THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE U-2 ITS SUCCESSES AND ITS FAILURE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP74-00297R001600010078-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 28, 2014
• Sequence Number: 78
• Publication Date: May 8, 1962
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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LOOK may 8, 1962 STK
I
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Its successes,':
� Ike often expresde,d'iervati
� ' /..1*-1:ci� 1
� A device, tolieirt1tgy
trouble was?Ciiiitider
�il.L.1-2 pirolt:s-meriAgiorted w
twov
a. .:"�`
..14-11:. I tt�
icapyln 'case
,r1�41,
gefput..aftlpshixthe, eject
Uy.
4,1 �
.they would have tirne-,...
A
%,i1E41;titl:(� .
"Allen thilleizafter studying psycho gical test given
e Old-not have sent 'him up that
� 4', � t
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� '100.7,
� r. : � �-���,-�-�
e-�� - �
IT 6 ts 7:36 A.M. when Francis
Gary Provers crossed the bonier
iii ilw Soviet Union on Ma'. I. 19fill
on his tnenty�eighth espionage mis-
sion as a U-2 pilot.
Not many hours before. Powers
and another 1i-2 pilot had taken rou-
tine preflight psychological exami-
nations. Such tests %%ere used to de-
termini- a [tether the pilot had confi-
dence in himself. his plane and his
equipment. On the basis of the re-
sults. Pimers was du wen to make the
flight front Peshawar, Pakistan, to
�
House led to the
exiilinations
BY DAVID WISE and THOMAS B. ROSS
Bodo. Norway. which would include
a 2.919-mile photographic mission
over the Soviet Union. The other
itilot a-as instrueted to ft% a decoy
mission along
the Soviet border.
Later. CIADirector Allen Vt.. Dul-
les examined the results if the taut
ps�chological tests. If he had been
the agent um the scene, he decidemi.
he would not have sent Pots ers over
the Soviet Union that (lay.
Dulles did not re-neat the specific
rellSOIIS for his reservations about
Powers. But theCIA director realized
that some 1.1.2 pilots were worried
about the destruction system of the
1 -2. In the event of trouble over the
So'. jet Union�pilots were told�this
s% stem would destroy the U.2 after
they had tossed themselves clear in
the ejection seat. But could the pilot
be sure the delicate timing media-
nism would work�particularly if the
plane were hit by enemy fire? Could
he be sure there W011 id be any time
lag before the plane was blown up?
At the outset. it was thought that
the 1J-2 might include a device that
would explode instantly. destroying
the plane and killing the pilot if
trouble developed. But no practical
mechanism of this t)pe could be de-
signed. The CIA feared that an auto-
matic destruct lir might needlessly kill
a pilot outside the Sun jet Union. Or
it might detonate prematurely in a
situation where the pilot's ingenuity
could save the plane�and himself.
Pouers and other 12-2 pilots %%ere
not told to commit suicide in the
e�ent that their planes mere disabled
over the So'. jet Union. t Scruples a-
continued
COPVPICIIT C,ueV DAVID WiSr. AND TOMATO. /40.55 coseurnsto rwom 1111, U.! Aer�IR. TO er eV RANDOM D01.11.r. INC.
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,
,lg:$11
� U2 As Powers
flew toward capture,
Ike relaxed unawares
President Eisenhower first tad
mantes Hagerty, his preSS seeretary.
about the flights during a
weekend automobile ride in /959.
Ile mid he had often asked the
C/A: "What happens if you're
caught?" The CI.4 always
responded: "It hasn't hapmmed yet.''
side. the CIA didn't think the "Kami-
kaze" idea would work with Ameri-
can lit ems. But Potters had been
amply impressed with the necessity
if destro% ing the es idence. Ile was
told this could be done by activating
a timing de% ire. throwing a switch
marked "Explosion." and then ejert�
lug Idinself. The plane was equipped
with a destructor unit containing a
three-pound charge of cyclonite.
In a report issued after Powers
was released. the CIA said "the pur-
pose of the destruct mechanism was
to render inoperable the precision
camera and other equipment. not to
destrot them and the film." Army
Ordnance. on the other hand. de-
seribes et clonite as one of the most
powerful explosives in the world.
Three pounds of it could blow up
a fair-sized railroad bridge.
If captured. Powers was advised to
tell what he knew. bit. by bit, if this
was necessary to ward off torture.
The CIA recognized that in an age
of truth serums arid sophisticated
torture, a prisoner could be made to
rr�
This Soviet picture shows Powers after
he was captured. If necessary to ward off
torture, his instructions were to tell
what he knew. hit by bit. When he was 18.
his father told him: -If you kill yourself. you
kill a man. It's a sin to kill yourself.-
talk.) The CIA hoped that the grill-
ing would stop before the Russians
had learned et erything.
In Powers's pockets was a hollow'
edout silver dollar. Hidden inside
was a pin containing a fatal dose of
curare, a deatilt poisuun. It could kill
a dog in MO seconds. Powers had
been told that the pin would enable
hint to take his ouwn life if he were
injured and in agile after a crash
ill an isolated area�or if he were tor-
tured after hieing captured.
As Powers crossed the Soviet
border, it was 1:36 a.m. at Incirlik
Air Base near the Southern coast of
Turke y. Barbara Powers. his wife, was
asleep ill one of the 22 identical trail-
ers flanking an asphalt road on the
base. There, an isolated bit of mid-
dle-class suburbia had been created
for seven 11:-2 pilots, their ground
crews, their wit es and their u�hildren.
