CHARGES AGAINST TRAN NGOC CHAU

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP73B00296R000500080016-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 18, 2005
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: February 27, 1971
• Content Type: OPEN

-S266-6
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE February 27, 1970
and buyers of insurance policies-which "The proper functioning of the interna- inflation, though no completely in 1970. In-
means most of us. But it is not enough to tional monetary system is wholly dependent nation is no more inevitable that Vietnam,
say all this. All of us would prefer a rela- upon a sound and relatively stable dollar. and it is much easier to see the solution: as
tively stable price level just because we Our continued inflation at home threatenp tough a budget as Congress will permit and
would prefer it; but would we inflict some that stability. Without a stable dollar, world a sharp limitation on the growth of money
extra weeks of unemployment on hundreds trade as we know it today would not be pos- and credit. But each man-and especially the
of thousands of our fellow citizens in order sible,... This is the one circumstance I can President-must decide for himself whether
to get it? foresee that could cause a worldwide reces- the price (unemployment and some severe
There are considerations that go beyond sion or even a depression. We ourselves could business losses) is worth paying. If we are
the immediate problems of the aged, the poor not escape such a phenomenon. Therefore, it to stop inflation, it will have to be paid.
and buyers of insurance. In one recent is urgently in our own interest to so conduct
month, for instance, more than 20 state and our monetary and fiscal affairs that we put
local governments were unable to sell bonds an end to the current inflation as rapidly as CHARGES AGAINST TRAN NGOC
to finance desirable improvements because possible." CHAD
the interest rate was too high for them. Mr. Dillon, incidentally, also said that we
And the interest rate was high because of would "have to pay a noticeable penalty" to Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. 'President,
inflation. stop inflation, including "more unemploy- yesterday we learned of the latest chap-
In the last a year, the nation annual rate of hous- ment than we would like and smaller profits ter in the case of the Vietnamese legis-
ing starts rapidly approaching for business than is pleasant." lator, Tran Ngoc Chau. On Monday Chau
the point of housing shortage has fallen And there is one more reason to feel a
from 2 million to 1,3 million. Why? Because sense of urgency about ending inflation: It was sentenced by a military tribunal to
of inflation's impact on interest rates as well has been a primary cause of the financial 20 years at hard labor, ostensibly beca ecause
as on other elements of construction. crisis of the cities. An enormous portion of of contacts with his brother, a North
in the autumn of 1969, absolutely sound local governments' expenditures go to wages Vietnamese intelligence agent, which he
public utilities and telephone companies and salaries; in an inflationary economy, the did not report to the South Vietnamese
were paying close to 9 per cent interest to cities have had no choice but to give large allbhorities. On Thursday Chau was
sell bonds that were needed to keep our pay increases to teachers, policemen and sub- taken by the police from the National
country going, and some of the bonds did not way motormen; and revenues, based in good Assembly Building in Saigon to jail.
sell. There has been no collapse yet, but if part on local property taxes, have not risen The charges against Chau are re-
inflation continues-and such lenders as in- proportionately. This financial crisis is a
surance companies and pension funds con- much bigger obstacle to social progress than garded by many as a transparent pretext
tinue to insist (legitimately) on higher and a small rise in unemployment. for silencing one of the most outspoken
higher interest rates-one day the utilities Back to the President. No man can say for critics of the Thieu regime. The manner
and many others may not be able to raise certain how he-or the Federal Reserve, in which Chau's immunity was lifted
capital at all. And 90 per cent of the long- which is largely independent-will face up to and his trial conducted raises serious
term capital in this country is raised through the agony of 1970. The guess here is that he questions regarding President Thieu's at-
bonds, not through the stock market, de- means what he says, which signifies that titude toward the Vietnamese Constitu-
spite its charisma and public attention. when things slow down the Government will
Troubled men are worried about such be very cautious about letting demand ex- tion and the j respect tlfiCatisu for continued
things. The financial markets have been pand rapidly again. It signifies that a fairly respe or Support for the
swept by a dangerous disease called "infla- prolonged slowdown will be accepted as the Thieu government.
tionary expectations." The result is higher only way to kilt the inflation and, even more, For the benefit of those who may not
interest rates for the home buyer (who must inflationary expectations. have followed the most recent develop-
pay 8 per cent or more for a mortgage) as McCracken, the chairman of the Council ments in the Chau case may I point out
well as the electric company. The financial of Economic Advisers, has told businessmen that the petition used to justify the lift-
actions and inter-actions involved in this that after the "valley" of a severe slowdown ing of Chau's parliaments immunit
are complex, and even economists and bank- this year, demand will not again be permit- r3' Y
ers do not pretend to understand all of them. ted to rise as rapidly as in the last four in- is apparently of dubious constitutional-
There is little doubt, however, that infla- flationary years. This means that when ity. Two appeals on this point are Pend-
tion is at the root of what is happening to policy, particularly monetary policy, is at ing before the Vietnamese supreme
interest rates and to the bond market; and last eased, it will not switch as in the past court. These appeals apparently should
there is little doubt that developments in to one of pumping up the economy at a have entitled Chau to freedom pending
both areas imply real danger. rapid rate. If the Government means what it decision. Furthermore, the authenticity
Sidney Homer of the Wall Street firm of says, we may be in for a sluggish economy of some signatures on the petition has
Salomon Bros. & Hutzler, a historian of well into 1971.
American finance, points out the problem: The President's economic report to Con- been challenged. At least one Vietnamese
"Under Johnson, the policy of 'no reces= gress predicts a fiat economy for the first half deputy is reported to have declared red be-
be
sion ever' became explicit and was widely of this year, making three quarters of no fore the trial that his signature had been
accepted by economists, both of the left and growth, with some rise in unemployment. forged and another has apparently asked
of the right, and by a large preponderance of Though the strategy palls for a resumption that his name be withdrawn from the
businessmen. This naturally touched off a of the rise in demand, and hence growth, petition. Even if the constitutionality of
capital-goods boom. Prices and costs started in the second half, the rise is to "moderate" the petition procedure is upheld, since
to rise after years of stability.... Finally, in so as to be "consistent with continued the petition requires the signatures of a
recent years, civil disorders and social-reform progress in reducing the rate of inflation." majority of the members of the assembly
proposals have seemed to provide an even And even this expansion is not guaranteed;
more positive assurance that recessions will unemployment could easily be a persistent be effective, the elimination of these
be politically unacceptable at any time ever problem all through 1970. two names would mean that the petition
and at any cost.... Such an assured point of If one agrees that there is no dobut about would not suffice to lift Chau's immunity.
view is entirely novel, and I believe it is the Mr. Nixon's present intentions, what about I should add that it has been widely re-
basis for the expectations of unending infla- the 1970 elections? What about "political ported that several of the other signa-
tionary prosperity which have developed over pressure" as unemployment creeps up? titres on the petition were obtained by
the last three years. These expectations are Here again, there are some widespread as- threats and bribery.
basically responsible for our high rate of in- sumptions that may be wrong. Economic is. Mr. Chao was apparently tried and
flation and our capital market distortions." sues, including unemployment, can be im- sentenced without benefit of counsel. Ac-
Why lend your money-which is what buy- portant, but they invariably make up only cording to a story by Mr. Robert G.
ing a bond is-if inflation is going to erode part of a cluster of issues. If the President is Kaiser in Wednesday's Washington Post,
the interest return? No one can be sure that making progress in extricating the country
capital will dry up in this country. But in a from Vietnam, that could easily swamp al- the tribunal was unexpectedly convened
real sense it has dried up elsewhere-in Bra- most anything that is happening in the an hour earlier than its normal start-
zil, for example, a country that is as old as economy. For at worst 94 or 95 out of every lug time with the result that Mr. Chau's
we are, that has perpetual inflation and that 100 of us in the labor force will still be work- attorney had no opportunity to present
is very poor. If investment patterns in the ing. There might even be some progress on his case. Mr. Kaiser reported that the
United States change markedly because of in- the inflation front by late 1970, which would court accepted, without
flation, it is likely that we shall all be poorer, make the Administration case a good deal question, the
Another reason to feel a little frightened more attractive. Prosecution's suggestions for punish-
about continued inflation is, in a sense, as In any event, there will be pressure, in ment.
