[REMARKS OF B. F. COGGAN DECEMBER 18, 1968] THE COMING THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIVILIZATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP71R00510A000200100001-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 20
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 6, 2004
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 18, 1968
• Content Type: STATEMENT

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Remarks of B. F. Coggan
Vice President - Marketing
Aerospace and Systems Group
North American Rockwell
Anaheim Management Club
Anaheim Convention Center
December 18, 1968
THE COMING THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIVILIZATION
Mr. Chairman, honored guests, and members of Autonetics Anaheim
Management Club: - This is one evening I don't mind spending away from
home; I have looked forward to this opportunity to be with you.
Your organization, working within its guideposts of unity, dignity,
fellowship, and education, has accomplished much that is good. Your
activities have accrued to the benefit of the company as well as your own
membership. You have a large place and stake in mankind's future.
So I feel a deep sense of honor at being asked to participate in your
meeting tonight.
Before addressing my subject "The Coming Three-Dimensional
Civilization, " I'd like to relate the experience of another speaker whose
subject was no less provoking: According to the Times, a gentleman
who was to speak to the management club of a large Los Angeles firm
was not sure what was expected of him after he happened to see the program
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announcement. "In order to properly appreciate the speaker's message,"
the announcement read, "the officers encourage you to join them beforehand
in the cocktail lounge--for an "attitude adjustment" period. (That couldn't
have been this Management Club, or this large Los Angeles firm. )
In any case, I hope you didn't forego that part of your program--for
your own sake--. It may take a little attitude adjustment on your part
to live with the idea that in spite of all our concern over aviation law, the
control of the air over our boundaries, the possibility of living 6, 000 feet
under the seas--we really live in a two-dimensional civilization. All our
traffic, our business, our good works, and our wars are oriented to
directions that can be plotted on flat maps according to the points of a
mariner's compass.
And what I want to talk about is the coming three-dimensional
civilization in space.
Just as men now live in communities established on land masses
separated by oceans, in the new civilization men will live in communities
established on controlled-environment space platforms or spheres
separated by space oceans.
The concept of orbiting space stations thoughtfully stocked with
creature comforts so that men can live in a shirt-sleeve environment
has already made the logical progression in the minds of reasonable men
to a concept of "space communities." Architectural units of the
communities are envisioned as enormous spheres made of some
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new plastic and inflated much like today's experimental inflated houses
and furniture. "Activity centers" will be made up of connected
structures, and "space scooters" will replace the family car between
the centers and residences.
We must recognize that there will be need for much the same
services and supplies we demand on earth. Living in space, we may do
a lot of things we never did before, but we will continue to do a lot of the
old things too: Babies will be born in space. There will evolve generations
of space people. Visualize if you can, a space family about to send its
oldest son on a trip to Earth to visit the unbelievable home world of his
ancestors. There will be some attitude adjustment then, believe me, when
they try to explain how any civilization can exist in only two dimensions.
Our life science people have given thought to what may happen to
the physical space man. Rapid evolution of man may take place. His
habit patterns will have to change; his nervous system will adapt to a
new tempo of coordination. Even his physical structure could change;
we may see skeletal and muscular alteration, perhaps degeneration,
as the physical loads on these systems diminish due to prolonged
weightlessness. Man may not need so much sleep, and he will probably
live longer, thanks to the reduced physical strains on his bodily systems.
Certainly many of man's current ailments, brought on by the infections
and contagions of our earth and atmosphere, will disappear in the
controlled environment of space living. Think how weightlessness
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could help a surgeon, by removing the gravitational pumping loads
on the patient's heart, eliminating tissue sag, etc.
There is the story of a little girl in an elevator, who accidentally
swallowed her strawberry jawbreaker, and it lodged in her windpipe.
The operator's natural reaction was to head for the ground floor at top
speed- -practically a free fall--and in the brief period of near weightlessness,
the candy floated free, and the girl breathed. The examining doctor
remarked that there were times in every operation when he wished
he could have his patient in that elevator, just to cancel out the pressure
of gravity on the vital organs.
In a weightless environment a patient could recuperate faster from
a heart attack because his heart wouldn't need to pump so hard to keep the
blood circulating. How many of us with pinched-nerve and slipped-disc
trouble have wished we could relieve the skeletal compression by simply
floating around weightless. These things and much, much more are
all part of the long-range planning of the thinkers in the field of aerospace
medicine.
