those working against public order and se-
curity." The people gave a mandate to the
Government by their approval in September,
1968, of a new Constitution he said.
PREMIER LISTS GOALS
Most of the provisions of the Constitution
dealing with civil and personal liberties re-
main suspended under existing martial law.
The Government is now preparing a series of
special laws aimed at eventual implementa-
tion of the constitutional provisions.
In discussing national elections, Mr. Pa-
padopoulos said the Government would give
one year's notice before elections were held
to enable new political parties to be formed.
He said that national elections would follow
local elections, but he offered no timetable
for local elections either.
As necessary requirements for elections,
the Premier listed a series of goals. Among
them was the reorganization of Government
machinery, the "cleansing of social institu-
tions" and improvements in the economic,
social and political areas.
"Unless these are achieved and the country
becomes healthy and capable of accepting
the constitutional reforms, we shall not
proceed to elections," Mr. Papadopoulos said.
HE TERMS REGIME A SAVIOR
Throughout the speech, Mr. Papadopoulos
likened Greece to a ship whose "crew had
become cowardly in a storm" and had turned
to the armed forces for help. His Govern-
ment merely wants to lead Greece to a safe
harbor, he said.
"Yet some of our friends are treating us
like pirates rather than saviors of a ship,
either because they want to impose their
will or out of solidarity with the old deposed
crew," he said. "But the Greek people have
always shouted 'hands off us' whenever for-
eign powers try to impose their will."
The Premier urged Greeks to buy fewer
foreign goods In favor of more Greek prod-
ucts "as a sign of faith in your country."
He also said that businessmen should be con-
tent to hold their prices.
"Public order and security," he said, "shall
be preserved at the present level."
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, I com-
mend the distinguished Senator from
Rhode Island for his remarks. He has ex-
pressed my views so much better than I
could express them that I simply asso-
ciate myself with the address he has just
made.
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, what
is the pending business?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
pending question, in executive session, is
whether the Senate shall advise and
consent to the nomination of Henry J.
Tasca as Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary of the United States to
Greece.
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr, President, I quite
agree with the statement of the Senator
from Rhode Island (Mr. FELL) with ref-
erence to the .qualifications of the nomi-
nee, Mr. Tasca. I am sure that he is a
man who will bring good qualifications
to the appointment. But I should like the
Senate to know that I was one of the
Senators who joined with the Senator
from Utah (Mr. Moss), the Senator from
North Dakota (Mr. BURDICK) and others
In asking the leadership to hold up on
this nomination for a period of time, not
because I was interested in blocking the
nomination, but simply to signify to the
people of Greece and, indeed, to world
public opinion, the concern that many of
us have about the Greek military dic-
tatorship that has, at least temporarily,
destroyed democracy in Greece.
I think it is a great loss to the cause
of freedom around the world that Greece,
which has symbolized throughout his-
tory so much of the spirit of freedom
and human dignity, has fallen under the
control of the group of military dictators
who brutally seized power some time ago.
I regret very much what I regard as a
serious mistake by the Senate, a few days
ago, in approving the amendment offered
by the senior Senator from Connecticut
(Mr. Dorm) which in effect lends Ameri-
can approval to this undemocratic mili-
tary regime in Athens, by extending
American military aid. I do not know of
anything that we could have done that
would have been more unwise than using
American military power and the moral
endorsement behind that resolution to
signify to the world that, somehow, we
are interested in preserving this regime
that is now in control in Athens.
I very frankly hope that regime will be
swiftly replaced, that it will be a short-
lived experience for the people of Greece,
and that a more democratic system can
be restored in that part of the world. It
is the sheerest kind of hypocrisy for this
great country of ours to talk about ad-
vancing the cause of freedom, and then
use the tax funds of the people of this
country to maintain in power the kind
of undemocratic, unfree, and unrepre-
sentative regime that now holds the peo-
ple of Greece in its grip.
I very earnestly hope that this Ambas-
sador whose nomination we are about to
confirm will use whatever influence he
has to keep our Government fully in-
formed on the realities of what is taking
place in Greek politics today, so that we
will not make the kind of tragic errors
in the future that we made on this floor
a few days ago when we called for the
extension of American military support
to that kind of a government. What we
did is a defeat for freedom; and I vote
for this ambassadorial nomination only
on the grounds that I hope that by main-
taining diplomatic relations we will come
to a better understanding of the tragic
forces that are now in play in what was
once a free nation.
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, will the Sen-
ator yield for a question?
Mr. McGOVERN. I yield.
Mr. FELL. Was the Senator as struck
as I was, in the course of that short de-
bate, by the weird argument I have just
cited, wherein one of our colleagues said
we ought to be very reluctant to appear to
be dictating to or meddling in the inter-
nal affairs of other governments of the
world? Apparently his definition of not
interfering or meddling is that we should
continue this huge military assistance
program to Greece.
However, if we stop this military as-
sistance, then we are meddling and inter-
fering. What can we do to let the Ameri-
can people know that we are interfering
by sending military assistance?
This is the point that the press and
the country has lost sight of, that we have
a new Alice in Wonderland definition of
interfere. And under this new definition,
to interfere is not to send massive sup-
port but to let a nation alone, and not to
interfere is to send massive support.
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, I
could not agree with the Senator more.
It is an indication of how far we have
come in assuming that military aid to
right-wing governments represents an
investment in freedom. It does not repre-
sent an investment in freedom. It repre-
sents a setback for it.
It does not represent an investment in
the cause of self-determination.
The same logic that the Senator has
brought out here so well is one of the
things that has concerned me for many
years about our involvement in South-
east Asia.
We talk about our interference there
as advancing the cause of self-determi-
nation. The truth of the matter is that
the presence of American military might
in such overwhelming force in Vietnam
is the very factor that is preventing the
process of self-determination from as-
serting itself. It is preventing the local
indigenous political force from assert-
ing itself in South Vietnam.
And that is true with reference to the
point the Senator makes in Greece. I
commend him for making what seems
to me to be a valuable contribution to
our understanding.
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. McGOVERN. I yield.
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, does not
the Senator feel that our policy toward
Greece is a rather frightening example
of how close we are coming to the use
of "doublethink" as described in Orwell's
"1984." The language we use to label
our policies is the very opposite of their
reality. This is true of Greece and, as the
Senator points out, the same tendency
is to be found in our semantic treat-
ment of our massive intervention in
Vietnam.
More and more, we use words that are,
In fact, the opposite of reality. And this
was the very phenomenon forecast by
Orwell in projecting the kind of totali-
tarian state he anticipated would over-
take us by 1984.
Sometimes I think we are halfway
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there, and moving ever nore rapidly in
that direction.
Mr. McGOVERN. I think the Senator's
point is well taken with reference to dou-
ble think.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE December 1- 9, 1 94b9
We have seen the sante kind of phe-
nomena with reference to our domestic
situation here in terms of nationol pri-
orities.
The Senator from Rhode Island and
the Senator from Idaho know that we
have just come from a discussion as to
what should be the proper response to
1 the President's statement that he is
1 going to veto the appropriation bill on
health, education, and welfare on the
ground that it is inflationary.
Congress, as I understand it, has in-
creased by $1.5 billion the amount of ap-
propriations for these re? !ous programs
ithat relate to the health, education, and
lwelfare of the American people. And that
I is said to be inflationary. Yet, when we
come to the military sector of the lnidget,
the Congress of the United Stat ee has
reduced the amount ref:vested by the
President by more than $5 billion.
Presumably, that is an anti-inflation-
ary effort on the part of Congreas. We
have reduced and taken out of citeula-
tion some $5 billion that would other-
wise have been spent for military Our-
poses. Yet, we are accused of adding to
the inflationary pressures in the coun-
try because we have added a modest
4mount to the programs 4 signed to im-
prove the health, educatiou, and welfare
Of the American people.
This relates directly again to the point
that the Senator from Rhode Island and
the Senator from Idaho haee been Mak-
ing, that we have come to the viewPoint
where we think a military investment
of any kind, if it is an :iivestment in a
military dictatorship that suppresses the
freedom of its own people, represents an
investment in the cause of freedond and
that money spent to improve the quality
of our own people is dangerous and in-
flationary. That is double thinking.1
1
1 Mr. CHURCH. I concur wholeheart-
,
eally. 1
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, is It not the
responsibility of a free pre ,3 to express
clearly what the thought is? And When
we use "Alice in Wonderls.nd" looking
glass talk, it seems to me that there is
an obligation to tell the taxpayers ex-
aptly what is meant so that when scene-
one says, "We shall not interfere or
meddle in the affairs of another natiOn,"
the story should say, "By not interfering
is ' meant sending massive iailitary i as-
sistance to that nation."
I think the people as a whole, if they
knew the Alice in Wonderland chatter
that we sometimes engage in wOuld
laugh at us. And that would bring us
back to using the words we should nse.
iVIr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, that
world show that foreign aid is getling
"c riouser and curiouser every day.'
iir. PELL. Mr. President, I would make
that point that we in pulahe office are
opinion formers and that those who in-
terpret our words have a responsibilitY to
clarify some of the doubletalk.
THREATENED VETO OF AN
APPROPRIATION BILL
Mr. HARRIS, Mr. President, as in leg-
islative session, I would like to say a few
words about the President's threat to
veto the HEW appropriation bill and also
to veto the tax reform bill.
Mr. DOT P. Mr. President, a parlia-
mentary inquiry.
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I believe
I have the floor. I did not yield it for that
purpose. If the Senator wants me to yield
for a question, I will be glad to do so.
The PRESIDING OrrICER. Does the
Senator from Oklahoma yield to the Sen-
ator from Kansas for the purpose of
making a parliamentary inquiry?
Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, a parliamen-
tary inquiry.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen-
ator will state it.
Mr. DOLE. MI. President, do I under-
stand that we are in executive session?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. We are in
executive session A Senator can speak as
in legislative session on request.
Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, may I in-
quire as to the pending business?
The PRESIDING OrriCER. The
pending business is the confirmation of
the nomination of Mr. Henry J. Tasca to
be Ambassador Extraordinary and Pleni-
potentiary to Greece.
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, the con-
sumer price index for November was just
announced. It showed the steepest jump
in consumer prices since last June.
The actual increase was 0.5 percent.
The .seasonally adjusted annual rate for
November was 7.2 percent.
Mr. President, the steepest increase
was in food. The food increase was 0.7
percent, with particularly high increases
in the consumer price index for vege-
tables, eggs, clothing, home ownership
costs, and services.
Also, the wholesale price index has just
been announced. And it shows that in the
wholesale price index we have just seen
the biggest jump in 6 months.
It includes a 3-percent increase in food
costs. Eggs, for example, went up 23 per-
cent. Turkeys, just in time for Christ-
mas, went up 6.1 percent. Vegetables
went up 34 percent on the wholesale price
index.
There is no question that inflation is
a tremendous worry for this country. It
is one thing which should concern every
one of us. However, I do not think that
the President of the United States has
properly placed the issue before the peo-
ple of the United States.
The Congress of she United States has
been fiscally resporsible. It has lowered
the total appropriations on all appro-
priation bills which have been sent to it
by more than $5 billion less than the
President's budget. More importantly,
this Congress has decided to begin to get
the priorities of this country straight by
reducing by more than $5 billion the
amount of money the President asked
for military appropriations, and it de-
cided that it wanted to do more for the
people of this country in health and edu-
cation by raising that appropriation by
approximately $1.5 billion.
I say that if the President of the
United States wants to veto that bill,
then Congress ought to override his veto,
either now or when we return after the
first of the year.
I am proud that the conference com-
mittee on the tax bill, according to this
morning's report, has that bill about in
balance in revenue raised and revenue
spent with the bill which came to us
from the House of Representatives and
to the Senate floor from the Finance
Committee, of which I am a member.
I am proud, too, that the conference
committee on the tax bill has decided to
raise the personal exemption and has
decided to raise social security by 15
percent.
In his recent press conference, the
President said that if those two items
were in the bill, he would veto it. I say
it should be sent to him. If he does veto
it, that veto should be overriden by
Congress.
Mr. President, I hope the President will
use the influence of his office, as he has
not done up to this moment, in wage
and price decisions. I hope he will at
long last use the influence of his of-
fice to bring down these scandalously
high interest rates.
We will have a conference report be-
fore us today, handled by the distin-
guished Senator from Wisconsin (Mr.
PROXMIRE ) , which will provide the Pres-
ident additional power to hold down in-
terest rates?powers similar to those
which were given to the President dur-
ing the Korean war. The President of
the United States, unfortunately, has op-
posed those additional powers for him-
self. I hope that once we give him those
powers, as I think we will do today, he
will use them to bring interest rates
down?interest rates which have risen to
the highest level in 100 years and which
themselves are the greatest fuel for the
fires of inflation that presently exist.
Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. HARRIS. I yield.
Mr. DOLE. First, I commend the Sen-
ator for recognizing that we do have in-
flation. We have had it, as the Sen-
ator knows, for several years.
Mr. HARRIS. May I say that I have
spoken on this issue practically every day,
and I am glad that the Senator from
Kansas also is concerned about inflation.
I do not recall how he voted on every
amendment when the tax bill was be-
fore the Senate. Most of his colleagues
rather overwhelmingly voted against ad-
ditional tax reforms which would have
Increased the revenue raised by that bill
and for most of the measures which
lost revenue and were adopted.
But I am glad to say that it seems from
this morning's press reports that the con-
ference has gotten that bill back in about
the same kind of revenue spent-revenue
lost balance that existed when it came
from the Finance Committee.
Mr. DOLE. Let me pursue my question.
I recognize that the Senator from Okla-
homa may be speaking now as a Senator
and also as the chairman of the National
Democratic Party. I conclude, therefore,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks December 12, 1969
with a number of different management phi-
losophies.
Even today, there are some twenty-eight
individual railroads which provide some type
of inter-city service. While this is a dra-
matically fewer number of railroads than ex-
isted previously, it still represents the re-
gional characteristic of our railroads. Each
railroad, as you can see from these examples,
has :ts own parameters of track. The whole
network is a total of its components?in this
case not something efficient by itself. A
through-train run by more than one railroad
is subject to the individual vaguaries of each
management. So basic a process as check-
through baggage, for instance, may be chal-
lenged by a carrier more interested in com-
muter service. Furthermore, equipment pro-
curement loses economics of scale when each
road purchases a small lot with widely vary-
ing specifications. Even two or three discon-
tinuance proceedings involved in individual
sections of one train reflect the highly re-
gionalized nature of the inter-city system.
Historically the highmark in rail passenger
service came just after World War II, with
the decline beginning in the 1950's. It was
during that period that the competitive ef-
fects from other modes began to be reflected
in fewer number of passengers and lower rev-
enues. As losses attributable to inter-city
trains increased, the common reaction was to
reduce those losses by reducing costs. This
was accomplished by the singularly narrow
method of eliminating one train at a time.
Each whole train discontinued under Section
13-A was a reduction in total costs equal to
the cost of that train.
Of course, the ancillary result was a rapid
decline in the number of trains and level of
service. It also precipitated a more than pro-
portionate decline in the volume of equip-
ment ordered and delivered, and provided the
impetus for a trend to the repair of equip-
ment aimed at preserving safety often to
the abandonment of comfort. A continually
deteriorating financial situation simply in-
hibited continued investment in passenger
equipment.
The twenty year decline in inter-city serv-
ice developed in lieu of a national transpor-
tation policy. Each competing mode. devel-
oped in response to many demands, especially
in relation to public activity in its behalf.
The highway trust fund bolstered the Inter-
state Highway System and the Federal Gov-
ernment has the responsibility for building
and operating commercial airports. Rail pas-
senger service, throughout, remain independ-
ent of the changing factors which affected its
position.
The decline in intercity equipment has
more than proportionately reflected the
decline in the service itself. The fleet is old
and generally tends to be deteriorating at
least from the viewpoint of comfort. The last
significant orders were delivered in 1956?
fourteen years ago. This creates the situation
where, even if there is a surplus of equip-
ment for current operations, its age and con-
dition is questionable. Obviously, a public
investment program would require a census
of equipment using a standard classification
schedule.
Our basic objective was to create a desir-
able level of service, while correcting exist-
ing mistakes. We then determined the mini-
mal number of cars which would be needed
for this basic system. For the purpose of de-
termining the costs of a program for re-
habilitating and replacing the inter-city
fleet, we super-imposed existing equipment
on the equipment which would be necessary
for a basic, desirable level of service. Because
It would take up to ten years to completely
replace the existing fleet, we assumed a
phased five-year program in which to begin
rejuvenating inter-city service.
The difficulty in measuring inter-city pas-
sengers is carried through in attempting to
determine which equipment is used for inter-
city travel. Our research, for example,
showed a 5% to 15% difference in the num-
ber of inter-city cars derived from two relia-
able sources?AAR Statistics and the Official
Rail Equipment Register. Regardless of the
overlapping in counting, it was determined
that a sufficient volume of equipment exists
to begin a rehabilitation/replacement pro-
gram.
We assumed that the present level of
service, including existing equipment, would
be the beginning of a comprehensive upgrad-
ing program over an extended period of time.
On this basis we established two distinct
types of service, depending on the unique
demand for each.
Conceptually, short-haul service is based
on a deviation from existing inter-city serv-
ice. The key factor was to avoid extended
transporation services connecting a series of
cities over long distances. It is based on the
concept that rail transportation is more com-
petitive in providing frequ6ht service between
two discrete points. Such intensive short-
haul services involves creation of city-pair
links or routes. It creates a shuttle-type
effect, with at least one daily-pair of trains
between each city pair.
In order to determine economic demand
for the high level of Investment. required,
we assumed a short-haul network based on
population concentrations, or Standard Met-
ropolitan Statistical Areas with populations
in excess of 500,000. Axiomatically, a large
proportion of the demand for inter-city
travel will come from these areas.
Of approximately fifty-five population
centers, excluding intra-Northeast Corridors,
there are some 75 pairs of cities generally
300 miles or less from each other which
form the basic passenger network which can
be expected to generate competitive demand
for train service.
This short-haul intensive service will re-
quire at least one daily pair of trains be-
tween each city grouping. Since this is the
beginning of a rejuvenated network, it may
be anticipated that other city-pairs will gen-
erate demand for additional daily trains.
The long-haul network is primarily de-
signed for those routes for which there is a
unique demand. The New York to Florida
route, for instance, can operate daily at a
profit. Some of the Western routes, which
are operated at higher capacity during the
summer "months, may require only three-
times-a-week service during the winter.
The sinallest number of cars required for
the basic_ intensive service networks is '700
coaches, 100 lounges, 300 foodservice and 100
sleepers; totaling 1,200.
(Throughout, we were concerned with
main line coaches, diners, lounges, and
sleepers. It was assumed there were enough
locomotives available and declining mail and
baggage uses obviates the need for more
headend cars. We also excluded the North-
east corridor because of the existing level of
investment.)
Regardless of the source of information, it
is obvious there are sufficient numbers of
cars in existence?between 4,500 and 5,000
coaches, diners, lounges, and sleepers. Their
usable condition, however, is one of the most
speculative questions to be asked.
We arbitrarily determined that to be serv-
iceable, some would require light rehabilita-
tion and the majority medium to heavy re-
habilitation.
Absolute cost data for inter-city equip-
ment is extremely ambiguous. Existing
equipment is anywhere from 15 to 60 years
old. Even the newest equipment would likely
require $10,000 to $70,000 each to re-
habilitate. While these costs are low relative
to new car costs, after rebuilding it would
still be aging equipment. An accelerated ap-
plied research program may provide signifi-
cant improvements in design and facilities
for new equipment. Further, it is widely
assumed that most equipment physically
lasts less than the 25-30 years depreciation
allowed for accounting purposes.
With the 1,200 cars needed, and cost of
light rehabilitation and medium to heavy
rehabilitation, it would require $50.2 million
to rehabilitate only 1,200 cars in the existing
fleet.
However, if there is an alternative invest-
ment possibility, and there was only total
replacement required, assuming 1,200 cars
to begin rehabilitating the network, it would
take $345 million to build the new equip-
ment, and we have estimated somewhere ap-
proximately $4 million for a one-year research
program.
New equipment costs can only be esti-
mated on the basis of the few coaches built
in the last ten years and by comparison
with commuter cars now being built. While
new cars would be expensive, they would be
new and incorporate new configurations de-
veloped during the applied research program.
In addition, it may be assumed that new
equipment would reduce maintenance costs.
We should like to emphasize the perspec-
tive both of these cost charts are to be put
in. In the first case, they are to form the
nucleus of a rejuvenated system and do not
represent the total of all passenger equip-
ment which will be ncessary over a long-
range program.
They are designed for a five year period
and are constructed to be alternative, as
either individually or in an evolving program
where some cars are rehabilitated while new
cars are ordered and delivered. This will give
the government the option of phasing pro-
grams as events develop. Because short-haul
Intensive service is a dparture from exist-
ing concepts, we assume the need for de-
parture from complementary components of
inter-city service. Short trains incorporating
new technologies will probably reduce man-
power demands per individual train.
New technologies will also be required if
the system is to be rejuvenated. The most
current events point to a change in railroad
research and development methods. The pre-
ponderance of thought in this country has
been towards such exotic developments as
the tracked air cushion vehicle. A consortium
of three North American companies, con-
versely, recently acquired the rights to a
British process which would permit speeds
up to 150 m.p.h. on existing track. The im-
portant aspect is that it allows high speeds
with existing basic configurations.
For these same reasons we suggest an in-
tense one year, $4 million applied research
program.
TEN CONGRESSMEN JOIN IN
STATEMENT ON GREECE
HON. DON EDWARDS
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, December 12, 1969
Mr. EDWARDS of California. Mr.
Speaker, the military dictatorship of
Greece stands convicted today before the
world by its own action in withdrawing
from the Council of Europe. The leaders
of that dictatorship, minutes before it
faced a verdict by 17 European nations
on its acts of torture and oppression,
pleaded guilty to those charges by fleeing
the scene and the council. Let there be
no mistake, the dictatorship recognized
it could not afford a verdict from honest
men and honest nations.
It is becoming increasingly obvious
that the days of this dictatorship are
numbered. The earlier worldwide con-
demnation of its oppressive rule by the
European Commission on Human Rights,
as well as by the resolution of the NATO
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Dcember 12, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions
basic mistake to attempt to solve the trans-
portation passenger problems of this coun-
try by any single mode. Dr. Nelson, formerly
of 00T, has said, "There cannot be effective
coordination of transportation at the Fed-
eral level so long as the Bureau of Public
Roads countt up benefits and coats of high-
way systems only, and allocates funds for
highway construction on that basis; so
lo g as the Federal Aviation Administration
re* ons benefits and cotts of air systems
on y, and grants funds for airport construe-
tioi on that basis; so long as the Federal
Ra lroad Administration considers rail sys-
teis only and acts on that basis, and to
lo g as the Corps of Engineers totes up bene-
fits and costs of waterway systems only, and
expends waterway construction funds on
th t bassi's. . ."
obviously, development of a national
policy is a long range requirement for pas-
senger problems that face us today. Condi-
tions encouraging air and highway travel
over the past 20 years have changed cpei-
siderably in the recent past. Expanding're-
qui ements for individual travel have catised
a s turation of many of our larger airperts
an4 clogged highway access to larger Gillet
du ng critical periods. Highway accidents
an4 aircraft near misses have caused con-
cer across the country. Real estate in andf
aro d our expanding larger cities is eithe
ast nomically expensive or not available +
meet requirements for future air and hig
way travel. In the meantime, rail passex1gr
capacity hat been drastically curtailed,
the
the past 2 years.
n objective look at all modes of passel\
ger transportation is required as soon as pos-
sib e so that this nation can meet its require-
me its for transporting people by establish-
ing a total system which includes all insides
and in which each mode complements eaCh
other mode without duplication effort. Siieh
a system would provide for meeting all pee-
seneer requirements at least cost to the goes
eminent. It would require an objectice real-
locetion of governmental transportation
funds to support the capacity required of
each mode. Without the long range objec-
tivOs of a national policy, problems are han-
dled only on a piecemeal basis and on the
basis of solving the problems of each Mode
separately. This is not to say that all action
should be suspended by the government
pending an ideal solution to the problem.
Some constructive emergency treatment is
needed now.
Passenger movement problems are net
static. At a point in time wherehighways and
air terminals are facing sateration with
projections of increased passenger traffic in
the years ahead, we stand at a threshold
where rail passenger service is about to be
phased out as a future capability if bet
supported by the government. We should
not wait for the ultimate solution of the
long range studies which must be made if
we 'are to have any rail passenger service
left Virginia Mae Brown, chairman of the
ICC, stated in a letter to Senator MagnuSon
on 16 July 1969, "The past year has only
subetantiated our opinion that significant
seginents of the remaining intercity passen-
ger service, except for service in high den-
sityi population corridors such ae the noreli-
easii corridor will not survive the next eew
years without a major change in Federal Or
carrier policies."
The causes of deterioration of rail passen-
ger service have been many:
1 Government support of airports and
highways with very little to the railroads en-
couraged movement by air and highway.;
2 Declining revenues caused many rail-
roads to lose interest in carrying passengers
and resulted in a deterioration of service.
3 The high cost of acquisition of neW
equipment and the cost of improvement of
roadbeds resulted in declining expenditures
for Capital improvements.
4. Lack of planning by many railroads and
lack of a national transportation policy for
the movement of people caused deteriora-
tion in rail service and diversions to other
modes.
5. Approval of disco ntinuances in isolation
without an assessment of the impact of each
discontinuance on other rail schedules on a
national basis resulted in poor service.
As a result of our three month study, we
believe it is the consensus of knowledgeable
people in and out of the railroad business
that if rail passenger traffic in this country is
to continue at all with a level of service ac-
ceptable to the public;, some kind of public
support is required now. An excellent study
made by the ICC "investigation of costs of
intercity rail passenger service" published on
16 July 1969 indicates the seriousness of cur-
rent passenger losses ts the railr aelindustry.
Of eight railroads , carrying 40 per-
cent of the enger load, the average less
was fourt and three-quarter million dol-
lars in 68. The highest loss for a single
railro was almost 22 million dollars. As a
es , railroads cannot be expected to make
e capital investments in passenger oper-
ations at this time.
Unless our Government embarks on a real-
istic and immediate selution to the current
intercity passenger movement problem, the
movement of people will soon become the
bottleneck of our expanding economy. Air
and road traffic will be super-saturated; rail
traffic will be non-existent.
Realistically, the rail mode appears to pro-
vide the most promising immediate solution
to intercity passenger movement. The rail-
?roads do not need more real estate. Their
' hts of way already provide access to the
ers of most cities. Improvement to road-
rovide freight as well as passenger
es. They can move masses of people.
pollutior. is minimal. The Met-
rohners alre dyy have shown that the public
will patronize tins with decent cars and
service rather tlian be subject to the in-
creasingly frequent 'delays of air traffic on
short runs.
If intercity rail passengeretraffic is to sur-
vive at all, action by this Go ress is highly
desireable. The rail passenger stem needs
an immediate transfusion of sup rt if com-
plete collapse is to be circumve ed. It is
essential that Congress reverse th current
trend of discontinuanees by provid ig guid-
ance to the Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion, Department of Transportati and the
railroads this year ane by setti up within
the DOT initial funds and mplementing
organization which can earey out the desires
of the Congress now and in the future.
To that end and to provide a yardstick for
your decisions, our study proposes for the
first time we believe a basic intercity net-
work which can be used for development of
equipment costs now and for an expanded
system as needs arise. Historically, each rail-
road is an island and operates accordingly.
We recommend considering all rail passenger
traffic as part of a balanced national system.
To that end, we hope that our suggestions
will provide the Congress with a basis for
concrete action this year which will be well
within the parameters which long range
studies may develop for future action. Any
atcion by you would be a first step in rescu-
ing this important national asset from fur-
ther deterioration. A national asset for which
I am certain there will be increasing demands
in the future.
--
TESTIMONY OF EDWARD D. UNGER, PRESIDENT,
FEDERATED CONSULTANTS, INC., WASHING-
TON, D.C.
We would like to summarize the results of
the study we recently performed for the RAIL
Foundation of Washington, D.C.?A Prelimi-
nary Plan for Up-grading the U.S. Inter-City
Rail Passenger Fleet. The study generally
ce
beds
advent
Resulting
of Remarks E 10647
concerned with the current and future status
of inter-city rail passenger service in the
United States. Specifically, we directed our
attention to determining the amount of
money that would be required to begIn re-
habilitating and/or replacing the existing
fleet, as the basis of a longer-range program
of up-grading the entire fleet.
In view of the many bills before this Con-
gress dealing with inter-city rail passenger
service, we would like to direet pertinent
parts of our findings to the possibility that
there may be public Investment in the in-
dustry. Such public investment should be
approached with the fullest knowledge avail-
able and in consideration of all alternatives.
To this objective we directed our efforts at
examining the major historical mistakes
which helped create the present situation,
how, if those mistakes are rectified it would
set the stage for rejuvenating competitive
inter-city service, and the number and cost
Of equipment for an alternative five-year pro-
grain tie begin up-grading the passenger car
fleet. -.se
The declinG of inter-city seevice has taken
some twenty years to reach its present low
level. Virtually all of the data reflecting this
period indicates declines in inter-city serv-
ice. There are, though, a number of identifi-
able reasons for the decline; some were in-
duced internally within the industry and
some were created externally; it all took
place, however, in lieu of a national trans-
portation policy.
The basic cause for the current situation
Is that inter-city passenger service was not
responsive to a shift in demand for it. For
some seventy-five years trains were the dom-
inant force of public transportation in this
country. Its function varied from trans-con-
tinental runs to shorter-haul inter-city
runs. Regardless of distance Most trains de-
veloped as extended, continueus path trans-
port modes, beginning at one point and con-
tinuing through a number of other points
until it arrived at the end of its journey.
Each train was a journey by itself, a process
that worked well in the absence of competi-
tion.
Over-all, the growth of air and highway
travel caused a change in the demand for
rail travel. Geographical factors in the West
and population in the East combined with
competing technologies to precipitate the
change. At a time when piston planes then
jets were providing trans-continental trans-
portation in hours, trains were still operatine
every day over six routes to the West Coast.
Rigid adherence to daily service in face of
declining demand resulted in polarized rider-
ship patterns. Transcontinental routes to the
West Coast, for instance, now are most heav-
ily travelled in the summer months, showing
75% capacity utilizatinn for three or four
months and 30-40% _capacity for the re-
maining months.
Inter-city service in the more densely pop-
ulated eastern part of the country declined
for more complex reasons. Population became
concentrated into metropolitan groupings in
all regional subsections of the eastern half
of the country. Not only did air and high-
way travel between these metropolitan areas
provide competitively substitutable modes
in speed and technology but most important-
ly did they compete in concept and function.
Daily trains still left one city, stopped at
numerous others and terminated at another
city hundreds of miles_ away, In the mean-
time demographic activity was generating a
demand for transportation between large
metropolitan areas. An increasingvolume of
travel developed back and forth between the
population centers.
At the same time the nation was criss-
crossed with standard-gauge tracks, The to-
tal number of railroade operating over these
tracks, however, was substantial. Railroad
passengers, while physically being able to
travel virtually anywhere by rail, were faced
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December 12, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks E 10649
Assembly, had isolated the Greek dicta-
torship. Within Greece, political leaders
of all tendencies have defied the dicta-
torship's threats of prison and exile to
demand the restoration of free elections,
democratic rights, and the rule of law.
Even that small part of the population
which once supported the junta has been
alienated by its cruelties and its pervasive
corruption, which surfaced so blatantly
in the maneuvers surrounding the Onas-
sis-Niarchos competition for an oil re-
finery. At the same time the incompe-
tence of the dictatorship has undermined
the foundations of the Greek economy.
Commerce and industry have stagnated,
while the country has gone deeper and
deeper into debt. The balance-of-pay-
ments deficit for the first 7 months of
1969 exceeds that for any previous full
year.
The claims of the dictatorship that
anarchy and a Communist takeover led
it to overthrow the legal government of
Greece has been disproven before the
nations of the world. But now, through
the actions, corruption, oppression, and
torture of that dictatorship, anarchy does
threaten.
The question today is not whether the
dictatorship will fall, but when and how,
and what will happen after its departure.
For if the fall of the present dictatorship
Is significantly delayed, and if the dic-
tatorship, by bribes and promises, should
still retain enough support in the armed
forces to conduct a last ditch resistance,
the results could be tragic. Despite the
best efforts of Greek democratic leaders
to assure the reestablishment of full
legal guarantees for all, the pent-up
anger of the Greek people at the dictator-
ship's atrocities might overflow the chan-
nels of legality. At the same time, mili-
tary resistance by the dictatorship would
produce large-scale bloodshed as well as
horrible destruction to Greece.
To assure a swift and bloodless restora-
tion of democracy and legality, construc-
tive U.S. action at this point is necessary.
Above all, it is essential that the United
States take steps that will leave no doubt
in the minds either of the Greek people
or the dictatorship of where this country
stands.
In order to convince even those mili-
tary elements who still back the dictator-
ship because of the favors they have re-
ceived and expect from it, the United
States should stop immediately the ship-
ment of all military aid, and join with
other countries to bar the dictatorship's
acquisition of weapons through com-
mercial channels. The United States
should recognize the stand of the Council
of Europe and should support efforts to
suspend Greek membership in NATO
until Greece restores the democratic
rites which NATO was founded to defend.
The suspension of arms deliveries and
rapid action by the United States also are
necessary because of Papadopoulos'
threat to apply for admission to the War-
saw Pact.
The friendship of the Greek people for
the United States has been traditional.
Today the United States should act be-
cause of its friendship and kinship to
the Greek people, act by denying the op-
pressors of Greece arms and and support.
In addition to making it clear in these
ways that we are the allies of the Greek
people and not of their oppressors, the
United States could help to effect a peace-
ful transition from dictatorship to de-
mocracy by offering to arrange for the
removal to exile of members of the pres-
ent dictatorship. Such an offer would
make it possible for the dictatorship to
leave without widespread bloodshed and
without facing the penalties it deserves
for its crimes. Such an offer should re-
main open only for a short period of time,
for if the transition is to be peaceful it
must also be swift. A continuation of the
dictatorship can only lead to further
bloodshed. The safe removal of the lead-
ers of the dictatorship should be ar-
ranged only if it is to avoid bloodshed.
The nightmare in Greece may be com-
ing to an end. The decision on whether
it is going to end lies both in Greece and
In the United States. Firm action by the
United States can help now.
Joining me in this statement are
GEORGE BROWN, JR., PHILLIP BURTON,
JOHN CONYERS, JR., BOB ECKHARDT, DON-
ALD M. FftASER, ROBERT W. KASTENMEIER,
ABNER J. MIKVA, BENJAMIN S. ROSEN-
THAL, and WILLIAM F. RYAN.
EFFECTS OF WATERSHED PROJECTS
ON WILDLIFE
HON. BENJAMIN B. BLACKBURN
OF GEORGIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, December 12, 1969
Mr. BLACKBURN. Mr. Speaker, a few
days ago all Members of the House re-
ceived a letter from me concerning the
channelization of the Alcovy River in the
State of Georgia. At that time, I pre-
sented the Members of this House with
an article which I wrote for Field &
Stream magazine showing the adverse
effects that channelization has upon
wildlife.
Since that time a number of Members
have requested additional information
concerning the adverse effects of water-
shed projects upon wildlife. For the in-
formation of my colleagues, I am hereby (Presented before the Association of Ameri-
inserting several articles which have can Geographers at Cleveland, March 31,
come to my attention which I believe 1953, by Walter M. Kollmorgen, chairman
will answer any questions on this sub-
of the Department of Geography, Univer-
ject: sity of Kansas)
STATEMENT ON SMALL WATERSHED PROJECTS In the Kansas River Basin, as well as in
BEFORE TETE GEORGIA GAME AND FISH COM-
many other river basins, there is an urgent
MISSION, ATLANTA, GA., MARCH 20, 1969
need for alternative plans dealing with flood
problems. Such plans should be submitted
(By C. Edward Carlsen, regional director, Bu- to the public for acceptance or rejection, and
reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, At- they should be submitted with revealing
lanta. Ga.) price tags. Under present procedure, the pub-
Gentlemen, I am honored to sit with you lic is confronted with a one-or-nothing pro-
today to discuss a matter of mutual con- gram and the proposed program is likely to
cern, the continuing despoilation of fish be extravagant in financial cost as well as in
and wildlife habitat. This is but one example land cost, i.e., land destroyed by permanent
of environmental degradation which is going flooding. Geographers and other technicians
on at an ever-accelerating pace all around could be very helpful to engineers with a
us. Air pollution, water pollution, estuarine dam-building complex by exploring alterna-
destruction, urban sprawl are the prices we tive arrangements to reduce flood losses and
pay for the cultural developments accom- translating these various arrangements into
panying our burgeoning human population. plans for public consideration.
Some are inclined to condone all our abuses
of the planet as the cost of Progress. I dis-
FLOODPLAIN CANNIBALISM
agree with that philosophy and so does Present programs for bringing some meas-
everyone who has taken time to analyze the tire of flood protection to the Kansas River
situation. An awakening public is beginning Basin?and also certain other basins?by the
to appreciate that a check-rein on racehorse construction of a multiplicity of dams repre-
exploitation and growth is both a good and
a necessary thing, for we have come to real-
ize that conservative management of our
environment is essential to the survival of
the human race.
Conservation of the fish and wildlife re-
source is a significant element of the whole.
Fish and wildlife are part of the web of life.
They are indicators of a healthy environ-
ment which grows a healthy people. That,
gentlemen, pinpoints our role and responsi-
bility in the scheme of things.
I remember with fondness the waterfowl
and squirrel hunting the Alcovy supplied
10 and more years ago, but in the year and
a half I have been back in Georgia I have
not had the opportunity to become re-
acquainted with the area. Therefore, I am
not going to talk about the Alcovy project
per se. I am not adequately familiar with it.
I do, however, wish to support Director
Bagby's statement concerning the time
schedule as it relates to the project. My record
shows that we received the watershed data
sheets on July 12, 1968. And I do desire to
apprise the honorable Representative Sorrels
that streambottom hardwoods are indeed
choice waterfowl habitat. There are two
broad groups of ducks, diving ducks and
puddle ducks. The diving ducks are the ones
he was referring to which require a "runway"
for take-off. The puddle ducks take off like
quail and I am sure you are familiar with
them.
I wish to spend the few available minutes
in talking about stream manipulation proj-
ects, and in particular channelization and
drainage features which destroy or set the
stage for the destruction of fish and wild-
life habitat.
Stream modification projects have destroyed
between three and four million acres of bot-
tomland hardwoods of significance to water-
fowl in the last 20 years in the Southeast
alone. In contrast, gentlemen, we have ac-
quired only 158,751 acres of wintering ground
habitat for waterfowl from 1948 to 1968 in
Region 4 and it has cost $12,043,325 from our
Duck Stamp Funds in the process.
Let me say immediately that not all of
these losses have been caused by P.L. 566
projects. Public Works activities authorized
by the Congress have also been involved. In
some cases these and P.L. 566 projects have
been intermeshed on the same stream, one
complementing the other. However, the net
result has been the same, alteration of fish
and wildlife habitat.
[From Economic Geography, Vol. 29, No. 3,
July 1953]
SETTLEMENT CONTROL BEATS FLOOD CONTROL
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E 10650 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions o
sent an interesting form of floodplain c anti- fits concept. By magnifying one or several
balism. This cannibalism results in part from real or imagined benefits, almost any kind of
the common misconception that flood con- engineering monuments can now be just-
trol means control of floods. Since no scheme fled. This is particularly true of non-reim-
Yet devised will control floods in the Mid- bursable benefits because beneficiaries make
west, the tantalizing mirage of "flood con- no special payments for projects developed
trol" must lead to a multiplication of dam and so no account can go into the red. If
Structures until major portions of our prized beneficiaries would be required to reimburse
alluvial valleys lie buried under a stair-step the federal Treasury for many of or most of
aeries of lakes, the benefits listed on water-control pro-
Equally interesting is the fact that irre- grams, the entire program would shrink to
placeable farm land is being cannibalized by size and sense overnight.
replaceable sites for urban developments. From the standpoint of landforms and
During the 1951 flood, according to the Corea soils, floods have a constructive as well as
Of Engineers, about 90 per cent ($479,000,000) a destructive side. This should be, but is
Of the damages experienced along the main not, reflected in flaod-loss estimates. Con-
Stem of the Kansas River occurred in urban sider, for example, the major and unusual
areas. It is this large urban lees which is now flood in the Kansas River Basin in 1951.
cited to justify the greatly expanded dam- Some alluvium deposits improved terrain
building program in the Kansas River Basin, and drainage; other deposits made for an
To bring agreater measure of protection to improved soil stracture after shallow or
these urban areas it is proposed to flood per- deep plowing. Still other deposits of proper
inanently from 150,000 to 200,000 acres tof the texture will prove of value in that they in-
best agricultural lands in eastern Kansas or crease the inventory of certain plant foods.
in lowlands adjacent to the Kansas River. Let us briefly conceder some ofathese con-
Flooding these large tracts of lowlands will structive processes. .a
also blight the economy of many males of Prior to the flood, some floodplain farm-
adjacent uplands which are or should be in land was uneven in elevatlpn, possibly with
pockets of water, wet spot or seepage spots.
Drainage problems may aye made for some
waste land or lane^arginal for farming.
The fill or depos24 left by the flood oblit-
erated some of the uneven terrain and
greatly improv
this are not
mine remark
valued his la
grass. These lowlands supply large ainounts
of concentrated feeds to supplement the for-
age of the uplands. It follows that the pres-
ent plan of controlling floods is nothing less
than a Rube Goldberg dream and one With
a frightful price tag.
Let us try to gauge the nature cff' the
appetite of the carnivore many propOse to
liberate in our flOodplains. In 1944 the Pick
Plan recommended an expenditure of aosne-
what less than one billion dollars to bring
a reasonable measure of flood protectibu to
to the entire Missouri Basin (House )ecu-
ment No. 475). Since then and partictdarly
t nded and elaborated that in extent, with
s4 ns nce 1951 the flood control plain for the
arises River Basin alone have been so ex-
the result that much of the hill land and
slope land has a thin veneer of soil The
Flint Hills of Kansas extending north-aouth
of Topeka and Manhattan are an extreme
eXample of this kind of land Here lie thou-
sands of acres of land with only a few inches
of soil and soil material on a very shallow
bedrock. Much of the remaining land hs.s a
hardpan within a foot of the surface and
bedrock at a depth of two to three feet. This
land already presents a serious problein in
Management because of the tendendy to
otrerplow and overgraze. Flooding a third
of the floodplain lying in this area will cre-
ate an almost insoluble problem in soil con-
servation. Many hundreds of upland grazing
units within the area will lose a dependable
sUpply of concentrated feeds. In combina-
tion, these changes mean more overgraz-
ing, more overplowing, more small, un-
economic farming units, and, most of all,
more devastating erosion. These geographic
changes seem to be completely ignored by the their productivity. It other words, increased
Army Engineers and also big city preasure yields from many deep-plowed fields in one
groups, who seem to be totally ignorant of year paid for this special operation and
where their food comes from and what kives there are those who believe that deep plow-
them employment. It is urgent and eyed im- tag may become a standard practice in the
perative that in the problem we face, struc- floodplain to increase soil productivity. Here
tural engineering become the handmaiden of is another benefit that was not listed to
geographic engineering if we are to go ror- partly offset the flood losses.
ward rather than backward in a resource It is not necessary here to dwell on the
conservation effort. The tragedy of the Pick- value of new alluvium of proper texture. For
Sloan Plan is that it destroys more w alth several thousands of years these new deposits
than it creates, and it achieves thi by made a garden spot of the Nile Valley. Now t
sqnandering Several billions of dollars ofpub- that dams are regulating more and more
lid money.
, the flow of that stream and the silt remains
COFT-BENEFIT CLARIFICATION AND RECT/FICATION behind the dams, Egypt is rapidly approach-
it is submitted that geographers and ether ing productivity and fertilizer problems. Cot- t
teehnicans can make a basic contribution ton also yields a shorter staple and a more
to ;all water-centre' and water-management brittle fiber. Closer to home we have the ex- r.
pretgrams by scrutinizing and rectifying a ample of the Missouri River floodplain be-
weird structure of fairyland economics gen- tween St. Joseph, Mo., and Sioux City, Iowa. I
eraaly referred to as cost-benefits ratios. This In 1952 farmers in that floodplain boasted t
stricture has become particularly compli- some of the best corn and soybean yields i
eated with the advent of the multiple bene- they ever experienced?early in the year
,
the drainage. Examples of
iflicult to find. A friend of
d that before the flood he
d at $200 per acre, but after
the flood he !valued it at $400 per acre be-
cause fill of ropertextured material had
solved all dr nage problems and removed
ere Is an example of where
d losses should also in-
flood gain.
as not uncom-
terial of
all waste land,
an inventory of
elude an inventory
Another flood gain t
mon was the deposit of san
limited depth over fine-textured
land. Gumbo land presents problems itaa
management, drainage, and crop produc-
tion. Several inches of sand deposits can
readily be plowed into a gumbo soil, and
In combination this mixture greatly im-
proves the working qualities and produc-
tivity of the soil. Even deposits of sandy
material from 12 to about 24 inehes deep
were mixed with formerly exposed soil ma-
terial by deep plowing, that is, plowing three
to four feet deep, l?lowing at a depth of
about three feet cost about $30 per acre.
This expense was associated with the flood
loss and was therefore largely paid for by
the government. Now it develops that these
deep-plowed fields a.elded about 20 bushels
more corn per acre than the shallow-plowed
fields which had little or on fill or ,deposits.
The result is that plans are now derway
to deep-plow other aelds with little no
deposits to rejuvenate them OS to incr
f Remarks December 12, 1969
their lands were flooded and new alluvium
was deposited. The flood losses were given
wide publicity; the high yields that followed
have hardly been noted. Here again, only the
losses are stressed and magnified, partly to
justify big engineering works.
That too much stress has been given to
land destruction is well indicated in news
releases by agricultural specialists at Kansas
State College, Manhattan. Under the date of
Sept. 11, 1951, Manhattan, Kansas, comes this
news item:
"Flood a Soil Aid?K-State Scientist
Says Most of the Kaw Valley Will Produce
Better as a Result?Can Build Up the Sand?
Only Loamy Earth Is Damaged by Deposits?
Some Drainage Problems Erased.
"A Kansas State College soil scientist says
a large part of the land flooded by the Kan-
sas river in July will produce better crops in
the future because of the flood.
"Describing the popular conception of soil
damage as 'grossly exaggerated,' Harry C.
Atkinson, associate professor of soils, said the
sandy soil many persons think is ruined
will be the best sweet potato and watermelon
land in the valley within a short time.
"Atkinson and W. A. Badgley, USDA soil
scientist, have been surveying the north side
of the Kansas river from Wamego to Law-
rence since April. They have run a spot sur-
vey of the north valley from Wamego to
Lawrence, but will not complete their de-
tailed survey until 1962.
"Atkinson said it is too early to give fig-
ures, but he estimated that only 10 to 20
per cent of the severely flooded land on which
all crops were lost has been damaged by the
flood.
"The other 80 to 90 per cent, he said, even-
tually will yield better crops.
"Pictures the college has of sand deposits
after the 1903 flood show they now are part
of land that is selling for $400 to $600 an
acre, Atkinson said.
"Once the sandy soil is built up with or-
ganic material it will produce alfalfa, sweet
Isetatoes, corn and other crops?the same as
the el_903 sandbars have been doing consist-
ently,Iie said.
"Sandaeleposits loam soil are detri-
mental, he continued, but sand on sand
makes no clilogge in the ability of the soil to
produce. San ?en clay is beneficial so far as
workability of the land is concerned.
"'We've h othing but bad news from
the flood,' he sai ? 'Besides enriching a large
part of the rive valley land, it filled in
some low spots th t were formerly drainage
problems. Now thy will drain off.'
"Where raging ter scoured and out away
top soil, it deflnit y lowered the productivity
and the value the soil, he said, but those
washed awe ots are not completely sterile
and will ? ? ? uce lighter crops.
"At, . on 's survey shows much of the
..?-?ed land is richer with elements needed
for crop production than it was before the
flood. There is little or no need for fertilizers
except on land with heavy sand deposits, he
said, and they need nitrogen added," (Kansas
City Times, Sept. 12, 1951.)
The foregoing estimate, it should be noted,
comes from a soil scientist who was in the
process of studying the flooded lands.
Present methods of figuring cast benefits
also do not make allowances for the dis-
turbed hydrological conditions which follow
he impounding of large bodies of water in
floodplains. Suppose a dam about 100 feet
high is thrown across a floodplain and im-
pounds a lake with a depth somewhat less
han 100 feet. Ground-water conditions will
be disturbed for many miles above the upper
art of the lake and deterioration of land
will follow. Moreover, the stream debauch-
ng into the lake will have its gradient dis-
urbed, will drop part of its sediment before
t reaches the lake, and will experience a
rapid process of aggradation. Before long it
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December 11, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
T.T.S. HOUSE 01' REPRESENTATIVES,
COMMITTEE ON POST OFFICE AND
CIVIL 'SERVICE, ?
Washington, D.C., December 8, 1969.
Hon. ARNOLD OLSEN,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR CONGRESSMAN: I am enclosing a report
from Mr. Dulski which I complied at his in-
structions and which deals with your voting
record on the matter of postal rates from the
time you began service on the Post Office and
Civil Service Committee. Chairman Dulski
has reviewed this report and approved it in
its entirety.
Sincerely yours,
CHARLES E. JOHNSON,
Chief Counsel and Stall Director.
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
COMMITTEE ON POST OFFICE AND
CIVIL SERVICE,
Washington, D.C., December 8, 1969.
MEMORANDUM
To: Chairman Thaddeus J. Dulski.
From: Charles E. Johnson, Chief Counsel and
Staff Director.
Subject: Record of Representative Arnold
Olsen on Postal Rates Applicable to
Third-Class (Advertising) Mail.
The official records of the Committee on
Post Office and Civil Service disclose that
Representative Olsen, throughout his tenure
in the Congress, has voted consistently in
support of legislation to increase postage
charges for the mailing of bulk third-class
(advertising) mail matter.
The official reCords of the House of Repre-
sentatives, as contained in the Congressional
Record, disclose similar support by Mr. Olsen
in votes in the House of Representatives.
THE 1961 POSTAL RATE INCREASE BILL
During the Committee executive sessions
on the official recommendation of former
Postmaster General J. Edward Day for gen-
eral postal rate adjustments in August and
September of 1961, the Committee had before
it for official consideration H.R. '7927, in ac-
cordance with unanimous agreement shown
in the minutes of Executive Session No. 13,
August 17, 1961.
H.R. 7927 included, among other matters,
an increase from 21/2 cents to 3 cents in the
minimum charge per piece for regular bulk
third-class (advertising) mailings.
In Executive Session No. 17, on September
6, 1961, Mr. Lesinski offered, as a general
amendment to H.R. 7927, the provisions of
H.R. 9052. H.11. 9052 included, among other
matters, provision for continuing the then-
existing minimum charge per piece of 21/2
cents for regular bulk third-class mailings,
with only two exceptions. The minimum
charge was to be 3 cents for any bulk third-
class mail on which "time value" (pref-
erential) service was requested by the mailer
and on any such mail that was not addressed
to a specific individual address. ?
The effect of this provision in HR. 9052,
therefore, was to provide no minimum per
piece increase in a very large proportion of
third-class bulk mailings.
The official Committee minutes of Execu-
tive Session No. 18, on September 7, 1961, dis-
close that, on the record vote on adoption of
the Lesinski Amendment (including the
softened bulk third-class minimum charge
per piece), Representative Olsen voted No.
A no vote, of course, was in support of the
original provision of H.R. 7927, to fix the
minimum charge per piece for all regular
bulk third-class mailings at 3 cents, as rec-
ommended by former Chairman Tom Murray.
H.R. 7927, as amended, was reported by the
Committee to the House of Representatives.
H.R. 7927 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
The Congressional Record discloses the
following with respect to consideration of
the Rule (H. Res. 464)-which, had it been
adopted, would have provided for House con-
sideration of H.R. 7927 as reported from the
Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.
On September 15, 1961, a Member of the
House Committee on Rules, by direction of
that Committee, called up House Resolution
464 and asked for its imrhediate considera-
tion.
House Resolution 464 provided for the con-
sideration of HR. 7927 under a closed rule,
waiving points of order, with two hours of
general debate.
The effect of the proposed closed rule was
that H.R. 7927, as reported from the Commit-
tee on Post Office and Civil Service, would be
subject to no amendments and, therefore,
would have to be voted up or down.
At the conclusion of debate on H. Res. 464,
the previous question was ordered and, on a
record vote, Representative Olsen voted No.
The effect of a no vote in that case was to
kill the proposed "closed rule," and open the
way for presentation of an "open rule," under
which H.R. 7927 would be open for amend-
ments.
Immediately thereafter, a Member of the
Committee on Rules offered an amendment
to House Resolution 464 to provide for con-
sideration of HR. 7927 under an "open rule."
The open rule was agreed to on a voice
vote.
On January 23, 1962, H.R. 7927 was called
up in the House of Representatives and
Chairman Tom Murray offered a substitute
to restore all major provisions of the bill as
originally introduced.
During the debate on the Murray substi-
tute, Representative Olsen said:
"Now, I think that * * * the bill now be-
fore us [the Murray substitute] does not in-
crease second or third class as much as per-
haps it ought to." (Congressional Record
January 23, 1962, Page H646)
The Murray substitute proposed raising
the 21,6 cent bulk third-class minimum per
piece charge from 21/2 cents to 3 cents, It
was amended by the House to raise the rate
to VA cents (Congressional Record Janu-
ary 23, 1962, Page 11664). This amendment
was adopted on a voice vote. It was not op-
posed by Mr. Olsen under the five minute
rule.
THE /967 POSTAL RATE INCREASE BILL
Representative Olsen was elected Chair-
man of the standing Subcommittee on Postal
Rates for the 90th Congress.
The former Postmaster General on April 5,
1967, submitted Executive Communication
No. 610, a general postal rate increase pro-
posal.
Chairman Dulski on the same date intro-
duced HR. 7977, to carry out the Postmaster
General's proposal.
Subcommittee Chairman Olsen held pub-
lic hearings on 21 separate hearing dates,
during the period May 9 to June 28, 1967,
and heard more than 100 witnesses.
The Olsen Subcommittee then held 7 ex-
ecutive sessions during the period July 12
to July 27, and voted to report H.R. 7977
with a number of major improvements made
by the Olsen substitute, offered in the first
executive session.
The general effect of the Olsen substi-
tute was to provide substantially greater
revenues than would have resulted from the
Postmaster General's official recommenda-
tion. The Olsen substitute specifically in-
cluded increases in all third-class mailing
rates as recommended by the Postmaster
General.
At the conclusion of the Subcommittee
executive sessions, the Subcommittee unani-
mously approved a formal motion by the
Ranking Minority Member commending
Chairman Olsen on his extremely able and
fair handling of this legislation in the public
interest.
The full Post Office and Civil Service Com-
mittee took up the Olsen Subcommittee gen-
eral rate increase bill, HR. 7977, and com-
pleted action on it after 17 executive sessions,
12205
extending over the period from August 9 to
September 21, 1967.
The first official action in the first such
executive session was a motion by Mr. Olsen
that the full Committee report H.R. '7977, as
reported by his Subcommittee-including all
third-class rate adjustments requested by the
Postmaster General.
At one sesssion (August 16) Mr. Olsen suc-
cessfully opposed an amendment that would
have struck out of his Subcommittee bill
a requirement that ''bills and statements
of account produced by electronic data proc-
essing equipment" must pay first-class post-
age. Mr. Olsen offered a substitute to that
amendment, specifying that all bills and
statements of account must pay first-class
postage when mailed, regardless of how they
are produced. The Olsen substitute carried
on a close record vote.
H.R. 7977, after being perfected by the
Olsen subcommittee and the full Committee,
provided for gross annual postal revenue in-
creases totaling $884.1 million-$59.2 million
more than the $824.9 million requested by
the Postmaster General.
H.R. 7977 was called up in the House of
Representatives October 10, 1967. Mr. Olsen
strongly. supported the bill, including the en-
tire third-class mail recommendations of the
Postmaster General, during the debate (Con-
gressional Record October 10, 1967, Pages
1113131-H13133).
An amendment was offered by Mr. Hechler
(Page 1113153) to increase the regular bulk
third-class minimum charge per piece from
3.8 cents, as provided in the Committee bill,
to 4.5 cents. During the debate under the ?
five minute rule, Mr. Hechler asked unani-
mous consent to proceed for an additional
five minutes. He was supported in this re-
quest by Mr. Olsen (Page H13217, Congres-
sional Record October 11, 1967) .
A substitute amendment by Mr. Anderson
of Illinois (Page H13219) to provide a three-
phase increase in the minimum charge per
piece-3.2 cents, 3.6 cents, and 3.8 cents in
three successive years-was opposed by Mr.
Olsen (Pages H13220-H13221) and he
strongly supported the Committee bill.
The Anderson substitute was defeated, 69
to 145, on a teller vote (Page 1113230). The
amendment by Mr. Hechler was defeated, 61
to 147, on a division (Page /113230).
1 CHARLES E. JOHNSON,
Chief Counsel and Staff Director.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Ohio (Mr. MILLER) is rec-
ognized for 5 minutes.
(Mr. MILLER of Ohio asked and was
given permission to revise and extend
his remarks.)
[Mr. MILLER of Ohio addressed the
House. His remarks will appear hereafter
in the Extensions of Remarks.]
REPORT ON TRIP TO GREECE
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
a previous order of the House, the gen-
tleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. WIL-
LIAMS) is recognized for 10 minutes.
Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. Speaker, during
the August 1969 recess of the House, my
wife, and I, in company with other Con-
gressmen and their wives, attended the
annual convention of the Pan-Arcadian
Federation of America in Athens, Greece.
Our visit to Athens also gave us the op-
portunity of visiting other parts of
Greece.
Prior to our departure for Greece we
were familiar with the takeover of the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE December 11, 1969
Greek Government by the military junta.
We had read about alleged atrocities and
torture of the Greek people by the pre-
sent Government under the military
1 junta, and we had rein about bombings
in some-public places in Greece. We were
generally under the impression that the
country of Greece wag_ in a rather vise-
, like grip of a military4overnmeria.
1 We flew directly to Athens from John
1 F. Kennedy Airport la New York and
landed in Athens at approximately 2 p.m.
in the afternoon, Athens' time. "5.7e were
I expedited through custeems at the beauti-
ful new Athens Airport and we were di-
rected to the restaurant area for a re-
ception in our honor. Assistant Prime
Minister Constantine Vovolinis was our
1 host at the reception and the reception
1 was adequately covered by the v arious
news media.
1 Subsequent to the reception we pro-
ceeded to the Grand Thatagne Hotel on
Constitution Square. We stayed at this
hotel during our entire time in Greece
and we found the accommodationl to be
excellent and this hotel had a mest gra-
cious atmosphere with excellent service.
During our stay in Greece we visited
all of the historical spas in and around
Athens. We found the Acropolis to be
most interesting and informative We
were surprised to learn for the firs: time
that the Parthenon had survived in ex-
cellent condition until -the latter part of
, the 18th century when, at a time when
' Greece was occupied by the Turk the
Turks used the Parthenon as a storage
place for gun powder= The Venetians
I were attacking the Turks and a Venetian
artillery shell went through the roof of
the Parthenon and ezploded the gun
powder. Thus, more damage was caused
to the Parthenon in a few seconds than
had occurred down through the cen-
turies.
We found the Greek people to ba ex-
tremely friendly, industrious, and cour-
teous, and we made Many friends in
Greece. Mr. Christ Mitchell, preside=nt of
the Pan-Arcadian Federation of Amer-
ica, made certain that our visit to 0 eece
was most enjoyable.
We all had complete Zfeedom of move-
Inent in Greece and no members or units
of the military were in evidence, other
than a few servicemen on leave. This
Was, of course, exactly The contras y to
What we had been led to believe. Also,
there is no section of ilgthens in Which
people cannot move with complete Safety
t any hour of the day or night.
We spent 1 day on the island of Crete
and visited Khania and a NATO.,haseAn
the immediate vicinity of Khania. We
also visited Iraklion atilt the Minoan
archeological site immediately south of
Iraklion. It is at the Minoan archeobgi-
cal
site that the palace-, of the Mmos
kings has been excavated and partially
restored. This palace dates back to ap-
proximately 1400 B.C. and is reputed to
be the birthplace of modern civilization.
We also spent some time visiting the
various Greek islands, such as Idra and
Spetse, and we traveled by hydrofoil boat
and cruise ship. We found the islands to
be beautiful and picturesque. The Greek
people use these islands as resort and
vacation areas.
During our stay in Greece we had an
opportunity to talk to hundreds of Greek
people. Many of these people spoke Eng-
lish and we were even able to converse
with Greeks who did not speak English
as two of the Congressmen who accom-
panied us spoke Greek and we always had
some Pan-Arcadian Federation members
with us who also spoke Greek. We found
the overwhelming opinion to be that the
present Greek Government is doing an
excellent job for the people of that coun-
try. The lot of the people of Greece is
steadily improving and the present Greek
Government has instituted some long-
needed reforms. The progress in Greece
is readily apparent through the large
amount of construction that is taking
place in every section of Greece that we
visited.
Also, during cur stay in Greece we had
an opportunity to talk to George Pops-
dopoulos, Prime Minister; Stylianos Pat-
takos, First Deputy Prime Minister; and
Nickolas Makarezos, Minister of Econom-
ic Coordination. These men are the form-
er Greek Army colonels who formed the
military junta which took over the Greek
Government in 1967.
We spent approximately 11/2 hours dis-
cussing conditions in Greece with Prime
Minister Popadopoulos. From our frank
discussion with him we learned of the
steps that the Greek Government is tak-
ing to strengthen Greece and to main-
tain it as a free nation. The reforms
which the Greek Government is effect-
ing ttre as follows:
First, a complete reorganization of the
administration with training courses to
improve the ability of all civil servants;
Second, an acceleration of the eco-
nomic and industrial growth in Greece
and s better economic return to the
farmers;
Third, a more fair distribution of the
tax burden with high income families
and companies paying, for the first time,
their fair share of taxes;
Fourth. Social services such as social
insurance, welfare, and medical care are
now being provided to all Greek citizens
with the same retirement benefits for
everyone. Prior to this reform, some
Greek citizens were drawing an annual
pension of 100,000 drachmas after only
contributing one-half of 1 percent of
their salaries. While other Greek work-
ers had to pay 18 percent of their wages
in order to get an annual pension of 2,000
drachmas. Also, hospital units and
health stations are being established
throughout Greece. Formerly, the hos-
pitals and health stations were concen-
trated in the Athens area.
Fifth. The entire Greek educational
system has been vastly improved.
Sixth. The debts owed to the Govern-
ment by all farmers have been forgiven.
During our discussion with Prime Min-
ister Popadopoulos he expressed his de-
termination to have free elections in
Greece at the earliest practical date. He
stressed that the difficulties in Greece
which his government is attempting to
overcome developed over many years and
had greatly weakened Greece. In order to
see that Greece is maintained as a strong
country the reforms which are being put
into effect must be producing results be-
fore free elections can be held. Therefore,
the Prime Minister stressed that he could
not tell us exactly when free elections
would be held in Greece.
When questioned about the reports of
the torture of some Greek political pris-
oners, the Prime Minister vigorously de-
nied them. I later learned that Congress-
man ROMAN Puciarsici had visited the
Island of Yaros where the prisoners were
supposed to have been tortured and actu-
ally talked to the political prisoners
through the Greek speaking U.S. consul.
I checked with Congressman PTICINSKI
Upon my return to Washington and
learned that he had found no evidence of
any torture of prisoners, even though he
had talked to the prisoners himself. Con-
gressman PUCINSKI also informed me
that the political prisoners had not even
been subjected to any mistreatment at
all.
While we were in Athens the U.S. 6th
Fleet put into the harbor and we saw
many American sailors enjoying the
sights of Athens. It is interesting to note
that Athens is the only port available to
the U.S. 6th Fleet in the Western Medi-
terranean as the Turks will not permit
our fleet to use the Turkish ports. This
points up the fact that Greece is a most
important NATO ally of this country and
one of the few countries that we could
rely on in that section of the world in
case of any difficulty.
It is generally recognized that Greece
is the cradle of democracy. However, the
Greek Government that was overthrown
in 1967 was anything but a democracy.
Rather, it was a strong monarchy form
of government.
King Constantine remained in Greece
under the administration of the military
junta with full pay and all other forms
of remunerations for the entire royal
family. Just before the referendum on
the new Greek Constitution, King Con-
stantine attempted a countercoup in an
effort to overthrow the military junta
When the countercoup failed, King Con-
stantine and his family fled to Rome
where they are now living in self-
imposed exile. The present Greek Gov-
ernment continues to pay the royal fam-
ily, and King Constantine and his family
have a standing invitation to return to
Athens, in complete safety, at any time.
Under the old Greek Constitution the
King was designated as "supreme head
of the state." He was commander of the
Armed Forces and had the power to de-
clare war. Also, he was authorized to en-
ter into most types of treaties without
the consent of Parliament.
Under the old Constitution the King
could appoint and dismiss his ministers
as he saw fit, and the Ring could veto
any law passed by the Parliament. The
King's failure to publish any such law
within 2 months from the end of a par-
liamentary session caused the law to be-
come null and voia.