They acre housed together. spent
their free hours together and
their children plat ed together in the
asphalt street.
Barbara had last seen her husband
shortl% after p.m. April 27.1...ix
me a fair-sized lunch.- he haul said.
as Ire packed his gear for the 2.1 MI-
mile flight lit air transport to Pesh�
anal'. She had prepared potato soup.
tuna lish. pimento cheese and imat
sandw kites. sweet pick les. ol it es,
cookies and coffee.
Barbara had learned rout to ask
C er been in
ulo guueultuti7rilso.nlit 't hie SA illatui lonre Of her hus�
band's work. Before he resigned
front the Air Force in 1956 to take
his CIA job at S2.500 a month_ he
had asked her consent. And it hen hi'
was sent overseas. she knew he us ould
be int olved in the overflight pro�
gram. In those rare periods when
Powers could get extended lent es.
the t oung couple trateled and lit ed
in expansive stt Ie. The overflight of
\lay I teas part Id the price they were
willing to pat for the good life.
Four hundred and twenty-five
miles northwest of the Im�irlik Air
Base, Secreta rt of State Christian A.
ronris Potrers's 111/1101', libirre. Sill A h
WilS but
WS.� youth oho -dour tcluit us... told.-
If hen l'ott,rs fulls trunsfrt rrel
hiS littrhura knew
iIlllhIfI be bil Oirell ill flight, if III nussbt.
Herter was also asleep. Ile haul ar-
rit ell in Istanbul the night lwfort,
for a \ ATO meeting. Ile hail slipped
through hack streets to is ii.lthe
rioting against the toppling regime
of Ailtian Nlenderes. Ile did not know
that a -2 was just entering the air-
space of the CSSII.
In Washington. it was 10:36 ID.111.
Saturday night. April 311. At a
0111.1'ili1011S center. the
(IA was using loins Im a map to re-
cord the progress Of Powers's flight.
'rho, l'etlit.1" had IWPII 110i i lied as soon
as the 1.-2 left Peshawar.
At Eatttp !David. the Presidential
retreat in 31arylattil. President
1)w ight Lb Eisenhower was relaxing
after a (lay of golf. UllaWare that
Powers was ill the air.
Ill' had approved tlw 1 -2 program
Ilse sears earlier�hut according to
the stor he later related to friends.
he bad haul misgivings.
"I f of these planes is shot
down.- EiseithOtsCr recalled suing
l'l,llt III 111,1
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If the U-2 fails, Ike
said, "I'm going to catch hell."
at the meeting arranged to brief him
on the 'program. "this is going to be
(01 111V head. I'm going to catch hell.
The world will be in a mess."
The advisers replied that the Rus�
sians would have to suppress any
incident invol% ing the 1.-2. They
could never run the risk of being
humiliated by the reielation that
their skies had been invaded repeat-
edly. and that they had 1
.10.11 unable
to do anything to prevent the incur.
sions. Tlw President was not con�
yineed. They would protest. he felt.
because that would be the only way
to stop the flights.
But Eisenhower was confronted
by a difficult decision. If he rejected
the advice of his military and intelli-
. gence experts. he would be depriving
the nation of valuable�perhaps Lia�
matchable�information. He ended
�by approving the program. But lie
continued to worry about the over.
flights. Once a high ranking officer
who was involved ill the U.2 program
approached the President on another
matter. Eisenhower cut him short,
and exclaimed. "I don't want to hear
any more about the U-2." The dan-
gers of the operation were. however.
much on the President's mind, and
he often asked the CIA: "What hap�
pens if you're caught?" The CIA re-
sponse was always the same: "It
hasn't happened yet."
At Camp David. Eisenhower was
resting before undertaking one of
the most ambitious�and most cher-
ished�projects of his Presidency. In
Iwo weeks, he was to meet with other
world leaders at a widely hailed sum-
mit meeting in Paris. Then. as the
guest of Premier Nikita S. Khrush-
chev. he was to visit the Soviet I 'Ilion.
Southwest of Washington, in the
Virginia mountain town of
Pound, the family of Francis
Gary Powers had withdrawn 11(0. the
night into a cluster of wooden houses
along a solitary dirt road. They %s ere
of hill-country stock. Isolated by
their mountains. they lived by the
Bible and their own stern rules. Out-
siders were suspect. Th.- world be-
yond %vas impious. Here in these
1110UlliainS Francis had helped his
father farm a small patch of lanul.
lie went regularly each Sunday to
the fundamentalist Church of Christ.
which his family attended. or to. the
Baptist Church. A good at he
did 'moderately well in his studies.
finishing I wenty-second in a class
(i9 at Grundy High School. His
schoolmates there and later at college
remember him as an unobtrusive.
well-mannered boy, who kept to him-
self. They do not remember ever
hearing him utter a word of profan-
ity. lie didn't smoke. Ile didn't drink.
At 1.1. Francis persuaded his fa-
ther to let him go up in a two-seater
with a woman pilot. She liked the
!my. and charged only half the usual
S5 fee for the ride.
"I left my heart up there. Pap."
Oliver Powers recalled him sir% ing.
'and I'm goin back to git
"Ile done what he bits told."
Oliver remembered. "But lw was an
adventiiresome Iro%.� And he
added. "Ile lime'. wanted to fly
with !none than one person ill the
plane. Ile was a nervous boy. too."