intangible as bonds and interest rates; it is part political. The President says, at least, As I explained on an earlier occasion,
the international monetary system. Douglas that he has made his choice: that the policy the circumstances of the Chau case seem
Dillon, the former Democratic Secretary of of stopping inflation must go on, even to show that President Thieu's charges
the Treasury, had some words in early De- though it causes pain. If he means it, he can, against Chau are politically motivated.
cember that are at least worth noting: with the help of the Federal Reserve, stop Furthermore, it appears that the Amer-
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Febmary 27, 1970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
ly restrictive so that they cause a certain
amount of pinching and binding and a cer-
tain amount of pain"
There is no point in going further. If
these are not truths, all the textbooks will
have to be rewritten. William McChesney
Martin Jr., who has just retired as chairman
of the Federal Reserve Board, says simply:
"You can change the nature of demand and
alter the composition of supply, but you
can't abolish the law of supply and demand.
This is a law we must reckon with always."
Though the Government has been working
for almost a year through its fiscal and
monetary policy to slow the growth of de-
mand, it took a long time for the economy to
show any results. But by the end of the year
there was not much room for doubt; all the
indicators were showing the same thing,
slowdown. The effects on the price level were
still almost invisible, but that was always
true this early in the game. Thefe remained,
however, a legitimate question of whether
the slowdown in demand and output would
last long enough to do any good.
There are those who think that it will not.
Such men as Pierre Rinfret, the flamboyant
business consultant, believe that the econ-
omy-and, with it,. prices and wages-will
go right on booming this year. There is some
ground for this skepticism.
It has to do primarily with the American
political process and the way Government ex-
penditures and revenues are determined.
Even before Mr. Nixon started the final stages
of his budget-making process these things
had happened:
Soc;'.al Security benefits had been in-
b
15 percent
y
crease
-- --
The income-tax surcharge was uue o ex- -?----- --
Dire--partly a decision by the President, but faced with a situation eq ivalent to that a rise in thee national unemployment rate
.w... aa..,,.,.. reA +1114 h1AAA_ -A ep* from A war rant. is by it-
a decision maae in the weary a~sUruiicv -aeu Ing was not, after all, the bes cure for dis- self, likely to increase social unrest-or in-
Congress would never e extend it, as all ease. There is no evidence yet, at we need
the e Congressional leaders s s said. deed the basic social-racial problem. It may,
The tax reform and reduction bill, while be concerned on this score; the istory of but it may not. We have no reason for assum-
puttiiig off most revenue loss until later the postwar period shows that estraint ing, a priori, that it will. To make that as-
years, was due to reduce collections some- works. sumption is the equivalent of assuming that
what (beyond the expiration of the sur- Who gets hurt when restraint does ork? fat corporation profits or union-induced
charge) in calendar 1970 and fiscal 1971. Here some figures are necessary. Joh F. wage increases are the cause of inflation.
The uncontrollable items in the budget- Kennedy took office as President in Ja u- Mr. Okun and others are quite right in
such things as interest on the debt, Medi- ary, 1961, at the bottom of the fourth po - pointing out that a rise in the unemploy-
recession (albeit a mild one) and at th ment rate creates real losses, even if it does
war
care and veterans' benefits-and probably the pay of Government workers as well, were end of four years of sluggish economic not add much to genuine "hardship" unem-
_ ..... growth (meaning. of course, sluggish demand Diovment. In the kind of slowdown we are
silo
Despite these, problems, thePresident has
managed to come u with a fairly credible were 1.6 million Americans who had-been out le who had held steady jobs may suffer five
budget of $200.8-billion showing a modest of work for 15 weeks or longer. eeks of unemployment during the year.
as we all know, the Govern- his will cut their income (and their spend-
Subsequently
,
surplus of $1,3-billion. Fiscal policy is hard-surplus
massively restrictive-and probably not meet gradually adopted a policy of stimu- ing-and, of course, inflation) ; it is no fun.
as restrictive as it ought to be. But the lating the economy, notably through the tax But one must choose. This is the only way to
budget is consistent wtih the basic strategy cut of 1964. The stiniulation was overdone, check inflation-to get the rate of price in-
of continued restraint on the economy. as we also all know, following the interven crease down from its present 6 per cent, as
Unfortunately, there is no assurance that tion in Vietnam. And that is why we ha measured by the consumer price index, to
But in late 1969 the number of as little as 2 per cent.
inflation
by the time Congress gets through the
. budget will still be showing a surplus. There unemployed who had been out of war for A final thought on this point is rele-
Is a growing feeling in Washington that a 15 weeks or longer was down to a roc ttom vant. Britain's unemployment rate, as a re-
rational fiscal policy verges on the impossible figure of a little more thna300..,QQ0 n a total suit of "austerity," has moved up from a
in the United States, given the diffused state labor force of more than 82 million. What is fairly stable 1.5 per cent of the labor force
of power and responsibility in Congress. The more, the modest rise in unemployment that to a fairly stable 2.5 per cent. Ten, or even
awareness that Congress in 1969 was acting occurred in 1969 as the policy of restraint five, years ago this would have been regarded
in a fairly inflationary fashion on both ex- began to have an effect has not changed the as a prescription for social, and certainly
penditures and revenues-and the resulting figure for the long-term unemployed-the political, disaster. In fact, there has been
belief that fiscal policy was beginning to hardship unemployed-so far. almost no outcry and the British economy is
soften-probably contributed to the business in a typical recent month, a total of 3 at last doing better.
community's decision to increase again this million people were unemployed. Who were Why is the price of added unemployment-
ear its investment in plant and equipment. they? even if it does not imply massive hardship-
This would not happen if business were con- Teen-agers seeking their first jobs. worth paying? Why not just take the in-
vinced that markets were going to be weaker Housewives looking for "second incomes" flation?
and stay weaker for some time to come. who have not yet found their first jobs since This is the hardest question of all for a
But despite concern about Congress, the re-entering the labor force. democracy to answer. What is more, it is
Machinery, auto or cannery workers who hard for the experts to answer. No man can
Administration's economic team is reason- have been laid off temporarily, most of whom say with total assurance that X will lead
ably confident that fiscal policy will be firm are receiving unemployment compensation. to Y-that the continuation of inflation will
enough this year to keep the policy of over- People who have moved and are seeking lead to some kind of truly massive hardship
all restraint on track. A major reason for employment in their new locations. or permanently reduced well-being.
the confidence is a conviction that monetary
policy is, if anything, more powerful than Finally, a relatively small minority who We are well aware that inflation hurts the
fiscal policy. Mr. Burns and his men can qualify as hardship cases because of the aged and others living on fixed incomes. We
keep monetary policy as tough as they want duration of their unemployment. all know that it hurts some of the poor
as long as they want, though this year will There are some interesting aspects to the (though some others, who get jobs or higher
probably see some relaxation of the severe figures. The 200,000 increase in the number pay as a result of a tight labor market, bene-,
restraint that characterized most of 1969. of unemployed from December, 1968, to De- fit). We all know that inflation hurts savers
S 2667
Herbert Stein, an owlish-looking, quietly cember, 1969, can be accounted for entirely
humorous man who is probably the leading by white workers. Through the figures for
economic intellectual in the Nixon Adminis- one or two months are not conclusive, Negro
tration, has begun to wonder aloud whether unemployment at the end of 1969 was at its
fiscal policy matters much at all. Stein, a lowest point in 17 years. Only 40 per cent of
member of the Council of Economic Advis- the 2.6 million people who were unemployed
ers, keeps pointing out that the budget in December, 1969, had lost their jobs; the
swung from a deficit of $25-billion in fiscal rest were new entrants or re-entrants into
1968 to a surplus of $3-billion in fiscal 1969, the labor force. Contrary to conventional be-
by far the biggest swing in modern history, liefs, widespread layoffs are not the common
and nothing much seemed to happen in the experience in modern America, nor are they
way of sharply checking the economy or its likely to be the common experience in a
inflation. Noting that there will be a far slowdown. It would be harder to get a job,
smaller shiftin the budget the other way but job losers would not necessarily increase
this year, but also noting that monetary much.