The new Greek Constitution approved
by referendum on September 29, 1968,
provides that the Council of Ministers
must propose a declaration of war and
that the King's treatyrnaking power
can be limited by law. The new Constitu-
tion provides that the King's veto of any
law passed by the Parliament may be
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overridden by a vote of the majority of eluding toll-free transit of the Panama fourteen, which Treaty, in the English and
Parliament and the King can only dis- Canal for Colombian "troops, materials Spanish languages, and as amended by the
miss his government if it does not enjoy of war, and ships of war," and the use of Senate of the United States, is word for word
as follows:
the confidence of Parliament. the Panama Railroad in the event of in- Treaty between the United States of Amer-
This new Constitution also contains terruption of ship transit. Ica and the Republic of Colombia for the
many other desirable provisions and can In the negotiations between the United settlement of their differences arising out of
be the vehicle through which Greece will States and Panama following the 1964 the events which took place on the Isthmus
achieve a truly democratic form of gov- Panamanian mob attacks on the Canal of Panama in November 1903.
emment. Various sections of the new Zone for three recently proposed new public of Colombia, being desirous to remove The United States of America and the Re-
Constitution have already been placed canal treaties, which were never signed, all the misunderstandings growing out of the
into effect and the present Greek Gov- the negotiators completely ignored the political events in Panama in November 1903;
ernment is constantly placing more sec- treaty rights of Colombia and that coun- to restore the cordial friendship that former-
Mons of the new Constitution in effect, try has protested that it would defend ly characterized the relations between the
Prior to the takeover of the Greek its rights. Also the treaty interests of two countries, and also to define and regu-
Government by the present regime, the Great Britain under the Hay-Pauncefote late their rights and interests in respect of
strength of communism was steadily in- Treaty were similarly disregarded. These the interoceanic canal which the Govern-
creasing in Greece. The reforms which are among the factors that led more meat of the United States has constructed
across the Isthmus of Panama, have resolved
the present government is placing in than 100 Members of this body in the for this purpose to conclude a Treaty and
effect are strengthening Greece to a present session to introduce identical have accordingly appointed as their Pleni-
point where the people of Greece will be resolutions opposing any surrender by potentiaries:
able to adequately govern themselves and the United States of its sovereign rightS His Excellency the President of the United
have the ability to resist outside in- over the Panama Canal to any other ha- States of America, Thaddeus Austin Thom-
fluences such as communism. tion or to any international organiza- son, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleat-
From my observations in Greece, I am tion?House Resolution 592, 593, 594, and potentiary of the United States of America
ct
confident that these conditions will be so forth. t the Government of the Republic of Co-
lonibia; and
established in the near future and that In connection with the ignoring of His Excellency the President of the Re-
the Government of Greece will become U.S. treaty obligations, it is important public of Colombia, Francisco Josa Urrutia,
Minister for Foreign Affairs; Marco Fidel Sua-
rez, First Designate to exercise the Executive
Power; Nicolas Esguerra, Ex-Minister of State;
Jos?aria Gonzalez Valencia, Senator; Ra-
fael Uribe Uribe, Senator; and Antonio Jos?
Uribe, President of the House of Representa-
tives;
Who, after communicating to each other
their respective full powers, which were
found to be in due and proper form, have
agreed upon the following:
Article I
The Republic of Colombia shall enjoy the
following rights in respect to the interoceanic
Canal and the Panama Railway, the title
to which is now vested entirely and absolute-
ly in the United States of America, without
any incumbrances or indemnities whatever.
1.?The Republic of Colombia shall be at
liberty at all times to transport through the
interoceanic Canal its troops, materials of
war and ships of war, without paying any
charges to the United States.
2.?The products of the soil and Industry
of Colombia passing through the Canal, as
well as the Colombian mails, shall be exempt
from any charge or duty other than those to
which the products and mails of the United
States may be subject. The products of the
soil and industry of Colombia, such as cattle,
salt and provisions, shall be admitted to entry
In the Canal Zone, and likewise in the island
and mainland occupied or which may be
occupied by the United States as auxiliary
and accessory thereto, without paying other
duties or charges than those payable by sim-
ilar products of the United States.
3.?Colombian citizens crossing the Canal
Zone shall, upon production of proper proof
of their nationality, be exempt from every
toll, tax or duty to which citizens of the
United States are not subject.
4.?Whenever traffic by the Canal is inter-
rupted or whenever it shall be necessary for
any other reason to use the railway, the
troops, materials of war, products and mails
of the Republic of Colombia, as above men-
tioned, shall, be transported on the Railway
between Ancon and Cristobal or on any other
Railway substituted therefor, paying only the
same charges and duties as are imposed upon
the troops, materials of war, products and
mails of the United States. The officers, agents
and employees of the Government of Co-
lombia shall, upon production of proper proof
of their official character or their employ-
ment, also be entitled to passage on the said
Railway on the same terms as officers, agents
and emloyees of the Government of the
United States.
a true democracy.
In the meantime it is my considered
opinion that we must be patient with
the present Greek Government and
make every effort to assist it in the ac-
complishment of its objectives.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Ohio (Mr. LUKENS) is rec-
ognized for 5 minutes.
[Mr. LUKENS addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
E,..tensions of Remarks.]
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Texas (Mr. GONZALE%) is rec-
ognized for 10 minutes.
[Mr. GONZALEZ addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks.]
COLOMBIA COLLECTING MATERIAL
TO DEFEND ITS INTERESTS IN
PANAMA CANAL
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Pennsylvania (Mr. FLOOD) is
recognized for 15 minutes.
Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, information
of unquestionable reliability has been re-
ceived that the Colombian Government
has been, and still is, collecting authori-
tative books and documents relating to
the Panama Canal, including statements
in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. Diplomats
from other Latin American countries
consider that this development is highly
significant.
In the Thomson-Urrutia Treaty of
1914-22 Colombia, the sovereign of the
isthmus before the Panama Revolution
of 1903, recognized that the title of the
Panama Canal and Railroad, is vested
"entirely and absolutely" in the United
States of America without any encum-
brances or indemnities whatsoever. The
United States, in return, granted in this
treaty important rights to Colombia, in-
to know that the Panama Canal Reor-
ganization Act of 1950?Public Law 841,
81st Congress?included in section 12,
subparagraph 412(d) _the following:
The levy of tolls is subject to the provi-
sions Of Section 1 of Article III of the treaty
between the United States of America and
Great Britain concluded on November 18,
1901, of Articles XVIII and XIX of the con-
vention between the United States of Amer-
ica and the Republic of Panama concluded
on November 18, 1903, and of Article I of the
Treaty between the United States of America
and the Republic of Colombia proclaimed
on March 30, 1922.
In view of the facts previously enu-
merated, it is clear that Colombia is pre-
paring to defend its vital interests in the
Panama Canal that were ignored in the
recent treaty negotiations with Panama
and, at the appropriate time, to enter the
controversy.
The facts also emphasize the impor-
tance for the United States, in all its
actions concerning the Panama Canal,
to be legally correct and not to ignore
or disregard the vital treaty rights of
other nations or of interoceanic com-
merce. Anyone who thinks that Colom-
bia will surrender its treaty rights as
regards the Panama Canal and Railroad
is a "babe in treaty land."
Because the terms of the Thomson-
Urrutia Treaty between the United
States and Colombia and the obligations
of our country thereunder are not as well
known as the provisions of the other two
canal treaties, I quote the full text of
the treaty with Colombia, together with
the notice of its publication and proto-
col of exchange, as follows:
[Treaty series, No. 6611
TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CO-.
LOMBIA : SETTLEMENT OF DIFFERENCES
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE TIN/TED STATES OF
AlVIERICA?A PROCLAMATION
Whereas a Treaty between the United
States of America and the Republic of Co-
lombia, for the settlement of their differences
arising out of the events which took place on
the Isthmus of Panama in November, 1903,
was concluded by their respective Plenipoten-
tiaries at Bogota on the sixth day of April
in the year one thousand nine hundred and
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1
1
1
12208
ApOoved For Relemit4M/staiMAC$JARIR@MBC10.314010M3001200
5. Coal. netroletim'ancl sea salt, being the
',satinets of Colombia for Colombian con-
s;iroption passing frOm?, the Atlantic coast of
Colombia to any ColeEbian port on the Pa-
cific coast, and vicena, shalt whenever
traffic by the canal la-interrupted, be trans-
ported over the afore td Railway,Ifee of any
cbarge except the actad cost of handling and
transportation, which'illail not iri any case
eaceed one half of llhe ordinary freight
charges levied upon%Oar products of the
United states passing ,1 ,er the Railway and
lo transit from one Ir L to anotilier of the
United States.
Article IT .
The Government o ao Unite States Of
America agrees to pa t the City of Wash-
ington to the Republinf Colombia the sum
of twenty-live million.--aollars, gate., United
States money, as folIclik: The stint of five
million dollars shall -t.e paid Within six
months after the exc.-Mtge of ratifications
of the present treaty:1mi reckoning from
tJie. date of that paSot, the temainin
twenty million dollars till be paid in io
annual installments arilve million doll s
each.
Article III
'1'he Republic of Colorn?bia recognizes n-
ama as an independentttion andatiking
a basis the Colombian w of June ,9, 185
, agrees that the bound all be the; follow-
ing: From Cape Tibur Lu the headwaters
1 of the Rio de la M1e1 and folloWing the
, mountain chain by the ge of Gad t to the
, Sierra de Chugargun a that of Mali going
1 down by the ridges of _Witte to the heights
of Aspave and from thee to a point on the
Pacific half way betwelp. Coealito, and La
Ardita.
To consideration of recogniden? the
Government of the Un _ States Will, im-
mediately after the exe bge of the,ratifica-
1 nous of the present Triala, take the :neces-
airy steps in order to osr'in from. title l Gov-
ernment of Panama the espatch c duly
I accredited agent to neg ate and aonclude it
1 l e
with the Government Crealombla a Treaty
, of Peace and Friendship, th a view ? to bring
about both the establishMen i; of reg lax dip-
lomatic relations betwali Colorn la and
1 Panama and the adjustratil, of all q estions
1 of pecuniary liability arbetween ir two
countries, in accordandr with reqognized
principles of law and p adents, 1 ,
Article I
The present Treaty sh be approved and
ratified by the High Co acting Pa ties in
, conformity with their ective la a, and
. the ratifications thereof It be exebnged
in the city of Bogota, soon as May be
,possible.
; In faith, whereof, the?,saici Plenipoten-
tiaries have signed the teacnt Tr Or in
duplicate nad have her afflxeq their
respective seals
Done at the city of Boa, the si4h day
of April in the year of our f?ord n4iteen
hundred and fourteen.
THADDEUS AIIRTIN THOM+N,
KRANCTSCO Joel URRTJTIA,
M ARCO FIDEL gt.TA ft CZ.
NICOLAS ESGUERR
JOsE M. Gorstir VALEriaA.
URnIE
taaarotao Jost 1:TR,I HE.
And whereas the advice &I' consent of the
Senate of the United Statqs to the r
tion of the said Treaty wa,_given als4 With
the "understanding, to beatnade a pst of
such treaty and ratificati - that th Pro-
Visions of section 1. of Art I of the- treat
granting to the Republic Colombi4 free
passage through the Panatha Canal fk Us
troops, materials of war ships o war,
shall not apply in case of liar betwee ,the
Republic of Colombia and y other ecoun-
tiy"; I
' And whereas the said Triata as amended
br the Senate and the above recited under-
!
standfrig of the Senate made a part of such
Treaty have been duly ratified on both parts,
and the ratifications of the two Governments
were exchanged at Bogota on the first day of
March, one thousand nine hundred and
twenty-two;
Now, therefore, be it known that I, Warren
G. Harding, President of the Tnited States
of America, have cause ty, as
amended, and the ' understanding, ade
a part thereof, to made public, to the d
that the same d every article and claus
thereotamay c observed and fulfilled with
good fEdth the United States and tins cit-
izens .1.
In om whereof, I have hereunto set
my and caused the seal of the United
Sta ix be affixed.
at the city of Washington, this thir-
li of March, in the year of our Lord
e thQURAN, d nine hundred and twenty-two,
nd of the independence of the United States
of America the one hundred. and forty-sixth.
WARREN G. HARDING.
ti
S. ?
By the President:
Caraarrs E. Buenas,
Secretary of state.
PROTOCOL OF EXCHANGE
The uUdersigned Plenipotentiaries having
met for the purpose of exchanging the ratifi-
ations of the 't'reaty signed at Bogota, on
1 6, 1914, between the United States of
Ante and Colombia, providing for the
settleme 'grenees arising out of the
events Which Ihre--ea. tarIsthmus of
Panama in November, 1903, andfre,ratifica-
tions of the Treaty aforesaid having "en
carefully compared and found exactly cob.
formafkaate-eaanaother, the exchange took
place this day it, the usual form.
With reference to this exchange the fol-
lowing atateinent is incorporated in the pres-
ent Protocol in accordance with instructions
received:
1. In conformity with the final Resolution
of the Senate of the United States in giving
its conseikt to the ratification of the Treaty
In queastiga. the stipulation contained in the
first c1au4D of Article one by which there is
ceded to athe Republic of Colombia free pas-
sage of it; troops, materials of war and ships
of war through the Panama Canal, shall
not be applicable in case of a state of war
between the Republic of Colornbia and any
other country.
2. The said fins: Resolution of the Senate
of the Un_it, ed States signifies, as the Secre-
tary of State in effect stated in the no
which he addressed to the Colombian
tion in_Washington on the 3rd day arbeto-
- ber, MI, that the Republic of Colombia will
not have the right of passage, free of tolls,
for its troops, materials of war and ships of
war, in case of war between Colombia and
some other, catuntry, and consequently, the
Republic of Colombia will be placed, when at
war with another country, on the same foot-
ing as any other nation under similar condi-
tions, as provided in the Hay-Pauncefote
Treaty concluded in 1901; and that, there-
fore, the Republic of Colombia will not by
operation of the declaration of the Senate of
the United States above mentioned, be placed
under any disadvantage as compared with
the other belligerent or belligerents, in the
Panama Canal,. in case of war between Co-
lombia and., some other nation or nations.
With this understanding the said Resolu-
tion has been accepted by the Colombian
Congress in accordance with the dispositions
contained in Article two of Law fifty-six of
1921, "by which is modified Law number
fourteen of 3,614" approving the Treaty.
In witness. whereof, they have signed the
present Protocol of Exchange and have af-
fixed their seals thereto.
Done at Bogota, the first day of March, one
thousand nine hundred and twenty-two.
HOFFMAN PHILP,
ANTONIO Jost BRIBE.
4ember 11' 1969
INVALIDATE INCREASE IN
AIR PARES
(Mr. MOSS asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, today 31 of
my colleagues and I asked a Federal
Court of Appeals to invalidate the in-
crease in air fares that the Civil Aero-
nautics Board recently permitted all do-
mestic airlineato putt into effect.
In a petition and, legal memorandum
filed with the Pederal Court of Appeals
in the Districtsif Columbia, we said that
the Civil Aeronautics Board had acted
tinPrePerlY and, illegally in approving the
fare increases. We had earlier unsuccess-
fully petitioned the CAB not to grant the
fare increases, but instead to hold an
adequate hearing to determine what were
the actual needs of the airline industry.
Our Motion today Asked that immedi-
ate raierbe granted by the court to pre-
vent irreparable injury to the traveling
public by continuation of the higher
fares. Specifically, we asked the court to
enter a preliminary order to prctect the
public while the court decides the appeal
which we are taking from the CAB ac-
tion.
The preliminary order requested that:
The court order the CAB to reinstate
the airline fares that had prevailed prior
o the recent increase;
Iternatively, the court enter a pro-
te ive order requiring the airlines to
ma ?prompt refunds to passengers rr
all o charges, should the court subs( -
quent I ? d that the present fares are
Or, as ?xs nal alternative, the court de-
cide the ? allenge to the CAB's order on
au exped d schedule.
The et tion flied with the court today
was a mpanied by a 100-page memo-
rand , prepared by our counsel, detail-
ing e legal arguments in support of
t requests. We asked that the court
ar oral argument on the motion on
an expedited basis.
My colleagues who filed this motion are
Hon. GLENN M. ANDERSON, THOMAS L.
ASHLEY, WALTER S. BARING, GEORGE E.
BROWN, JR, PHILLIP BURTON, DANIEL E.
BUTTON, JEFFERY COHELAN, JAMES C. COR-
MAN, JOHN D. DINGELL, DON EDWARDS,
RICHARD T. HANNA, AUGUSTUS F. HAwRINS,
CHET HOLIFIELD, HAROLD T. JOHNSON,
ROBERT L. LEGGETT, JOSEPH M. MCDADE,
JOHN MCFALL, SPARK M. MATSIJNAGA,
GEO,ESE,,,P. _MILLER, JOSEPH G. MINNISH,
PAT,SY T. MINK, JERRY L. PETTIS, THOMAS
M. RES, PETER W. RODINO, JR., EDWARD
R. ROYBAL,. BERNIE SISK, CHARLES M.
TEAGVE, JOHN TENNEY, L/ONEL VAN
Dreni nt? JEROIVIE R. WALDIE, CHARLES H.
Wn.sorf, and. myself.
The motion and supporting material
which we filed follow:
[In the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District
of Columbia Circuit]
Joiur E. MOSS, ET AL., PETITIONERS, II. CIVIL
AERONAUTICS BOARD, RESPONDEN r?No,
23,627
Memorandum_ and support of petitioners'
..mation_for interlocutory relief
--- TABLE OtCONTNTS
I. Issues presented.
A. The /ssues.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? SENATE December 11, 1969
also to build and man 21st century space and
outer planetary stations and underseas col-
onies on the ocean floor?
THE REAL LAG
Faster than automation eliminates some
Jobs, the development of science and tech-
nology creates new ones. The employment
'lag" is in trained people, not available jobs.
As all this becomes more and more evi-
dent, there is a change even in the New York
City educational attitude. On May 29, 1969,
the New York Times headlined "Dispute Over
Vocational Schools Here Revived," pointed
out that city vocational schools "have been
largely free of the student unrest that has
troubled many academic schools," and went
on to say that many youths in the vocational
schools "are quick to express their satisfac-
tion,"
This student satisfaction In all vocational
and technical schools is being expressed in
most graduates' sincere desire to go on to
higher education in their chosen fields of
work. It is very difficult to stifle the eagerness
to learn of a young person studying a sub-
ject of genuine interest well suited to his or
her individual abilities. Very often, along
with students' progress in manual or artistic
skills there is born a keen desire for more
academic achievement.
Since 99 per cent of young Americans be-
tween the ages of six and seventeen are in
elementary and secondary schools, It is there
that they should be able to find opportunities
rescuing them from the variables and early
vicissitudes of home environment. Children
are not of one mold and they must not be
cast into a school system of one mold.
The Founding Fathers who drat ted our
Educational Bill of Rights in the raid-19th
century and created the land-grant colleges
were aware of this truth when they revolu-
tionized higher education In America. Now in
1969, we must have Founding Fathers with
courage and foresight enough to revolution-
ize the elementary and secondary eduoation,
adapting it to the ohildren's real needs and
freeing it from the fetters of academic intel-
lectual snobbery and the dictates of an aca-
demic hierarchy and bureaucracy.
WE NEED NEW "IMMORTAL ACT"
In 1962, Allan Nevins, historian for the
Civil War Centennial Commission, wrote a
paper on "The Origins of the Land-Grant
Colleges and State Universities, a Brief Ac-
count of the Morrill Act of 1862 and Its Re-
sults." Nevins began thus:
"It was an immortal moment in the his-
tory of higher education in America and the
World when, on July 2, 1862, Abraham Lin-
coln lifted his pen and signed the College
Land-Grant Act, of which Justin S. Morrill of
Vermont was the principal author."
In 1862, when Morrill was asked why he
had led the fight for the Act that bears his
name, he replied, "Being myself the son of a
hardfisted blacksmith . . . who felt his own
deprivation of schools (never having spent
but six weeks inside of a schoolhouse), I
could not overlook mechanics in any measure
intended to aid the industrial classes in the
procurement of an education that might
exalt their usefulness,"
Now in our century, which is so full of good
hope even while it manifests so many human
disappointments and fears, can we deny a
majority of our youth the opportunity to
procure an education exalting their useful-
ness to themselves and to the society in
which they live?
Webster's Dictionary defines the verb "to
exalt" as "to raise high; elevate, raise in rank,
power, or character; to elevate by praise or
in estimation."
In 1862, Abraham Lincoln exalted Ameri-
can higher education by making it wider And
better suited to the individual talents and
needs of the people, Let us hope that by 1972,
another American President will have lifted
his pen to exalt our elementary and sec-
ondary education by making It wider, by
granting to vocational/technical schools both
status and funds equal to those of aoademic
schools, by according to vocational and tech-
nical education teachers with practical
know-how the same degree of prestige en-
joyed by academic teachers, and thus creat-
ing a 20th oentury education Bill of Rights
for all of American's children.
CRITICISM A TWO-WAY STREET
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, I would
not want to live in a country where
officeholders could not be criticized. It
Is a two-way street, however. Unless
officeholders can criticize the press, the
public is deprived of a full discussion on
the issues.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD an editorial en-
titled "Fair Exchange," published in the
Norfolk (Nebr.) Daily News of Novem-
ber 22, 1969.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FAIR EXCHANGE
Even before Vice President Spiro Agnew
provided some "equal time" criticism for
newspapers after dealing with the TV net-
works, a prominent editor rose to claim that
the Nixon administration was trying to
muzzle the media.
But when Spiro says that's not true, and
Herb Klein and other administration
spokesmen chime in, we do not allow our
traditionally skeptical newspaper nature to
disbelieve them. Many in private and public
life would like to influence the news, to
change it, to make it more responsive to a
particular point of view, but there are few
Americans with a dangerous disregard for
the value of a free press.
Norman Isaacs, the executive editor of
the Louisville Courier-Journal and Times,
and also president of the American Society
of Newspaper Editors, accused the adminis-
tration of undertaking a campaign for
"some sort of covert control" of both news-
papers and broadcast stations. It is an un-
fortunate reaction when critics of the media
arise.
They are put in the position of attacking
a free press, rather than criticizing what the
free press does occasionally that one thinks
is wrong.
Mr. Agnew has made it clear he believes
in no censorship, no control; but he wants
to criticize the press just as it criticizes
politicians. That ought to be fair enough.
ANNIVERSARY OF THE ADOPTION
OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS CONVEN-
TION ON GENOCIDE
Mr. PROX/VIIRE. Mr. President, on
December 11, 1948, the General _Assem-
bly of the United Nations adopted the
Human Rights Convention on Genocide
during its Paris session.
The text of the convention confirms
that genocide is a crime under interna-
tional law, whether committed in time
of peace or war. Of even greater impor-
tance, the convention states that all per-
sons committing genocide shall be pun-
ished, be they constitutionally responsi-
ble officials, or private individuals.
Though genocidal crimes are not to be
confused with political crimes, those
guilty will be subject to the rulings of
their competent national court, or, if
possible, an international penal tri-
bunal.
Over 70 nations have ratified the
Genocide Convention since 1948. The
United States has not.
On June 16, 1949, the convention out-
lawing genocide was submitted to the
Senate by President Truman. Public
hearings on the convention were held by
the Foreign Relations Committee in Jan-
uary and February of 1950. Although the
subcommittee reported favorably on the
convention, it became stalled in full com-
mittee and remained on the table at the
time the 81st Congress adjourned.
On this day, the anniversary of the
adoption of the Genocide Convention by
the General Assembly of the United Na-
tions, I once again ask this Chamber to
recognize the importance of this matter.
How can it be that this Nation, which is
founded on the principle of life and
liberty for all, not think It scandalous
that we have not affirmed this principle
for all peoples throughout the world9 I
urge the Senate to immediately consider
and move toward ratification of this
convention.
THE DICTATORIAL JUNTA IN
GREECE
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, our tragic
involvement in Vietnam and such ex-
plosive events as those taking place in
the Middle East overshadow develop-
ments of great significance in other parts
of the world. One such area is Greece,
where a dictatorial junta continues to
rule that brave and freedom-loving
people.
A few days ago, I was visited by the
former Greek Minister, Mr. Constantine
Mitsotakis, one of the best-known per-
sonalities in the postwar history of
Greece. Today he is engaged in the strug-
gle to restore parliamentary democracy
in his native land. A resistance fighter
against the Germans in World War II,
Constantine Mitsotakis was first elected
M.P. for Chanta at the age of 28. From
then on he was continuously elected for
the Centre Party. He has served in the
Papandreou government as Economic
Minister in 1965 and 1966. After the
colonels' coup, he was arrested and im-
prisoned, but succeeded in escaping in
1968 and is living outside Greece.
In our discussion, Mr. Mitsotakis em-
phasized several points which he con-
siders of particular significance concern-
ing the situation in Greece today?points
which I feel it is important for the Sen-
ate to understand.
First. Perhaps of major concern, Con-
stantine Mitsotakis believes that the next
few months?possibly 3?present the last
opportunity for a restoration of a demo-
cratic government in Greece without a
bloodbath. Moreover, he is certain that,
given the history and character of the
Greek people, a future attempt will be
made to force out the colonels' govern-
ment even if that means a bloody revolu-
tion.
Second. Also, he considers the present
attitude of the United States to be one
of the most powerful factors in main-
taining the junta In office. Even the
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forts to keep students in school 25 per cent
REASON FOR DROPOUTS
are high school drop outs Ftherniore, ap- When Chauncey M. Depew, celebrated his
proximately two-thirds do not go on to eol- 93rd birthday in 1927, he said, "When I grad-
lege, yet their education is yeeted at Cot- tutted from college, it was either the law, the
lege entrance,
ministry or medicine for the graduate. To-
Worse, of the third who det.go to a four- day there are 3,000 ocaupations upon to the
year college, only half remainAltere and ea...a college graduate."
a degree. The other half dr tip out, mainIF Now in 1969 there are many more than
In the first and second yea, And so the 3,000 occupations open to trained young peo-
follbwing comparison can beTinade.
In 1861, American higher education was
geared to the real needs of only: two per cent
of Youth; in 1969, American elementary and
seasOndary education is geared to the needs
of about 15 per cent of American youth.
1 FULFILLMENT MAKES FOSt CLAIM
It is interesting to note that by far the
biggest number of college dropouts is in the
liberal arts and social sciencea, not the pro-
fessional schools. Also, the ac%e social un-
rest in colleges occurs mainly_ .iinong stu-
dents in the arts and social sanences, not in
the professions.
In cities, almost all social urireat has been
among students in academic bigh school's
and colleges. The vocational and technieal
schools have been virtually free of It.
On October 18, 1968, the London Sundag
Times reported in an article 'nettled "Tho
Detonators" that all recent student rebellions
In England had occurred in the academic co/ -
leges1; none In the technical and vocational
institutions. Everywhere, students are cry-
ing Out for "relevance" in edatae Lion.
Is , the calm in vocational and technical
schoOls due to students' inferior intelligence:
or Is it due to their receivint the kind
education that fulfills their indiVidual n
enables them to display their individual
titudes, and furnishes them with deft
practical goal?
FULFILLMENT MAKES FOR ACH3LvEMENT
Many theories are being advanced about
the relative intelligence of ObIldren, and
about the influnece of envittnment and
heredity on their intelligence. 'Ilaeso theories
are mainly guesswork; most of the same HO.
tions were advanced during the 1850's in
the fight against the Land-Grant Colleges
Act. Then, it was thought that only upper
class "gentlemen" were mentallf and moral-
ly fit for a higher education. It also was
thout that only the "higher subjects" of
classi4-1 studies were fit for anbolarly de-
grees. Agricuture, mechanics, science and
industry were considered to be lower sub-
jects of study fit only for lesser :intellects.
Few Americans today are awar. e that the
great Massachusetts Institute of-Technology,
for example, is a land-grant colge.
In 1931, when eminent American scholars
assembled at the 45th Annual :Convention
of the Association of Land-Grant Colleges
and Universities in Chicago, Dr,- W. J. Kerr
said:
"Progress today Is based on science.
The s ience first taught in the land-grant
colleg s was of the most objective and prac-
tical k d. These early beginnings led to larg-
er and more intensified appliaaations of
science, producing cumulative reaults, which
in turn gave fresh momentum tithe move-
ment.'
. But 88 per cent of them
are untrained in elementary and Secondary
schools for any occupation except pursuit of
an academic education which two-thirds do
not pursue because they do not wish to,
or cannot afford to, or are not mentally able
to.
Obviously, our elemantary and secondary
public education systera is out-of-kilter with
most young people's callings, needs and de-
sires. Obviously, that is why at least 25 per
cent drop out of high school. That is a very
high rate, one that our nation cannot af-
ford. After all, if any business in America lest
25 per cent of its customers it Would go
broke.
Nevertheless, today, as we move into the
1970's, all classe - of our citizenry, as in
outran; ting to an education
ely entrenched in both public
upport thi
the 1850's. ar
system "s
and priv
as no relation to
the re urces of the country and the objec-
tives/Of the great mass of the people."
SPUTNIK SCARE
1.?
Our misfit public school system wee snob-
bish and undemocratic enough in the early
1950's to guarantee a future social upheaval
in our nation; but in 1957 it was made in-
finitely worse when the Soviet Union
launched Sputnik into space. Hysterical over
what was supposed to be Soviet superiority
in science and education, many of our na-
nal leaders embarked. on what might be
cal the Sputnikization of Americanpub-
fl , Immediately, there arose the
cry boy and girl should go to
t our nation could meet
lay,sicists and other ad-
MEANWHILE, ON ARTH
lic esiu
demand tha
college in order
a need for nuclear
Winced scientists.
This Sputnikization took ? e at a time
when masses of Our agriculture orkers left
newly automated farms in the uth, and
flocked North to the cities to fin employ-
ment. A large percentage of these fa work-
ers were Negroes who spoke a dial , had
little basic education, and suffered om all '
the handicaps of new emigres plus t prob-
lems of ethnic differences and polit 1 dis-
advantages. At the same time, in maurban c
communities, there was an influx of panish-
speaking emigres from Puerto ico and
Mexico. What-the new :ainorit groups in
cities most needrenewasa. fling to be- t
come economically self-sustaining. What d
they received in public school was imprac- o
college-oriented academic training. J
And the law forced them to remain itapris- f
ened in the academic schools until the age of t
6 In 37 states, 17 and 18 in the others. gr
As captives, the chiliren of the new n
emigres became saddest victims of a misfit c
school system. The dropout rate soared; so
d juvenile delinquency and crime rates. ri
Simultaneously, there occurred a wave of o
ntellectual and emotional sentimentality G
at affirmed civil rights by pretending all "
ildren are alike except for differences in se
nvironment. Though no Iwo blades of grass
petals on a rose are alike, it was preached
nd propagandized that all children could be th
tight in school, willy-nilly, to pass college te
trance exams and go on to a higher sea- to
mic education.
Because elementary and, secondary public ce
ucation in our big cities is largely irrele- o
ant to the needs of at least 85 per cent of rueban youth, there has arisen a social situa in
-
tion that threatens to bring the nation
down. Our cities are rife with violence most-
ly brought on by the frustrations of rootless,
goal-less, untrained young people easily mis-
led by agitators.
The social, economic and intellectual pres-
sures being exerted on masses of young people
In overcrowded urban schools to acquire a
college education are cruel and undemo-
cratic in the extreme. Literally, they cannot
take it. Dr. T. Campbell Goodwin, pediatri-
cian and Assistant Commissioner for Chil-
dren's Services in the New York State De-
partment of Mental Hygiene, says that today
state mental in.stitutions are crowded with
children falsely labeled as "retarded" or
"problem oases."
On August 9, 196'7, Te Christian Science
Monitor said in an editorial:
"What's wrong with a good vocational edu-
cation and a technical high school diploma?
Why should it be considered, as it so often
is, inferior to a college preparatory course?
"A survey made by an Ohio educator in
his state found '75 per cent of parents and
students desiring vocational education in the
schools
"Throughout the United States, and in
some other industrialized countries, voca-
tional education has long been a stepchild.
Only the academic curriculum has had pres-
tige. The boy (or girl) who turns away from
college to train for a job too often loses
status in the eyes of his teachers and com-
panions. The high school which boasts of
the high proportion of its graduates going to
college is disappointed in him.
"The time has come to wipe out these
snobberies. One way to do this is to provide
much better vocational education than is
now offered."
Yet, on December 5, 1967, the New York
Post reported, "The Board of Education to-
day imposed the death sentence on most of
the city's [New York City's] vocational
schools. The action, part of a change-over
to four-year comprehensive (academic plus
vocational) high schools ends two years of
bitter debate within the school system. .
[ Schools superintendent] Donovan last
spring urged the board to drop plans for a
single system of comprehensive schools on
grounds that they posed 'major difficulties' in
terms of facilities, programs, equipment arid
personnel. The board, overruling Donovares
arguments and earlier threats of rebellion
rom principals' associations, said today that
Is 24 'multi-trade' vocational schools, hous-
ng 33,000 students, would be phased out or
onverted . . . within the next eight years."
EDUCATION FOR THE Ful..URE
It is the opinion of the Christian Science
Monitor that, "The era of upgraded vooa-
lanai education for all who want it is over-
ue." That was the opinion of the Frontiers
f Science Conference in Oklahoma City,
estuary 1969, at which inventors and mann-
acturers of our space and oceanographyechnology, of the "picture-phone" and other
eat new scientific endeavors stressed the
ational need for trained technicians, me-
hanics and service personnel.
In July 1967, Lloyd's Bank Review car-
ed an article by Gerard Colley, Senior Econ-
mist at the Battele Memorial Institute,
eneva, Switzerland, who pointed out.
Tourism is today one of the fastest-growing
ctors in the world economy."
Does anyone deny that with the advent of
ass national and international air travel
ere is necessary a huge number of trained
chnical, mechanical and service personnel
fill jobs in airporthahotels, eating places,
useums, parks, cultural and entertainment
nters, banks, shops and markets? Does any-
'e doubt that service and technical person-
1 will be needed not only to foster tourism
the developed and developing nations, but
di
The 'practical science" in agrioniture, pur-
sued first at our land-grant collean,s, is what i
led to the abundance 01 our present day agri- toculture, which enables us to andel famine ch
and feed half the world. MoreOrer, it was e
academic freedom at land-grant q9licg,es that or
enabled individual scientists to make great a
discoveries and put them to good-uae under ta
our free enterprise system.
And So we see that our nation was blessed de
with thousands upon thousands of gifted
young people who pursued higher education ed
at "poen* boy" or "cow" colleges., They en- , v
riched not only America but the entire world. 1 sir
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Decentberilt
Greek military, he believes, does not
favor the junta, but rather tolerates it
from belief that it enjoys the support of
the Pentagon.
Third. Mr. Mitsotakis believes that the
initiative taken at the end of September
by the former conservative Greek Prime
Minister, Constantine Karamanlis, of-
fering his personal cooperation for the
restoration of normality and the safe-
guard of order and security, creates an
opportunity for restoration of parli-
mentary rule. Mr. Mitsotakis was a liberal
opponent of the conservative E.R.E. gov-
ernment?under Mr. Karamanlis?while
free debate prevailed. But from the first
moment of his escape from Greece, Mr.
Mitsotakis placed his services at the dis-
posal of Mr. Karamanlis and declared
publicly the need for the political world
to rally around Mr. Karamanlis and sup-
port his leadership. Mr. Mitsotakis told
me he believes that such a movement can
succeed only if the junta is denounced
by the United States and other nations
of the free world.
We can sympathize, lam sure, with the
plight of the citizens of Greece, who en-
dured so much during and after World
War H to establish self-government.
Tribulations of the more distant past re-
sulted in the immigration of thousands
of Greeks to the United States. Many
went to my State of Utah?principally
young men?to work on railroad ? con-
struction gangs and in the mines. Sub-
stantial sums of money earned through
this hard labor were sent back to the
homeland to assist needy relatives.
Homes, families, and business enterprises
were begun. Today, the descendants of
these immigrants are among our most
respected families and are most active
citizens of Utah.
It is now 21/2 years since the colonels'
regime crushed self-government in
Greece. During that time, their govern-
ment has apparently failed to gain even
a minority of supporters. Repeated state-
ments that the regime would be regular-
ized by elections have not been redeemed
and restoration of parliamentary rule in
any form appears to be far off.
It must be remembered that America,
applying the Truman doctrine, allotted
some $3 billion to Greece to counteract
a Communist threat. Thus we succeeded,
without the loss of a single soldier, in
preventing Communist expansion . in
Europe. In this struggle, all Greeks were
united and the bloody war was success-
fully prosecuted without even tempo-
rarily suspending parliamentary govern-
ment.
As Senators may recall, December 12
will see a meeting of the Foreign Min-
isters of 18 nations of the Council of
Europe. It appears that the Council will
expel Greece, based upon a report of the
European Commission for Human Rights,
written after more than 2 years of in-
vestigation.
If the Council takes such action or if
strong support for expulsion is at the
meeting, the United States should surely
reassess its position toward the Greek
dictatorship. And such a review should
take place soon?before the opportuni-
ties which appear to be present for the
restoration of a popularly based parlia-
mentary regime have passed.
Mr. President, a number of editorials
and news reports have been published in
the press recently concerning the Greek
situation. I ask unanimous consent that
they be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the items
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as folows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Nov. 26,
1969]
GREEKS EXTEND EXILE FOR 5
Aruzkrs.?Five former members of parlia-
ment considered security threats by the
army-backed Greek government were com-
mitted to an additional year in exile under
a government decision today, informed
sources said here.
The five men have been in exile in re-
mote villages and islands for more than two
years. They were deported after the army
seized power in Greece in April, 1967.
The sources named the five former mem-
bers of the Center Union Party?a powerful
party before the army takeover?as Ioannis
Charalambopoulos, Ioannis Papaspyrou,
Panayotis Katsikopoulos, Constantine Ko-
niotakis and Ioannis Alevars.
[From the New York Times, Nov. 30, 1969]
ATHENS HERALDS POLITICAL REFORM?LAW IS
DRAFTED ALLOWING FORMATION OF PARTIES
ArnErqs.?The army-backed Greek Gov-
ernment announced today that It had
drafted a law establishing rules for the for-
mation of political parties, which are now
banned under martial law.
The draft would be one of 18 "institutional
laws" that are to take effect only when full
constitutional rule, suspended since April,
1967, is restored.
The Government has pledged to have the
18 draft laws ready by the end of this year,
but refuses to commit itself to a timetable
for the restoration of the suspended articles
of the Constitution and the lifting of martial
law.
Today's announcement, which concerns
one legal step in a lenghthy procedure for the
final ratification of the "institutional laws,"
was seen in part as an effort to placate
Greece's critics abroad.
Criticism of the Greek authorities for their
failure to restore democracy, more than two
and one-half years after seizing power, is
expected to reach a climax in the next two
weeks when Western foreign ministers meet
in Brussels for the North Atlantic Treaty Or-
ganization winter session and later in Paris
for the meeting of the 18-nation Council
of Europe.
PuETHER GESTURES EXPECTED
Diplomats here expected the Athens au-
thorities to make further gestures to demon-
strate their good faith, including the release
of some of their 2,000 political prisoners.
These gestures were expected particularly
before the Council of Europe meeting on
Dec. 12, which is to vote on a motion for the
suspension of Greece's membership.
The Athens leaders are eager to demon-
strate their goodwill in view of the impres-
sion that will be created by the report of the
European Commission on Human Rights
which, after a two-year study, is said to have
reached the conclusion that Greece had tol-
erated the torturing of political prisoners
and that the danger of an imminent Com-
munist take-over invoked by the military
to seize power in April, 1967, did not really
exist.
The report is still secret and the Council
of Europe is bound by its statutes not to dis-
cuss it or take any action on it before a
three-month cooling-off period has elapsed.
S 16477
INQUIRY ON GREECE REPORTS TORTURES?
EUROPE COUNCIL REPORT ALSO FINDS THE
MILITARY REGIME BARS MANY BASIC RIGHTS
(By Alvin Shuster)
LomoN.?The European Commissifin for
Human Rights has concluded that Greece's
military-backed Government allowed torture
of political prisoners and denied many fun-
damental human rights.
Its 1,200-page report, the result of more
than two years of investigation, found that
torture and ill-treatment were "an adminis-
trative practice" that was "officially toler-
ated." It charged that Greek authorities had
takeri no effective steps lo stop the practices.
The commission, an agency of the 18-na-
tion Council of Europe, also found that,
contrary to contentions of the Greek regime,
there was no danger of a Communist take-
over at the time the army colonels seized
power on April 21, 1967, and imposed martial
law. It is still in effect.
'There is evidence indicating that it [a
Communist takeover] was neither planned at
that time nor seriously anticipated by either
the military or police authorities," the com-
mission said.
Its still-confidential report, in four vol-
umes, is likely to bolster the case of govern-
ments that will push for the expulsion of
Greepe when the ministers of the Council of
Europe meet in Paris on Dec. 12. The coun-
cil has postponed action awaiting the com-
mission's findings, which have now been sub-
mitted to the member nations.
Apart from the blow to Athens' prestige,
expulsion from the Council would also mean
removal of Greece from the Parliament of
Europe, which sits in Strasbourg and pre-
pares social and economic programs for its
members.
BRITAIN TO BACK EXPULSION
Britain has decided to vote against the
regime at the meeting and is trying to in-
fluence others to do so. The United States,
although not a member of the council, has
indicated concern about Greece's expulsion,
fearing, in part, that it might lead to pres-
sure to expel her from the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization as well.
Some United States officials also worry
that such council action might lead the
colonels, out of pique, to withdraw from
participation in NATO.
Greek leaders have sought to give the im-
pression of movement toward democracy.
They are expected to defend themselves at
next month's meeting by citing steps they
have taken, including recent talk of a still-
vague timetable for the restoration of rep-
resentative government.
But the regime will be presenting its ar-
gument against the background of the most
detailed and official condemnation of its ac-
tions yet. The report represents the efforts
of lawyers who took hundreds of hours of
testimony and even traveled to Greece for on-
the-scene investigation. Some have called
their work the weightiest international legal
inquiry since the Nuremberg trial of war
criminals after World War II.
Technically, the council cannot take any
steps on the basis of the report until three
months after its submission. BLit such coun-
tries as Britain, Norway, Sweden and Den-
mark believe there are sufficient grounds for
action now anyway.
CHARTER VIOLATION CHARGED
The conclusions?that the use of torture
had been established "beyond doubt," that
human freedoms are violated and that no
Communist threat existed at the time of the
coup?go to the heart of the case. The report
concludes that the Greek regime has thus
violated the conditions of membership, in
particular Article 3.
'That article in the charter of the council,
founded 20 years ago, states that members
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"Must accept the principles raf the rule of
la* and of the enjoyment by all persons
within its jurisdiction of human rights and
fundamental freedoms."
Such rights may be suspended under the
charter in "time of peril of other public enter-
gency threatening the life of the nation,"ibut
the commission fonnd that fiie,e conditions
did not exist at the time of the coup.
The report said that while there was a
period of "political instability and tension"
in Greece, this did not constitute a "mlialie
enaergency." While there were demonatra-
thins in the streets, it said, the situation did
"riot differ markedly from that in many other
countries in Europe."
at also rejected the Greet Government's
argument that Continued suspension of
rigthts was necessary because of bomb in-
cidents and the growth of "illegal organiza-
tions."
"The commission does not find, on the
evidence before it," it said, "that either fac-
tor is beyond the control of the public an-
t orates using normal measures, or that they
a on a scale threatening the life of the
Greek nation."
CONFRONTED GREEK AUTIWRITIES
The report said that competent creek
authorities, "confronted with numerous and
sabstantial complaints and allegations of
torture and ill-treatment," failed to take any
effective steps to investigate them or to insure
remedies for "any such complaints or allege-
tams found to be true."
Moreover, the report said that Greeks Were
being denied such fundamental rights as
freedom of expression, association, Ei4 fair
trial, and free elections at regular inte vals.
Stich rights, it noted, are required under the
cOuncil's charter.
The report, prepared by a subcommission
of the Human Rights Commission, was adopt-
ed by the parent group earlier this merith.
rtl was submitted to the member countries
nine days ago.
The council, primarily an advisory Orga-
nization, was organized to further political,
secial and economic unity of Europe. Its
other members are Austria, Belgium, Cyrus,
France, West Germany, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands,
Siaitzerland and Turkey.
[From the Washington (DC.) Post
Nev. 30, 19691
AMBASSADOR TO ATHENS?CONTENIPTUOU0 RE-
MARKS ABOUT U.S. KEEPING AMERICAN EN-
VOY'S CHAIR VACANT IN ATHENS
(By Rowland Evans and Robert Novak)
Contemptuous remarks about the U.S. by
a high Greek official are producing two
*holly unexpected side effects: Keeping the
American ambassador's chair in Athens Va-
cant a bit longer and wonsening relations
between the State Department and the Sen-
ate Foreign Relations Cominittee.
Moreover, the indiscretion of Panaarlotis
Pipinellis, Foreign Minister of the Greek
Military dictatorship, might just tip the bal-
ance against full resumption of U.S. mili-
tary aid to Greece.
At issue is a top-secret briefing by Pipinel-
11, for Greek ambassadors in Western Eu-
r pe, delivered at Bad Schniznach, Svatzer-
land, on Aug. 26. Two weeks ago, we reported
ftom a verbatim account of that briefing
that Pipinellis referred to the 11.6. as a "so-
called democracy" not to he trusted.
At that point, the Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee was ready to recommend
Confirmation of Foreign Service officer Henry
Tasca, nominated on Sept. 9 by Preeident
Nixon for the long vacant Athens post. But
When Sen. J. W. laulbright of Arkansas heard
of the Pipinellis document he informed the
State Department that his committee *Mild
Lot act on Tasca until it had a charice to
study the Pipinellis document
The State Department went into a classic
diplomatic stall. In response to three sepa-
rate telephone calls from Fulbright aides,
it curiously pleaded inability to locate a
copy of the briefing?curious because a copy
was actually in the State Department's hands
before we obtained ours. Vexed with the
State Department, Fulbright finally ob-
tained a copy through private channels.
That means Tasca may not get confirmed
before the new year. More important, the
effort of Sen. Claiborne Pell of Rhode Island
to put a rider on the foreign aid bill bar-
ring military assistance to Greece is strength-
ened.
In addition to Pipinellis' assault on U.S.
style democracy, he belittled Mr. Nixon's
Vietnam and defense policies.
"We all thought that, after the Repub-
lican victory, there would be greater stress
on rearmament and on strengthening the
world's defenses," Pipinellis said. "But the
real situation has proved quite different. Mr.
Nixon went to the Fan East without, as it
seems, having decided any other concrete
program than a declaration to all Asians that
America is returning to a policy of falling
back to home."
News of U.S. troop *pullouts "has been
heard with disbelief," Pipinellis said, sarcas-
tically referring to a $6 billion U.S. defense
cutback as "good fleas."
NEW CAMPAIGN CHIEF
The easy victory of conservative Republi-
can Crane in last Tuesday's special congres-
sional election from Chicago's northern sub-
urbs will give I. Lee Potter a graceful exit as
staff director of the Republican Congres-
sional Campaign Conunittcc a move pri-
vately insisted upon by the White House.
Potter, Republican National Committee-
man from Virginia, has been under criticism
ever since the disappointing Republican
showing in the 1968 congressional elections.
That. criticism swelled this year when the
Republicans lost three seats and gained none
in special congressio:aal elections earlier this
year.
Party pros grumbled that Potter spent too
much time on business interests in northern
Virginia and not enc ugh on candidate selec-
tion. Over the past two years, the commit-
tee's once impressive Staff has disintegrated.
These complaints strongly disputed by
Rep. Bob Wilson of California, the campaign
committee chairman, found fertile soil in the
White House (which hasn't forgotten Pot-
ter's preconvention coolness 'toward candi-
date Nixon in 1966). Accordingly, White
House political aide Harry Dent has relayed
the President's desire that a change be
made.
James Allison, the sharp young Texas po-
litical pro now deputy chairman at the Re-
publican National Committee, could have
the job but won't take it. In the running
are Gus Owens, a fie:.d man for the campaign
committee; Tom Lies, who left the commit-
tee to work under Dent at the White House;
and Robert Bradford, executive director of
the Illinois Republican Party.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Nov. 29,
1969]
KEEPING THE Hzay ON THE ATHENS JUNTA
The foreign ministers of 18 nations in the
prestigious Council of Europe are to meet
Dec. 12 to decide a hether to throw Greece
out. They should. The ruling junta in Athens
has, as charged, violated human rights and
blocked parliamentary rule. An organization
of the council's idealistic purposes which
countenanced the junta would forfeit public
respect. As long as there seemed a chance
that the colonels might pick their way back
toward democracy, the council could reason-
ably suspend judgment But the officers have
made it plain they do not intend to relin-
quish power voluntarily. They are sapping
the Greek economy and, by their clumsiness
and terror, turning the public's earlier
apathy into opposition. Their isolation by the
Council of Europe could add an important
increment of pressure on their position at
home.
After the April, 1967, coup, and especially
after the King's abortive countercoup that
December, Greek politicians were in disarray
and many observers feared there was no real
and acceptable alternative to military rule.
This autumn, however, Constantine Car-
amanlis, a widely respected former premier
who had gone into exile, managed to or-
ganize the responsible political elements into
a standby coalition; he offered himself as
head of a provisional government of national
unity. Mr. Caramanlie called on the junta
to step down; otherwise, he said, other offi-
cers should "appreciate their duty"?that is,
oust them. For now, the colonels remain in
power. But those who oppose them can work
with confidence that constitutionalism, not
chaos, lies beyond.
Though the -United States has taken pains
to stay at arm's length from the colonels, the
20-year record of deep American involvement
in Athens has given wide currency in Greece
to a curious Myth. This myth holds that
Washington sustains the junta and that, if
It chose, Washington could bring it down.
Bringing down the colonels is not Washing-
ton's duty? or right. But denying them cru-
cial support is: military aid is one kind of
crucial support.
Two administrations have withheld ma-
jor military aid since the coup, except for
a brief period last year when jitters about the
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia tool pre-
cedence over distaste for the Athens regime.
By Senator Pell's calculation, as much as
$263 million in aid hat backed up. In remarks
not fully appreciated by the junta's Amer-
ican critics, the Nixon administration states
that Greece has "scrupulously fulfilled" its
NATO obligations?but without the military
aid. The critics have been alarmed by a Pen-
tagon chart listing Greece as having bought
$33 million worth of arms in 1969, as against
$24 million in the preceding sir years. In-
quiry reveals, however, that the $33 Million
figure includes $27 million for deals that fell
through. The colonels are furious. The Unit-
ed States should do nothing to bring them-
joy.
JOBS NOW, INC.?LOTTISVLLLE, KY.
Mr. COOK. Mr. President, I invite the
attention of Senators to the outstanding
community relations work being done in
my hometown of Louisville by a corpora-
tion called Action Now, Inc., under the
able direction of George T. Underhill,
Jr.
Action Now, Inc., represents the in-
volvement of the private sector in the
problems of the underprivileged. It does
not in any way compete with Federal,
State or local agencies. Rather it at-
tempts to complement and aid them. Its
primary purpose is to tap one of the
city's largest resources?successful man-
agement. The directors of Action Now,
Inc., are drawn from the Louisville busi-
ness community, black and white. They
have much to offer that cannot be dupli-
cated in a Government agency: Their
time is unstructured, they are familiar
with their city's problems, they have a
vested interest in those problems.
Action Now is a privately financed,
nonprofit organization designed to func-
tion as its name implies?to stimulate
jobs, housing, and business experience
for the disadvantaged. Its three compa-
nies function in the areas of job Procure-
ment, Jobs Now; adequate housing.
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December 11, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA S 16521
bill. In a heartening demonstration of firm-
ness, President Thieu has asked to have it
amended to its original strong version. Under
Vietnamese law, the upper houSe amend-
ments, if any, will prevail unless overridden
by two-thirds of the total membership of the
lower house. Even then President Thieu can
amend and will prevail, unless his amend-
ments are overridden by a majority of the
joint membership of the two houses. Thus,
for the moment, with President Thieu's con-
tinued exhibition of firmness, land reform is
"up" again after its lower house drubbing.
But whether the upper house amends
and-if not-whether President Thieu
amends and is not overridden, now depend
crucially on the credibility of the compensa-
tion to the landlords.
As this was written, pressures appeared to
be building for a United States declaration
of financial support for the program-con-
sistent with President Richard Nixon's strong
general statement of support for the program
in the Midway communiqu?f June, 1969.
Whether such a statement is made may well
be decisive in determining whether, as this is
being read, the mass of South Vietnamese
peasants are finally becomng owner-farmers,
or whether the chance to achieve an impact
during the 1969 main Delta harvest period
(December to February) has been missed.
If, finally, land reform goes "down" again, it
may w..7.;4 be for the final count.
l?a 14+
THE U.S. AMBASSADOR TO GREECE
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. President, I have
requested Senate Majority Leader MANS-
FIELD to place a hold on the consideration
of the nomination of Henry J. Tasca to
be U.S. Ambassador to Greece.
My reason is that I believe this is not
the propitious moment for the United
States to send an ambassador to
Greece-not that I have any reservations
concerning Mr. Tasca's qualifications.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that a statement I issued yesterday
explaining the reasons for my action be
printed in the RECORD, as well as an edi-
torial on this subject which appeared in
today's New York Times.
There being no objection, the state-
ment and editorial were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
GOODELL REQUESTS SENATE To DEFER NOMINA-
TION OF AMBASSADOR DESIGNATE TO GREEK
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP
I have requested Senate Majority Leader
Mansfield to hold up consideration of the
nomination of Henry J. Tasca to be our Am-
bassador to Greece.
My reason is not that I have any reserva-
tions concerning Mr. Tasca's qualifications.
He is, by all accounts, an able diplomat who
is fully qualified to hold ambassadorial rank.
I have taken this action because I think
it is not advisable at the present moment for
the United States to send an ambassador to
the Greek dictatorship.
I recognize that it is often desirable to have
full representation in countries with whose
policies we fundamentally disagree. Diplo-
matic communication is important between
countries having different political systems.
This, however, is a delicate moment.
The Council of Europe is about to consider
a motion to suspend or expel the Greek re-
gime from membership because of its viola-
tions of the basic human rights of Greek
citizens.
The Administration has been ? urging the
Greek regime to adopt more democratic
policies.
The Senirte Foreign Relations Committee,
I am pleaded to note, has decided against
authorizing any military aid to Greece.
There are signs that the forces behind the
Greek junta might respond to these and
other pressures for reform.
I am hopeful that the temporary withhold-
ing of an ambassador would be an additional
signal of our displeasure with the dictator-
ship's present practices and might encourage
responsible elements in Greece to press for
more democratic and humane policies.
I am fearful that the dispatch of an am-
bassador at this time-two days before the
Council of Europe meets to consider the
suspension or expulsion of Greece-would be
particularly ill-timed. It could be miscon-
strued in Europe as a.gesture of support for
the junta and its present course; and intrude
ourselves gratuitously in a decision that
should be made by the Europeans themselves.
I note also, that we have not even nomi-
nated an ambassador to Sweden. Many in
that country apparently believe that we have
not done so because we are displeased with
the Swedish government's position on Viet-
nam. I do not know if this is the case. What-
ever happens, we must certainly avoid giv-
ing the impression that we are more con-
cerned over Swedish aiews on Vietnam than
we are over totalitarian practices in Greece.
In summary, I am proposing a temporary
hold on the nomination because I believe this
is the wrong moment to send an ambassador;
and also to emphasize our disapproval of the
Greek junta's present policies and encourage
responsible forces for change in Greece.
A police state now reigns in Greece, the
birthplace of democracy. Government by ter-
ror and by torture rules in the land which
first conceived of government by consent of
the governed.
The Human Rights Commission of the
Council of Europe, after extensive investi-
gation, has found that torture and ill-treat-
ment of political prisoners amounted to an
"administrative practice" that has been "of-
ficially tolerated" by Greek government au-
thorities. The Commission specifically re-
ported 213 cases in which it had found evi-
dence of torture-including a number of
cases in which evidence of torture was found
to be conclusive.
In addition to torture, the Commission
found the Greek junta guilty of widespread
abuses of civil and personal rights.
The Commission also exploded the fiction
propagated by the junta that its seizure of
power and subsequent rule was justified b'
the threat of a Communist takeover. After
reviewing the evidence, it found there was
no substance to the junta's claims that a
Communist coup was imminent in 1967.
At this critical moment, It is imperative
that we do nothing that can be misinter-
preted by the Greek dictatorship and other
nations as an endorsement of the junta's
present policies.
[From the New York Times, Dec. 11, 19691
THE GREEK JUNTA ON TRIAL
Membership in the Council of Europe is re-
stricted by its statute to countries that "ac-
cept the principles of the rule of law" and
enjoyment by all citizens of "human rights
and fundamental freedoms." Foreign minis-
ters of the eighteen members vote in Paris
tomorrow on a resolution adopted by a huge
majority of the Council's Consultative As-
sembly demanding the ouster of Greece "for
serious violations of the conditions of mem-
bership."
The ministers will have before them a 1,200-
page report by the European Commission on
Human Rights that details many cases of tor-
ture of political prisoners by the Greek junta.
They will also doubtless consider the un-
covering by a respected British reporter of
what appears to be a top-secret document,
signed by the Director-General of the Greek
Foreign Ministry, involving Premier Papa-
dopoUlos himself in a right-wing plot to stage
a military coup in Italy.
In these circumstances, Senator Goodell
has acted responsibly in asking Majority
Leader Mansfield to delay a vote on the con-
firmation of Henry J. Tasca as United States
Ambassador to Athens. As Mr. Goodell makes
clear, this is no reflection on Mr. Tasca; nor
is it an effort to keep the ambassadorship in
Athens vacant indefinitely because of disap-
proval of the junta.
It is simply that for the Senate to confirm
Mr. Tosco on the eve of the Council's vote
would be interpreted as an attempt by Wash-
ington to pressure undecided Governments
to keep Greece in the fold. The United States
is already being accused of trying to influ-
ence the Council's decision in favor of the
junta. A brief delay will not damage Mr.
Tasca's standing with the colonels; indeed,
it may enhance his influence if the delay
helps persuade them that the United States
is genuinely concerned at their failure to
to move Greece back toward freedom and
democracy.
THE CALENDAR
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Senate pro-
ceed to the consideration of Calendar
Nos. 581, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, and 599.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
PUBLIC HEALTH TRAINING
The Senate proceeded to consider the
bill (S. 2809), to amend the Health Serv-
ice Act so as to extend for an additional
period the authority to make formula
grants to schools of public health, which
had been reported from the Committee
on Labor and Public Welfare with
amendments, on page 2, after line 5, in-
sert a new section, as follows:
SEC. 2. Section 309(a) of the Public Health
Service Act is amended by striking out "and
$12,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1971" and inserting in lieu thereof: "$15,000,-
000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971,
$18,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1972, $21,000,000 for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1973, $24,000,000 for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1974, and $27,000,000 for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1975".
And, after line 13, insert a new section,
as follows:
SEC. 3. Section 306(a) of the Public Health
Service Act is amended by striking out "and
$14,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1971" and inserting in lieu thereof: "$14,000-
000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971,
$18,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1972, $22,000,000 for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1973, $26,000,000 for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1974, and $30,000,000 for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1975".
So as to make the bill read:
S. 2809
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That section
309(c) of the Public Health Service Act is
amended by striking out "$5,000,000 for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1968, $6,000,000 for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1969, and $7,-
000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1970" and inserting in lieu thereof: "$7,000,-
000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1970,
$9,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1971, $12,000,000 for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1972, $15,000,000 for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1973, $18,000,000 for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1974, and $20,000,000 for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975".
SEC. 2. Section 309(a) of the Public Health
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16522 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE December 11, 1969
Service Act is amended by striking out `: an These three programs are not new. The the training of public health personnel. The
$12,000,000 for the fiscal ye aX ending Jute- $0, traineeships were authorized in 1957, the other two are section 306 of the Public
171" and inserting in lieu ttiereof : ON "$16,C GO,-
., formula grants in 1958 and the project Health Service Act that authorizes appro-
for the fiscal year ending June 30, larrsa
08,000,000 for the fiscal year ending Juxte grants in 1960. priations for traineeships for professional
public health personnel and section 309(a)
S. 2809, as reported, would authorize
30, 1972, $21,000,000 for the *cal year eliding
JUne 30, 1973, $24,000,000 ror the fiscal year the following appropriations: of the Public Health Service Act that au-
thorizes appropriations for project grants for
ending June 30, 1974, and $87,000,000 for the For traineeships, $18 million for 1972; graduate training in public health. Both of
nscal year ending June 30, 5875". $22 million for 1973; $26 million for 1974; the latter two authorizations expire June 30,
, SEC. 3. Seotion 306(a) of tie Public Health and $30 million for 1975, 1971.
Stervice Act is amended by striking out -and For project grants, $15 million for The common objective or these formula
$14,000,000 for the fiscal year ending 'June 1971; $18 million for 1972; $21 million grants, project grants, and traineeships is to
33, 1971" and inserting in lieu thereof: '4314,-
000,000 for the fiscal year ending Julie 30, for 1973; $24 mill..on for 1974; and $2 i
a increase the supply of well-trained public
health personnel. These sources of linen-
1971, $18,000,000 for the fiscal year ending million for 1975,
cial support are closely related.
Jane 30, 1972, $22,000,000 kr the fiscal: year For formula grants, $9 million for
i recommended, therefore, that the for-
ending June 30, 16373, $26,000,3000 for the fiscal 1971; $12 million for 1972; $15 million for mule grants, project grants, and trainee-
It s
yilar ending June 30, 1974, and sao,000,000 for 1973; $18 million,/ or
t e fiscal year ending June 30, 1975". , lion for 1975. - ? nd $20 mil- ships be given a common expiration date of
June 30, 1975.
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, Mr. Prpardent, the 16 schools b&public THE PROBLEM
today a high rate of infant mortality is healt --).e of 'which are in StateNm- Advancing urbanization and acceptance
the major reason why the United States vers es, have the responsibility for pro- of public responsibility for new health serv-
lags behind other major countries in vi g graduates capable of duty in the ices to the populatien have expanded the
lOngevity. Prenatal and infant care and lth services of all the 50 States, the need for personnel trained in protecting the
public health. For many years agencies con-
nutrition education needed to reduce tories, and the Federal Government,
o con-
cerned with community health programs
infant mortality rate are essentially las well as for international activities, have been faced by shortages of professional
P
bile health problems. So are the lmg- :, They are analagous to national service personnel with public health training-in-
t rm chronic illnesses of age becoming al academies in that they must prepare stu- eluding physicians, nurses, and sanitarians.
n w domain for public health inquiry dents for public sen?vice anywhere in the In recent years the shortages have become
and control. country. Ninety percent of their gradu- more severe than ever before as new concepts
I Increased urbanization and acceptg:i. ates enter public service and hold key of the role of public health have evolved. New
of public responsibility Mr new heal posts in local, city, State, National, and responsibilities have been given State and
local health departments. Some years ago
services to the population liave expanded international agencies, and the charac- the control of infectious diseases represented
the need for personnel trained in WO- ter of professional leadership in the the major role of health departments. Today
tecting the public health. For many years teaching of public health in the United immunization programs are a relatively
htncies concerned with commmity ates has been reflected in the frequency small but none the less important aspect
alth problems have been faced ti3r which faculty members are called of the activities of health departments and
shOrtages of professional personnel with on consultation abroad, these activities require highly specialized
ptiblic health training, including 013E1- Mr. resident, because this bill is and trained public health personnel. Among
cions, nurses, and sanitarians. vitally i ortant to the training and bet- the new responsibilities are comprehensive
health planning, health and medical care
Approximately 5,400 positions in State ter prepa tion of public health person- administration; environmental management
arid local health departments are Cur- nel, I reco end that this bill pass the in the areas of air, water, and land; popula-
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Decemsber 5, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions
Circumstances could change. Adopting the
projections of Consolidated Gold Fields, a
few years of rising demand and dwindling
supply could restore the markets and the
bullion dealers to their former glory. That
might equally well be achieved, though more
drastically, if declining prices caused a
shake-out of dispirited hoarders and re-
turned gold to its floor. Life has been full
of surprises for the bullion dealers. It is
little wonder that in celebrating, this year,
the fiftieth anniversary of the daily London
"fixing," they have been anything but de-
sponde t.
i?it THE GREEK TRAGEDY
HON. DONALD M. FRASER
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, December 4, 1969
Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, on No-
vember 18 I placed hi the RECORD two
articles detailing the attempts of the
ruling colonels to stifle the Greek press.
Another aspect of the colonels' cam-
paign was reported on November 26, 1969,
in the New York Times. The article
follows:
GREEK PROVINCIAL POLICE BAN SOME ATHENS
PAPERS
ATHENS, November 25?Most of the daily
newspapers of Athens were prevented today
from circulating In north and central
Greece.
The ban was apparently imposed by local
security police Greece's military-backed gov-
ernment, which recently issued a new law
attesting to "freedom of the press," had no
official comment.
For the last six weeks, newspaper publish-
ers and distributors have reported police ob-
struction in the provincial sales of Athens
newspapers not actively friendly toward the
Government.
It began with ban on the sale of specific
issues of national newspapers. On an ap-
parently haphazard basis, newspaper distri-
butors in some provincial towns were ordered
ttip ration the sales of Athens newspapers
that did not support the regime. This was
later changed to a system of quotas some-
times representing 20 percent of the news-
papers' normal sales.
Today's measures were enforced differently
and more drastically. Technically no news-
papers were seized and no quotas were set.
The police visited news vendors in the Thes-
saly area of central Greece and ordered that
the bundles of all but three Athens dailies
were to be returned unopened to the pub-
lishers. The sale of newspapers friendly to
the regime, Eleftheros Kosmos, Nea Politeia
and Vradyni, was permitted.
The battle between the Government and
the press started soon after Premier George
Papadopoulos abolished preventive censor-
ship on newspapers on Oct. 3.
The press reacted cautiously but with wit.
There were cartoons ridiculing the Portu-
guese elections or of Spain that were easily
translated by readers into comment on
Greece.