In this connection Krafft Ehricke, one of the several world-renowned
scientists at North American Rockwell, has visualized a 150-bed hospital,
assembled in space, and held in stationary orbit. It would have several
wings radiating from a central hub, and they would resemble gigantic,
hollow ladders, each rung constituting a specialized ward. Varying
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degrees of artificial gravity could be created by varying speeds of
rotation of these ladder-rung structures. We have recently had a
man's life saved by exposing him to such controlled rotational force
to move a bullet from a vulnerable part of his brain to a safe soft
tissue resting placel
Krafft has also worked out some detailed proposals for
utilizing space for pleasure in the 1990's. He calculated that a space hotel
could return a 7% profit charging $80 per day per room. A round trip
would cost you $10 per pound, which might be quite an incentive for weight
watchers. At the space hotel, you could step from your artificial-gravity
room into a complex of zero-gravity rooms for recreation. For example,
there would be a large enclosure called a Dynarium in which vacationers
would move about in three dimensions, like fish in water, gently floating
and tumbling and rolling in circulating air currents, or darting from wall
to wall, protected from injury by nets and rubber linings--a kind of three-
dimensional trampoline. In another big room there would be three-
dimensional tennis--with the net in the form of a spiderweb with a hole in
the center, the ball to be batted through the hole from any direction. Outside
there might be facilities for space excursion boats or for walks in space
suits with tethers.
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Our recent Apollo 7 flight has now given us an insight into new
physical phenomena in weightlessness. Liquids assume a perfect
spherical form--with their surface tension being much more a shaping
function than on earth. Bubbles of liquid don't "bounce. " Bubbles of
air or other gases can be uniformly distributed or suspended inside
liquids of all densities. We can probably make sponge-like, lightweight
metals of all kinds. Differences in specific gravities will no longer
be troublesome in mixing liquids, making uniform alloy metals, etc.
We now have a whole new physical factor capability that will enable man
to make lighter metals, perfect spherical ball bearings, and many other
new and better things for mankind. Truly, we will have "space factories"
with capabilities far beyond our comprehension of today.
As the whole new concept of space transportation develops,
eventually the most valuable of all functions of a man-made island
in space may be as a way station for interplanetary spacecraft. Just as
the air age created the need for airports, so will the space age require
manned cosmodromes in orbit around the earth. A hydrogen-fueled shuttle
ship could rocket up from the earth, dock at the station's hangar, and
discharge passengers through a telescoping airlock into a waiting room,
while rocket ship service personnel (we could hardly call them "ground
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crew") would prepare the vehicle for the return trip. They would
swarm about the ship in all posture attitudes, like divers around a
submarine, and wearing space suits fitted with a device like North
American Rockwell's "EVA" or extra vehicular activity system.
Fantastic ? Of course. But a dream? Not anymore.
When Tennyson ". . . dipped into the future, far as human eye could
see, " when he ".. . saw the heavens fill with commerce" and ". . . the
nations' airy navies grappling in the central blue, " he was only describing
a truly prophetic dream ahead of his time. The scoffers could hardly be
blamed; their technology hadn't gone beyond sailing ships.
But we have seen the Apollo !
We know it is our link with tomorrow in space. The Apollo
will become our workhorse spacecraft. Before new designs are laid
down, Apollo will have been modified, remodified, used, and reused in
varying combinations of its component modules with other space
equipment.
Speaking of existing and projected hardware, let's look at some of
the ideas that have come up: For one, a renovated command module could
be reused as an earth-orbiting laboratory. It would be carried aloft, along
with its associated equipment, in the "garage" where the lunar landing
vehicle is normally carried on Apollo moon missions.
As you know, Apollo was designed to carry three men. A six-man
configuration, which would be structurally identical to the three-man version,
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could be utilized to transport personnel to and from space stations and bases
on the moon. We can also visualize multiple units, joined together in space
by a "multiple docking adapter. "
A proposed future system concept envisions the use of a spent S-IVB,
the third stage of the Saturn booster, as an earth-orbiting workshop. A
docking adapter would provide for transfer of material and equipment from
the Apollo taxi without depressurization. The docking adapter would have
multiple stations to permit attachment of more than one Apollo taxi or to
accommodate other equipment such as an astronomical telescope.
Another idea being studied is to place in a low orbit not only the space-
craft and the third stage but the Saturn S-II second stage as well.
This could be done by uprating the simplified J-2S engine to 265, 000 pounds
of thrust. The 38, 000-cubic-foot interior of the S-II's liquid hydrogen tank
would more than triple the usable volume available in the S- IVB. Various
uses are visualized, including equipment and parts storage, shop installations,
accommodations for plants and animals employed in scientific experiments,
and- -conceivably- -a centrifuge that could provide artificial gravity and give
astronauts some respite from zero-g conditions.
