THE ATTACHED PROPOSAL FROM CHICAGO AERIAL CAMERA-TYPE E-2

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP74B00752R000100100001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 107
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 13, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 1, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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ENGINEERING & OPT CAC PM)
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ENGINEERING & OP TiCAL. DIVISION
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
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Dat tailRar
General ConAtruetion
ASSOCIATIP SYSW4 POOPONtMTS
Cotarci Syitem
StA3stitvntion and Euvironmenal Barrier
CONCLUSION ?
DEVIATIONS FROt,1 SPECZ'i IUTIONS
FROGR.ANKING rox RALWIILITY,
Appendix I
Appendixii
4peladix
'roposed Project Plan
36
37
38
R-EPOPT NO, 52-,66-A POE 1.
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THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
VAT,ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
ABSTRACT
This proposal outlinea the design approach which
would most adequately encompasi the specifications and
performance requirement for the Panoramic Camera des-
cribed it the proposal request:W=481.-
The design-advocated.herein is based on the
-
-04 one seennineelithentja the form of a double-do The prima
'
feature of the design La non=interilitent:OPeritiee'an
vLtb
tha
: cyele. o scan
continuous scan
prism. Special attention his been paid to the realistic
and practical methods of synchronisation necessary in
such a scanning system and to the reliability and dura-
bility of the finished product. In the development of
the configuration, weight was given constant considera-
tion, and particular emphasis was placed on simplification
of the stabilization system.
ENGINEERING REPORT NO.
5266-A
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION Vjar
INTRODUCTION
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
In our technical approach to this development, we -
have,been,guided by two basic consideration's
1.0 the Air
filM_MaiufactUre;je optical design, in stabiliaation.tech-
niqUes,and.various other aspects of aerial photographic
systm, design have made possible great strides in the ii-
provement of photographic systeMs. .It is now possible to
design and manufacture systems which are capable of gathering
a great deal more information per pound of equipment weight
than was possible even a few years ago.
An aerial photographic system is always slightly
poorer than its weakest link. If one starts out with a
given resolving power in airborne use as a goal, them the
resolving power of the, film and leas must be greater than
that goal. In addition, the stabilization must be done to
an accuracy which does not degrade the resolution of the
lens-film combination to any large degree. :lhe image motion
compensation must be held within mAall'llmits. The shutter,
ENGINEERING REPORT NO.
52.66-A
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ENGINEERING & OPTICALDIVISION vA r THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
if one is employed, must not degrade the image to any.appre-
ciable extent. In short, the degradation of the various cod'.
ponents must be minimized.
In examining the specifications fot this particular
system it becomes evident that a great deal Of emphasis must
. ,
be placed :on the.mechanical,lesigi in order to avoi4Otiessime
- ..
. .. _
-digiedition'ef the inherent resolving power of .the lens film .
,
resolving POWer Of, the lens.'
- The mechanical aspects of thit system; such'sarfilm
transport, image motion compensation, stabilisation, etc.,
must be "quiet", that is, have Sery little vibration.
4. The entire system must be reliable and must 1)40
controllable by the operator in an easily comprehended manner.
Perkin-Elmer has had a rather unique experience in
the design of high acuity photographic systems, particularly
panoramic. The fral panoramic camera, designed and built by
Perkin-Elmer, produced results which at the time Aemon_.
stratet: a significant advance in the state of the art of aerial
photography. More recently we have designed and produced a num-
ber of small panoramic cameras, known as the Model 501, which
are producing excellent results in flight. With these cameras
we have regularly obtained results on film in the air well
A
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION VAiN7 THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
in excess of 40 l/mm.
We feel that our own experience at Perkin-Elmer in
the design and manufacture of high acuity optleallsystems and
in the design and manufacture of panoramic cameras is most op.
plicable to this development.. Our reputation has been built
on our capability in organising and managiog such complex opto?
electronic mechanical'aistems. We do feel that there are othei",,
firms whose experience In certain aspeets
4
development could be Uiefullrbroughe,to bear.onthis program...H.
per/soca
tries, Inc. we viii be ehli to bring to this development
. * -
fine a group'OUtichnicalf.specialiets as could he assembled.
Aerofiex has had Considerable experience in the are. of eta--
bilication of phoiographie systems. Chicago Aerial Industries
has also had enviable experience in the area of camere erase:is
control.
We therefore propose to assemble a team consisting
of Perkin-Elmer who viii act is prime contractor and system
manager; The Aeroflez Corporation who will develop the sta-
hint/Mien equipment and the thermal barrier; and Chicago
Aerial Industries, Inc., Who Will develop the camera control
system. We believe that, the combined experience of all three
companies will enable Perkin-Elmer:to produce a panoramic
system Which will significantly advance the state of the
art of daylight photographic reconnaissance.