Headlines were often calculated to irri-
tate the Government, and two Athens dailies
published series on the attempt of exiled
King Constantine to topple the military-im-
posed regime.
Athens publishers were called in by Gov-
ernment officials and told to mend their
ways. But officially the Government denied
any attempt to harass the press.
Deputy Premier Stylianos Patakos said
early this month: "What has happened is
that readers are so disgusted with What'
newspapers print that they naturally refuse
to buy them."
Under the new press law, which goes into
effect Jan. 1, any interference with news-
paper distribution not authorized by judicial
authorities is punishable by a minimum
three-month prison term.
Nothing has been more characteristic
of the junta than their attempt to end
the free press in Greece unless it is the
colonels' periodic announcements of re-
form timetables. The latest was reported
by the Times on November 24. The fol-
lowing day an excellent editorial put the
latest "reform" in its proper perspective:
GREECE REPORTS TIMETABLE FOR REFORM
ATHENS, November 23.?Greece's military-
backed Government said today that it had
set a firm timetable for the restoration of
representative government, which was abol-
ished in a coup d'etat 31 months ago.
This assurance was given by Foreign Min-
ister Panayotis Pipinelis in an article pub-
lished today in the Athens newspaper Acro-
polis. In the article, which did not disclose
any dates, Mr. Pipinelis said:
"I can assure the Greek people that the
actual Government under its present leader-
ship is in a position to carry out unfailingly
the program for a phased application of the
whole Constitution within a predetermined
time limit. Then the Greeks will be called
upon to express their opinion on its ac-
complishments, in order to consolidate them
or even smash them if so they wish."
The Foreign Minister's statement marked
a step forward from earlier vague declara-
tions that full constitutional rule would be
restored "only when the revolution's goals
have been accomplished." One of these goals
is the civic re-education of the Greeks, which
could last a generation.
ALLIES PRESSING GREECE
Most GIVR and political liberties of the
Greeks have been in abeyance since the army
coup in April, 1967.
Greece's Western allies have been pressing
the leaders to commit themselves to a time-
table for evolution toward democracy. The
United States even "selectively suspended"
military aid to Greece as leverage for politi-
cal changes,
The Greek leaders have so far resisted this
pressure on the ground that they alone "shall
determine when the time is ripe for demo-
cratic evolution, bearing in mind the in-
terests of the Greek people."
Mr. Pipinelis's statement that a timetable
does exist comes at a time when most of
Greece's allies and friends are reviewing their
attitudes toward the Greek Government in
view of the slow progress toward a return to
democratic government.
A crucial decision is expected in Paris Dec.
12 when the 18 foreign minister of the
Council of Europe meet to consider the mo-
tion to oust Greece for suspending demo-
cratic freedoms and parliamentary rule.
Earlier efforts to avert an ouster, by in-
ducing Athens to pledge itself to an irrevo-
cable timetable for democratization, failed
last September when the three-phase pro-
gram submitted by the Greek Government,
covering the period to the end of 1970, fell
short of promising either the lifting of mar-
tial law or the holdings of free elections.
CHANGE IN ATTITUDE IMPLIED
Mr. Plpinelis's statement implied a change
of attitude. If a guaranteed timetable lead-
ing to elections were announced. Greece's
explusion from the Council of Europe might
be averted.
The Scandinavian countries, Belgium and
the Netherlands which have led the move-
ment to expel Greece, were joined this week
by Britain. Britain made it clear that unless
definite proof of good faith were produced
of Remarks E 10357
by Athens at once Britain would support the
ouster movement.
GREEK'S PREDICTABLE JUNTA
One thing can be said about the Greek
junta: Its international political maneuvers
are entirely predictable. It Invariably begins
to make noises about restoring freedoms or
returning Greece to representative rule when
it is facing the threat of international censure
or condemnation.
Thus, almost on the eve of the meeting of
Atlantic Alliance ministers in Washington
last April, Colonel Papadopoulos proclaimed
"restoration" of three articles of the 1968
Constitution relating to civil liberties. With
this meaningless gesture he was trying to
head off a threat of NATO action against
Greece.
And thus, with a move to expel Greece
from the Council of Europe coming up at
the meeting of foreign ministers next month,
Foreign Minister Pipinelis discloses that the
junta has a definite timetable for elections
and a return to representative government.
Mr. Pipinelis gives no dates?just assurances
that the regime will apply the Constitution
in phases "within a predetermined time
limit," and that the Greeks will then be
given the opportunity 'to express their
opinion on its accomplishments." They can
vote to consolidate those accomplishments
"or even smash them if they so wish."
Mr. Pipinelis at seventy is a pathetic figure:
the only political leader of any prominence
to serve the colonels since King Constantine's
abortive countercoup of 1967; the only politi-
cal name the junta has been able to flaunt
abroad in the vain attempt to garner re-
spectability.
Mr. Pipinelis is the foreign minister in
name only, as he certainly discovered long
ago; and not even he can really believe that
Papadopoulos, Patakos and Company have a
timetable for legitimate elections or any in-
tention of submitting themselves to a free
judgment of the Greek people.
Finally, the European Commission for
Human Rights has concluded its study of
the Greek regime. They reportedly have
found that torture and ill-treatment are
"an administrative practice" that is "of-
ficially tolerated." Those who defend the
colonels' government should carefully
consider this report and the effort which
will be made later this month to expel
Greece from the Council of Europe.
At this point I include in the RECORD
news reports of these developments:
INQUIRY ON GREECE REPORTS TORTURES:
EUROPE COUNCIL STUDY ALSO FINDS MANY
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ARE BEING DENIED
(By Alvin Shuster)
LoNrioN, November 28.?The European
Commission for Human Rights has con-
cluded that Greece's military-backed Gov-
ernment allowed torture of political prisoners
and denied many fundamental human rights.
Its 1,200-page report, the result of more
than two years of investigation, found that
torture and ill-treatment were "an adminie-
tractive practice" that was "officially toler-
ated." It charged that Greek authorities had
taken no effective steps to stop the practices.
The commission, an agency of the 18-
nation Council of Europe, also found that,
contrary to contentions of the Greek regime,
there was no danger of a Communist take-
over at the time the army colonels seized
power on April 21, 1967, and imposed martial
law, still in effect.
"There is evidence indicating that it (a
Communist takeoveri was neither planned
at that time nor seriously anticipated by
either the military or police authorities,"
the commission said.
Its still-confidential report, in four vol-
umes, is likely to bolster the case of govern-
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E 10358 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks
menta that will push for the eforpulsion of
Greece wheia the ministers of the Council of
Europe meet in Paris on Dec. 12. The council
has postponed action awaiting the commis-
sion's finding& which have now been sub-
mitted to the member-nations.
Apart from the blow to Athens prestige,
expulsion from the Council would also mean
removal of Greece from the Parliament of
Europe, which sits in Strasbourg and pre-
pares social and econclinic programs for its
members.
BRITAIN TO BACK EXPULSION
Britain has decided to vote against the
regime at the meeting and is trying to influ-
ence others to do so. The United States, al-
though not a member of the council, has
indicated concern about Greece's ,expuision,
fearing, in part, that it might lead to pres-
sure to expel her from the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization as well.
Some United States officials also tvorry that
such council action might lead the colonels,
out of pique, to withdrati, from participation
in NATO.
Greek leaders have sought to give the im-
pression of movement toward democracy.
They are expected to defend themselves at
next month's meeting by citing steps they
have taken, including recent talk or a still-
vague timetable for the restoration of repre-
sentative government.
But the regime will be presenting its argu-
ments against the background of the most
detailed and official condemnation of its
actions yet. The report represents the efforts
of lawyers who took hundreds of hours of
testimony and even traveled to Greece for
on-the-scene investigatiou Some have called
I their work the weightiest international legal
I inquiry since the Nuremberg trial of war
criminals after World War II.
Technically, the counell cannot take any
steps on the basis of the report until three
months after its submission. But such coun-
tries as Britain, Norway, Sweden and Den-
mark believe there are sufficient grounds for
, action now anyway.
CHARTER VIOLATION CHARGED
The conclusions?that the use of torture
had been established "betond doubt." that
human freedoms are violated and that no
Communist threat existed at the time of the
coup?go to the heart of the case. The report
concludes that the Greek regime has thus
violated the conditions of membership, in
particular Article 3.
That article in the charter of the council,
I founded 20 years ago, abates that members
I "must accept the principles of the rule of
law and of the enjoyment by all persons
within its jurisdiction of human rights and
fundamental freedoms."
Such rights may be suspended under the
charter in "time of peril or other public
emergency threatening the life of the na-
tion," but the commission found that these
conditions did not exist at the time of the
ooup.
The report said that while there was a
period of "political instability and *Delon"
in Greece, this did not constitute a '"public
emergency." While there were demonstra-
tions in the streets, it said, the situation did
"not differ markedly from that in many
other countries in Europe."
It also rejected the Greek Government's
I argument that continued suspenssan of
Irights was necessary because of bomb inci-
dents and the growth of "illegal
tions." orratilza,-
"Te commission does not find, On the
evidence before it," it said, "that either fac-
tor is beyond the control of the public au-
thorities using normal Measures, or that
they are on a scale threatening the 'life of
the Greek nation."
CONFRONTED GREEK NW HORITIES
The report said that competent Greek au-
thorities, "confronted with numerous and
substantial complaints and allegations of
torture and ill-treatment," failed to take
any effective steps to investigate them or to
insure rernediEs for "any such complaints or
allegations found to be true."
Moreover, the report said that Greeks were
being denied such fundamental rights as
freedom of expression, association, a fair
trial, and free elections at regular intervals,
such rights, it noted, are required under the
council's charter.
The report, prepared by a subcommission
of the Human Rights Commission, was
adopted by the parent group earlier this
month. It was submitted to the member
countries nine days ago.
The council, primarily an advisory orga-
nization, was organized to further political,
social and economic unity of Europe. Its
other members are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus,
France, West Germany, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands,
Switzerland and Turkey.
GREECE: TROUB:IS AHEAD FOR THE COLONELS
Loanioar.?The regime of the colonels in
Greece will shortly face one its more difficult
diplomatic tests since the 1967 coup that
brought it to power. The Council of Europe,
meeting in Paris a week from this Friday,
will consider suspending Greece from mem-
bership because of her undemocratic mili-
tary government. The expectation here is
that the council will vote for the suspension.
The move against Greece has more than
the usual potential of mere name-calling
motions in international organization. This
action might have a real political effect in
Greece. And it is also noteworthy because
it has aroused a rare difference of diplomatic
opinion between Britain and the United
States.
Britain is going to vote against the col-
onels, and the Foreign Office is playing a
leading part in trying to persuade others
among the 18 council members to do so.
The United States, which is not a member
of the Council of Europe, has indicated to its
European allies its uneasiness over the
British move,
The American concern is with Greece's
position in the North Atlantic Treaty Or-
ganization. The growing number of Soviet
ships in the Mediterranean, the coup in
Libya and the unending Abra-Israeli tension
have all intensified the view in Washington
that Greece is vital as a military ally.
U.S. MILITARY AID
American military assistance, which was
cut off after the colonels' revolution in 1967,
Was resumed in part after the Soviet inn--
sion of Czechoskvakia last year. Some air-
craft, minesweepers and other items espe-
cially useful for _NATO support are now
going to Greece. And the United States again
has an ambassador in Athens.
What worries American officials is that the
colonels, in pique at a slap from the Council
of Europe, might suspend Greek participa-
tion in NATO's operations on the southern
flank of Europe. Diplomats here report that
various Greek scurces have been voicing
threats of that kind in an effort to prevent
an adverse council vote.
British officials are skeptical at the notion
of Greece's withdrawing from NATO in
pique. They argue that the Athens regime
needs NATO more than the alliance needs
it?especially because the colonels depend
for their power or support from the army,
Which greatly values the NATO role.
European sentiment against the colonels
will doubtless be farther stirred by a report
of the European Human Rights Commis-
sion A massive study of repression under
the military regime, in four volumes, it be-
gan leaking out here over this weekend.
The study concludes that the regime has
made a practice of- using torture and has
denied most of the fundamental rights of
man--of expression, association, fair trial
and free elections.
December 5, 1969
The charter -Of the Council of Europe, an
advisory body created in 1949, says that
members "muait accept the principles of the
rule of law and of the enjoyment of human
rights arid fundamental freedoms." It is be-
cause the council his that political basis
that Michael Stewart, the British Foreign
Secretary, has insisted on dealing with
Greece.
At the last meeting of the Committee of
Ministers, in gay, Greece was in effect put
on probation. A resolution warned that she
would be suspended unless the Government
took steps to restore democracy and the
rule of law.
British officials see no sign that the col-
onels have rule since then. No date has
been set for an elections. The press is still
gagged. The colonels dismissed the Presi-
dent of their Council of State last summer
when he found that they had gone beyond
their powers in acting against some judges;
for good measure the colonels exiled the
lawyers who had handled the case.
American diplomats say the United States
has persistently urged the colonels to get
the country back to representative democ-
racy. But the tfnited States is plainly re-
luctant to apply direct pressure.
One American worry is that successful
action against Greece in the Council of
Europe would lead to demands for her ex-
pulsion from NATO. The British argue that
NATO's purpose is altogether different. They
also say that failure to do anything in the
Council of Europe might bring pressure
in three NATO countries?Norway, Den-
mark and the Netherlands?for a move
against Greece in NATO.
The members of the Council of Europe
are Austria, Belgium, Britain, Cyprus, Den-
mark, France, West Germany, Greece, Ice-
land, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta,
the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzer-
land and Turkey. At least 10 of the 18 must
vote for expulsion for the motion to prevail.
The council's purpose is to further the
political, economic and social unity of Eur-
ope. It has sponsored a large number of
treaties on legal, social and practical com-
munications questions, One of the treaties
is the European uman Rights Convention,
which is accepted by many European states
and has a court to enforce its provisions.
Exclusion fromi the ceuncil would bother
the Greek regime primarily as a symbol?
a blow to the prestige that the colonels have
carefully tried to foster. Loss of council
membership would also deprive Greece of
her seats in the Parliament of Europe, which
sits in Strasbourg and Acts as an advisory
legislative body far Europe.
DR. WILLIAM HMASON, OF TRUES-
DALE HOSPITAL
HON. MARGARET M. HECKLER
OF NIASSACHTISETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, December 5, 1969
Mrs. HECKLER of Massachusetts. Mr.
Speaker, few human relationships are
nobler and more endearing than that of
the physician and the families he serves.
In this day of the medical specialist,
however, the traditional family physi-
cian has become a vanishing breed.
It is fitting, therefore, to pay high
tribute to a man like Dr. William Ma-
son, of Truesdale Hospital, in Fall Riv-
er, Mass. He typifies the traditional fam-
ily physician. I think for many of us
this article, which I am inserting in the
RECORD, will bring back "memories that
bless and burn" of our own family doc-
tors.
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December 4, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? SENATE S 15643
ration of the Colonies from the motherland,
but that sentiment in the Declaration of
Independence which gave liberty not alone to
the people of this country, but I hope to
the world, for all future time."
The man we are honoring this week is
Walter Knott, former tenant farmer and
founder of the famed Knott's Berry Farm,
and the motivating spirit behind the crea-
tion of a second Independence Hall and Heri-
tage House on the Knott grounds at Buena
Park, California.
If you have been a listener to these weekly
discourses on what has been happening to
the American Dream, and how we may keep
It from perishing, you will understand the
thrill I experienced last month when I spent
a day with Walter Knott, and learned how
this tenant farmer who lived in a log cabin
with a dirt floor, and without subsidies or
security guarantees, built one of the great
enterprises of the nation.
I learned that Mrs. Knott, now 80 and still
supervising the serving of up to 6,000 chicken
dinners on Sundays, had eight customers
the first day she opened her house to paid
guests. I learned why Walter Knott would
want to build America's second Independ-
ence Hall?down to the thumb and linger
prints on 140-thousand specially made bricks,
to the chipping of the huge block and crack
of the Liberty Bell, and on up to the gold
plated weather vane 168-feet above the
street.
After admiring the craftsmanship that re-
created the great bell, Mrs. Wimmer and I
were ushered into a little theatre where we
witnessed a cineramic presentation of great*
paintings that vividly portrayed the cen-
turies of man's struggle for freedom and in-
dependence, which prepared us for the next
event that was to take place in an Assembly
Room, the exact duplicate in every detail of
the Assembly Room in Independence Hall,
Philadelphia, where the debate on the Dec-
laration was held.
We took our seats on the same kind of
backless benches on which spectators and
the press of olden days viewed the debates
of the Colonies, and after a brief lecture, the
lights were turned off, and from each of
the thirteen tables candles began to burn
and voices rose from each table as arguments
over the Declaration began.
From the sound track there rose also the
noise of the storm outside, and the sound of
rain beating upon the roof could be heard,
and above it all the protests, challenges,
compromises and fears that marked one of
the most memorable days in the history of
man.
Some of the voices were heated. There was
pleading: Soft, Passionate, Convincing, Chal-
lenging, and as a delegate walked across the
Hall, making his point, the sound of foot-
steps and the voice moved with him.
These men were reminded that they were
sealing their death warrant if the Declara-
tion were adopted; if the Revolutionary War
was lost, or if they were captured, but as one
of the delegates said: "We are also deciding
the fate of the Thirteen Colonies, and maybe
the fate of generations untold."
In the end, they signed the Declaration,
pledging their lives, fortunes, and sacred
honor; knowing, as someone remarked, they
"would have to hang together or hang sep-
arately."
As we emerged from the Assembly Room,
Mrs. Wimmer remarked in a hushed voice,
"we were there when it happened," and I
understood for the first time what must
have burned in the heart of Walter Knott,
and in the hearts of those whose inspired
help created such a colossal enterprise.
Of special interest, I think, was the need
of putting the voices of the Signers on one
strip of tape, which technicians had declared
was impossible. A new machine and a new
process had to be invented, and it was. The
cracking of the Bell presented another prob-
lem, and it is a story unto Itself. The inde-
pendent Lund Paint Company produced a
paint formula the same as that used on the
original Hall. Craftsmen at the Berry Farm
performed the cabinet work and made the
gorgeous chandeliers and the famed Rising
Sun Chair used by the Speaker. Two 60-foot
flag poles were donated by the Atlantic-
Richfield Company before the company was
taken over by the British. The four great
clocks, with their ten-foot faces, were made
by the skilled men of The American Sign &
Indicator Corporation, and independent Don
Koll Construction Company, builder of the
great Hall, raised them to their lofty po-
sitions.
Yes, it was "We The People"?as Walter
Knott would say it, who dug the raw mate-
rials from the earth; who molded them into
bricks, copper and steel, and who fitted the
work of hand and machine into place.
Listening to this?unparalleled story of our
rise as a free enterprise nation, and thinking
back to those hours of indecision that must
have haunted the Pilgrims, I recalled the
words of William Bradford, the great Pilgrim
Governor of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay,
that "great and honorable actions are ac-
companied by great difficulties, and must be
both ent,erprised and overcome with answer-
able courage."
According to histotical accounts, the crew
and captain of' the Speedwell, sister ship of
the Mayflower, must have gotten faint heart
because they managed to create delays that
ended in a final count Of 102 strong hearts
being put aboard the Mayflower, to begin a
voyage as immortal as life itself.
What fears they must have suffered. The
sickness and death. The storms and fog. The
unknown dangers that awaited them if they
ever reached land, yet all we hear today, it
seems, is "give the people this and give them
that;" welfare, welfare, welfare, and what
welfare is there to life if man is to lose the
enterprise to overcome? If he stands in his
ghetto and blames everyone but himself for
his plight? If he shall run his own farm or
business and look not to the threats against
his country or his family until trouble is on
his own doorstep?
Lowell wrote that the American Republic
will endure only so long as the ideas of the
men who founded it remain dominant, but
has any generation ever drifted so far afield
from the ideas, the dreams of the American
Revolution, as the present generation?
I say to everyone, everywhere in America,
that Jefferson was either right or wrong when
he warned "it is not to the advantage of a
Republic that a few should control the many,
when nature has scattered so much talent
through the conditions of men;" and that
James Madison was either right or wrong
when he warned: "Hold fast to programs,
both rational and moral, that have as their
central goal a constant diffusion of power."
Both these men feared too much power in
too few hands. Both spoke constantly of
moral values being basic to social, economic
and political values, and they knew if safe-
guards were not erected that every step of the
people would be away from a free Republic
and toward great concentrations of power
now seen in holding companies, conglomer-
ates, giant labor unions, powerful chain
store systems, and all-embracing govern-
ment.
All trends today?everywhere?are away
from the self-determination, self-reliance, in-
dependent enterprise, local control over lo-
cal affairs in government that is basic to the
philosophy upon which our nation was
founded, but despite a clamor of voices
raised against this -change in our society,
voices such as our own National Federation
of Independent Business now reaching mil-
lions of people weekly, the task of turning
the tide is shirked or ignored by so many
who have so much to lose.
I believe there are people in this audience
from all walks of life who see the America
of yesterday as a kind of Messiah among the
nations of the world, and our youth today
are asking that she fulfill this role. They
know little of how to fill their part of the
role or what it really is. They ask only for a
cause?not knowing that the TIMES are their
cause, and it is so with older Americans, in
all walks of life.
And so I say to all of you in radio land,
the debate that took place in Independence
Hall must begin all over again, for only on
the battlefields of the minds of men will
such great ideas as those which founded our
nation be relived. We need to say My Coun-
try 'Tis of Thee, Sweet Land of Liberty in
the way it ran through the minds of the poor,
uneducated immigrants who knelt on the
decks of ships that emerged from the fog
and into sight of the Statute of Liberty,
weeping when they saw the great Torch of
Freedom held high in the heavens over New
York harbor.
No other people in the world were ever so
blessed with so many opportunities to serve
their nation and the world, for what hopes
would there be for people anywhere who love
liberty, if America should lose her hold on
the traditions and wealth with which she is
now possessed?
George Washington wrote: "The fate of
the Republic is in the hands of God," but
he called upon all Americans, both then and
now, to "raise a standard to which the good
and wise can repair;" saying in effect that
if God gives all things to man, if he neglects,
forgets or misuses his freedom, all things
will someday be taken from him.
Let us set our course with the zeal, courage
and dreams which motivated those who took
to pathless seas, to find a land where they
could sow their seeds and reap their harvests,
free from the tyrannies of the old world.
Their dreams came true, and later gener-
ations called it The American Dream . .
a dream that took Walter Knott from a
humble tenant farm to the builder of a
seoond Hall of American Independence, to
help make the first one live.
From an address by Abraham Lincoln
(Cincinnati, 1856): "Let us appeal to the
sense and patriotism of the people, not to
their prejudices; let us spread the floods of
enthusiasm here aroused all over these vast
prairies so suggestive of freedom. There is
both a power and a magic in popular opin-
ion. To that let us now appeal."
TORTURE OF POLITICAL PRISON-
ERS BY THE GREFic GOVERN-
MENT
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, the Euro-
pean Commission on Human Rights has
been working for almost 2 years on a
report accusing the Greek Government
of torturing political prisoners as a mat-
ter of policy.
While this report must remain con-
fidential until it has been fully consid-
ered by the Council, the London Sunday
Times has secured a copy of it, an ab-
stract of which appeared in the Wash-
ington Post of today.
I ask unanimous consent that this ab-
stract be inserted in the RECORD follow-
ing my remarks.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. FELL. If this report of the Euro-
pean Commission on Human Rights does
result in the expulsion or suspension of
Greece from the Council of Europe I be-
lieve this would be a very good thing in
that it might be the dash of cold water
needed to jolt the Colonels' junta in
putting its foot down on the use of tor-
ture and might even push them along
on the road toward elections.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? SENATE December 4,1969
EXHIBIT 1
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post,
Dec. 4., 19691
Chen= REGIME SAID To TORII:FA JAIL
OPPONEWrs
Lormore?A secret report prepar by the
European Commission. on Human eaglets ac-
cuses the Greek government of tort uring po-
litical prisoners as a matter of pole y.
Almost certainly the raidings of I he report
Will lead to Greece being expelled from the
Council of Europe this month.
The Sunday Times has examined a copy of
the report, which lists 213 cases in which
there is prima fade evidence of torture. And
the report produces evidence suggesOng that
five men, all named, have died as a result
of the policy of torture.
The chief method employed Wee beating
on the soles of the feet, which is extremely
painful but leaves little or no trace
The report alleges that a member of the
ruling junta, Ioannis Lades, person dig tor-
tured one prisoner.
But perhaps more important than the de-
tails of brutality is the fact that the com-
mission deal in detail with the defense
which the Greek government has given for
its admitted suspension of civil liberties.
The Greeks have always claimed that there
was a Communist, or "Leftist" plan to seize
power averted only by the colonels' own
, coup in 1967.
The 15 international lawyers of the Com-
mission reject the Greek evidence that there
was any such plot, and accuse thm j mai of
producing forged evidence.
In September 1967, Sweden, Denmark. Nor-
way and the Netherlands charged the Greek
regime, fellow-member with themselves of
, the Council of Europe, with having violated
certain fundamental rights of the Greek peo-
ple. Six months later, the four pemesting
1 governments extended their indictment.
They accused the Greek government of
' torture?not merely random cases of arbi-
trary police brutality, but of a state of af-
fairs where "high officials within the hier-
archy of state authorities or with their per-
mission or knowledge . . . permit or even
systematically make use of torture'
A nation cannot remain a member of the
Council unless it is a parliamentary democ-
racy. So the charge made against Greece im-
plied at once the sanction of expulskee
1 The task of examining the case Was given
Ito the Commission on Rumlin Rights, based
Ilike the council itself in Strasbourg, Right
Iinternational lawyers have :Tent the inter-
vening two years on the investigation, in-
terrogating eighty-seven witnesses, includ-
,ing officials of the Greek junta, political pris-
eners still in jail in Greece, politicians in
exile, journalists, doctors, workers for Am-
nesty International, and even at one stage
et waiter in Liverpool.
Another seven lawyers joined in the evalu-
ation of the evidence. The result is that the
Greek junta has been found guilty precisely
as charged. Almost inevitably, this means
that Greece will be expelled from the Coon-
ell of Europe this month.
1 The 1,200-page report of the commisasion
remains a secret document. There is no
present official intention to publish it. How-
ever, The Sunday Times has been able to
obtain a copy, and extracts are publishes/ on
tile grounds that It presents perhaps the
nearest possible approach to a definitiee
ac-
tount of the condition of liberty in Greece.
, The commission mentions e13 eases In
which there is prima fade evidence or tor-
tine?some can be more thoetughly elocu-
mented than others. And it producesi evi-
dence to suggest that at least five people
May have deed as a result of torture inflibted.
These are named as Costes Paleegos,
nnis Chalkidis, George Tsarouchas, Phen-
yl tis Ellis and Nikiforos Mandilares. I
orture is only one aspect of the suspen-
et n of civil liberties laid to the junta* ac-
count. In deeense, the Greek government
claimed before the Commission that the
suspension of civil liberties was justified by
the existence Df a danger to the State. The
oammissicei devotes about half its report to
the matter of this defense; this is, perhaps,
the most detailed examination of the well-
known allegation that leftwing groups were
planning violent revolution before the coup
which brought the junta to power in 1987.
The commission finds that there is con-
siderable evidence that no such plans existed
for the overthrow of the state.
The junta also produced a letter which
purported to show that the late George
Papandreou, the leader of the Center Party,
had been negotiating with Me Communists.
The comenissior found that one of the junta's
own witnesses, a Dr. Keessaskia, had proved
this document to be a forgery tire years
previously.
In the 430-page section on torture, the
Commission lista and analyses the evidence
it heard from 38 witnesses in Athens and
Strasbourg. Sixreen of these claimed to be
victims -Of -torture; 25 were accused police
officers and others in official positions under
the regime.
Then the commission gives its conclu-
SiOns?reached by majorities of 10 to 13. "The
commission has found it established beyond
doubt that torture or ill-treatment . ? has
been inflicted in a number of cases."
This has been a sustained policy: "There
has since April, :1987, been a practice of tor-
ture and ill-treatment by the Athens Se-
curity Police, in Bouboulinas Street, or per-
sons arrested for political offenses. This tor-
ture and ill-treaenent has most often con-
sisted of the application of lalangee or
severe -beatings to all parts of the body. Its
purpose has been the extraction of informa-
tion including confessions concerning the
political activities and associations of the
victims and other persons considered to be
subversive."
Moreover, the junta has condoned this to
the point at which torture has become "ad-
ministrative practice." "The competent
Greek authorities, confronted with numerous
and substantial complaints and allegations
of torture and ill-treatment, have failed to
take any effective steps to investigate them
or to ensure remedies for such complaints or
allegations found to be true."
The Commission devotes one entire volume
of its report simply to listing 213 people who
are alleged to have been tortured, and the
evidence available in each case.
This, the comminsion agrees, does not pro-
vide proof. But the report points out: "The
commission ca.nno; ignore the sheer num-
ber of complaints ... It is not able to reject
the whole as a conspiracy by Communist and
antigovernment groups to discredit the gov-
ernment and the police . . . It cannot but
regard the actual number of complaints
brought before it as strong indication that
acts of torture or ill-treatment are not iso-
lated or exceptional, nor limited to one
place."
Faced with this mass of cases to examine
the commission decided to take a sort of
random sample and focus on selected cases
throughout Greece, "The . . . commission
has investigated 30 cases to a substantial de-
gree and expressed some conclusion with
regard to 28 of them. With regard to these
cases the Commission finds it established
that: torture or ill-treatment has been in-
flicted in 1i individual cases (it then lists the
cases) . . the evidence before the commis-
sion of torture or ill -treatment having heed
inflicted on 17 other individuals demands
further investigation . . the commission
was in effect prevented directly or indirectly
by the respondent government (Greece)
from completing its investigation of these
cases . . ."
The junta refused to allow the commission
to see 21 witnesses. Among those 21 were the
alleged victims most reliably reported to bear
still the physical marks of their experi-
ences.
In most cases, however, a method of tor-
ture, falanga, had been chosen which does
not leave marks. The report describes it:
"Falange or bastinado has been a method of
torture known for centuries. It is the beat-
ing of the feet with a- wooden or metal stick
or bar which, if skillfully done, breaks no
bones, Makes no skin lesions, and leaves no
permanent anti recognizable Marks, but
muses intense pain and Swelling of the
feet . . ."
Lacking simple medical evidence, the Com-
mission spent months cross-checking wit-
nesses' stories. The 30 vises the Commission
examined in this detail are a recital of
horror.
On one page are details of the beating
which Ioannis Lades, then Secretary-Gen-
eral of the Ministry of Public Order, per-
sonally gave to a journalist Of whom he die-
approved?"He struck me with his flat. . .
and started pouring out insults . .
" 'You are a party, a Bulger. You shall die.
I shall kill you with my bare hands
On other pages is the tragedy of Anastasia
Tsirka?Police came to her Meese on the
night of September 23, 1967 and found three
leaflets of a banned organization. Tsirka was
tortured to discover we had given them to
her. The beatings of the Seourity police in
Boubulinas Street killed her unborn child_
The doctors think she is now probably
sterile.
- The junta maintained it had conducted an
Inquiry into Mrs. Tsirka's allegations and
disproved them. The commission found that
the inquiry had omitted even to question
doctors at the hospital to which she was
taken after her miscarriage.
RANDOM DRAFT SELECTION--
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, a great
number of inquiries have come from
Members of the Senate, as well as from
the people of the Nation, about the draw-
ing under the new Selective Service Act.
Selective Service has prepared a ntnnber
of questions and answers that are most
commonly asked about this subject, and
I ask unanimous consent that, for the
information of the membership and the
public, the questions and answers which
have been prepared be inserted in the
RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the ques-
tions and answers were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
RANDOM SELECTION QuESITONS AND ANSWERS
Question. Explain the drawing under the
recently emended Selective Service Act.
Answer. On December 1, there was a draw-
ing in Washington of 366 closed capsules in
each of which was a slip a paper on which
was written a month anaL day of the year,
for example, May 2, June 1; etc. The order in
which these capsules were drawn determines
the relative position in the national random
sequence of registrants born on all the dates
of the year including February 29. As Sep-
tember 14 was drawn first,-ail men born on
September le are No, 1 in the national ran-
dom sequence. As June 8 was drawn last, all
men with that birthday are No. 366 in the
national random sequence.
Question. How will this sequence be used
by local boards?
Answer. Each local board will assign num-
bers to its registrants who are in I-A or who
become I-A in eceord with the national
sequence. Some local boards may not have
at any one time men with birthdays on
every day. In such a case the kcal board
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S15006 11'1' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? SENATE November 25, 1969
THE NIXON-SATO COMMUNIQUE
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President,
during the weekend, I had an opportu-
nity to study the communique issued
Friday by the President of the United
States and the Prime Minister of Japan.
It was cordial in tone, as it should
have been. It is important, I feel, that
there be a close and friendly relation-
ship between Japan and the United
States,
Prime Minister Sato's visit to the
United States, as President Nixon made
clear, should help achieve a better un-
derstanding between the two countries.
The text of the communique is three
columns of newspaper type. It is divided
into 15 brief sections.
The key section is number 6.
This is the section which deals spe-
cifically with Okinawa. In this section,
the Prime Minister emphasized his view
that the time had come to respond to
the strong desire of the people of Japan
to return Okinawa to Japanese control.
President Nixon expressed appreciation
of the Prime Minister's view:
Now we come to the key sentences:
They (President Nixon and Prime Minis-
ter Sato) therefore agreed that the two gov-
ernments would immediately enter into
consultations regarding specific arrange-
ments for accomplishing the early reversion
of Okinawa without detriment to the secu-
rity of the Far East, including Japan.
They further agreed to expedite the con-
sultations with a view to accomplishing the
reversion during 1972, subject to the con-
clusion of these specific arrangements with
the necessary legislative support.
Now, let us analyze the above lan-
guage.
Just what agreement was reached by
Mr. Nixon and Mr. Sato.
First. They agreed that the two gov-
ernments would immediately enter into
consultations regarding specific arrange-
ments for accomplishing the early rever-
sion of Okinawa, and,
Second. Such consultations would be
subject to the conclusion of these spe-
cific arrangements with the necessary
legislative support.
So, it seems clear that the only agree-
ment made by President Nixon is one of
principle; namely, an early reversion of
Okinawa.
? But no details have been agreed to.
No specific arrangements have been
agreed to.
The agreement, to cite the text of the
communique, is to "enter into consulta-
tions regarding specific arrangements."
As one who feels that the United
States must have the unrestricted use
of Okinawa, our greatest military com-
plex in the far Pacific, if we are to con-
tinue our widespread commitments in
Asia, I frankly am relieved since reading
the text of the communique.
The text does not bear out the news-
paper headlines concerning the com-
munique.
The only agreement President Nixon
made was to "immediately enter into
consultations regarding specific arrange-
ments."
And then that was followed by the two
leaders of government specifying that
any specific arrangements would be sub-
ject to legislative support which, insofar
as the United States is concerned, means
approval by the Senate.
I am glad to state to the Senate that
I support this communique. It should
help Prime Minister Sato in Japan with-
out forfeiture by the United States of any
control over Okinawa other than agree-
ing to enter "into consultations regard-
ing specific arrangements."
I am especially pleased that the Sen-
ate's role in any final arrangements af-
fecting Okinawa is specifically recog-
nized in the text of the communique.
The fact that this is so clearly spelled
out in the communique results, I feel,
from the action taken by the Senate of
the United States on November 5, 1969.
On that date, the Senate, by a re-
corded vote of 63 to 14, specified that any
change in the Treaty of Peace with
Japan must come to the Senate for ap-
proval or disapproval.
In the Nixon/Sato communique 16
days later, both leaders recognized that
any "specific arrangements" affecting
Okinawa would be subject to Senate ap-
proval.
In my judgment, this establishes a his-
toric precedent and one which is of vital
importance both to the Senate and to
the Nation.
President Johnson, last year, unilater-
ally returned to Japan the Bonin Islands,
which included Iwo Jima, without sub-
mitting his action to the Senate for rati-
fication.
The Senate was not aware of President
Johnson's action until the deed had been
accomplished.
But the Senate on November 5 of this
year served notice that any changes in
treaties previously ratified by the Sen-
ate must be submitted to the Senate for
approval.
This action of the Senate on Novem-
ber 5, followed by the Nixon/Sato com-
munique of November 21, makes clear
that both the Senate and President Nixon
are aware that no change may be made
In the present status of Okinawa without
Senate approval.
It is difficult to predict what the Senate
will do in regard to Okinawa?and I do
not intend to try.
The leadership of the Senate favors
an early return of Okinawa to Japan, but
I have talked with a great many Senators
who do not agree with that viewpoint.
I have the feeling that the United
States will be retaining the free and un-
restricted use of Okinawa until such
time as we reduce our commitments to
defend so many Asian nations. It is my
hope that we will soon begin to reduce
our Asian commitments.
I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi-
dent, that the text of the Nixon-Sato
communique be printed at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the com-
munique was ordered to be printed in
the RECORD, as follows:
THE NIXON-SATO COMMUNIQUE
WASHINGTON, November 21.?Following is
the text of the joint communiqu?ssued to-
day by President Nixon and Premier Eisaku
Sato of Japan:
Eli
President Nixon and Prime Minister Sato
met in Washington on Nov. 19, 20 and 21,
1969, to exchange views on the present inter-
national situation and on other matters of
mutual interest to the United States and
Japan.
[al
The President and the Prime Minister rec-
ognized that both the United States and
Japan have greatly benefited from their close
association in a variety of fields, and they
declared that guided by their common prin-
ciples of democracy and liberty, the two
countries would maintain and strengthen
their fruitful cooperation in the continuing
search for world peace and prosperity and in
particular for the relaxation of international
tensions. The President expressed his and his
Government's deep interest in Asia and stated
his belief that the United States and Japan
should cooperate in contributing to the peace
and prosperity of the region. The Prime
Minister stated that Japan would make fur-
ther active contributions to the peace and
prosperity of Asia.
I31
The President and the Prime Minister
exchanged frank views on the current in-
ternational situation, with particular atten-
tion to developments In the Far East, The
President, while emphasizing that the coun-
tries in the area were expected to make their
own efforts for the stability of the area, gave
assurance that the United States would con-
tinue to contribute to the maintenance of
International peace and security in the Far
East by honoring its defense treaty obliga-
tions in the area. The Prime Minister, ap-
preciating the determination of the United
States, stressed that it was important for the
peace and security of the Far East that the
Unied States should be in a position to
carry out fully Its obligations referred to by
the President. He further expressed his rec-
ognition that, in the light of the present
situation, the presence of United States forces
in the Far East constituted a mainstay ft
the stability of the area.
141
The President and the Prime Minister spe-
cifically noted the continuing tension over
the Korean peninsula. The Prime Minister
deeply appreciated the peace-keeping efforts
of the United Nations in the area and stated
that the security of the Republic of Korea
was essential to Japan's own security. The
President and the Prime Minister shared the
hope that Communist China would adopt a
more cooperative and constructive attitude in
its external relations. The President referred
to the treaty obligations of his country to the
Republic of China which the United States
would uphold. The Prime Minister said that
the maintenance of peace and security in the
Taiwan area was also a most important
factor for the security of Japan. The Presi-
dent described the earnest efforts made by
the United States for a peaceful and just
settlement of the Vietnam problem. The
President and the Prime Minister expressed
the strong hope that the war in Vietnam
would be concluded before return of the ad-
ministrative rights over Okinawa to Japan.
In this connection, they agreed that, should
peace in Vietnam not have been realized
the time reversion of Okinawa is scheduled
to take place, the two Governments would
fully consult with each other in the light of
the situation at that time so that reversion
would be accomplished without affecting the
United States efforts to assure the South
Vietnamese people the opportunity to deter-
mine their own political future without out-
side interference. The Prime Minister stated
that Japan was exploring what role she could
play in bringing about stability In the Indo-
china area.
Eel
In light of the current situation and the
prospects in the Fax East, the President and
the Prime Minister agreed that they highly
valued the role played by the Treaty of Mu-
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iVovember 25, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
OHIO STATE TOTAL-Continued
B SERIES-SYSTEMS WITH AT LEAST 1 SCHOOL WITH MINORITY GROUP ENROLLMENT OVER 80 PERCENT--Continued
DISTRICT. AKRON. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS: 71, REPRESENTING: 71. CITY: AKRON. COUNTY: 77 SUMMIT-Continued
S 15005
Studefils- Teachers-
Weight:
American :manish- Minority 1.0----- American Spanish- Minority
Indians Negro Oriental American total Other Total grades Indians Negro Oriental American total Other Total
011111110000000
Highland Park (43)____ 0 03 1 5 737 7420 2 0 26 28
01111111000200)
Smith (67) 0 0 2 0 3 519 522 (O. 6) 0 0 0 0 .0 15 15
011111110000000
Windemere (70) 0 0 3 0 3 565 563 (0. 5) 0 0 0 0 0 18 18
011111110000000
1(158 (49) 0 3 0 0 3 660 661 (0, 5) 0 1 0 0 1 21 22
, 000000000001110
Fireatone (6) 0 3 0 I 4 1, 340 1,344 (0. 3) 0 2 0 0 2 50 52
011111110000000
HattOn (40) 0 2 0 0 2 981 982 (0. 2) 0 2 0 0 2 28 30
000000000001110
Ellet (4) 0 2 0 0 2 1,132 1,134 (11.2) 0 1 0 0 1- 45 46
011111110000000
Ritzntan (63) 0 0 1 0 I 797 798 (0. 1) 0 2 0 0 2 24 26
011111110000000
Fairlawn (31) 0 0 I 0 1 834 835 (0.1) 0 1. 0 0 1 24 25
000000001110000
Byre (14) 0 I 0 0 I 1,369 1,370(0.1)0 1 0 0 1 49 50
011111110000
Betty Jane (24) 0 0 0 0 0 1,111 1,111(0.0)0 2 0 0 2 37 39
01100000000
Hillwolod (45) 0 9 0 0 0 101 1010 0 0 0 0 2 2
01111111002000)
FiresiOne Park (33)- 0 0 0 0 0 1,057 1,057(0.0)0 2 0 0 2 29 31
01111000000
Guinther (38) 0 0 0 0 0 289 2890 0 0 0 0 8 8
011111110002084
Voris (69) 0 0 0 0 0 596 59601111111000 ) 0 0 0 0 0 27 27
22
Thomaitown (68) 0 0 0 0 0 298 298 (0.0) 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
011111110000000
Lawndale (51)__.- .-- 0 0 0 0 0 421 421 (0. 0) 0 1 0 0 1 _ 13 14
DISTRICT: WARREN CITY. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS: 24. REPRESENTING: 24. CITY: WARREN. COUNTY: 78 TRUMBULL ASSURANCE: 441
Number 0 3,206 111 11 3, 227 11,083 14,310 0 26 0 1 27 536 563
Percent,... 0 22.4 .1 .1 22. 6 77. 4 100 0 4.8 a .2 4.8 95.2 190
First Street (10)____.._. 0 493 0
Washington (22) 0 242 0
.1eGerson (12) o 412
Tod Avenue Elemen-
tary (2) o 102 0
Willard (24) 0 305 1
Market (21) 0 159 0
Roosevelt (18) 0 117 0
West (23)., 0 165 1
Last (7) 1 0 156 0
Turner (21) 0 121 1
Warren W tern Re-
serve (3 0 358 3
Mann (15) 0 125 0
Harding (1), 0 294 1
Alden (4) 'I 0 56 1
Elm Road (8) 0 32 1
Laird Avenue (13) 0 40 0
Dickey Avenue (6) 0 12 0
McKinley (17) o a o
Emerson (9),, 0 6 0
Garfield (11): 0 2 0
McGuffey (16) 0 1 0
Lincoln (14). ''t 0 o o
Secrest (l9)_ i 0 0 o
,
Devon (5) 1.. 0 0
0
1
0
1
0
101111110000001
493 15 508 (97.0) 0 6 0 0 6 16 22
101111110000001
242 33 2750 2 0 0 2 11 13
.1111111008M)
413 116 529 (78.1) 0 2 0 0 2 19 21
011111110000001
102 52 154 (66.2) 0 0 0 0 0 8 s
(11111110000000
307 158 465 (66.0) 0 1 a 0 1 19 20
030000000111110
159 96 2550 5 0 0 5 II 16
01111111000%P
118 367 485 (24.3) 0 0 0 0 0 16 16
000000001100000
166 547 713 (23.3) a o o 0 0 32 32
010000001100000
156 556 712 (21.9) 0 1 0 0 1 .31 32
000000001100000
122 517 639 (19.1) 0 0 0 0 0 24 24
000000000011110
362 1,577 1,9390 3 0 0 3 82 85
01 111110082071)
125 580 705 (17.7) 0 0 0 0 0 22 22
00E000000011110
300 1,646 1,9460 3 0 1 4 tat 88
0111111100822)
57 383 4400 0 0 0 0 15 15
0111111100822)
33 320 ' 3530 2 0 0 2 11 13
1111111100020g)
40 427 4670 1 0 0 1 14 15
011:11110002P
14 413 4270 0 0 0 0 15 15
0111111100024)
8 498 5060 0 0 0 0 16 16
01111111000802)
6 672 6780 0 0 0 0 22 22
0111111100020
3 452 4550 0 0 0 0 15 15
0111111100080100)
1 554 5550 0 0 0 0 19 19
0111_11100020g)
0 168 1680 0 6 0 0 7 7
0111181100000 88?
0 516 5160 0 0 0 0 14 14
0111111100000 88?
0 4211 420 (0) 0 0 a o o 1.3 13
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NOvember 25, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
tual Cooperation and Security in maintain-
ing the peace and security of the Far East
including Japan, and they affirmed the in-
tention of the two Governments flunly to
maintain the treaty on the basis of mutual
trust and common evaluation of the inter-
national situation. They further agreed that
the two Governments should maintain close
contact with each other on matters affect-
ing the peace and security of the Far En-St,
including Japan, and on the implemen-
tation of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation
and Security.
[61
The Prime Minister emphasized his view
that the time had come to respond to the
strong desire of the people of Japan, of
both the mainland and Okinawa, to have
the administrative rights over Okinawa re-
turned to Japan on the basis of the friendly
relations between the United States and
Japan and thereby to restore Okinawa to
its normal status. The President expressed
appreciation of the Prime Minister's view.
The President and the Prime Minister also
recognized the vital role played by United
States forces in Okinawa in the present sit-
uation in the Far East. As a result of their
discussion it was agreed that the mutual
security interests of the United States and
Japan could be accommodated within ar-
rangements for the return of the adminis-
trative rights over Okinawa to Japan. They
therefore agreed that the two Governments
would immediately enter into consultations
regarding specific arrangements for accom-
plishing the early reversion of Okinawa with-
out detriment to the security of the Far
East including Japan. They further agreed
to expedite the consultations with a view
to accomplishing the reversion during 1972,
subject to the conclusion of these specific
arrangements with the necessary legislative
support. In this connection, the Prime Min-
ister made clear the intention of his Govern-
ment, following reversion, to assume grad-
ually the responsibility for the immediate
defense of Okinawa as part of Japan's de-
fense efforts for her own territories. The
President and the Prime Minister agreed
also that the United States would retain,
under the terms of the Treaty of Mutual
Cooperation and Security, such military fa-
cilities and areas in Okinawa as required
in the mutual security of both countries.
7]
The President and the Prime Minister
agreed that, upon return of the administra-
tive rights, the Treaty of Mutual Coopera-
tion and Security and its related arrange-
ments would apply to Okinawa without mod-
ification thereof. In this connection, the
Prime Minister affirmed the recognition of
his Government that the security of Japan
could not be adequately maintained with-
out international peace and security in the
Far East and, therefore, the security of
countries in the Far East was a matter of
serious concern for Japan. The Prime Min-
ister was of the view that, in the light of
such recognition on the part of the Japanese
Government, the return of the administra-
tive rights over Okinawa in the manner
agreed above should not hinder the effective
discharge of the international obligations
assumed by the United States for the defense
of countries in the Far East, including Japan.
The President replied that he shared the
Prime Minister's view.
[8]
The Prime Minister described in detail
the particular sentiment of the Japanese
people against nuclear weapons and the
policy of the Japanese Government reflect-
ing such sentiment. The President expressed
his deep understanding and assured the
Prime Minister that, without prejudice to
the position of the United States Govern-
ment with respect to the prior consultation
system under the Treaty of Mutual Coopera-
tion and Security, the reversion of Okinawa
would be carried out in a manner consistent
with the policy of the Japanese Government
as described by the Prime Minister.
[9]
The President and the Prime Minister took
note of the fact that there would be a num-
ber of financial and economic problems, in-
cluding those concerning United States busi-
ness interests in Okinawa, to be solved be-
tween the two countries in connection with
the transfer of the administrative rights
over Okinawa to Japan and agreed that de-
tailed discussions relative to their solution
would be initiated promptly.
[10]
The President and the Prime Minister,
recognizing the complexity Of the problems
involved in the reversion of Okinawa, agreed
that the two Governments should consult
closely and cooperate on the measures neces-
sary to assure a smooth transfer of adminis-
trative rights to the Japanese Government, in
accordance with reversion arrangements to
be agreed to by both Governments. They
agreed that the United States-Japan Con-
sultative Committee in Tokyo should under-
take over-all responsibility for this prepara-
tory work. The President and the Prime
Minister decided to establish in Okinawa a
preparation commission in place of the exist-
ing advisory committee to the High Commis-
sioner of the Ryukyu Islands for the purpose
of consulting and coordinating locally on
measures relating to preparation for the
transfer of administrative rights, including
necessary assistance to the government of the
Ryukyu Islands. The preparatory commission
will be composed of a representative of the
Japanese Government with ambassadorial
rank and the High Commissioner of the Ryu-
kyu Islands, with the chief executive of the
government of the Ryukyu Islands acting as
adviser to the commission. The commission
will report and make recommendations to
the two Governments through the United
States-Japan Consulative Committee.
[ if]
The President and the Prime Minister ex-
pressed their conviction that a mutually sat-
isfactory solution of the question of the re-
turn of the administrative rights over Oki-
nawa to Japan, which is the last of the major
issues between the two countries arising from
World War II, would further strengthen
United States-Japan relations, which are
based on friendship and mutual trust and
would make a major contribution to the
peace and security of the Far East.
[12]
In their discussion of economic matters,
the president and the Prime Minister noted
the marked growth in economic relations be-
tween the two countries. They also acknowl-
edged that the leading positions which their
countries occupy in the world economy im-
pose important responsibilities on each for
the maintenance and strengthening of the
International trade and monetary system,
especially in the light of the current large
imbalances in trade and payments. In this
regard, the President stressed his determina-
tion to bring inflation in the United States
under control. He also reaffirmed the com-
mitment of the United States to the princi-
ple of promoting freer trade. The Prime Min-
ister indicated the intention of the Japanese
Government to accelerate rapidly the reduc-
tion of Japan's trade and capital restrictions.
Specifically, he stated the intention of the
Japanese Government to remove Japan's
residual import quota restrictions over a
broad range of products by the end of 1971
and to make maximum efforts to accelerate
the liberalization of the remaining items. He
added that the Japanese Government in-
tends to make periodic reviews of its liberali-
zation program with a view to implementing
S 15007
trade liberalization at a more acceler-
ated pace than hitherto. The President
and the Prime Minister agreed that their re-
spective actions would further ?solidify the
foundation of over-all 'U.S.-Japan relations.
[13]
The President and the Prime Minister
agreed that attention to the economic needs
of the developing countries was essential to
the development of international peace and
stability. The Prime Minister stated the in-
tention of the Japanese Government to ex-
pand and improve its aid programs in Asia,
commensurate with the economic growth of
Japan.. The President welcomed this state-
ment and confirmed that the United States
would continue to contribute to the eco-
nomic development of Asia. The President
and Prime Minister recognized that there
would be major requirements for the post-
war rehabilitation of Vietnam and elsewhere
in Southeast Asia. The Prime Minister stated
the intention of the Japanese Government
to make a substantial contribution to this
end.
[141
The Prime Minister congratulated the
President on the successful moon landing of
Apollo 12, and expressed the hope for a safe
journey back to earth for the astronauts. The
President and the Prime Minister agreed that
the exploration of space offers great oppor-
tunities for expanding cooperation in peace-
ful scientific projects arriong all nations. In
this connection, the Prime Minister noted
with pleasure that the United States and
Japan last summer had concluded an agree-
ment on space cooperation. The President
and the Prime Minister agreed that imple-
mentation of this unique program is of im-
portance to both countries.
[ is]
The President and the Prime Minister dis-
cussed prospects for the promotion of arms
control and the slowing down of the arms
race. The President outlined his Govern-
ment's efforts to initiate the strategic arms
limitations talks with the Soviet Union that
have recently started in Helsinki. The Prime
Minister expressed his Government's strong
hopes for the success of these talks. The
Prime Minister pointed out his country's
strong and traditional interest in effective
disarmament measures with a view to
achievement of general and complete dis-
armament under strict and effective interna-
tional control.
Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I com-
mend our distinguished colleague from
Virginia for emphasizing the importance
of the Okinawa question to the security
of the free world, and its disposition to
the interest and participation of the
U.S. Senate, as concerns the so-called
agreement or communique between
President Nixon and Prime Minister
Sato.
I do not necessarily enjoy the same
comfort as the Senator, but I hope he is
right. I do not necessarily enjoy the same
assurance that this communique is crys-
tal clear. Having just gone through a
3-month ordeal of headline and sub-
stance, and having had the headline pre-
vail after having read the substance over
and over again, and lost, and there being
no education in the second kick of a
mule, I would like to read some of the
headlines and show what I believe Prime
Minister Sato had in mind as to this
particular communique.
The headline in the Japan Times on
Tuesday, November 11, was as follows:
"Sato Tells Opposition U.S. Will O.K.
Reversion Under 1972 Formula." That is
the headline.
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S 15008
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? SENATE November 25, 13(19
It so happened that the Interpai lia-
inentary Union group 'from the 7.S.
enate was in Japan oil ' that day, and
isiting in the home of the Prime Minis-
ter. It was at practically that same ,ime
that the sense of the Senate resolu tic a of
the distinguished Senator from Virg info
was under consideration here. I w mid
liave joined in Support of what the :ien-
ator from Virginia presented in that
resolution. But Mr. Safe) received that
resolution in the context that it hat no
bearing whatsoever, and he said so very
Clearly. He said if he had inisunders ood
t, he did not believe he would have ')een
invited to the United States to corit inue
with discussions.
He cited the matter that uncle. no
Circumstance, for example, would the
textile talks be confused with the Oki=
nawa question. Now, Mr. President, this
s the one section of the article with
which I agree. I believe our international
Security and our commitments in the Par
East transcend a singular econ )mic
problem like textile jobs, and certainly
no one has been more attentive to that
particular problem than'.
Some have said that we are gem g to
Swap Okinawa for textiles with Japan,
and I do not agree with that approach
in any way whatsoever. I do not t hink
they should be confused, because this is
far, far more important to world peace
than fulfilling our comnaltinents ix the
Far East.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time
of the Senator has expired.
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. Presi lent,
I ask consent that I be permitted to con-
tinue for an additional 5 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. wi bout
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. HOLLINGS. Mx. Preside] it, I
thought the Senator from Virginie has
yielded the floor. I will be glad to as the
Senator a question.
I do not necessarily wish to jein the
Senator from Virginia with my pertic-
ular thoughts. However, I will coin inue,
if the Senator will permit me.
I think there has been some confusion.
First, certainly we should not confuse
textiles with Okinawa.,Second, I de plore
the confusion of the Mutual Security
Pact of 1964 with the rights of 010 lawa.
I am fully aware of the statenient of
former Secretary of State Foster Dulles
and of the ultimate sovereignty. We do
not want countries. We did not wai t the
Philippines. We did not want Cub:, We
did not want Vietnam. We do not want
territorial gain. Everyone knows th at.
We do not want the reeponsibilit that
has been thrust upon us, but havin ; had
it thrust upon us, we should not con-
fuse the mutual security pact wita the
internal affairs of Japan.
Okinawa is so fundamental in lc arry-
ing out?at this particular time ia: any
other time?our commitment in the Far
East.
It is only, in my judgment, as I see it
from listening to Japan itself, the do-
mestic political concern with the reelec-
tion of the Prime Minister in January
that brings about this confusion. They
want to have him reelected. That :s fine
with me. However, if It comes to filling
the commitment or getthig him reelected,
I think we should bring it clearly to the
attention of the people of Japan that
they should assume some of the respon-
sibilities.
I do not think that we should confuse
this with legislating the demonstrators
when we tell it like it is. And there has
been activity engaged in concerning our
responsibility or role as Senators. And I
am not sure that is appreciated yet by
the executive.
I hope that the Senator is correct. I
believe that ultimately Okinawa should
go back. I think that if we could make an
agreement to continue our responsibility
and operations in Japan with the un-
questioned right of launching combat op-
erations, to use the expression employed
in Japan?not just nuclear, but also com-
bat operations?without having to -Check
with the Japaneie Government, that is
all we would need.
Under the 1972 formula, we have to
check with them. This is what Mr. Sato
understands. If we could only buy a
subscription to tae Japanese Times for
the Members of the Senate between now
and the election in January, we would
understand better what has been and
is being published in the headlines in-
stead of what is in the actual agreement.
I think this is an important agreement.
The Senator feom Virginia interprets
the Senate's clear language as conveyed
in the Byrd resolution as reaffirming the
obligation and right of the Senate with
respect to treaty obligation. I would wish
that if the executive disagrees with the
Senator's version, he would so state.
I think that the Senator from Virginia
has brought about a very important un-
derstanding and brought it to the light
of truth.
Getting behind the headlines and to
the substance of the matter, I can see
where the substance of the Senator's
interpretation is founded. However, un-
fortunately, that has not been my
experience.
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President,
I thank the distinguished and able Sen-
ator from South Carolina. I associate
myself with his statements for the most
part.
In regard to what Mr. Sato may feel
about what should happen to Okinawa,
that is his own personal view. However,
I am taking the language of the com-
munique signed by the President of the
United States and by the Prime Minister
of Japan at face value.
I am assuming that they are being fair
with the American people and with the
Japanese people and with the Senate of
the United States, and that the execu-
tive branch of the Government will do
what the communique says it will do, and
that is, submit any proposal affecting
Okinawa to the Senate of the United
States.
The PRESIDING One/UM. The time
of the Senator has expired.
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President,
I ask unanimous consent that I be rec-
ognized for an additional 3 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is se ordered.
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President,
if that is done, I am convinced that
there are enough Senators who feel that
Okinawa is vital to the United States
If our country is to continue to guaran-
tee the freedom of so many Asian na-
tions.
I have no doubt that Prime Minister
Sato will endeavor to use his discussions
with the President to his political ad-
vantage in Japan. And like the Senator
from South Carolina, I See no particular
objection to that. He is entitled to put
whatever interpretations he wishes on it.
However, what we in the Senate have a
right to rely upon is the statement of
the President of the United States which
is inserted as a major part of the com-
munique?that any action must receive
legislative support.
I think, as does the Senator from
South Carolina, that this is a vitally im-
portant matter.
This Nation is deeply committed all
over the world.
We have mutual defense agreements
with 44 different nations.
We have committed ourselves to de-
fend Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos,
Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines,
and many other places, the names of
which do not come to mind at the mo-
ment.
If we are going to adhere to all of
these commitments, I submit that we
had best keep our greatest military com-
plex in the far Pacific, which is Okinawa.
And I think the action the Senate took
on November 5 of this year in the sense-
of-the-Senate resolution will be ex-
tremely important in protecting the
Okinawa bases for the United States and
will also be extremely important in re-
asserting the Senate's role in foreign
policy.
Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I, too,
agree with the Senator from Virginia
that now is not the time to return Old-
nawa Under our present commitments
and under the present circumstances
with world peace being in jeopardy in the
Far East.
I am not ready to withdraw from the
Far East. I, too, as does the Senator from
Virginia, take the communique at its face
value. I read the same words:
They further agree to expedite the con-
sultations with a view to accomplishing the
reversion during 1972 subject to the conclu-
sion of these specific arrangements with the
necessary legislative support.
It does not guarantee the accomplish-
ment of it. And the word "support" does
not necessarily mean advice and con-
sent.
I believe the President wanted to put
It clearly in light of the sense of the
Senate resolution which advised that we
felt that the advice and consent to con-
firm the treaty ratification was necessary
and that the actual exclusion of the word
"ratification" is significant in itself. And
their use of the word "support," rather
than "ratification," is what is disturb-
ing to me.
I hope the Senator is correct. We have
the same sentiment, I believe, with re-
spect to our commitments and the vital
nature of Okinawa at this time to the
fulfillment of the obligations of the Unit-
ed States in the Far East and in the
maintenance of world peace.
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November 18, fliW?"EtKithAIRAT3iiimitsiA,Ngwq93,914Foppepsi 20003-9 E 9787;
Norris remarked that on Tuesday, Novem-
ber 11, the Student Senate would hold a joint
meeting with the Faculty Senate, open to
the student body, in the small ballroom 'at
Squires Student Center. The purpose of the
meeting is to discuss the name change.
Mt?
RULING COLONELS STIFLE GREEK
NEWSPAPERS
HON. DONALD M. FRASER
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, November 18, 1969
Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, ham-
handed efforts by the Greek colonels to
stifle the Greek press continue. The
junta's most recent moves are clearly
described in two recent New York Times
dispatches from Athens. In its last two
paragraphs, the second of these reports,
which appears in this morning's Times,
characterizes the new press code:
It is widely believed here that the Gov-
ernment will soon announce the reactivation
of Article 14 of the Constitution, safeguard-
ing press freedom, to prove its intention to
restore constitutional rule.
But the enactment of the press code
heavily qualifies that freedom down to such
minute detail that Greek journalists feel
that in effect, they will be forced to consult
their lawyers whenever they plan to write
the latest sports roundup.
Mr. Speaker, I introduce these articles
into the RECORD at this point. The
colonels advocate severity as the mother
of justice and freedom. The recent Greek
experience proves otherwise. The arti-
cles follow:
[From the New York Times, Nov. 16, 1969]
GREECE ABOLISHES PRESS PRIVILEGES?DUTY-
FREE IMPORTS OF PAPER SCALED DOWN?TAX
RAISED
ATHENS, November 15.?The military-
backed government of Greece today abolished
major financial concessions enjoyed for dec-
ades by Greek newspapers. The move was
described as a measure to "cleanse and
discipline" the press.
A new press law ended some duty exemp-
tions for imported newsprint. The privilege,
granted in 1938, was designed to facilitate
freedom of the press.
John Agathanghelou, Alternate Minister
to the Premier's office said at a news confer-
ence that the new press law sought "to pro-
tect society and the state from an abuse of
press freedom," an abuse that, he said, was
"the main cause for the decline of democracy
in Greece" before the military coup of April,
1967.
The Minister refused to disclose the full
contents of the news laws, which also specify
penalties for press offenses. He also refused to
answer all questions about the law; and said
technical reasons made it necessary for the
texts to be distributed Monday.
FINANCIAL RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED
The press law also imposed strict controls
on the finances of all Greek newspapers, he
said, to insure "they cannot be bribed,
bought off, or engage in illicit transactions
that are not in the interests of the Greek
people."
Mr. Agathangehelou refused to clarify, in
view of the suspension of coristitutional
guarantees for press, whether press offenses
would still be tried by special military tribu-
nals under the current martial law.
He said that the duty-free newsprint privi-
lege would now be scaled in this way: News-
papers with circulations up tb 25,000 daily
will still enjoy the privilege; dailies with
circulations up to 50,000 will pay 50 per cent
of the import duty for newsprint, which
amounts to 70 per cent of its cost?the duty
on a ton of newsprint costing $166 would
be $116.
The exemption rate will drop to 25 per cent
for circulations to 75,000 and to 5 per cent
for daily circulations of 100,000 or more. The
rates are to be applicable to all the news-
print used by each paper.
THREE LARGE DAILIES AFFEPTED
Three of the nine Athens dailies have a
circulation of over 100,000?the morning
Acropolis and its afternoon edition Apogev-
matini, and the evening Ta Nea.
All three were accused by the Government
recently of abusing the qualified press free-
dom granted on Oct. 3 after the abolition of
censorship.
Their publishers were warned action would
be taken against them if they did not quit
printing "provocative" headlines and car-
toons implying hostility to the Government.
All three, particularly "Acropolis," have
since suffered severe financial losses in the
countryside, where local authorities forbid
local distribution agents to sell the usual
number. "Acropolis" estimates that its cir-
culation outside Athens has been cut down
by one-third, or by about 20,000 copies.
PROTEST IS UNAVAILING
When its publisher protested to the Gov-
ernment, he was told that no restrictive
orders had been issued, but that the readers
"disgusted by the contents" of his paper had
decided overnight to stop buying it.
At today's news conference, Mr. Agathan-
ghelou also disclosed in order to offset news-
paper losses from the abolition of the duty
exemption, increases in the newsstand price
of newspapers?now frozen at 5 cents?would
be allowed. Larger sizes will also be allowed.
in order to make more space available for
advertising.
A second new law requires press enter-
prises to pay taxes on profits, as do other
Greek businesses, although newspapers with
circulations under 15,000 will retain their
tax exemption.
Two of the three Athens dailies that sup-
port the Government circulate 12,000 to 15,-
000 copies a day, meaning they will retain
their privilege of importing newsprint duty-
free and will pay no taxes.
Mr. Agathanghelou, in explaining the new
tax system, said that one newspaper with a
circulation of 50,000 had been taxed $9,670
last year on profits of $140,000, for example.
- Under the new law it would pay $64,000 on
the same income.
He said the steps were to aid freedom of
the press "by equalizing the opportunity for
competition between large and small news-
papers."