The father also recalled a enliven.
sation lie had had with his son when
Francis was 18.
"If you kill yourself. you kill a
man." Oliver told him one day. "A
man who dies la sill, he can't be
saved. It's a sill to kill yourself.
The last act you do. if it's sinful,
you go into discard."
�
Alone in his plane over the So-
viet Socialist Republic of Tadzhik.
Francis Gary Powers was nervously
throwing the mission switches at the
designated points on his map.
lie was., feet 91 inches tall�the
ideal size for the cramped cockpit of
the U-2. But even for him it was a
cruel plane. He sometimes said he
"believed in it." much as a roan might
state an article of faith.. But a pilot
could have no true affection for it.
For more than eight hours, he
would be gripped by the ,ugly pres.
sure suit. The slightest wrinkle
would pooh at II ill) himr upon hour.
raising blood blisters and wells.
His neck haul been rubbed raw by
the cork ring which served as the
hermetic seal for his helmet. Often it
would draw blood.
The oxygen system forced hirn
to reverse the normal process of
breathing. Instead of exerting him-
self slightly to inhale. he had to use
pressure to exhale. He had been
suffering lately from severe head.
and earaches brought on by the
artificial method of breathing he
often aSed for eight (or nine hours.
Powers %vas certain that the
Soviet Air Defense Command was
ke with activity. There had been
signs of increasing Soviet emphasis
on stopping the overflights.
The 1 S. had been flying into
Seniet airspace shier: the end of
World War II. In one 21-hour pe-
riod. 17 1111-17's had been ill the air
over the USSR. Although A meri�
cans did not know it. SCOW!, of
pilots died in crashes along the So-
viet borders.
But not until 1955 had sustabied
overflights become a possibility.
Clarence L. I Kelly Johnson. a 1,(wk�
heed vicepresident and its chief de-
signer. had delivered the first 1.1.2's
that year. f Development of the high-
altit ude plane had been dela) ed
for several months because the proj�
ect was turned down by Air Force
Maj. Gen, Floyd Wood. Later, some
military men insisted that the design
was faulty and predicted that the
plane Won Id come unglued in flight. I
Trevor Gardner. chief of Air Force
research and development. and Rich-
ard M. Bissell. Jr.. who was to run
the program for the CIA. were con-
% inced that the 11-2 would function
effectively. The% pushed the prliject
through. But Gardner expected the
Soviets h. develop some means of
countering the plane within a year
or so.
Once the 1-2 was in production.
the Air Force objected to a proposal
to turn the plane over to the CIA. The
military could maintain tighter se-
curit% . the Air Force insisted. But
the original plan was followed. and
the CIA used techniques of high es.
piomige to maintain secrecy. All CIA
employees who participated in the
U-2 program were first required to
undergo extensive lie-detector tests.
Veil few documents were used. %psi
communications were by word of
mouth.' However. one evening one of
the few CIA men who knew of the
program dropped a top-secret 1.1.2
document on the floor (Chile closing
the safe. A guard making the rounds
spotted it on the floor, and after read-
ing no more than the classification
marking called the official back.
Even with all these safeguards. stories
about the mystery plane began to ap-
pear. The most startling was in the
Model Airplane News in March,
1958: "An unconfirmed rumor sais
that L1 -2's are flying across the Iron
Curtain taking aerial photographs."
By 1960. the 11-2 flights had be.
come almost routine. So many thou-
sands of photographs were being
taken that unprocessed U-2 film
would sometimes pile up for months.
The Russians made sporadb� pro-
tests. lout mainly they suffered in in-
dignant silence. because the% %yew
unable to bring down the planes
men after they lime spotted. One
1.-2 brought back photographs of
Soviet fighters rising to the attack
01111 to lose control before they
reached the altitude if "the Hark
lad% of espionage--as the Russians
called the 1 -2 ill their own militar%
journals.
On April 9. 1960. the Russians
attempted to bring down a 1-2. The
defenses failed�and this brought a
se(�ret reprimand from Khruslicliev.
Determined not to repeat that fail-
ure. the Soviet Air Defense Coin.
mand hail locked onto Powers's plane
the moment it crossed the border.
In turn. Poiiers was being tracked
hy the l'.5.-network of radar stations
along the Iron Curtain.
It %vas 10::10 as Powers approach-
ed Chelyabinsk. 125 miles south of
Sierdlovsk. Along the route lie was
following. the earlier 1-2 had spotted
traces of diggings. Electronic eaves.
dropping and reports from local
agents had deepened the suspiciori
that �the Soviet Union was building
its first operational Intercontinental
Ballistics Missile base. The primary
imrpose of l'owers's flight was to pho-
tograph the construction before the
Russians could camouflage the site.
Power's's automatic pilot began to
act up. lie decided to take a bearing
with his radio compass. 11e would
need all exact navigational fix to fol-
low the red line on his map. %%Idyll
would take him over the antiaircraft
rocket batteries near Sverdlovsk.
(�1011iiiiied
"Who needs it!"
104
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U12
News of the U-2 failure
was slow in reaching Allen Dulles
Nine I s later. on a quiet, tree.
lined street in lieo rget own. a tele-
phone rang in the home 41f Hugh S.
Cumming. Jr.. chief of intelligence
111141 1'1'Sr:itch of iii, 1'lilted States De-
partment of Stale. It was I 1:15 a.m..