restraint continues, he remarks: It is true that there have been some lay-
"What is astonishing is that after the ex- offs in the automobile industry, and there
perience of the last year, thprospective will be others in the more cyclical manufac-
shift in the budget posifjes'i should be as.. turing industries. But less than 30 per cent
signed as much wei
appraising the look
The expiration P t
he su
the, case for
e
caution in
n
mean that he anti-infl
e
n
r
h
At snot
tion of th e policies wt
e
inflation _ There Is nc
e
tinuation the presei
e
c
P'> n
r
with anyt
s
restraint. certainty
t
about the sit and timl
restrictive fins
t
to the point of a erting
zero."
It is well at this p
evidence of history.
S
with a mild swing awa
budget, the policy, over
Stein is right. Even larly among teenagers, has been relatively -
rom restraint in the high all along. The riots occurred when un-
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February. 27, 1970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE
S2607
ican Embassy bears a measure of re- all the more understandable when one in the Senate. They were identical bills, and
sponsibility in this matter. Despite warn- notes that Chau blames the United were introduced on behalf of the Nixon Ad-
ings of Chau's intention to disclose. his States for the failure of the Paris nego- ministration, since the 1965 Act expires this
past relationships with Americans, and tiations. In the same interview quotedCoteAugust, the Administration sought to intro. 91 I know that there have been such rela- above, Chau said: Congress to Congress toripe permit enactment legiscy in ore t se
tionships, and despite recommendations
In the past the U.S. has proven its power existing law expired: This was a laudatory
ory
from some American officials that the through the evolution and shifts of power goal, and the Department's prompt sponsor-
Embassy assist Mr. Chau, mission ofifi- among the patriots and scoundrels among ship has permitted the Congress to move
cers have been ordered to keep hands- the leadership of the Vietnamese nation, and forward. Only Senate action is now required,
off the Chau case. The apparent rea- at present the U.S. is still the most influen- The bills before this Subcommittee, and
son for this decision is our unwillingness tial power from our local level to the cen- those considered by the House, fall into two
to do anything which might displease tral government and from the companies and basic categories: those that seek merely to
to do can hiieu. battalions to higher echelons. extend the 1965 Act, and those that seek to
If the U.S. had withdrawn some assist- amend as well as extend the 1965 Act. H.R.
The real reasons for President Thieu's ance items or some supply items, certainly 4249 seeks to amend as well as to extend.
campaign against Chau and our hands- what happened to President Diem, to the The difference, in my opinion, is primarily
off policy seem to have little to do with regime prior to 1963, would have happened that of approach rather than of objective.
Chau's contacts with his brother. Such to President Thieu, to the present regime. They share the same fundamental
With its available open and secret purpose,
contacts among members of Vietnamese power, me idme t of enforce the guarantee of the 15th
families, divided by the war, are not at the U.S. m s the main obstacle which blocks Amendment of the U.S. Constitution that the
Viet Nam on the marl to vrwr nr nnono If
tacts were known to high Americanvau-
thorities in Vietnam at the time they
occurred. More recently, some of the best
informed and most experienced Amer-
ican officials in Vietnam have said that
they know of no grounds for believing
that Chau is a Communist. It is interest-
ing to note that although Chau's contacts
with his brother had been known to the
Thieu government at least since April
1969, and that Chau had openly ac-
knowledged them in July, Thieu did not
begin to press his charges against Chau
until November 1969.
President Thieu's campaign against
Chau must be considered against the
background of Chau's open advocacy of
a negotiated political settlement to the
war. Because of the strength of ` Viet-
namese sentiment for an end to the war,
Chau's espousal of talks with the NLF
apparently made him a potentially dan-
gerous political rival and threatened to
undermine Vietnamese support for con-
tinuing the war.
As I have stated before, Chau's cre-
dentials as a Vietnamese na ions is and
C au s e ief that peace can come only
as the result of direct talks between Sai-
gon, North Vietnam and the NLF takes
on added significance. Chau wrote on
this point in January 1969:
We have the right to call the National
Liberation Front by a hundred terms which
are bad, vile and most servile, but we must
admit that this organization exists in re-
ality, and that there could never be any peace
talks which could bring an end to the war
if !we did not agree to make some conces-
sions to this organization and thus to satisfy
some of Its minimum demands.
We have done this before with regard to
some armed opposition groups. Why can't
we do it again with regard to the National
Liberation Front? Is it because this Front
is Communist or dependent on the Com-
munists?
That is the truth.
But at present, both we and the U.S. have
realized that our army and the army, tech-
nical ability and resources of the most ad-
vanced modern power in the world can't ex-
terminate them and because of that, we are
forced to talk with them at the conference
table.
Whether we like it or not, we are com-
pelled to discuss the methods of ending the
war In order to restore peace.
The unwillingness of the United States
to intercede on Chau's behalf is perhaps
the U.S. does not agree with the RVN. 6?. ?? i'oc ne aeniea on account
Therefore, let us demand that the U.S. re- of color.
consider its attitude at the Paris peace ne o- Brace ooth orapproaches are committed to the
g need to make more effective the voting rights
tiati6n and at other peace talks to come: of our citizens who- are being denied the
It strikes me as unfortunate that the vote due to racial discrimination. However,
Embassy and the State Department are H.R. 4249 goes further. It seeks, in addition,
e both the
rithes of
unable to maintain an attitude toward portonsmake nation-wide effective etw are denied the
op-
Vietnamese internal affairs which will to vote ecause er-
permit such nationalists as Tran Ngoc ed educated and the rights of those ware ho dare
Chau to play an active and constructive denied the opportunity to vote in presiden-
role in the pursuit of peace and the tial elections because they cannot meet lo-
building of a truly democratic society in cal residency requirements.
Vietnam. Instead, we find ourselves, Both approaches provide procedures for
the once again, the willing servitor and and examiners. n sof
The 1965 federal voting ever, ap-
apologist of a regime which seems to ex- plies li this is procedure only to Act, six states however,
and
ploit the American presencd, in the cause parts of three others. H.R. 4249 would, on
of self-perpetuation and not, as our rhe- the other hand, extend this procedure to
toric would have us believe, for the sake every state of the nation.
of self-determination.. Both approaches provide procedures for
STATEMENT OF SENATOR HRUSKA
AT HEARINGS ON VOTING RIGHTS
ACT
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, the
Senate will begin consideration of the
Voting Rights Act next Monday. We will
be discussing the administration proposal
and a simple extension of the 1965 act.
The Senator from Nebraska (Mr.
HRUSKA) is ranking Republican on the
Constitutional Rights Subcommittee
which has been holding hearings on
these proposals. On February 18, he pre-
sented a statement to the subcommittee
in support of the ad'rpinistration pro-
posal. Many of us have not yet taken
a position on this legislation I found
challenging the laws of states or political
subdivisions which are allegedly discriminat-
ing against the right of citizens to vote due
to race or color. Again, basic remedies of the
1965 Act apply only to six states and parts of
three others. H.R. 4249 would apply to all
states equally.
I think these differences are strong argu-
ments for H.R. 4249. The Nixon Administra-
tion unqualifiedly supports this proposal,
and the House, by a majority vote, adopted
this proposal. Let us consider its broad
merits.