[From the New York Times, Nov. 18, 1969]
GREEK PRESS CODE LISTS NEW PENALTIES
ATHENS, November 17.?Prison terms and
fines for press offenses were decreed today by
the Greek Government in a law that goes
into effect Jan. 1.
The 101-article press code, officials said,
was designed to "cleanse and discipline" the
Greek press. They charged that the press
had been "responsible for the decadence of
Greek democracy" before the military take-
over 30 months ago.
Deputy Premier Stylianos Patakos, asked
why the new law was so severe, said tonight:
"Severity is the mother of justice and free-
dom."
The military-backed Government has
promised since the April, 1967, coup to re-
store genuine democracy after reforming in-
stitutions, but has been faced by the delicate
problem of allowing freedom of the press
without incurring the risks that a totally
free press might pose.
After 30 months of strict censorship, the
Government said on Oct. 3 that it was lifting
restrictions, in an apparent attempt to dem-
onstrate its good faith. However, editors were
given a two-page list of banned topics.
The code issued today is considered to be
another move in the Government's search for
a method of dealing with the press.
SUSPENSION POSSIBLE
Under the code, courts must suspend the
publication of a newspaper if, within five
years, it twice commits certain offenses.
These include any articles that are deemed to
insult the king, or the state religion, to dis-
close military secrets, to incite sedition, to
propagate the views of outlawed parties or
to commit libel.
Publishers, editors and reporters will be
collectively responsible for the accuracy of
their publications and will be jointly indicted
in case of an offense.
Under the new code, incitement to sedi-
tion may involve prison terms ranging from
five years to life. The publication of an
article considered likely to shake the public
trust in the economy can bring imprison-
ment for at least six months and a fine of
at least $3,330.
Articles or cartoons judged to have re-
kindled political passions can result in a jail
term of at least a month and a fine of at
least $330.
Sentences of press offenses cannot be sus-
pended.
POINTS MADE IN HEADLINES
The new law also provides punishment for
misleading headlines, which have been used
recently to show hostility to the military-
backed Government and to the suspension
of 10 constitutional guarantees since the
coup in April, 1967.
Late last month, for example, an Athens
daily had a 3-inch-high headline saying
"More Democracy." In smaller letters, it
added: "?Brandt Promises."
The press code says: "The use of headlines,
pictures or drawings that do not reflect ac-
curately the relevant text or deliberately mis-
lead the public is punishable by a minimum
jail term of six months, a $3,330 fine and
suspension of the right to cut-rate duty
newsprint."
Also made punishable, press offenses under
the new rules were distortion or misinter-
pretation of parliamentary reports, defama-
tion, out-of-context reference to documents
or statements, descriptions of criminal acts
or suicides and references to trial cases be-
fore an irrevocable verdict.
Libel regulations were also tightened. Pen-
alties for insult, defamation and libel were
increased to a minimum of three months in
jail plus a minimum $660 fine.
Provisions of the new code announced last
Saturday abolished major financial conces-
sions that Greek newspapers had enjoyed for
decades. Among other actions,' the code ended
some duty exemptions for imported news-
print and required some newspapers for the
first time to pay taxes on profits, as do other
businesses.
The new law establishes a commission of
senior judges and governmental officials who
are authorized to control the finances of all
newspapers to prevent bribery, blackmail and
foreign financing. Publishers must be Greek
citizens.
All press offenses will be tried by the civil
courts after Jan. 1. Until then, the press
regulations issued under martial law, after
the abolition of preventive censorship in
October, remain in force and violations come
under the jurisdiction of special military
courts.
After the abolition, publishers discovered
that an anti-Government attitude increased
their sales. They devised a method of han-
dling headlines and cartoons that clearly im-
plied hostility to the military without vio-
lating the regulations.
To discourage this attitude, an erratic pat-
tern of obstruction of unfriendly newspapers
was established. The Government denied
that it had given any orders, but said that
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9784 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks November 18, 1969
readers had become "disgusted" by opposi-
tion newspapers and no longer bought them.
This resulted in severe trtancial losses for
(some leading Athens dailies, and they quickly
ended their critical practices. The new law
Will make these practices punishable by
prison terms and fines.
While the new code tries to discourage ir-
responsibility of the press, which had been
rampant before the coup, the penalties it
imposes on a broad range of topics is likely
to inhibit journalists.
It is widely believed here that the ClOvein-
inent will soon announce the reactivation of
Article 14 of the Constitution, safeguarding
Press freedom, to prove its intention to re-
Store constitutional rule.
But the enactment of the press code heavily
qualifies that freedom down to such minute
detail that Greek journalists feel that in
effect, they will be forced to consult their
latvyers whenever they plan to write the
latest sports roundup.
PESTICIDES ARE KILLING OPR,
HONEY INDUSTRY
HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOTJSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, November 18, 1969
1 Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
recently Secretary Finch publicly an-
nounced an HEW directive to terrninate
the use and sale of DDT over the next
2 years. In light of this decision and the
reasons given for such action, I feel it is
ime for the House to take a carefql look
t H.R. 10749, legislation introduded by
he gentlewoman from liVa.liington (Mrs.
Ay) to indemnify our Nation's beekeep-
ers for losses sustained from the Use of
pesticides on adjacent faimlands. In a
etter to Secretary Hardin outlining the
problems now facing the honey industry,
Mr. Roy Weaver, of Navasota, Tex.,
tated 500,000 of our 5 million bee colo-
es were destroyed or heavily damaged
y pesticides in 1967. It is important for
the membership to read and understand
the significance of Mr. Weaver's letter,
which follows:
NAVASOTA, TEL
September 18, 1989.
SECRETARY OF AGR/CITLTURE,
D.S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D .0 .
DEAR MR. SECRETARY: I am Roy S. raver,
Jr., a commercial beekeeper in Texa oper-
ating about 5500 colonies of honey bees in
partnership with my father and one brother.
am chairman of the Legislative Conioilttee
Of The American Beekeeping Federations, and
chairman Of the Government ttelationS Corn-
inittee of the Honey Industry Council of
America. Duriny my beekeeping career I have
served as president of the American Bee-
keeping Federation, president of the Ameri-
can Bee Breeders Association, and president
bf the Texas Beekeepers Association.
The honeybee is of great value to agricul-
ture as a pollinator, and is the only known
ollinator which can be moved into an area
in great numbers when desired. Howeger, the
eekeeping industry in the United States is
?n poor condition. For the last 22 year% the
umber of colonies of honeybees in the U.S.
as declined steadily at the rate of l`g per
year. Many operators are finding it an un-
profitable enterprise and are going out of
business. If the abundant agricultural pro-
duction of the United States is to continue,
Ways must be found to reverse the, decline
in the number of colonies of honeybees.
There are two obvious sources for Increased
income to beekeepers. The first is through
the sale of the traditional cash, crop, honey,
at profitable prices. The second is through
the rental of honeybee colonies for the pol-
lination of agricultural crops.
Briefly, I recorrniend that the United
States Department of Agriculture aid the
beekeepers in selling their honey at a profit,
and aid beekeepers and farmers to a better
understanding as to the value of honeybees
as pollinators with the thought that eventu-
ally fees for pollination services will be on
the main sources of income for beekeepers.
About 90 crops grown in the United States,
valued at more than a billion dollars, are
considered to be dependent upon insect pol-
lination. In addition, other crops valued at
about 4 billion dol tars are benejtted by in-
sect pollination. The honeybee is the only
insect which can be moved into the vicinity
of these crops in large numbers to perform
the pollination sergice at the time it is re-
quired.
The primary purpose of the beekeeper has
generally been the production of honey as his
cash crop. Little has been understood by bee-
keepers or farmers as to the value of honey-
bees as pollinators. Much of the pollination
is done incidentally while the beekeeper is
trying to produce a crop of honey. Communi-
cations between beekeepers and farmers has
been poor. As a result most pollination fees
are "starvation wages" for beekeepers.
It is imperative for agriculture that honey
become a stronger competitor with other food
commodities. Although there are about
200,000 beekeepers :n the United States, only
about 1,200 are full-time commercial opera-
tors with 400 or more colonies. However, they
produce about one-third of the honey crop
and provide most of the colonies used in
commercial pollination. There are about
12,000 part-time beekeepers who own 25 to
400 colonies each and produce another third
of the honey. The r amaining 187,000 are hob-
byists who own less than 25 colonies each.
These beekeepers encounter Many prob-
lems. Some of these are: low prices of honey
and low pollination fees in relation to the
hien cost of operation; decreasing bee pas-
ture due to changing agricultural practices
and urbanization; losses caused by bee dis-
eases; and losses due to pesticides.
While the cost of operating a beekeeping
enterprise has been spiralling upward the
price of honey has. remained almost static.
Honey is not holding its own in the market-
place. Even though it is our only natural un-
refined sweet, the per-capita consumption is
slowly declining.
The price support program on honey has
operated quite well in that it has prevented
disastrously low prices and at the same time
has provided hones for school lunches at a
very low cost to ihe government. However,
the support price has not been high enough
to prevent a decline in the number of col-
onies of bees. I recommend thatighe support
program be continued, and that the support
rate be gradually raised until it approaches
parity.
For a long time to come beekeepers will
continue to produce honey as their cash crop.
As a permanent solution to the problem of
low honey prices we need to increase the
per-capita consumption of honey. In order
to do this the beekeepers of the United States
have devised a self-help promotion and re-
search program on honey which requires en-
abling legislation. This proposed legisla-
tion is now before the 91st Congress in H.R.
955, S 1851, and similar bills. I request that
the USDA strongly recommend passage of
this act and assist the beekeeping industry in
implementing it as rapidly as possible.
If the price of honey rises due to increased
supports or increased demand it is possible
that low priced foreign honey will come into
the country in large quantities. The import
tariff on honey is only 1 cent per pound.
H.R. 374 and similes bills before the 91st
Congress would increase the tariff to 3 cents
per pound and require the USDA_ to set
quotas on honey to he imported. I am work-
ing for the passage of this bill.
If neither increased support Prices or in-
creased demand for honey caused by the
promotion of this delicious and healthful
sweet serve to reverse the decline in the num-
bers of honeybees available for pollination of
our crops then direct subsidy payments to
beekeepers may be become necessary. Our
country must have -enough honeybees to fill
their vital role in our abundant agricultural
production.
In 1967, an estimated 560.000 colonies of
honeybees out of the 5 million in existence
in this country were destroyed or heavily
damaged by pesticides. Thousands more were
damaged or destroyed by diseases. The total
damage to the beekeeping industry by
pesticides and disease is estimated to be
$7.5 million annually, while the income from
the production of honey arid beeswax is less
than $40 million. Changing agricultural prac-
tices and urbanization are destroying many
wild plants which honeybees depend on for
pollen and nectar for building strong
colonies. Operating a beekeeping enterprise
requires much expensive hand labor and
complex management decisions.
The solutions to these and other problems
can be found only through research, both on
the scientific level and on the practical level
by beekeepers and others who have the in-
centive to try to progress. The USDA can be
of great help in this. I recommend a thorough
study and implementation of "A National
Program of Research for Hess and other
Pollinating Insects and Insects Affecting
Man" prepared by a Joint task force of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture and the State
Universities and Land Grant Colleges. This
is a good outline of some of the research that
is sorely needed.
Respectfully submitted.
ROY S. WEAVER, Jr.
LAWS RELATIVE TO THE PRINTING OF'
DOCUMENTS
Either House may order the printing of a
document not already provided for by law,
but only when the same shall be accompa-
nied by an estimate from the Public Printer
as to the probable cost thereof. Any execu-
tive department, bureau, board or independ-
ent office of the Government submitting re-
ports or documents in response to inquiries
from Congress shall submit therewith an
estimate of the probable cost of printing the
usual number. Nothing in this section re-
lating to estimates shall apply to reports or
documents not exceeding 50 pages (U.S.
Code, title 44, sec. 716, 82 Stat. 1250) .
Resolutions for printing extra copies, when
presented to either House, shalt be referred
immediately to the Committee on House
Administration of the House of Representa-
tives or the Committee on Rules and Admin-
istration of the Senate, who, in making their
report, shall give the probable cost of the
proposed printing upon the estimate of the
Public Printer, and no extra copies shall be
printed before such committee has reported
(U.S. Code, title 44, sec. 703, 82 Stat. 1247) .
RECORD OFFICE AT THE CAPITOL
An office for the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD,
with Mr. Raymond P. Noyes in charge, is lo-
cated in room 11-112, House wing, where or-
ders will be received for subscriptions to the
RECORD at 21.50 per month or for single
copies at 1 cent for eight pages (minimum
charge of 3 cents). Also, Orders from Mem-
bers of Congress to purchase reprints from
the Egoosn should be processed through this
office.
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Approved For ReLetwaug1 AC1eERIIMB0OMFgh30300120044eember 17, 1969
Demonstrations such as we have wit-
nessed for too long now, contribute to the
breakdown of this system. I bitterly op-
pose those who would turn democracy
into a street fight with the strongest de-
ciding what is right and what is wrong.
We saw this happen in Germany before
the war, and those who are in the streets,
abusing the name of democracy, should
give careful thought to the implications
of their actions.
Revolution, hiding under the cloak of
democracy will not be tolerated by those
who have learned its true meaning by
shedding their blood in its defense.
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
Mr. MONTGOMERY. Mr. Speaker, I
ask unanimous consent that all Members
may have 5 legislative days in which to
extend their remarks on the subject of
my special order.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
injection to the request of the gentleman
from Mississippi?
Ther was no objection.
fl4
ISRAEL IS DANGEROUSLY CLOSE
TO BECOMING ANOTHER VIET-
NAM
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
a previous order of the House, the gen-
tleman from Illinois (Mr. Puciwsxi) is
recognized for 60 minutes.
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the sit-
uation in the Middle East is deteriorat-
ing very rapidly and unless the United
States makes a bold move toward sup-
plying Israel with at least 200 Phantom
jet fighters immediately, this gallant and
brave nation may find herself in great
peril of her very survival.
I have recently returned from a per-
sonal visit to Israel and there is no ques-
tion in my mind about the determination
and profound ability of the Israelis to
defend their nation.
The will and the spirit of the Israel
soldiers make up for whatever deficiency
this gallant nation may have in armor.
But spirit alone is not enough when a
nation like Israel is now confronted on
all of her borders with the full force and
fury of Arab terrorism and Arab aggres-
sion made possible by the Soviet Union's
total rearming of the Arab States.
The United States and the free world
can no longer ignore the fact that the
Soviet Union has given Egypt 960 jet
fighters since the 6-day war of 1967.
The Soviet Union has given Syria an-
other 430 jet fighters.
The Soviet Union has given countless
trucks, tanks, field artillery pieces, and
every other military weapon that the
Arab states need to wage aggression
against Israel.
Mr. Speaker, the situation in the Mid-
dle East is more serious today than ever
before and the great tragedy of our times
is that Israel does not want anything
from her friends?and in particular, the
nor is she seeking any assistance from and could immediately respond to the
the U.S. 6th Fleet now in the Mediter- help of the Israel if an all-out Arab as-
ranean. sault is waged against that country. We
The Israelis firmly believe they are are now trying to extricate ourselves
fully capable of defending themselves if from our tragic involvement in Vietnam
they can have, above all, the necessary and I believe it is safe to predict that
aircraft for in that part of the world it there are few Americans, if any, who
is the effectiveness of the air force that want to see our Nation involved in yet
spells the difference between survival another conflict. But I submit, Mr.
and defeat. Speaker, that the United States is not
It is inconceivable, in my judgment, limited to one of only two alternatives?
f or the free world to idly sit by and either helping Israel militarily or watch-
watch the Soviet Union totally rearm all ing her go down to tragic defeat.
of the Arab States and train Arab armies I submit there is a third alternative
for meaningful aggression against Israel. and one that we ought to adopt. This is
an avoid in- the a
of giving Israel whatever
volvement in the Middle East and I am
I believe that America c e a
she needs to provide an effective deter-
encouraged by the fact that the Israelis rent to Arab aggression.
do not seek our involvement.
But I believe the United States could
take a lesson from the Soviet Union and
adopt a new policy of providing our
friends with maximum military hard-
ware and minimum U.S. troops.
There is no Soviet soldier dying in
Vietnam, in the Middle East, or in Korea.
Yet, every enemy soldier who has been
f these three theaters
captured in either er o
of operation is heavily armed with So-
viet-made equipment.
Every one of these prisoners has So-
viet-made rifles, uniforms, messkits, bul-
lets, binoculars, shoes, and whatever
other military needs he may have.
In Lebanon where the terrorist groups
recently negotiated an agreement for
new raids into Israel, they openly used
Soviet trucks to move their forces and
equipment to the Israel border.
If we really want to avoid a major war
in the Middle East, we must help Israel
become strong enough to defend herself
against Nasser's public pronouncement
that he and his Arab allies will drive
Israel into the sea.
Mr. Speaker, five American Presidents
have assured Israel that she will not be
driven into the sea. I say to you that the
United States need not be involved mili-
tarily in any Middle East conflict if we
will have the presence of mind and the
courage to help Israel set up a sufficient
deterrent to Arab aggression.
Why is it that the Soviet Union has no
qualm or compunction about openly re-
arming all of the Arab States? Why is it
that the Soviet Union does not fear world
reaction or a loss of any of her interests
by openly training Arab forces for ag-
gression in the Middle East?
What is it about the American State
Department and the Defense Depart-
ment which puts us into this facetious
role of some sort of "parity" in arms in
the Middle East?
This policy of parity?giving the Arabs New York as the work of cranks or sick
the same degree of help that we give the minds.
Israelis?might have been valid prior to Mr. Speaker, it is not my intention
the Soviet Union's entry into the Middle to either exaggerate or deal in hysteria.
East. But surely such a policy at this time The people of Israel are calm and reso-
is not only tragic, but totally ignores the lute and life goes on in the big cities
fact that while the Arab States have un- fully mindful of the dangers that lie in
limited access to arms and ammunition the borders.
from Russia, we continue to keep Israel We have every reason to believe that
United States?except the military hard-
totally constrained in her ability to de- Israel is fully capable of protecting her-
ware with which to protect herself, fend herself. self and her nation but she needs mill-
Israel does not want American sol- I respectfully submit, Mr. Speaker, that tary aid.
diens. She does not want American a continuation of this folly is the surest We must realize as Americans that
mechanics to service whatever airplanes way to war in the Middle East. there never again will be a ticker-tape
we give her. She does not want any offl- It is of no comfort to me to know that parade down Wall Street marking the
cial intervention by the United States, the 6th Fleet is in the Mediterranean end of a huge conflict.
There is no question in my mind that
once the Arab States realize that any
attacks on Israel will prove futile and
once the Arabs realize that they are not
going to drive this gallant nation into
the sea, perhaps then the Arabs and Is-
raelis can get together and work out a
lasting peace in the Middle East.
I think that the height of indignity is
for the United States to insist that Israel
shall only receive the kind of military
aid from the United States that she can
afford to pay for when the Arab States
have a blank check from the Soviet
Union to draw on for whatever possible
conceivable military aid they need.
We cannot ignore the fact that Russia
has given Egypt 960 jet fighters and
Syria another 430.
The pilots of these fighters are now
being trained by Soviet military experts
and I say to you, Mr. Speaker, that it is
only a matter of time before the full fury
of this Soviet military aid to the Arab
States is unleashed on the people of
Israel.
Nor can we ignore the fact that the
same terror tactics which have been so
thoroughly tested by the Vietcong against
innocent people in South Vietnam are
now being used by Arab terrorists against
the Israeli in Israel.
The world cannot remain oblivious to
this growing use of terrorism as an in-
strument of aggression. The mayor of
Tel Aviv told me of the great difficulties
his administration is experiencing in
dealing with these terrorists because
most of the manpower of Tel Aviv is en-
gaged in border guard duty with the
Israeli Army.
This whole technique of terrorism is
something that the free world must learn
to live with. We are now beginning to wit-
ness it in our own country. Do not dis-
miss the bombings of office buildings in
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pember 17, iyu moNAL RECORD ? HOUSE
weekend?the morale was very good in
spite of the many times they have to
com out to the Armory and prepare
the elves to meet a situation such as
last veekend. I might say that most ef
these guardsmen are Government em-
ployees and college students, your offi-
cers and NCO's and some of your enlisted
men work for the Government but 30
to 4 percent of your guardsmen in the
Dist 'et of Columbia are made op of col-
lege tudents who go to different collegeis
in th District of Columbia area.
Some commanders in the Waahington
National Guard have told me that in
some cases the departments of Govern-
ment are less cooperative in letting a
guar sman off to come to drill than som
empl yers in private enterprike. In o
word,some of the department liegas in
Goverment give the comma ders and
the nen in the National Gu a harder
time than a man who runsA service staa
tion and who has only e...attendant.
Oftentimes a private usinessman b
more willing to let his e loyee go than
some of these Governmex department
heads. I say that this is wro and that
When a situation like this com '' p, these
_t,m
depa ent heads should coopeia
In he callup for this weekend, 9
cent f the District of Columbia guar
men reported for duty which is certainly
comniondable. The 5 percent that did
not show up were too far away to come
back over the weekend or were sick or
some of them were not able to be eon-1
taeted. But 95 percent out of a ixesible
100 percent is a very good average. It le
about 5 percent over what was expected
to sheOw up this last weekend.
Nosy speaking of the antiwar demon-
strators, I would like to give my estimate
of the crowd. I would say that the num-
ber of people in Washington between
Friday and early Sunday morning was,'
betw n 250,000 and 300,000 people. It
was crtalniy not as high as 800,000, as,
I hay heard. ,
I n4ght comment that I noticed some,
of these groups walking around and Il
talkeci to some of them. They came in,
pairs?a boy and a girl. They came'
mainly from colleges in this part of the
countey. For some reason, a large group
of them were strangely dressed. Their
dress was different from what we usually
see. They almost had on costumes. Some
of thee young people, the ones I talked I
to, reelly do not know completely what'
the cause was?they heard a bus was
corning and they had a friend and they I
paid their roundtrip and so they came
to
?
We have talked about these groups
and the damage done.
I certainly do not agree with any of
the philosophy of what the demonstra,
tion celled for. I really think it was un-
necessary. As I said, many of the young;
people did not know exactly what they
were t ere for. Several I talked to said,1
"Yes, support President Nixon's pro- '
gram" which was entirely off course,
from hat the moratorium was about.
Wh3 they surrounded the Justice De-
partm4nt and why some of the demon-1
strato , 5,000 of them, went down there,
I do not know. The Federal Government,
through the Attorney General's Office or
President Nixon's, has not taken a really
active part in the cases or the court suits
that are noW going on in Chicago.
I heard some of the cries in the crowd,
"Free Bobby Seale." I did not really fol-
low this. Speaking of things shouted out,
I heard some of these young people
shout, "Ho, Ho, Ho, Ho Chi Minh. We
have the Vietcong flag." And it just did
not hit me right. It rubbed me and a lot
of other Americans the wrong way.
The White House was protected by a
large number of buses; that were placed
bumper to bumper and surrounded about
two-thirds of the White House, They
were use _as-a-harrier in case there was
trcjibiflTn trying to demonstrate near the
larhite House.
The weather was a factor. The weather
was a key factor. It was cold and miser-
able Friday night when, you might say,
the ones who were the troublemakers ar-
rived. They did not get much sleep. Sat-
urday they were cold and tired, and it
was cold Saturday, and after the demon-
stration at the Justice Department, a few
of them came toward the White House.
By 8 o'clock most of them were looking
for warm places. Most of the young peo-
ple had gone back to their buses from
which they originally had come.
The cost was, in my estimation, to state
conservative estimate, between $800,000
$1 million to the Federal Govern-
men I am sure this demonstration
slowed ness in Washington. Several
of the str were blacked off all day
Saturday.
Therefore, I ow private enterprise
was hurt by this emonstration.
We are very for ate that no one
was seriously hurt, an that there was
a minimum amount o property de-
stroyed. I would say that will not
happen to us again. Pcssibl if we-have
-this large a number of people ho would
come back into Washington, might
not be as fortunate as we were t week-
end, and possibly there could be rious
violence. So I certainly hope that ese
demonstrations will not continue.
In closing I would like to say at
this was quite an experience for me
meet, to drill, and to be with the Distri
of Columbia National Guard and als
to see how the police worked.
I have to commend the police, and th
National Guard for the fine job that w
done.
Mr. MAYNE. Mr. Speaker, will
gentleman yield?.
Mr. MONTGOIVIERY. I yl el. the
-gentleman from Iowa.
Mr. MAYNE. Mr. S
commend the
er, I certainly
man for his very
graplilc,,ewryies account of the events
in ashington over the weekend as seen
from the vantage point of a National
Guardsman.
I was particularly shocked at the gen-
tleman's account that the Vietnam flag
was being flown at the base of the Wash-
ington Monument. This is certainly an
affront to every American who wears the
uniform of the United States proudly, or
Who has made the supreme sacrifices de-
fending the American flag Certainly all
of the patriotic Americans can have
nothing but condemnalon for anyone
who would desecrate the base of the
H Nvoa
Washington Monument by flying the flag
of our enemies who are doing their
utmost to kill brave Americans in Viet-
nam.
Mr. MONTGOMERY. Mr. Speaker, I
thank the gentleman from Iowa.
I would like to mention to the gentle-
man this was not a particularly mean
crowd. There was a small _group that
Would cause the problems and others
would follow. I saw some of the young
people crying. They did not know exactly
what they were getting into, and they
would get into something that was
shameful and I think they were sorry
themselves that they did it. rjust cannot
believe they will ever be able to rally that
large a group to come back to Washing-
ton. Certainly I hope they cannot.
Mr. NICHOLS. Mr. Speaker, I am very
pleased that my good friend and dis-
tinguished colleague from the State of
Mississippi has asked me to join him in
this special order to discuss, the tragic
situation which we witnessed in Wash-
ington over this past 'weekend. Over a
quarter of a million young people de-
scended on this city to march in the
streets to protest the war in Vietnain.
This occurred with total disregard for
our President's plea for support for his
peace efforts.
Most of these young people left their
studies and cut classes to come to Wash-
ington. Many of them have parents who
are making substantial sacrifices and in
all cases are putting out a great deal of
money so that their children can get an
education and hopefully require some
wisdom.
There was very little wisdom demon-
strated during the last 3 days. Despite all
the promises given to city and national
officials, large numbers of the demon-
strators broke their pledge to nonvio-
lence and rioted, not only against the
police, but against the law-abiding
citizens of their country and against the
members of their own ranks who kept
their word.
Honor, integrity, and justice seem to
have very little meaning for these pro-
testors who use them so frequently and
loosely. Apparently they only apply to
other people, not to themselves. They
seem to believe that they have a corner
on truth and therefore are above the law.
Perhaps most important of all is the
disregard and disdain they show for the
democratic process. All of those who
marched during the 3-day protest ig-
nored the fact that this is a country built
on law, an impartial and just law which
protects them even as they break it. In
many cases, the law has gone much
farther than it should to protect then
rights while it ignores the rights of the
great majority of the people of the coun-
try to be protected from their irres-
ponsible and reprehensible activities.
We have a democratic system which
allows dissent and protest by lawful and
time-honored means. We have a free sys-
tem of elections which allows all Ameri-
cans to register their complaints and
exercise free choice in electing new lead-
ers. The only way that this system can
continue to operate to protect the rights
of all is for the minority to respect the
choice of the majority and abide by their
decisions.
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.
We must realize that there never again
will be a battleship Missouri steaming
Into Tokyo harbor as it did in 1945 to
accept total surrender. These new con-
flicts that face the world today have no
formal beginning and no formal ending.
This is why America's new policy must
place heaviest emphasis on sending mili-
tary arms to our allies to help make them
strong enough to help themselves before
the conflict begins.
We must use our military d,rms as a
deterrent.
A few months ago we had a big debate
here in this Congress on the anti-
ballistic-missile system and the propo-
nents argued that perfection of this sys-
tem will provea deterrent to conflict.
I submit that that same logic prevails
and applies to sending 200 Phantom jet
fighters to Israel forthwith, not next
year, not 3 years from now, but right now.
Nothing will bring peace to the Middle
East faster and more assuredly and con-
vince the Arabs that Israel is more than
capable of protecting herself.
This is a policy that requires no
American personnel; no American sol-
diers, but one that offers our allies mean-
ingful help.
I know of no mandate for American
troops to police the entire troubled world
in these days of mounting conflict. It is
for this reason that I do not urge the
sending of one American soldier but we
can no longer ignore the fact that the
Soviet Union uses her military might in
a much more effective way.
It is the height of folly to think that
Russia wants peace when she continues
to rearm nation after nation to wage
aggression. We must realize this new
technique of warfare and respond ac-
cordingly.
It is of no comfort to us that our rep-
resentatives and Soviet representatives
meet in Helsinki to being talks on nu-
clear disarmament.
Of course, the Soviet Union will agree
to placing limitations on strategic mis-
siles when all over this world the Soviet
Union is sending to aggressor nations
the day-to-day sinews for terror, sub-
version, and conventional aggression.
We can have all the controls in the
world on strategic missiles between the
United States and Russia and yet see
most of mankind fall captive to the
Communist conspiracy.
When are the statemen of this country
going to realize that the Soviet Union
plays a series of options at one time?
She is talking peace in Helsinki and
waging war in the Gaza Strip.
Our Nation has to learn to use its
options the very same way that the So-
viets have used their options over the
past 22 years.
During the past two decades the So-
viets have kept us off balance and we
respond to, instead of, anticipating their
actions.
It is high time that the United States
took the initiative and I submit, Mr.
Speaker, that the place to start is to send
to Israel 200 jet fighters immediately.
The 50 fighters that she is buying from
America ought to be included in this
package.
One final word. In my judgment, it is
the height of folly for anyone to suggest
that the Israelis would use these fighters
to wage new aggression against the
Arabs.
The 6-day war was necessitated by 20
years of constant aggression and harass-
ment by the Arab States.
Ten days ago I stood on the mountains
of the Golan Heights and I personally
examined the Syrian embankments
there. I saw the moment in which the
Syrians were able to harass the Israelis
from these excellent strategic vantage
points.
I examined a kibbutz near the Jordan
River which had been bombarded by the
Syrians every night to the extent that a
whole generation grew up spending every
evening and nighttime in a bomb shelter.
The 6-day war was a necessity to give
Israel a chance to breathe but I submit
to you, Mr. Speaker and my colleagues,
that to suggest to me that the Israelis
want to keep all of the liberated terri-
tories or that they seek more is to ignore
the realities of life and to fail to under-
stand the nature of the Israelis them-
selves.
I submit that the Jewish people did
not struggle for 2,000 years to get their
own homeland only to become a minority
In their own country.
There is no question in my mind that
if and when the Arabs give Israel un-
equivocal guarantees of Israel's soverign-
ty and full and free access to all the
waterways, the Israelis will be more than
anxious to discuss with the Arabs the
return of these territories. Obviously, the
Israelis will retain some of the territory
for reasons that are beyond contradic-
tion, but I believe it would be foolish to
suggest that somehow or other the Is-
raelis want to keep all the territories
they won in the 6-day war. To do so
would give them control over such vast
expanses of land and population that
they would become a minority in their
own country.
THE WASTE-TREATMENT CON-
STRUCTION GRANT PROGRAM:
HOW MUCH TO INVEST THEREIN
THIS YEAR?
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from New York (Mr. RosisoN) is
recognized for 30 minutes.
Mr. ROBISON. Mr. Speaker, now that
the other body has completed its con-
sideration of the 1970 Public Works ap-
propriation bill, the question of how
much to invest?during what remains of
this fiscal year?in the Department of
Interior's waste-treatment construction
grant program again becomes a matter
of some concern to this House.
As my colleagues will well remember,
when this issue was before us on October
8 the House decided, after considerable
debate, to appropriate $600 million in
new obligational authority for the pur-
poses of this important program which
sum, together with available unobligated
balances of $64.9 million carried over at
the end of the last fiscal year, would have
provided a total grant program of about
$665 million for the construction of
waste-treatment works, as authorized by
the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966
4R000300120003-9 H 10937
to abate our national water-pollution
problem.
The vote on this in the Committee of
the Whole, as all will recall, was a close
one?coining in the face of a concerted
drive on the part of some of our col-
leagues for the "full funding" of this pro-
gram at the $1 billion authorized figure.
I thought then?and still think?that
we made a responsible and wholly de-
fensible decision, tripling as we did the
prior year's appropriation for this item in
a year when the demand for budgetary
restraint was so clearly obvious; and in
light, too, of what we could determine as
the probable top figure that the Depart-
ment of Interior, in its most objective
moments, would tell us that it could put
to use in what remains of this fiscal year.
However, it will soon be necessary for
us to again go over much of the same
ground for the other body, in its sep-
arate wisdom?a phrase I prefer to use
though there evidently is a bit of "one-
upmanship" in all this?has now decided
to fund this program at the full authori-
zation figure of $1 billion; to "fully fund"
it, that is, in the sense that phrase was
urged upon us in those weeks leading
up to October 8.
Now, Mr. Speaker, considering the
great political appeal this program has,
and considering the undeniable need for
faster progress to be made thereunder?
which means an increased level of Fed-
eral support?it is tempting for all of us
to now say "So be it," tdthe action taken
by the other body, thus bowing in ad-
vance to the new wave of lobbying pres-
sure for "full funding" that will soon
again engulf us.
That pressure will undoubtedly reach
its peak when, as this bill gets ready to
move to conference, a motion will be
made to instruct the House conferees to
accept the other body's $1 billion bid for
popular approval, as further evidence. of
our support for this program.
I do not happen to believe?generally
speaking?in the practice of so instruct-
ing any conferees. I think many of my
colleagues share that viewpoint, but it
is clear, in advance, that it will be diffi-
cult for anyone, politically speaking, to
vote against such a motion in this in-
stance.
These remarks, then, have been pre-
pared with that thought in mind?it
being my purpose, if I can, to encourage
in advance of that vote some objective
consideration of that question of "full
funding" of this program, with especial
reference to what "full funding" can or
cannot accomplish.
If my colleagues, Mr. Speaker, will
think back to the debate we had last
month on this same question, most of
them will recall that it was brought out
in the course thereof that there is some-
thing badly wrong with the allocation
formula under which funds for this pro-
gram are made available to the inter-
ested municipalities in the several States.
As we discovered, 17 States?along with
Guam, Puerto Rico, arid the Virgin Is-
lands?were more than fully funded
under that formula even at the original
$214 million budgetary request, this be-
ing on the basis of their reported need
for Federal assistance under this pro-
gram as totaled up from applications
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H 10938 Approved For RelegtiNVIWNWRATim:Toolppom iv ov ember 1 2..6 9
300120003,-9
they, too, could be said to be "fully
funded."
This, then, would still leave seven
States?Florida, Indiana, Maine, Mary-
land, New Jersey, Nesv York, and Ore-
gon?on paper considerably less than
"fully funded" on the basis we have been
talking about, please note, even at the
other body's $1 billion figure. My own
State of New York, Mr. Speaker, is the
best example of this problem since its
Pending, filed, applications total up to
$202,279,540, against Which?even at the
$1 billion level?it would receive only
$89,223,166.
And, Mr. Speaker, there is nothing we
can do about this situation unless and
until we change that allocation formula.
Now, of course, it is true?and let me
be the first to admit it?that, at the
other body's $1 billion figure, New York
will become entitled to receive under that
allocation formula for the purposes of
this program that $89,223,166, or a bit
short of $37 million more than it would
become entitled to under the House's $600
million figure.
Why, then, do I not grab for that with-
out any questions?
Well, precisely because, Mr. Speaker,
I have not yet been able to determine
what New York's true "action backlog"
really is.
I have already mentioned the Proba-
bility of some administrative "slippages"
in connection with Tennessee, Michigan,
and Nevada; but such "slippages"?that
relate to administrative capacities to
more than triple the pace of progress
under this program at both State and
local level, as well as the Federal, levels?
will apply in all States
pending at regional IsWISCA offices or at
State agencies, and from applications in
some stage of progress at the local level
but not yet formalized At the $600 mil-
lion House figure these same 17 States?.
and territories?already fully funded
and, in fact, enjoying under the alloca-
tion formula an actial surplus over
their reported need a t the $214-million
figure, would see that surplus escalated
from $37.9 million to over $101 million.
Clearly, there is an urgent need for Con-
gress to review and revise that allocation
formula.
But, to move on, eight additional States
would become fully funded?on the
same basis of total reported need?
under the $660 million House fig re and
would also, for reason relating lick to
the workings of the Present al cation
formula, receive at least a teMporary
surplus over their totaFreported need for
funds under this program of $41.2 mil-
lion.
Thus, to sum up so far, at the House
figure of $600 million for the purposes of
this program, 25 States would be fully
funded?indeed, overfunded?under any
definition of that phrase.
At this point, it needs to be stated, I
suppose, that the figures I am using are
those as supplied me by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Comnaission,
and were current as of-August 31 of this
year.
. Now, Mr. Speaker, it would seem to
become necessary to consider a bit more
fully what we mean by "fully ftitided."
Do we mean, thereby, simply the ap-
propriation of the full authorization of
$1 billion for this fiscal year?
Or do we mean to appropriate what-
ever we can decide is actually Wing to
be required under this program by the
States in the balance of this fiscal year?
It seems to me, Mr. Speaker, that if
the appropriation process is going to con-
tinue to mean anything we ought to try
to fund any program before us only at
that level which we can determine?and
agree upon?Gould reasonably be obli-
gated during the fiscal year in question.
Though there has been some backing
and filling on this point, Interior con-
tinues to say?as best I know?th t this
would be $600 million, at the niot. And
It is important to remember, in a, con-
nection, that we are talking about obli-
gations?not expenditures?for, since
the Federal grants, as I understal do
ot go out until a project is 25 tiCent
expenditure level for this prograta will
o
mplete, it is safe to assume that the
hot rise very much during the ba.Ianee of
this fiscal year no matter how mqch we
eventually decide to appropriate f r it. I
don't know, Mr. Speaker, if many of my
olleagues are still very interested in this
o,
pect of our budgetary decisions even
ugh we have previously seen fit im-
pose a spending-ceiling of sorts the
resident; but if any are so concerned,
they may take some comfort from what
have just said.
- In any event, what now of timae re-
-naining 25 States who do not seem, at
first glance, to be fully funded?in the
1.ciuse figure of $600 million?
oadest sense of that phrase---: the
Well, seven of those States?
Connecticut, Hawaii, Massach tts,
Minnesota, Rhode Island, and Vermont,
along with the District of Columbia,
would really be fully funded for all prac-
tical Intents and purposes, though now
In a narrower sense of that phrase, at
the $600-millio:a level since the alloca-
tions they would then receive would more
than cover the respective dollar totals of
all the grant applications they have pend-
ing at regional FWPCA or State pure-
water offices. Besides which, they col-
lectively would become entitled at that
level to an additional $28 million, or
thereabouts, to apply eventually to their
reported backlog of local used, as rep-
resented by applications for grant
moneys that are now in some stage of
preparation back at the municipal level,
but which will orobably not actually be
filed for months?in some cases, perhaps,
years?yet to come.
This, then, leaves 18 "problem" States
for us to consider?the problem in con-
nection therewith being one that, because
of that allocation formula, we cannot
really resolve w:aether we decide to stay
at the House figure of $600 million, or
adopt the other body's $1 billion figure,
or opt?as seems a likely result of the
forthcoming conference?for some "split-
ting of the difference" between the two.
I would ask my colleagues to take note,
Mr. Speaker, of the fact that, to come
closer to "full funding" as we have here
on the House side, we have already had
to vote to overfund 32 States?under that
obsolete allocation formula?to the tune
of nearly $210 million just on the basis
of their "action backlog" of applications
pending at those regional FWPCA or
State offices.
If we were now to decide to force the
House conferees, in advance, to accept
the other body's $1 billion figure?there-
by improving the lot of those remaining
18 States but still, please note, without
coming close to meeting the apparent
needs of at least seven of them?the over-
funding that would then be produced in-
sofar as pending applications were con-
cerned would rise to nearly $437 million.
Mr. Speaker, I strikes me that this is
simply not a very efficient way for us to
be trying to advance the purposes of this
program?and that what we ought to be
concentrating on, instead, is ways and
means to review and revise that obsolete
allocation formula, and how to nail down
the matter of reimbursing those States
who have been going ahead on their
own?in advance of Federal assistance?
in meeting ther pollution-abatement
goals, on which subject more in a
moment.
Now It is, of course, true that, at the
$1 billion level, we can "fully fund"?
again on that basis of dollar totals of
Pending applications--eight of those re-
maining States, these being California,
Illinois, Missouri, New Hampshire, Ohio,
Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.
And I should think Tennessee should also
be added to this list since its application
backlog totals $21,278,986 against which
it would receive?at the $1 billion level?
$21,083,396, or close enough to cover, one
would think, the actual need.
As a matter of fact, both Michigan and
Nevada?assuming some administrative
"slippage"?woulcl also be so close to be-
ing covered at the $1 billion level that,
for all practical intents and purposes,
In addition to which, since the FWPCA
does not, as I understand, require a
municipality on filing an application for
grant moneys to certify as to its financial
readiness to proceed with construction of
its project, once Federal assistance is
forthcoming, we now have no way really
of knowing how many local municipal
entities?even in a State with such a
large paper backlog of need as New
York?are really ready to go ahead with
their project if the level of Federal assist-
ance is pushed on up to the other body's
$1 billion figure. This is a problem, I
might mention, that has been made even
more difficult of estimation by virtue of
the fact that this Congress, in its zeal
for tax-reform, has unintentionally
brought some added uncertainties of
performance to the Municipal bond
markets.
And then, finally, Mr. Speaker, one
also has to consider the capacity of de-
sign engineers, as well as the construc-
tion and equipment industries, to handle,
all at once, a vastly expanded workload
of progress under this important pro-
gram.
What I am, therefore, saying is that,
while it is of course politically tempting
to accept in advance the other body's
"one-upmanship" to the full $1 billion
funding for this program, it is still ob-
vious that nowhere that amount could
possibly be obligated during the balance
of this fiscal year for this program's pur-
Poses?a program, need I say, that I sup-
port just as strongly as anyone in this
body?and that, therefore, the House
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It is my view that the amounts au-
thorized can provide for reasonable prog-
ress in all significant aeronautical and
space programs. I am, therefore, hopeful
that when the corresponding appropria-
tions bill reaches the floor of the Senate,
it, too, will be passed in an amount suffi-
cient to fund the authorizations con-
tained in this bill.
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, as a
conferee on HR. 11271, I want to con-
gratulate our distinguished chairman
and the ranking minority member, the
senior Senator from Maine, for their ad-
mirable work in the conference. The
quality of their leadership is clearly in-
dicated by the results of the conference
which in most instances upheld the Sen-
ate's position. I also compliment the
chairman and members of the House
committee who participated so capably in
the conference. I believe the conference
resulted in a bill that will provide a bal-
anced NASA program, a program already
endorsed by the Senate bill.
There is, however, one program on
which I would like to say a few words,
The House-passed bill provided an addi-
tional $3 million for the chemical pro-
pulsion program to be used only for the
260-inch large solid motor project. The
Senate deleted this amount because no
role has been assigned these large solid
rocket motors for the near future and
because the necessary funds to accom-
plish the few additional tasks remaining
to establish the large rocket motor tech-
nology are included in the budget request
under supporting research and tech-
nology.
While no role has been assigned as yet
to the 260-inch large solid rocket motor,
I think the record should show that
NASA continues to regard the large solid
as an alternative for future space pro-
grams.
On October 31, 1969, the chairman of
the Senate Committee on Aeronautical
and Space Sciences wrote to Dr. Paine
requesting his views on the role of the
260-inch solid rocket motor. Dr. Paine
replied in a letter to the chairman dated
November 3.
Mr. President, with the consent of Sen-
ator ANDERSON, I ask unanimous consent
that the two letters be included in the
RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibits 1 and 2.)
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, in his
letter, Dr. Paine makes it clear that
NASA continues to regard the large solid
rocket motor as one of the attractive,
technically feasible alternatives for fu-
ture space programs and reiterates the
fact that the fiscal year 1970 budget does
provide for continuing work in research
and technology related to this project.
Moreover, Dr. Paine points out that while
the possibilities of a fully reusable space
shuttle vehicle point in a direction of
favoring reusable liquid propulsion sys-
tems, he does not at this time believe
NASA can or should rule out entirely the
possibilities of a space shuttle using the
260-inch solid rocket motor in the booster
stage.
I should add that I had a personal
telephone discussion with Dr. Paine prior
to our Senate-House conference and
prior to my knowledge of the letter which
Senator ANDERSON had written to Dr.
Paine. In the course of that discussion
Dr. Paine made it very clear to me that
he expected to continue the research and
technology work on the large 260-inch
solid fuel rocket out of the authorization
proVided for in this year's budget and
which are now contained in the confer-
ence bill.
I send forward the two letters I have
asked to be printed in the RECORD.
Exnuirr 1
OCTOBER 31, 1969.
Hon. THOMAS 0. PAINE,
Administrator, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Washington, D.C.
DEAR Tom: During fiscal year 1967, NASA
completed the test firing of its third half-
length 260-inch large solid rocket motor. Fol-
lowing this, some efforts have been devoted
to completing the technology for this booster.
In the FY 1970 budget presentation, no pro-
vision in either the original or the revised
submission was made for any further demon-
stration firings of 260-inch large solid motor
cases.
In view of the space shuttle studies and
other activities currently underway and in
view of the President's Space Task Group
recommendations eniphasizing commonality,
reusability, and economy in space transpor-
tation systems. I would like your current
views as to just where you would envision
a booster with the projected capability of the
260-inch large solid rocket motor would fit
into the nation's requirements for large space
boosters. / believe also it is very important
that the Committee have an expression of
your views on this inasmuch as both the
House and the Senate have already approved
NASA's recommendations for continued pro-
duction, and therefore availability, of the
Saturn V system for supporting our very
heavy space booster requirements.
I would appreciate your thoughts on the
projected role of the 260-inch large solid
rocket motor at your very earliest conven-
ience.
Sincerely yours.
CLINTON P. ANDERSON,
Chairman.
EXHIBIT 2
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION,
Washington, D.C., November 3, 1969.
Hon. CLINTON P. ANDERSON,
Chairman, CoMmittee on Aeronautical and
Space Sciences, U.S. Senate, Washing-
ton, D.C.
DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: This is in reply to
your letter of October 31 asking for my cur-
rent thoughts on the projected role of the
260-inch solid rocket motor.
We continue to regard the large solid
rocket motor as one of the attractive tech-
nically feasible alternatives for future space
systems. For this reason, as you know, we
have provided in our FY 1970 budget for
continuing work in research and technology
related to the 260-inch solid rocket motor.
This work relates, for example, to thrust
vector control and propellant casting and
processing. We do not plan to proceed with
further construction and firing of full scale
rocket motors until such time as a decision
is made to proceed with actual development.
Our studies to date of the possibilities of
a fully reusable space shuttle point in the
direction of favoring reusable liquid propul-
sion systems. However, I do not at this time
believe we can or should rule out entirely the
possibility of a space shuttle using a 260-
inch solid rocket motor in a booster stage.
Depending on a number of factors, it could
turn out that we would decide to use the
S13919
large solid rocket booster as an alternative
to the fully re usable liquid propulsion sys-
tem.
With respect to Saturn V, the require-
ments we have presented to the Committee
are not affected by the possibility of a deci-
sion to develop the 260-inch solid rocket
motor. If we should decide to develop the
260-inch solid for the space shuttle, we
would, of course, consider utilizing it for
any payloads for which it is suitable, in-
cluding those which otherwise would require
the Saturn V OT a derivative vehicle consist-
ing, for example, of the first and second
stages of the Saturn V. However, we would
not develop the 260-inch rocket motor solely
for the purposes of providing a substitute for
the Saturn V or its derivatives.
If I can provide any additional informa-
tion, please let me know.
Sincerely yours,
T. 0, PAINE,
Administrator.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President, as
a member of the Senate Committee on
Aeronautical and Space Science, I wish
to concur in everything that has been
stated here in regard to the conference
report. I feel that the distinguished
senior Senator from New Mexico (Mr.
ANDERSON) , chairman of the Space Com-
mittee of the Senate, is to be congratu-
lated upon his fine leadership in the con-
sideration of the conference report.
I ask that the Senate now vote on it.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The question
is on agreeing to the conference report.
The report was agreed to.
Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres-
ident, I move to reconsider the vote by
which the conference report was agreed
to.
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, I move
to lay that motion on the table.
The motion to lay on the table was
agreed
PRESIDENT NASSER'S SPEECH
Mr. BYR,D of Virginia. Mr, President,
President Nasser's speech last night is
highly disturbing.
The President of the United Arab Re-
public, speaking to the Egyptian Gen-
eral Assembly, called for a path of "fire
and blood" in the Middle East.
The Arab's friend, he said, is the
Soviet Union. He listed the United States
as an enemy.
While President Nasser is known for
bombast and inflammatory talk, his ad-
dress last night, coupled with his actions,
seems to me to be a cause for some
alarm.
I have long felt that the Middle East is
potentially the most explosive area in
the world. I formed this view first as a
newspaper editor, obligated to take a
keen interest in international problems.
My view has been reinforced since be-
coming a member of the U.S. Senate.
Eighteen months ago, on an official
Senate visit to the Middle East, I had
a long and frank talk with Egyptian
Foreign Minister Mahmoud Riad, He
indicated some reasonableness?which,
incidentally, subsequent events have not
borne out.
I expressed the view to the Egyptian
Foreign Minister that, to an outsider,
there appears to be two fundamental
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,
Oeps which must be takea before per-
Manent peace can be achieved.
i One, the Arab nations must recognize
that Israel is here to stay and cannot be
e iminated as the Arabs sought to do in
Ji me of 1967.
[ And second, the leaders of the United
Arab Republic must engage in direct ae-
gatiations with the leaders of Israee
While the four major powers, namely
e United States, the _Soviet Union,
e.
eat Britain, and France, might be able
collectively be helpful in arriving at a
s lution, the solution to be permanent
arid realistic peace must result $rom
direct negotiations between the inter-
ested parties; namely, the Israelis arid
their neighbors. .
',In my judgment, the Soviet Union was
the motivating force behind Nasser's
provocative actions against Israel in
1967. Last night's speech by President
Nasser indicates to me that he and the
viet Union are adding flames under a
pot which is already boiling.
, ?
WE MUST CUT OUR ARMED FORCES
IN EUROPE AND BRING 200,000
MEN AND THEIR DEPENDENTS
HOME
Mr. YOUNG a Ohio. Mr. President,
the number of men in our Armed Forces
now totals more than 31/2 million?larger
than the regular armed fortes of either
the Soviet Union or China.
' Gne of every 11 American young Men
between the ages of 18 and 45 is in uni-
form full time as a member of our Arnied
Forces, Another 1,200,000 civilians are
emPloyed by the Defense Department. Of
this total number, 170,187 American ei-
vilians, men and women, work for dur
Anted Forces overseas as civilian eine'
plo ees. In addition, millions of Arrieri-
can work in industries sustained, amidst
ent' ely, by Defense Department con-
tracts. It is fair to state that one lin
every seven wage earners in this country
is d pendent on the Pentagon for his Or
her paycheck. This includes much of the
Nation's most outstanding managerial
and technological talent.
mis President, in view of these facts, it
so times seems futile to try to diminiSh
and Somewhat limit the power and infhli.-
encel of the military-industrial compleX.
AlmOst 9 years have elapsed since PreS-
ident Dwight Eisenhower warned of the
groWing menace of the power of the mill-
tarySindustrial complex in his farewell
statement to the American people in
January 1961.
T e power of the military-industrial
com le
t
x has continued to grow and e*
nand. Our military and naval establish-
men seems to be expanding constantly.
It es uch larger and more costly than
was When General Eisenhower left the
White House. 1
We now have 343 major military base*
in 2 countries and seven U.S. posses
sions In addition, we have 2,687 minor
milit ry installations spread throughout
the w rld. More than 1,200,000 Amezicari
servi emen are stationed in foreign
countrles. +
Th United States does not have a
mandate from the Almighty to police the
entire world. It is high time that the ad=
1
,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE November 7, 1969
ministration and ,the Congress review
our treaty commitments and obligations.
The President in his recent speech an-
nounced that in 1,he future the United
States will assist nations willing and able
to defend themselves with their own
forces. We should be determined never
ligain to go througSi the tragedy and na-
tional insanity of another involvement
in a civil war in some other Asiatic
country?Laos, for example. President
Johnson's intervention in a civil war in
South Vietnam with American combat
troops was the worst mistake any Amer-
ican President ever made. In view of
these facts, it is clear that there is no
need to continue to support the present
level of our Armed Forces. It is time that
the administration take drastic steps and
cut the number of Americans in uniform
by at least a million.
There are now more than half a mil-
lion Americans of our Armed Forces sta-
tioned in South Vietnam and Thailand.
Forty percent of our tremendous air
power and 35 percent of our naval forces
are committed to combat duty in Viet-
nam, Thailand, and off the coast of Viet-
nam.
The President has stated that he has
a secret plan to end our fighting in Viet-
nam. His plan is still his secret. How-
ever, let us hope he will end our involve-
ment in a land war in Southeast Asia
and bring the boys home within the next
6 months.
The one place where we can and
should make immediate reduetions of
our Armed Forces is to return forthwith
most of the more than 310,000 men of
our Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines
now stationed in Western Europe with
their 240,000 dependents. They have
been maintained there over the years,
since the end of tVorld War II, at great
expense to American taxpayers.
A quarter of a century has elapsed
since World War U. Our massive mili-
tary presence in Western Europe has be-
come merely foreign aid, in the sum of
many billions of dollars, to the West
German Republic, Holland, Belgium,
Spain, and other European countries.
The United States is the only NATO
member that has met its commitment
100 percent. The only other NATO na-
tion that has come up to even 80 percent
of its commitment has been West
Germany.
We have 220,000 servicemen stationed
in West Germany, with 160,000 depend-
ents. Based on its gross national prod-
uct, the West German Republic is the
third-wealthiest country in the entire
world. The West German mark is one
of the world's strongest currencies. In
Swiss banks the mark of the West Ger-
man Republic is considered more sound
than the U.S. dollar. The recent reval-
uation of the German mark, increasing
its value, will automatically cost Amer-
ican taxpayers at least an additional
$100 million a year fox the maintenance
of our forces stationed there. Also, Amer-
icans buying Volkswagens and other
German-built automobiles will as a re-
sult pay a higher price for each auto-
mobile purchased, thereby increasing the
outflow of money from our country. Sure-
ly, it is outrageous and unthinkable that
nearly a quarter of a century following
the end of World War II, the United
States continues to maintain more than
220,000 officers and men of our Armed
Forces in West Germany.
While we Americans conscript our
young men for 2 years and send many of
them to West Germany, the West Ger-
man Government conscripts their young
men for only 18 months, Furthermore,
our other allies in Western Europe either
have no draft laws whatever or conscript
their youngsters for a much shorter pe-
riod of time than we. Denmark conscripts
for 12 to 14 months, France and Norway
for 12 to 15 months, Italy for 15 months,
Spain for 16 to 24 months, Belgium for
but 12 months. and Great Britain not at
all.
The nations of Western Europe can
certainly provide the necessary troops to
defend themselves. There is no reason
for them to depend on us. Since the death
of Stalin, the Soviet Union is no longer
an aggressive threat to our NATO allies.
The leaders of the Kremlin during the
past 10 years have been intent on increas-
ing the standard of living of their own
people. The Soviet Union, now a "have"
nation, is veering toward capitalism. Let
the West German youth be conscripted
and drafted into their own armed forces.
Why should the lives and aspirations of
our teenage young men be disrupted to
form the first line of defense for the
Germans and French and their Euro-
pean neighbor countries?
It is generally regarded we do have a
national interest in defending Western
Europe. It does not follow that to serve
this interest we must maintain more
than 310,000 troops and more than 240,-
000 dependents in Europe. The time is
long past due for us to withdraw at least
200,000 of these men, and all dependents,
from Western Europe.
The U.S. Air Force has a proven capa-
bility of flying to Europe an entire divi-
sion, a fully armed and equipped com-
bat division, and field them ready for
combat within less than 36 hours.
Furthermore, whatever men of our
Armed Farces are sent to Western Eu-
rope for a tour of duty in the future
should be sent for a period of not more
than 13 months, and with no depend-
ents. If there is a need for our troops in
Europe, then we should have a lean, trim.
combat-ready force stationed there, not
hundreds of thousands of men of our
Armed Forces living like "squawmen"
with their wives and children. At the
present time, all of our officers from car -
tain through field grade up to general
grade assigned to Western Europe are
living high on the hog with their families
and servants, and enjoying trips to Euro-
pean resorts in their Mercedes and other
European automobiles, which some sell
at handsome profits when returning to
the United States. They and their fam-
ilies never had it so good.
The PRESIDING OreaCER (Mr.
BYRD of Virginia in the chair). The Sen-
ator's time has expired.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. I ask unani-
mous consent to proceed for 3 additional
minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
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South, the school bus has come to repre- try, most of them in urban centers and out- "We will not tolerate arbitrary busing,"
sent for thousands of people the stupid, stub- side the South. Mr. Nixon said then.
born, clumsy, inept attempt by a heavy- The promise common to all of those plans Gov. Lester G. Maddox of Georgia has
handed bureaucracy to force school Integra- is basically simple and emerged as an answer described busing frequently in vitriolic terms,
tion, a problem they believe only time can to a question school administrators have once calling it "a Communist ruse."
solve, been pondering since the 1954 decision: Gov. Albert P. Brewer of Alabama. has
Moreover, with last week's insistence of How can any school be racially balanced expressed similar sentiments in less vivid
the Supreme Court on immediate, Complete when the neighborhood it was designed terms, as have his counterparts in Louisiana
compliance with its 1954 school integration originally to serve has become or always was and Mississippi.
mandate, the furor over the school bus is racially unbalanced? The public officials' distaste for busing is
likely to increase both in scope and intensity One answer, as first devised in the Berke- also frequently expressed in Northern States
In the urban South in coming weeks as ley school system five years ago, is the die- and cities.
busing is chosen as a tool for quick desegre- solution of the time-honored concept of And not long ago, George C. Wallace, the
gation. the neighborhood school and the physical Presidential choice of nearly 10-million
"My kids ain't riding no buses all over movement of students from the residential Americans, twirled a cheap cigar in his
the country just to make the damned Su- neighborhood to a school in another neigh- fingers and offered his own contribution to
preme Court happy," vowed a disgruntled borhoocl, thereby achieving substantial class- the continuing argument.
Georgia parent last week, a sentiment voiced room integration. TRIFLING WITH OUR KIDS
over and over again by Mississippians whose DEVASTATING IMPACT "I'll tell you this," Mr. Wallace growled.
schools will feel the initial impact of the
The impact of that solution is, however, "It don't make any difference how many
Court's sweeping decision. for many parents and students, devastating. judges they appoint from the South or what
"What goes against my grain is my little
children riding buses, sometimes in sub-zero There are long rides in the morning and their philosophies are, and it don't make any
, afternoon to and from their new school, difference how they try to court the South?
weather, to places I've never even seen,"
complained the Rev. Alan Walbridge, a white
There is a loss of identification" with the if they keep on busing our kids from one end
Episcopal priest in Pittsburgh who has orga-
school itself, since it no longer is the neigh- of the town to the other, then there's going
nized a private school to avoid the city's
borhood school." "to be trouble because, I'll tell you this, par-
"I suspect, also, that many of the angry ents are not going to put up with it. They're
busing program. ones are simply saying, whether they are Ne- just trifling with our kids when they bus
"They might get lost or never come home
groes or whites, that they do not want their them around like that."
" h added hild n in a school with children who aren't And so the debate continues, as steadily
All across the country, there is consider-
their own color," a school administrator in
,
able antagonism. Evansville, Ind., said recently.
In Denver, two school board candidates ran
An official of the United States Department
successful campaigns this year on antibusing
of Health, Education and Welfare agrees.
platforms. Paul Rilling, chief of the department's Civil
TWO SOCIAL ILLS Rights Office here in the South, ventured
In Grand Rapids, many white and Negro that, in his own region, at least, it is not
parents have objected strenuously to the busing that "heats up" the parents, but
city's busing program, and one group boasts rather, integrated education.
that its efforts helped elect three new school In fact, records in Mr. Rilling's office and
board members. at the United States Department of Justice
In California, according to a newspaper here indicate that busing has not been a sig-
survey, parents of school-age children are nificant factor in or a substantial part of
"most concerned" about drug abuse among the south's struggles with classroom desegre-
youngsters and the busing of their chil- gation.
dren to schools out of their residential neigh- PROBLEM FOR NEGROES
borhoods?two facts of life the parents de- ?I think it is fair to say that if it has been
scribe as "social ills." a problem at all, it has been a problem for
In Birmingham, Ala., an organization of Negroes rather than whites," Mr. Rilling said.
white parents is raising money to use in a In most desegregation plans in the South,
court fight against their city's integration there is substantial "one-way desegregation,"
plans, which include the use of busing. a plan that moves Negroes from their schools
In Dayton, Ohio, boycotts, school strikes to previously all-white schools and in most
and occasional violence have marked that cases simply closes the schools that formerly
city's efforts to achieve racial balance in its were Negro. Mr. Ruling's agency is prohibited
schools by using buses. from either suggesting or ordering that bus-
Here in Atlanta, Negro parents staged ing programs be initiated in any Southern
vehement protests against a school closing school syste1 . to achieve racial parity in
and the busing of their children to a new, schools under its aegis.
integratedMr Rilling also finds support from other
and Fla noisily RS old yellow and black ve-
thicle that rolls along the country's streets
and highways, alternately swallowing and
then disgorging children and making as
remarkable a contribution to the nation's
bent for controversy as the internal com-
bustion engine's role in the improvement of
transportation.
THE TORTURE IN GREECE
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, re-
cently, Look magazine published an
article entitled "Greece: The Torture
Goes On," written by Mr. Christopher S.
Wren. In view of our support of the re-
gime in Greece, I think it is appropriate
that the article be drawn to the atten-
tion of the Senate, which will be called
upon to vote for continued military as-
sistance to the present regime.
I ask unanimous consent that the
article be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the Article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
GREECE: THE TORTURE GOES ON
school.
SOME ACCEPTANCE, TOO(By Christopher S. Wren)
that, even with the Supreme Court order Last June 7, George Papadopoulos, the
Southern officials and educators for his view
There are examples of acceptance as well, last week, the "busing syndrome" will not
In Berkeley, Calif., where the idea of busing become an important factor here in .the Greek colonel who runs Western Europe's
to achieve racial balance originated, it is South. only new dictatorship since World War IL
working and working well and there is little , "It is really an urban problem," he argued. mused before an Athens news conference
If any conflict, local officials say. "In the South, where the bulk of the stu- that he might agree with the view that the
In Rochester, N.Y., and Verona, N.J., the dent population is enrolled in smaller sys- press was a "whore." The self-appointed
story is the same. And even in Boston, where tems, most of them rural, there is absolutely Prime Minister was referring to Look maga-
Louise Day Hicks received thousands of nothing new about riding a bus a long cis- zine's disclosure of political torture in Greece
votes after her anti-busing mayoral cam- tance for a long tie to school." (May 27, 1969) .
paign in 1967, the busing program has met OFFICIAL SUPPORTHis indignant response was delivered once
with wide acceptance and will probably be the offending article, Greece: Government by
Regardless of the size or the intensity of Torture, was safely off the newstands (in
expanded. the South's reaction to busing plans, the is- Athens, cops were bought up by the junta:
ONE HUNDRED BUSING PLANS
sue is sturdy enough and substantial enough "How could we consider ourselves part of a
Advocates of busing, such as Neil V. Sul- to remain alive across the country. Parents civilized society when we accept the most
liven, the Massachusetts Commissioner of of every description and officials with a van- imaginary and malignant accusations pro-
Education insist that it can work and is, in sty of powers and authority will probably duced by a mentally deranged person ... and
fact, the best, fastest, safest and most eco- continue to oppose both the idea and the how could we reproduce those accusations for
nomical way to get children to school. fact of the busing, the use of tens of millions of readers through-
"If you can provide a good education, peo- They have support from high places. out the world?" Under the subhead "Feeble
pie don't mind busing," he said, referring to In Williamsburg, Va., for instance, Vice Author," the censored Athens News picked
the success of the plan now in force in Bos- President Agnew, in an attempt to mollify up the cue: "Papadopoulos said this article
ton. "Transportation does not become the the heated interests of several Southern goy- was written by a mentally deranged person."
problem. All they [the parents] want at the ernors, recently stated his blunt opposition It was later quietly explained the Prime
end of the bus ride is quality education." to busing. And in many corners of the coun- Minister really meant not this writer, dnly
Although exact statistics are hard to come try, editorial writers and public officials are his sources.
by, officials in the United States Office of constantly referring to a campaign remark Papadopoulos thereupon invited Look to
Education believe there are more than 100 by President Nixon in Charlotte. N.C. last send to Greece "a duly authorized represents-
separate busing plans in effect in the coun- year. tive with the purpose of investigating the
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S13822 Approved For Releage
truth. He could be accompanied by the per-
son who supplied the writer with the false
accusations. . .."
The Prime Minister promised that if he
were shown torture did take place, he would
hang the culprits in Constitution Square.
The last such public executions in central
Athens, Greeks recall, were carried out by the
Nazis during the Occupation. The Prime
Minister never bothered to send his invita-
tion to Look. It appeared the next week
among the routine Greek Embassy press re-
leases handed out to She Washington press
corps. Still, Look accepted.
Since the details had come from torture
victims within and outside Greece, Look
had no single "person who supplied the writer
with the false accusations.- It propased send-
ing James Becket, an American lawyer who
has investigated torture chargeS within
Greece for Amnesty International, the world-
wide organization coneerned with political
prisoners. Becket had given some of his
documentation to Look. Congressinan Don
Edwards of California was suggested as an
observer. Rep. Edwards, chairman of the
U.S. Committee for Democracy in Greece,
offered skill as a former Pm agent and cur-
rent member of the House of Representatives
Judiciary Committee.