Sunda% . \ I. A maid 11I1551 4.1-1�11.
Cumnibig WaS at ilturch se% eral
blocks from his home.
Not until he returned home shortly
after 1141011 (1111 14./1111 that SO11101114'
Slits Ilrge1111V to reach him.
rrom the message. Cumming knew
what it might lw: the 4.1iller was his
CIA contact for the 1 .2 operatiOn.
Although his name WaS unknown to
the general public. Cumming was
one of a handful of men at the Staie
1)epartment who knew the secret of
the 1.-2. lie picked tip the phone and
dialed his contact.
hir 1)(41 istil there.- the % oice (Ill
the other end of the line said ('Ill'-
fully. W- don't know what happened
Ill hint.- Although the comersation
would have been meattingh�ss to any�
4/Ile listening. its import was chill.
ingly clear to Cumming.
It meant that the 1%2 was 4)%erdue
at 1104141: it was presumed down.
probably 501111.11 her(' ill 111I' SOV.11.1
1'111011. The fall. 4/f the plane and pilot
was unknow II. Cumming was the first
official of the Stale Department noti-
fied Ill the CI A. The news had 1101
et reached CIA I)irector Allen W.
lhalles. %%1144 was at the \Valdorf-As.
torizt in New York Cif %. rereiving the
Golden little Award -for distill.
....5 111' alld dedi-
cation to Christian ideals.-
l'or the 11101111411 at least. Cum-
ming was the official who had to act.
Ile picked 1111 the telephone again
Ill call 1.0% Henderson. Cumming
thought Henderson was till-
Ill duty in the State Depart�
1114.111 that da littt all lamer%
thought struck as he reached out to
dial. Ile placed the receker back on
its cradle. The head of the State De-
partment's intelligence ser% ice was
faced with a curious dilemma. The
-2 program was 50 S14.1'1.1 that Hen-
derson. although a high official. was
not among those authorized to know
iltil thing about it.
The 1.-2 overflights were, in
the language of the intelligence
world. so "black" that only ii small
group of men knew about them. At
the State 1)epartment. among those
few who knew were Secr(-ta r) Chris-
tian Herter and Under-Secretary C.
Douglas 1)111011. But Herter wzis ill
Istanbul and Cumming thought I
Ion w as a vi ay.
()tt double checking. 1101%e% er.
Cunifit jug reached Dillon al his
home. 1144th realized they were talk-
ing over a 114111S4'4.1111.. 41111111/111 1/1111111.
line. They spoke in a guarde41 fashion_
but reached an important decision,
the first of many that were to be
reached in the days ahead.
Since mid. 1956. %%hen I.-2's began
overthing the So% let 1 '11iott. the
CIA had reads prepackaged -4115e1'"
stories to suit the circuntstaiwes and
the geograpk. These %sere 111110111-
(111S 111111011111.1.1111111S 141 1/4` 11111411'd
0111 Of 1111' IdeS 111141 ISS11,41 is 5,11'
1/111111,111f41111111 1011 officers ;It
hwal bases if and when a 1 -2 failed
10 4,11111. hark 11'0111 a 51�411.1 111I5514111.
11,,1 Dillon ;111,1 01111111111g
1111., v0111(911, Of 11 1.05 SI111' IS 111,11
hall lieen prepared for tile Ala I
flight 44%er litissia. In intelligence par-
lance. it co�er stor is a euphemism
for a lie or partial lie. Its specific pur-
pose is to protect the mission. the
agent_ the tiati011 thitt has sem the
spy 44tit on the mission and its intel-
ligence apparatus.
The cowl. stor% pulled 0111 Of 1he
files to account for 1'0 %1 1.1'S's U-2
flight stated that the 1..2 had taken
4411. from Turke% 011 all upper-altitude
research mission and had. tinfoott-
natel v. overflown l'akistatt %%idiom
authorization after the pilot re1lort451
mechanical difficulty.
rm. diplomatic reasons. 1)illon 111111
(:umming I14151' agreed that any 1115.11-
i1011 If Illy real jumping-off
point for the flight. %could base 10 Ile
(11'411111rd 11111 4.1 1114` (�11%4.1' SlOry. 1)11-
1011 .111S1 1110141 01111111111g 141 argue
this view at a top-seeret C1.1 meeting
being held that afternoon to decide
111�51 1111151' III 1 dangerous game.
Dulles fills loads to the capital af-
ler del 0 ering his speech in Nr11'
York. ill did not learn that the I -2
(SI,' missing until he reached his
home in (;eorgeto%%ti. bettseen 2 :owl
:1 p.m. ii% this time. the Cl A had also
not ili4.41 the l'etitagott :11141 the \\lilt,.
House. Ilrig. Gen. Andrew J. 1;4444(1-
poster. White House shill secrotar%
14,Issed the word zilong to Eiset11144%%er
II 1:ittnp Da% id.
Eight !tours Caviler. crowds had
liegint III gather RI mold
11451 Square for the traditional \ lay
Iht% celebration. \t III a.m.. mili-
tar% units began aiming smartly
past Khrushelie%'s rotund figure.
A1111/11p. 1114. I.S11.111 4/1/Ser%1�I'S %tag
I'. S. A1111/11SS1141411* 1,11'11 ell II E.