These concepts are not just casual ideas pulled out of the air. As
long ago as 1963 our company conducted an independent study of "Self-
Deploying Space Station Orbital Support Requirements, " and gave it to
NASA. It became the basis for a number of requests for proposals.
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Apollo is our starting point, but we will ultimately need some other
kind of spacecraft in which to shuttle back and forth between the station and
the earth. The requirement is for a plane that will take off conventionally
and rocket into space. On the return trip, it would enter the atmosphere
and land, as our engineers say, "in dignity, without splashing!' on land.
So far as our competition goes, there is no doubt that the
USSR intends to put space stations into orbit. In 1966 their technical journals
indicated that the Soviets had already begun to build components of a permanent
orbiting space station that might hold a crew of 30. This possibility is
reasonably well supported by what the Soviets have already accomplished.
In 1965 Russia orbited two monster spacecraft called Protons, each
as heavy as a Greyhound bus (about 13 tons). Protons would make an
excellent first generation space station. Five such vehicles could be
assembled in space into a doughnut-shaped cabin ample for the necessary
life-support systems, sanitation facilities, and working space for a
relatively large Russian crew.
We have the technology now. We have much of the essential
hardware; you might say that with multiple Apollo or Gemini spacecraft
docked together, we would have an "instant space station. " But such
projects must wait until funds are available. And when they are available,
can the expenditure be justified?
I think it can!
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Manned stations in space can serve a variety of purposes. As
laboratories, they can make possible the conduct of studies and experiments
in virtually all the scientific disciplines--in the space environment. They
can make possible an ever-increasing ability to control weather as well as
to forecast it, and this implies flood control. As observation posts for
studying the earth, they can enable us to improve harvests all over the world,
predict their yields, wipe out crop diseases, attack air and water pollution,
and locate and inventory mineral and marine resources. One recent
example of this was the discovery that a chromium deposit in the south-
eastern Egyptian desert was about four times larger than it had been mapped,
the evidence being seen in the dark rock complexes discernible in a picture
taken from space. Such capabilities alone will ultimately justify all the
cost of our space effort.
Plans are on drawing boards for a rocket launching station on the
moon, and for various systems to exploit lunar resources. The Surveyor
moon probes have detected traces of magnesium, aluminum, nickel, and
other minerals on the lunar surface. These may prove useful in
construction projects there. Some researchers think the moon can even
provide its own water supply, either in the form of water-bearing minerals
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or permafrost. Studies indicate we could build a nuclear-fueled power plant
on the moon to generate electricity, which could then be used to break water
down into oxygen and hydrogen to support life. General Electric estimates
than 5, 500 gallons of such water would supply enough liquid oxygen or liquid
hydrogen fuel to drive a lunar surface vehicle around the moon a dozen times.
The cost of producing that much fuel on the moon is expected to be about
one million dollars.
Another requirement will be a system for mass transportation to the
moon by low-cost nuclear ferries. Such a system is being studied now.
Scientists say it could be used over and over again for as many as 50 round
trips. With this reusability, the eventual cost of maintaining a moon station
is estimated at roughly a million dollars per man per year.
And at that price, it would be a breeze--if only we could eliminate the
cost of continuous war.
Over the past years of our nation's space efforts, the Defense Depart-
ment has avoided duplicating the work of NASA. However, military
personnel have monitored or participated in our civilian space program;
most of the astronauts, for example, are military officers.
Taken together, NASA and DoD space programs are gradually becoming
a single, integrated national program. There are many joint studies including
reviews of all findings on earth orbital vehicles, communication satellites,
weather satellites, instrumentation networks, control centers and so on.
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There are formal agreements to exchange research and technology, and to
cooperate on satellite geodesy, gravity gradient tests, and other projects.
An agency of our Government, the Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordination
Board, coordinates all this work.
We should assume, therefore, that among the early space stations will
be some that are joint ventures of NASA and the Defense Department,
carrying mixed crews of scientists and military astronauts.
Well, what about the military potential? It's there. We may as well
look at it. After all, the same human nature that makes national interest
such a driving force on earth turns space objectives into extensions of
earth objectives.
As I see it, the military potential of space relates to three general
categories: (1) information handling, (2) firepower effectiveness, and
(3) flexibility in application of weapon system characteristics.
The advantages that space offers in the areas of global information
retrieval and transmission are being exploited logically by the communication
utilities; its ability to improve military command control is obvious.
This advantage leads to another: firepower effectiveness. Improved
command control and faster information handling mean better timing and
accuracy--in short, greater weapon effectiveness.