Following the Prime Minister's invitation,
further evidence and offers of assistance came
in to Look from Europe. Thirteen prisoners
in Averoff prison, Athens, smuggled out a
signed statement that they wanted to talk
about their torture. A Scandinavian diplo-
mat wrote: "I could furnish yott with a
number of names of people who have been
tortured much worse than those yon,mention
in your article."
A month later, the Greek Prime Minister
finally authorized the consul general in New
York to inform Loots that Representative
Edwards and Becket, as "participants of
movements inspired by Snejudice and anti-
Greek hysteria" were not welcome in Greece.
The article's author was 'absolutely unac-
ceptable." As for the Prime Minister's promise
to summarily execute anyone guilty Of bru-
tality, this, the consul general explained, was
merely a "Greek metaphor" used "by the
Prime Minister to emphasize the depth of
his cenvietions. . ."
Yet as long ago as ApriT, 1968, the Greek
junta was given prima faeie evidence that,
political prisoners had ben abused. Anthony
Marreco, a British lawyer for Amnesty Inter-
national, was allowed into three Greek pris-
ons. Afterward, he gave Minister of Interior
Stylianos Pattakos the histories of ten pris-
oners whom he had interviewed and believed
were tortured. Pattakos dismissed them as
Communists and Marreco's andings SA Com-
munist propaganda. Pattakos closed the mat-
ter: "The Greek Goverritnent has to protect
its people against its Communist enemies."
Amnesty International is DOW banned from
Greece as "Communist," test as it has been
banned from the Soviet Union ail
controlled."
The Greek dictatorship insists that torture
claims have been refuted by Use International
Red Cross and the so-called British Pasha-
7entarians Committee. It was in fast the
subsidiary International Committee of the
Red Cross that visited Greece. Its initial re-
port dealt with prison-camp conditicins, not
storture. A second report concluded that the
,ICRC did not wish to declare whether or not
Iprisoners were tortured. Because the ICRC
cannot release its findings without the per-
mission of the host government,n4 Other
reports have been published, The Ittac in
July, 1968, and again in February, 1969,
privately protested to the junta its inisrep-
resentation of the reports.
The Rea Cross has secured from the junta
some improvement in prison conditions. But i
Its business is mercy, not politics. ReStricted
to diplomatic channels, it can see only what
the government decides to show. In World
NagatogiUNRAllefed1WPDStURRHP?120003-9..
November 5, 1969
War LI, for instance, a Danish Red Cross team
finally allowed Into the Therresienstadt con-
centration cam? in June, 1944, found new
flowerbeds and freshly painted barracks. To
tidy up, the Nazis had shipped 2,780 Jews
to Auschwitz.
The British Parliamentarians Committee
turns out to be five British Members of
Parliament who were junketed with wives to
Greece for the 1968 Easter holidays by
Maurice Fraser Associates. Fraser, a former
gambling-easinc promoter, had persuaded the
junta to pay his new firm $253,000 a year to
handle its public relations in Britain. Two
of the MP's did visit the prison camp on the
island of Leros, where torture did not occur.
The spokesman, Gordon Bagier, MP, scoffed:
"Quite frankly, I am getting a bit fed up
with the sensationalist reporting to come
out of Greece. We found that reported torture
had always 'hapsened to someone else.'"
After a long court fight the following fall,
the London Sunday Times won the right to
publish a secret memorandum from Mau-
rice Fraser to the junta that he had a Brit-
ish MP in his employ. Confronted with it,
Gordon Bagier confessed that Fraser was
paying him 2500 ($1,200) a year.
The junta has grown desperate for good
publicity. It reprints in government pam-
phlets?The Foreign Press About Greece?
favorable letters to the editor under the
masthead of the foreign newspaper that
has carried them. The casual reader will
take the unlabeled private letter for an offi-
cial editorial endorsement. The government
recently extended round-trip New York-
Athens air fare and 24 days of full hospitality
to a California radio-TV team of four, in the
hopes of some friendly spot reports.
But when Christopher Janus, Jr., a 25-
year-old vacationing Peace Corps teacher,
visited Greece or. August 2, he was detained
overnight and deported without explanation
to Nairobi. His father, Christopher Janus, a
Chicago stockbroker of Greek descent, had
written two articles for the Chicago Sun-
Times after visiting Greece in 1967 and 1968.
Janus, who was decorated by an earlier
Greek Government for his work in Greece
during the civil war, had simply repeated
what a lieutena:at colonel in Athens told
him last year: "A little torture is necessary
to preserve civilization."
The Look art:ele has been translated,
mimeographed and circulated inside Greece
along with the novels and poetry banned by
the . But ahalf-dozen new escapees
from Greece separately insist that the beat-
Ingalls the police stations have been stepped
up in an- attempt to stem the bombings and
other stiffening resistance among the Greek
people.
Six weeks after the article appeared, Athens
radio felt free to boast: "The U.S. Govern-
ment recently decided to include Greece
among the four countries to which 90 per-
cent of U.S. military aid for 1970 will be
distributed."
When 50 American congressmen petitioned
the Secretary of State in a July 30 letter for
"a clearer sign oi' U.S. moral and political
disapproval of the dictatorship," an Assistant
Secretary of State, William B. Macomber,
conceded that "WE' see an autocratic govern-
ment denying basic civil liberties to the citi-
zens of Greece," but insisted that the junta
was meeting Greece's NATO treaty obliga-
tions. Calling the NATO argument an excuse
for U.S. inaction, Rep. Don Edwards took
issue: ". . . the present dictatorship violates
the very principles of NATO, the very reason
for NATO, the protection of free people
through the preservation of governments
chosen by the people."
American taxpayers' money still Rows to
a government that relies on torture to sur-
vive. Among the now allegations of brutality
S a letter from a woman who wrote Look
that her aunt, a middle-aged dressmaker, was
arrested and, the niece heard, tortured the
week after Papadopoulos issued his angry
denial. "She was releated after having been
kept for 40 days under strict confinement
[and] continuous interrogation. Before her
release, she signed a declaration saying that
she was treated 'very politely and kept under
very human conditions of imprisonment.'
She had been warned, of course, that in ease
she is going to say anything to anyone related
to her interrogation, she will be rearrested
and 'properly' treated." Her name, like dozens
of others, has been sent to the Human Rights
Commission of the Council of Europe, which
has been examining such cases and will an-
nounce its conclusions later this fall.
If, in the meantime the Prime Minister is
anxious to examine the validity of the
pyramiding charges of torture, he has only
to honor his pledge of June 7, to let Look
Into Greece to "investigate the truth" he says
he so desperately wants.
THE PESTICIDE PERIL?LXXIV
Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, this week
Canada joined the growing list of coun-
tries who have placed substantial con-
trols on th
pesticide DDT.
According to reports in the New York
Times and the Wall Street Journal, the
Canadian Government will reduce the
use of DDT beginning January 1, 1970,
by 90 percent. Prime Minister Pierre
Trudeau said that the regulations are
being imposed?even though the long-
term effects on human life are un-
known?because definite and alarming
evidence has confirmed the injury and
destruction to fish and wildlife from
Pesticides.
Sweden, Denmark, and Czechoslovakia
have already banned this persistent pes-
ticides from use in their countries. In
the United States, Arizona and Michi-
gan have banned DDT, and many other
States are presently considering similar
measures in their legislatures.
I ask unanimous consent that the ar-
ticles be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York Times, Nov. 4, 19i39l
OTTAWA WILL REDUCE ITSE OP DDT BY 90
PERCENT NEXT YEAR
Orraws, November 3.?Canada announced
measures today to reduce the use of the pes-
ticide DDT by 90 per cent next year.
The number of cultivated food plants on
Which it may be used will be reduced from
62 to 12 beginning Jan. 1. Also, the tolerance
levels in various foodstuffs are to be sub-
stantially reduced.
Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau,
making the announcement in the House of
Commons, said the Government was acting
on the baais of studies showing effects of
DDT on birds and fish. Long-term effects of
the pesticide on human life are still un-
known, he said. He emphasized that the Gov-
ernment had no evidence of injury to human
beings.
The Prime Minister noted that the Ca-
nadian diet contained an an average only
one-fifth the maximum daily intake of DDT
(0.7 milligrams) accepted as unsafe by the
World Health Organization.
In recent months several Canadian prov-
inces have curbed the use of the pesticide,
whose effectis have been found harmful in a
number of studies in the United States.
Ontario announced a general ban on DDT
six weeks ago.
Mr. Trudeau today commended the provin-
cial governments for the initiatives they
had taken to control the use of DDT, but
he said more comprehensive action was
needed.
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uctober 30, 1969
dent, it requires both time and money to
implement any kind of school order. Are
Federal courts prepared to levy taxes by
injunction? Are they prepared to compel
State legislatures to levy taxes and ap-
propriate funds to implement Federal
court decrees?
Mr. President, the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare and the
Federal courts have closed over $15 mil-
lion worth of school buildings in the
State of Alabama. We resent that. Money
comes hard down in Alabama. These
buildings have to be built with taxpay-
ers' funds and for HEW and the Federal
courts to come in and tell us that we
have to close our?in many cases?
brandnew and expensive school build-
ings in order to help implement these
integration programs, we do not like it.
We are upset about it.
People are greatly concerned about
this issue. We are interested in matters
of tax reform in Alabama; in stopping
inflation; in the Vietnam war and seeing
to it that it is brought to an end on an
honorable basis, after we have kept our
commitments and as we support the
President of the United States in his
plans to bring peace in Vietnam.
All of these things concern the people
of Alabama but I believe that the one
Issue which concerns them most is that
of maintaining our public school system
In Alabama and keeping it from being
taken over, lock, stock, and children, by
the Federal Government. That is the No.
1 issue in the State of Alabama, keeping
local control of our local institutions.
Just the other day, I received informa-
tion from the Department of Defense
that there have been almost 1,000 Ala-
bama boys who have lost their lives in
Vietnam. I have paid tribute on the
Senate floor to these brave young men.
Yes, Alabamians loyally support the
Government of the United States. We
obey the court decrees. We want fair and
equal treatment. We do not want one law
applied in the North and another law
applied in the South.
The protection of our public school
system and the protection of our local
institutions in Alabama, are the primary
considerations of the people of Alabama.
We want to see every boy and girl in
Alabama receive a quality education. We
want to see them get the same educa-
tional advantages, the same cultural ad-
vantages, and the same economic advan-
tages which are enjoyed by boys and girls
In other States.
I stated that this type of policy is de-
signed to appeal to certain people. That
is what is at the root of the whole
thing?how many people this type of
policy will appeal to. It is a matter of
politics. That is the reason why we have
unequal enforcement of the law in the
South. It is a matter of politics.
Just a few weeks ago I received a call
from some of by black friends in Ala-
bama who are complaining about the
closing of their high school. It was a
school with a student body of around
400, a fine school, with a fine auditorium,
a fine cafeteria and lunchroom, used by
the citizens for social gatherings and
community meetings. They had a fine
football team, a good band, and they
liked their school. They had school
pride.
The court came along, on the recom-
mendation of HEW, and closed that
school. The patrons did not like it. They
asked me to do something about it.
About all I can do is protest to HEW
and tell the Members of the Senate who
might possibly chance by about the clos-
ing of this school in Alabama.
These questions are not academic, for
we have the precedent of Federal district
courts issuing injunctions against con-
stitutional officers of State governments
to compel State legislatures to gerry-
mander representative districts to meet
a collectivist political concept of equality.
Is it to be imagined that the people of
the South will continue to support with
their taxes a public school system di-
vorced from education considerations
and one in which the welfare of children
Is totally subordinated to the absurd dic-
tates of the National Government?
So the Supreme Court decision in the
Mississippi case has settled actually lit-
tle. It merely opens a new era of litiga-
tion during which the Federal executive
and the Federal judiciary will continue
to apply every coercive weapon at their
command to compel the assignment of
pupils and teachers to achieve racial
balance in the public schools.
Mr. President, we hope that the pub-
lic schools of Alabama and the South
may yet be saved from th sociological
ewes that are be1nd on us.
CHARGES OF TOR RE OF POLIT-
ICAL PRISONERS IN GREECE
Mr. FELL. Mr. President, last month,
on September 29, I commented here in
the Senate on the failure of the Greek
Government to honor the invitation it
had extended to Look magazine to send
a reporter to Greece to determine the
truth of charges of torture of political
prisoners in that country.
To refresh the memory of my col-
leagues, the Greek Government extended
the invitation in a press release in re-
sponse to an excellent article written by
Mr. Christopher S. Wren and published
in the May 27, 1969, issue of Look maga-
zine.
Look magazine promptly accepted the
invitation and proposed to send to
Greece a three-man team composed of
Mr. Wren, Mr. James Becket, an Amer-
ican attorney who had investigated the
torture charges for Amnesty Interna-
tional, and Representative Doll EDWARDS
of California, a former FBI agent and
member of the House Judiciary Com-
mittee.
After a delay of a month, the Greek
Government informed Loox magazine
that the three-man team was not ac-
ceptable to the Greek Government and
would not be welcome in Greece.
I recently received from the Consul
General of Greece in New York, George
D. Vranopoulos, a copy of the formal re-
sponse of the Greek Government to the
Look magazine proposal. To fill in the
public record of the exchange between
Look magazine and the Greek Govern-
ment, I ask unanimous consent that the
letters from Consul General Vranopoulos
to myself and to Mr. William D. Arthur,
editor of Look magazine, dated July 12,
be printed in the RECORD.
To further complete the RECORD, I have
obtained from Look magazine the reply
by Mr. Arthur, dated July 29, to the
Consul General, and ask that both let-
ters be printed in the RECORD at this
point as well as a letter from Mr. Becket
printed in the International Herald Trib-
une on October 24.
The being no objection, the letters
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ROYAL CONSULATE GENERAL OF
GREECE,
New York, N.Y., October 8, 1969.
Senator CLAIBORN PELL,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR: I have read with interest
your comments concerning Greece in the
September 29 Congressional Record.
It is always encouraging to see members
of the United States Senate exerting unself-
ish efforts to keep pace with dvelopments
that concern America's allies.
Your September 29 comments dealt with
the unfortunate and unfounded allegations
of Look magazine that the Greek Govern-
ment employs torture to suppress or punish
political opposition.
These allegations are not true.
To update your files on the exchanges be-
tween Look editors and Greek officials, I offer
this copy of a letter sent to the magazine on
July 12, 1969.
You are free to reproduce this letter if you
wish to complete the picture.
Sincerely,
GEORGE D. VRANOPOULOS,
Consul General of Greece.
ROYAL CONSULATE GENERAL OF
GREECE,
New York, N.Y., July 12, 1969.
Mr. WILLIAM B. ARTHUR,
Editor, Look Magazine,
New York, N.Y.
DEAR MR. ARTHUR: With reference to your
letter of June 16, 1969 addressed to the for-
mer Counsellor of the Greek Embassy in
Washington, I have been authorized to state
the following:
1. The Prime Minister of Greece, during a
press conference in Athens with representa-
tives of the Greek and Foreign Press, on
June 7, 1969, did, indeed, invite the manage-
ment of Look to send to our country an au-
thorized staff reporter to evaluate the facts
relating to the material published in your
magazine, through a purely journalistic in-
vestigation.
2. The Prime Minister, however, has ob-
served with disagreeable surprise that his
invitation, although explicitly specifying a
clearly journalistic investigation, was mis-
interpreted from beginning to end, in view
of your declared intention to have Messrs.
James Becket and Don Edwards accompany
your representative. These two gentlemen
are not only lacking any journalistic quail-
Rations but they are also participating in
activities openly hostile to the prevailing
situation in Greece.
The Prime Minister would gladly grant an
interview to an unbiased journalist repre-
senting Look, but not to the participants
of movements inspired by prejudice and anti-
Greek hysteria, even in the event that such
individuals were to present themselves in a
journalistic capacity.
3. Beyond this overall misinterpretation
of the meaning of the Prime Minister's in-
vitation, it must be pointed out that not
even the journalist in the proposed group
Is an appropriate designee. Mr. Christopher
Wren is a person absolutely unacceptable to
the Greek Government,
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October 30, S 13557
done by HEW in the North. They are
prote ted under the language of the
HEV appropriation bill, and HEW is
prey nted from taking these steps.
Wh re, however, racial segregation ofi
stude ts in a school system has been caused,
in w ole or in part, by the official action of
l
the tate, these statutory provisions pro-
vide ao barrier to any steps necessary to
deseg egate the schools and are not steps to
overceme racial imbalance prohibited by
those laws.
In
thin
to do
that
ther words, HEW is free to do these
in the South but are not permitted
them in the North, the reason being
t one time in the South we did have
a du 1 system of schOols.
That seems unfair to the junior Sen-
ator from Alabama?that we should have
one rule for the use of Federal funds in
the North and a different rule in the
South.
Mr, President, we in Alabama are thiS
year celebrating our sesquicentennial.
We ave been in the Union of StateS
this ear for 150 years, and we are proud
of th t fact. We are proud that Alabama
is th 22d State of the Union.
I int out that the people of the
Sout ?the people of Alabania and the
Sout ?are as loyal or more loyal to our
coun ry than the people of any other
secti of the country. Military procure-
ment bills receive the support of the Sen-
ators and Representatives from the
Sout .
Ju the other day, I received a letter
from a radio station in Alabama that
had r n an editorial in opposition to the
Vietn m moratorium on Oct,ober 15.
Th y had invited their listeners to call
in an?tell them whether they approved
of th editorial which was critical of the
demo strators. Hundreds of replies came
in aslI 98.3 percent of those replies were
in fa or of supporting the President, sup.
portixg the foreign policy of the Presi.
dent, and of the United States.
Mr President, I point out these things
to shw that the people of Alabama are
loyal 4merican citizens. We olkey the law,
We r spect the law. We are proud to be
a part of the Union. We are proud that
our tate is now celebrating the 150t1
anntvlersary of its admission to the
Unioi.
Mr President, we want to be treated aS
citize s in Alabama. We do not want td
be tr ated as a conquered province. We
want to see the laws enforced equally
We speak of equal protection of the
laws, ut why is not this HEW appropria-
tion imltation granted equally in the
South as it is in the North? It has been
made clear on the floor of the Senate lcat
the distinguished Senator from Missis-
sippi ' and other Senators, and it is a
matt r of common knowledge, that there
are li erally hundreds of public schools
In th country, in the big cities of thl
Nort , that are 100 percent segregated.
do not believe that news of the 1954 decal
sion of the Supreme Court in Browfl
again
reach
North
a tten
Ye
prem
there
t the Board of Education ha
d many of our big cities in th
. If it has, they have not paid a
ion to it.
we see the spectacle of the Sus
Court stepping into a ease where
was already an order for the sub-I
mission of a plan by December 1, and
they come in and say, "Integrate now,"
1 month from the deadline that had al-
ready been established.
We do not want to lose the public
school system in Alahama and in the
South. It would hit the very people that
these decisions supposedly are designed
to help. Far from being helpful to them,
if we lose the public school system in
Alabama, it would be a great detriment
to them. The low- and middle-income
citizens of Alabama and the South are
not able to send their children to private
schools. We have to rely on the public
school system and we want to preserve
that public school system.
Mr. President, I have introduced in the
Senate an amendmeni, to the HEW ap-
propriation bill. I do not know how much
good it would do if the amendment were
agreed to because they apply one rule, as
I say, in the North and still another rule
In the South, However, I have introduced
this amendment and I will call it up
when the HEW appropriation bill comes
before the Senate for consideration.
The amendment reads as follows:
It is hereby declared to be the sense of
Congress that the freedom of choice of par-
ents to choose the public primary and sec-
ondary schools to which they shall send
their children (subject to age, academic
and residence requirements) is an inviolate
right, the protection and maintenance of
Which is part of the public policy of the
United States.
I wish that were the public policy of
the United States. What in the World
would be wrong with allowing a?child
anywhere in the country to choose the
school he wants to attend? We are will-
ing to follow that system. We are willing
to give bona fide support to a system of
that sort.
We have had freedom of choice in Ala-
bama, until we came uu der court decrees;
and the courts have called the HEW to
come in and suggest school plans and
have then just put them into effect.
I believe that under that plan we
would have every boy and girl in Ala-
bama attending the school that he or she
wishes to attend. This Ls not a one-sided
thing. This does not provide benefits to
one race at the detriment of another
race.
I was interested in observing in the
text of the opinion of the Supreme Court
that in this case they did cite two cases,
one in 1964 and one in 1968, by the War-
ren court. The 1954 case cited no legal
precedents. As I have said, the Burger
court has not distinguished itself in this
case, in the opinion of the junior Sena-
tor from Alabama; and it looks as if,
even though Mr. Chief Justice Warren
Is no longer on the Court, his presence
is still very much felt there.
I notice, too, that the opinion was a
per curiam opinion. No one signed it. It
was the utterance of the entire Court, an
8-to-0 decision.
If the Supreme Court is divided on a
question of this sort 8 to 0, I do not be-
lieve there is a whole lot for anyone to
be disturbed about if someone of a
slightly different political philosophy
should be named to the Court. At best it
would then be an 8-to-1 opinion, which
would not be too bad, I am sure, from
the view of those who like this sort of
opinion.
Mr. President, I was encouraged by one
Phrase in the opinion of the Supreme
Court to which I have alluded. In the
first numbered item of the Court's order
it calls on the Court of Appeals of the
Fifth Circuit to direct the school boards
that they begin immediately to operate
as a unitary school system within which
no person is to be effectively excluded
from any school because of race or color.
Well now, that sounds all right to the
junior Senator from Alabama because it
smacks of being freedom of choice. If no
Person is to be effectively excluded from
any school because of race or color, that
can only mean that he would have the
free choice of going to the school to
which he wishes to go. In that respect,
if that in fact be the meaning of this
phrase, I would certainly endorse those
few words in the opinion.
Mr. President, the Federal Executive
charged with responsibility for imple-
menting judicial decrees in the massive
sociological experiment in Mississippi
and throughout the South has frankly
admitted that the proposals he imposed
upon certain Mississippi school systems
had been hurriedly prepared. The depart-
ment conceded that to implement these
plans would" surely produce chaos, con-
fusion, and a catastrophic educational
setback for the children involved." Does
the Constitution of the United States re-
quire chaos, confusion, and a catastroph-
ic setback for children in public schools?
The U.S. Supreme Court swept aside
all such considerations and washed its
hands of responsibility for such chaos.
The Supreme Court ordered the Court of
Appeals for the U.S. Fifth Judicial Cir-
cuit to direct the school boards to accept
all or any part of the hopped-up plan
provided only that the plan "insure a
totally unitary school system" instan-
taneously and without regard to con-
sequences.
The opinion is indiffrent to the welfare
of the children, untroubled by conse-
quences and devoid of conscience. The
order is free of education considerations,
indiffrent to the = will and wishes of the
children, their parents, and teachers and
completely unconcerned about the con-
venience or health or safety or welfare
of the children involved. But more?it is
indifferent to practical down to earth
consideration for the future of public
school education in the South.
Mr. President, how is this decision to be
implemented? We know, of course, that
the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare will threaten to withhold
public funds, a part of which are used
to buy hot breakfasts and provide lunches
for children of the poor. We know that
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth
Judicial Circuit will issue its decrees and
injunctions and threaten public school
officials with fine and imprisonment
without benefit of trial by jury if they
do not surrender their Constitutional
power to administer local public schools
and accept dictation from Federal courts
and from the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. But, Mr. Presi-
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4. The Greek Government is amenable
to the suggestion that your staff reporter be
accompanied by an accredited press photog-
rapher.
5. The Prime Minister has also invited Mr.
Korovessis, the only accusser identified by
name in your article. The Prime Minister
has publicly assured Korovessis immunity
from any jeopardy bodily or otherwise. From
the Prime Minister's statement it is clear-
ly evident that the journalistic investigation
would deal exclusively with the brutality
charges asserted by Mr. Korovessis to Mr.
Wren. Therefore, the proposed investigation
is acceptable only if directed to the afore-
mentioned brutality charges and not to the
alleged 200 instances of torture, which Mr.
Wren in a vague but colorfill manner claims
to have knowledge of.
6. In the event Mr. Wren's allegations
as to the Korovessis' matter were proven to
be true, the Government would immediate-
ly take measures to severely punish to the
full extent of the Law, those responsible for
such acts. This was the essence of the re-
mark of the Prime Minister "the execution
(of the culprit) in the Constitution Square",
which is a Greek metaphor often used by
Greeks firmly convinced of the bona fides
of their belief, and not the literal and nar-
row interpretation placed upon his words.
The use of such a significant figure of speech
by the Prime Minister to emphasize the
depth of his convictions should have aroused
definite suspicions as to the extent to which
the truth was distorted in Mr. Wren's article.
7. In closing, we reiterate that in spite of
the offensiveness to the Prime Minister of
the misinterpretation of his remarks, the in-
vitation extended by him in the aforemen-
tioned press conference still stands; namely
that a duly accredited member of your rep-
ortorial staff together with a press pho-
tographer are welcome to visit Greece for the
stated purpose. It must be understood that
this invitation does not extend to any per-
son who is not a journalist by profession or
who, despite a journalistic background,
through association in anti-Greek move-
ments or lack of objectivity, is prone to pre-
judge prejudicially and hence is completely
unacceptable.
The foregoing is based on the conviction
that your renown publication has experienced
conscientious and dedicated staff members
capable of carrying out your intention to
search for the truth through reputable chan-
nels of proven journalistic reliance and free
of prejudicial influences or motivations.
Sincerely,
GEORGE D. VRANOPOULOS,
Consul General of Greece.
JULY 29, 1969.
GEORGE D. VRANOPOULOS,
Consul General of Greece,
New York, N.Y.
DEAR MR. VRANOPOULOS: Please convey to
the Prime Minister of Greece my disappoint-
ment at his unwillingness to let Look prop-
erly accept his initial invitation to "investi-
gate the truth" about political torture in
Greece, as reported in the May 27 issue of
Look.
Because the Prime Minister had expressed
his interest in learning the facts, I had sug-
gested that Look's representatives be three
Individuals who could best present the evi-
dence to the Prime Minister: Senior Editor
Christopher S. Wren, who wrote the article;
James Becket, who has written regularly for
respected American publications; and Con-
gressman Don Edwards of California, who of-
fers valuable experience as a former agent of
the Federal Bureau of Investigation and a
current member of the Judiciary Committee
of the U.S. House of Representatives.
The Prime Minister's objection to Messrs.
Wren, Becket and Edwards seems to be that
they know too much. Otherwise he would be
anxious to avail himself of the documenta-
tion they are ready to present.
Sincerely,
[From the International Herald Tribune,
Oct. 24, 1969]
TORTURE LN GREECE
On June 7, 1969, Premier Papadopoulos of
Greece, incensed at an article in Look maga-
zine entitled "Greece: Government by Tor-
ture," challenged the author of the article
and "the person who supplied the informa*-
tion" to come to Greece at government ex-
pense to make an "objective investigation."
As someone who had provided the author,
Christopher Wren, with information, I wrote
the premier, expressing my willingness to
accept at my own expense the invitation. I
also expressed this in a letter to the Interna-
tional Herald Tribune.
Look magazine took up the premier's chal-
lenge and said they would send at Look's ex-
pense Mr. Wren, Congressman Don Edwards
and me. Mr. Papadopoulos never answered
Look directly nor did he answer my letter.
However, a month later, the Greek consul
in New York informed the magazine that we
three were "absolutely unacceptable."
The premier, however, retains a strong in-
terest in the torture issue, considering it, in
fact, more important than his very life. On
Aug. 22, in answer to a question on this sub-
ject by Congressman Yatron of Pennsyl-
vania, he stated that "on my word of mili-
tary honor," these stories "are infuriatingly
and basely false," and "if evidence of even
one such case is supplied, then the only
duty left to me as a man under military
oath is to commit suicide."
Because of the premier's obvious concern, I
propose now to send him the names of 400
persons known to have been tortured, a
representative sample of signed affidavits of
Greek citizens describing their tortures, the
names and rank of 119 officials known to
have been tortured, and the names of 21
places where torture is carried out, including
the Dionysos camp run by the premier's
brother. In spite of courtroom declarations
by tortured defendants and overwhelming
evidence, the government has made no in-
vestigation, but, rather, has promoted the
known torturers. For the sake of Greece,
the premier should demonstrate his sin-
cerity on this important issue.
JAMES BECKET.
PARIS.
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, I commented
on September 29, in the light of the
Greek Government's failure to honor the
Invitation it had extended, that the in-
vitation was "false, and not meant to
be accepted."
There is nothing in the exchange of
correspondence I have presented here
today that would cause me to change
that viewpoint. It was, in fact, entirely
too much to expect that the repressive
Greek regime would actually permit a
thorough inquiry by a competent and
knowledgeable team of investigators.
Even without such a visit by investi-
gators, however, there is ample evidence
of the repressive nature of the current
Greek Government.
In the October issue of Harper's maga-
zine there is an excellent article by Mr.
John Corry entitled "Greece: The Death
of Liberty." In the article Mr. Corry, a
respected author, journalist, and former
Nieman Fellow, provides a graphic de-
scription of conditions in Greece and
tells of the patience and extraordinary
courage shown by the Greek people in
living under the present regime. I ask
unanimous consent that the article by
Mr. Corry be printed at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
GREECE: THE DEATH OF LIBERTY '
(By John Corry)
The thing about the Greeks is that they
have survived, and that while lesser peoples
have waxed, waned, and disappeared, they
have hung on, enduring their own rogues
and geniuses, being pawed over by one Great
Power or another, getting the history of the
Medes and the Persians written in their hills,
suffering their endless catastrophes, becom-
ing as much Eastern as Western, and staying
all the while peculiarly Greek, which means
they are not like everyone else, but warmer,
kinder, crueler, prouder, and more full of
both courage and guile, with the more im-
portant of these being guile. When Odysseus
got back to Ithaca, Homer says, gray-eyed
Athena said to him with nothing but ad-
miration, "Crafty must he be, and knavish,
who would outdo thee in all manner of guile,"
and three thousand years later, when some
students at the University of Salonika were
asked what they thought was the greatest
virtue of them all, they answered nearly to
a man, "To be clever."
Greece, you must understand, is not so
much a country of clear light, old ruins, and
blue and green seas at it is a condition. It
is where the citizens are sorry at politics and
successful at business, where they love their
country and despise their Governments, and
where a queue is always a shambles, the rule
being that the smaller the citizen the more
quickly he will fall out of line. It is where
there are many supplicants, but few beggars,
Where there is kindness to foreigners and sus-
picion of countrymen, and where everyone
is absolutely certain that he is not only as
good as his fellow man but positively better.
"The first thing you must know about us,"
said a sophisticated Greek lady, "is that each
one of us is sure he can run the country
better than anyone else." Greece is also some-
thing with which many Anglo-Saxons and
Teutons have love affairs, Lord Byron being
only the most publicized, and where any two
citizens, like Talmudic scholars, can argue
three sides of a question. When Thucydides,
the celebrated Greek historian, began his
history of the Peloponnesian War he wrote:
"The task was a laborious one because eye-
witnesses of the same occurrence gave dif-
ferent accounts of them as they remembered,
or were interested in the actions of one side
or another." Nothing has changed much
since then, and the sons of the eyewitnesses
are still more interested in your knowing
what they think happened, or ought to have
happened, rather than what actually did
happen. It is all very complex, even to the
Greeks, and no one is ever quite sure what is
really going on, and the only probable thing
is that the Greeks will survive, and that their
newest disaster, which is the Army officers
Who run the country, will not.
The Army officers, colonels mostly, took
over the country on April 21, 1967, saying as
they did so that they were the instruments
of a National Resurrection and a National
Purification, wherein Greece would be purged
of corruption, mismanagement, and the
Communist menace. In fact, there was cor-
ruption and mismanagement, which there
still is, and in the twenty-three years before
the officers came to power, forty-one Govern-
ments had risen and fallen. Moreover, al-
though the officers have never produced
much evidence to show there was a real Red
peril, as opposed to the kind that gives Ev-
erett Dirksen the vapors, they probably be-
lieved that one existed. In 1963, when Prime
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lifinister George Papadopoul was a colonel
an the northern border, he put sugar in the
fuel supply of his tanks, which made them
atop running, and then said the Comm-masts
id it. Then he told the Government of this
nstance of Red duplicity, but nothing came
f it when someone found out what had
.eally happened, and the Government put it
'all down to the Colonels zeal. In his favor,
however, It should be remembered that in
rreece Communism truly had been all fire
nd sword. In late 1944, after the Germans
ad been driven out, Communist partt.sans
ought both loyalist Greeks and the British
rmy for control of the country. According to
declaration filed at the old United Nations
Organization by what was then the Greek
Government, 46,985 civilians were killed by
the Communists in the short war, and God
alone knows how many the Governmem side
illed. Then, in June 1946, fighting resumed
n a more massive scale. There were atroci-
ties on both sides, and when it stopped in
i950 the Government said that its ' armed
forces had suffered 49,720 casualties, which
included those captured, and that the figure
for the Communists was 79,773. It wae a ter-
rible time, more terrible than the German
Occupation, and it uprooted more than one
Million Greeks, with all the misery tine: this
Meant, while the damage to property aid to
national life was simply incalculable.
Nonetheless, I know of no one in Greec who
thought this was about to bappen again, and
however corrosive the life in Parliamer1 . may
have been, however antiquated the rdational
institutions, however upsetffing the labor dis-
Putes, the street protests and demerstra-
'talons, Greece was getting by. Moreover It was
being run by Greeks. There had been the
ong years of the Turkish bccupation, which
nded with the War for Independence in the
early part of the last century, and then after
1830 the British, French, and Russian Am-
bassadors had things pretty much their way.
Otto I, a Bavarian, was Ring, and he ruled
with all the grace of a Turkish Sultan sur-
Inounding himself with other Bavariale, and
ally being deposed in 1861. He was suc-
eded by George I, who was a Dane, largely
haecause when it looked as if the British
Might get one of their own on the throne.
the French and Russians had objected Even-
tually, however, the British did becolne the
ominant force, what the Greeks cell the
'foreign factor," but their suzerainty ended
n 1947, when, with a polite cliplomat4c note,
they yielded up their burden and asked the
mericans to shoulder it.
This was during the Civil War, and tio first
here was the American military rnitsion,
nd then the economic aid, great quantities
f it that helped to rebuild the country and
ere possibly the best and the brighteet uses
f American munificence in the postwar pe-
iod, and then the technical experts, the
dvisers, the endless officials, the diplomats,
nd all the beginnings of a new suzeirainty.
'I remember," an American diploma, says,
when Paul Porter was the AID chief, and
the director of the Greek budget woulti come
n and see him and say, 'We want to spend
o much money on this, and so mtich on
hat,' and Porter would say yes or no, so
hat he was really the guy who was retuning
he country." (Porter later became A For-
as's law partner; I do not know if this proves
nything.) That suzerainty ended ii 1.961,
When Congress, wearying of adding n ve na-
tions to the Foreign Aid rolls without seeing
S,ny come off, removed Greece, Taiwan, and
israel. In fact, Greece by then had a' sound
debt structure, her economy was growing,
end she didn't need the money. (Neither did
aiwan or Israel, but they both complained.
ater, the economic aid to Taiwan thht was
uspended was shifted over to inilitaary' aid;
srael just hit American Jews up again.)
Those years of the Truman Doctrine, of the
Marshall Plan, were years of great AMerican
prestige in Greece; we were well loved. Here,
for example, is a Greek politician speaking.
He is gray-haired and distinguished, books
in three languages are on his library shelves,
and he was an elected Deputy and a Minister
hi more Greek gtvernments than he can
easily remember. "In the early nineteen-
fifties, the American Ambassador, Peurifoy,
once called me and invited me to lunch. This
was Just before an election. Peurifoy was an
old friend, and the luncheon was just a
social occasion. Bur; then along ca,me a free-
lance photographer, who took our picture,
and the next day it was in all the Athens
papers. My people saw it, and Ian sure I got
ten thousand votes because of it in the elec-
tion. If this were to happen again, if people
were to see my picture now with an Ameri-
can official, I would lose the election." There
are no elections now, of course, and the poli-
tician, who probably had the photographer
planted, could be overstating things. Still,
there is a new anti-Americanism in Greece,
and it worries the American Embassy, and it
is probably strongest among the young,
where It ought not, to exist at all.
Why, definitely the Americans support the
Colonels," the girt was saying. "It is the
Pentagon and the CIA, not the people. If
the people knew what was happening here
they would be with us. All the students be-
lieve there has been interference from the
Americans." The girl was a leftist who
smiled a lot, even when she was telling
horror stories. She attended the University
of Athens, and periodically she had to re-
port to the fourth floor of the police station
on Bouboulinas Street to be interrogated.
Her boyfriend had been sentenced to ten
and a half years on an unspecified charge,
and her friends all thought she would end
up in jail herself. (The extra half-year on
his sentence is worth remembering because
in Greece when Tau are put away for more
than five years, or for more than ten years,
the conditions of servitude can be made a
little harder. Many of the political prisoners
I knew of were in for five and a half years,
or ten and a half years, with that extra half-
year being just a special piece of nastiness.)
"There are many informers at the univer-
sity," the girl said. "I see them sometimes
at Bouboulinas Street when I report there.
That way I can te:.1 who they are. Everyone
on the board of the Student Union is an
informer, Before the Colonels took over, the
board was elected. The head of the Student
Union was always elected, too, but just after
the Revolution the Government appointed a
right-wing student to be the head. He didn't
like the Colonels, Elther, and so he resigned.
Now they are more careful when they ap-
point someone." Aee there underground or-
ganizations among the students? I asked.
"Oh, yes," she said, "The biggest one is left-
wing, ariel there is me for the Center-Union.
They agitate." what else do they do? I
asked. "They pass out leaflets," she said. Is
there anything else? I asked. "Well," she
said. "they write slogans on the black-
boards."
This Is the way it is among the students
and intellectuals; if the counterrevolution
comes it will corns from elsewhere. At the
University of Salonika, which is even larger
than the University of Athens, perhaps one-
third of the professors have been dismissed,
but the bothersome part in thinking about
this is that a great many Greek professors
ought to have been dismissed years ago,
having long put up with an educational sys-
tem whose newest ideas sprang from the
Kaiser's Germany, which meant overcrowded
classes, an absence of science facilities, and
some of the most overbearing pedagogues in
the world. "Have you ever heard of Montes-
quieu?" a professor of history at Salonika
asked me. Yes, I said. "Are you sure?" he
said, Yes, I said. "And are you familiar with
the American Constitution and the system
of checks and balances?" he asked. I told
him I was. "Well, then," he said, "perhaps
I'll be able to talk to you about how a
democracy works." The professor, who was a
frosty man, 'with vague eyes, was absolutely
opposed to the Colonels, but he had not
been dismissed, although many of his col-
leagues had. Dismissals are announced in the
Government Gazette, and the reasons offered
are something like `'illegal relations," which
can mean meeting tomeotte on a street cor-
ner, or "being against the actual situation of
the country," which can mean anything at
all.
Moreover, the University of Salonika is full
of police informers, perhaps more so than in
Athens, and some do it- out of zeal, and
some probably for fun, and some for either
special favors or money, with the acceptable
pay supposed to be about 500 drachmas, or
$16.60, a month. One professor in Salonika
said that a police official had complained to
him that he was grading Bente of his students
too low. Which ones? the professor asked.
These, the policeman said, and offered him
a list of what the professor took to be the
policeman's Informers. It is also interesting
that when the professor objected to the
policeman's superior, there were immediate
apologies. Dictatorship in Greece has a
tentative quality; no one is ever quite sure
of how far he can move against the regime,
or of why he is not in jail when those with-
out blame are, and so there is a lot of
testing, of trying to find the paint Where
the Colonels do act. The Colonels and their
apparatchiki, however, are inconsistent,.
When eighteen writers signed a declaration
saying that freedom had died, two or three
were called to pollee headquarters and po-
litely asked why they hatialone each a thing.
When Anna Synodinou, probably the best-
known actress in Greece, renounced her
career because the stage was no longer free,
a general called her in, and said that as a
man he admired her, but as a member of
the Government hardly at all. Therefore, he
said, would she please stop making inflam-
matory statements. However, at the funeral
of George Papandreou, the former Prime
Minister, forty-one persons were arrested
and sentenced to one to four and a half years
for shouting what the police said were pro-
vocative slogans.
So, that is also the way it is in Greece, an
Attic police state, where you cannot easily
tell repression from simple inefficiency, and
where you also cannot easily tell when a
citizen is surrendering to the ale:tuns, or
when he is, in fact, awaiting the policeman's
midnight knock. Nothing is really the way
it seems, and myth and reality, as they al-
ways have been in Greece, are intertwined.
"The only bullets we are receiving are the
flowers that are thrown at us," said Deputy
Prime Minister Stylianos Patakos, making a
pun in Greek with the word for receive. "Be-
fore you came here," he Said, "you thought
there were Machine guns and tanks on the
streets." Then he smiled benignly, and said,
more or less, that everyone loved the Govern-
ment. Still, when Prime Minister Papadop-
oulos is driven to his office each morning
from his modest home live minutes away,
it is the way it would have been if Lyndon
had decided to visit the Democratic conven-
tion in Chicago, with Daley handling the
security on Michigan Avenue; each intersec-
tion is well blocked off, all traffic is stopped,
and, I estimate, three hundred to four hun-
dred cops stand at attention.
Similarly, I once arranged a meeting in
someone's apartment with a pleasant, gray-
haired lady who looked like your old Aunt
Florrie. "I got off at the floor above, and then
walked down one flight," she said. "I learned
that from a British diplomat. That way the
concierge can't tell where you're going." I do
not know for certain if the lady's caution was
necessary, but there is a great deal of this
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in Athens, with code names to be used on the
telephone, orders never to call from a hotel,
but always from a kiosk, because your phone
may be tapped, instructions to take a taxi to
a street two blocks from where you're going,
and then to wait to see if you are being fol-
lowed, and only then to walk to your ap-
pointment. Middle-aged people behave the
way they must have during the German Oc-
cupation, and they tutor the young. None of
this is to say that everyone acts this way;
rather, it is for those who are committed,
which is a small number of people, but they
are the ones who yearn most for a democracy.
From time to time the Prime Minister, of
course, says that Greece is a democracy, or at
least about to become one, but on form, as
the horse players say, it is hard to prove. The
press is controlled, there are no elections,
there are no strikes, there are no political
parties, there is no independent judiciary.
There is not much of anything except what
the Government says there is to be, and one
of these is a Constitution. The Constitution
is worth looking at because, the Government
says, it was approved in a referendum by
something like 92 per cent of the people. I do
not think 92 per cent of the Greeks would
agree on What day it is, and I met an officer
who said that he personally saw a box of bal-
lots dumped out because everyone was tired
of counting. Nonetheless, we will say that a
majority of the Greeks voted for the Con-
stitution, and that the count, if not exact,
was at least indicative. To begin with, the
yes ballots were blue, which is the national
color of Greece, and the no ballots were black.
At first, the no ballots were to be red, sug-
gesting that only a Communist would vote
against the Constitution, but internal pres-
sures, or perhaps a public-relations man, pre-
vailed, and black was chosen. One woman
said that when she voted she was given only
the yes ballot, and that she was too timid to
ask for one marked no, and a man told me
that in his polling place the no ballots were
stuck behind the ballot box, and that to get
one be would have had to reach over the box
and under the nose of an Army captain. To
hell with it, he decided, and voted yes. Fur-
thermore, a large number of people abstained
Thom voting that day, even though absten-
tion can be followed by civil penalties, the
loss of a passport, for instance. In the Con-
stitution itself, Article 138, which is the last
article, says that the Constitution will be in
force immediately, except for those articles
that take effect only when the Government
says they do. These articles deal with arrest,
the courts, search and seizure, free speech and
censorship, the right of assembly, the right
of association, the vote, the right to form
political parties, Parliament, and the secret
ballot. So far as I know, none of these is in
effect, although the Government repeatedly
has pledged itself to a return to constitu-
tional liberties.
Whether or not this will happen is ques-
tionable. There are many theories in Greece;
one being that the Prime Minister is a secret
moderate who is hard pressed by the younger,
right-wing officers to stand even firmer than
he does; another being that the Prime Min-
ister is a natural despot posing as a secret
moderate who is hard pressed by the younger,
right-wing officers, and a third being that the
Government is in such a chaos that no one
is able to consistently press anyone else at all.
Even before the newspapers were censored.
Greece was always full of rumors, and now
there are more of them. Some are sheer in-
vention from no place in particular, some
are planted by this side or that, and some are
actually true. Everyone can find support for
his own idea of what is happening, or about
to happen, and any two people can interpret
the same rumor, or the same evidence, dif-
ferently.
For example, last June 21, in a letter that
seems to have found its way into every intel-
ligence agency in town. Lt. Col. Dimitrios
Ionnides of the military police wrote to the
Prime Minister to express the dissatisfaction
of some officers of the Revolution. A large
part of the letter dealt with King Constan-
tine, who led an unsuccessful counter-coup
in December 1967, and has since been living
in Rome. (Despite this, the Government
hangs his picture in all its offices, gives him
a pension, and keeps in touch with him
through its Embassy.) Colonel Ionnides said
that the offcers were unhappy with the con-
sideration being shown to the King, and he
asked that the contact through the Embassy
in Rome be ended, and that those few officers
involved in the counter-coup who had not
been arrested be arrested. The Colonel also
complained of a few internal matters, and
then he said. "The hope on the part of former
politicians for a return to parliamentary gov-
ernment has made the implementation of the
work of the Revolution difficult. A respon-
sible declaration, in addition to the promises
given to the efficers, should end these hopes."
Now, this apparently meant that the Prime
Minister already had told the officers that
there would be no return to parliamentary
government, and that Colonel Ionnides and
his brother officers wanted him to tell the
rest of the nation. Therefore, the Prime Min-
ister was either (a) being pushed by the
other officers into following a harder line, or
(b) far in advance of his officers in taking a
harder line, and just laggard in telling the
nation so, or (c) neither or both of these.
None of thi? would be very important, except
that it indicates that a return to the conven-
tional freedoms is still far in the future for
8.7 million people, and that once again we
are trapped into having truck with another
military dictatorship.
American businessmen are more comfort-
able with this Government," a lawyer said.
"They don't understand that the long-term
prospects are against them. After this Gov-
ernment is deposed the American firms that
are involved in this regime will be ousted."
The lawyer, plainly nervous because his door-
man, a former policeman, had seen me enter
his office, made much of his living by rep-
resenting American businesses in Greece, and
he had for them a kind of affectionate con-
tempt. "It is the managemnet level," he said,
"they don't know, or don't care, what is hap-
pening here. They welcome the stability, and
if they have not supported the coup, at least
they have tolerated it. In the end it will be
as it is in South America; they will be driven
out. My friends who are in jail, I don't know
how much hatred they'll have for Americans
when they get out, but these are the people
who will someday lead Greece." As we all
know, the business of business is business,
and a dollar is amoral. Besides, capital in-
vestment stimulates the economy, provides
jobs, and generally enhances the well-being
of everyone concerned. "Trade, not aid," calls
up self-reliance, viable partnerships, and the
best of intentions, and when an American
concern invests money in Greece a great
thing is made about it in the newspapers,
and the Deputy Prime Minister is sure to
lay the cornerstone. The conventioal wisdom
is that invested money ultimately will help
the poor, and for once the conventional wis-
dom may be right. The other thing is that
eve the most benighted Greek liberal knows
that capitalism gets along better with the
right than the left wing, and he is right,
too. "There is no such a thing as American
investment, there is only investment. It has
no nationality," said Nicitas Sioris, the Under
Secretary for Education, who was once the
Under Secretary for Finance. He was not
right; there is American investment, and it
is an otuward and visible sign, to the Greeks,
at least, that Americans support the Govern-
ment.
Before the Revolution there were no
American banks in Athens. There was Amer-
ican Express, but it was mostly in the busi-
ness of handling remittances from home.
Then, just after the Colonels took over,
Chase Manhattan, First National City, and
Bank Of America opened offices. Litton In-
dustries, that great conglomerate, had been
invited into the country when George Papan-
dreou was Prime Minister, but it had dropped
out when national politics became too com-
plicated. Immediately on their ascension,
however, the Colonels invited Litton back
in again, and Litton agreed to understake
the economic development of Crete and the
western Peloponnesus, and, it says in the
contract, to "refrain from any active par-
ticipation in political activities in Greece,"
and to "act as the faithful servant of the
Government." In return, the Government
was to periodically deposit a million or so
in U.S. dollars in a Litton account in Switzer-
land. In Greece, Litton neither sows nor
reaps, but gets others to come in and do so;
it promotes, finding investment opportuniti-
ties, and then finding investors. "Much has
been said about this contract and the two
contracting parties," Deputy Prime Minister
Patakos said not long ago about the ar-
rangements with Litton. "I wish to say there
is nothing at all to this, and the work is
progressing." It is a Government convention
that, when someone says something it does
not want to hear, the Government does not
repeat it but instead puts out solemn as-
surances that whatever was said was said
by what it usually calls a "slanderer of
Greece," and was all wrong anyway. In Lit-
ton's case, the slanderers were saying that
the Colonels had been had, and that Litton
was falling far short of its commitment on
bringing in capital. In the beginning, there
was rosy talk about Litton pulling as much
as $950 million into Greece, although the
contract itself called for Litton to bring in
somewhat less. By the second anniversary of
the signing, however, there was only $1,650,-
000 in foreign capital brought in by Litton
actually at work in Greece. There was a great
deal more in the pipeline, of course, but it
was not enough. When Patakos said, "Much
has been said about this contract," it was
Government talk, indicating that the
Colonels themselves were a little unhappy,
and sure enough, a little later It was an-
nounced that the Litton contract would be
revised. Still, whatever Litton tells potential
investors abroad about the glories of Greece
(periodically someone calls it a mouthpiece
for the Colonels) it is sensibly quiet in
Greece itself.
It is not so with Thomas Pappas of Boston,
a Greek-American, who contributes mightily
to the Republican party, who said after the
convention that he had "put in a good word
for Spiro" and once suggested in Athens that
he was an old CIA man.
"After the Almighty God created men and
beasts, He created the Greek-Americans, and
He didn't know what to do with them."
The speaker here, another former Minister,
was saying that the Greek-Americans were
neither Greek nor Americans, but something
else. There are 2.5 million of them, and the
former Minister, who was a traveling man,
said that in America they acted like Greeks,
and in Greece they acted like Americans. He
spoke about them the way poor Greeks speak
about "the rich Greeks," rich Greeks being
both incomprehensible and suspect to poor
Greeks, and he wished they would all go
away. They will not, but it was really the
more visible Greek-Americans that the for-
mer Minister was talking about. Mr. Pappas
is the most visible of all, and his people in
Athens, if not Mr. Pappas himself, say that
he is close to the President of the United
States, knows full well who the next Ambas-
sador will be, and, in fact, very probably
will name him himself. Mr. Pappas, the for-
mer Minister said, is a charming man who
cooks spaghetti, tells funny stories, and is
good to his friends. Still, he said, he wished
he would go away. Pappas, whose family is
from the same village as Spiro T. Agnew's,
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came to Boston as a very small boy, prcispered
greatly by importing olive? oil, Wad then got
into real estate and Republican politics. He
has brought a great deal of Money in Greece,
and is now the proprietor of chemical rants,
a steel mill, and a refinery In Salonnet to-
rnato-paste and tomato-juice plants in the
Feloponnese, cattle herds in Macedonia, and
God knows what else. He has the condeesions
for some canning factories, and most recent-
ly he has started to build earne Coca-Cola
bottling plants, for whichhe also has a con-
eession. Coca-Cola had tried for years to get
Into Greece, but other Goaernments, fearful
of the competition for the Greek frill: and
soft-drink industries, declined to achr,it it.
The Colonels, recognizing- a good thing in
having another American name around Wel-
comed it.
1 Pappas put his first big motTey into Greece
in 1962 when a right-wing Governmeat was
in control, then suffered mildly in 196a when
la left-wing Government tried to revise the
Contracts, and by 1966 was trying to see that
this never happened again. That was a year
1.
en which the King dismiased the Govern-
ment, and in its place there came a right-
wing one, and a Prime Minister whet was
Iclose to Pappas. The new Government, how-
ever
-
lever controlled only a minority of deputies
'in the Parliament, and to survive it needed
the support of members of the liberal Gen-
'
aer-Union party. Pappas, according to the
lbest of the political gossip in Athena, ap-
proached several liberal deputies, promised
them some considerations, and asked them
'to switch over. Some of them apparently did,
although the next year was the year cf the
lcoup, and so it hardly mattered. (When the
'Colonels took over, Tom's brother, John Pap-
pas, a sometime judge, was in Greece, When
ihe got back to Boston he said the coup was
Igood for the country, and while this Was not
much noticed in America. 4 I., was headline
news in Greece.) After the cup, Tom Pappas
and the Prime Minister frequently were pic-
tured together in the papers. Tom, in fact,
was the best man when the Deputy Prime
Minister's daughter was married, and when
he casually suggested about ,L year late] that
he had worked for the CIA, well, there was
the whole big ball of wax ,-the CIA, big bun-
ness, and, of course, the Junta.
Knowledgeable Greeks knew some ,hing
about the U.S. Embassy, roughly rating the
more important people there as either good
guys or bad guys, and they know who some
of the CIA men are in the U.S. militely mis-
sion, and even a little bit about them. It is
something else, though, to know wha,, the
CIA men have been up to, one reason eeing ?
that the Colonels themselvee put out seories
about how the CIA supports them, and an-
other being that it is generally hard te know
what anybody is up to in Greece. The nallitalaa
mission itself is more tranaparent. It IS .here
because Greece is the southern anchor of
NATO, and so on, and it gets along well with
the Greek Government because, whirl the
hell, we're all Army officers, and we're al Net
doing a job, and so on. The Colonels love to
have the American officers tint out for eere-
rnonial occasions, and this is always recorded
by the photographers, and then it gees all
bver the papers, too. The Embassy people
Io not like this kind of thing, and they
hink that every time they .,tart to eeit it
cross to the Greek Government that things
ould be better off all around if the Goearn-
ent gave at least the appearance of being a
democracy, that then the military Mission
comes in, tells the Colonels they're doing
Just fine, and not to worry about the Em-
bassy because diplomats just aren't realists.
oreover, when the diplomats tell the A mer-
can officers there is every possibility that
he Junta will create so much anti-American
eeling that the Greeks may well pull out of
ATO sometime, that doesn't, seem to get
cross, either.
The CIA is another matter. There are a
great many Greeks Who believe that Ameri-
can intelligence truly has supported the
Colonels. One persistent story is that fif-
teen generals who were arrested last spring
were denounced to the Greek Government
by a Greek-American officer to whom they
had confided their plans for a counter-coup,
Another is that American intelligence re-
cently turned over to Greek intelligence
1,200 telephone taaping devices for what was
officially called "NATO purposes." The first
story may be circulated by the Greek Gov-
ernment; the seoo ad, I think, has the ring
of truth.
For years there has been a close relation-
ship between the Greek and American in-
telligence agencies. (Indeed, even though the
Initials do not translate that way, Greek in-
telligence Is always referred to as the CIA.)
The Greek CIA, however, functions as both
an FBI and a CIA, responsible for both in-
ternal and external security, and it always
has been run by Army men. When George
Papandreou was Prime Minister he became
annoyed by the agency's close relationship
with the Americana and tried, without much
success, to change it. George Papadopoulos,
the leader of the Junta, served in and
out of the Greek CIA for years, and there
Is some evidence that, as early as 1952, he
was in touch with, and Shortly later getting
funds from, the American CIA. During the
German Occupation, Greek Army officers had
formed a secret organization to protect What
they called "the Amy's ideals," and in 1952
Papadopoulos became its general secretary,
and started to form his own inner circle
within the secret organization. Showing a
remarkable talent for conspiracy, he appears
to have done this by about 1954, which is
also about the time a few other officers be-
gan to ball him the "Nasser of Greece," and
as early as 1958 he told at least one other
officer that he was ready to oust the King.
He was, of course, a junior officer, small
beer, and I do not know if anyone took him
seriously. Moreover, to rise within the Greek
Army it is almost mandatory for an officer
to train in the United States, usually at Fort
Benning, Georgia. On the day of the coup
an Embassy officia: called the military mis-
sion and asked who Papadopoulos was. The
American officers mid they didn't know, and
that there was no record of his having trained
at Port Benning, or anywhere else in the
United States. Nevertheless, there is an-
other persistent story, this one saying that
In the early 1980s, which would be just before
he dumped that sugar in the fuel supply of
his tank, Papadopoulos trained in the United
States in the teoaniques of psychological
warfare and anti-Communist espionage. I do
not know if this is true, but some Greeks be-
lieve it, and they are the people who will
one day inherit their country. As a nation
we have a talent for backing safe, right-
wing leaders, and Greece, remember, was once
torn apart by a bloody war over Commu-
nism. I think that PapadopouLos, as a devoted
anti-Communist, was involved with Ameri-
can intelligence agents, maybe even with
some high-class liberal types, the kind who
always talk about adjusting ourselves to the
realities of power, and I find it inexpressibly
sad.
From time to time, there have been charges
In the American and European press, par-
ticularly in Britain and in Scandinavia that
political prisoners have been tortured in
Greece. Most recently, Look Magazine said so,
and the Greek Government cried slander,
while Prime Minister Papadopoulos thought
seriously enough of the accusation to call a
press conference and denounce it. "People
should know that only through the respect
for truth can we survive in peace and free-
dom," he said, and then declared that Look's
principal informant, a political exile, was "a
mentally deranged person, who has been an
inmate in an asylum for disturbed persons."
Therefore, he said, it was all a lie. Greek-
American newspapers were even more out-
raged. They said it was reprehensible to ac-
cuse the Greek Government of allowing this
kind of thing to go on, and they said that
stories of,terture were nothing more than
leftist fiction. In Greece. however, I got the
statements of dozens of political prisoners
who said they had been tortured. What is
extraordinary is that the prisoners were will-
ing to have their names published. I do not
understand the courage, or perhaps the de-
spair, of a man who will publicly denounce
his jailers while he is still within their reach.
It was explained to me that the prisoners
simply didn't care, and that they thought
nothing worse could happen to them than
already had happened. I don't know; I think
it may just be that they are Greeks. I have
heard that when a German officer ordered a
Greek officer to haul down the flag from the
Acropolis at the beginning of the Occupa-
tion, the Greek officer got the flag, wrapped
himself in it, and then leaped from the
parapet to the rocks below. I do not know
if it really happened this way, but It sounds
like something a Greek could do. just so, I
think that a prisoner who allows his name
to be used is also doing something a Greek
could do.
Of the dozens of statements about torture,
here are only a few, and they are published
exactly as they were translated into English.
The only other thing is that Prime Minister
Papadopoulos has said that, if torture can be
proved, "I will not hesitate to order the exe-
cution of those responsible right here in
Constitution Square, and I shall assume full
responsibility for it." I hope he keeps his
word.
Pavlos Klavdianos, 23 years old, student
at the school of economics and commercial
sciences: I was arrested oriFebruary 29, 1968,
by the policeman Earathanassi. I was taken
to the General Security offices. All the time
I was being beaten and punched. In the
office of the police officer John Kalyvas, I
was beaten for about two hours by Kalyvas.
Karapanayioutis, and Karathanassi. They
used wood planks, metal wires, and rubber
clubs. They tied very tightly my genitals
with a rope and pulled them. After this I
was taken to the terrace, where there is a
little room. They tied me on a bench and
-tortured me by beating the soles of my
feet. . ... I was taken to the camp of 505
Marine Battalion in the area of Dionysos.
I was tortured immediately with beating on
my soles. I was burned with a lit cigarette
on the wrist of the right hand. . . After
this I was put in the punishment confine-
ment room. There I was kept for thirty-eight
clays. I was continuously tortured with beat-
ing on the soles of my feet by Major Con-
stantine Boufa, Major Basilica Bea,nnides
and other officers. . . . Captain Spyropoulos
fitted on my brow and my neck some electric
wires and connected them with a live plug.
This was done twice. Then they stripped me
naked and made me run -under the rain in
the yard. . . . For many days they did not
allow me to sleep. . . . On orders from the
commanding officer, John Manoutsakaki, two
soldiers and a sergeant of the military police
tried to rape me. Because I resisted they
stopped giving me food and water. . . .
Athanasios Kanellopoulos, 31, telephone
company employee: I was arrested for my
syndicalistic activities, for conducting prop-
aganda againt the Junta, and because I lead
worked professionally with the former pri-
vate secretary of Andreas Papandreou. I was
arrested on January 1, 1969. I was led
straight to a colonel . . . who beat me for
two solid hours. I was then handed over to
the Piraeus Security Police, where I was
beaten incessantly for ten days, bound hand
and foot, half-naked, on the soles of my
feet. . . The most severe blows I received
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they do in seme socialist countries, but in
Greece the Government will also pay the
doctors to go, which may even be nicer.
The Government also says there are more
schools, more university dormitories, and
more child-care centers going up now than
ever before, and that it is putting aside 13
per cent of the national budget for educa-
tion, which is more than any other Greek
Government ever thought of doing. Further,
there has been a rise of 200 per cent in the
number of teaching assistants at the univer-
sities. Presumably, they must all prove their
loyalty to the Government, and the moldy
figs at the universities will never see any
virtue in it, anyway, but it is another small
sign that something, somewhere, is being
done. "As far as our greatest social need, it
is hard to answer briefly," Lucas Patras, the
Minister of Social Welfare, said. Mr. Patras
Is a shy, pleasant man who studies a lot,
and then writes things with titles like "The
Problem of the Pensionable Retirement
Age." "Our country is in a state of change,"
he said. "From a state of low social develop-
ment we are moving into one of high de-
velopment. This creates social problems, and
all ,the problems are at an explosive stage.
Social Security is in a state of anarchy. We
must move to a new system. The distribution
of doctors is not the best. We must make
new decisions. The old leaders didn't under-
stand the problem of moving from a pre-
to a post-industrial society." Then Mr.
Patras sighed a little, and went on to explain
the problem of Social Security. There are 338
Social Security centers, which he called
"founts," and each job or profession has its
own, and each one runs itself. "Unfortu-
nately, each fount was not part of an over-
all program," Mr. Patras said, "but existed
separately, no overall policy. This, of course,
is kind of crazy, but that is the way it was
before the Revolution." The Greeks pay their '
money into the founts, and when they are
pensioned off, or go on unemployment, the
founts pay it out again. Since no one has
ever thought of a way to do this by mail, a
Greek must present himself at the fount to
do business. As an afterthought, Mr. Patras
said that the Government at least had
beaten the problem of the long lines that
were always stretching out from the founts
under the hot sun. He did not say how the
Government had done this, and it is only
a small thing, but I suspect it is terribly im-
portant if you are an old-age pensioner with
one leg. This is the same Government that
exiled the composer Mikis Theodorakis to a
miserable mountain village, posted some
boors with guns nearby, and then banned
his music all over Greece. I do not know how'
many one-legged pensioners you have to get
into the shade to make up for losing Theo-
dorakis, but I think it should be pondered,
especially by the people who let the old guy
stand out there in the first place.
In the end, what may save all the Greeks,
even from themselves, is their madness. Not
all Greeks have it, but enough do, and it
helps them get by. A Greek driving an auto-
mobile is mad, Which he must be, because
all the other drivers are mad, too. Greek men
know of only two kinds of women, the kind
they bring home to their mothers, and the
other kind, and they stare at women a lot,
and flare their nostrils slot. It is a little mad,
but I do not think they get much, and so
maybe they must be this way. Greeks in
nightclubs break plates when the bouzouki
music gets to them, and this is mad, but
there is not much else they can do, and they
must do something. The Colonels have passed
a law that makes it illegal to break plates
this way, but the plates still get broken.
"We Greeks break plates like we break the
law," a man said, hurling a few at the bou-
zouki player. The maddest Greek I ever met,
in fact, was a bouzouki player.
"I admire American saxophone players,"
he said. "They make me weep." He pursed his
lips, grabbed an imaginary saxophone, and
swayed forward and back, looking very sad.
"Did you know there is no written music
for the bouzouki?" he said, and I said I did
not. "Well, there is none," he said, tearing a
peach in two, and offering me half,
"Tell me about the bouzouki," I said.
"I will tell you.," he said, "because you are
a friend of mine. I have been playing the
bouzouki for thirty-six years, since I was six.
The bouzouki has been seen in popular places
only since 1953. Before that it was only in
secluded places. It was a music for tough
guys. It originated in 1930, and it was based
on Turkish music, but only thugs and smug-
glers ever heard it. Then it started to become
popular with intellectual people. I remem-
ber that rich people, snobs, would start com-
ing to the tough-guy places. Did you know
that my father is a colonel, and my sister
is a scientist?"
I told him I did not, and I asked him how
he got to be a bouzouki player.
"You cannot find a bouzouki player who
will tell you his story," he said, "but I have
a great desire to tell mine to you." Then he
fell into a long silence.
I asked him what made a good bouzouki
player.
"This is a most difficult question. I admire
you very much for asking it. No he has ever
asked me such a provocative question be-
fore." Then he fell into another long silence,
and looked very sad, but finally he said, "It
Is intellect. This is the difference, the differ-
ence between two players is intellect. If you
have the same desire, intellect is the thing
that separates us."
He was silent again, and then he spoke
about composers, commending several, and
then saying, "But not Theodorakis, he is
for the crowd. He is a thief, a pseudo-intel-
lectual, and a Communist. You understand,
of course, that I am talking only about
music."
I said I did, and asked him when he
would play the bouzouki.
"Not tonight," he said, and looked very
sad. "I am not in the mood." Then he got
up and walked away.