Thmnpson. Jr. F011 -1151' 1111111111'S af-
ter the Stall 41f 1111' 11111'11,14...1.114111111S011
1111111.111 a 1�0111111111 14111 011 111e l'eV11�11-
.ing stand atop Lenin's tomb. \ lar-
shut Konstantin Vershiniti. 41/111.
!minder in chief of the Sol WI Air
Force_ entered al till' rear of the
stand 0111 is hispered to khruslichev.
There %vas a brief. intense huddle 141
top Soviet officials.
Thompson wits cut ious. but had
1141 15'il Of knowing %dim it ISIS all
about. Later. looking back. Thomp-
son seas con itwed that he had SI it-
nessed the moment when Kit 01511.
('lies' h.artied that the 1.2 trotild
tte�er finish its mission and was. ill
(10%% II in Soviet territory.
continued
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In fact, results were so thorough,
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108
At Camp 1)aviri, it wag raining on
the morning of Ma y I . Eisenhower
had golfed in nearby tieti5litirg the.
day before. Because of Ilic rain. he
cancelled plans for earl) church and
a round of golf afterwards. and de-
cided it) return to the %Vhite llottse
in the afterno(In.
Secreta r I 1)efense Thomas S.
Cates. Jr.. and 1)r. Hugh I,. Dryden.
deputy ;idtiiinistrator r,f the National
Aeronautics and Space Arbuinistra-
ii011 I \ ASA I had also recei%-erl worrl
now that the 1 .2 11a1'11V1111111-t.
Mitch later. fanri fill tales were to
circulate on the Washington cocktail
circuit that the CIA had brilliantly
tlecei% ed \ ASA into belie% Mg the 1 .2
flew only "weather- missions. Actu-
ally. Dr�den had willingly allowed
NASA to be used Its 1111. CIA's rover
from the %et.) Skirt Of 111e project
and hod no regrets about it later. Ile
knew the full scope of the risk% es-
pionage program. as did ihrer� other
ke% 1111`11 at \ ASA. One of them was
01.011 II, h iSli that lie didn't.
The rail afternoon Still was
breaking through the overcast as
Cumming. drove to the 1:1 A meet ing
that nould shape the precise lam
guage of the coo er sm..). lit' headed
for the CIA building in downtown
WaMlinghoi. where hm,r,-s Rigid
progress had 'wen plotted.
Clowning (ills the titik Slate De.
1/Z114111(41i Mall present. The rest were
:11111 11111 11.1'11 i
experts
Ilium the CIA. The) were concerned
but not 1/%1.1'1% SO. Trlie, tilerl. solo
ever indiealimi that l'ouers was
110%1'11 ill lilt' SOViel Union. nut
the eliances that the iiiissians ould
recover damning physical
eli-
(letut'e of the overflight seemed slim.
Vowers. it was 11AS11111Oli. lund AllreltAS-
fully folloned his orders to destroy
the phow in ease of trouble. As for
Powers. if he were still all).., he could
he disowned as On unknown pilot
wit limit a plane.
The discussion. therefore. ..entered
on the cmer :dor). (:umming. limier
1)illtor's instructions. argued vela..
!newly against an) mention of Nisi-
sham lie maintained that there were
overriding political I0:11,011S to Iltat
I'llIkiS1:111 0111 1.1 the poser, laird, be-
cause of its exposed geographical po-
sition. on the 1111111, of both the Sos iel
Union and Communist Chin(1. I)illon
and Cumming. in their telephone
romersation earlier in the tla). had
considered %drill! 1'mild 111.51
stand the furor 11 (4 storm arose III
the flight Thii'i reached the conch'.
shin that the "Iiirks. a I ((alit 1110(1111
lough and independent-minded pro-
ide. could take the i.niernational 10).
III kal pressure better than die l'aki.
stanis.
The CIA agreed to drop l'akistati
from the l'itser st,iui. Nob a new
flight plan had to be agreed upon.
111141 ill the war-room setting
were testrictell III 1111t 1:11-1 that the
I .2's actual height range and fuel
capacity were still top secret. The
cover story. therefore. had somehow
II, fall within the limits of pre% imisl)
published data 011 -1111. I .2. itichutling
the 19719 edition ,of how's If/ 1hr
r, t. I s ircroll. According to
Ihe I .2 ii as a weather-re-
search craft capahle of maintaining
all illtit11(1e llo higher than .15.0110
01111.1 1/111014111C.11 data said
idaite could II 1111 to four hours. This
restricted abililies .11 115'
men working on the cover stilt'', this
Sunda% afternoon.
with slide ride, ,dipers and
maps. the technical experts norked
out a triangular flight plan skirting
continued
1000 1-�-�2
Mt S MUll16AN
"At first, tee considered-I a survival shelter: then Eileen
bad this brilliant idea."
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/04/28: CIA-RDP74-00297R001600010078-2
Mrs. Pou)ers was ordered
to return to the U S. immediately
the Soviet border but remaining en-
tirely within Turkish airspace.
The revised cover story was dis-
patched by CIA closed communica-
lions to various key points, Mehl&
ing Adana. Turkey. where it was to
be given out to the press if questions
were asked. it was also transmitted
to our Secretary of State in Istanbul.
The vast. interlocking intelligence.
and diplomatic machinery of the
United States Government was 1110V-
:big. but, like a fogbound ship on a
collision course..
Barbara Powers awoke in her
trailer on the base at Incirlik at 5
a.m.-Monday, May 2, to the sound
of pounding on her front door.