And the third point is flexibility in application of weapon system
characteristics, and this calls for a set of advanced energy-conversion
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systems that complement each other. The extensive use of nuclear power
is implicit here, and it is significant to note that the application of nuclear
fusion to mobile systems is simpler in space than on earth.
New "energy projection" weapons will evolve, with high maneuverability
and with completely new destruction characteristics.
Also, it may be almost an understatement to say that the balance of
world power will be profoundly influenced by the use of nuclear and/or
thermonuclear power in space just as it was in times past by the use of
global sea power.
A nation having three-dimensional civilization, being a superpower
on earth and having mobility in space, would have more far-flung interests,
would have a passion to defend these interests and the military capability
to do so, and would have the potential depth to absorb the shock of a global
nuclear conflict. It is in this sense that "staying power" in space will emerge
as a decisive factor in prevailing on this planet.
Conversely, the stabilizing effect on world peace of a responsible
power having this kind of staying power can hardly be overestimated.
We're speaking of the technological prospects for civilization,
rather than its destruction, so let's drop the weapons talk.
The peaceful objectives of interspace power transmission may cover
a wide variety of tasks, including periodically recharging the battery tanks
of unmanned spacecraft by laser beam transmission, thereby eliminating
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the easily detectable and damageable solar arrays; supplying continuous
power to unmanned primary spacecraft; and eventually even powering
secondary spacecraft, (giving them maneuverability without a significant
onboard power source). Pointing such laser power beams accurately
is obviously a problem, but not an insurmountable one.
Meanwhile, photo reconnaissance vehicles have already been sent to
Mars and Venus by both the U. S. and USSR. Next year NASA plans to
launch two more. But the improvement since the 1965 Mars probe is
almost unbelievable; the new spacecraft will transmit photographs to
Earth in 60 seconds, as compared with 8 hours. They will reveal surface
features as small as 100 feet, as compared with the mile-wide features
of the 1965 pictures. Newly developed advanced film emulsions will
provide photos of much higher resolution.
In 1971, if funding is available, two more Mariners similar to the
1969 spacecraft will be launched into an orbit around Mars to send back
steady streams of pictures and data. Scientists consider such continuous
observation essential because Mars, unlike the moon, shows significant
changes on its surface during the long Martian year of 687 days.
The next step, planned for 1973, will be Project Viking, which will
send unmanned spacecraft to Mars in an orbiter/lander configuration
aboard a Titan III-D/Centaur rocket. Two missions are planned and will
be launched 10 days apart. Near the planet, the spacecraft will separate
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into a soft-landing capsule, not unlike a Surveyor, and an orbiter
spacecraft of the Mariner Mars 1971 type. While descending, these
automated capsules will make direct measurements of Mars' atmosphere.
Once on the surface, the lander uses television cameras to scan the
landscape, and will activate some really strange instruments to test
their surroundings.
One such instrument that could be used is an automatic device
called Gulliver, which can shoot out lengths of sticky cord and reel
them back in to be dipped into a nutrient broth, tagged with radioactive
carbon. If the cord has picked up any Martian organisms, they should
grow on the nutrient and give off radioactive carbon dioxide detectable
by a Geiger tube. The whole story will be telemetered back to earth.
Another device, called Diogenes, would carry two materials, luciferin
and luciferase, the source of light in fireflies, which would glow with a
detectable light if they encountered any adenosine triphosphate, the universal
energy-releasing compound found in terrestrial life.
Still another device is the Multivator, invented by the Nobel Prize
winner Joshua Lederberg. It would vacuum up Martian dust into chambers
containing various substances to determine whether there are any Martian
enzymes to activate certain basic biochemical reactions known on earth.
Also proposed are automatic, miniaturized mass spectrometers to
analyze rocks or soil for chemical constituents.
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The next step would logically be manned flyby missions around Mars
and back to Earth. Several years ago NASA awarded our company a study
contract to investigate the best methods and hardware for performing manned
Mars and Venus flybys, making maximum use of existing Apollo/Saturn
systems. Our studies supported the feasibility of such a 700-day mission
in the late 1970's. It would take four or five Saturn V rockets to lift the
equipment needed into earth orbit, there to be assembled into a space-staging
base for the Mars operation. The concept called for an uprated Saturn
booster to fire a modified second stage of the Saturn V into orbit with its
load of hydrogen fuel. There the stage would rendezvous and dock with
a waiting spacecraft. Then liquid oxygen tankers, also waiting in orbit,
would transfer their oxygen to the hydrogen-powered stage, which would
launch the spacecraft toward Mars or Venus.