First, it abandons the onus of regional
legislation that exists with the 1965 Act. The
Act was passed, as I recall, for the purpose
of bringing extraordinary remedies to bear
on a few states of the union where voting
discrimination seemed most prevalent. This
judgment was based on the registration and
presidential election. The Act's formula was
Senator HRUSKA'S statement most in-
a departure from the general rules of good
formative and think it should be placed legislation, and I feel, was a troublesome
in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD for our re- precedent for the future of our federal-state
view and consideration over the weekend, relations. The Congress, however, considered
I ask unanimous consent that this the problem to be critical and the formula
statement be printed in the'RECORD. contained in the 1965 Act to be the only
There being no objection, the state- solution. I want the record clear at this
ment was- ordered to be printed in the point that I voted for that Act, and am
RECORD, as follows:
STATEMENT OF SENATOR HRUSKA
Mr. Chairman, last July this Subcommittee
had hearings on a number of Senate pro-
posals to amend and to extend the Voting
Rights Act of 1965. Our hearings on those
Senate bills were extensive and balanced. We
heard from many witnesses, including At-
torney General John Mitchell. Since our
hearings a House bill has been considered
and enacted by the House to accomplish this
purpose. That bill is H.R. 4249, which, to-
gether with the Senate bills on which testi-
mony was received in our hearings, is now
pending before this Subcommittee.
H.R. 4249 was introduced in the House at
the same time that S. 2507 was introduced
satisfied that the remedies applied had salu-
tary results. We were told at our hearings
last year that over 800,000 Negroes have been
registered in the covered states since passage
of the Act,
Mr. Chairman, times and circumstanc^s
change. Problems, while once critical and
demanding of extraordinary remedies, over
time evolve toward solutions. Registration
in these affected states is now as good or
better than in many other states in the
union. Extraordinary remedies, in my opin-
ion, should be necessary only to restore a
situation to circumstances that can be dealt
with by traditional and proven procedures.
In my opinion, that time has come.
Next, H.R. 4249 extends the scope of the
Attorney General's power to correct abuses
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S 2608 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 27, 1970
of the 15th Amendment rights anywhere in dency requirements in presidential elections. Surely some simple method can be devised
the country. This bill grants him direct au- It may be reasonable to require a period of to keep him there. He represents a problem
thority to send federal voting observers and residency for local elections, but such a re- that should be solved by, not flaunted in,
examiners to any of our fifty states. It clar- quirement has no relevance to presidential the nation's Capitol.
ifies his power to bring lawsuits and obtain elections. Presidential elections receive na-
injunctions against discriminatory laws in tion-wide coverage, and the Issues are nation -
any state or political subdivision In the na- , wide in scope. The Bureau of the Census in- IMPENDING GAS SHORTAGE
tion. It extends his power, once a particular dicates that 5.5 million persons were unable Mr. HANSEN. Mr. President, during
czse of discrimination has been proven in a to vote in the 1968 presidential election due
court of law, to suspend future laws or prat- to local residency requirements. In a in- the controversy over oil import controls,
tices in the appropriate states or subdivisions creasingly mobile society, this problem must IlI inOdiri others have arned thata
t any deion long as the federal court jile e resolved. would also affect
i.on considers it t necessary. . Thus, , while H.R. HR. Mr. . Chairman, I urge the members of this domestic oil reserves
4249 would relieve the six presently covered Subcommittee, and the witnesses who appear natural gas supplies.
states from the burden of regional legisla- before us, to retain sight of the goal which There is a definite interrelationship
tion, it would not weaken the Attorney Gen- we all share. That goal is to guarantee the between gas and oil which affects not
eral's ability promptly to correct voting right of each citizen to vote, recognizing in
type
abuses anywhere in the nation, including this guarantee that democratic e somost funds- ciety. The of only capital ecmmitment, total.t capital
those states.
I think that it is obvious that discrimina- prominence of this right to the durability commitment, and incentive for an
tion does not exist in just one part of the of our system, and the dedication we all share industry.
country. Unfortunately, discrimination oc- to enforcing that right, should lend dignity During hearings before the Senate In-
curs in different places, in differing degrees, and calm reason to our inquiry. terior Subcommittee on Minerals, Ma-
nil over the country. The Administration's The results under the are impres- aerials, and Fuels last November, the
recommended bill would extend coverage of live, and all thoug men recd ize that chairman and members of the Federal
the Power Commission testified that the
the Voting Rights Act to all of those in- the Act has whiehr was nact d. On he pur-
stances of discrimination. poses for
A third change from the present Act is hand, the fat and circumstances on which wellhead price of natural gas was the
that the Administration's bill will return the its regional remedies were based have most fundamental and controlling as-
thrust of enforcement back to the judicial changed. W should not assume that it Is pect of supply and that the exploratory
processes and away from the administrative necessary preserve the Act without change effort of the industry is related entirely
Procedures which now exist. This is impor- in order to continue the most active nation- gross revenues. When revenues have
tent. Our system of government is based on wide enter ement of the right to vote for all gone up, there has been a greater ex
checks and balances, and the judiciary has of our citi ns, plorat p, ,effort.
been the most consistently reasonable and One of eff commissioners who teSti-
fair arbiter in this system. Administrative
procedures, in place of judicial remedies, LESTER MADDOX fied during these hearings, Carl E. Bagge,
might be necessary under extraordinary con- Mr. HA IS. Mr. President, the recent recently came out in favor of deregu-
ditions, but should not be extended once the ration by the FGovernment of
basic conditions improve. The unreviewable action oft Governor of Georgia, Lester natural yes prices Federal the wellhead and
cd
suspension power of the Attorney General Maddox, in anding out ax handles in called the gas cost case area-rate wellhead
over state and local laws contained in the the restaura. of the U.S. House of Rep- a failur.
7.965 Act is such an administrative power; it resentatives an outrage and a dis- deepening supply
has served its function. Registration and grace. What a ckening thing to have In Commissioner
oturnout of voters in the covered states has happen, and resentative CHARLES crisis commenting
Bagge agge on natural on a at after gas, dd a decade r
greatly increased. Let us now return to our DIGGS was quite ht in trying to get said that
area rate of i, n-
aoF law. Maddox come to his senses dustrywide Furthermore, H.R. 4249 prohibits the use Governor regulatory process is equally as frus-
of literacy tests in any y state in the nation. and correct his boors i behavior. trated as it was in 1960.
The 1965 Act was directed at the disorimina- An editorial in t Y's Washington with Commisloner
-;ion against Negroes in southern states re- Star expresses my sent' ents, and I ask I Bagge's certainly agree with
that market sorter
suiting from use of literacy tests. However, unanimous consent that be printed at rather than Federal control must pre-
rather
it is becoming a well-known fact that literacy this point in the RECORD.
gas at the wand
tests have the effect of discriminating against There being no objection, e editorial .-ask pricing gas ateth that wellhead e article
and
all educationally-disadvantaged taged citizens, of was ordered to be printed in e REcORD,
all races and colors. As Attorney General from the Oil Daily, which reported a
John Mitchell stated during the Subcommit- as follows: speech in which he expressed his views
tee hearings last July: GIVE Hire THE Ax and recommendations on producer gas
"The widespread and increasing reliance The people of the sovereign state f f,eor- rate regulation, be printed in the RECORD.
on television and radio brings candidates gia, of course, like those of the oth states, There being no objection, the article
and issues into the homes of almost all Amer- are entirely within their rights to ei ct any- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
loans. Under certain conditions, an under- one they wish as governor. They ha e exer-
standing of the English language, and no cised that right by electing Lester uldox, as follows:
more, is our national requirement for Amer- who sprang to fame as a fried chic en king [From the Oil Daily, Feb. 25, 19701
ican citizenship. passing out ax-handles to customer so they AREA-RATE APPROACH "A FAILURE BAGGE
"Perhaps, more importantly, the rights of could beat off any Negroes atte pting to CALLS FOR DEREGULATION OF NATURAL GAS
citizenship, in this day and age, should be enter his emporium. PRICES AT WELL
freely offered to those for whom the danger Also, it may be refilled th Calvin Coo- COLORADO SPRINGS.-A top federal natural
of alienation from society is most severe- lidge, in another corm noted that the gas regulator came out here Tuesday in fa-
because they have been discriminated against fools of the nation are entitled to some rep- vor of de-regulation by the federal govern-
in the past, because they are poor, and be- resentation In the government and they ment of natural gas prices at the wellhead-
cause they are under-educated. As responsi- usually get it. calling the cost-based area-rate approach a
ble citizenship s responsible does not necessarily imply That said, there remains little excuse one failure.