Sleepily, she went to the dam Sev-
eral of her husband's friends were
there. The thought passed through
her mind that this was "just another
wake-up party." They were some-
times held for amusement bv the pi-
lots and wives of the isolated detach-
ment.
"This had better be good," Bar-
bara told the group at the 'door.
"Barbara, we have some bad news."
one of the men replied. "Gary is
missing. We have search planes out,
but they haven't found him yet."
What followed was later hazy in
her mind. "The next thing I remem-
ber is the base doctor giving me
shots. I don't know how many I had."
For the next few days, she was to re-
main under heavy sedation, await-
ing word of Gary's fate.
A few hours later, at the nearby
Tnrkish city of Adana, Yusuf Ay.
han, a local newsman, thought he was
on to an interesting story..Ayhan had
picked up a tip, and had now colt-
firmed it at the air base. lie was the
first reporter to receive, and write,
the cover story plotted out by the
men at the CIA meeting in Washing-
ton the previous day.
"An American plane of the U-2
meteorological-reconnaissance type,
which is well known for its excellent
performance and was based at u'irlik near Adana. was reported miss-
ing on Sunday." Avlian wrote. "The
C-2 plane. which flies at an altitude
over 10.000 metres, thereby ap-
proaching the atmosphere to investi�
gate the reasons behind changes in
weather conditions, had sent its last
message out Sunday, when the pilot
reported a breakdown of his oxygen
equipment. No further news was re-
ceived from the plane after that."
At 3:30 p.m., May 2, Harry
Press's phone rang. Press, a be-
spectacled. cautious bureaucrat, was
in his office one block from the White
liouse, lie was one of the four men
at NASA who knew that the U-2
was photographing military targeis
in the Soviet Union under NASA
cover. The caller was Maj. James
Smith at Scott Air Force Base.
Belleville. III. Major Smith, the U-2
project officer there, relayed to Press
essentially the same cover story that
YUSIlf Aylian had picked up in Adana
several hours earlier.
Had Press known of the Sunday
CIA meeting�which he did not�he
might have deduced that the message
he received from Smith had actually
originated a few blocks away in
WashIngt on. It had gone halfway
around the globe and back to him.
On May 3, the cover story finally
found its way into a few newspapers
in the United States.
Meanwhile. the United States In-
telligence Board moved quietly into
the behind-the-scenes decision-mak-
ing on the 1-2. Its chairman was
Allen Dulles, and it included the
heads of the intelligence branches of
the armed services. Cum-ling. the
State Department's man on the board.
was increasingly worried over the
missing 1.1-2 pilot. Ile wanted to bring
a widening circle of officials into the
consultations.
On Wednesday. May 4, Colonel
William M. Shelton, Powers's com-
mander. told Barbara to go back to
the United States as soon as possible.
Ile explained that when her husband
was found, he would be sent home
immediately for a medical examina�
lion. She would see him sooner. the
Colonel argued. by going hotne. This
did not make much sense to Barbara.
She had her first premonition that
something very odd was happening.
Nevertheless. she followed her in-
structions. packed and began making
arrangements for the long trip home
to Milledgeville. Ca.
In Moscow, lihrusheliev, in an
expansive mood at a Czech em-
bassy reception, told the diplomats
lie would go before the Supreme So-
viet the next day. Ile promised his
speech would be interesting.
At the White House. the Presi-
dent breakfasted with Republi-
can Congressional leaders. signed a
grain apeement with India and went
to the Burning Tree Club for a rotund
of golf. But James C. Hagerty. the
Presidential press secretary. had
learned a disquieting piece of news.
The "weather" plane that was re-
ported down in Turkey WAS actually
a 1 -2 missing over Russia.
Ilagerty remembered a conversa-
tion he had had at the Commodore
Hotel in New York just after the 1952
election. He and Eisenhower had
agreed that IlagertY would be told of
security secrets only on a "need-to.
know" basis. For a long time, there-
fore, liagerty did not know about the
spy nights. But in the fall of 1959, the
President and Hagerty were riding
in an automobile together on one of
the President's weekend trips. Dur-
ing a rambling conversation. EISCII.
bower had turned to Hagerty sud-
denly and revealed that United States
planes were flying over the Soviet
Union.
"We're getting some information
back from Russia, Jim," the Presi�
dent had said. Ile made it plain he
was worried about the overflights.
This was .when he revealed that he
had often asked the CIA: "What
happens if you're caught?''
On the fifth of May, the 1,300
delegates to the Supreme Soviet
gathered in the .Kreinlin. U. S. Aim
bassador Thompson had an .uneasy
feeling, lie had been placed in a
choice position, a front box in the
great hall, to which he was not en-
titled by protocol. There was, be re-
flected, something puzzling about it.
At 19 a.m., Khrushehey Munched
into a marathon speech. it was 3 a.m.
in Washington as he began. fattish-
chev unfolded a new tax-and-cur-
rency program. Ile spoke, pessimis-
tically, of the coming Summit,confer-
ence. De regretted Eisenhower's
intention to have Richard M. Nixon
represent him at the Simunit confer-
enee if he had to leave Paris before
it was over. If Nixon were at the
Summit, it woukl be like "letting a
goat watch over the cabbage patch.''
Toward the end of his 3.14-hour
speech Khrushchey dropped the
bombshell. Early on the morning of
May 'Day, he declared, "at 5:36 a.m.
