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CIA-RDP71B00364R000600170012-1
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August 1, 2005
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12
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Publication Date: 
July 13, 1966
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0 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD' / i Approved For Release 200&/68AROd DP71 B00364R000600170012-1 Mrs. B3LTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield: 1 riuc.ute to the gentleman from Mas- saci; -.efts (Mr. MonsE]. (Mr. MORSE asked and was given per-. mission to revise and extend his re- marks.) Mr. MORSE, Mr. Chairman, I would like to thank the distinguished gentle- 'voman from Ohio for her char acteris- -ally fine Job of guiding the minority r>cmbers of the committee in the pi ration of this bill. Her constructive leadership did much to enable the corn- mittec to produce some Important changes in our foreign aid program. I would also like to thank the gentle-' man from New York (Mr. REID] for his reference to the work of 25 Republican Members of the House in making recom- mendations on the foreign aid bill this year. I particularly wart to call the at- tention of the House to the importance of title IX of the bill, a new provision on the "Utilization of Democratic Institu- tions in Development." The new title was proposed by the gentleman from Minnesota (Mr. FRASERI,-and gives the Agency for International Development the opportunity-Indeed it challenges the Agency-to take an entirely new ap- proach toward the business of develop ment. The proposal reflects'the recom- mendations of the Republican paper of March 15. It clearly Implies a mandate to AID to take advantage of the importance of de- veloping a human infra-structure as dis-, tinguislled from the almost exclusively economic emphasis of previous pro- grams. The House Foreign Affairs Committee noted In Its report that it plans t9 keep "close check on the manner in which the Intent of this new title IX is going to be carried out." I also would like to call the attention of the House to the inclusion In H.R. 15750 of a number of the other recom- mendations contained in the Republican paper. The paper urged that the recom- mendations of the Watson Committee on Private Enterprise In Foreign Aid be given careful attention. The committee was Informed of a number of instances In which AID is moving In this direction. In addition, the committee adopted an, amendment recommended by the Wat- son committee that will extend the max-' imum term of guaranties of equity In- vestment from 20 to 30 years. Still another Republican recommenda- tion incorporated a suggestion of the National Citizens' Commission to the, White House Conference on Interna-; tional Cooperation that a Private Invest- ment Development Board be established. Section 301(a) (3) of the bill before us provides for the establishment of an in- ternational Private Investment Advisory Council which will make recommenda tions to the administrator of the foreign aid program on areas and projects where A significant portion of the paper was devoted to proposals for greater engage- ment of the people in the process of their own development. This is the theory be- hind the new title IX and I am pleased to note language In the committee report that encourages AID to make use of a variety of indigenous organizations The U.B. Government for too long has been content to deal only forme ly with other na- tions, pushing and proddfi.g through diplo- matic channels, using the Ivcrage which our aid gives us to influence dcclslons; and occa- sionally stimulating a coup. We have Inadequate communication with the various groups and forces In developing societies and are able to oxert little Influence' "which provide the training ground for upon the shape of new f.>rccs. This den- leadership and democratic processes." . clency becomes acute whe> a nation comes We also called for AID support to pri- under insurgency" attack. We atop up our we vate foundations her in the United ass inanco and our mlt.ark Involvement, but we lack competence to den. with the political States which are doing their beat to f(%- aspects of Insurgency ware. cilitate competence In government and' We proclaim as basic public policy our in- broaden the base of popular participa- tention to get new nation to stand on their tion. One of those, which we specifically own feet as stable and rcatronslbio members of the international community. Yet It mentioned, is the International Develop- seems to me that we usunay treat those na- ment Foundation of New York. I hope dons as though they alrea?ly have the capac- that the language in the Committee re- ity to run their own afst't. If we only give port Indicating "increased reliance upon, them a substantial additi )a to their mate- nongovernmental organizations with a real resources. demonstrated competence to enlist pop-; I hesitate to use an anthropomorphic anal- ular participation In the development ogy because I fear that Jut% such an unstated' " will be taken very seriously by' assumption may underlie come of our pres- prGCRSS y y ant neglect of political de :elopment effort. AID. A child. matures to aruithood, at least Consistent with the idea of broaden physlcnllyl, pretty much without human In- Ing the base of popular participation In