And what about a manned landing on Mars ? This involves a mission
of an entirely different magnitude from any previously contemplated.
Obviously, aerospace engineers think it can be done. In fact, NASA's
Advanced Manned Missions group has been planning such a voyage since
1962, through many small preliminary studies.
The NASA group estimates that a Mars expedition will become a
possibility by the early 1980's. The spacecraft for this mission would
be capable of sustaining a crew of 9 to 12 men for as long as three years.
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It would be designed and equipped to make detailed scientific observations
in interplanetary space and in orbit around a planet. This means a much
bigger payload, which in turn, demands a much more powerful booster than
anything now available.
But we are making fantastic advances in propulsion. With a new
aerospike rocket engine being developed, we expect to quadruple the lifting
power of the Saturn V. A nuclear-powered upper stage is scheduled for
testing in the 1970's. So the Saturn could send men to Mars.
Looking further ahead, NASA laboratories are already exploring
various systems for nonchemical propulsion. Plasma power promises
eventually to play an important role. The form of matter that physicists
call plasma consists of electrically charged particles that push and tug
at one another while darting about at furious speed. The energy inherent
in this speed makes most plasmas far hotter than any known chemical
flame. Because they are so much hotter and can be accelerated by
electromagnetic fields, plasmas can deliver far more energy per pound
than chemical fuels.
Several kinds of plasma engines have been built and tested, but it
is unlikely that any will be made big enough to lift a space vehicle off the
earth. The plasma engine will take over in space and accelerate the
vehicle gently but steadily for weeks or months, maybe eventually at
close to the speed of light.
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In the study of electric propulsion, NASA has estimated the weight
saving over chemical propulsion for an eight-man expedition to Mars.
Both electric and chemical systems would start with a huge space ship,
up to 600 feet long, assembled in orbit with a payload of 100 tons. The
chemical space ship would have to weigh 1, 200 tons in all; the electric
ship would weigh only one-sixth as much.
However, long leadtimes are needed to put together these vast
projects, and planning must be done years in advance. As space
programs become bigger and more complex, a 6- to 10-year leadtime
seems inevitable.
But you can be sure that the men who have one eye on the moon
have the other fixed well beyond it, on the rest of the solar system.
Not since Galileo poked the first "optik tube" at the sky in 1609
has there been such an opening of windows on the universe as there has
been in this first decade of space exploration.
Rockets in deep space have sent back tantalizing hints that there
may be new forms of matter to be discovered. Today we know beyond
doubt that space is filled with interacting forces and energies. In one
constellation of our own galaxy is a huge source of x-rays, undetectable
from earth, but about 1, 000 times more intense than those from the sun.
And in the distant galaxies, we have detected other inexplicably enormous
sources of energy, many times greater than any thermonuclear processes
known on earth. Astronomers have detected radio emissions from five
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remote objects that literally defy description. Known only as quasi-
stellar radio sources, or quasars for short, they are neither stars nor
galaxies. They are one hundred times brighter than our whole galaxy.
All this leads physicists to expect the discovery of entirely new
principles for generating tremendous power and for transmitting and
converting it. Consequently, our program of space probes has moved
from small satellites fitted for a single mission into a new generation
of big, advanced, flying-boxcar projectiles crammed with instruments
for broad-scale attacks on big areas of intergalactic space.
Ultraviolet, gamma ray, and x-ray instruments may well reveal
entirely new and perhaps revolutionary aspects of the universe.
Experiments planned for advanced satellites and for a lunar base include
investigations of huge clouds of hydrogen floating between stars,
runaway galaxies, galaxies in collision, exploding stars--and even the force
of gravity.
For more than 10 years the world has been getting used to the idea
that men are going to explore the universe. The prophecies of the early
pioneers of astronautics have come true so many times, since the first
rockets climbed into space, that few people disbelieve the prophets now.
For all the spectacular advances made in the first decade of the Space Age,
the frontiers have barely been breached. But soon man will look at earth
for the first time with his feet planted on the surface of another celestial
body.
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The power to reach the planets is almost within our grasp. Just
as the mariners of the 15th century started an unstoppable process of
exploration, the spacemen of the 20th and 21st centuries will go on and
on. Man stands on the brink of space, preparing for the greatest adventure
in all of his history.
To cope with the problems of a three-dimensional civilization,
man must become three dimensional in his thinking and understanding.
We need "big" men who can bury the day's petty problems in favor of
gaining a whole new universe for man tomorrow.
You and I are part of the mechanism to bring this all about.
Let's be sure we rise to the task--for our company--our country--
and all mankind.
Thank you.
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