rattly imply y an edc voting does not Hates- can think of for the Georgians allowing their Commissioner Carl E. Bagge of the Federal
welly imply the education. Thus, it best, a he would interesting specimen to come to Washington Power Commission unleashed his bombshell
meet-
appear that literacy . test ri at best, and pass out his weapons in the rest:?urant recommendation at the 65th annual m
artif totcial vote. and "unnecessary .restrction on the of the House of Representatives. ing of the Midwest Gas Association at the
right igh
A recent study shows that, in general, Coming as it did, just as the Stennis Broadmoor here.
states of the North and West which have amendment has obscured, to say the least, Bagge, who has shown increasing irritation
literacy tests have lower registration and the congressional intent to desegregate with the inability of the FPC to come to
turnout rates than those without literacy schools, Mr. Maddox's performance was a grips with the deepening supply crisis on
tests. It can be little doubted that literacy sickening reminder of some of the frighten- natural gas, pointed out that a decade ago
tests in all states that have them inhibit tag realities behind the appeal to reason so the FPC had jettisoned-utility approach to
voting by minority group persons. A nation- loftily asserted by Senators Stennis and producer gas rate regulation because it was
wide ban on literacy tests, as proposed in Ribicoff. unworkable.
H.R. 4249, would add numbers of education- Mr. Maddox, it is said, is an amusing ad- Then it opted for the area-rate style of
ally-disadvantaged black and whites, Mexi- junct of his state house, receiving daily regulation, proposing that prices be set on
can-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and American long lines of the people in somewhat the the over-all financial requirements of the
Indians to the voting rolls. manner of a feudal lord and even going out producing industry as a whole.
Finally, Mr. Chairman, the Administration to the byways if the people fall to show up "Today," Bagge declared, "after a decade
bill will limit the application of state rest in quantities sufficient to suit him, of industry-wide cost-based area rates, the
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February 25, 1970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - Extensions of Remarks
in Belvidere is consistently harmless to
aquatic life, Roche lies designed a large
aquarium where fish will live and breed in
water receiving a continuous sample of
treated waste, thus serving as an exceedingly
sensitive biological monitoring system.
Round-the-clock vigilance: Day and night,
seven days a week, sensitive, sophisticated
electronic equipment monitors the quality
of fumes, steam, water, and other effluents
at Roche. Should any malfunction threaten,
an alarm immediately alerts one of the oper-
ators who are in constant attendance; thus
prompt action is taken before any problem
arises. Automatic detection systems and
recording apparatus also produce continuous
.permanent records which indicate that
Roche operates well below State limits.
Planned prevention: In designing new
processes and equipment, Roche engineers
pay special attention to the prevention of
the escape of fumes, dust, solid particles,
acids, and other potentially harmful sub-
stances. By switching from fuel oil to gas
and to expensive low sulfur fuel oil, Roche
took a major step in minimizing the forma-
tion of sulfur dioxide-a serious threat to
air purity. By modernizing both of its in-
cinators, switching from oil to gas firing, and
compacting waste, the emission of smoke
and fly ash has also been effectively con-
trolled.
Looking ahead: As Roche continues to
grow and to produce new and better weapons
in the fight against pain and disease, all its
planning and designing of new buildings
and processes will continue to provide for
ever higher standards of air and water pu-
rity-both in the Nutley-Clifton area and in
Belvidere.
V. D. MATTIA, M.D.,
President and Chief Executive Officer.
ABNER MIKVA LEADS THE FIGHT
AGAINST "NO-KNOCK"
E 1349
equally necessary in raiding, say, gamblers weapon-a rifle, a bayonet-to get me out
or suspected conspirators. They too might get of here."
rid of some incriminating evidence if alerted Under the terms of this morning's verdict,
officers
fi
by a police knock. Where does it stop?
Mikva pointed out, however, an odd con-
tradiction in the claim of "necessity." He
said:
"When pressed to justify the no-knock
procedure, its advocates inevitably fall back
on a curious argument of nonnecessity. After
arguing that the provision is essential, [they]
turn around and indicate that the measure
will not be used very often. They point to
the experience in New York state, where
authorities used no;knock warrants only 12
times in a single year...
"If no-knock is 'necessary,' then why wasn't
it used more often? If it isn't really neces-
sary, as the New York experience seems to
indicate, then why should Congress author-
ize it anyway? Is the apprehension of 12
pieces of evidence worth this kind of inroad
on our liberty?"
Aside from constitutional and policy ob-
jections, Mikva brought up this very prac-
tical one. "The reaction of the'average citi-
zen to an unexpected attempt to break into
his home is to fight like hell. There are now
some 90 million firearms in 60 million house-
holds thruout this country. In this situation,
a no-knock provision is an invitation to a
shootout with police. It will result in more
dead policemen, more dead citizens, and more
firearms violence in America."
We-hope these sensible objections will help
sober up Congress from its current stam-
pede, in which anything goes if it can be,
labeled "law and order." -
SOUTH AFRICA AND VIE'T'NAM:
PARALLELS
HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
HON. EDWARD I. KOCH Wednesday, February 25, 1970
OF NEW YORK -
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 25, 1970
Mr. KOCH, Mr. Speaker, our colleague
from Illinois (Mr. MIKVA) has been lead-
ing the fight against the "no-knock"
provision of the administration's drug
control bill. His major arguments show-
ing how pernicious that proposal is are
set forth in an editorial appearing in
Chicago Today. I would urge our col-
leagues to read it because it so clearly
presents Mr. MIKVA's sensible objections
to the provision which would pose a
mounting threat to our citizens' right of
privacy in their homes. The editorial
follows :
SHOOTOUT ON THE "No-KNOCK" LAW
In all the testimony for and against the.
administration's drug control bill with it
famous "no-knock" provision for police raids,
the most persuasive we've seen came from
Rep Abner J. Mikva (D., Ill.), who testified
Wednesday before the House subcommittee
considering the bill.
Mikva is against the no-knock provisions,
as we are, and for the same person: A law
allowing police to burst into a private dwell-
ing unannounced, no matter how helpful it
would be in catching suspects with the evi-
dence, would knock a frighteningly big chip
out of the citizen's presumed right to privacy.
And the erosion certainly would not stop
there.
As Mikva observed, if this provision is
"necessary" to catch drug violators-as its
proponents claim-it can be shown to be
Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, I recom-
mend that my colleagues in the House,
and other readers of the RECORD, examine
carefully the following two items from
today's Washington Post and New York
Times, and ponder the parallels:
[From the Washington Post, Feb. 25, 1970]
TwoLEGISLATORS WITHOUT COUNSEL ARE
,
ve army
handed down by a court of
Ho and Chau will also lose all their private
property. Both are married and Chau has
seven chilldren.
However, today's verdict is not likely to be
the final legal word in the case. Under Viet-
namese law, Chau is entitled to another trial
after he is arrested, since he was absent for
this one, Even if the sentence against him
stands, it may be less harsh in practice than
it sounds. Other politicians sentenced to hard
labor in the past have ended up in relatively
comfortable circumstances.
The military court accepted the prosecu-
tion's suggestions for punishment, and ac-
cepted the prosecution's case without ques-
tion.
The action is certain to set off a legal set-to
here. The trial was pressed ahead despite ap-
peals to the Supreme Court protesting that
Chau was deprived illegally of his congres-
sional immunity.