Moscow time, an American plane
crossetl our border and continued its
flight into Soviet territory and was
shot down."
He was about to go to Paris to
meet Eisenhower. Khrusln�hey said.
and now the U. S. Air Force had
committed an aggressive act..K h rush
chev looked up at the box where
Thompson sat, and asked. "What is
this, May Da y greet i ngs ?" The
States was seeking to "tor-
pedo" the Summit. he eharged. "The
question then arises: WM. sent this
aircraft across Ow Soviet frontier?
Was it dispatehed with the approval
of the Commander it) Chief of the
United States armed fool,. a p,ost.
as we know. held by the President ?
Or was this aggressive at under-
taken hy the Pentagon militarists
without the President's knowledge?"
Western reporters rushed for the
telephones.
Al 7 .00,11. that morning in Wash.
ington, all members of the National
Security Council were notified by
telephone to report immediately to
various predesignate(' helieopter
liads fAr evacuation from the capital.
as 'Mill of a three-dav nationwide
"Operatlim Alert 1960" Ci� il De-
fense exercise. The NSC lv, in hI meet
with the 'President at the "Crow's
Nest," a highly secret, partly under-
gronnd dispersal headqearters I.
,eated in the mountains within a 60-
mile radius ef Washingom. The
President took off by helieopter �from
the White House at 7:30 a.m.. un-
aware. like the other members of tin'
NSC, of Khruslichey's speech.
At the White House. Hagerty. who
did not go to the "Cri.iw's est." an-
eontinned
IIII"TI'll
"Ironic/ .rott like to sing along with
,e2 PE 'NC L S
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/04/28 : CIA-RDP74-00297R001600010078-2
. U12
The Defense Secretary
worried about "an international lie"
swered a call from the UPI WaShilig�
toll bureau. Hagerty said he was not
aware that an American plane had
been shot down inside the Soviet
[Mon and had not heard about
Khrushehey's speech.
Soon after. Hagerty reached Giwil-
paster at the "Crow's Nest." Ginal.
ipastir told him that the President
was already ii, the NSC meeting. A
few moments later. ealled
Ilagert% and told him there would lie
a meeting on the 1 -2 after the NSC
meeting. Ile would either call Hag-
er! v afterward and inform him of
the results. lir lie would return
Ii-
u,stiv ill the While House by heli-
copter a:111110 so then, he said.
After the \S( meeting ended. a
sided few of the 16 ollieials who had
attended it moved into a SO141111'1'
r011111 next door. Ilere were six of the
most powerful men in America: the
President : Acting Secretary of State
Douglas Dillon: Defense Secretary
Thomas Gates; CIA Diret�tor Allen
Gonlim Gray. Assistant to
the President for National Security;
and C Ipaster.
Dillon and most id' the others felt
that there would have to be some
ollivial teaction to Klirtish�
i�Ite�'s charges. The decision was
reached to keep on telling the cover
story; all statements Would he made
by the State Depart writ. Bid Gates
was troubled. Ile suggested that if
1�11ruslichey had the physical evi-
dence. the President of the United
States might have to tell the truth.
Ile warned that the prestige of the
Presidency should not he involved ill
CaieS was
overruled. The derision � iii whith
DUHUS tO CO11[111111! ill
Ii,'. The State 1)epartment would do
the 1� Mg.
meetite." was brief. The Presi�
dent attended it. but left abruptly to
keep an 11:30 a.m. appointment.
( had to dash to make the
helicopter bark to the \VItite House
ith Eisenhower. Ile had tut chance 10
telephone Hagerty lwfore departing.
In his office. I I a gert y was besieged
all morning 1.y lieWS111(.11 seeking
eomment on die sensational charge
In khrtislichev. Since he hail re-
ceived no instructions. lie could say
nothing. The President and ( ood.
paster landed at the White House at
I I :21 a.m. At 12:05 p.m.. Hagerty
announced to newsmen: "At the di�
rection of the President. a complete
inquiry is being made. The 1.1.SIlliS if
this iini1niirv. the facts as developed.
will be made public by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administra�
lion and the 1)epartment of State."
It was the first time anyone hail
mentioned a statement by NASA.
The officials at the mountainside con-
ference had derided that only the
State 1)epartment would make any
comment. Hagerty may have erred.
lir he may have acted on instructions
from (;inalpitster�accounts conflict.
But it was clear that somewhere be-
tween the mountainside meeting and
the W hitt! House. tlwre was a serious
breakdown iti communieation. It was
the initial error in a day of monu-
mental confusion.
I lagert) indicated that the report-
ers mould do well to get right over to
NASA. NB( i's Ray Scherer and
A'ewstreek's Charles Itoberts ran
across l.a fay ette l'ark from the White
Ilouse and burst into the office of
W'alter T. lionney. who was the press
cunt inued
JOSIPH MIRACH I
"It 'twat much 01 a proposal. lie suggested we pool pay envelopes.
-
NOW.. DEFENCIN:
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New muscle-relaxing tablet works three ways to give more effective
temporary relief from minor pain of arthritis, rheumatism, body
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While there is no known cure for arthri-
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In case after case, doctors reported that
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Here is how DITENCIN works, what it
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The pain of arthritis, rheumatism and
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Aspirin. common pain tablets and ordi-
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These ordinary tablets don't act directly
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DEFENCIN is a combination of prescrip-
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C;)
WHICII OF THESE NIUSCLE OR JOINT PAINS DO T011 HAVE?