tervention, given a reasonable diet and pro- development in the emerging nations Is tection against the harshest threats to his the concept of enlarging the role for the life. We don't really teac?I a child to stand private groups here in our own Country:, or walk-we merely encourage him to follow Sometimes, we forget the great number,' our example when he is physiologically ready. variety and dedication of the groups, Without our interventl:In doubtless he would stand and walk ant run as soon and working In the development field. The as well on his own as wits our coaching. House Foreign Affairs Committee called,, our present international policies have attention to this last year with the pub largely relied on economic and military aid- lication of a catalog listing the over-1 analogous to the food and security needed by seas programs of U.S. nonprofit private. a child. I suspect that we have assumed organizations. We have not, however, these measures would allow the recipient had sufficient coordination of these prl-: young nations to mature )oiitlcaliy by some automatic inner-directed process toward sta- vate efforts in the Agency for Interna- ble, responsible, natldnho?d. tional Development. The establishment But we know far too lPPtle about political of a coordinating rnech.arilsm was one of' development of societies to rest our hopes on the points stressed in the Republican, such an assumption of automatic political paper. I am happy to note in sections maturation. I for one am convinced that we 301(a) (1) of the bill before us a direction must take a far more deliberate and more that there, be established "an effective comprehensive role toward developing na- system for obtaining adequate informa- tions. We should system? ly try to trig- gee, to stimulate, and to gu=lde ide the growth of tion with respect to the activities of, and' fundamental social structures and behaviors opportunities for, nongovernmental par- among large numbers of people In other ticipation in the development process, countries if we are to insure political devel- and for utilizing such information In the, opment commensurate with the technologl- planning, direction, and execution of ! cal and defensive military prowess we are programs carried out under this act, already striving for. To return to the human analogy I warned and in the coordination of such pro- against earlier, sophisticated parents know grams with ever-increasing develop- that the emotional and social maturation of mental activities of nongovernmental their children requires far more conscious U.S. Institutions." effort on their part than their physical dc- In conclusion, Mr, Chairman, I would; velopmont does. Surely we can alert our- like to point out that while these con- selves to the need for enoatlraging political structuve ' recommendations were pro-, growth If we hope their, to become welt- posed by 25 Republican House Members, Although nations. Although U.B. Interest in political devel- they received significant bipartisan sup-: opment includes a wide range of consldera- port. I have already mentioned Mr. dons, Including a better understanding of FRASER's contribution, He has long rec- the effect of what we are already doing, to- ognized the need for a new approach to night I am taking a Harr=?wer, more epcclno foreign aid. He delivered an excellent approach. I shall stress the Importance of paper on this subject at a private meeting' working with people and Ideas and attempt- a few months ago and I include the text Ins s in to tead of exert fromm the fto tofrom the bottom up the p down. It is our fnii- in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD at this ! ure to become Involved with the various point: elements In a developing society which is the POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: Ties Missrxa DI- focus of my concern. MENSION Or U.S. FOLK' TOWARD DEVELOP- Before I discuss the policies we should private enterprise can make a positive INO NATIONS adopt in the political Roll., I need to anticl- contribution. (By Congressman DONALD M. FRASER) pate several objections: Some might ask whethee I am proposing to Similarly, the Republican paper Mr. Chairman, members of the panel, and transfer the sophisticated concepts of Amer- stressed the need for a particular em- friends, It is my deep conviction that political r loan political democracy to the developing phasis on development In Latin America. 'development Is, indeed, the missing dlmen-- nations. This In not what I am proposing. We are heartened to learn from the testi- . lion In American policy toward the develop- I Political development doesn't mean a mony of Administrator Bell that three of Ing nations. By political development I, wholesale transfer of Arlerlcan values to the eight countries for which develop- : mean the fostering, stimulation, and guld- ~ other cultures, nor does Is. prescribe a com- ment loans are planned are In Latin ante of fundamental social structures and petitive, two party system for societies which 'behavior, that make effective self-govern- are barely holding together. I am proposing America-Brazil, Chile and Colombia. me 1 vo;red with the pee- Approved For Release 1d15) /03 : CIA-RDP7-4B00364 b db Otrr2. C=ttnued Page 2 1)1e of the developing Atplparonr &FIDPRel ebpWpIt,/g041;1,QIA-RPPZ,~IEJQ~Q364P.Q ,4Qri7~61A11 gAeince. The only them nn they shape the r own future. 