Progovernment deputies claim they re-
moved Chau's and Ho's immunity by getting
three-fourths of the members of the House
of Representatives to sign a petition au-
thorizing their prosecution. The accused say
this petition is an unacceptable substitute
for .formal floor action. Even the gov-
ernment's supporters admit they could not
have got a three-fourths floor vote against
the deputies, if only because attendance at
the House is so spotty.
The Supreme Court has alrkdy begun
deliberating the constitutionality of the
petition. There have been some signs that
the court might take this opportunity to
make its first significant break with Presi-
dent Thieu. Many prominent lawyers have
attacked the petition as illegal, and no
recognized attorneys outside Thieu's imme-
diate circle have defended it.
It was unclear this morning what would
happen if the court found that the petition
was illegal. Vietnamese observers doubt the
government would respect such a decision
after Chau and Ho had been convicted, but
the situation would be unprecedented.
Throughout the Chau case the government
has tended to ignore legal niceties. The epi-
sode began after Chau's brother, Tran Ngoc
Hien, was arrested last year as a spy for North
Vietnam. In a confession, Hien said he had
met often with his brother Chau during the
last five years.
Chau and Hien both claimed these meet-
ings were argumentative, fraternal sessions,
and that Chau did nothing to help his
(By Robert u. Kaiser) --
, February 25.-Tran Ngoc Chau, the was trying to arrange direct negotiations
SAIGON
House deputy who Presi ,l sct ?sed with North Vietnam and the National Lib-
eration Front through his brother.
of helping the Communists, sas sentenced to Chou has claimed in several interviews in
20 years at hard labor this morning by a
military court. Another deputy, Hoang Ho, recent weeks that the U.S. government was
was sentenced to death on a charge of fully informed of his contacts with his
treason. - brother since 1965. Chau said he told many
Neither defendant attended the trial, which high U.S. officials of his meetings, and U.S.
lasted about half an hour. Attorneys repre- officials encouraged him to maintain his con-
senting the accused deputies came to the tacts. The U.S. Embassay here has refused
courtroom expecting the session to begin at . to comment on this claim.
9 a.m., only to find It had begun at 8. Jour-' Chau was waiting for reporters in the
nalists had the same experience. Vietnamese House this morning. He has been living there
Observers said the court had always met at 9 all week as a kind of sit-in protest against
in the past. his prosecution. He said: "I consider my ac-
After announcing its verdicts, the court tions so far in the past 25 years as a service
issued an order for the arrest of Chau and I render to my country." He also charged that
Hoang Ho. the government condemns unity, reconcilia-
An hour and a half later, however, Chau tlon with the Buddhists, and a just peace
was giving interviews to the press in the Na- settlement in Vietnam." Chau has long ad-
tional Assembly building, and no officials had vocated a dovish policy of "national recon-
appeared to arrest him. Hoang Ho's where- ciliation" to settle the war.
abouts are unknown. Reuters quoted his wife Last fall, President Thieu began speaking
as saying he had left the country. out publicly against Chau and two other
Chair said the fact that he was not hiding deputies-including Ho-who he accused of
from the police proved he was not a Com- helping the Communists. Thieu was soon
munist. He also said that his conviction was campaigning openly and vehemently for the
three.
unconstitutional,
to use ha Thes petition, e which theoretically allowed action against
arrrest him "will have anyone
wanted allowed
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:E 1350 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -Extensions of Remarks February 25, 1970
prosecution of two of them, was the culmi- I was enthused by the deep thought are still people who insist that the world
nation of the campaign. Adr i. , ..,, - __
in tion As soon as the government had the pets- recommendations and I am s analyses and is flat---even after e pie res taken from
now putting the moon. I never could figure out how these
,authorizing hand it moved against Chou and Ho, into the RECORD the final two segments materialistic scientists accounted for the
authorizing the defense minister to prosecute ute fact that Einstein's brain was not much dif-
ferent in a military field court set up to of this six-part series: ferent in size and weight than many other
handle cases involving national security. The PARAPSYCHOLOGY, ENERGY, AND YOUR LIFE-V of the higher animals while he had infl-
court wasted no time teaching its verdict. nitely more power to think.
The case against Hoang Ho was based on (By Irving Laucks) I suppose there is no need to remind this
his implication in a Communist spy ring, PSYCHIC ENERGY AT WORK audience that the psychic energy of man has
several of whose members were convicted in
of the ring said Ho- was a principal member
of it. Ho has denied any connection with
the spies.
] From the New York Times, Feb. 25, 19701
AGAIN, SOUTH AFRICAN "JUSTICE"
In its treatment of 22 blacks charged with
working for the banned African National
Congress, South Africa seems determined to
outdo even its own appalling record for
"legal" cruelty and hypocrisy. The prosecu-
tion in Pretoria was having deep trouble
making a case against the defendants under
the Suppression of Communism Act, so it
abruptly dropped the charges.
The judge told the accused they had been
found not guilty, but even while they were
rejoicing in the Supreme Court at this un-
expected turn they were rearrested under the
Terrorism Act, then hauled back to prison.
Now they can be held indefinitely without
charge-incommunicado, with no right to
counsel, no habeas corpus, no bail-as they
were before being charged last October.
The prosecution was obviously embarrassed
by two things: One was the triviality of its
own "evidence" against the defendants. The
other was the persistence of Justice Simon
Bekker, rare in South African courtrooms
nowadays, in inquiring Into the pretrial
treatment of state witnesses, some of whom
had also been detained for months under-the
provisions of the Terrorism Act.
Nomyamise Madikizela, twenty, held in
solitary for six months, told the court how
police had threatened her with ten years in
prison if she refused to testify against her
sister, Mrs. Nelson Mandela, wife of the leader
of the African National Congress, now serving
a life term. A young Indian woman refused
to give evidence against Mrs. Mendela and
another defendant, even though she was kept
in solitary for six months and interrogated
constantly for fivedays while forced to re-
main on her feet.
The prosecution's strategy seems clear: It
will simply hold the defendants under the
Terrorism Act until more "evidence" can be
obtained or concocted by the bestial methods
that have become a hallmark of South Afri-
chic energy, ing considerable trouble with the last one
of its control of other forms found-nuclear energy, but give him a little
of energy, and of its operation in a third
realm or dimension quite different than more time. Do I hear some one object that
space and time with which we are so familiar. he exercises this control simply by means
Let me clarify how I use this word di- of material or mechanical devices? Such ob-
mension. I call space one dimension, time jections do not go back far enough. First
a second, and energy a third. We often hear comes the thinking-maybe assisted by a
that there are three dimensions of space, pencil and paper-or maybe even by a com-
but that is only near earth or some other puter. The final machine or apparatus desired
body of matter. Out Inspace all of these are is only the last step.
one. It is the third dimension or realm of But if the doubter still doubts, there is
energy that The Cooperators believe Is so plenty of evidence of direct control of other
important for the future of mankind. energies. Let him consider the following:
After the serious study and experimenta- At the end of the last century there was
tion of psychic phenomena began not quite a man,i D. D. Home in England who was ob-
ob-
a century ago it was soon realized that a pre- served by a number of reputable witnesses
viously unrecognized form of energy was to rise off the floor at will. Once he was ob-
acting. This was called psychic energy. That served to float out of an open third story
was still in the horse and buggy age. I have window and float back in another. These
been told before the story of the great Glad- feats were duplicated by an English clergy-
stone wondering what Faraday was going to man, Stainton Moses, and others. An Italian
do do with his electric energy. Chemists had peasant woman, Eusapia Paladino, was able
barely begun to show what chemical energies to raise heavy objects by no physical means,
could do, and had no idea that they would and occasionally to raise herself, among
later be called upon to supplement the farmer other apparently impossible feats.