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IL Sore urki -pain in muscles
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OVER, 1 1 3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/04/28: CIA-RDP74-00297R001600010078-2
�
Dorit put shoes on
HOT,
ITCHY FEET!
Unless you apply
Absorbine Jr.
New Research Proves
Embedded Fungi Killed
with Penetrating YG-7*
Itching cracks between toes are sure
signs of Athlete's Foot�a fungi in-
fection which can burrow deep and
become a serious medical problem.
Now Absorbine Jr. with the pene-
trating fungicide YG-7* (chloroxyle-
noL has shown in laboratory tests to
penetrate into horny skin tissue to
kill embedded fungi.
Only Absorbine Jr. offers all this
scientific proof of effectiveness:
I. Test-tube experiments prove 100%
kill of fungi within 5 minutes.
2. Radioactive isotope tests prove
penetration into skin.
3. Laboratory tests prove killing
power on embedded fungi.
4. Evidence from foot specialists show
effectiveness against Athlete's Foot.
Don't put shoes on
hot, itchy feet
without applying
Absorbine Jr. with
penetrating YG-7.
NOTE�Foot Specialists:
Write tor summary ol
laboratory research on
effectiveness against
embedded fungi.
Address: Medical
Director, W. F. Young,
Inc., Springfield, Mass,
U92 The crucial U-2 statement
was drafted hastily, not cleared
spokesman for the space agency.
-Where's the statement ?- asked
Scherer..
lot is secretaries hooked at the IleW
Men ill tater astonishment. "What
statement?" they asked.
"The statement that Jim Ilageriy
said OU %%ere going 111 11111 unit." re-
plied Selterer.
\ 41 1111e had hilt1\ 5S 5's presS
Chief Illal he Was ti VIII Mil a slate-
Meld. Bonnet retreated Its Ills inner
"Ili" and 11,11,41 Ilagerh� 5 fen' tuts.
mews later_ he announced Its 1% mild
has(' a statement at I :311 p.m.
Officials 411 CIA and the Slate De�
',ailment had alread% met to work
out the ie�l of a statement k�
stied Is Lincoln While. department
siissk.'rctiiasi. It was released at I 2: 15
p.m. White. w ho did not knots that
the I -2 was a sin plane. declared:
Department 111 State has
been informed In \ iSS that as au-
nouticell Slat :; ass unarmed plane. a
1...2 to catlicr�rescareli plane I.:v..1 at
Adana. Tiivke. piloted lo a ci% Hiatt
has been missing since Slav I. Dim.
lug the flight of this plane. the pilot
reported dillienln stills his 44,9 gun
equipment. SI s. khrushelte% att�
matured that a L. S. plane has been
shot (low is mei- the I 5.5.11. mu that
date. It 111:1 IlIal till, 1111. miss-
ing plane. It is entirel% imssilds. that
basing a failure in ihe ox S gets equip-
ment, so hirli could result in the pilot
losing cuite-rionstiess. the 111111111` 14/11�
111111141 1111 111111111111111' 1/11111 1111' a 11111-
11411.1.111111. 111Si:1111V 111111 111,�1111`1111111y
iolaied S11%11.1
��'Itile White was meeting news.
men at the State Department. Bonne%
spent 'an agonizing three-quarters sir
isii !mu, ti, is., it was clear tut the
NASA press chief that 111' was going
tui hit% e to go 11111 and lie convincing'
Its dm newsmen who.had trusted him.
l'rotti the start. 11 lllll haul known
tIt,' '-2 was an espionage plane.
hur flair dins. both Dr%slell and
Bonne% had been in direct contact
to ills ( 5. preparing a list of false
atusw yrs to expected questions from
the press. The list haul been sent tut
the space tsgu'usis lo the CIA os ith-
out clearauce Iso the State 1)epart�
meld. i 1)r% den later testified that the
CIA had told him that this material
bust been cleared. I Ott this Thursula.).
noliod% bothered 1111111111111 \ ASA 111
1111. 11011,1011 that only ihe State De�
is rtment would speak for the Gui% ern.
titetit. Reporters were on lionneCs
doorstep demanding information.
Ilonite%. after consulting to ith .Dt. �
den. decided to take the CIA ques�
lion-and-answer sheet and meld it
i one statement. It would be bet-
ter. 14�4114.14 felt. than 141 44ligage its
a "free-for-all- with the reporters.
eloseted himself in his ot.
lice stills the CIA guidelines. per.
suittall% nited tip a statement in rough
form and pate it to a secret:tn. She
smoothed out the language as she
ren ped it on a Multilith mat.
The United States Government
was now about to make 1111e of the
most crucial statements of the cold
war. Yet the statement had been hast�
il% drafted. and edited bv a seen..
titr. It haul not been cleared so ith
the State Ihpartment. the (:1 A sir the
White !louse. It had not been seen
In Herter. Dulles or the President.
IN THE NEXT ISSUE OF LOOK
THE U-2 FAILURE:
Who was responsible?
Why did Ike insist on taking the blame?
A new controversy
about ARTHRITIS
A Canadian doctor's patients say they're cured, but
medical authorities doubt it
BIG BUSINESS: Is it too big?
A provocative article by
SEN. HUBERT HUMPHREY
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/04/28: CIA-RDP74-00297R001600010078-2