ENGINEERING REPORT NO.
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
General
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
DISCUSSION - SCANNING SYSTEMS
In considering the specifications of the E-2 camera,
special consideration has to be given to almost'all the factors
:which hitherto have been considered only separately, due to the
limited Scope of previous requirements. This consolidation of
,
ideas has resulted in thi,reisvalWation.of.seVeral basic design
?
?
iprinciples. Foremost among' t
intermittent film trans
consideration has,.544elopeeinto:a concept . .
parts are continuously functioning to eliminate starting or stop-
ping shocks' which usually result in image degradation and resolu-
tion loss. The high accuracy of the stabilization requires that
it be considered at the outlet as. part of the integral configurat-
-ion design, instead of as an accessory, as ie so often the case..
Toward this end, the optical equipment design should be such.as
to locate the center of gravity in space, affording access for
a stabilization system knuckle joint suspension instead of
conventional gimbals.
An important asset of such a design approach is the
great saving of weight and size. Symmetry of the configuration,
as yell as size and weight, are salient factors which must govern
design. Simplicity of design, as veil as a minimum quantity and
size of optional elements, especially mirrors Which are prone to
vibration effects, is important. A rational approach is necessary
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION 1 THE 'PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION -
? with regard to ease of fabrication, assembly and alignment, with
particular attention paid to a system design which has its c4tical
dimensions and characteristics built in. And, finally, the aspect
of ease of operation'and maintenance has to be kept in mind.
With these principles as guides, system design' Was-
.:'attempted. Throughoui-,thOthdy;:many different. Configirations=de-
veloped which vera eventually discarded
features ultimately emplo
Specific
elementoohen a scanning prism is:used,'Calle for a prism duty Cycle ._.
approaching 100%. Since, to achieven 180P panoramic sweep, the
:prism must rotate only. 900, four Pictures per prism rotation are
necessary in order to maintain,a.611 duty cycle. With one lens
and one prism, this condition becomes physically impossible. This
therefore leads to either of two possibilities; one lens with two
Wats 900 out of phase with each other, or two lenses with one prism.
? A version of the first alternative is shown in Figure 1.
In this scheme the full duty cycle is essentially satisfied, since
there can be continuous film transport with scans made alternately
through prisms P1 and P2. To a large measure, the design satis-
fied the objectives. The feature which discourages its use is
primarily the weight of the two prisms. They are necessarily
large in size since they have to be located at a considerable dis-
tance from the entrance pupil of the lens and Are, because of their
size, very difficult to make, considering the quality required.
5266-A
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION WI THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
The two prisms in this case would use up about two thirds of
the weight allowance for the entire system. Another feature
which can be more easily accommodated than the heai prisms,
.but Which is nevertheless undesirable in an ideal system, is
the mirror 143 which is used to switch from one incoming beam
to the other. The movement of this mirror is intermittent and
thus becomes &tierce of vibration and transient shock. A
- able advantage is the possibility for provision GUI: 14. C.
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-
means of harmonic oscillation of mirrors M1 and M2 in:47001.,--.
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ate phase' irith' the
c;7 approach of two scanning membeil, Fan.,,be taken.
one step further. Its primary objectioni weight, can be reduced
by the use of scanning' mirrors instead of prisms,. as shown in
Figure 2. However, a scanning mirror will produce image rotttion
with respect to the line of scan. To eliminate this objection,
' a derotation prism, in this case a double-dove prism, must be
incorporated, as shown in the figure. This prism is of more
reasonable size, being placed close to the lens. Here again is
a workable system which, with some exceptions, obeys the previous-
ly discussed design features. An added complication is the necess-
ary coordination of the rotation of the prism with that of the
scanning mirrors and film. However, the largest problem lies in
the ability to rotate the two scanning mirrors MI and M2 accur-
ately enough, since the location of the switching mirror 143 be-
tween them precludes the use of a common shaft. The transient shock
effect from the switching mirror remains a problem, as in the first
system.
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
In considering what changes would have to be incorporated
in order to make either or both of the above acceptable, and in
reviewing each objection, it becomes obvious under what condi-
tions these approaches become iuitable. The primary objection,
especially with respect'to,system 1 is weight and size. This
could be-reduceticonsiderab/y by playing the game of give and
take With the specifications. SidUttiOi of film from
.,.. -.. ,?.
. . , . .
anches?to-abOut.3 inchei:etkad:dicriaie.the:field of;view an
" ,' ...;,`r ' " ?'. :"-,:' "?' : '
consequently, prism size.. . Another alternative woad be to de-
- .-
...-
of 24 inches.