The bouzouki player was not a fool, only
a little mad. He will probably get by, and
in the end he and some other mad Greeks
will do in the Colonels. They may have to
do it without the Americans, but in the end
it will be done. On the day a Greek said,
"Have you heard the latest?" which was
that some more arrests had been made, nine-
teen American newspaper boys came to
Athens. They were jugeared, freckle-faced,
and cowlicked, and they were all over the
newspapers, and all over the television news.
They were from the Hearst organization, and
the Hearst man who was with them told
the Prime Minister, "Some of the things
that one reads today about Greece are myths.
One finds this out when one comes to Greece,
sees Greece, and live S in Greece. We shall take
with us the most beautiful impressions of
your country." Then the man from Hearst
handed over messages from other Americans.
John McCormack, the Speaker of the House,
sent the Prime Minister "expressions of
esteem." Senator Henry Jackson of Wash-
ington said something about NATO, and then
he told Mr. Papadoupoulos he was sure the
newsboys would be impressed by "your coun-
try and your people." Governor Richard B.
Ogilvie of Illinois said it was wonderful that
the newsboys would learn "how your brave
people fought and struggled to remain free,"
and Ronnie Reagan, after saying something
about "the idea of freedom and justice,"
sent "the best wishes to you, Prime Minister,
Mr. Papadoupoulos, and to all the people of
Greece from all the people of California."
Governor Preston Smith of Texas said every-
one was really looking forward to the time
the Prime Minister could visit America, and
then he sent his best wishes "for the con-
tinuation of your success in your struggle
for freedom and democracy." On television,
the Prime Minister was beaming and beam-
ing, and out there somewhere, a great many
other Greeks needed all their madness to -
survive it.
RHODE ISLAND PARTNbaS OF THE
ALLIANCE PROGRAM
Mr. PELL. Mr. Bresident, this month
an organizational meeting of the Rhode
Island Partners of the Alliance Planning
Committee was held in Providence to
officially launch the 39th partnership
involving private citizens of the Americas
in a program known as the Partners of
the Alliance. Rhode Island is to be joined
with the State of Sergipe, Brazil, located
In the northeast part of that country, in
this partnership. Rhode Island is the
17th U.S. State to be paired with a
Brazilian state in the program.
Governor Frank Licht of Rhode Island
opened the meeting and accepted the
honorary chairmanship of the Rhode
Island Partners of the Alliance commit-
tee. The meeting was attended by over
40 private sector leaders representing
such organizations as the chamber of
commerce, Rhode Island Hospital As-
sociation, various businesses and indus-
tries, labor groups, newspapers, and
radio and television stations. Mr. John
Rego, director of the State Department
of Natural Resources, was named to
serve as temporary chairman of the
Rhode Island Partners and to head the
program development team scheduled to
travel to the State of Sergipe, Brazil, at
the end of this month. Other team mem-
bers include:
Paul Hicks, executive director, Rhode
Island Industrial and Petroleum Asso-
ciation.
Robert Fredericksen, representing con-
servation and natural resources.
Jacob Dykstra, president, Point Judith
Fishermen's Cooperative Association, Inc.
Harold Bateson, president, Charles A.
Maguire & Associates, Inc.
Robert Crohan, vice president and
general manager, Outlet Co.
I congratulate Rhode Island's citizen
team and wish them well in their meet-
ings with the private sector leaders in
Sergipe. I know they will accredit them-
selves well in developing meaningful
Projects in which the peoples of the re-
spective States can work together. The
partners program seeks to foster cooper-
ation and understanding in the Ameri-
cas, and I am confident that private
groups and organizations in the State of
Rhode Island will participate in this
worthy undertaking.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the remarks of Governor Licht,
together with an explanation of the part-
ners program by Mr. Wade B. Fleetwood,
Deputy Director of the partners, and an
article from the Providence Journal of
October 4 be printed at the conclusion
of my remarks.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
REMARKS BY COV. FRANK LICHT
OF RHODE ISLAND
I am very pleased to be here this noon. I
accept with pleasure the title of honorary
chairman of the Rhode Island Partners of the
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S 13563
on my testicles by kicking. As a result I
suffered from damaged testicles, fits of dizzi-
ness, and I am unable to walk properly. The
names of my torturers are Kouvas, who led
the torturing, Yannoutsos, Kotsaloa, Angelo-
poulos. . .
Sothis Anastassiadia, 29, stage designer:
I was arrested by a group of police officers,
with Lambrou, BabaUs, and Maths at the
head. I was kept in solitary confinement for
130 days at the Security Heat'quarters. I was
tortured repeatedly by sole-beating and beat-
ing on my face and genitals. The torturers
were Babalis, Krava rills, Kontoeeorgakis,
Spanoa. . . .
Stanaata,kis Nikiforos, 24, self-employed: r
was arrested on April 13, 1968, by the Secu-
rity of Heraklion, Crete. The same day I was
tortured from 8:00 a.m, until midnIght by a
group of men from the Security under the
Director of the Gendarmerie on Crete. . . .
I was beaten on the soles of the feet. My
hands were wrung and I was kicked on the
back While hung froln the feet . . . On
April 1.8 I was sent to the Security Head-
quarters in Athens--Bouboulinas? where I
remained in complete isolation until May
Yannfs Petropoulos, 24, decorator: I was
arrested on April 4, 1968. I was taken to Gen-
eral Security Headquarters in Athens and
was beaten up. The next day I was taken to
the DiOnysos Camp. There they shaved my
head and made me eat up my hair. For
many hours in a large room ten men were
beating me all over the body and especially
on the head and on the stomach. . . . Be-
cause of the beating on the soles of my feet
I could not walk for ten days. They took off
four of my toenails. They burned withciga-
rettes my fingernails. They staged a mock
executiOn. They tortured me by the method
of lettitg water drip on my brow.. .
Mich el Apanomeritakis, 28, civil servant
at the office of the Ministry to -the Prime
Minister's office, member of the Center-Union
Youth in Crete, member of a resistance
group: Arrested on August 5, 1988, I was
kept in total solitary confinement for forty
days at the suburban Security Headquarters.
I was taken for questioning and there I was
inhumanly tortured for fourteen hours by
seven men of the Security Police. They beat
me violently on the head, the face, the loins,
the belly, and the genitals. I also received
several blows on the chest with a chair. The
result Was a severe hemorrhage from the
mouth, the ears, impossibility to walk for
twenty days, partial loss of hearing in my left
ear, and swelling of the genitals. My tor-
turers *ere Karambatsos, lieutenant colonel
of the Gendarmerie; Mavraidis, lieutenant
colonel of the Gendarmerie; Pavates, lieu-
tenant Colonel of the Gendarmerie, and four
other policemen. . . .
Panayiotis Tzavellas, 44, musician: I am an
invalid. One leg has been cut off at the thigh
and the other is also injured. I stiffer from
endarteratis. I was arrested on August 8, 1968,
and was tortured at a Security Station of the
suburbs by punching on the head, kicking,
and flogging. They broke one of my crutches
by which they were beating me on the head
and all aver the body. I was unconscious for
five day. For forty-four days I was kept in
complete isolation and slept on the cement
floor without any bedding and in only my
shirt. I am still detained awaiting trial. It
is already six months.
Nikolans Kiaos, 26, student of the faculty
of physies and sciences: I was arrested on
April 21, 1968, by seven police officers of the
Students' Department of the General A.sfalia
(police station] of Athens. . . . I Was taken
to the office of Kalyvas, where, in his presence,
Karapanayiotis beat me up. For a long while
he was beating my head on the Wall. After
this he took me to the terrace, to a covered
room, and tied me on a bench. They beat me
on the sales of my feet with Iron and wooden
rods. They beat me on my genitals. In my
mouth they placed a thief,: truncheon in order
to drown my screams. . . . The same night
they took me to the 505 13attalion of the In-
fantry Marines at Dionysos. A lieutenant and
a policeman called Chrisakis beat the soles
of my feet. . . . On the 29th of April in the
afternoon Major Goufas teat the soles of my
feet in the presence of commanding officer
Manousakaki. They beat rae all over the body
with a wire truncheon. They tortured me
with water drops falling on my brow. They
were specially beating me on the ears. /
passed blood in the urine and pus is still
dripping from my ears. . .
As I said, there are do2ens of other state-
ments, all sounding much the same, and they
should be read by all the junketing American
Congressmen, hippies, tourists, and business-
men in Greece. / think that all the men who
were quoted are now in Averof Prison in
Athens, which is neither the best nor the
worst place for a political prisoner in Greece,
but only a typical one. Physical torture, being
mostly an instrument of police stations and
Army barracks, evidently does not go on
there, but a sad and nasty drying up of the
spirit does. Averof is a clump of five build-
ings, with sections for men and women politi-
cal prisoners, and for ordinary convicts. Be-
fore the National Resurrection came to
Averof, prisoners with terms of up to ten
years could be visited three times a Week,
and prisoners with terms up to twenty years
could be visited eight times a month, Now,
political prisoners who get up to five years
are allowed four visits a month, and for five
to twenty it is twice a month, and for twenty
to life it is once a month.
Once, incidentally, any relative could get
itt to see a prisoner; now the most distant
relative allowed in is a first cousin, who Must
he related to the prisoner's father, not to
the mother. Fiancees are not allowed to visit
tt all unless they have special permission
from the Ministry of Justice, and this is not
Men given. When relatives do visit they
stand behind a low cement wall, and then
there are bars, and then a fine wire net, and
then more bars, and then the prisoners and
their guards. For a while this summer, chil-
irert were allowed to visa; their fathers or
mothers twice a month !n a room where
hey could embrace. Then it was announced
hat the visits, which had been thirty min-
.:tea, would be limited to five minutes. The
;cleanest children especially use up a minute
c two of this in finding their fathers or
tiothers among the other prisoners and
_meads. Nearly all the cells in Averof hold two
cisoners, and they are small cells, with a
,ery narrow space between -he cots. The pris-
aners spend seventeen hours a day there,
arid they are locked in at 7:00 p.m. in the
urnmer, and 6:00 p.m. in the winter. The
ells have no toilets, only buckets that are
mptied in the morning. There is a toilet
- hat all the political prisoners use, but it is
eldorn cleaned, and its rotten, fetid smell
I Nerflows into the cells. Some prisoneri say
This is the worst thing of all at Averof. The
alovernment spends eight drachmas a day on
I cod for each prisoner, which is about 25
c
rats, and It is popularly supposed that
bout two drachmas of this are stolen. There
1; a canteen, however, and its profits are
-used to buy drugs for the prison hospital.
Families may also send in food three times
Week, but they cannot :end in anything
that is sold in the canteen, and sick pris-
aners cannot receive any food at all. Candy
1; forbidden; I do not know why. The hos-
rital is a few hundred yards from the cell-
'block, and when prisoners go there they go
in handcuffs in a police wagon. The dentist
kits on Friday, but he is equipped only to
extract teeth. Foreign-language books are
not allowed in the prison, and other books
are allowed in only at the discretion of the
waaden. Many books are banned in Greece.
but the warden prohibits others as well.
Once he banned Proust's Remembrance of
Things Past.
--
Averof is not a monumental tragedy, not
like Belsen or Buchenwald, but it is grimy.
There are probably only slew thousand peo-
ple in the Avarofga of Groece, hat there are
others who have been exiled fromatheir homes
and sent into remote villages, andantino many
others who pass in and out of police stations,
sometimes being detained_ for a few hours,
sometimes overnight, and sometimes for days
and weeks. The newspaper pulaligh no stades
about them; things are seldom announced.
"Have you heard the latest?" Greeks seem to
be forever saying, and the lataat is always
something political, or something about
another arrest. Perhaps one-thirclof the Army
officers have been arrested, or xetired, and
some of them are in exile, and some walk the
streets, and some are kept in tan old hotel
near Athens. The windows are nailed shut,
and twice a day two guards take each officer
downstairs for a turn around what was once
a lobby. In Athens there is also an atomic-
research center. Democritos, which is named
for the Greek who said 2,400 years ago that
all matter was made up of tiny particles. One
morning in June an electronics seientist was
arrested in his laboratory at Democritos, and
more than a month later his colleagues still
didn't know what had happened to him. At
five in the morning of the day he had been
seized, a Democritos chemist was taken from
his home, questioned by the police, and then
released. .The chemist had been invited to
present a paper at a meeting of the American
Chemical Society, but then the cops said he
couldn't go. What shall I tell the Ameri-
cans? he asked the director of Democritos
Tell them you broke a leg, he said. This was
about the time that a lady scientist from
Democritos was stopped at the airport while
she was on her way to attend a professional
meeting in Vienna. She could not leave, the
police said, because she was a menace to na-
tional security. The "latest" is always some-
thing like that.
The other side of all this, although I met
few Greeks outside the Government who
cared to admit it, is that the Government
has done some things for its constituents.
Any dictatorship, no matter how inefficient,
usually does, and even Mussolini- made the
trains run on time. Liberal- critica of right-
wing regimes hardly ever acknowledge these
things, probably because it would damage
their case, but they ought to. For example,
the Greek farmers, like American farmers,
habitually overborrow, and the Greek farm-
ers, like American farmers, habitually cry
poverty. The difference is that the Greek
farmers, who make up about half the popu-
lation, really mean it. The per capita income
in Greece is something like $750, and the
farmers scratch out livings on little plots
and patches of rocks and worn-out ground.
By 1967 they owed the Government bank ten
billion drachmas, which was about one-quar-
ter of what they could produce in a, year, and
in early 1968 the loans were pardoned. The
farmers' pensions also were increased 70
per cent, and, while the Colonels are not
the sort to upset a big landowner by par-
celing out his estate, they are at least talk-
ing about consolidating the small farmers'
holdings. That is, if a farmer owns, say, four
acres spread over seven different places, they
would all be put together. The Government
also has introduced free medical care, and
it says that in 1968 farmera and their fam-
ilies had 35 million free clays in hospitals,
and that doctors also made four million free
visits in rural areas. Before the Revolution,
the Government also says, there were exactly
1,050 doctors in the poorest, most isolated
areas of Greece, and now there are 1,410. The
rule is that a young doctor, just out of med-
ical school, must go into these areas for at
least six months, which is similar to what
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The second amendment would have a
retroactive effect. It provides a "second
chance" to those young men who have
been opposed to participation in the Viet-
nam war and have been forced into the
dilemma of service in a war they oppose
for ethical or religious 'reasons or prison
or flight from the country. By "second
chance," I mean giving a young man the
opportunity now to offer information to
his local board in substantiation of his
claim to exemption from military service
provided he was conscientiously opposed
to participation in a particular war at the
time he received a notice to report for in-
duction or at the time he left a jurisdic-
tion to evade military service.
Under both amendments any claim to
exemption which is granted, would re-
quire the young man to perform noncom-
batant service in the Armed Forces or an
acceptable form of alternative civilian
service as that now performed by tradi-
tional conscientious objectors.
Mr. LOWENSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, I
cannot believe that anyone here believes
it would be either wise or fair to adopt
this rule. It may seem to be politically
clever to adopt it, but it is not even that.
Every time we make a mockery of what
legislative procedure ought to be we
erode the credibility of this House and
anyone who thinks that that is politi-
cally clever is, in my judgment, political-
ly very stupid.
The country is in a turmoil about the
draft. This House is supposed to be rep-
resentative of the country. It ought not
to be demean itself and insult the coun-
try by refusing even to consider amend-
ments and alternative proposals. That
is one of our specific constitutional func-
tions in the Congress?to decide how
the United States shall raise the man-
power for its Armed Forces. Nothing
could be more "germane," and there
could be no worse time to deny proce-
dural democracy on a substantive ques-
tion of such enormous importance to
a functioning democracy. To adopt this
rule is to engage, if I may use a phrase
that has gained a certain currency, in
effete snobbery of the most impudent
kind.
I am grateful to the distinguished
gentleman from Missouri and the dis-
tinguished gentleman from California
for their leadership on this question and
I thank the gentleman for yielding.
GENERAL LEAVE
Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, before I
yield to any of my colleagues, I ask unan-
imous consent that all Members may ex-
tend their remarks at the conclusion of
my remarks.
The SPEAKER. Without objection, it
is so ordered.
There was no objection.
CALL OF THE HOUSE
Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, I make
the point of order that a quorum is not
present.
The SPEAKER, Evidently a quorum is
not present.
Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, I move a
call of the House.
A call of the House was ordered.
The Clerk called the roll, and the
following Members failed to answer to
their names:
Anderson,
Tenn.
Ashbrook
Baring
Barrett
Bell, Calif.
Brown, Calif.
Burton, Utah
Byrne, Pa.
Cahill
Carey
Cederberg
Chisholm
Clark
Colmer
Daddario
[Roll No. MO]
Dawson Monagan
Dent
Morse
Dwyer
O'Neill, Mass.
Edwards, Calif. Fatman
Foley Pike
Fraser Pirnie
Frelinghuysen Podell
Hanna Powell
Hunt Pucinski
Jarman Reifel
Kirwan Sandman
Lipscomb Springer
Lukens
Stuckey
Van Deerlin
McClary Whalley
Mikva Widnall
The SPEAKER. On this rolleall 384
Members have answered to their names,
a quorum.
By unanimous consent, further pro-
ceedings under the call were dispensed
with.
PROVIDING FOR CONSIDERATION
OF H.R. 14001, AUTHORIZING MOD-
IFICATION OF THE SYSTEM OF
SELECTING PERSONS FOR INDUC-
TION INTO THE ARMED FORCES
Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani-
mous consent that further consideration
of this resolution be postponed until to-
morrow.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Texas?
There was no objection.
TITLE AMENDMENT OF S. 2917, FED-
ERAL COAL MINE HEALTH AND
SAFETY ACT OF 1969
The SPEAKER. Earlier today the
House passed the bill S. 2917 with an
amendment in the nature of a substitute.
Without objection, the title of the Sen-
ate bill will be stricken and the title of
the House bill (H.R. 13950) inserted in
lieu thereof.
There was no objection.
SESSION OF THE HOUSE ON FRIDAY
NEXT
(Mr. ALBERT asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. ALBERT, Mr. Speaker, I take this
time before the Members leave, to advise
that we plan definitely to have a Friday
session.
e-
HEROISM IN GREECE
(Mr. EDWARDS of California asked
and was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute, to revise and extend
his remarks and include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. EDWARDS of California. Mr.
Speaker, the freedom of the floor of this
House is a freedom we all enjoy, but we
often fail to realize the rarity of such
freedom. Today I am presenting to this
House a letter from fellow representa-
tives of the people of another country,
but representatives who do not have
freedom of the floor of their own parlia-
ment.
On this floor we have debate?, the most
Important issues of our day often with
views in direct opposition to the admin-
istration being expressed freely and
without fear. For the men who signed
this letter, an expression of views in op-
position to their administration's policy,
a dictatorial policy, means the risk of
jail and even of torture. These men in
using the freedom of this floor risk the
loss of their own freedom.
Thus, this letter, signed by 56 former
members and or ministers of the Greek
Parliament is a precious document. Its
cry for freedom in that country is a cry
made at great personal risk. The letter
speaks for itself and I hope the response
of this Nation will speak for itself.
The United States both officially and
unofficially is well aware of the Greek
dictatorship. Our State Department has
described the dictatorship's trampling of
the civil rights and liberties of the Greek
people. Unfortunately, despite such
statements, our Government continues
to supply arms to that dictatorship to
reinforce its subjection of the Greek
people. I hope that we will cease such
support and I urge the administration to
end such support.
Mr. Speaker, I include the letter from
the 56 former members of the Greek par-
liament in this RECORD and I include
my reply to the letter in this RECORD.
In addition I include the original con-
gressional letter in this RECORD:
ATHENS, GREECE,
September 11, 1969.
Congressman DON EDWARDS,
Chairman, U.S. Committee on Democracy in
Greece, Washington, D.C.
DEAR Sm: We were informed of your letter
to the Secretary of State, W. Rogers, dated
July 30, 1969 and wish to express our sincere
appreciation to you and the forty-nine other
honorable members of the U.S. House of
Representatives who expressed their concern
for the prevailing situation in our country.
In your Statement, Sir, you have men-
tioned that Greece was "the only European
nation among the Western Allies which in
the post war period fell to a military coup".
Allow us to remind you that Greece, in
addition to her contribution to the allied
victory during the war, was also the only
nation in the World to have successfully
opposed an armed Communist Subversion.
It was exactly twenty years ago when the
Greek army, under a parliamentary Democ-
racy, with the leadership of the late King
Paul and the generous material assistance
of the U.S. through the Marshall Plan and
the Truman Doctrine, gave the final blow
to the communist armies and forced them to
retreat defeated and disbanded beyond the
Greek borders. This aid was given by the
U.S. Congress, not only to defend the coun-
try from the communist threat but especially
to secure and support the free institutions
and democratic system of the nation.
Having been subjected to so many sacri-
fices, we believe that Greece, more than any
other nation in the Western World, was en-
titled to live in peace, freedom and Democ-
racy. Furthermore, we believe that our coun-
try, which bleeding and shattered was able
to defeat the Communist Aggression imme-
diately after she came out of Nazi occupa-
tion, was and is in the position to defend
Democracy without resorting to a military
regime. The history of the last 20 years,
contrary to what is being said by the present
rulers, proves that Democracy was function-
ing in our country and that the political
leadership had knowledge of its mission. The
achieved progress in all spheres of public
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uctobei- 2,-9) 1969
'life prior to the military coup is a good oon-
firmation of such views.
It is our view. Sir, that the moral, political,
economic and military interests of Greece
call for an immediate return to a free so-
ciety, a government by the people f,ad a
1Democracy which will aeMeguard, net only
our freedom, but also the bonds of friend-
ship with your great countey.
As elected representatives if the last Greek
Parliament, we accept your eianifestaton of
solidarity and declare that the struggle for
freedom, decency, democracy and civil rights
is indivisible and knows no geographic bar-
riers or national borders, but it is and ought
to be the responsibility of enlightenedleaders
everywhere. We all have responsibilities for
the defense of these traditions, but above all
we have responsibilities to our people. Win-
ston Churchill said: "Truat the people, rnaee
sure they have a fair chanee to decide their
destiny without being terrorized from any
quarter." We do trust our people but they
have no chance to decide their destinie; and
they are being terrorized.
It is for this that we declare again that
the preservation of the sleet hurnaeistic
ideals will be better guaranteed if the tr.s.
of America remains a true beeeon of Freedom
and Democracy. Your statement and the an-
swer of the Under Secretary of Stet( will
serve that goal if the ideas expressed vell he
converted into policies of decisive elenift-
eance.
Please convey our friendly greeting: and
thanks to the other honorable member:, who
signed the statement with eeu.
Sincerely yours,
President of the last Greek Parliar lent:
Dimitrios Papaspyrous, deleted.
Ex-Members of Parliament end/or Elm- Min-
isters: Christos Avramides, deleted, Mi -Meet
Galinoe, Athana.sios Gelestathts, deleted Km-
Inanuel Zapartas, deleted, Eennanuel Teeth-
ris, Dimitrios Kinias.
Stillanos Allamanis, Angelio Vlechoti ane-
sis, Dimitrios Georgiou, Demi! ins Dame is, E.
Dentrinos, deleted, Chrisostemos Karapi eris,
deleted, deleted.
George Bakatseloe, deleted, Zisis Papa lava-
heu, George Relies, Evageho Savope
Agisilaos Spiliakos, deleted, Anther. asios
Talladouros, John Teirimolche Iakovee Dis-
mantopoulos.
Athanasdos Yannopoulce, John Cleitiov-
raids, Hellas Papahellou, Age,ilaos Spillakeee
John Tsirimokos, Constantine Maris, !Pongee
los Aneroussis, Christos Pipil is.
John Boutos, Panagiotis Papaligherao
Fotios Pitoulis, Theocharis Pentis, del cted,
deleted, Constantine Tsetse*, John Tour ibae,
I. Tsoudepos.
Constantionos Aposkitis. Consta: time
Tsatsos, Thomas Adreadis, Achilles Papeloe-
ka,s, Constantine Stefassstlm, Dimit zo
Chatzigakis, George Stefanepoulos, George
Graphakoe, Athanassios Tithetholuce
(The names deleted have been done
protect signers who have =del:gone poetical
persecution.)
To former members of the Greek Perlia-
ment.
DEAR SIRS: First let me express my a.dretra-
bon of your courage, to erten the 56 former
Members of the Greek Parliament who
eigned the brave letter calling for a return
to democracy in Greece. I laaw that son es of
the members of this group have been ar-
rested and all braved arrest in niaking
known their views.
We in the United States, still protected by
our free institutions, belie* that the p( liti-
cal fight you .are waging In a country far
from our own is in behalf of free men every-
where. We find it disheartening that our gov-
ernment has not given a clearer sign of our
s'upport of your efforts, beet we hope that
United States policy can be changed. 4s yourioted in your letter, "It was exactly 20 years
ago when the Greek Army, under a riatlia-
mentaay democracy, with the leadership of
the late King Paul and the generous mate-
rial assistance of the U.S. through the Mar-
shall Plan and the Truman Doctrine, gave
the final blow to the communist armies and
forced them to retreat defeated and dis-
banded beyond the Greek borders. This aid
was given by the us, Conrgess, not only to
defend the country from the communist
threat but especially to secure and support
the free institutions and democratic system
of the nation." Today the United States con-
tinues to send military support to Greece,
but sadly It is not being used to protect the
"free institutions and democratic system of
the nation," but to suppress those very in-
stitutions and system. Many of us in Con-
gress wish-to see this aid ended, and we will
work toward that end.
Speaking for myself, and I know for many
of my colleagues, our dream is to see Greece
free once again, to see it rejoin the honor-
able company of Western European nations
In the Western Alliance. It is our belief that
the people of Greece should make their own
choice without ?inside interference. We be-
lieve the United States best can support the
efforts of the Greek people to regain their
freedom by making clear its lack of support
of the present dictatorship.
Finally, let me add my prayers to yours
and all of the other Greek citizens who de-
sire a return to freedom, that shortly democ-
racy will once more reign in the nation
which founded the concept of a free people,
living together in justice and harmony.
Sincerely,
DON EDWARDS.
Member of Congress.
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATMS,
HOUSE CF REPRESENTATIVES,
Washington, D.C., July 30, 1969.
Hon WILLIAM P. PAGERS,
Secretary of State,
Department of State,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. SECRETARY: We are writing to
you because of our deep concern over the
situation in Greece, the only European na-
tion in the Western Alliance in the post
World War H period to fall to a military
coup.
Authoritative reports indicate that in
junta-led Greece the economy Is in decline,
fundamental civil liberties are suppressed,
and people continue to be arrested and jailed
Without charge. What's more, anti-Ameri-
canism is reportedly on the increase because
our long-time friends believe the United
States is the principal support of a mili-
tary dictatorship which has no popular base.
Our policy of occasional, tepid expressions
of "hope" that tee junta will return to
democracy stands in rather hollow contrast
to the repeated instances of high-ranking
American military figures being pictured
and quoted in the controlled Athens press
lavishing generous comments on the junta.
Thus we find ourselves in a situation where
at a time of moral and political crisis in
Greece, our traditional friends of liberal,
centrist, and conservative persuasion be-
lieve with bitterness that the United States
supports the dictatorship and the dictator-
ship, on the other hand, boasts about it. In
the short term, and in the long term, we
are in danger of reaping the whirlwind of
anti-Americanism, especially when the junta
falls, as it inevitably must.
America's attitude is critical to the sur-
vivability of the junta. The sooner the junta
falls, the greater the prospect that a re-
sponsible, democrat :.c, western-oriented suc-
cessor government will emerge to bind the
economic and political wounds. The longer
the junta lasts, the. grimmer the prospect
of political polarizeoion, turmoil, bloodshed,
and unpredictable consequences to Greece
and our own political, moral, and military
interests.
Accordingly, we respectfully urge your con-
sideration al the Allowing action:
1. Since the poet of 11,13. Ambassador to
Greece, presently vacant, has taken on a
growing symbolic and praCtical Value, that it
be filled by an experienced, civilian-oriented
diplomat of superior credentials and not be
treated as a political reward or routine pro-
motion.
2. That a clearer sign of U.S. moral and
political disapproval of the dictatorship be
given and sustained.
3. That U.S. military aid to Greece should
not be increesed, and indeed, should be cur-
tailed.
Sincerely,
Hon. Joseph P. Addable?, Hon. Glenn M.
Anderson, Han. Jonathan B. Bingham,
Hon. John Bradernes, Hon. George E.
Brown, Jr., Hon. Pbillip Burton, Hon.
Daniel E. Button, Eton. Shirley Chis-
holm, Hon. Jeffery Cohelan, Hon. John
Conyers, Jr., Hon. James C. Corman,
Hon. R. Lawrence Coughlin, Hon.
Charles C. Diggs, Jr., Hon. Don Ed-
wards, Hon. Joshua Milberg, Hon. Don-
ald M. Fraser, Hon. Jacob H. Gilbert,
lion. Seymour Halpern, Hon. Augustus
F. Hawkins, Hon. Henry Helstoski, Hon.
Floyd V. Hicks, Hon. Daniel K. Inouye,
Hon. Charles S. Joeison, Hon. Robert
W. Kastenmeier.
Hon. Edward I. Koch, Hon. Robert L.
Leggett, Hon. Allard K. Lowenstein,
Hon. Abner 3. Mime Hon. Patsy T.
Mink, lion. WilliameS. Moorhead, ROIL
John E. Moss, Hon. Lucien N Nedzi,
Hon. Gaylord Nelson, Hon. Robert N.
C. Nix, Hon. Richard L. Ottinger, Hon.
Bertram L. Podell, Hon. Adam C.
Powell, Hon. Thomas M. Rees, Hon,
Ogden It. Reid, Hon. Henry B. Reuss,
Hon. Peter W. Rodin?, Jr., Hon, Ben-
jamin S. Rosenthal, Hon. Edward It.
Roybah Hon. William F. Ryan, lion.
William L. St. One, Hon. James H.
Scheuer, Hon. Louis Stokes, lion.
Frank Thompson, Jr., Hon. Jerome R.
Waldie, Hon. Stephen M. Young.
Mr. KOCH. Mr. Speaker, I rise today
to express my great admiration for the
moral courage displayed by the elected
representatives of the last Greek Par-
liament who signed this letter read by
the gentleman from California. It is also
my intent to express my outrage at the
continued oppression. of human rights
and democratic principles by the ruling
military junta in Greece.
This letter from those brave and deter-
mined Greek patriots is representative of
the passion of the Greek people for free-
dom and democracy that refuses to be
quelled and is still so strong in the face
of continued harassment and intimida-
tion.
I renew the plea made to the Secretary
of State by 50 Members of this Congress
for "clearer signs of U.S. moral and po-
litical disapproval of the dictatorship in
Greece." We can ill afford to continue our
tacit approval for this outrageously
tyrannical government which, despite its
protestations of "future democratic re-
form," makes no visible effort in that
direction. Indeed, it is a regime that
makes no effort to conceal its acts of op-
pression and injustice and continues to
ignore pleas to restore basic human
rights.
How can we hope that the ruling
Greek Government will change its pres-
ent course and reinstitute democratic
processes when the United States does no
more than pay lipservice to its interest
in "full restoration of civil liberties" and
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Octobc,r-29t 19 69
the "achievement of representative gov-
ernment"
If we do not manifest in decisive policy
statements our intention to encourage
freedom and representative government
in Greece we will not only betray those
who signed this moving letter, but the
very basic traditions and ideals of the
United States.
WWII? 91110263
D74761110952020.13/110X2CCIA-R 364R000300120003-
AN APPEAL FOR A MUTUAL MORA-
TORIUM ON ARMS TESTING
But when I think of our already over-
burdened taxpayers and America's grave
urban problems?the ghettos and the
crime and the underprivileged?I pray
for an end to the arms race. Just think
what we could do here in America to
achieve tax relief, model cities, and equal
opportunity for all if the Federal Govern-
ment did not have to expend time, effort,
d f ntitstic amount of money to
an a a
engage in an arms race with the Soviet
Union. So much could be done for so
many if we were able to divert some of
(Mr. BIAGGI asked and was given per- the resources that are now required to
mission to address the House for 1 min-. sustain the arms race.
ute and to revise and extend his re- Take, for example, just one item: The
marks.) cost of the anti-ballistic-missile system.
Mr. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, we are ap- Consider what America could do with
proaching a date that could be a historic that money alone at home if we did not
turning point for a world living under have to spend it in the arms race.
I ask, therefore, that Congress help
build the foundation for meaningful and
effective talks at Helsinki. As a first and
very important step, I urge expressions of
support for a mutual moratorium on
arms testing pending the outcome of an
agreement with proper safeguards be-
tween the United States and the Soviet
Union.
Such action would be an invitation to
the Soviet Union to join us immediately
in moving away from the shadows of war
for the benefit of all mankind. It would
also be a vivid demonstration of our good
faith at the conference table on Novem-
ber 17.
the threat of nuclear warfare. On Nov.
17, the United States and the Soviet
Union begin preliminary nuclear arms
limitation talks at Helsinki. While I have
constantly urged that such talks get un-
derway, I have no illusions about any
shortcuts for ending the arms race.
But I do believe that as a first order
of business at Helsinki we must strive
for a mutual moratorium on all arms
testing pending the formulation of com-
prehensive agreements with extensive
safeguards that can come only from pro-
longed negotiations. I think this Con-
gress and the President should express a
sense of willingness to accomplish this
objective.
We have pondered too long while the
world has been living under what the
late John Fitzgerald Kennedy described
as "a nuclear sword of Damocles." More
than a year ago, our Nation and the So-
viet Union pledged in the nuclear non-
proliferation treaty to begin arms con-
trol talks promptly. Now, at last, we are
on our way to the conference table. But
the luxury of time has been lost.
Therefore, America and the Soviet
Union must display a more urgent de-
termination to reverse the arms race
than either has exhibited thus far.
Both sides are continuing the develop-
ment of multiple independently target-
able reentry vehicles?MIRV's. This
policies of fraternities relating to the admis-
sion to the fraternities of Negro, Jewish, and
non-Caucasian students in priAciple? How
many actually have Negro, Jewish, an non-
Caucasian students as members?
President Homer requested the national
fraternities to provide him with the infor-
mation necessary to answer these questions.
In addition "to a complete statement" from
them on these matters, he asked that they
send him a copy of their constitution for use
in the event that he received similar in-
quiries in the future.
The announcement that the Civil Rights
Commission had begun an investigation into
the affairs of college fraternities and sorori-
ties created a stir among fraternity leaders.
On July 12, Louis F. Fetterly, a California
attorney and leader in national interfrater-
nity circles, wrote to the Commission about
Its activities. He asked for a copy of the ques-
tionnaire and an explanation of the use to
which the information elicited would be put.
A week later he received a reply from Cor-
nelius P. Cotter, Assistant Staff Director for
Programs, who declared that "The Commis-
sion is not at this time conducting a study
related to fraternities or their admission
policies." If such a questionnaire is being
distributed among fraternities, he asserted,
"it comes from a source other than this Com-
mission." However, he added, "If you have
reason to believe that a questionnaire is
being distributed and represented as coming
from this Commission, we should appreciate
your help in securing additional information
concerning it."
On August 12, Mr. Fetterly wrote Dr. Cot-
ter advising him that the letterheads, return
envelopes, and title on the questionnaire all
indicated they came from the United States
Commission on Civil Rights, Washington 25,
REPRESENTATIVE WAGGONNER'S D.C. Mr. Fetterly reported that the question-
EFFORTS TO SAVE OUR FRATER- naire was being represented as part of a
NITIES AND SORORITIES nationwide survey, and the covering letter
and questionnaire were apparently sent by
(Mr. LONG of Louisiana asked and Mr. Will Erwin, Co-Chairman of the Sub-
was given permission to address the committee on Education for the Indiana
House for 1 minute, to revise and ex- Advisory Committee to the U.S. Civil Rights
tend his remarks, and to include extrane- Commission.
On the basis of this new information, the
ous material.) Commission ascertained that indeed there
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Speaker, was a questionnaire. It had been developed
an article appears in a fraternity mag- by the Indiana Advisory Committee in co-
azine, the Shield, of Phi Kappa Psi? operation with the Civil` Rights Commission
volume 89, No. 4, summer 1969, pages of the State of Indiana and, "due to a mis-
253-262?which goes into considerable understanding," had been mailed without
detail about the effortsof my colleague, prior clearance by the Washington staff of
Representative JOE D. WAGGONNER, to the Commission. Mr. Peter M. Sussman, As-
protect the Nation's fraternities and si
stant Staff Director for State Advisory Com-
mittees, to whom the ball had been bounced
new type of multiple warhead will
sororities from the meddling of HEW into by Dr. Cotter, explained that since this cc-
greatly expand the striking power of their membership practices. This discus- tion was "contrary to established Commis-
strategic missiles and further endanger sion of what has transpired in recent sion procedures," he had requested the In-
all mankind, months is well worth the time and at- diana Advisory Committee to suspend any
It has been evident for too long that tention of any reader who feels as I do, further use of the questionnaire. He went on
weapons systems have become more that it is high time to put whatever to point out that the reference in the letter
accompanying the questionnaire to a "na-
tionwide survey" was in error: "Neither the
sophisticated and more destructive? brakes are necessary on the extralegal,
and America and the Soviet Union are sociological meddling of this Department. United States Commission on Civil Rights
still locked in the arms race. We have With unanimous consent, I insert this its elf nor any of its Advisory Committees
reached the point where it is not enough article in today's RECoRD, as follows: outside the State of Indiana is conducting
to limit the buildup of strategic arms. CONGRESS, FEDERAL AID TO EDUCATION, AND such a survey."
We must instead reverse it. FRATERNITY DISCRIMINATION Less than two months later, however, fra-
I have often thought about the bil- (By Tom Charles Huston, assistant attorney ternity chapter presidents at campuses
lions spent by the two superpowers for
general, Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity) throughout the State of Utah received a
weapons from which there can be no (Norn?This is an analysis of the legisla- letter from Adam M. Duncan, Chairman of
survival. When I reflect upon this and tive history of the Waggoner Amendment and
the Utah Advisory Committee of the Civil
an assessment of the protection it provides Rights Commission. Mr. Duncan explained
then consider that we are spending bil- for the fraternity system and for universities, that his committee had been "commissioned
lions more to sustain the arms race, I through the 1965 Higher Education Act.) by Congress to make factual findings and
find myself deeply distressed and wonder On June 28, 1958, President John E. Horner recommendations" on problems of racial dis-
. whether the powers of the world have of Hanover College wrote to the executive crimination. The "function" of his commit-
lost their senses. secretaries of national fraternities which had tee, he went on, was to serve as a "sounding
chapters on his campus that he had been re- board" and "clearing house" for civil rights
Yes, I agree that we must be able to
defend our Nation from attack. I quested e by the U.S. Commission on Civil P
roblems.
Rights "to file with the agency an extensive Mr. Duncan enclosed a questionnaire which
sure that this is the principal reason why questionnaire relating to policies in the civil he requested be promptly returned "in the
we are moving ahead with the anti- rights area." According to Dr. Homer, "the enclosed, self-addressed and franked enve-
ballistic-missile?ABM?system. questionnaire makes specific reference to the lope." The questionnaire concerned the
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membership practices and internal opera-
tions of the fraternity? It requested infor-
mation on whether members of minority
groups were accepted as members by the
local chapter and, if not, whether this was
due to a prohibition in either the local or
national governing document. It also re-
quested that copies of these documents be
attached, or if this was not possible, that a
place be indicated where the Committee
could examine them.
This intrusion into the affairs of a private
organization by a govetinnent agency, coming
as it did upon the heels of the Indiana case,
aroused protests not only from fraternity
` leaders, but also from Members of Congress.
During debate on the proposed Civil Rights
Act in the House of Representative on Feb-
ruary 6, 1964, Congressman Edward E. Willis
of Louisiana, citing these incidents, moved
to amend the bill by denying to the Com-
mission the power to "authorize any investi-
gation or study of the Membership practices
of any bona fide fraternal, religiouis or civic
organization which seleets its membership." 2
Congressman Emanuel Cellar, Chtirman of
the House Judiciary Committee quid floor
manager for the bill, accepted the amend-
ment .? He told the Steatite that on behalf of
the Judiciary Committee he had coMplained
to the Commission that it had gor.e too far
and exceeded its authority. On January 29,
he had received a letter from Howard W.
Rogerson, Acting Chairman of the Commis-
sion, explaining that the action of the Utah
Advisory Committee "was a very limited in-
quiry . . into the racial practices of fra-
ternities and sororities located at the State
University." "The Utah committee," Mr.
Rogerson reported, "was not interested in
the practices of fraternities of sorbrities at
private colleges. Nor was the committee in-
terested in the practices of adult fraternal
organizations, such as the Masons, which
are unconnected with public institations of
higher education." s The Cornmisnon was
not, however, planning to pursue "even the
limited Utah inquiry into the racial practices
and sororities at the State university."
Mr. Rogerson enclosed with his letter a
nannoraindurn outlining the legal !pasts for
the inquiry which the Utah committee made.
The final paragraph of this memOranduni
stated:
"We do not recommend iihat the Commis-
sion add a survey of practices at the State
universities to its present program, but all of
the factors discussed above indicate not only
that there was a legal base for the Utah ques-
tionnaire, but that the Commission would
have ample authority to inquire further into
this matter if it chose to do 80." 7
Congressman Geller was not satisfied by
Mr. Rogerson's letter and, appeals, not
impressed by the reasoning of the leg mem-
orandum. He contacted Mr. Rogerson and re-
quested a specific answer to the question of
whether the Commission Intended to pursue
this sort of inquiry further. Mr. Rogetsion re-
plied in a lerbter dated January 30, that the
Commission did not have any plans to do so.
He indicated that the Utah committee had no
authority to take any action if the qUeation-
naires were not answered, and it did riot plan
to seek further information from fraternities
and sororities. He concluded with the assur-
ance that no other questionnaires wexie being
sent by any of the Commission's adVisory
committees to fraternities or social Organi-
zations.?
lowed by more questionnaires, Con.gr an
Aware that similar assurance had been
Celler advised the House of Representatives
that it was essential to get -embedded in the
statute, not correspondence or promites but
some definite prohibitions against seine of
these activities which have been complained
of with reference to the Civil Rightsi Com-
Mission." He felt the Willis Amendment ac-
Footnotes at end of article.
Oomplished this purpose and he Was happy to
accept it
Congressman Meader of Michigan, however
had doubts that the Willis proposal was ex-
plicit enough. Be offered a mine/Rube amend-
ment whioh read that "nothing in this or
any other Act shall be construed as authoriz-
ing the Commission, its Advisory Committees,
or any person under its supervision or con-
trol to inquire into or investigate any mem-
bership practice; or internal operations of any
fraternal organization, any college or uni-
versity fraternity or sorority, any private
club, any religious organization, or any other
private organization."11
Congressman Meader argued that the
Commission believed, as expressed in the
legal memorandum sent to Congressman
Geller, that it had every right to conduct
inquiries into discriminatory membership
practices by private associations, and to pre-
clude such activity it was necessary to spell
out in the most precise terms the limitations
which Congress wished to place upon the
Commission, in this area.% Congressman
Roosevelt of California raised a question re-
garding the definition of "private organiza-
tions." L2 This phrase had not been included
in the original Willis proposal, and Roosevelt
feared that it would be construed so broadly
as to limit the joower of the Commission to
investigate discrimination in labor unions,
corporations, and other organizations not
generally included in the concept of volun-
tary associations." On the basis of this objec-
tion, Congressman Meader agreed to the
deletion of the phrase.%
Congressman Meader had also added an-
other dimension to the Willis proposal by
including the phrase "internal operations"
in his amendment. Not only would the Corn-
Mission be prohibited from investigating into
membership practices of private groups, but
also would be prescribed from conducting an
inquiry into their "internal operations."
Congressman Celler was worried that this
Inclusion would unduly limit the authority
of the Coniunissicin.16 It was one thing, he
argued, to investigate membership practices,
but quite another to look into internal oper-
ations, The latter, he reasoned, might be of
legitimate interest to the Commission where
they involved the denial of rights granted to
members of minority groups by other pro-
visions of the Chil Rights Act Congressman
Meader was asked what he had in mind when
he referred to "laternal operations." "I will
tell you what 'internal operations' was in-
tended to get at," he answered. "The Masonic
Order, /Knights of Columbus, and many fra-
ternal organizations like the Eagles. Elks, or
secret Clubs. It is not only their membership
practices which should be protected but all
of their internal operationa11
"Would you," faked Meader of Congress-
man Celler, "permit a Civil Rights Commis-
sion to demand a document of the ritual of
a secret society cr fraternity or sorority or
Masonic order?" a "No," the Judiciary Com-
mittee Chairman replied.%
Congressman Roman Pucinski of Illinois
introduced a subject into the debate which
would be hotly debated in the Senate a year
later.% He objected to the amendment on
the grounds that fraternities and sororities,
as an integral part of a State uniiersity
which received federal financial assistance,
should not be permitted to discriminate on
the basis of race, end therefore the Commis-
sion should be authorized to investigate their
membership practices. "I know from my own
experience on the Committee on Education
and Labor," he told the House, "that the Fed-
eral Government is perhaps the greatest con-
tributor to many of these universities and
colleges. But we say under this amendment
that while the Federal Government can
spend millions of dollars in these institu-
tions, the Civil Rights Commission cannot
Investigate discrimination in these fraterni-
ties."21
Congressman Celler replied that "In the
Octobtr7 1969
first place,- sororities and fraternities are not
supported by the Government. They receive
, no loans or funds directly from the Govern-
ment." sts Pucinski agreed with the thrust
of this argument, but maintained that
"being on the campus of the university bene-
fiting from these taxes, they are a part of
the university and indirectly benefit from
Federal assistance." " Congressman Celler
countered with the simple assertion that "I
do not believe that is correct,"24 and the
House proceeded to adopt the substitute
amendment.%
When the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was
signed into law by President Johnson, it con-
tained the Meader Amendmentas which pro-
vided that: -
Nothing in this or any other Act shall
be constetted as authorizing the Commission,
its Advisory Committees, or any person un-
der its supervisian or control to inquire into
or investigate any membership practices or
internal operations of any fraternal orga-
nization, any college or university fraternity
or sorority, any private club or any religious
organization."
This section made it explicitly clear that
the Civil Rights Commission Gould not under
the color of Federal law investigate the ac-
tivities of campus fraternities. The private
acts of discrimination by voluntary student
groups were beyond the realm of Federal con-
cern or, at least, beyond the realm of the
Commission's coneern.
Congress, in various Titles of the Civil
Rights Act, empowered specific Federal agen-
cies to eliminate discrimination in the fields
of educational employment% votinga? and
public accommodations .% A key provision was
Title VI, sec. 601, which declared that "No
person in the United States shall, on the
ground of race, color, or national origin, be
excluded from participation in, be denied the
benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination
under any program or activity receiving Fed-
eral financial assistance." la This policy
clearly applied in the area of education where
millibns of Federal dollars were being ex-
pended annually in aid to colleges and uni-
versities, both public and private. The imple-
mentation of Section 601 of Title VI was to
be effectuated through the issuance of reg-
ulations by the Federal departments em-
powered to extend Federal financial assist-
ance.22 These regulations were to b "
gen-
eral applicability" as awl "consistent with
achievement of the objectives of the statute
authorizing the financial assistance in con-
nection with which the action is taken." h
On December 31, 1964, Francis Keppel, U.S.
Commissioner of Education, sent a memo-
randum to the presidents of all institutions
of higher education in the United States ad-
vising them that the regulation of the De-
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare
authorized under Section 602 of Title VI had
been approved by the President and promul-
gated by the Department to become effective
on January 3, 1965.35 Each college Or univer-
sity which received Federal funds was re-
quired under Section 80.4 of the Department
Regulation to file an Assurance of Compli-
ance with the non-discrimination require-
ments of Title V/. Unless the Assurance
(HEW Form No. 441) was filed with the De-
partment, the institution would not be eligi-
ble for Federal assistance.
Mr. Keppel enclosed with his memorandum
an Explanation of HEW Form No. 441, which
presented examples of the type of discrim-
inatory practices which were prohibited
under the Department Regulation.% Of in-
terest to eciticators were questions 8 and 9
which explained the effect of the Assurance
of Compliance upon their administrative
practices:
"8. What effect will the regulation have
on a college or university's achnission prac-
tices or other practices related to the treat-
ment of students?
"A. An institution of higher education
which applies for any Federal financial as-
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ment. The present administration policy
is totally inadequate. It rests upon the
concept of an election to be conducted
and essentially controlled by the Saigon
militarist regime while huge numbers of
American troops remain in South Viet-
nam, The VC and the Hanoi Govern-
ment quite obviously will not accept a
rigged election of that sort. Indeed, they
may not accept any settlement to which
the present Thieu-Ky militarist regime
is a party.
The President has never really faced
up to this issue. His statements about not
"imposing" a government in South
Vietnam miss the point entirely. In fact,
the administration is imposing the
Thieu-Ky militarist regime on South
Vietnam every day of the year. Were we
to withdraw only our financial subpart
from that dictatorship and the huge
subsidy to meet the payroll of its troops,
the Saigon Government would fall
within a month. Thieu and Ky would
then be forced to flee and rendezvous
with their unlisted bank accounts in
Hong Kong and Switzerland.
The fact is that while professing a de-
sire for peace, the administration has
failed to create political conditions in
Vietnam under which peace is possible.
The desire of those Saigon militarist
leaders to remain in power is totally in-
consistent with President Nixon's state-
ment that "What is important is what
the people of South Vietnam want."
These incompatible policies hold out the
prospect not of peace but of a prolonged
military occupation which will continue
indefinitely to drain American treasure
and lives.
President Nixon and all responsible
Americans want to get out of Vietnam
as soon as possible. Walter Lippmann
has stated that we are fighting a major
war in South Vietnam in order to save
face. It is true just as the Chinese sage
Confucius said many centuries ago:
A man who makes a mistake and does not
correct it, makes another mistake.
The same is certainly true regarding
nations.
It is now evident to practically all
Americans that we do not have any
mandate from Almighty God to police
the world. There is a general realization
that we never should have supported the
French from 1946 to their defeat at
Dienbienphu in 1954 in their attempt to
reestablish their lush Indochinese colo-
nial empire.
Then, it was a tragic mistake that
we went into Vietnam with our Armed
Forces and Our tremendous air power
and napalm bombed so many cities, vil-
lages, and hamlets in South Vietnam to
"save them." We are compounding that
mistake the longer our Armed Forces
remain there.
Moratorium day, October 15, was the
greatest peaceful mass demonstration
in the history of our Republic. Amer-
icans paraded with dignity or remained
away from Work to show to administra-
tion leaders that Americans want the
war to end without delay?that Amer-
icans demand a haltoss of price-
less lives of recent high school graduates
and the flower of the young manhood of
America in a faraway little country of
no importance to the defense of the
United States.
Very definitely, we should bring home
as quickly as possible by ship and plane,
in the same manner our Armed Forces
were sent, the more than 500,000 Amer-
icans in our Armed Forces now in South
Vietnam. At the same time we should
call on- the North Vietnamese to with-
draw without delay all of their forces
now in South Vietnam. This total ac-
cording to former Ambassador Averell
Harriman, a truly great American and
our most skilled and experienced nego-
tiator, is estimated to number not more
than 40,000.
I am hopeful that President Nixon will
accelerate the withdrawal of American
troops from South Vietnam. He should
respond to the overwhelming will of the
majority of Americans and immediately
withdraw all of our Armed Forces from
Vietnam.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
further morning business?
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, I sug-
gest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER, The clerk
will call the roll.
The bill clerk proceeded to call the
roll.
Mr. FELL. Mr. President, I ask unan-
imous consent that the order for the
quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
PEARSON in the chair). Without objec-
tion, it is so ordereft"
ANNIVERSARY OF THE ENTRY OF
GREECE INTO WORLD WAR II
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, today, Oc-
tober 28, marks the 29th anniversary of
the entry of Greece into World War II.
It is an important holiday in Greece for
It marks the turning point in that coun-
try's struggle for liberty and freedom.
On October 28, 1940, the Greek people
began a decade of fighting and sacrifice,
marked by both triumph and tragedy,
which encompassed some of Greece's
most desperate moments and some of its
finest hours. Those of us who care about
the ideals for which the Greeks fought,
and who care about the courageous peo-
ple of that country, find it difficult to
celebrate today, because of the fact that
Greece is in the hands of a military re-
gime which has made a mockery of the
victories won by Greece during that tur-
bulent 10-year period.
I have spoken many times on the floor
of the Senate in recent months on this
subject. I do not intend to repeat or re-
capitulate these comments today. Suffice
it to say that the regime continues to be
repressive. The Greek people do not en-
joy the civil liberties which are the
fundamental characteristic of a de-
mocracy. Reports of torture by reliable
observers continue, despite official de-
nials. In fact, the regime has been cen-
sored by the Consultative Assembly of the
Council of Europe for violating the Euro-
pean Convention on Human Rights and
a subcommission on human rights of the
Council will present a report on this sub- t
ject in December. Finally, there are per-
sistent reports of a growing anti-Amer- h
ican sentiment in the country based on
S13313
the feeling that the United States is sup-
porting the present regime.
The people of Greece should know that
there are many in this Chamber, many
in the House of Representatives, and
millions of Americans who deplore the
present situation in Greece. We are not
only saddened by the apparent unwill-
ingness of the Government to move
toward the restoration of democracy, in
the land in which democracy was born,
but outraged by the violent methods
being used by the regime toward those
who question its principles and practices.
There is, of course, little that we can
do to help the Greek people, for the char-
acter of their regime is, in the final anal-
ysis, their own internal affair. But there
is something that we can do not to help
the military dictatorship. To this end,
I have proposed an amendment to the
foreign aid bill which would curtail mili-
tary aid to Greece by insuring that no
additional aid is programed until the
Congress so approves. I shall do all that
I can and have that proposed amend-
ment enacted into law.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
further morning business?
NOMINATION OF CLEMENT F.
HAYNSWORTH, JR., TO BE AN
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE
SUPREME COURT
Mr. BELLMON. Mr. President, since
the nomination of Clement F. Hayns-
worth, Jr., for the position of Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court on the
18th of August of this year, every Mem-
ber of this body and particularly those
Members who serve on the Committee on
the Judiciary have been flooded with
comments from their constituents, special
interest groups, labor organizations, and
from many of their colleagues, concern-
ing this appointment.
Mr. President, every Member of this
body has heard of the "Darlington case"
and the,"Brunswick case." The facts of
those eases and the judge's role in them
have been repeated many times here on
the floor of the Senate and any objective
study of them can, in my opinion, only
lead to the conclusion that the charges
made are in fact not substantiated by
any evidence before the committee or the
Members of this body.
From my examination of the testimony
presented at the? hearings on Judge
Haynsworth's confirmation, the commit-
tee was primarily interested in deter-
mining whether three basic criteria had
been met by this nominee. First, is Judge
Haynsworth a person of great integrity;
second, has Judge Haynsworth demon-
strated judicial temperament; and third,
does Judge Haynsworth possess a high
level of professional ability.
Using these basic criteria as guidelines
upon which one should base his opinion
in considering the nomination, I have
found ample evidence that the nomi-
nee qualifies with flying colors.
Judge Haynsworth has made disclos-
ures of his financial holdings in more
detail than is required by any Member of
his body and in much greater detail
than most members of the judiciary who
ave previously been confirmed by the
Senate.
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S 13314 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? EA'" c er 28, 1969
Many members of the legal professien lobbying of Senators by private interest Baltimore, top lobbyist for the NAACP and
whet have conducted cases before Judge groups. Lobbying is neither illegal or un- other civil sigh: had organiaetale en
tions.
Haynsworth as well as the organized bar, moral. Private groups are entitled to their e Haynsworthin the form of the American Bar As- opinions on Supreme Court nominees as use of his involv ent in the long,
tangled legal case involving the Darlington
sodIation, have expressed confidence in they are on any other subject. But, in
Manufacturing Co. and Testae Workers
his ability as a judge to render a fair and the case of Court nominees, the Senate union, his participation In Carolina Vend-a-
1114 decision in any case appearing be- has a duty, under the Constitation, to' Maxie oo. and his civil rights record as a
f
or him. consider their integrity, capability, and judge on the Federal Court of Appeals.
I would also like to point out that mew experience, and if they apprOve the norm- Harris telephoned oaniel J Moynihan.
of those expressing that view had. in inee on this basis, to advise and consent urban affairs specialist on the White House
staff who was with the President in Cali-
fact, lost cases in the judge's court. How- to the nomination. I question what new fornia, and Jerris Leonard, Assistant Attor-
ev6r, it appears that they still hold to the insight into these imies will be - Wed ney General, on. Aug. 15 and warned them
opinion that the decisions vrere rendered by a powerful lobbybw...lis.4 the AFL-CIO, considered Hayns-
fairly using the cases decided in the pest Mr. Presidents-15*s lobbying effort is worth anti-tabor and anti-civil rights
me detail in a Washington record as well as issues involving his ethical
conduct whkle on the bench.
In addition, Wang sent a telegram directly
to the President raising the same issues.
"The President didn't reply, he didn't reply
at all," Measly said recently. "His reply came
a few days later when he aianounced the ap-
pointment of Judge Haynsworth."
Mr. RSV" MON. Mr. President, it is
clear, in view of the President's position
and the organized opposition, that there
will be a major confrontation on the
Senate floor over the nomination of judge
Haynsworth.
The question has been raised from
several sources that profess only an abid-
ing concern for the well-being of the
Supreme Court: "Why does not the
President withdraw the nomination and
avoid the bloody confirmation fight?"
Mr. President, there is need for serious
concern over the impact of this fight on
the Supreme Court, The image of the
Court has been tarnished recently by
the resignation, under fire, of the Asso-
ciate Justice whom Judge Haynsworth is
supposed to replace. We need to be great-
ly concerned by the public's loss of con-
fidence in the impartiality of this Court.
Concern for the Court, however, does
and the evidence which had been pre- discussed
sented. Post a
Mr. President, there is need for seriOus un
concern over the impact of this contro- p
ve sy on the Supreme Court
can find no reason to oppose a person w
ly because his philosophy is contrarY as
own. I can find nothing which 1110i- A
s that the judge has committed an
ethical practice. Judge Itaynswerth
soi
to
ca
un
has been a distinguished circuit judge,
and I believe he will be an outstanding
g
addition to the U.S. Suprema, Court.
r. President, a major confrontation
over the nomination of Judge Hans-
worth to the Supreme Court is coming up
ori the Senate floor in the near future.
T e public's interest in the Court, and
tl4e intense press coverage of the nomi-
tion hearings, and attacks against the
n minee insure that the Nation will be
watching closely as the Senate votes on
this nomination.
The President has made it clear that
stands behind Judge Haynsworth's
mination. After reviewing all of the
tIacks made against the nominee on his
'1 rights record, his labor record, and
his integrity, the President reafflrined
h confidence in Judge Haynswerth His
tter of October 3, 1969, to the minority
leder states:
In order that there be no ml hinderstatici-
ing on the part of anyone, 1 send this letter
to confirm that I steadfastas, support this
nOmination and earnestly hese and trust
that the Senate Judiciary Committee and
the senate will proceed with dispatch to
approve the nomination.
a
Cl
It is equally clear that those who op-
pose the nomination are not ready to
relent. The machinery to block confierna-
tion has been set in motion and it is .
questionable if the attack could be , . we qualify him, he is an undistinguished
stopped now even by those who started it. the choice and it would be better for the
Thus, notwithstanding the fact that d the Court if another man were nominated.
? in his Mr. President, the only part of that
a great deal of balance has been added
tte the whole discussion in the Senate by. est single argument with which I can agree is that
he has done nothing Wrong, nothing
the efforts of the distinguethed Senator ? on rYf Con-
trom Nebraska (Mr. Ileusen) al. the serious break that would disqualify him. Thereafter,
distinguished Senator from Ken ucky and the nine- my disagreement with those who make
(Mr. Coos), thousands of labor inion .-?- istratton the argument is complete.
and union members and thousands of
supporters of civil rights are writing and
telegraphing their opposition to Itheir
Senators. Most of these communications
it
reflect an understanding of, or ex sure
to, only one side of the issue. The rep-
resent the product of the massive fort
that was begun several weeks ago then
he entire story had not been presented.
e are confronted, now, by thous ds of Harris, the AFL-CIO associate general ooun- cause too many people are opera wig un-
eop/e and organizations who have pub- seir, arenedtAnwidre th j.wesJe.piBiLefiRllaer, legislativeJr.,nil wellkdniroec- der serious misapprehension.
*cly committed themselves to fight the t? g. . wn The nomination by President Nixon
Washington lawyer representing several civil
Haynsworth nomination, right or Wrong. rights groups. of Judge Clement Haynsworth, Jr., does
There is another dimension to the They alerted George Meany, president of not result in the Senate considering "just
'stop Haynsworth" effort: The outright the Aego-ceo, and Clarence Mitchell of another Federal judge"; but rather an
e of October 16, 1969, and I ask
ous consent that the article be
ed in the RECORD.
ere being no objection, the article
ordered to be printed in the RECORD.
011OWS:
ID RA i .N..b HAYS SWORTH FOR "SPECIAL"
FIGHT
(By Murray Seeger)
Sen. Th as J. Dodd (D-Conn.) received
a telephon call a few days ago from an old
friend, Jay ?vestone, director of interna-
tional affairs the AFL-CIO.
The two men ually discuss their common
interest in figh g communism, but this
recent conversation was different. Lovestone
was trying to get a mmitment from Dodd
that he would vol against confirming
Clement F. Haynsworth .Tr. as an associate
justice of the U.S. Supre e Court.
"We don't usually use on something
like this," an AFL-CLO sta an said this
week. "But the Irlaynsworth cake is special."
The special nature of the Hayhsworth case
that it represents the first occiton since
1930 that the labor federation h actively
opposed a Supreme ()Oust nomination
That nominee was John J. Parker Of North
Carolina, the last o3urt appointee to lose
a Senate confirmation vote.
As one of the 10 Democrats on the majority
side of the Senate Judiciary Cominitttee, not dictate the withdrawal of Judge
Dodd warranted spec-al attention in the view Haynsworth's name by the President.
Instead, it counsels those who attack
of the AFL-CIO. He voted to send the Ha ns-
N
worth nomination to the Senate floor, ut Judge Haynsworth recklessly to consider
may vote against confirmation. and decide whether their pique over the
Another Democratic member of the or>
mittee, Sen. Joseph D. Tydings of Meryl
had an unusual visit from Al Barkan, direc
of the AFL-CIO Committee on Politi al
Education before voting "no" on the nomi a
tion.
Sen Hugh D. Scoot of pennsylvania,
minority leader of the Senate who is
uncommitted on the nomination, has
pressured to vote "no" by the only Re
can in the AFL--CIO hierarolay,
Minton, of Philade'phia, president
Glass Bottle Blowers' Association,
United Steelworkers, biggest Lull
state.
Haynsworth has become the
issue for the AFL--CIO in this
gress and represents the
between the federatio
1 4,4,T he ..s..:;.,c=4:
,ainst Haynsworth has Judge Haynsworth has been a distin-
also renewed the alliance between the AFL- guished circuit court judge and it has
cio and fewer civil right organizations at been predicted that he will be an out-
a time when local unions and minority standing addition to the U.S. Supreme
groups are battling in several cities. Court.
"This has already become part of the 1970
congressional elections," one union source The public has shown little under-
said, standing of the qualities which fit Judge
When Haynsworth's name first came Haynsworth for his position. I think
through the Washington rumor mill, Tons these qualities should be reviewed, be-
choice of a men of his philosophy is suf-
ficient to justify the lasting damage they
may inflict on the Court.
The demands for withdrawal of Judge
Haynsworth's name seem to rest on an
e argument that goes like this: While
tin
en Judge Haynsworth has not done any-
bli- thing wrong, or anything that would dis-
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itht,OKI)? Extensions of Remarks October 27, 1969
There are now in effect laws that provide
for imposing a prohibition on individual
business firms against repeating a mailing to
one who has objected to the post office, upon
the receipt of what he considers objection-
able material. This has only limited effect
upon the pornographers. They can still make
the first mailing with impunity. And further-
more, each separate filth peddler can make a
first mailing to the same household.
H.R. 6186 details what would be considered
pornographic and to be unlawful if sent to
the home in which there is a minor. The
broad interpretation of the word "knowingly"
in the proposal would make it financially
uneconomical for these depraved distributors
to broadcast their filth on a mass basis. They
would have to consider that any home could
have minors present, and before making the
first mailing, would have to determine in
advance that such a condition did not exist.
I believe this would effectively stop this
obnoxious practice without being subjected
to the charge of censorship. I hope that the
legislation can be approved by your commit-
tee at an early date.
REPORT ON THE PRESENT
GREEK SITUATION
HON. DON EDWARDS
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
Mr. EDWARDS of California. Mr.
Speaker, the news from Greece shows
a rising tide of protests against the mil-
itary dictatorship there. Unfortunately,
the same news shows that the U.S. Gov-
ernment continues to be linked with that
dictatorship, resulting in a rising tide
of anti-American feeling.
The current of events in Greece was re-
cently studied by N. A. Stavrou, a pro-
fessor at Howard University. He has been
kind enough to provide me with a copy
of his excellent report, one that details
fully what is happening in Greece.