'T'hin hazards where we need to build bridges of activity is a person carrying the petition future is bound up In political vpiues and respect and confidence, around with the others look n;f to see who itical posome action. If this rce.ponsibllity is 'to be given to an has signed. However, when t1.e Corps stimu- oms will the in object that I am proposing a- existing agency, it should be AID which is dated community meetings, ri.e participants interfere in thhe that Internal naffairs ations n of other her nn- an arm of the Slate Dupartrnent. It should experienced a political awakening. The inl- interfILerenlecetrue nt vs h become a pr:nu:ry mission of AID. tiatlve and organization demonstrated by interf, and when you no reach h In iti to to touch Here are some suggestions for AID in as- those meetings were n revelation to the in- their politics you may hit a sensitive nerve. suiting this major commitment. I hasten vited local officials in countries where the Of course we need to be circumspect and to add, thersa cnggestions are tentatively idea that government is the servant of the avoid interfering directly in political deci- made: people is not widespread: sfon-making' First, the agency should. create a top- We often conceive of poltti+-a an an expres- But there are many ways to become In- level political study and re:?enrch staff. sion of individual persons' attitudes, but pol- volved in the political development of,.) itics tend more to reflect attitudes shaped 1 Second, the agency to bcar on the on tformormu- political and expressed through organized groups and another nntlon. We are already working development cmtcepts to bea overseas with the consent of governments In lotion of cco>>omlc prop'mzns. their leadership. The ldeolo,.v of a group is areas related to political development: operating tied to Its experiences and to its leadership. The impact of leadership upon group Ideol- The campesino leadership training pro- Third, it should develop an ocapability to general political development, funuded - by run AID by the Farmers Union and Fourth, it should undertake intensive prep- ogy through inspiration, example, and com- fu , Credit union and coo erntivo develo _ oration for nccepting operational respon- mitment is enormous and needs to be fully p p eibility for U.S. 8political efforts s in countries understood and appreciated. And leadership meat--run by various cooperative organiza- can be influenced far more easily than is tlona and funded by AID threatened with Insurgency, where sensltty- Training g of trade union leadership- Ity to U.0. Involvement Is displaced by more commonly believed. demo- Third, then, we need to encourage demo- through the sAIFLD upport ar with joint labor-man- urgent conslsoms. cratlc leadership. Training opportunities for agement suupport and AID Sunda Fifth, AID should sponsor a new institute all levels of political leadership should be to be termed a Center for Democratic Devel- Coutnnmity development projects' under { opment to carry on those activities which the created, both in-country training and at U.S. AID or regionsi institutes. Educational development 'abroad under government finds difficult to do directly. Such training sometimes may be more public and private sponsorship This Center might have a small, full-time effective without U.B. personnel participating. U.S. military training with its emphasis on . board which includes at least one repro- For example, in Latin Americ- there are many democratic values given to military person- rentative from each of the two major pout- democratic political leaders no longer in net of the developing nations Ical parties. Political party representation office. We should find ways through which Sister relationships between institutions would contribute useful understanding of these elder statesmen can inspire and teach such as states, cities, universities, etc. political dynamics and help insure within promising young people. The Peace Corps this country the acceptability of the Center's I am acquainted with one talented Ameri- 'T'raining of citizen leadership by groups work. can citizen who has been in political educa- such as'the League of Women Voters This Center should also have a full time tion work In Latin America. He has many Another moon why our activities are not director and staff to research 'and develop useful ideas. Outside of the CIA there is no felt to be Interference is that our political operating programs for the Center. Both place for him to work. Every other agency alms are consistent with those of the devel-' AID and the Center would continue to con- o in nations. They hold self-determination tract many activities to othc;.