as producers .of human food. And, of course, These are all examples connected with
there was no realization whatever that solid people of European descent, among whom
matter itself was merely another form of it is noteworthy that psychic energy is pas-
energy. sassed to a much smaller degree in modern
The knowledge of all the various kinds of times. 'A number of mystics and saints of
energy (except- that of motion and of gravity) the Catholic Church also have been reported
was begun by people with sufficient curiosity to have had such powers. Some as late as the
to follow up queer henomena which they century. All ancient history is replete
p l, with examples.
were unable to explain. Electrical, chemical,
magnetic, nuclear all started this way, and Reliable reports are plentiful, however, of
have been developed by hard work. Psychic the present ability of Indian Yogis and
energy is following the same course, although other Orientals to perform such "miracles".
that issolitude of the work-
its mystery is even more baffling at present, layas The to Yogi meditate, , the
and needs much more work done on it, cgs of the human mind Is, to study the wner-
Psychic energy seemed to be connected in or its psychic eer-
some way with human beings. Not long be- vol He is reported much annoyed when in-
fore this, various unfortunate voluntarily he levitates as a by-product of
persons who his meditation. The same is true of the
possessed an unusual amount of it and hence Sufis of the Moslems. Besides levitating,
had unusual powers had been persecuted as these psychics have a number of other "mi-
witches. In fact, they still are-maybe not raculous" abilities--miraculous to the West-
quite as horribly. The Church connected ern comprehension, nevertheless entirely
them with the Devil. So psychic energy's early natural according to the powers of psychic
manifestations were under quite a cloud. energy-a universal force which the mate-
Then also, certain manifestations of it rialistic West has temporarily lost touch with
could easily be imitated fraudulently, by due to the growth of materialism in the last
tricks, and this of course Increased the sus- few centuries. For example, Yogis have
-icon under which all h
onest experimenters amazing control of their own bodily func-
inc; Communism, the defendants were_
labored. Such doubts have lingered to the tions, which has also been demonstrated by
cused of having "encouraged feelings of hos- present day, and have greatly hindered prog- various other psychics, from Edgar Cayce
tility between the races." It would be hard ress in learning of this subject.
to conjure up a more effective weapon than I spent fifty years of my life as a chemist- down to practitioners of psychosomatic
South Africa's warped concept of "justice" with some success. The science of chemistr medicine.
for advancing Communism and racial hos- y There h a reciprocal y.
was fathered by alchemy, not long prior to some e of these phenomena mena effect psychic operating energy.
tility in that country and beyond. the start of psychic research There was
PARAPSYCHOLOGY, ENERGY, AND
YOUR LIFE-PARTS V AND VI
HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR.
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 25, 1970
Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Speak-
er, over the past week, I have been in-
serting In the RECORD a fascinating se-
ries of lectures dealing with philosophy
for our times by Mr. Irving Laucks of
Santa Barbara, Calif.
much skulduggery has been well demonstrated in E.S.P.
ggery and crookedness mixed (extra-sensory perception). Communication
up in alchemy but that has not deterred the depends for success on both sender and re-
modern chemists who, In general, I believe, ceiver being attuned. Something of the sort
have a pretty fair reputation for accomplish- happens with other psychic phenomena, a
went. So I am not discouraged in psychic re- psychic has difficulty in demonstrating to a
search by a shady parentage. hostile audience. Some psychics have at-
The best know display of psychic energy tempted to demonstrate before audiences
is so common that we think nothing of it. who had paid admission. Psychic energy can-
The process of using our intellects to think not be turned on by throwing a switch or
is available to every human being in varying pressing a button. Some performers, when
degree. Actually this ability spreads down- their powers failed them before doubting au-
ward in the animal kingdom quite a ways. diences, have resorted to trickery, which gen-
Maybe it even determines what we call life
erall
is
il
.
y
eas
y detected. This also has tended
We are finding it displayed remarkably in to cast suspicion on all psychic phenomena.
the dolphins. I say remarkably because man One phenomenon of ESP has been turned
generally thinks of himself as having a mo- to very practical use, after having been de-
nopoly of the ability to think. Some matter- ridedfor a century after its re-discovery by
minded scientists still cling to the idea that Mesmer. Hypnotism, "mesmerism," a variety
thinking is a phenomenon of the matter of of ESP, has been put to much practical use
the brain-but then I believe that there today by the medical profession.
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Saigon Deputy
Tried Again
SAIGON, March 2 (Monday)
(AP) - fiery legislator an
N oc Chau, cc used of pro-
communis ac ivities, weft on
trial today for the second time
in five days. The military trial
began under tight security.
He is accused of having con-
tacts with an admitted Com-
munist agent, his own brother,
Tran Ngoc Hien, who is ex-
pected to testify for the gov-
ernment. Another b r o t h e.r,
Trau Chau Khang, a former
government information. agent
now in prison for pro-Commu-
nist activity, is also expected
to testify for the gover$>ept.
Chau was jailed Thursday
after a melee at the National
Assembly building, where he
had been holed up since last
Monday. A five-man 'military
tribunal convicted him ,in ab-
sentia Wednesday anct sent-
enced him to 20 yehr5 at hard
labor.
Under Vietnamese, law, a
person convicted in absentia is
entitled to retrial after he is
taken into custody.
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 THE EU C jic elease 2005/08/24: CIA- R.BK7 00216RfO950008001. GE
Viet Deputies `Guilty;
One Appeals to Nixon
By DONALD KIRK never told his South Vietnamese
Star Staff Writer tsuperiors.
SAIGON-A military court to- In interviews, with reporters in
,day .officially ended the case of his home here, Chau has
two National Assembly deputies charged both U.S. officials and
tcused of aiding the Comm' Tl betrayed him by not
g block blocking the government's Case.
dusts by sentencing one to death "I am no Communist, I gm a
pd the other to 20 years in genuine nationalist fighting for
prison. the cause," Chau reiterated to-
It was clear immediately after day after the 20-minute trial.
Besides reflecting on Ameri-
can-Vietnamese relations, the
ntence, however, that the po- case symbolized the question of
Ocally combustible case was the power of the executive
far from over, branch of the government here
One of the deputies, as opposed to the National As-
74 oc Chau, appealed to' Presi- sembly. The accused deputies
fr3~t Nixon to intercede and were immune from prosecution
promptly began what turned under the Constitution until 102
out to be a day-long press con- deputies signed a petition waiv-
ference in his office in the as- ing that immunity.
sembly building. He challenged Chau claimed some of the dep-
Solice to "come and get me." uties were "bribed," said he
would appeal to such organiza-
U.S. Casualties Cited tions as the International Parlia-
Chau was sentenced to 20
years in prison, for secret con-
tacts with his brother, now serv-
ing a life sentence for his activi-
ies as a Communist intelligence
Spicer.
Chau said police would have
to "capture me with bayonets
and other weapons and beat me
until I'm unconscious" before he
spould leave the assembly build-
1g.
(Chau, 46, said he sent a plea
,y cable to President Nixon to
intercede in behalf of himself
,ltd other Vietnamese politicians
1 jail, the Associated Press re-
ported.
("For these liberties you take
or granted, 40,000 of your sons
apd over 200,000 of our sons have
died," he told Nixon. "Let not
mentary Union, the Internation-
al Human Rights Commission
and the International Associa-
tion of Lawyers.
At the bottom of the govern-
ment's distaste for Chau and
Hoang Ho is that both of them
appear sympathetic with moves
for compromise to end the war.
Thieu has repeatedly indicated
his government will resist a coa-
lition and fight to the end.
Chau made clear today his
views had not change- He
urged Thieu to "cooperate with
opposition leaders, reconcile
with Buddhists, build a genuine
nationalist force capable of ex-
tricating South Vietnam from
the clutches of the Communists
and heavy dependence on"for-
eign countries."