In insert this documented and first-
hand study into this RECORD:
A REPORT ON THE PRESENT GREEK SITUATION
(By Prof. N. A. Stavrou)
The present report is based on facts as-
sembled during a research trip to Greece
which lasted from August 1 to September
13, 1969. This trip was made possible by a
Research Grant given by the Social Science
Division of Howard University and had as its
primary objective the study of Protest
Groups and their formation. A specific re-
search plan had been worked out prior to
my departure from the States. However, soon
after my arrival in Greece I discovered that
scientific research was impossible under a
regime of marital law. I was given warnings
by many people not to proceed with the idea
of conducting a survey of public opinion by
submitting questions to ordinary people,
because they told me, "You don't know to
whom you are talking." Consequently, I had
to revise my research methodology in several
ways. Systematic sampling of opinions had
to be substituted by selective gauging of
reactions to questions purposely made to
provoke. To support such responses I sought
to examine the behaviors of groups of dis-
contented persons. I thought I would have a
better understanding of what is happening
in Greece if I concentrated on five sources
of information: a) former political leaders
now in active opposition; b) former high
ranking military officers as well as officers
in active duty when this was possible; c)
former elected officials of small towns or
private associations; d) plain people from
all walks of life whose confidence I had to
cultivate before they could talk as they
felt, and e) the government's position which
could easily be sampled from the censored
press, or personal interviews when possible
Some of the political leaders and personal-
ities with whom I had extensive discussions
on the subject matter of my study and the
current Greek political situation are:
Hon. Panayotis Kanellopoulos, Former
Prime Minister, Minister of Defense and Lead
er of the E.R.E. Party.
Hon. Stephanos Stephanopoulos, Former
Prime Minister, Minister of Economic Coor-
dination, Foreign Affairs, and leader of Li-
beral Party founded after his break with the
Center Union (FDK).
Hon. Evangelos Averoff-Tositzas, Former
Minister of Foreign Affairs (ERE).
. Hon. Ioannis Zigdis, Former Minister of
Industry (Center Union).
Hon. Emmanuel Kothris, Former Minister
of Commerce, Deputy of Center Union. -
Hon. Ioannis M. Tsouderos, Former Dep-
uty of Center Union.
Hon. Spyros Markezinis, Former Minister
of Economic Coordination and Leader of the
Progressive Party.
Hon. Constantinos N. Rallis, Former Dep-
uty and Minister of Information.
Hon. George Mavros, Former Minister of
Defense and Interior, Governor of the Bank
of Greece, presently considered as the leader
of the Center Union.
Hon. George Rallis, Former Minister of
Interior (ERE).
Hon. Harris Rentis, Former Deputy of Cen-
ter Union, Minister.
Hon. Ioannis Varvitsiotis, Former Deputy
of ERE.
Lt. Gen. Theodoros Griropoulos, Former
Chief of Defense Staff, Chief of the Army,
author (Retired).
Lt. General Petros Nikolopoulos, Former
Chief of the C.I.A. of Greece, Former Chief
of Staff of the Army.
Lt. Gen. Ioannis Sorokos, Deputy Chief of
the Armed Forces (1969) , Ambassador Ap-
pointee to London.
Gen. Alexandros Hatzipetros, Chief of
CIA. of Greece.*
Lt. Col. L. Mavraganas, C.I.A. of Greece.
Gen. George Thomopoulos, Chief of G.D
E.A. (General Directorate of National Secu-
rity).
With General Sorokos I ?had a rather ex-
tensive and probing (on both sides) conver-
sation, while with the latter three individu-
als I discussed no substantive matters. From
Gen. Hatzioetros I requested Information on
Front Organizations functioning in Greece
between 1955-1967. He introduced me to Lt.
Col. Mavraganas, who was ordered by the
General to assemble unclassified information
available in the Agency and give it to me.
At the same time, Gen. Hatzipetros said that
most of such information is kept by
G.D.E.A., where he introduced me to Gen.
Thomopoulos. Lt. Col. Mavraganas, after I
told him what I was looking for, promised to
send all information available and unclassi-
fied "as soon as the Colonel who specializes
in such matters returns from his leave." Gen.
Thomopoulos requested a specific list of
types of information and I submitted one to
him. He, too, promised to mail available in-
formation as soon as it could be assembled.
So far, I have received no material requested
from either agency.
In addition to the above-mentioned per-
sonalities, I have met a number of formerly
high-ranking officials, local leaders, Union
personalities newspapermen and former
Ministers who wish anonymity. Through
newspapermen and friends, I have tried to
get some information on the role and fate e
of the 45 generals who have been arrested
and kept under solitary confinement in a t
hotel outside of Athens. One high-ranking
officer whom I was able to meet In his place
of exile talked with me "freely" after I told
him who informed me of his whereabouts
The only place where I found suitable for
. an exchange of views with the gentleman
was by the sea, where we could swim and
talk without being followed by his guard, a
plain clothesman, never more than 10 feet
away. The number of swimmers made it diffi-
cult for the guard to see anything unusual
going on between the General and another
swimmer who could not be identified as a
...foreigner in the water. The gentleman not
only talked to me under such circumstances,
but he was also kind enough to write an ex-
tensive analysis of the issues of Anti-Ameri-
canism and effectiveness of the Armed
forces. I had to make special arrangements
to get this document, which is now in my
possession.
On the basis of information received from
the above-mentioned Individuals as well as
from hundreds of plain people I have the
following observations to make on the current
Greek situation:
Political Process: There is almost unani-
mous agreement among the politicians, form-
er Deputies and local leaders that Greece is in
for an absolute dictatorial regime which will
be more repressive as the time passes. In
*support of such arguments everyone points
to the current developments, such as decrees
promulgated, compulsory laws enacted and
proposed (the Press Law was the conversa-
tion piece during the last three weeks of
my stay in Greece) as well as public pro-
nouncements by government leaders. They
all believe that the Salonica speech of Mr.
Papadopoulos should suffice to convince any
extreme optimist of the fact that Greece is
going rapidly backwards. In addition to this,
they point to the day to day behavior of the
government, always with specific and irre-
futable examples of brutal actions and un-
controllable arrogance on the part of the
authorities. It appears to them, they argue,
that the regime becomes daily more insecure
and more repressive. They feel, and know,
they say, that a police state is rapidly being
perfected and political persecution continues
unabated. Personally, I had opportunities to
observe the presence of the police state.
Deputies and former Ministers who wanted
to meet with me hesitated to do so because
they were :allowed by plainclothesmen. At
least three former Ministers who met with
me were continuously being followed and I
was a witness of this. They are Mr. George
Mavras, followed by three men in a Volvo
car; Mr. George Rallis and one former Min-
ister who wishes his name not to be men-
tioned. All political leaders that I have talked
to, with the exception of Mr. Evengellos
Averoff-Tositzas, feel that compromise with
the present regime is impossible and whoever
suggests it must be naive. The government,
they point out, does not have and never has
had such intentions. They have impressive
evidence to support their position.
Mr. Averrof feels that the government is
of course unwilling to compromise, but a
militant position by other political forces
will prevent solutions from within or with-
out the junta. "When you promise to court-
martial them," he said, "they will fight and
they will stick together." In line with this
position, Mr. Averrof feels that "the Mevros-
Kanellopoulos Political manifesto was a mis-
take." Another slight variation from the posi-
tion of the political world as I understand
it comes from Former Minister of Economic
Coordination and leader of the Progressive
Party Mr. Spyros Markezinis. Mr. Marke-
zinis feels that the present leaders are inept
and inevitably will need the help of experi-
need people, if they "properly care about
Greece, as they claim." He is also willing to be
he Prime Minister of a Transitional govern-
ment. "After all," he said, "I was a success-
ul Minister of Economic Coordination and
*Introduced to him by Gen. Sorokos.
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OctOer 27, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks
the Georgia Council of Farmer Cooper-
atives prepared a leaflet showing the di-
verse ways cooperatives serve their mem-
bers in Georgia. I think this information
will be of interest to the Members of
Congress. I am, therefore, including the
following summary of these interesting
statistics.
In the marketing area in Georgia
there are 23 cooperatives with 87,700
members. These cooperatives have 7,170
loyees and do a gross volume of busi-
ness $329,100,000. The major products
marketed by these cooperatives are poul-
try, peanuts, milk and milk products, and
grain and soybeans.
In the area of production supplies there
are 14 cooperatives with 84,000 members.
These cooperatives have 470 employees
and do a gross volume of business of $49,-
129,000.
In the area of services, credit is pro-
vided through Federal land bank as-
sociations and Production Credit Asso-
ciations. Electric membership corpora-
tions provide electrical power and dairk
herd improvement associations provide
management services.
These are just some of the many serv-
ices which are provided through cooper-
atives to aid farmers In nearly every
aspect of their farm business. I join with
the citizens of Georgia in saluting the
fine work of our Georgia cooperatives.
It might also be of interest to point
out that the first agricultural coopera-
tive marketing association formed in
Georgia was in our 10th District. This was
in the early part of the 1930's when the
Athens Cooperative Creamery-was estab-
lished in Athens, Ga., by my wife's father,
A. P. Winston, Judge Henry West, L. M.
Sheffer, Dr. Henry Fullilove, Dr. Harvey
Cabaniss, and Emmett Cabariss. It is
still a successful operation, being now
Better Maid Dairy Products, Inc.
Piper Cherokee which claimed 83 lies, add percentage of private pilots fly after drink-
now fuel to the airport/airways issues. ing.
And, ,when a small general aviation air- In each of the past three years, he said
craft is involved, the finger invariably is alcohol has been attributed to 61A to seven
pointed toward the "little" plane by initial percent of fatal private plane crashes.
press reports. By way of comparison, National Safety
Reaction holds the light aircraft had no Council states that alcohol probably is a
right tO be there, regardless who was at fault, factor in at least half oe all fatal motor
The Parade article declared: "It was a stu- vehicle accidents.
dent with only 38 hours in the air. who Actually, the accident rate of general avia-
rammed into an airliner in September over tion aircraft is decreasing---5,069, or 1.311 ac-
the I dianapolis airport while making a cidents per every one millun airplane Miles
practic pass at the runway." flown in 1968 compared with 6,115, or 1.78
ni
Actu lly the accident occurred some 20, accidents per million miles flown i
miles Southeast of the airport. Subsequent The number of fatal acciden
findings suggest it was the airliner that creased from 603, or ,18
struck the light plane. flown, in 1967, to 692, o
In at analysis of the 38 in-flight collisions flown in 1968.
At the same t
cent increase i
from 114,186 ?
a correspon
the miles
accordin
Wichita
Aga4 for comparison, some 26 million (25.5
per ce t) of the nation's 102.1 million motor
vehic7es in 1968 were involved in accidents
acco nting for 55,200 motor vehicle deaths,
acco ding to National SafEty Council figures.
There were 14.5 accidents per one million
driven by motor vehicles and .04
itles per million miles driven.
e FAA categorizes all non-airline and
litary aircraft in the United States as
aviation, or "private" aircraft. Its
t numbers more than 100.
4 million genEral aviation hours
, as a point in fact, 69 per cent
as purposes and 31 per cent
" ersonal use of aircraft,"
at the top of the
as intended to
ce,
of records
n the civil
ictured
miring
uni-
es-
er
occuri
the N
(NTSB
dents,
involv
And
g in the United States during 1968,
tional Transportation Safety Board
, which investigates all fatal air acci-
ound FAA's air traffic control system
d in at least seven.
n all seven, traffic congestion, control
tower Visibility and human performance lim-
itation, and inadequacy of VI-1R (aircraft
operating under "see and be seen" visual ?
flight rules) traffic flow procedures were.
found contributory to the chain of: events!
leadin up to collision.
Sight collisions are very rare at air-
here traffic flow is directed In a posi in
-
d orderly manner," the NTSB declared, feta
e analysis, NTSB said six of the 38 T
ns occurred on or above an airport,, non-
es within the airport traffic pattern,' gener
thin two miles of the airport and 10 own ft
ts more than five miles from the air- Of tla
"In-
ports
tive a
In t
collisi
12 mi
five w
amide
port. flown in
The collisions involved 76 individual air- were for bus
craft and 71 fatalities, although total pas- could be label
according to ADS.
The picture appear
Parade article apparent
depict the "private" plane m
A check by the Wichita E
maintained on each aircraft flow
system revealed that all aircraf
have transponders, radar, distance m
equipment, autopilots, redundant co
cations and navigation systems and,
sence, were equipped coinparably or be
than the two commercial jetliners shown
the background.
The five "private" aircraft in the picture
represent a transportation investment by
"private" businesses of $1.2 million, of which
nearly $1 million is represented by the cost
of electronic communication and navigation
equipment alone.
Indeed, these private planes are waiting
for the navigation, air traffic control and fed-
eral communleations system to catch up so
equipment they, have installed can be used
on any airport in the U.S.
Most businesses &V corporations utilizing
their own private airoraft today also
heavy users of the cor" cial airlines.
Whether public or pri va ir sat et
vital concern to all.
owever, in-
million miles
0 per million miles
e ther a was a nine per
he ifeneral aviation fleet-
1967, to 121,237 in 1968?and
ng nine per cent increase in
wn by genera', aviation aircraft,
to Aviation Data Service (ADS).
sengers and crew members totaled '246.
Of the aircraft, three were coManercial air-
liners, one a military fighter and two were
glider?the remainder being peeivered gen-,
eral aviation aircraft. One collision,
dentally, involved two planes beine used to
herd horses in Wyoming.
Twenty-one aircraft were described al
being on pleasure flights, while 20 were eni
gaged in some form of flight instruction. ]
Concluded NTSB:
"While there was no evidence of adverse
weather having been a significant factor in
any Cf the 38 in-flight iccidents,
haze ind/or smoke were likely tia have been
in the area in six instances; pre-Mitation,,
showery in nature, was probably In the gen-
eral area in 11 cases.
"All 38 collisions, however, ?conned during
daylight hours under VTR conditions (ceiling
above 1,000 feet and visibility more than
three miles).
"It was noted most collisions occurred in
areas and periods of greatest general aviation
activity and the most likely time and place
for cellisions to occur would be on bright
clear Sunday afternoons in August at un.-
oontr011ed airports," NTSB said.
A Common misconception among laymen,
including the Parade writer, is that radar
equiPment on aircraft is used for spotting
other aircraft.
Stated Parade: "Few private planes are
equipped with radar, to act as extra eyes for
the pilot."
Nor do any commercial airliners have thee
"extra eyes." Aircraft radar is for weather
avoidance and does not detect othtr aircraft.
Parade also pointed out that the "private
pilot who decides to go on a lark in the skies
after drinking . . . is . . . probably the
grea est threat to air safety."
It dded that autopsies performed on pilots
from the 692 fatal general aviation accidents,
during 1968 "indicate that as many as 200.
had been drinking. Of these accidents, oft
cials said that alcohol was the cause of 5
'bey nd a shadow of a doubt.'"
As recently as September, however, Ber-
ner Boyle, NTSB chief of the Safety Anal-
ysis Division, said he believed only a smell
SALUTE TO GEORGIA
COOPERAnvEs
a
HON. ROBERT G. STEPHENS, JR.
OF GEOROIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
Mr. STEPHENS. Mr. Speaker, it has
been brought to my attention that the
month of October is "Co-Op Month." The
theme this year is "Cooperatives: Prog-
ress Through People."
The State of Georg..a is observing this
"Co-Op Month," along with the rest of
the Nation. As part of this observance,
SEEK MEASURES TO CONTROL
PORNOGRAPHY
HON. JAMES B. UTT
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPREShNIATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
Mr. UTT. Mr. Speaker, I would like
to include my statement on HR. 6186
which would seek measures to control
pornography, which I am cosponsoring
STATEMENT 131- JAMES B. UTT ON H.R. 6186
Mr. Chairman: I appreciate this oppor-
tunity of including some comments in the
record of testimony on the various measures
seeking to control pornography. I am a co-
sponsor of H.R. 6186 which would prohibit
the dissemination through interstate com-
merce or the mails of materials harmful to
persons under the age of eighteen years and
would restrict the exhibition of movies to
such persona.
My state of California has seen both a
flood of the most vile presentations sent
through the mails to the homes, and an
expansion of the producers of the filth
Printing presses have run around the clock
turning out the tons and tons of advertis-
ing material in full color and great detail. My
constituents who are receiving such material
are demanding that steps be taken to protect
their loved ones from being exposed to the
shock of seeing such traeh.
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October 27,
do not wish to become a Minister again."
However, he, too, is pessimistic about the
prospect of the junta giving up or even shar-
ing power with anyone, and he qualifies his
willingness to be Prime Minister with import-
ant conditions.
Many feel that the junta will try occa-
sionally to absorb political personalities of
Pipinellis type and transform them into
"Von Papens of Greece." Such occurrences
will help the government in certain ways,
but it will not break the front of opposi-
tion. Personally, I have the feeling that two
or three such persons entertain the thought
of entering the governmental fold, but it is
also quite likely that others who are with the
government will resign. One candidate for
resignation is Prof. Kyriakopoulos, Minister
of Justice, who, I was told, had nothing to
do with the Press Law, nor was he properly
consulted about it. I feel that the arrival of
the new American Ambassador will be the
catalyst of certain developments in the rela-
tions of the Junta with the opposition, if the
Ambassador comes with specific policies in
mind. However, no one believes that the
American policy will change drastically and
furthermore, those who could have helped to
an orderly development, have reasons not to
trust the Americans.
Prospects: Everyone feels that as the gov-
ernment becomes more repressive and the
opposition more experienced, organized vio-
lence will increase. My survey indicates, and
practically all political leaders I have talked
to agree, that the government has reached
the point of almost complete separation
from the people. The present rulers of Greece
have absolutely no appreciation of the im-
portance of support from below. At least
four Former Ministers suggested that vio-
lence is justified because the regime itself is
violence par excellence. FurthermOre, they
argue, "the 'bombs are better heard by the
State Department and the C.I.A. than the
voices of reason." "The Americans," they say,
"do not consider the Greek problem critical
so as to stop doing certain things because
it does not appear critical. They look in the
night clubs and bouzoukia joints and con-
clude that here is a happy people. Perhaps
few bombs will help them awaken and real-
ize that we are in a deadly crisis." In con-
clusion, everyone feels that orderly devel-
opments. with the present government as a
partner are impossible. Violence is to be ex-
pected and in the long run it will be more
extensive. I have asked many leaders why
they don't make an opening for a dialogue
with the government. Their answer.was quite
simple and pragmatic: "The Greek people
will brand anyone who deals with the present
government a traitor and quisling. After all,"
they say, "if elections were to be held to-
morrow, the political parties of 1965-67 will
receive the same number of votes as then.
We have our following intact," they say,
"the junta does not have any at all." I
sought to check on this claim and asked a
local leader who is quite familiar with the
attitudes of the countryside. He agrees that
the political forces are divided as they were
before the coup, but "parts of those forces
have become militant" and in any outbreak
of violence they will move to the left regard-
less of where they belonged before April 21,
1967. Mr. Mavros said that "we made our
offer. In the political proclamation with
Kanellopoulos, we stated that we are ready
to form or support a transitional govern-
ment," he said. The offer has been laughed
off by the junta, who keeps referring to them
as the "Ex-politicians." '
On Support: I indicated above that the
present regime of Greece has absolutely no
appreciation for popular support and in the
two years of its presence has done more to
alienate its supporters than increase them.
It is commonly agreed that even those who
granted them good intentions earlier regret it
now. Consequently, the support they have
does not come from the people in general but
from the following categories of special
groups:
(a) People who make their living from gov-
ernmental employment, especially those who
got their jobs after April 21, 1967. From this
group, however, one must differentiate, a sub-
group which actively opposes the regime.
There is, for example, an active underground
group made up of Civil Servants which cir-
culates pamphlets with anti-regime material.
(b) People who make their living indirectly
from the state and from whom support is ex-
tracted rather than offered.
(c) Several extremist groups made up of
people who have been active in the period
between 1944 (such as people who composed
the organziation X, under George Grivas)
and who have the stigma of cooperation with
the Germans. These people are presently
zealous informers for the regime and are
being Identified by the people as such. It is
also a rather curious development to note
that former Communists are among those
who have become informers and supporters
of the regime. The noted examples are, of
course, Mr. Savas Constantopoulos', editor of
the newspaper Eleftheros Kosmos (Free
World) who was a high-ranking member of
the Greek Communist Party and Mr. Th.
Papakonstantinou, another high former rank-
ing member of the Communist party who was
Minister of Education and who has the dis-
tinction of having studied in the Marxist
Schools of Moscow.
One serious problem with all those who are
working for the state is that it is expected
of them to prove their loyalty by concrete acts
of support for the "National Government."
This is more evident in the countryside
where everyone knows everyone else.
(d) A fourth group which supports condi-
tionally the present regime is Big Business.
Their support, as usual, depends on benefits
they get by governmental policies. However,
their rivalry can have serious political im-
plications. Shipping magnates who brought
their ships under the Greek flag, for example,
did so for a very simple reason: They do not
as yet pay a single penny of taxes to the State.
This was confirmed by a former Minister of
Economic Coordination, who is furious of the
fact that the government insists on collecting
taxes from his writings (exorbitant in his
view) while big business gets a free ride. The
fact that the Greek shipowners do not pay
any taxes at all is based on a little known
decree issued by the government which clas-
sifies ships into several categories for pur-
poses of taxation. Ships over twenty-five years
old, for example, are free of taxation for sev-
eral years. Newly-constructed ships are free
for ten years; ships repaired in Greek ship-
yards are free of taxation at a rate of one
year per one hundred thousand dollars worth
of repairs.
This business group will continue to sup-
port the government as long as it promotes
its interests. It will also increase the opposi-
tion because the workers will be forced
eventually to oppose it actively and with it
the government. As of now, no one can speak
of trade unionism in Greece and it is ex-
pected that the workers who lost all gains
of the last twenty-five years will join the
active opposition, and the government re-
lations with big business will be affected
seriously.
Opposition: It is rather difficult to examine
the makeup of the active opposition. How-
ever, it is my view that the present regime is
rejected by the vast majority of the Greek
people of which a minority is prepared to do
something against it.
Potential opposition will come, many be-
lieve, and I agree, from all those people di-
rectly affected by the present regime. The
number of such people is quite impressive
and it is sufficient to make up a strong revo-
lutionary force. Many feel it reaches the
E 8905
vicinity of half a million people. When chal-
lenged on this figure, they proceed to calcu-
late. They claim that there were over one
hundred thousand elected officials who lost
their jobs, beginning with the Mayor of
Athens and ending with the water distributor
(an elective position in some places) of the
remote village. Add to this, fired civil servants
and dismissed officers as well as all those
individuals who had a "file" in the Security
Agencies, as well as their relatives and you
come up with a larger not a smaller number.
Furthermore, they say, practically more than
three-fourths of the leaders of associations
of all sorts have been forced out. Many be-
lieve that not only do we have sufficient
forces for future violence and upheavals, but
also opposition leadership with respect and
following.
From this number of affected individuals
one ought to deduct a smaller group which
has been "revolutionized" by brutal violation
of individual rights. They are the people ar-
rested since April 21, 1967. Many say the
often-mentioned figure of six thousand is
incorrect. They put the number of persons
arrested at 70,000 with detainment periods
roughly from a few days to years. The figure
of 70,000 arrested was supported by a former
Lt. General who wishes his name not to be
mentioned. He himself has been arrested
and detained for a prolonged period. I sought
to crosscheck this information. From further
investigation, I found nothing to warrant re-
jection of the 70,000 figure. It is cliamed by
many, and I fully agree on this, that the
forces of potentially extensive violence are
all present in Greece. What is lacking is or-
ganization and this might take some time
because the opposition functions under a
severe police regime which is in many re-
spects harsher than in Communist states.
Active Opposition: There are opposition
groups from all three political groupings.
However, so far the Right Wing and Center
Forces are playing their role. Mostly the
Right Wing. The Center Forces, I was told,
have not yet played their role fully, while
the Left is rubbing its hands with pleasure
seeing the government effectively destroying
institutions which they could not. A former
Minister told me that in many cases leftists
organizations have betrayed other opposi-
tion groups to the authorities. For doing
such things, he said, they are rewarded with
state employment thus achieving another
goal: infiltration of state agencies. Other
Deputies and former Ministers had specific
cases of such occurrences to reveal.
It appears to me that the active opposition
is presently structured in three layers with
only the Royalists and the Right systematic-
ally active. The Center Forces which accord-
ing to some encompass a wide spectrum of
intellectuals is rapidly organizing and will
come forward. In the Center, I include the
forces of Andreas Papandreou. The percent-
age of his following is disputed by many.
One former Minister placed the following of
Andreas at 20%of the Greek voters. Others
give invariably larger or smaller figures. A
former Minister of the Interior stated: Re-
gardless of what the precise number of An-
dreas' following is, the Americans must real-
ize that he is a force and any solution with-
out him is difficult if not impossible."
Tortures of Prisoners: I was very much
interested in examining the charges of tor-
ture by the police authorities in Greece. My
findings confirm that there was both psycho-
logical and physical torture. I have asked
many people to express themselves on such
charges, both former officials and plain peo-
ple. One Minister believed that there was
no wide-scale torture, but definitely there
was, and still is, taking place in "preventive
cases." People identified as opposition leaders,
or people who are suspected of having in-
formation on opposition groups are system-
atically tortured, he said. He further stated
that he "knew of four such cases in which
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD?Extensions of Remarks October 27, 1969
Prisoners were brutally tortured." The same
Views have been expressed by a former Min-
ister of Interior. This gentleman, whose hon-
esty was never questioned,. said, "It is re-
pugnant to think that the Secretary General
f the Ministry of the Interior and other
high officials will themselves beat prison-
He personally knows of-prisoners beaten
by Mr. Lades. I have specifically checked on
the case of Professor Mangaisis, whose wife
Was court martialed and innsrisoned for four
years because she sought the help of for-
eign leaders for her husband. The gov-
ernment presented Professor Mangakis in a
Press Conference in which be denied being
tortured. Thus she was accused of slander-
ing the authorities and a court martial sen-
tenced her to four years in prison. It is
widely belived, though, that the Conference
itself was staged and at least five creditable
people told me that the "correspondents"
were intelligence officers. This I cannot con-
firm. I simply convey the allegations of peo-
Pie whose honesty I have no reason to doubt.
Besides the physical there is also psycho-
logical torture. It involves people who are
repeatedly called into the police statiOn for
purposes of intimidation, One person, for
example, told me of the pressures put upon
his family a day after the cunstitutional ref-
erendum in which he voted -no." The man
(in Northern Greece) returned in the eve-
ning from his fishing trip to find out that
his entire family was in the police station for
at least three hours, being drilled as to "why
they voted no." Torture by police, I was told,
does not involve only politica/ crimes; it ex-
hands on any and all crimes. The individual
has absolutely no protection and cannot
complain -anywhere, being afraid that he
Will be court-martialed for "slandering the
authorities." There are two eases which I
pan refer to here. One involv, a single Gen-
darm (horopfylakas policeMan ) who sent to
pourt 10 percent of the population of a small
town in three days. When I asked why Bev-
ral people didn't complain somewhere, the
person who offered the Mformation said:
"No one is crazy to go to the Court Martial
on top of it."
Another case which gives some indication
of police behavior involved a person in the
area of Thebe. Sometime ago a number of
robberies and murders had been committed
in Greece. The police naturally were look-
ing for suspects. Finally they concentrated
on one individual as the prime suspect. He
was beaten so badly to "admit" the Oriffies,
that he lost his sanity as well as his physical
health. However, it was discovered later that
all robberies and murders had been com-
mitted by a group of German tourists who
have done the same in England and other
European countries. They were tried and
onvicted, and their death penalty is now
ebeing appealed.
Economy: Not being an economist, I Cannot
offer an expert opinion on the subject How-
ever, a comparative report of the state of the
Greek economy composed by a number of
former deputies and specialists signed by
former Minister of Commerce Emmanuel
Kothirs contradicts with figures the claims
of the present government. Personally, I have
the following observations to make: ;
For the time being there is economic sta-
bility in Greece about which I am mit pre-
pared to state how long it will last. The
government is only doing patchworit with
repeated loans and spending without cbiatrol.
Salaries of officers of all ranks have dbubled
in the last two years and the pesantry is
offered "bribe-loans" and no one knows
where the money comes from. There are
definitely hidden dangers for an abrupt col-
lapse of the Greek economy This might be
precipitated by the deadly struggle currently
in progress between four economic giants:
Onassis, Niarchos, Andrea,dis and Pappas. I
can say definitely that the Niarchos-Onassis
conflict had and will have political inliplica-
tions. A number of junta officers were furious,
for example, when George Papadopoulos in-
tervened in the refinery case in favor of
Onassis after two expert Committees favored
Niarchos. There is a group within the junta
which is pressing for "moral purification"
(ethiki apokatharsia) of the "Revolution"
and this group was absolutely furidus when
Mr. Papadopoulos ;.ntervened in favor of
Onassis after the two men had a Man to man
talk on the refiners contract. This group,
apparently, is led by the commander of ESA
(Greek Military Police), Col. loannidis, the
-man who. sued Mrs. Mangakis for slandering
his outfit. The Colonel was furious with
Papadopoulos and his men when he learned
that -the leader whc; came to power to stop
favoritism intervened personally in favor of
Onassis. The Onassis-Niarchos feud brought
to surface other disagreements among the
junta officers. The "purists" pressed Papado-
poulos to put an and to the question of
monarchy "one way or another." They sug-
gested that pressure ought to be put on the
King to take a position, any position, on the
issues of bombs and resistance movements,
as well as on the question of his return
which is favored by another group of officers.
The outcome of such pressures was a
severe campaign against the monarchy dur-
ing the first week of September in viola-
tion of Articles of the Constitution which
have not been suspended. The same pres-
sure was also behind the Papadopoulos speech
in Salonica in which he rejects in toto the
parliamentary system because he said "no-
where was progress achieved with Parlia-
rrientary system."
In conclusion, I would say that the strug-
gle on economic giants in Greece will have
serious political implications. Secondly, in
the long run Greece is risking economic dis-
aster and social diseontent because_ so far all
serious economic :measures favor the big
business. The repatriation of Shipping Mag-
nates to Greece has no practical benefit for
the Greek state ar.d the collection of rev-
enues, since no one pays any taxes for sev-
eral years. Many claim that the return of
Greek ships under the Greek flag provides
for employment of Greek hands. This view
is also erroneous. I was told authoritatively
that the shipping magnates have been press-
ing and got tacit permission to hire as many
as 25% foreign crewmen. This means that
they are free to hire seamen from India
and Pakistan at c:aeap salaries. From sea-
men, I learned that all benefits achieved
during the last twenty-five years of union-
ization have been eliminated by daily decrees
coming out of the Ministry of Merchant Ma-
rines. For example, now a seaman who works
for a ship for less than two years, but who
decides to return home before the two-year
period, is obliged by law to pay his way back
as well as the way of his replacement.
Imagine what this means for a seaman who
is in Japanese ports and wishes to return
home. Seamen tell stories of daily posting
of orders and memos in ships telling them
What "they cannot do."
There are similar developments in other
trade unions. For all practical reasons, one
should consider free trade unionism as dead
in Greece. Such organizations which are still
formally in existence now have taken up an-
other role totally unrelated to the interests
of the membership: they have become the
"transmission belts" or the regime and mega-.
phones for propaganda. One example is the
case of Professor Karageorgas who is impris-
oned for his paracipation in resistance
movements. During my stay in Greece, there
were resolutions passed by many associations
"condemning his activities with disgust,"
something that is totally unrelated with their
official role.
Anti-Americanism: There is widespread
anti-Americanism in Greece and it comes
from all sides, including the Government.
The opposition and the average Greek is anti-
American because he believes that the pres-
ent regime came to power with U.S. aid, and
stays in power with their help. To my state-
ments that they had a wrong view of the
U.S. position invariably everyone would an-
swer: "If the Americans did not like the
present government, it could fall in 24 hours.
They like it and they keep it." This answer
was given to me by former Prime Ministers
and by plain people. One Prime Minister said
flatly, "The Americans can topple there in 24
hours. If they stop the jet fuel and other sup-
plies, they cannot last long."
Another world-respected leader was bitter
about the American role. "I don't say that
the United States brought them to power as
the average Greek does," he said, "what I
am saying is that with your policies, you keep
them in power."
I tried to rationalize with him, saying that
the United States has a dilemma here as to
what to do with an ally who fulfills its obli-
gations to the alliance but whose regline the
United States do not approve of. I mentioned
to him the letter of the 50 Congressmen and
Senators, and the answer of the undersecre-
tary of State as an example. He had many
praising words for the Congressmen and
Senators, but he insisted that "it is wrong to
say that Greece fulfills her obligations to the
alliance for several reasons: First, the alli-
ance was set up to protect the Democratic
way of life and the partners have undertaken
the obligation to do that. -Greece obviously
violates the cardinal ideal of the alliance.
Secondly," he said, "Greece's participation in
NATO is only academic."
The Greek armed forces today have been
transformed into a "politicized polite force
and the Greek people view NATO as the ve-
hicle by which they were enslaved. Therefore,
the armed forces do not folfill their obliga-
tions to the alliance, as the Americans are
led to believe. As for the occasional ex-
pression of concern about the prevailing
Greek situation," he continued, "they are
negated the day after they are made. Here
is," he said, "the Secretary of State saying
one thing the first clay, and the next your
government sends over an astronaut with an
autograph for Mr. Papadopoulos, or Dr. von
Braun, who is quoted as saying that "Greece
knows how to govern itself,"
One high-ranking officer (I do not mention
the service to avoid the likelihood of being
identified by the authorities in Greece) Who
has been persecuted in a number of ways by
the government, wrote an extensive analysis
for me of the issue of anti-Americanism and
its sources. "How can the Greek former Com-
rades-in-Arms not be anti-American, when
the Americans are silent about their fate
and when they are kept in prison." lie, him-
self, returned several honors and resigned in
protest from inter-ally associations.
A former `Minister of Education told me
that the issue of anti-Americanism is very
serious and the government of Greece is re-
sponsible for this. "In their search for re-
spectability," he said, "they sought accom-
plices for what they did on April 21. At
first, the people were led to believe that the
coup was the outcome of a collusion be-
tween three accomplices: the palace, the
Americans, and the Army. The King, with
his coup of December 13, proved to the na-
tion that he was not an accomplice to this
coup, at least. The Americans did not prove
yet that they are not guilty. On the con-
trary, by their acts, they support the view
that they are."
Origins and Make-up of the Junta: Au-
thoritative information regarding the origins
of the present military Junta contradict an-
other myth: that they came to save Greece
from Communism. Recent editorials in the
"Eleftheros Kosmos"?a pro-government
newspaper?places the origin of the Papado-
poulos idea "to save the nation in 1238." My
information supports the following:
(a) The conspiracy started as an idea in
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October 27_, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Extensions
1956, when the military organization, ID.
KA., sought to convince a General to seize
power and declare a personal dictatorship.
The General reneged at the last moment and
later became Minister in the Karamanlis
government.
(b) In 1958 the "Idea" of Papadopoulos
was taking the shape of an organization
"within the I.D.E.A.," or the officers of the
organization still in active duty.
(c) At least one General realized that
"something was going on around Papado-
poulos" and sought to disperse the key mem-
bers of what appeared to him to be an or-
ganization. "I send," he told me, "Papa-
dopoulos to Kilkis, Lades to Filiates, etc."
However, the General was accused by a
prominent political leader of "persecuting
officers friendly disposed towards E.R.E." (the
rightist party). At one time, it said, the Gen-
eral raised the question of removing Papa-
dopoulos from the Army for "medical rea-
sons, since he was not old enough to be, re-
tired." However, during my interview, he
avoided the question: "What was wrong with
him?"
(d) Some of the key members of the pres-
ent Junta, I was told by the same General,
had political connections with political par-
ties. Specifically, Lades, Makarezos and a few
others kept referring to Spyros Markezinis
as "our leader." "I was teasing them," the
General continued by referring to Markezinis
as "their boss."
(e) The organization was tentatively iden-
tified as E.E.N.A. (standing for National
Union of Young Officers).
(f) It is widely agreed, however?and there
is substantial evidence to this?that the
original members of the organization pro-
ceeded rapidly with the creation of power
bases and satellite organizations of their
own. This, they believe, will provide the seeds
for developments from within. One such
"satellite organization is the group of Col.
Ioannielis, Chief of Military Police.
(g) It is also agreed and partially sub-
stantiated, that the government is rapidly
promoting officers of trust and retires pro-
fessional soldiers who were not members of
the Junta but stayed with it for purely pro-
fessional reasons. Newly promoted officers,
when placed in key positions, tend to be
"Independent" of their leader Papadopoulos
and the army is thoroughly splintered.
Solutions Proposed or Expected: The "best
solution" proposed by former political lead-
ers is a solution from the Army itself. They
don't call it a counter-coup but there is no
doubt about what they mean when they
say, "The Army has a duty to vindicate it-
self in the eyes of the Greek people, and
return to them what it has forcefully taken
away."
A competent military leader suggests that
out of 11,000 officers only a maximum of
2,500 ought to be considered committed
Junta people. The rest remain professional
soldiers whose effectiveness is jeopardized by
a bad public image.
It is an undeniable fact that the officers
corps is viewed upon as an "oppressive group
and praetorian guard" by the people, and the
element of time is important for a solutipin
from within, i.e. before the officers condition
themselves being also an elite group. A sec-
ond solution supported by some is a "transi-
tional government" which will prepare the
nation for a return to Democratic proce-
dures. This is not rejected by the political
leaders as a "bad solution" but as "academic,
because the present group has no such in-
tention." The third "non-solution" will be
riolence and everybody agrees that it will in-
crease as the time passes.
The element which will precipitate the
first solution is commonly agreed to be a
clear-cut declaration of opposition against
the present government by the United
States, or at least a clarification of the U.S.
policy regarding the Greek problem. If the
United States makes it clear and known that
it is not happy with the prevailing conditions
in Greece, there will be developments from
within the junta. On the contrary, if we in-
sist on a "business as usual policy," there
will be an increase in violence from below.
Furthermore, if we promote a "gimmick-
solution" by insisting a compromise between
the political world and the junta be made,
then the violence will continue and it will
be controlled by the left, while all those
politicians who would cooperate with the
present regime "will be isolated together
with it."
As is evident from the present report, I do
not propose any solution for the Greek prob-
lem. This is left to the policymakers. What I
propose, however, is a clarification of the
U.S. policy and a coordination of the ac-
tivities of the U.S. missions in Athens, With
such a clarification, the people and the Army
will know what to expect and what to do
other than what they are already doing.
MR. PRESIDENT: VIETNAM MORA-
TORIUM SUPPORTED BY ESTAB-
LISHMENT
HON. ROBERT L. LEGGETT
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
Mr. LEGGETT. Mr. Speaker, last week
the Nation expressed itself on American
involvement in the Vietnam war. The
President has made the decision to de-
involve, Vietnamize or deposture. There
Is little secret left with respect to Ameri-
can intentions. I pointed up yesterday
that the students were not alone in their
encouragement of the President's ac-
tion?they were joined by a large portion
of rural America.
Senator GOLDWATER and Gov. Ronald
Reagan last night in Norfolk severely re-
sented the moratorium expression of
opinion to the President. They apparently
think their hawkish, know-nothing views
on nuclear bombardment of Hanoi should
ring in a vacuum in the President's ears.
As further evidence of the broad sup-
port of the moratorium, I include at this
point in the RECORD a letter from one of
my Davis, Calif., constituents containing
a published plea from the mayor of our
town:
DAVIS, CALIF.,
October 19, 1969.
Congressman Roazier L. Ltcerrr,
House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR CONGRESSMAN LEGGETT: The enclo-
sures speak for themselves; however we hope
this cover-letter will make it easier for you
to receive the message of the 393 citizens of
the city of Davis, California:
On October 0th Mr. Ralph Aronson wrote a
letter to our local newspaper giving a per-
sonal statement of his sympathy for the Viet-
nam moratorium and his concern that the
U.S. government not continue more-of-the-
same in Vietnam. ("Vietnamization," in my
own opinion is NOT a new solution?this
having been what we originally set out to do
from approximately 1954-55 on.)
The reaction to Mr. Aronson's letter was
one of general agreement, but even more, it
was a spur to try to communicate our own
feelings as well. The 393 signees in the en-
closed advertisement and attached sheet
chose the method of a public advertisement
as possibly a more effective form of "protest"
than individual letters (that often exist in
of Remarks E 8907
"intention") might have been. Not only do
YOU receive the message, our community re-
ceived it. There was no organized "push" for
these signatures?people just passed the
sheet from hand to hand from Friday, Octo-
ber 10 until Monday, October 13. The addi-
tional signatures are those of people who did
not come in contact with a "sign-sheet" be-
fore the cut-off date for publication of the
advertisement. They left their signatures at
the editorial office of the local newspaper
that they might be included with the "group"
letter to you. High school and college stu-
dents were not approached in this petition?
we wanted to hear from the non-vocal part of
our community and felt that student groups
were making their own statement. Might I
add that we were surprised to find a very
wide cross-section of participation from con-
servative to liberal elements in our town,
Sincerely,
Mrs. PERDYNE MDEOLF,
WE SUPPORT AND ENDORSE MAYOR Anowsom's
REQUEST FOR ". . . A MORE PROGRESSIVE AND
POSITIVE ACTION TO THE WITHDRAWAL OF
OUR TROOPS AND AN END TO THE (VIET
NAM) WAR"
(The entire text of Mayor Aronson's letter
follows.)
Youth should not be blamed for the rest-
lessness regarding the commitment of funds
for SST planes?their impatience for funds
for ABM over funds for poverty?or their
concern for funds for Mars over solutions
to problems of people or their concern for
programs benefiting minorities or dis-
advantaged.
It is time some of their restlessness, im-
patience and concern is rubbed off on some,
or all, of us and we take up the struggle,
declare ourselves and take a stand. I cannot,
in my own mind, be convinced of our leader's
statements that the cessation of the Vietnam
war will not release funds toward the prob-
lems in this country. Since according to
them, this money cannot, or will not, be
forthcoming for use at home. Is this then to
be construed as a valid reason to continue
this war which, In all purposes, it and all its
attached problems represent the greatest
concern of all?
Up to now I have been silent and apathetic
to the cause, believing our statesmen were
progressing toward a solution. / have allowed
myself to be lulled by the pre-campaign
strategy of our honorable President of the
"secret" solution to the end of the war. After
six months I have been more convinced that
the "secret" lies in other hands than our own
President and our own military and political
leaders. We are being asked to enter into a
60 day moratorium not to publicly protest or
demonstrate or criticize our leaders regarding
their progress concerning the Vietnam war.
Our honorable President seems to have for-
gotten that it was this same criticism and
demonstration against the past political
party's policy that got him elected. We have
already had six years of such a moratorium
regarding the apathetic attitude of the
American people and, rather than a 60 day
moratorium against protesting the war. I
favor a 60 day peaceful, responsible, protest
with letters to congressional leaders advocat-
ing a more progressive and positive action to
the withdrawal of our troops and an end to
the war.
? I have been soothed by the declaration we
are training more South Vietnamese to take
over their own cause. I cannot believe that
this, in itself, is a solution either, since this
seems to be only a method of perpetuating a
war rather than a solution to peace. If the
training of South Vietnamese is itself a solu-
tion, then lets do it?if we can train our own
boys in California, Texas, Georgia to fight
under conditions in Vietnam, then bring 25,-
000, or 50,000, or 100,000 South Vietnamese
here and train them quickly, easily, for fight-
ing in their own country.
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E 8908 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions
I don't know If a Mayor of a community of
20,000 people can hare an affect u this re-
gard, but if all Mayors of cities of 20,000 can
reach Mayors of larger cities, and citizens of
larger cities can effectively reach their State
officials to eommunic,ate this concarn to our
National officials, periaaps they will get the
message.
No more, enough!
I aile not affiliated in this propokt with any
organization, local or national, radical or con-
ventional. I take this Stand as an .---zutividual
and ask other concerned citizens to join me
as individuals.
Reaeo Altoresaa,
Mayor o; Davi
We, the undersignedsubscribe to the eipirit
of Mayor Ralph Aronson's statemenk and
agree to have our names appear with/an ad-
vertisement in the Davie Enterprise stating
this fact and to have the advertisement dis-
tributed to President Nixon and Senators
George Murphy, Alan Cranston nil Repre-
sentative Robert C. Leggett.
Dr. and Mrs, Jack Major, Kay, Oeasawara,
Terry Lyon, Dorothy Dreyfus, jr. and Mrs.
Lloyd L. Ingraham, Mr, end Mn. yI,rton M.
Laude, Marion E. Small, Mrs. at Lwice B.
Reynolds, Nora Sterling. Holley to Grant,
Christopher 0, Grain, Mrs, R, Bands, Mr.
and Mrs. Donald W. Syttee., Mr. J. T Lading-
well, Marjorie L. Dakhla Donna Walter,
Charles W. Walter, Mr. and Mrs. Do a Brush,
Maxine Schmalenberger, Dr. anti M D.
Wheat.
Mr. and Mrs. 0. W. De, Mr. d Mrs. .
Paris, Mr. and Mrs. C. Ye. Willis, and Mrs.
an Q
R. A. Oliveira, Mr. and Mrs. R. B Nie ick,
Duane Paul, Mr. and MM. Gordon C. ta
Mr. and Mrs. Harold Stints, Mr. sod Mrs.
Theodore P. Lianos, She Toriallo, W. F.
Trainor, Cynthia Hills, Juanita A. Is, F. J.
Hills, James R. Hutchinson, Pat! Lola A.
Hutchinson, Richard B Groveling, Kay C.
Burrill, Dona Lee 13randota, William 'O. Bur-
rill.
Edwin L. Blackmore, Richard A. cr awford,
David E. Lee, Thomas Cleveland, Joaa Cleve-
land, Dr. and Mrs. Philip Yarnell, Dr. and
[ Mrs. Andrew J. Gabor, Mr. and MI s. Carl
[ _Renoud, Julia R. Sultanate Beverly Farmer,
[ Richard W, Kulmann, Mr. and Mrs Tony
Smith, Dean Karnopp, Grace Node, Nancy
Cutler, Sandy Gee, KarIM Romstata C. K.
[ Shen, Harumi Sawatomeri, Sylvia Laae.
Stanley Johnson, Beth Johnson, !ttarvin
Fisher, Cecile Carter, James R. Douglas,
[ Lindy F. Suraegai, Hisa A. Kumagai, Oarroll
E. Cross, Janet S. Cross, Wm. Wanner,
[ Dave & Mary Lee, David & Jane Deemer,
'Ethel M. Espana, Carlos Espana, Eliaabeth
Meyer, Mx. and Mrs. Wilson Smith, Mary
[ Cooper, Milton and Jeanne W. Gardili T, Mr.
and Mrs. KInsell L. Coulson, Mr. am. Mrs.
[ James Biggar. -
Mr. and Mrs. Glen Burch, Mr. Gerald Dick-
inson, Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Swaia Mr.
and Mrs. Isao FujiMoto, Ur. and Mrs. Roland
Peterson, Mr. and Mrs. Arther Lilyblacti, Mr.
and Mrs. Theodore F. Gould, Lois L. Pole:rano,
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Castelfranoo, Bober is M.
Kenney, Linda A. Fitzgerald, Joan Wesahler,
Colin G. King, Adrian A. Bennett, Cynthia
13. Bennett, W. Erie Gustafson, Eric E. Goan,
Louise K. Conn, Grant Soda, John E. Diaper.
' Deborah Poineau, Elizabeth Draper, James
IL Balderston, Kathy Davis, afx. and Mrs.
Neal P. Peek, Mr. and Mrs. bon Christlaasen,
Janet L. Hall, Kenneth Ma Ball, Calvin and
Tippy Schwabe, Mrs. Betty J. Longs .tore.
Ralph Stocking, Elsie Stocking, Jerome
Rosen, Sylvia T. Rosen, Mrs. Jane K. Seller,
katie Keller, Anna Keller. Daniel S. Seller,
Sam Smith, Otto Heck,
Shirley Kirkpatrick, Donald Ross, Peggy S.
Eichorn, Jane Carey, Christine Hawtherne,
(Jenny Lee, Henry Hagedorn. Betty O'Neill,
Charlotte Musker, Margaret ifitl, Anne and
of Remarks October 27, 1969
Bud Steubing, Ron and Flo Holmes, Charles
and Carol Va a Alstine, Bob Fitzgerald, Bud
and Laura Goodman, MadeIon Pytel, Alan
and Terry Klinger, Stephne F. Moore, Jinny
Moore, James Ganzer.
Carol and Richard DeTar, Peggy Dough-
erty, Janet and El11 Weigt, Milton and Marie
Morse, Susie Boyd Erlean Hills, Betty Jane
Polk, Eliza eirIT: tafson, Dulores 0.
McCo n li?vglas W. lColm, Louis F.
We ? er, Dennis Barrett, 'Merman Fink,
M ha Barcalow Barrett, Mr. and Mrs.
arles V. Moore, Mr. and Mrs. Allen J.
Manzano, Mr. and Mrs. Frank C. Child, R. W.
Harris, Vera M Harris, Doug Waterman.
Donna Waterman, Roland Hoermann, John
F. Pamperin, Phyllis Jacobs, Barbara D.
Hoermann, Teri Wheat, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. J.
Knox, Mr. and Mrs. L. L. Wade, Donald &
Edith Rothchi: d, Celia Rabinowitz, Dick &
Lois Grau, Donald M. Reynolds, P. It. Painter,
Jeff Drowely, Judith P. Deyo, Viola and Fred-
erick Peters, J. W. Osebold, Charles M. Har-
din, Donald P. Keisler.
Dolores E. Rhode, E. A. Rhode, Mr. & Mrs.
Richard F. Walters, Mr. and Mrs. K. Uriu, Mr.
and Mrs. Robera S. Loomis, Mr. and Mrs. Paul
K. Stuinph, Mx, and Mrs, Arthur R. Spurr,
J. 0. Wheat, Amy L. Wheat, Margery M.
Vasey, Mrs. H. J. Phatf, Olive G. Lorenz, Oscar
A. Lorenz, Jeanne It. Enos, L. Reed Enos, Jan
A. Stannard, Anthony A. Staunard, Dianne
M. Sullivan, James J. Sullivan, Stephan
Cohen.
Robert Miller, ElRoy L. Miller, Pat Collins,
Bill Collins, Wayne Gerrard, Rodney Shep-
herd, Bonnie Shepherd, Albert A. Royval,
Twits Royvea, Hazel V. Gerrard, Mayme A.
Butler, Sheila Day, D. C. Hudson, Ben and
Merry Hart, W. C. Weir, Elizabeth R. Weir,
and Mrs. Lloyd Musolf, Mrs. Max Rothe,
MarTSeCttletsy LeNoue.
Mr. and Mrs. Siannons, Mr. and
Mrs. Donald Soaensen, Denny, Mr.
and Mrs. D. C. Alderman, Mr. an s. Mar-
vin Zetterbaum, Dr. and Mrs. Ro K.
Sarlos, Mr. and Mrs. L. Rappaport, Clar.
Cooper, Bonnie Paria, Mr. and Mrs. Ed Cos.
tontine, The Rea. and Mrs. R. E. Senghas,
Deborah E. Semerau, Ken Greider, Mr. and
Mrs. Alvin D. Soltalow, Mrs. M. Goldman, Mr.
and Mrs. Stephen SosnIck, Dr. and Mrs.
Robert Maisel, Mr. and Mrs. Martin P. Get-
tinier, Mr. and Mrs. David Volmam Mr. and
Mrs. Sherman Stein.
Mr, a,nd Mrs. James Valentine, Mrs. Mar-
garet Seibel, Dorothy L. West, Dick Longen-
bangle, Martin C. Hagan, Trude Parkinson,
Margaret Neu, Pierre J. Neu, Mrs. Donna
Mackie, Michael C. Hancock, Pleasant Gill,
Marcella Eddy, Mrs. C. Assimachopoulos,
Ronald D. Maus, Will Lotter, Jane B. Lot
Shirley R. Maus, Thomas L. Allen, Patriot
Allen, Robert M. Cello.
Patricia Bernaurr, Irene M. Cello, an
Hamilton, Sumner Morris, Joyce Morri Wil-
liam Hamilton III, Kathleen M. MurPit , Alen
Starribusky, Barbara Gunn, Dtfrothea
Knowles, F. F. Knowles, Jerry Murphy, Rita
T. Stambusky, Ruthann Seeley, John A. See-
ley, Benjamin Lane, Robert E. Smith, Loren
D. Carlson, Mr. and Mrs. Dennis C. Neu, David
C. Lewis.
Harriet K. Lewis, Richard L. Manford,
Yvonne A. Ma.nford, Barbara R. McKinney,
Charles L. McKinney, Marian G. Carlson,
William F. Riddle Jr., Howard T. Nelson, Roy
J. Hendrickson, Ronald D. Schechter, Gary 0.
Eurrigio, Janice B. Belding, Mrs. Vernon Clift,
Vernon Clift, Mr. and Mrs. Alden Crafts, M. J.
Vepaska.
Susan C. Fegley, Sue Ellen Tatter, Pattism
Tutton, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Metz, Mr. and
Mrs. Mike Duckor, Dr. and Mrs. 0. A. Leon-
ard, Mr. and Mrs. James Neiswonger, Mr. and
Mrs. Bickford O'Brien, Mr. and Mrs. Robert
V. Hoagland, Mr. at d Mrs. Donald Lindberg,
John C. Wetzel, John Vanliat, Mr. and Mrs.
Jim Neiswonger, Mr. and Mrs. Paul G. Smith,
Barbara Larsen, Rose M. Jacobson.
BIG TRUCK BILL -
HON. FRED SCHWENGEL
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, my
editorials for today are from the Worces-
ter, Mass., Telegram and the Boston Her-
ald Traveler, in the State of Massachu-
setts. The editorials follow:
[From the Worcester (Maas.) Telegram,
Aug. 5, 19691
BEWARE THE BEHEMOTHS
(By James J. Kilpatrick)
Wesoreleaora?At One time or another,
every motorist has known the miserable ex-
perience?someltmes the terrifying experi-
ence?of trying to pass a tractor-trailer truck
in foul weather Conditions. The boxcar profile
blocks the road ahead. One gropes through
rain and flying spume, hands gripping the
wheel. Just a couple of feet to the side, 35
tons of steel are rolling along at 80 miles an
hour. At last you get around; and behold:
Another truck ahead.
NEW MARIMMAS
A House suboommittee resumes hearings
this weak. on a bill that brings these recol-
lections vividly to mind. The bill would set
new permissible maximum width, weight,
and length limits for the interstate highway
system. Truck and bus companies are ar-
dently supporting the hill; the American
Automobile Association, representing passen-
ger car drivers, is just as dead set against it.
For my own part, I wish there were some way
to find a compromise down a Middle lane.
Proponents of the bill make an excellent
case--up to a point. The present interstate
width and load limits were fixed IS years ago,
according to standards laid down in 1946.
Since then, the interstate highways have
me into being. It is a plausible contention
at these magnificent freeways are capable
handling wider and heavier loads than the
ol primary highways could leike.
e bill would permit the states to author-
ize an increase in single-axle loads from 18,-
to 20,000 pounds; an increase in tandem-
a loads from 32,000 to 34,000 pounds; and
Increase in the gross load limit from 73,-
2 I pounds to a higher figure obtained from
length and axle formula. The maximum
permissible width would be increased from
96 to 102 inches.
waive 'FROCKS
These changes are recommended by the
U.S. Bureau of Public Roads. They are not
opposed by the American Association of State
Highway Officials (AAKE(0). The point is
made that roughly half the states already
permit these higher load limits, under a
grandfather clause inserted in the basic fed-
eral act of 1956. The proposed increase in
maximum width would make it possible for
trucks to carry cargoes (such as plyboard)
that comes In multiples of eight feet; the
extra six inches, it is said, also would con-
tribute to greater stability and to greater
safety.
So far, so good. The ordinary motorist may
wince at the greater width, but it is hard to
object to the proposed new limits on weight.
At about this point in the debate, however,
the proponents run out of gas; the remainder
of their case is much less Impressive.
The bill proposes a federal length limit of
70 feet. It's too much. Orogen now allows up
to 75 feet on designated highways, and Ne-
vada has a 70-foot limit, but 27 states hold to
65 feet, Iowa limits length to 60 feet, and 20
states have a 55-foot limit. Both the Bureau
of Public Roads and AASHO recommend 65
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E 8836 liejeAK TOMNinCIARpn1B0036,099,9,1,9,01 2099tpber27, 1969
WILLAMS, U.S. Senator from Delaware,
and the dean of the Iowa delegation in
the House, Hon. H. R. GROSS.
At this point I would like to include an
article from the October 18, 1969, issue of
Human Events which describes the First
Annual Conservative Awards Dinner.
The article follows:
CONSERVATIVE AWARDS DINNER
More than 300 leaders of the American con-
servative movement turned out Saturday
night, October 4, for the First Annual Con-
servative Awards Dinner at the Sheraton Park
Hotel, Washington, D.C. The dinner was spon-
sored by the American Conservative Union,
National Review, Young Americans for Free-
dom and Human Events.
The highlight of the dinner was the pres-
entation of awards for outstanding congres-
sional service to Sen. John Williams (R.-
Del.) and Rep. H. R. Gross (R.-Iowa). The
awards were bestowed by Rep. John Ashbrook
(R.-Ohio), chairmazi`of the ACU, who re-
minded the guests of how thankful Ameri-
cans should be for the valiant work Sen. Wil-
liams and Rep. Gross have each performed
in Congress for more than 20 years. -
Sen. Williams, first elected in 1946, is
planning to retire next year upon the con-
elusion of his fourth term and many times
during the evening he was urged to recon-
sider. But the Delaware senator who has
sparked so many important congressional
investigations remained firm in his resolve
not to run again now that he has reached
age 65. The guests were disappointed, but
had to admire a man who insists upon stand-
ing by his principles even if it means giving
up a job he enjoys.
Rep. Gross, a conservative known na-
tionally for the sharp "no" he so often hurls
at various spending schemes, received per-
haps the biggest ovation of the night when
he turned to the subject of Viet Nam. "We
should win that war," he said, "or get the
hell out."
The evening's keynote address was
delivered by columnist James J. Kilpatrick.
While noting that opposition to foolish gov-
ernment programs was certainly necessary,
Mr. Kilpatrick also urged conservatives to
"apply their talents to affirmative answers to
American problems"?problems like con-
servation, pollution, penal reform and low-
cost housing. Conservatives have the proper
principles at heart, he said, but "if I had
only one political wish, conservatively speak-
ing, I would wish to see us translate broad
conservative principles more frequently into
specific, affirmative action." Mr. Kilpatrick
applauded those men and women who for so
many years have volunteered their services
to the conservative cause. He said that more
than ever before their dedication was needed,
because "there is much work to be done."
Other remarks at the dinner were, de-
livered by William F. Buckley Jr., editor of
National Review, and Robert Bauman, secre-
tary of ACU and a former national chairman
of YAF, who served as master of ceremonies
for the evening.
Among the members of Congress who at-
tended and joined in honoring two of their
congressional colleagues were Sen. Strom
Thurmond and Reps. Don Clausen, Jim Col-
lins, John Hammerschmidt, Manuel Lujan,
William Scherle, and E. Ross Adair.
Guests from the White House staff in-
' eluded presidential adviser Dr. Arthur Burns,
speechwriter Patrick Buchanan, Special
Presidential Assistant Dr. Martin Anderson,
congressional liaison man Bill Timmons,
"inspector-general" Clark Mallenhoff and
presidential staff aides Mort Allin and Tom
Huston. Among the other Administration ap-
pointees in attendance were USIA director
Frank Shakespeare, Ted Humes of the Labor
Department and Defense Department aides
William Baroody Jr. and Jerry Friedheim.
Other guests included John Mahan, chair-
man of the Subversive Activities Control
Board, and Ken Towsey of the Rhodesian
Information Service.
Also attending the dinner were such well-
known conservatives as Holmes Alexander,
Lemuel Boulware, Allan Brownfeld, Ralph de
Toledano, Dr. Lev Dobriansky, Willard Ed-
wards, Victor Lasky, Fulton Lewis III, Dean
Clarence Manion, Neil McCaffrey, Stefan
Possony, William A. Rusher, Phyllis Schlafly,
George Schuyler, Paul Scott, Ken Thompson
and Tom Van Sickle.
The sponsoring organizations hope that
next year's dinner will be even better at-
tended and that conservatives lima all over
the country will try to get to Washington
to help honor two more members of Con-
gress who, like Sen. Williams and Rep. Gross,
have done so much to strengthen the con-
servative cause.
GREEK REGIME TOKENISM
HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR.
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, October 23, 1969
Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, a recent
dispatch in the New York Times reports
that the military government of Greece
Is undertaking a liberalization program.
The press is now free?except there is a
two-page list of banned topics. Sum-
mary arrests and imprisonment are
barred?except in cases involving "the
public order and security." Military
courts will no longer have jurisdiction
over civilians?except in cases of treason,
espionage, sedition, disturbing the peace,
spreading false information, and arous-
ing discord. In short, the people of
Greece are now free?as long as they do
not do or say anything the colonels do
not want them to.
Verily, the junta is preserving Greece
as a bastion of freedom.
I include the article entitled "Greek
Regime Eases Martial-Law Curbs, but
With Exceptions" from the New York
Times of October 4, 1968, in the RECORD
at this point:
GREEK REGIME EASES MARTIAL-LAW CURBS,
BUT WITH EXCEPTIONS
ATHENS, October 3.?Greece's Army-
backed regime today modified three martial-
law rules?on press censorship, arbitrary
arrest and trial by military courts?but the
new measures contained a number of quali-
fications, assuring that controls would con-
tinue.
Greek newspaper editors were told today
that the press was now free. But they were
handed a two-page list of banned topics and
were told that although they no longer
needed to submit galley proofs to the cen-
sors, a copy of each paper must still be sub-
mitted for approval before it goes to the
newsstands.
At the same time, summary arrests and
imprisonment were barred "except in cases
involving crimes against public order and
security" and the jurisdiction of special
military courts was narrowed.
ANNOUNCED AT NEWS TALK
The new measures were announced by
Premier George Papadopoulos at a news con-
ference in the marble-walled Senate cham-
ber in downtown Athens.
The timing of the measures puzzled for-
eign diplomats in Athens.
Some noted that that they came 24 hours
after George Teistopoulos, an Under Secre-
tary in the foreign office, returned from the
United States, where he had talks with Sec-
retary of State William P. Rogers, and passed
on to the Greek leaders the strength of feel-
ing in Washington in favor of substantial
liberalization in Greece.
It is also possible that the announcement
was intended to counteract a statement in
Paris Tuesday by former Premier Constan-
tine Caramanlis, who said that the regime
was making no progress toward democracy
and intended to perpetuate its oppressive
rule.
It came a day too late to prevent the ap-
proval of a resolution by the Consultative
Assembly of the Council of Europe in Stras-
bourg condemning the regime.
The list of taboo newspaper topics in-
cluded these:
All news and comments "directed against
public order, security and national integ-
rity," such as "slogans or statements of out-
lawed parties or organizations aiming at the
violent overthrow of the prevailing lawful
order."
Topics of a subversive nature, including
incitement to ctizens or the armed forces to
violate orders and laws, or instigating dem-
onstrations, mass meetings or strikes.
Publications directed against the national
economy, including rumors likely to provoke
anxiety on the progress of the economy or
the stability of the currency, or divulging
state economic secrets.
Reports likely to revive political passions
and feuds.
The 50-yearzold Premier said the new
measures were justified by a substantial im-
provement of the domestic situation since the
coup of 29 months ago and by the support
his regime enjoyed from the Greek people.
"The patient is no longer in the plaster
cast," he said, using his favorite analogy in
which Greece is the patient and he the
surgeon. "The patient is now in small splints.
Let's hope he won't break his limbs again."
Mr. Papadopoulos told reporters he had
Issued orders, effective at once, abolishing
press controls as well as banning arbitrary
arrests and trials of civilians by special mili-
tary courts. These controls had been author-
ized under the martial law in force since
the coup.
"FREEDOM IS INVIOLABLE"
"Personal freedom is inviolable," the Pre-
mier declared. All arrests and imprisonments
from now on will be carried out in accord-
ance with the Constitution?"except in cases
involving crimes against public order and
security," he said.
EXPLAINS EXCEPTIONS
The jurisdiction of special military courts,
set up by the regime to punish security of-
fenses, will now try only cases of treason,
espionage and sedition, including charges of
disturbing the peace, spreading false infor-
mation and arousing discord, he said.
Most of the cases tried by special military
tribunals since the coup have involved
charges of sedition.
Mr. Papadopoulos said the regime was
negotiating with the International Red
Cross for investigating allegations of tor-
ture of Greek political prisoners. He said,
"This should put an end to the infuriating
campaign of lies about tortures in Greece."
Mr. Papadopoulos, asked to comment on
the statement by Mr. Cararnanlis, said he
was not prepared to discuss the future of
Greece with "anyone except the Greek
people."
Mr. Caramanlis, a rightist whose attack on
the regime drew wide support from most
Greek political groups warned the Athens
rulers to make way for democracy or face
violent overthrow.
Mr. Papadopoulos said that he, as a citizen
who had voted in the past so that Mr. Cara-
manlis could become Premier, could only
say: "Pity, I regret."
Commenting on elections, he said: "We,
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00tober 27, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks E 8835
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS
FACT SHEET ON CONTINUING RES-
OLUTION FROM COMMITT.e.E Oi
APPROPRIATIONS
HON. GEORGE H. MAHON
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
Mr. MA.HON. Mr. Speaker, on tomoi-
rov the House is scheduled to consid( r
Hoise Joint Resolution 966, making cqr.-
tiniing appropriations for November for
thoe departments and agencies whase
re lar appropriation bills for fiscal year
197 have not been enacted.
here is Considerable interest anr
MeMbers as to the provisions of th re;.-
olution in comparison to the on undE r
which most of the Government as op-
era.ed since July 1, and particilar1y the
effect of the resolution on authorized
fun ing levels for certain edupation pre'-
grans?more specifically te one for
"category A" and "catego _ B" aid for
sch ols in Federally impac ed areas.