- groups such as disclaims responsibility for political develop- ment work. Yet there ar3 many places p g y universities and other nonfederal public and - as one of their highest principles. We seek private organizations. Sa.tclllto centers around the world where his efforts are badly to advance and protect that right, p needed, Self-determination is closely linked to the might be sp,.wned for rpcclal purposes or activities citi,or here or sbroad. Fourth, we need to esta-7lish more on- great ea of self-government. This is America's I re-emphasize that these are tentative going, personal links between people and Ing this heritage. principle, By we e can exploiting - groups in this country, anti political and ng n b be' and more proton potent , suggestions. :f a major responsibility for than the Communists in Influencin ollti-' political development is :9xcd somewhere, the. economic groups In the developing countries. g p possibilities will readily unfold. grievances We need non-governmental Ejnks with cal development. as The Cos exploit p What are some of the:,o csslbilltfes? cal leaders and movements built en mutual stepping stone one to to a rigid, p respect and understanding. These survive doctrinaire a a doctriire regime. Dotnocratically-oriented First, and perhaps most urgent we should leadership in a developing country can be provide an Institutional framework to absorb the stresses of fluctuating government-to- just as determined to alleviate grievances. and retain tits knowledge, experience and government relationships. These links serve I hope these objections can then be laid personnel who are now engaged In political multiple purposes. They provide a two-way aside. development ciforta In the crisis areas of the communication for better understanding and The recommendations which I shall make. world. What we learn in Vietnam must be exchange of ideas. They can be a vehicle for , about political development seek to answer , preserved and. expanded rap-n. At present recommending politically orlc rated youth who' two questions: Who should take the re- we have no means of insuring that we build would benefit from outside training. They ,eponsl.bility for an increased effort, and what on the lessons of the part. One of the aim- can be a conduit for aid witch strengthens direction should these efforts take? pleat lessons, for examp',e, seems to be the political works such as help in research and value of language training. We should have communications. (An old mimeograph ma- The urgency of gaining competence in many, many people in training now learning ' chine can be essential to political communi- poilticnl work lunderscored by Vietnam,' f native languages and the skills which would cation.) They can Identify problems which' State wish to intensify When the President or the Secretary of add to our ability to be of help to a country, are creating political stresses, and articulate our efforts in Viet- I recognize that all countries must help the views.of nonruling groups. This linkage ham they can turn to our military estab-. themselves, and that there are limitations on should be with as many organized-groups no _ lishment They which trained and ready to serve.: ; what can be done from the outside. Too possible, Every organized group has politi- They can call upon n our AID people, already often these limitations are over-emphasized cal potential. In place and operating. But, as we are re- as reasons for doing nothing. The lessons of A friend of mine who has dune considerable minded so frequently, the problem is pri. earlier years to Vietnam should teach us that lecturing In South Asia observed in a recent madly a, Where do our leaders turn I at the very least we need civilians in the field report that while the USIS personnel in India. for operating competence- in the political who know first hand what is going on in ad- were quite familiar with university profcs- development field? Where in Washington. dition to the other contributions they can sore, none know the President of the Ali- is responsibility centered? Whatever com-, snake. This may be an expensive program, India Depressed Classes Asarcintlon who, lie. potence we may be developing under fire In. but the cost must be measured against the said, was a lawyer by profession and very In- -Vietnam, such as the work of General Lane-' eo million a day which we are now expending fluential among the Untouchables. He went dale, the back-up responslblllty In Wash- in Vietnam. on to point out that as a sociologist he was_ ington is obscure and diffuse. Second, we should do more to stimulate interested in more contact with locals, but . A country with the strosses of Vietnam organizations based on ocon'omio or comma- he felt that in a eubtlo sen63 and quite un- the lead a hhIghly Integrated t aho end charged which organ he nity interest. Whether the groups are co- consciously the USIS personnel tried to re- the lead i s taken by those ged with the operatives, credit unions, cam estno or nnl- duce his informal, persona contacts with political problem. A first class political of; zections, labor unions, or based on some other ' locals. These tendencies aottld be mini- fort- in such a country requires the same., self-help concept, they give experience in mlzed OT reversed It commt nicatlon at the careful planning, training, and organizing' democratic power. In short, these groups political level were someone's primary re- as our military efforts. I-can become lie source for popularly based, sponsiblllty. We must give some agency this operating, political movements, . In this same vein, I spoke recently with responsibility. h i The State t It Department shoulcl+ i A man hcading our Peace Corps in a Latin an executive director of a lr.cal party inst.- hi l S t l k t d o t to e t s no s assgnm men , a ro e s ea not ta o e t . American' country told me of the Corps' ex. Lute from a Latin American country. I asked -, with existing governments and provide re ports and annlysla. The State Department, perlence In community organization. He him about, his contacts with the political would continue to act over-all' said that traditionally Latins use a petition officers of the V.B. A'anbassy. He said that of course , policies within which Increased political de-.