+*~r_s^~rifieQS ha in-vain__'_1 __ l Viewed As Neutralism
The reason American officials This statement might not ap
liclyobjected-in that private, Chau had never
pro- pub- pear' pro-Communist in itself but
vided information to American government officials view it, as
agents while serving several an appeal for a "neutral" for-1
years pgo as chief of the Upper arality would play into the hands
Delia rovince of Men Hoa still
heavily influenced. by local Viet pf the Communists, who also call
Cong guerrillas despite gains in
the past year in the allied pacifi-
cation program.
inriirtmpnf c..;ri th k. f1wn
h dd informed, A ri ui ents
~ n ? h..hi[ rApr c of
e o^r.~f~~l titcy
bier,
t had
`31IdObd-3QIM 3H.
IW NYH1 M301M %01
11011YMG3
Approved' /08/ RDP7 0080016-2
 2109 6601 b PAGE
WASHIN TON
TO a ea.?b 2005/08124 CIA-Rt)P' 3B00296R00500080016-2
2 Legislators-without Gounset
re Convicted l1 uclity in ;ia~9
By Robert G. Kaiser
Washington post Foreign Service
SAIGON, Feb. 25 (Wednes-
day) F~ran Ngoc Chau\ the
House 'de t9 w
Thieu accused of helping the
Comf`unists, was sentenced
to 20 years at hard labor this
morning by a military court.
Another deputy, Hoang, Ho,
was sentenced to death on a
charge of treason.
Neither defendant attended
the trial, which lasted about
half an hour. Attorneys repre-
senting the' accused deputies
came to the courtroom expect-
ing esession to begin at 9
~a m,y to find it had begun
at 8. Journalists had the same
expes4enee. Vietnamese ob-
iserveTS said the court had al
Ways :met at g in the past.
Ai:tex an,ffmuncing its ver-
dicts, The court issued an or-,,t
!,der for-the arrest of Chau and
1Hoarig Ho.
An hour and a half later,
however, Chau was giving in
jtervlews to the press In the
National Assembly building,
And no officials had appeared
.o arrest him. Hoang Ho's
whereabouts are u n know n.
Reuters quoted his wife as say-
ing he had left the country:
Chau said . the fact that
was not hiding from the police
proved he was not a Commu-
nist. He also said that his con-
viction was unconstitutional,
and that anydne'`who wanted
to arrest him "will have to use
a weapon-a rifle, a "bayonet-
to get me out of here.."
Under the terms of this
morning's verdict, , handed
down by a court of five army
officers, Ho and. Chau will also
lose all their private property.
Both are married and Chau has
seven children.
However, today..'s verdict is
not likely to be the final legal
word in the case. Under Viet-
namese law, Chau is entitled
to another trial after he is
arrested, since he was absent
for this one. Even if the sen-
tence against him stands, it
may be less harsh in :practice
than it sounds. Other politi:
clans sentenced to hard labor
in the past have ended up in
,relatively comforta 0pcii6c
stances.
The military court aocepted
the prosecution's suggestions
for punishment, and accepted
the prosecution's case without
question.
See SAIGON, A13, Col. I
ignore legal niceties. The epi-
sode began after Chau's broth-
er Tran Ngoc Hien, was ar-
SAIGON, From Al
The action is certain to set
off a legal set-to here. The trial
was pressed ahead despite ap.
peals to the Supreme Court
protesting that Chau was de-
prived illegally of his con
gressional immunity.
Progovernment deputies claim
they removed Chau's and Ho's
immunity by getting three-
fourtlis of the members of the!,
House of Representatives to
sign a petition authorizing
their prosecution. The accused
say this petition is an unac-
ceptable substitute for formal
floor action. Even the govern-
ment's supporters admit they
,:ould not have got a three-
fourths floor vote against the
deputies, if only because at-
tendance at the House is so
spotty.
.
in.-
rested last year as a spy foci paigning openly and vehem
to take
deputies-including Ho-who
he accused of helping the Com-
Thieu was soon cam-
ists
North Vietnam. In a conies-' ently for the House
sion, Hien said he had met action against these three. The
often with his brother Chau petition, which theoretically
during the last five years. allowed prosecution of two of
Chau and Hien both claimed. them, was the culmination ofl
the campaign.
these meetings were argumen-i
tative,. fraternal sessions, _ anu
that Chau did nothing to'helpl
his brother's espionage work.
Chau contends he was trying:
to arrange direct negotiations';
with North Vietnam alld the C
National Liberation Front;
through his brother..
Chau has claimed in several
interviews in recent weeks
that the U.S. government was
fully informed of his contacts
with his brother since 1965.
Chau said he told many high
U.S. officials of his meetings,
,and U.S. officials encouraged
him to maintain his contacts.
IThe U.S. Embassy here has re-
fused to comment on this
claim'.
Chau was waiting for re-
porters in the House this
morning. He has been living
there all week as a kind of sit-
iin protest against his prosecu-
tion. He said: "I 'consider my
actions so far in the past 25
As soon as the government
had the petition in hand it
moved against Chau and Ho,
authorizing the defense min-
ister to prosecute them in a
military field court set up to
handle cases involving nation-
al security. The court wasted
ino time reaching its verdict.
The case against Hoang Ho
was based on his implication
in a Communist spy ring, sev-
eral of whose members were
convicted in the same court
last year. Confessed members
of the ring said Ho was a prin
cipal member of it. Ho has
1denied any connection wits
the spies.
The Supreme Court has al-
ready begun deliberating the
constitutionality of the peti-
tion. There have been some
signs that the court might take
this opportunity to make its
first significant break with
President Thieu. Many prom-
inent lawyers h a v e attacked
the petition as illegal, and no
recognized attorneys outside
Thieu's immediate circle have
defended it.
It was unclear this morning
what would happen if the
court found that the petition
was illegal. Vietnamese ob-
servers doubt the government
would respect such a decision
after Chau and Ho had been
convicted, but the situation
would be unprecedented.
Throughout the Chau case
the government has tended to
years as a service I render toy
my country." He also charged'i
that the government con-l
demns unity, reconciliation;
With the Buddhists, and a just
peace settlement in Vietnam."
Chau has long advocated a
dovish policy of "national
reconciliation" to settle the
war.
Last fall, President Thieu
began speaking out publicly
against Chau and two other
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THE EVENING STAR
PAGE
Viet Deputy Starts Sit-In
At Assembly, Assails Bunker
SAIGON (AP) - A South Viet-
namese deputy accused of pro-
Communist activities began a
sit-in in the National Assembly
building today and said U.S.
Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker
is deceiving anti-Communists in
seclusion and went into an office
just as his trial was about to
start. He vowed to stay there
"night and day" until the trial is
over and defied the government
to arrest him.
The trial, instigated by Presi-
dent Nguyen Van Thieu, was
postponed without explanation
until Wednesday.
"Deceived" by Envoy
Chau called the trial unconsti-
tutional and said Thieu was
pressing the case against him in
an effort to silence all political
opposition. He said the clamp-
down is related to the American
policy to "Vietnamize" the war.
"I think that President Thieu
and many anti-Communist per-
sonalities in South Vietnam are
being deceived by Ambassador
TRAN NGOC CHAU
Bunker in a most dark scheme
whereby the new American poli-
cy can be realized," Chau said.
American policy, he said, is to
"establish and consolidate a
government representing a mi-
nority in South Vietnam."
He said that since such a gov-
ernment would be backed by the
South Vietnamese army, "t he
United States would influence
this government more easily,
particularly regarding the prob-
lems of conducting the war and
restoring peace"
Chau also said his American
friends had been instructed by
Bunker to cease all contact with
him.
The U.S. mission had no com-
ment on Chau's charges.
Contacts with Brother
Chau is accused of having ille-
gal contacts with his brother,
Tran Ngoc Hien, who is now
serving a prison term for being
a Viet Cong intelligence agent.
He said he has no intention of
appearing before the five-man
military tribunal.
Government sources said
there were no plans to arrest
Chau unless he is convicted by
the court.
Chau predicted he would be
convicted and that after the trial
"the government will come here
to arrest me or probably execute
me."
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