,
crease of prise -size
inch focal length case would be will within tolerable limits, and
the system would be a very feasible one.
The net effect of the evaluation of these two systems,
based on two scanning elements and one lens (Figures 1 and 2), in-
dicates that they, as shown, are not of sufficient merit for the
design solution if their shortcomings can be overcome with a
different approach.
The remaining ease to consider is with the use pf one
prism and two lenses. However, prior to that discussion it would
be well to first evaluate the case which departs from the full
duty cycle (continuous moving film) condition. There are in this
approach several design variations, all characterized by a
tempting simplicity. See Figure 34 This is the approach which
ENGINEERING REPORT NO. 5266-A PAGE 8
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
VA/
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
has been followed for the most part until now for most convention-
al
panoramic cameras. The original S-1 panoramic camera and the
Perkin-Elmer Model 501 Trackers were both based on this system.
It employs essentially a rotating scanning prism coupled with an
intermittent film drive. The maximum scanning duty cycle in such
a:Alystem is necessarily limited to 50%. This would require faster
scan rates to meet the desired specifications. It would also neces-
sitate'the acceleration of film from a stopped position to a high,
yet constant velocity. The specification which most seriousiy limits
us in this case is the rapid sequence required of 1 scan persecond
(which we have considered important). It is doubtful that vibrat-
ional transients.affecting the internal optical parts and the ex-
ternal stabilisation could be damped out in less than several
seConds after.the film'is started.7:
,
l'he'pieviouelyHeentioned,case of one prism and two .
lenses remains as a possible solution. A configuration is shown
in Figure 4. It becomes immediately apparent that the might prob-
lem of the prism is no longer a factor. Since the lenses are close
to the prism, the prism can be smaller and, in addition, there is
only one prism instead of the two used in system 1. Here too there
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION \VAiir THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
is a minimum number of reflecting elements, only the one mirror
being used in each optical system as normally required for image
erection. There is no flip-flop mirror to induce shock, and all
functions are continuous. The system truly seems to adhere to
every aspect of the design approach objectives.
Some specific features in detail are worth noting in
considering the system of Figure 4.
1. The lenses are placed at such angular positions
that an active scan from each in turn is accomplished without over-
lapping of duty cycles. The prism of Figure 4 is shown at the trans-
ition point between the start of seed for lens Ll, and the and of
scan for lens L2. The chosen positions furthermore are such that
a 150 degree transverse field of view is scanned by each lens .
combined with the prism.
The images fromthe:two.,balves.of theeptical systems
, . .
are alternately to thi.efilmthringh.two focal-plane slits, .
. . . ,
with displacement such that th. film passes.them sequentially.
. .
_Lightweight
capping shutters csi:eid Cii open alternately 'On time
with the prism during the active scan exposures. In this fashion,
the duallmams are recombined directly On the film without multiple
_ _ _
mirrors or heavy oscillating parts.
3. The deployment of the 2 slits along the film path serves
to compensate for the unsymmetrical angular placement of the lenses
so that the spaces between frames are equalised on the file.
4. The divergent optical paths provide an opportunity for -
a light-weight suspension system for stabilisation in the unoccupied
central region. A naturally symmetrical system is a further advan-
tage.
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
3. Dual usage of the prime is obtained, with many
consequent advantages, including nearly 100% duty cycle, film
speed during scan reduced to 1/2, and smooth continuous motion
of all moving parts. The best conditions are thus provided for
meeting the requirements of synchronisation. Furthermore, the
efficient duty-cycle figure is in line with the strong desire for
a system capable of recording maximum information per pound.
There are two unique problems with this system, both
having solutions. One is a limitation of the angle of scan, due
to blocking of the prism line-of-sight by the lens mounts. This
blocking occurs only in the neighborhood of the limits of the re-
quired 130 degree scan, and may amount to one f-stop if not cor-
rected. Since the interference occurs with an unused portion of
the front lens element it is'entirily feaSible to remove a portion,
of the'disi if necessary. :-.11ciroiturenveriatiUn,piused by.residual
blocking ;an be compensated bieoittii1.4f.slit width during scan.
.-The other limitation is in regard to the stereo overlap
in thi'flight-diiiitiOU. The scan cycling is such as to record two
pictures in successionwith a sherilapselmfore the next pair.
-
-
of exposures. This condition is inherent because of the need to'
place the lenses at somewhat less than 1110 depose apart. The
image overlap can be corrected simply by A small fixed displacement
of the lens axes relative to the center of the format. (III
WWI =LS a.C.1.111
The arrangement as. shown in Figure 4, with lenses arranged
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
150 degrees apart, is considered the best balance between the
usage problems of coverage and overlap.
We consider this two-lens continuous-duty concept to
be a significant advancement, providing a unique combination of
functions which are basically simple, therefore predictable.