- tiro+-R? = ? '??t'+?? ,_?,...: vciopmcnt activities would operate. The Cie;. should?not.,be that agency, do, eplLO-it! 'current activities ld" tNef"}~bllttcal 1 3 ~old. Its covert nature inhibits the feed-~ae8 t4,ack from experlencq,~v,j,~ ~~j learning. It is comp6lkh~ 6 ea$e 2005/08/03: CIA-RDP71 B00364R000600170012-1 rent crises. Its name abroad unfortunately Page 3 Approved For Release 2005/08/03: CIA-RDP71 B00364R000600170012-1 0 -JUL, 13 1966 their tendency was not to comnncn1c Le ade- quately with political activists, although Ile had a good word to say about the number 2 political ofricer. lie pointed out that It would not be proper for an embassy official to sit through, their political meetings, but that a non-governmental person from the U.S. would be quite welcome. The means of accomplishing this linkage will vary. A nongovernment agency to needed, but it may have to be insulated even further, perhaps through a multi-national organization. For example, we might spon. sor a Center for Democratic Development for the Western Hemisphere located In Latin America and run jointly by us and Latin Americans. We may need separate non-gov. ernmental groups to establish links with dif? ferent political forces In the same country. We might, for example, want an organiza- tion here in the U.S.-non-government, of course-which works with the Christian Democrats throughout Latin America. At the same time, of course, we would expect other organizations to work with other po- litical parties. These links need some permanence even though individuals may come and go. To maintain these links would require money for travel, conferences, bulletins and periodi- cals and many other activities ordinarily typical of organization efforts. Fifth, we should encourage the develop- ment of local government consistent with the local culture. Local control over matter:; of local concern helps build support for the Idea of government. A pluralistic develop- ment In government can add stability to it society and encourages leadership to emerge and be tested. Sixth, we need to greatly expand existing programs of rural and urban development. Literacy, agriculture know-how, public nd- minlstration-all are skills needed for effec- tive government. I would also add i.htsa skills needed for the management of private enterprises and simple public speaking. small group leadership, and large assembly :non. agement skills. Much of this, of course, Is alrcadv cin, clone under the umbrella of eeonon, - aid, We need to do more. Why should be do all this? Political de- velopment work would pay enormou! divi- dends to us as a nation. I have just suggested several politic; t. de- velopu11ent activities that we could c;:;ga;,e In. Each of these rests upon assumn.,;ons about how nations grow toward political sta- bllity, If every program were undertaken as a soundly researched experiment, we would rapidly advance our basic knowledge n.:hout how things happen in the emerging world. Perhaps Congress could be brought In on the ground floor of this educational process. This 89th Congress elected roughly 100 new members, Suppose that our Center for Democratic Development had a program for these new members. Each would hike a single developing country, study it lneen- i'elvely and visit it, Over a period of years, we might well get a Congress with a greatly strengthened appreciation of the problems of the developing world, of U.S. policies to. ward them, and of their future needs. One of the biggest problems we face on the Hill today is winning support for the AID program, A better understanding of an AID program would be a natural by-product of Congressmen's assignments to a developing country. These educational advances will be wel- come. But may I emphasize that I am sug- gesting that we go forward with a massive program of political development activities. based on what we now can see is needed. We cannot afford to rely on a mystical faith that political Institutions underlying stable nations wily come into. existence automati? Approved For Release 2005/08/03: CIA-RDP71 B00364R000600170012-1 cally or by chance, everywhere In the world. Our own country has Produced able, trained people in vast numbers'of civil action groups, labor unions, charitable orgaulza- tions, political parties, trade associations, social groups, and local governments. With great care we can put this reservoir of politi- cal skill to use In other countries. These people can share themselves, and their Ideas and skills abroad, as we have already used, economic, educational, administrative, and military technicians. The dividends to us as a nation will be enormous. Some may argue that people and Ideas are not very tangible weapons in this modern world. I would counter they are the most effective weapons. I ask you to consider why the picture of Lafayette, a Frenchman, flanks the Speaker's dais in ' the House Chambers.. People and Ideas have made this country, the oldest. democracy in the world., People and Ideas can contribute greatly to the emergence of democratic Instltutlons around the world. ,>. Thank you,.. Approved For Release 2005/08/03 : CIA-RDP71 B00364R000600170012-1 Approved For Release 2005/08/03 : CIA-RDP71 B00364R000600170012-1