I have prepared a fact -et on the
cor4mittee resolution in g eral and its
eff t in this respect on the education
programs. Copies will be vailable du/ -
ing 'consideration on the ousc floor.
I include a copy of the :fact sheet and
a stipporting tabulation:I
COSMITTEE CONTINUING R SOL ,11' ION FAct
I-IEET?HOUSE JOINT RE L-E, vtom 966
(NoTE.?For impacted aid nd other edu:
catiOn programs, see items 10
A. THE PURPOSES OF CONTINUING ESOLUTIONS
1. Continuing resolutions are not appro.
priation bills in the usual sense. They do tot
make additional appropriations. They mere 7
make interim advances that are chargeable
against whatever amounts the two Houses of
Congress finally appropriate in tile regular
annual bills,
2. Continuing resolutions are nothing bu:
interim, stop-gap measures neceis,ary to keep
government functions operating on a pa-
tion ally minimum basis between July 1 and
enactment of the regular authorization and
appropriation bills. They are designed t.
preserve the integrity and optirvnq of the reg -
ular I authorizations and appropriations prde -
essee in the committees and in both Houses.
2. Continuing resolutions were never de-
signed and never intended to "get ahead cr
the regular order", i.e., to reSOlve weight.
substantive, legislative or appropriation is-.
sues outside the framework of the regula ?
bills{ (If they were so used, a Pandora's box
of disruptive end disorderly actions could
well result.)
4. Continuing resolutions have always beet
designed to avoid controversy so as to secur:
prompt enactment, else they would jeopard-
ize orderly processes and orderly continua-
tion of essential governmental functions.
5. Continuing resolutions are thus a
growth, born of long?and successful?ete-
perience. They have become standardized is;
their concepts and specific prftsions. Thev
apply universally, and consistency, to all de"
partments and agencies. The basic concep,:.
over the years is this: .
Legi lative status of Continuing Resolu-
1
a appropriation tion funding level
bi 1 when Con- is always:
ti uing Resolu-
tidn becomes ef-
feetive:
When neither House
has acted.
When passed House
but not Senate.
When passed both
House and Sen-
ate.
The budget estimate
or last year's level,
whichever is lower.
Last year's level, or
House level, which-
ever is lower.
The action of the
two Houses; or if
in disagreement,
the lower of the
two.
Si. THE COMMITTEE RESOLUTION (HOUSE JOINT
RESOLUTION 966)
6. The committee tasolution 'follows the
basic concepts of past resolutions. It is a 30-
day ution?for November only.
. The committee resolution 'Makes a
change in the application of the concept and
thus in the effect on some operations, by
taking account of congressional actions on
appropriation bills striae July 1 when the
current resolution weat into effect.
8. The committee resolution makes no
change at all in 6 of the regular bills; they
occupy the same position they did on July 1.
It will have some limited effect on the Agri-
culture and Legislatirie bills which have
moved to the conference stage, and on the
Labor-HEW, State-Justice-Commerce, and
Public Works bills which have moved to the
Senate since July 1.
9. The committee resolution, replacing the
existing resolution effective November 1st,
will produce little or no change in authorized
rates of interim spending levels for many
programs and activities. But will permit
significant changes in a hamiful of items in
the Department of IIEV, especially in the
Hill-Burton hospital grants (about $100 mil-
lion more) and in certain education pro-
grams (about $600 million more).
C. EFFECT OF COMMIL .1...E ON EDUCATION
PROGRAMS
10. The committee resolution adds about
$600 million to the authorized spending level
for education programs, as shown on the at-
tached table. $319 million additional is for
impacted area school aid (PL. 874).
11. For schools in Federally impacted areas,
the committee resolution would authorize
funds at the 1969 level for both categories
"A" and "B"; a total of $506,000,000?some
$319,000,000 above the currently authorized
rate. There would be no special restrictions
with regard to "category B". -
Payments are made periodically during
the fiscal year but the final payments are
not usually made until late September or
October, i.e., after the fiscal year for which
they are appropriated. Thus an increase in
these funds at this time w'ould have no prac-
tical effect different from that of providing
them when the regular HEW bill is enacted.
EFFECT OF CONTINUING RESOLUTION ON EDUCATION PROGRAMS
[In millions]
1969 1970
level budget
1970
1970 continuing resolution
Present
version
effective
July 1
nose (Public Law
bill 91-33)
Committee
version
effective Increase
Nov. 1 Over
(NJ. present
Res. 966) version
Supplementary educational centers (title III,
ESEA)'?
Library resources (title II, ESEA)1
Guidance, counseling, and tef.ting (title V,
NDEA)1
Equipment and minor remade ing (title Ill,NDEA)179 0
Impacted area aid (Public Law 874)1 506 187
Higher education facilities construction grants, /
4-year undergraduate facilities i 33 ell
NDEA student loans 1 193 A162
Library assistance:
Service 41 ? 23
Construction 9 0
Title I, ESEA I 1,123 1,216
Vocational education' 248 279
Education for the handicapped 80 86
$165 $116
50 0
17 0
$165
50
$116 $165
(a) 50
17 (f) 17
79
585
+$49
+50
+17 -
79 +79
506 4-319
33 0 33 +33
229 162 193 +31
+19
+9
41
9
1,397
489
100
23 42
0 9
1,123 1,123
248 248
so 80
Subtotal 2,544 2,069
Other education programs 1,073 1,111
3,194 1,939 2,545 +606
1,029 950 945 -5
Total, Office of Education_ . 3,617
3,180 4,223
2,580 3,490 +601
1Joelson amendment items.
Sec. 101(d) of the present con :inuing resolution made special provision for continuing State administrative activities only. Under
the committee version funds for Loth State administration and program grants would become available effective Nov. 1.
FIRST ANNUAL CONSERVATIVE
AWARDS DINNER
HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, October 23, 1969
Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, I was
indeed pleased to participate in the First
Annual Conservative Awards Dinner
held at the Sheraton Park Hotel in
Washington, D.C., on October 4, 1969.
Jointly sponsored by the two leading
conservative national publications and
the two major conservative political ac-
tion groups, the dinner was a success
from every point of view. This was the
first occasion on which the four sponsors,
the American Conservative Union, Hu-
man Events, National Review, and
Young Americans for Freedom, have
joined together in presenting such distin-
guished service awards to conservative
leaders in Congress.
Those present included many officials
of the Nixon administration and Mem-
bers of Congress who joined in applaud-
ing the distinguished recipients of the
awards, our colleagues, Hon. JOHN. J.
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October 27, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD?Extensions of Remarks
and only we, shall decide when they will be
held in Greece."
Asked if, in view of the fact that he had
announced the freedom of the press, he
would now allow the Greek papers to publish
Mr. Caramardis' statement, Mr. Papadopou-
los replied: "I will not."
URGENCY OF ELECTORAL REFORM
HON. WILLIAM L. HUNGATE
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
Mr. HUNGATE. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to call to the attention of my col-
leagues the following article which ap-
peared in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat
on October 22, 1969;
URGENCY OF ELECTORAL REFORM
The proposal for abandoning the anti-
quated Electoral College system and adopt-
ing direct election of the President and Vice
President was gathering cobwebs for dis-
couraging months. Congress now seems in a
mood to pass the amendment for popular
election and submit it to the states.
This is what should be done without grow-
ing any more moss on the issue. There is
every evidence the great majority of the peo-
ple want the constitutional amendment pro-
viding direct vote for the President.
The nation should be afforded the right to
decide, by submission of the change to legis-
lative plebiscite In all states. Shucking the
archaic, frustrating Electoral College from the
Constitution should have been effected long
ago. Further temporizing and indecision on
Capitol Hill cannot be justified.
The need for dumping the undemocratic
Electoral College process was trenchantly im-
pressed on the country last November, when
it appeared the choice of a President might
be thrown into the House of Congress with
attendant smelly political deals. In modern
America it is utterly unacceptable that Con-
gressmen might elect a President.
But when the danger of a House presi-
dential selection was over, and Richard Nixon
elected, apathy set in. Now that apathy ap-
pears to have lifted.
The House recently passed the amendment
proposition by a whopping vote-339 to 70, or
66 ballots more than the required two-thirds
for an amendment to the Constitution.
This has given the program a sudden, big
Impetus. So thumping a majority for the re-
form in the House should carry great weight
in. the Senate. The House was overwhelm-
ingly willing to divest itself of a 188-year-old
constitutional right.
Another influence toward approval of the
amendment by the Senate Judiciary Com-
mittee?the obvious first hurdle in the up-
per house?was the appointment of Sen.
Robert P. Griffin, Michigan Republican, to re-
place the late Sen. Everett M. Dirksen.
Mr. Dirksen favored the so-called "dis-
trict plan", less satisfactory than popular
election. Senator Griffin has declared he will
support direct election.
The President has sensibly shifted his at-
titude on this reform. For some time he was
lukewarm, even mildly antagonistic, toward
dropping the Electoral College, which he
thought could not be effected before 1972, the
next presidential election. Now he thinks it
can.
There is no reason to believe it can't. It
should. Present public sentiment indicates it
will be approved if it comes out of Congress.
As in the House, a two-thirds majority
ballot in the Senate is necessary for approv-
ing a constitutional amendment. Then the
question must be submitted to the 50 state
legislatures of the nation, where, 38 must
ratify tlre--promssfl-te-p-ileee-it in the Con-
stitution and junk the Electoral College,
The House stipulated that the complete
ratification process?by Congress and three-
fourths of the states?must be completed by
Jan. 2, 1971, if it is to be effective for the
1972 national elections. There is no reason
this cannot be done.
The measure will have to be acted on how-
ever, with reasonable dispatch. It has been in
the Senate committee about a month. If it is
permitted to grow moldy there, this needed
reform could be lost. Should it fail of adop-
tion now, it likely will be pigeonholed many
more years, as President Nixon observed when
he called on the Senate Sept. 30 to indorse
the revision.
A report published last April by Newsweek
magazine said one reason the President now
wished to abolish the presidential elector
system is that he had personal knowledge of
how electors sought to bargain away their
votes.
The report stated several electors on the
Wallace slate offered to trade their votes to
Nixon in return "for presidential favors."
Other similar offers were rumored; all were
turned down.
One reason for reluctance in Congress over
dumping the Electoral College was a feeling
states would not approve the amendment.
There is growing evidence they would. A
New York Times survey recently indicated
30 legislatures already have evidenced deter-
mination to ratify, or lean in that direction.
As only 38 are necessary, it looms as no in-
superable task to persuade the remaining
fence-sitter legislatures. The prospect that a
President could ever again be elected by a
minority or by logrolling deals in Congress,
can be eradicated before the next presidential
campaign in '72.
SOCIAL SECURITY REFORMS:
BRINGING THE SYSTEM UP TO
DATE
HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER
OF wrsomrsiN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr.
Speaker, among all the victims of infla-
tion, none are more deserving of urgent
attention and relief than the benefi-
ciaries of social security. They have in-
vested part of their earnings in the
promise of a continuing income?and the
Congress must act now to fulfill that
promise, in pace with realities.
The President has taken the lead. His
recommendation to increase basic bene-
fits by 10 percent is nothing less than a
positive obligation?and it is the level of
increase that is actuarially sound. His
recommendation to attach the future
schedule of benefits to cost of living will
go far to eliminate the repeated experi-
ence of playing catch-up, as benefits lag
behind living-cost increases?and it will
take the political gamesmanship out of
this process.
Both recommendations are essential.
Both are, in the broadest sense, non-
partisan. And both deserve the support,
now, of the Congress.
Of equal importance is the President's
recommendation that the "earnings test"
be raised from $1,680 to $1,800?the
amount beneficiaries may earn without
any loss of benefits. He also would elimi-
nate the 100-percent tax, the outright
E8837
confiscation of all earnings beyond the
$3,000 level. For all earnings beynnd the
exempt amount, he would substitute a
50-percent tax and thus maintain an in-
centive for earnings at any level within
the capability of the beneficiary. To say
that the Nation needs the experience and
productivity of its older citizens is clear
beyond question?yet, under present law,
we penalize them for their enterprise.
This irrationality must be eliminated,
and the President has recognized the
urgency of such a reform.
NEW INDIANAPOLIS POLICE PATROL
INNOVATION CUTS CRIME RATE
HON. WILLIAM G. BRAY
OF IND/ANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, the war on
crime is one that never ends, and its wag-
ing demands the initiative and inven-
tiveness of all law enforcement agencies
and individual citizens.
The city of Indianapolis, Ind., has
come up with a plan, simple in concept
yet effective in operation, that shows
great promise. It is assigning personal
patrol cars to policemen to drive off-duty
as well as on. Indianapolis is the first
major police department to utilize this,
and the following story from the New
York Times of Sunday, October 26, 1969,
describes the practice, which could well
be copied by other urban forces:
[From the New York Times, Oct. 26, 1969]
POLICE IN INDIANA DRIVE OWN CARS; NEW
PATROL SYSTEM GIVEN CREDIT FOR CUT IN
CRIME
INDIANAPOLIS, October 25.?In Indianapolis,
policemen are assigned their own personal
patrol cars to drive off-dirty as well as on,
and the system is given credit for helping to
produce a pattern of reduced crime.
While the national average for the seven
major crime categories in cities of half a
million to a million increased by 13 per cent
for the first nine months of this year, five of
the seven categories showed a decrease in
Indianapolis and all seven showed an aver-
age increase of only 1.2 per cent.
The record so far in Indianapolis this year
is so encouraging to city officials that they
- are confident that the city's unusual pattern
of big increases in most major categories may
finally be broken.
Major crimes in Indianapolis increased at
an average rate of 15.6 per cent in 1968 com-
pared to 1967. Now, with the normally heavy
crime months of June, July and August be-
hind it, the Indianapolis police department
thinks the average for 1969 may set a na-
tional example.
OFF-DUTY USE ENCOURAGED
Mayor Richard G. Lugar and Police Chief
Winston Churchill give much of the credit
to the system of individual patrol cars.
"Nearly all state police departments have
assigned oars to individuals," says Raymond'
3. Stratton, deputy chief of operations, but
we are the first police department to do so."
Under the Indianapolis plan, patrolmen
are encouraged to use their cars, while off-
duty for trips with the family to drive-in
theaters or the grocery or church.
"As a result," says Maj. Frank Spallina,
administrative assistant to Chief Churchill,
"we may have as many as 400 cars on the
street instead of the old 100 or so per shift."
Major Spallina says that "with all those
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cars running around or parked throughout
the city" there is "more reluctance by juve-
niles to steal cars" and more heeitancy in
general to commit crimes.
Several arrests have been made by off-duty
policemen since the individual iiatrol oar
system went into effect in early June. In-
cluded were arrests made by off-duty police-
men who stopped robberies or burglaries in
progress.
A chief benefit of the program, according
to Major Spallina, is the new spirit of pride
it is giving the policemen, who have installed
custom-fashioned equipment racks in their
cars, or carpeted interiors, or who have spent
their own money to improve such equipment
as radios.
Major SpaHine, looks on the perbonal at-
tention shown on the can; as healthy evis,-
dence of high morale.
In the first nine months of 1967 ?rim rose
16.1 per cent in Indianapolis compare1fo the
previous year. In 1968, the increase was 21.2
per cent compared to 1967.
For nine months this year, only the cate-
gories of burglary and larceny sthovred in-
creases?of 9.1 and 5.6 per oentsrespectively.
In the other major categorie,e, murder was
down 18.6 per cent; forceable /tape was down
7.8 per cent; robbery was down 18.3 per cent;
aggravated assault was down 6.6 per cent,
and vehicle theft was down 12.3 per cent.
RETIREMENT 0 PHILLIP S.
HUG
HON. OLIN TEAGUE
OFT-As
IN THE HOUSE OF ,SENTATIVES
Monday, Oct .ser 27, 1969
Mr. TEAGUE of T -xas. Mr. Speaker, I
want to call to the att rition of this House
the departure from a overnment service
of the Deputy Directo of the Bureau a
the Budget, Mr. Phi _ S.
known to his friends asSam?
I first met Sam Hughes shortly after I
came to Congress. I came to know him
I intimately when the Korean GI bill of
Irights was formulated and later in the
outstanding work that be performed in
I connection with the Survivor Benefits
Act, Public Law 881 of the 84th Congress.
Sam Hughes is one of those rare in-
dividuals who has absolute integrity, who
can give you an answer which you com-
pletely disagree With but which at the
same time forces you to see the logic of
his position and know that his View is
based upon considerable thought and a
lot of plain ordinary horsesense.
Sam Hughes, in the few moments that
he has had of vacation, likes to climb
inountains. Perhaps this is one of the rea-
sons why he has had the ability to see so
far ahead in regard to Government pro-
grams. Certainly he has never lived in a
rarefied atmosphere which one ,acco-
eiates with heights, but has certainly
been able to see clearly and much more
so than many of us.
The Federal Government is losing, in
zny judgment, one of the ablest men who
ever served it. An individual with 14ather
keen insight once wrote "hindsight tends
to etch deeply the clear lines of leader-
Ship that appeared blurry close at hand."
Sam Hughes' actions were never hlurry
and he always showed positive leadership.
Sam carries with him the best Wishes
cl all of those of us on the Hill who have
had the. good-An tune to luid11711111. We
shall sorely miss his counsel and we wish
him well in whatever endeavor he desires
to pursue after the 21 years of distin-
gUiShed service that he gave to the Bu-
reau of the Budget.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN A TIME
OF CHANGE
HON. ED JONES
0 P TENNESSEE
THE HOUS:?, OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, October 27, 1969
? Mr. JONES of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker,
?time of unrest in our Nation,
especially on our college campuses, it is
reassuring to know that sanity still pre-
vails among some of our educators. One
voice of reason which rings out clearly
In the Eighth Congressional District of
Tennessee is i;hat of Dr. Archie R.
Dykes, chanceLor of the University of
Tennessee at Martin.
At the beginning of the current aca-
demic year, Dr. Dykes, one of the Na-
tions truly outs anding college adminis-
trators, addressed his faculty with an
analysis of the challenge facing higher
education and a proposal for meeting
this challenge. I was deeply moved by
the speech, and because I feel Unit-Tar
American leaders can bene t-from the
or Dykes' ob-
ing the entire text
Remarks October 27, 1969
This world of ours is a new world, in which
the unity of knowledge, the nature of human
communities, the order of society, the very
notions of society and Culture have changed,
and will not return to what they have been
in the past. What Is new is new not because
it has never been there before, but be-
cause it has changed in quality. One thing
that is new is the prevalence of newness, the
change in scale and scope of change itself,
so that the world alters as we walk in it, so
that the years of a man's life measure not
some small growth or rearrangement or mod-
eration of what he learned in childhood, but
a great upheaval.
Change, then, pervasive and revolutionary
change, is the dominant characteristic of our
time. We are living through a series of con-
current and interacting revolutions in
science, transportation agriculture
com-
munications, demography, civil rights, and,
yes, education. Each of these revolutions has
brought spectacular changes. Each has its
train of tumultuous social consequences.
As a result of these great changes, we
in education, like everyone else, are for-
ever required to see our world through new
eyes and to behave in accordance with new
understandings and new concepts. In a
world changing as rapidly as ours, ideas,
understandings, beliefs, and ways of doing
things rapidly become obsolete. Our best
knowledge and our best understandings have
an ever diminishing life before they are re-
placed with new knowledge and new under-
standings. In brief, we have intellectual
obsolescence in shorter times than we have
e faced before in man's history. To per-
sist ehaving and conducting our affairs
as if eh ge has not occurred can result in
catastrop e.
For a minutes this morning, I wanted
to share th you some of my thoughts'
about the implications of these changes to
hose of here in this room, the faculty
and staff f The University of Tennessee at
Martin. t me mention just a few observe-
ions tha may be relevant.
1. The first implication of these changing
imes h to do with what we are trying to
accom ? Ish in education. Traditionally, we
aye elved the major function of edueation
as e disernination of information, the
te ng of facts, the instilling of knowledge
is and will continue to be an important
unction of education. But in the context
f a world of revolutionary change, when
nowledge is doubling every ten to fifteen
ears in some fields of study, when there
incre-a-sing finiteness to the length of time
n which the best knowledge will bold true,
hen new facts and new information are
oming into existence with unparalleled
apidity, I think we may well wonder if the
rimary function of education has not
hanged. If schooling is regarded primarily
a process of absorbing the funded knowl-
dge of the past, it seems to me it may well
ose its relevance to the world in which we
ye. And if teaching is regarded as simply
e peddling of facts and information, its
mise may come in the years immediately
head.
The National Science Foundation now tells
that knowledge in science is doubling
ery ten years; that of all the research that
as ever been published, more than half of
has been published since 1950' that more
han half of all money spent on research
as been spent in the last eight years; and
at of all the scientists who have lived
nee the dawn of history, more than eighty
scent are living and working today, We are
d authoritatively that approximately 2,000
es of printed materials are published
erg sixty seconds. If an individual at-
mpted to keep informed by devoting his
1 time to reading, he would fall behind
more than one billion pages every year.
('he explosion of knowledge, or the "Infos-
tion revolution," is probably the most im-
reasonableness of Cha
servations, I am in
of the addressHIGHSR ;,...-
E ATION IN A TIME OF CHANGE t
The cnnastances surrounding high edu-
ce today are not unlike those portrayed
ar es Dickens in the T
?ale of Two Cities, t
describing the era of the French Revolution
To paraphrase his classic language:
"It is the best of times, it is the worst of h
times,
It is the age of wisdom, it is the age of
foolishness
It is the epoch of belief, it is the epoch of
incredulity,
It is the ;season of Light, it is the season ,Or o
" k
-
nar kn es s
It is the spring of hope, it is _the seaton of
despair,
We have everything before us, we have
nothing before us . . ."
Indeed, these are difficult and trying times
In America, perhe,ps the most trying and
most difficult of any period since the Civil
War, more than a century ago. Yet, within
our complex, frustrating, and perpelexing
problems, there exist the greatest opportuni-
ties our nation or any nation has ever had
before it. And these same circumstances
characterize colleges and universities
throughout our land. Perhaps never before
has higher educatinn generally and colleges
and universities individually been confronted
with problems which so clearly threaten de-
struction, while, simultaneously, unparal-
leled opportunities lie before them for prog-
ress toward "undreamed of achievements.
Truly, we live in a time of unparalleled
change. And no one would question, I be-
lieve, that these great changes going on
about us have enormous implications for all
of us, in our citizenship responsibilities, in
our family obligations, but especially in our
duties as faculty members in an institution
of higher learning.
Some time ago, an article in Fortune maga-
zine, seeking to dramatize the gap between
our present era and the past, quoted Robert
Oppenheimer as follows:
is
as
Ii1
th
de
a
us
ev
It
th
si
Pe
tol
Peg
ev
te
ful
by
ma
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E 8782?
APPr"tclfgatftaA2.3,11F88419t,3191L1130983V/90222???8-A
ACTION ON RATE REQUESTS BY STATE UTILITY COM-
MISSIONS, JUNE-SEPTEMBER 1969?Continued
Company
Amount Amount
requested approved
PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania Gas & Water
$2, 200, 000
$1, 800,000
Philadelphia Electric
29,707,184
29,707, 184
TEXAS
Lone Star Gas
10,8i8,253
6,961,445
WISCONSIN
Wisconsin Public Service
5,
167,
000
2,
000,
000
Wisconsin Gas Co
6,
447,
000
4,
021,
000
Total
312,
770,
062
239,
581,
129
1Jointly received rate increases totaling $6,500,000 plus oppor-
tunity to obtain additional $7,700,000.
a Note: $13,157 granted in April by State commission, full
$23,900,000 granted in July by Supreme Court.
a Note: 3 weeks after Florida Commission approved $3,700,000
increase, Southern Bell filed request for $32,000,000 rate increase.
Note: Consumers Power reported request totalled $57,-
000,000. Michigan Public Service Commission reported to
subcommittee request had totaled $108,900,000.
In June.
In July.
7 New York Public Service Commission has advised company
it will accept revised request for $18,000,000.
NATIONAL DAY OF PRAYER
SPEECH OF
HON. JOHN BUCHANAN
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, October 22, 1969
Ur. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, the
Congress, by joint resolution of April 17,
1952, provided that the President "shall
set aside and proclaim a suitable day
each year, other than a Sunday, as a
national day of prayer on which the
people of the United States may turn
to God in prayer and meditation at
churches, in groups, and as individuals."
Such a day is quite appropriate in the
life of this country since America was
founded on the ethical and moral prin-
ciples embodied in the Judeo-Christian
tradition.
America's greatest strength lies in the
faith and religious commitment of her
people. "In God We Trust" must remain
more than a mere motto for the people
of America if our country is to remain
strong and free.
This year, President Nixon, by procla-
mation on October 8, set aside Wednes-
day, October 22, as our National Day of
Prayer. In his proclamation, the Presi-
dent asked that "on this day the people
of the United States pray for the achieve-
ment of America's goal of peace with
justice for all people throughout the
world."
In observance of this day it was my
privilege, along with a number of my
colleagues who regularly attend the
House and Senate prayer breakfast meet-
ings to attend a prayer breakfast at the
White House with Dr. Billy Graham.
The remarks of both the President and
Dr. Graham, together with prayer led
by the Honorable DEL CLAWSON of Cali-
fornia, were of great inspiration to those
assembled.
The one prayer on the lips of all man-
kind, of whatever religious persuasion,
should be a prayer for peace with justice
and a prayer for those in places of high
responsibility in our land.
The President is to be commended for
pe
setting aside this day and it is my ho
that all everywhere shall benefit
from its
men
observance.
MRS. LOUISE BOWKER, PRESIDENT,
NEWSPAPER ASSOCIATION MAN-
AGERS, INC.
HON. J. W. FULBRIGHT
OF ARKANSAS
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, October 23, 1969
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I was
pleased to learn that Mrs. Louise Bowker,
of my State, recently has added to her
many accomplishments her election as
president of the Newspaper Association
Managers, Inc. The NAM is fortunate to
have the talents and industry of this
Arkansan leading this organization.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the Extensions of Remarks an
article published in the Missouri Press
News outlining some of Mrs. Bowker's
civic and professional contributions.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Missouri Press News, October 1969]
ASSOCIATION MANAGERS ELECT ARKANSAS
WOMAN PRESIDENT
Mrs. Louise Bowker, secretary-manager of
the Arkansas Press Association, was elected
president of Newspaper Association Man-
agers, Inc. at the group's 46th annual meet-
ing August 22, in Williamsburg, Virginia.
NAM is an association composed of managers
of state, regional and national newspaper
organizations. She is the first woman ever
elected to the NAM board, having been chosen
secretary-treasurer in 1967 and moving to
the vice presidency in 1968.
She joined the Arkansas Press Association
as office manager in April 1956, was promoted
to assistant manager in 1961 and became the
first woman to head the 97 year old associa-
tion in 1962.
In 1962 she was chosen APA's "Man of the
Year" an award bestowed on the person con-
sidered to have made the greatest contribu-
tion to the programs and progress of the
Arkansas Press Association. She was elected
Woman of Achievement in 1963 by Arkan-
sas Press Women, Inc.
She is currently serving as secretary of the
Arkansas Highway Users Conference; vice
president of the Arkansas Council on Chil-
dren & Youth; and vice president of the
Mid-America Newspaper Mechanical Confer-
ence, the first woman in the country to be
elected to such a board. She is a member of
the Little Rock Advertising Club and is
active on its legislative committee; the Sal-
vation Army Auxiliary; North Little Rock
Boys Club, and other civic organizations.
She is a native of Jonesboro, where she
was graduated from the public schools and
Jonesboro Baptist College, majoring in busi-
ness administration. Mr. Bowker is married
to S. W. Bowker, an insurance executive of
North Little Rock, Arkansas.
Other officers and board members elected
were: Vice President, Robert M. Shaw, Min-
nesota Press Association; Secretary-Treas-
urer, Richard W. Cardwell, Hoosier State
Press Association; and Director, Ray Hamley,
Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Press Association.
ober 23, 1969
GREEK REGIME TOKENISM
HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR.
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, October 23, 1969
Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, a recent
dispatch in the New York Times reports
that the military government of Greece
Is undertaking a liberalization program.
The press is now free?except there is a
two-page list of banned topics. Sum-
mary arrests and imprisonment are
barred?except in cases involving "the
public order and security." Military
courts will no longer have jurisdiction
over civilians?except in cases of treason,
espionage, sedition, disturbing the peace,
spreading false information, and arous-
ing discord. In short, the people of
Greece are now free?as long as they do
not do or say anything the colonels do
not want them to.
Verily, the junta is preserving Greece
as a bastion of freedom.
I include the article entitled "Greek
Regime Eases Martial-Law Curbs, But
With Exceptions" from the New York
Times of October 4, 1968, in the RECORD
at this point:
GREEK REGIME EASES MARTIAL-LAW CURBS,
BUT WITH EXCEPTIONS
ATHENS, October 3.?Greece's Army-
backed regime today modified three martial-
law rules?on press censorship, arbitrary
arrest and trial by military courts?but the
new measures contained a number of quali-
fications, assuring that controls would con-
tinue.
Greek newspaper editors were told today
that the press was now free. But they were
handed a two-page list of banned topics and
were told that although they no longer
needed to submit galley proofs to the cen-
sors, a copy of each paper must still be sub-
mitted for approval before It goes to the
newsstands.
At the same time, summary arrests and
imprisonment were barred "except in cases
involving crimes against public order and
security" and the jurisdiction of special
military courts was narrowed.
ANNOUNCED AT NEWS TALK
The new measures were announced by
Premier George Papadopoulos at a news con-
ference in the marble-walled Senate cham-
ber in downtown Athens.
The timing of the measures puzzled for-
eign diplomats in Athens.
Some noted that that they came 24 hours
after George Tsistopoulos, an Under Secre-
tary in the foreign office, returned from the
United States, where he had talks with Sec-
retary of State William P. Rogers, and passed
on to the Greek leaders the strength of feel-
ing in Washington in favor of substantial
liberalization in Greece.
It is also possible that the announcement
was intended to counteract a statement in
Paris Tuesday by former Premier Constan-
tine Caramanlis, who said that the regime
was making no progress toward democracy
and intended to perpetuate its oppressive
rule.
It came a day too late to prevent the ap-
proval of a resolution by the Consultative
Assembly of the Council of Europe in Stras-
bourg condemning the regime.
Rep. Gross, a conservative known na-
tionally for the sharp "no" he so often hurls
at various spending schemes, received per-
haps the biggest ovation of the night when
he turned to the subject of Viet Nam. "We
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8781 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -Extenszons of Remarks
Commission
TABLE 1.-UTILITY RATE 1NCREASES PENDING, BY STATE COMMISSION, JUNE 1, 1969, AND RELATED DATA --Continued
Increases ,
_pending NaMe of company Category
Amount
Wisconain Public Service Commission-Cort,_
Wyoming Public Service Commission
Date requested
Wisao sin Telephone Co Telephone $1,000 Mar. 24, 1969
Gei Telephone Co. of
iseonsin. do $2,800 Apr. 7, 1969
Dodge County Telephone Co _do (2) Apr. 8, 1969.. ..
Valdeos Telephone Co do, (2) Apr. 14, 1969_
Muny Natural Gas Utility Gas $4,700 Apr. 16, 1969 --
Chippewa County Telephone Telephone $44,100 Apr. 25, 1969
OP., Inc.
Wainakee Telephone Co
BlaOk Earth Telephone Co
Sh*ano, Wis Electric (2)
Mattison Gas & Electric Co
2 Cheyenne Light, Fuel &
Power Co.
do (2) May 19, 1969
do
May 23, 1969
May 29, 1969_ _
1 Nov. 7, 1968 _
I
do (2)
See footnote 2, table 2, below.
1
Case h for which no amount of revenue requirement is ind cated represent either sm
Gas $500,000
fElectric $168,000
IGas $142,600
Status of request
Hearing held.
Do.
Hearing pending.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
On.
On.
COMM ission's order entered June
13, 1969, rejecffina company's
proposal and requiring refiling
tariffs permitting a total in-
crease es follows: Electric. _
$48,419; gas, $50,852.
panies or instances where actual additional revenue requirements have not been indicated at the
our- present stage of the proceeding.
TABLE 2.-TABULATION OF UTILITY RATE INCREASES P8NDING AS OF JUN 71, 1969, BY
STATE AND CATEGORY
State
Alabama
Alaska_
Arizona
Arkansas_' None
Californ a .. 60,137, 000
Colorado None
Connec nut None
Delawa e None
District Of Columbia 24, 900, 000
Florida None
Georgia+ None
Hawaii 1, 621, 400
Idaho None
Illinois . 2,159, 000
I ndiana + None
Iowa 450,000
Kansas None
Kentucky None
Louisia a None
Maine + None
Maryland 24, 900,000
Massachusetts None
Michigan 2-.120, 634,725
Minnesota (2)
Mississi pi None
Missour _. 17, 500, 000
Montan None
Nebras a - (2)
Electric
None
$219, 000
None
Gas Telephone
NaniNon
None\$1, 062, 877
49, 153,000 -?
None
340600
None'
None
34,820
None
None
None
1, 472, 000
/08,000
None
None
None
None
None
(1)
5, 521, 900
i67, 108,000
(2)
None
11, 025, 000
None
(1)
None
None
(1)
$493, 600
46, 424, 000
31, 500, 000
None
None
13, 282, 000
17, 070, 548
981 089
None
4, 440
000
TABLE 2.
State
TABULATION OF UTILITY RATE INCREASES RENDING AS OF JUNE 1, 1969. BY
STATE AND CATEGORY-- Continued -
Electric
Novada None
Now Hampshire None
Now Jersey __ None
Now Mexico , $3,411, 662
Now York 22, 000, 000
North Carolina None
North Dakota None
Ohio None
Oklahoma 360,000
Oregon . None
Pennsylvania 29, 707,184
Puerto Rico None
Rhode Island None
South Carolina_ None
1 366, South Dakota_ (2)
345. 3 Tennessee None
6 114
920:052 U. MIS -----------(2)
None
17, 000, 000
Verm 2.364, 000
4 0 None Virginia_ None
3, 00, 000
3, 120, 000 Washington None
West Virginia_ 36, 600
1 139, 435 Wisconsin__ . 1 6, 8 52, 000
Wyoming . . 168, 000
Subtotal
Grand total__ _
None
45, 021, 500
None
? None
I Oth r increase(s) pending with no set dollar aoiount requested or established. See table at: we
2 No regulation.
UTILITY RATE INCREASE REQUESTS FILED WITH
UTILITY COMMISSIONS SUBSEQUENT TO. JUNE I,
[In millions of dollars1
Company
STATE
1969 ,
Category Amount
COLORADO
Public Service Co. of Colorado Electric-gas
CONNECTICUT
Connectlicut Natural Gas Gas
FLORIDA
Southern Bell Telephone Telephone
GEORGIA
Southerh Bell Telephone do-
IDAHO
Idaho Power__ _____ ______ Electric
ILLINOIS
Commonwealth Edison do_
MASSACHUSETTS
New Enrand Telephone & Telephone ._
Teleg aph.
MINNESOTA
Northern States Power Electric__
MISSOURI
Kansas City Power & Light
NEW JERSEY
le, self 6ntral Power S, Light Electric
New leney Power & Light do
$1. 9
4.14
317,411,571
Gas
None
None
None
4,377,701
$1, 300,000
None
1,208,783
1 238,088
None
None
779,761
None
379, 000
None
(1)
None
16, 133,641
None
None
None
None
2, 877, 000
11, 880, 000
142,000
175, 742,171
Telephone
None
None
None
None
$175, 081, 090
3,449,850
3, 000, 000
127,739
None
11, 804,400
Nene
None
9,200,000
894,491
29,417
2,052,212
(2)
(2)
None
822, 526
26,700, 000
98,200
1 22, 010,800
None
468, 006, 763
4 961,160, 505
" On July 30, 1969, Public Se ce Co. of New Mexico filed for an electric rate increase
of $4,219,547.
Does not reflect 25 applications to hich no dollar amount was available.
UTILITY RATE INCREASE REQUESTS FILED WITH STATE
UTILITY COMMISSIONS SUBSE V ENT TO JUNE 1, 1969
Continued
Its millions of dollarsl
Company
NEW MEXICO
Community Public Service
Public Service of New Mexico
Southwestern Public Service
NEW YORK
AC ON ON RATE REQUESTS BY STATE UTILITY
COMMISSIONS JUNE-SEPTEMBER 1969
Comp y
Category Amount
Electric
do
do
Consolidated Edison....................
32.10 Iroquois Gas Corp Gas
OHIO
29.7 Ohio Bell Telephone
United Telephone of Ohio
Cleveland Electric
8., 4
45..0
PENNSYLVANIA
Duquesne Light.........
Metropolitan Edison
Telephone__ __
do
Electric
do
do
TENNESSEE
South Central Bell Telephone. Telephone__ _
23 TEXAS
Lone Star Can Gas
WISCONSIN
Wisconsin Public Service_ Electric
123 Total
52. 0
7.3
5.8
$0.3
4.2
1.9
117.5
0.8
.-14 0
17.5
19.0
20. 7
4. 6
3.1
5. 1
498. 6
Amount
requested
Amount
approved
CALI ORN1A
General Teleph no of
California
1)46, 300, 000
646,
300,
090
Southern Calif nia Edison_
60, 137, 000
46,
668,
000
Southern Calif via Gas.,
5, 939, 000
(I)
Southern Cou ins Gas
4.310,000
(1)
COi ECTI CUT
Souther ew England
Te one
23, 900, 000
1 23,900,000
FLORIDA
Southern Bell
5,775,625
3, 701, 500
MICHIGAN
Consumers Power
I 57,700,000
37, 822,000
Michigan Consolidated Gas_ _ _
27, 000,000
1 4, 200. 000
3 2,800,000
MISSOURI
Missouri Public Service......
5,300,000
5,100,000
NEW YORK
Niagara Mohawk
NORTH CAROLINA
Lee Telephone Co ___
21, 880,000
239,000
Footnote at end of table.
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100, 000
October 23 , 1 9 6 9CONGRESell8RIZVEM: &14911:1700 0 (9 /3 IttA3 MX00120003-9 E 8783
job accomplishment" and suggested it be
Approved For
should win that war," he said, "or get the
hell out."
The evening's keynote address was
delivered by columnist James .1. Kilpatrick.
While noting that opposition to foolish gov-
ernment programs was certainly necessary,
Mr. Kilpatrick also urged conservatives to
"apply their talents to affirmative answers to
American problems"?problems like con-
servation, pollution, penal reform and low-
cost housing. Conservatives have the proper
principles at heart, he said, but "if I had
only one political wish, conservatively speak-
ing. I would wish to see us translate broad
conservative principles more frequently into
specific, affirmative action." Mr. Kilpatrick
applauded those men and women who for so
Many years have volunteered their services
to the conservative cause. He said that more
than ever before their dedication was needed,
because "there is much work to be done."
Other remarks at the dinner were de-
livered by William F. Buckley Jr., editor of
National Review, and Robert Bauman, secre-
tary of ACU and a former national chairman
of YAF, who served as master of ceremonies
for the evening.
Among the members of Congress who at-
tended and joined in honoring two of their
congressional colleagues were Sen. Strom
Thurmond and Reps. Don Clausen, Jim Col-
lins, John Hammerschmidt, Manuel Lujan,
William Scherle, and E. Ross Adair.
Guests from the White House staff in-
cluded presidential adviser Dr. Arthur Burns,
speechwriter Patrick Buchanan, Special
Presidential Assistant Dr. Martin Anderson,
congressional liaison man Bill Timmons,
"inspector-general" Clark Mallenhoff and
presidential staff aides Mort Allin and Tom
Huston. Among the other Administration ap-
pointees in attendance were USIA director
Frank Shakespeare, Ted Humes of the labor
department and Defense Department aides
William Baroody Jr. and Jerry Friedheim.
Other guests included John Mahan, chair-
man of the Subversive Activities Control
Board, and Ken Towsey of the Rhodesian
Information Service.
Also attending the dinner were such well-
known conservatives as Holmes Alexander,
Lemuel Boulware, Allan Brownfeld, Ralph de
Toledano, Dr. Lev Dobriansky, Willard Ed-
wards, Victor Lasky, Fulton Lewis III, Dean
Clarence Manion, Neil McCaffrey, Stefan
Possony, William A. Rusher, Phyllis Schlafly,
George? Schuyler, Paul Scott, Ken Thompson
and Tom Van Sickle.
The sponsoring organizations hope that
next year's dinner will be even better at-
tended and that conservatives from all over
the country will try to get to Washington
to help honor two more members of Con-
gress who, like Sen. Williams and Rep. Gross,
have done so much to strengthen the con-
servative cause.
BRIG. GEN. FRED W. VETTER, JR.
? HON. J. CALEB BOGGS -
OF DELAWARE
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, October 23, 1969
Mr. BOGUS. Mr. President, it has
often been said that "little things mean
so much." And I am certain that the
commander of the Dover, Del., Air Force
Base believes it, for his example at the
base illustrates that phrase accurately.
In January of this year, Brig. Gen. Fred
W. Vetter, Jr., assumed the top post at
one of the Military Airlift Command's
largest installations.
Initially, the general expressed a de-
sire to improve and maintain the physical
appearance of the property and to
strengthen the ties to surrounding com-
munities. This ambitious officer set a
personal example for all to follow.
In the quest of better community rela-
tions, the air base recently hosted a
"Salute to Delaware," a daylong pro-
gram of aircraft displays, parades, dem-
onstrations, and a performance by the
precision flying team, the Thunderbirds.
Attendance was in the thousands despite
the fact that it was a weekday.
Delawareans are proud of this military
base. I am confident that all Delawareans
join me in commending and thanking
General Vetter for the fine job he is
doing. -
An Associated Press article written
concerning General Vetter, by Edgar Mil-
ler, was published recently in the Dela-
ware State News. I feel it is an excellent
character sketch and illustrates quite
well why those under his command and
the citizens of the first State appreciate
this fine officer and the job he is doing.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the article published in the
Delaware State News of October 17 be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
GENERAL PUTS SELF ON SPOT AT Am BAsz
(By Eqoar Miller)
DovErt.?Brig. Gen. Fred W. Vetter Jr. left
himself wide open shortly after taking com-
mand of the 436th Military Airlift Wing at
Dover Air Force Base last January.
"Put me on the spot," he challenged the
base's 25,000 officers, enlisted men and de-
pendents in an unusual?for a general?
column in the base's weekly newspaper, The
Airlifter.
One of his first takers did just that.
The writer was a sergeant with two chil-
dren who said that with a third straight
hardship assignment staring him in the
face?this time in Greenland after previous
tours in Korea and Vietnam?his wife was
threatening to divorce him if he didn't give
up his Air Force career.
Vetter investigated, found the man's com-
plaint was indeed legitimate and replied:
"The assignment of this man was care-
fully investigated and discussed with higher
headquarters. He has been released from the
assignment . .."
Such swift, decisive action made the col-
umn an immediate hit and Vetter now is
deluged with mail, so much that he can
only publish a representative selection. But
he gives personal attention to all letters and
each writer gets a personal reply.
The letters have had results in several
areas, from film processing at the post ex-
change to spraying for Japanese beetles in
flower gardens.
While there are a few which are "petty
and self-serving," most letters serve a useful
purpose, Vetter says.
"It's amazing the number of good and
practical suggestions we are picking up",
the general says.
Some of the letters really do put him
on the spot and "can be utter dynamite"
if not handled right, Vetter says.
Of course, Vetter's reaction to a given
letter might not always be what the writer
had in mind.
Take the case of the three lieutenants who
complained that officer of the day duty of-
fered "very little in the way of a sense of
discontinued.
Vetter agreed that junior officers weren't
getting enough out of the long, tedious hours
of OD duty at night and on weekends so he
expanded their chores to include "educa-
tional as well as meaningful responsibili-
ties" so they wouldn't be bored any more.
The column has done much to give Vetter
a reputation on the base as a man who gets
things done?in a hurry.
He has particularly emphasized spit and
polish?often to the anguished groans of
many airmen?at all levels of base life, from
his own office down the base housing area.
As a result, the base has taken on a neat
and trim appearance. Housing area roads
have been resurfaced and buildings are being
painted throughout the base. "The men look
smart and one senses a new feeling of ur-
gency and pride," one staff officer, Lt. Col.
Maurice G. Steele, said.
Vetter begins his day with a brisk mile
run at 6:30 a.m, through the housing area.
During the run he takes note of any un-
kempt lawns or houses. If he spots one he
jots down the address and the occupant gets
-a call from him later. He also calls those
who have done a particularly good job of
keeping up their quarters.
Vetter's hobby is big game hunting and
his office walls are covered with trophies from
hunts on several continents. His latest trophy
is still being mounted?the 61-inch antlers
of a moose shot in Alaska.
A native of Snohomish, Wash., who now
calls Houston, Tex., home, Vetter began his
career as an aviation cadet in 1942. He was
promoted to general in April 1968.
Vetter's lean, 5-foot-11 frame, his dashing
salt and pepper mustache and graying tem-
ples and his straight military bearing led
one newsman to write in a biographical
sketch:
"If Hollywood were type-casting for an
Air Force wing commander, Fred Vetter Jr.
would get the role."
THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE
UNION OF POLES IN AMERICA
HON. LOUIS STOKES
OF 011/0
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, October 23, 1969
Mr. STOKES. Mr. Speaker, October 26,
1969, marks the 75th anniversary of the
Union of Poles in America. A fraternal
service organization, the Union of Poles
in America was founded in Cleveland,
Ohio, in 1894 and has since provided in-
numerable benefits to the Polish-Ameri-
cans of Ohio. But more noteworthy is the
great service this organization has pro-
vided to our community through its
many juvenile and adult social programs.
The Union of Poles is headquartered in
Cleveland and its national president, Mr.
Richard E. Jablonski, also resides in that
city. As a Representative for the city of
Cleveland, I commend the Union of Poles
for their 75 years of unselfish service and
I wish them continuing success for the
future.
In saluting this organization, I would
like to provide my colleagues with the
following historical review of the Union
of Poles in America prepared by Mr.
Richard E. Jablonski:
The Union of Poles in America, under the
protection of our Blessed Mother, came into
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RECORD?Extensions of Remarks October .e.3,
being as a result of the merging of two
Unions, The Polish Etonian Catholic Union
under the protection of the Immaculate
' Heart of Mary and Thb Polish Roman Catho-
lic Union, under the protection of Our Lady
of Czestochowa. This merger occurred at the
joint convention in Cleveland, Ohio on May
30, 1939.
The Polish Roman Catholic Union, under
the protection of the Drimaculate Heart of
Mary, was organized On July 1, 1894, in
Cleveland, Ohio. Its first president was A.
Skarupski.
The Polish Roman Catholic Union, under
the protection of Our Lady of Czeatochowa-,
was organized on March 11, 1898, in Cleve-
land, Ohio. Its first president was Francis
Szemplachowski,
Both of the unions, after many prelimi-
nary discussions, held special conventions
during the month of May 1938. Finally it
was decided to hold a common cc:invention
on May 30, 1939 in Cleveland, for the purpose,
of finalizing the merger. Its first president,:
was Joseph Missal.
During the 30 years of existence, the Uniol
of Poles has considerably increased lag mem
bership and financial resources. The finan-
cial resources are now approaching' the $1,-
000,000 mark. The entire organizatidn stands
on a firm financial boat; and is one of the
leading fraternal organizations in America.
From an earned surplus, dividends have
been paid to its members every year for the
past 25 years.
During World War II, the Korean War and
the present War in Vietnam, the 'Union of
Poles has guaranteed the entire payment
of life insurance in case of death Or an in-
sured member serving in tile Armed Forces?
not excepting the policy with war reserva-
tions.
The Union of Poles is a participating mem-
ber in the Polish American Congress and
for many years has taken an active part
in the social, cultural, and economik affairs
of the "Polonia."
The Union of Poles in America, a fraternal
organization, strongly believes in serving its
country; and taking an active part in help-
ing the free world emerge a very great power
in the service of mankind, for a better,
stronger, and happier society of Fi?ee and
Independent Nations.
Today, we observe, together with the
"PoIonia," the Diamond Jubilee, the '75th
year of the founding of the Union. '
JIM COMSTOCK, WEST VIRGOTIA'S
AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY,
PORTRAYS STATE WITH IMAG-
INATION IN UNIQUE NEWSPAPER
HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH
OF WEST vnionna 1
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, October 23, 1969
Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President West
l
I Virginia is fortunate to have within its borders a journalist of the talegt and
a
'capacity of Jim Comstock, whose ase of
'operations is Richwood in the forest r
I lands of my State. a
His keen powers of observation and w
his ability to find new insights in nearly C
every situation make the West Vilrginia
Hillbilly a most popular and eagerly
awaited weekly newspaper. Under the Ii
guidance of Comstock, his partner, ron- s
son McClung, and their erudite Master w
of the print shop, C. Donnee Cook, the
Hillbilly has become an institution known
across the United States and overseas. to
It is more than just a weekly news
paper. It devotes itself primarily to the
discussion of life in West Virginia, its
strengths, it weaknesses, its heritage, and
its future. Hillbilly likewise is ever alert
to ways in which West Virginia can be
improved.
But it is also-a light-hearted publica-
tion, filled with humor and Comstock's
own, often-irreverent comments on
events af the day.
In tne course of bringing Hillbilly to its
present state of journalistic eminence,
Jim ' Comstock himself has become a
southt-after personality who frequently
giaces speakers' platforms in West Vir-
glinia and other States. He reports on his
:travels and observations weekly in a
lengthy colum n called the Comstock
Load.
Elsewhere in the publication there may
be discussions of many subjects under
intriguing headlines such as these from
recent editions of Hillbilly: "West Vir-
ginia Cole Slaw Signs As American As
Apple Pie," "Mamories of a B. & 0. Dis-
patching Man,' "A Mighty Mingo Chief-
t ," "How the Teacher Nipped a Riot,"
"A You Need Is a Peach Tree Limb To
Find 'Water," "By Rail Up Shaver's Fork
River," ok What a Big Dog Dragged
In," "In the nd of Buckwheat Cakes,"
"Hillbilly Ram gs," "The Man in the
Henhouse," "Have leeping Bag, Will
Travel," and "Old Lik r in a New Jug,"
a regular compilation o notations and
poetry. Hillbilly also feati1rs a regular
heritage page, a lively excha ge of let-
ters from readers and periodic reviews
of various industries that cont ibute to
the West Virginia economy. A piature of
a pretty West Virginia girl always
brightens Hillbilly's pages.
Mr. President, Jim Comstock recently
spoke at Salem College, my beloved alma
mater, telling of the trials and trihula-
tons of an editor. His appearance , was
reported in the September issue of, the
Salem College Bulletin, and I ask
imous consent that excerpts from ti ar-
ticle be printed in the RECORD.
There being 110 objection, the e erpts
were ordered printed in the REC RD, as
follows:
ED/TOR JIM COMSTOCK GIVES ADDRESS/AT SALEM
"I founded The West Virgind Hillbilly
because I wanted ik tell the world that West
Virginia is a notch above the other states,"
Editor Jim Comstock told the, Salem Col-
ege students.
Comstock, West Virginia "anibassador ex-
raordinary," spoke at Salem CcAlege and was
eceived by the students with enthusiasm.
He told of his special "ramp edition which
aused quite a stink with the subscribers
id especially wita the Post Office Depart-
eat." He explained that the stunt drew
national attention on the wire services and
esulted in The National Geographic doing
n article about the paper, ramps and Rich-
ood?the home of the Comstock and Mc-
lung publications
"Every Monday morning I have 16 blank
ages in front of me to fill," Comstock said.
To a literate person that paper, when pub-
shed, has meaning. I ask myself, 'Is there
ome little thing in it that will lift the
orld ?' "
READERS HAVE POWER
The West Virginia Hillbilly really belongs
the readers, and the readers have the
_ -
1969
power, he declared. Among the Many things
which Hillbilly readers have done are?
founding a "Past 80 Club," building a hos-
pital in Richwood, sending a boy to Williams-
burg, Pa., for rehabilitation, saving the scenic
Cass steam railroad?the last of its kind in
the country?for a tourist attraction, start-
ing the drive to buy Pearl Bucks' birthplace
home in Hillsboro for West Virginia.
MELVIN MILLER
Comstock told the story of Hillbilly's col-
lapse a couple of years after its birth and
of Melvin Miller who came to Richwood
to encourage the two publishers to start
again. Miller, who had just graduated from
Bethany College, was on his way back when
his small sports car failed to make a curve
and he was killed.
Inspired by Melvin Miller's faith, Comstock
and McClung started the publication again.
The first issue of the reborn paper was dedi-
cated to Miller in Comstock's story, "Here,
Melvin Miller, is Your Paper."
"Each week I ask myself, 'Have I done
something good? Have I been true to the
dreams of a boy who wanted to start a
paper?'"
PRESS AGENT anti STATE
Comstock is one of the state's best press
agents. He has publicized its writers, sculp-
tors, painters and musicians; worked to bring
in new industries; and plugged its tourist
attractions.
In Hillbilly he has satirized West Virginia's
politics, described its beauties in glowing
words, and kept alive its rich folk heritage.
AUTHORITY ON APPALACHIA
Otto Whittaker, who compiled and edited
the recent book, Best of "Hillbilly," says that
Comstock probably knows more than any
man alive about the yesterdays and todays
of Appalachia and how it got that way, and
for the past year he has been enlarging this
knowledge with a felloWahip from the Ford
Foundation.
In addition to editing the Newsleader and
Hillbilly, Comstock is compiling and editing
a 25-volume encyclopedia on West Virginia.
"In this encyclopedia we hope to preserve
West Virginia's heritage Which is rapidly be-
ing lost," he said. -
STUDENTS FOR WHAT?
HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI
OP ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, October 23, 1969
Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I have
repeatedly called the attention of the
Members to the rampage perpetrated in
Chicago on October 9, 10, and 11 by mili-
tant members of the MS.
It is important that people around the
country understand the developments in
Chicago and therefore I insert into the
RECORD a very effective commentary
carried in the Sunday, October 19, Chi-
cago Heights Star, a publication whose
staff kept very close to the situation:
STUDENTS FOR WHAT?
By all accounts, militants of the self-
styled Students for a Democratic Society
alienated or at least embarrassed all but the
most knuckle-headed of their admirers dur-
ing the group's mOst recent descent upon
Chicago. They came to tear the city apart.
and they remained to demonstrate how
badly decent people would fare if they in-
deed achieved whatever brand of society they
really want.
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41ROM'Art9145631ffe6E.RAIligalsg9PAPR9k3a9R12000Mtober 21, 1969
KOREA TODAY
HON. RICHARD T. HANNA
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, October 21, 1969
Mr. HANNA. Mr. Speaker, this month's
Army Digest carried an interesting and
informative article on our military pres-
ence in Korea. I include it in the RECORD
at this point:
KOREA TODAY: THE VIGIL CONTINUES
Along 171/2 miles of tense and troubled
frontier, you hear the accents of Iowa farm
boys, Georgia mill workers, Harvard Law
grads. Some are regulars, long-term profes-
sionals; others are perfoming an obligation
of citizenship. All have a hard and endless
Job?watching the line along the American
sector of the Demilitarized Zone, which
straddles Korea's 38th Parallel.
An entirely new generation has grown up
since a gray Sunday in June 1950 when North
Korea dispatched 117,000 tough, Soviet-
equipped regulars south to strangle the in-
fant Republic of Korea.
From 16 nations came a swift response.
American troops spearheaded an interna-
tional army, the 'first of its kind and purpose
?the United Nations Command. It met the
crisis to force the North Koreans, and the
Chinese Communists who intervened to res-
cue them, to the conference table at Pan-
munjom?where recriminations still fly like
shots.
Today, actual shots still fly as Communists
continue to break the unquiet peace.
Soldiers of the United Nations Command
are involved almost daily in some Com-
munist-initiated act of violence along the
151-mile DMZ, Their vigilance continues
against hostile raiders and infiltrators .trying
to move south. Throughout Korea, UNC
forces react swiftly to eliminate enemy agent
teams and infiltrators who strike hard and
often at their positions.
In January 1968, a 31-man North Korean
commando team crept into Seoul on a deadly
mission?to assassinate ROK President Chung
Hee Park. Intercepted a short distance from
the Presidential Mansion, they were hunted
down and killed or captured.
Since 1967, there have been about 1,600
Incidents involving Communist violations
of the Armistice, some 40 percent of which
were small firefights. More than 550 enemy
infiltrators and agents have been killed and
nearly 50 captured.
As General C. H. Bonesteel III, command-
ing general, UNC/USFK/Eighth U.S. Army,
observed: "With the exception of the con-
flict in Vietnam, nowhere else in the world
today is there so direct and inflammable a
confrontation between Free World forces and
vicious, strong and agressive Communists
as there is along Korea's DMZ."
Despite Communist orations at the Pan-
munjom truce table, there is nothing to in-
dicate that the situation has changed ap-
preciably since the signing of the Armistice,
July 27, 1953, when General Maxwell D. Tay-
lor, then Eighth Army commanding general,
told his troops: "There is no occasion for
celebration or boisterous conduct. We are
faced with the same enemy, only a short
distance away, and must be ready for any
moves he makes."
Some of the United Nations countries who
made Korea a proving ground of Free World
resistance to Communist aggression have
left token forces. The ROlts themselves man
most of the 151-mile armed frontier. And
the presence of the U.S. 2d and 7th Infan-
try Divisions, and 314th Air Division tells
the Reds: "We're still here? and still ready."
Across the American sector of the line
stretches a security system that includes mod-
ern observation deVices and a newly com-
pleted barrier fence. But the real barrier is
in the hearts of the South Koreans, backed
by their American and United Nations al-
lies. Behind that protective line, this rug-
gedly anti-Communist country has achieved
political stability and impressive economic
progress, making it one of the success stories
of the United States assistance program.
STRONG TRADITION
Korea is a proud nation. Its people have
kept their national and cultural integrity for
thousands of years, despite invasions by the
Chinese, Mongols and Japanese.
Korea's location is of strategic importance.
Geographically, it occupies a position athwart
Communist approaches to the North Pacific.
The Korean peninsula lies at the apex of
three great power triangles?Russia, Red
China and Japan. The capital, Seoul, is less
than 500 air miles from Peking, the Chinese
Communist capital, and from Harbin and
Mukden, China's great industrial centers. It
is even closer to Russia's ice-free port of
Vladivostok.
Red China and the Soviet Union maintain
substantial forces nearby. Just north of the
Demilitarized Zone stands the North Korean
army, third largest in the Communist world.
But the ROKs remain undaunted.
Since the 1953 armistice, the Republic of
Korea has built a well-led well-organized
and thoroughly capable military force, which
numbers among the largest in the non-Com-
munist World. Its force of more than 500,000
Is organized into two armies, five corps, 17
divisions. In addition, it has two divisions
serving in Vietnam. A newly organized Home
Defense militia, composed, mainly of ex-
servicemen, but including some 15,000 wo-
men volunteers, numbers about 1.9 million.
For the past three years, ROK soldiers
have served with allied units in Vietnam.
Their 48,000-man force there is noted for its
toughness in combat and rugged effective-
ness in civic action and psychological opera-
tions.
PROGRESS
Behind the protective shield of its de-
termined soldiers, Korea has achieved an
economic miracle. New roads, highways, fac-
tories, the stepped-up tempo of manufactur-
ing and construction mark its long strides
toward modern development. Exports, which
amounted to only $32 million in 1960, ex-
ceeded $500 million in 1968. The Gross Na-
tional. Product has been climbing between
8 and' 12 percent a year for the past five years.
Not only new industries but cultural and
educational institutions as well are springing
up all over the republic. Its literacy rate is
among the highest in the world.
Korea's growth as a peaceful, prospering
nation provides an inspiring example to
other developing countries. In less than two
decades, it has shown the world how a society
can modernize and prosper under free
institutions.
To developing nations around the world,
Korea's visible progress toward growth and
stability presents an attractive alternative
to the repressive methods of totalitarian
rule.
Amid the heightened tensions brought
about by infiltrations and forays from the
north, Korea, the Land of the Morning Calm,
maintains its vigil?and its serenity. Today,
ROK forces make up the bulk of the United
Nations Command. Shoulder to shoulder with
other members of the United Nations Com-
mand, U.S. Forces Korea and the Eighth U.S.
Army, they share a common determination
to stand their ground on cold and barren
ridgelines to show aggressors that freedom
Is not an empty catchphrase?that it will be
defended whenever and as often as neces-
sary. This is Korea today.
WICHITA FALLS PUBLISHER THE
FRIEND OF THREE PRESIDENTS
HON. GRAHAM PURCELL
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, October 21, 1969
Mr. PURCELL. Mr. Speaker, Mr. Rhea
Howard of Wichita Falls, Tex., was re-
cently singled out by the Dallas Times
Herald as a "Friend of Three Presi-
dents." Not only has Mr. Howard been a
friend of three Presidents, but he has
also been instrumental in the growth
and development of his community, his
State, and his Nation through his active
work in the newspaper business and the
Democratic Party.
The Governor of Texas, Gov. Preston
Smith, once described Mr. Howard as a
man who "had the nerve to walk out
front, with his back to the crowd." This
rare quality of leadership, Mr. Speaker,
has stood for a number of years as an
inspiring standard of public service to
his fellow Texans. His courage and con-
viction have championed many causes,
and it is with a great deal of pride that
I would like to share the accomplish-
ments of this Texan with my colleagues,
to whom I commend Rhea Howard as an
exemplary statesman:
(From the Dallas Times Herald, Oct. 8, 19691
HELPS BUILD CITY: WICHITA FALLS PUBLISHER
FRIEND OF THREE PRESIDENTS
(By Lois Luecke)
WICHITA FALLS.--A Texas publisher who
earned the friendship of three U.S. presidents
and whose counsel was sought by the White
House says a newspaperman has to be a
champion for both the community and the
area in which he lives.
"I don't see how any man who runs a
newspaper can dig a hole and crawl in, leav-
ing the battleground of civic life. He must be
a part of his city. He must take sides in is-
sues. He must help solve the problems," he
says.
At 77, Rhea Howard, editor and publisher
of the Wichita Falls Times and Record News,
a newspaper veteran of 62 years and a long-
time Democratic party leader in Texas, daily
practices his philosophy of journalism.
"There is no such thing as a city standing
still," he will tell you. "Wichita Falls has
gone forward and the newspaper has had
something to do with it. A man who puts out
a newspaper has to keep abreast of the
times?maybe ahead of the times?to provide
leadership."
Howard followed in his illustrious father's
footsteps when he became head of the Times
Publishing Co. upon Ed Howard's death in
1918. He was 55 when he took the helm of
the newspaper his father founded in 1907. In
his 21 years as publisher, associates have
seen not only a continuity in the fulfillment
of the Times' founding principles but a new
era of involvement based on personal com-
mitment and leadership.
He was tapped, and answered the call,-for
help in nearly every civic endeavor: hellirew
himself wholeheartedly into his political
party's campaigns and has been a delegate
to the last live national Democratic conven-
tions.
Howard was one of 22 Texas publishers in-
vited by President John F. Kennedy in Octo-
ber 1961 for a briefing and consultation on
national and international affairs?an oc-
casion which Howard deems "the highlight
of my newspaper career."
A close friend of former President Lyndon
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I)? Extensiovs of Remarks E 8671
"That the flag of the United States be 13
strip* alternate red and white; that the
union be 13 stars, white in a blue field, repre-
senting a new constellation."
Sine Congress did not specify the arrange-
ment of the 13 stars on the blue background,
Betsy had them arranged in a pirele, based
on the idea that no colony th,uld take
precee.ence.
General Washington described the symbol-
ism of the flag as follows:
"We take the stars from heaven, the red
from our mother country, separating it by
white stripes, thus showing that we have
separated from her, and the White stripes
shall go dawn to posterity representing
liberty."
In 1.916, President Woodrow W.lion pro-
claimed June 14 as the anniversaty of the
creation of the first stars and stripes and as
Flag Day, which is annually observed
throughout America.
Our flag is a proud symbol or the history
of our people and our country. Its 13 stripes
for th ? original 13 colonies and Tts stars far
every state will always serve to remind us of
our struggle from a small, young country to
the greatest nation on earth.
NATIONAL BUSINESS WOMEN'S
WEEK
HON. CLAUDE PEPPER
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, October 21, 1969
Mr PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, the week of
October 19 Marks the 41st anniversary
of the National Business Wortien's Week,
a time specifically devoted to dramatiz-
ing the contributions of wortten to the
professional and business world.
The first observance took place in 1928,
In the years since then, wcanen have
made tremendous advances in our society.
From an early effort of business and
professional women to achieve accept-
ance and status based on their ability
and accomplishments, NBIA/Virbes grown
to be a nationwide observance of the
contributions of women in every seg-
ment of our society.
The objectives of National Businese
Women's Week are noteworthy: to pub-
licize achievements of busineSs and pro-
fessiclial women everywhere, an he local,
State and National levels; arid to pub.
licize the objectives and program of the
national federation.
The National Federation of Business
and Professional Women itself has an
impressive membership of more than
180,000 women active in all the 50 States,
the District of Columbia, Puei to Rico,
and the Virgin Islands. Founded in 1919,
its growth is exemplified by its em-
blem, the Nike?Winged Victory of
-Samothrace, which symbolizES progress.
And the Federation of Business and Pro-
fessio 1 Women can indeed take pride
in th progress it has made tOward at-
taini g its objectives, which are four-
fold:
Firet, to elevate the standards for
women in business and in the profes-
sions;
SecOnd, to promote the interests of
business and professional women;
Third, to bring about a spirit of co-
operation among business and profes-
sional women of the United States; and
Fourth, to extend opportunities to
business and professional women through
education for industrial, scientific, and
vocational activities.
The membership of this federation
represents a force which is being ef-
fectively molded for the promotion of ex-
cellence in business and government.
Its voice is the voice of conscience and
concern. A leader since its founding in
1919 in