The foremost problem of dynamic optical scanning; the
use of intermittent mechanisms is completely eliminated.
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
OPTICAL SYSTEM DETAILS
Some interesting effects result from the optical
geometry of the proposed system. Figure (5) is a development
of the optical system showing the two lenses, the optical axes
of each making an angle 0 with the horizontal, Aged the two
positions of the mirror surface of the rotating prism at which
the nadir falls on the optical axes of the lenses. These posi-
tions are marked (1) and (2). The mirror rotates with a con-
stant angular velocity0 in rad/sec.
Spacing of Successive Film Frames
The angular disgacement of the prism between
successive exposures is thenPeradians, And since
.'the image scan angle is twice the prism:Acan angle, the
. ,
angular displacement referred to the filM is .,11-.?.2
radians i The intervals between frai4AyoUld thArifAre..
differ by 40 or .a ? single :slit 'AYstem':?;'
half this value (28) the framAAntervals-Wifilm
-,-
may be equalized. : The required distance is 2 9 IF
,
where F is the focal length of thiOlens. In the design
under consideration, 9 :?-? fi and P 24 inches. (Fig. 6)
yielding a separation .of 12.57 inches.
5266-A
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. ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
'50/V/T.5
NAP/4"
5 c/n07:5
ii oA/./r:
/ 75(EQ CIL / E ?5/%..1/N-z)
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION \VT7 THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
The Time Interval Between Frames
The time interval between successive frames is
In this design A 24.- is therefore Az 0
and the time intervals between frames (and therefore the
stereo anglei)alternate in ratio of 5 to 7.
Since any solution which does not lead .to con-
stant film speed and prima rotation is undesirable,. the
alternatives are to reduce 8 to the lowest possible
value or to make 0 appear smaller by in optical expe-
dient. .We have calculated that the vignetting problem
will lead to a value of 9 of the.orderof
Optically 0 could be made to appear smaller
We believe that the best solution lies n using
the smallest possible value of 0 consistent with the
vignetting consideration and in accepting the resulting
alternation of the stereo angle.
The Overlap on Film Frames
Since the stereo base or time interval between
successive frames alternates in the ratio of 5 to 7, it
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
follows, if each lens is centered on the film center line,
that the film overlap will vary alternately in the same
ratio. By parallel displacement of the lenses along the
flight axis, so that the first lens looks slightly back-
ward and the second slightly forward, the overlap on the
film can be made constant. (See Figure 7). For a 55%
overlap, the image would be displaced 45% of the film width
for each scan, or 90% for the full cycle interval of two
scans. Since the time intervals are in the ratio of .5 to
7, the actual image displacements on film, in the case
before lens displacement, alternate between 37-1/2% and
52-1/2% of film width. Separation of the lenses by half
the difference (7-1/2%) results in equal displacements
of 45% or the desired overlap of 55%. The displacement
of 7.4/2% of-filmloidthOf 9:inches AMoUs
- .
length by the same. amount. ;:The fieldt.equirementof the
'Aens-is also increased. stereo Angle is not *Mete
by these adjustments and alternates between 11- 2
8? 4'
prism Speed
In our proposed design, the prism speed
proportional to V/H.
7.,
is
The constant K is determined by the desired over-
lap ratio. For a two scan cycle of time T the prism will ,
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
have rotated 19e radians while for a 55% overlap the picture
will have been displaced by 90% of the picture width.(W). Thus,
/7-7-11 17. ? _ /(77
.90 w V T
Therefore,
and prism speed
= .e.96 771
Image Motion Compensation
An examination of the geometry of the scan method
shows that the image motion is accurately sinusoidal with the
maximum velocity occurring at the nadir. According to the
relation
radians/sec.
since the
. - .
instantaneous --displacement of the image and
the amplitUde:afMotion.-cA)ifferentiating,
Since the image velocity at the nadir is also
represented by VP, the two expressions may be equated
zs 4F
"'= V P
1.Z9 /*riches
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
The peak to peak amplitude will then be 2.58 inches.
The Lens Field
The diameter of the lens field equals the length of
slit (9"), plus the lens offset distance (.675") plus the peak
movement for IMC (2.58") for a total of 12.26 inches. The
lens must be designed therefore for a half field angle of 14?-
20'.
Area-Weighting
The manner in which the film and lens field move
with respect to each other results in the lens field coverage
per frame illustrated in Figure 8. This distribution results
in a considerably different area-weighting function for AWAR
determination than that applied to alstationiry field-to-frame
- .
the entire field would have the aameahapeatthe field cover-
age curve. The shapaak the curve corresponds in general to
. ,the natural mannerin which the resolution falls off in a ,
normal lens field, resulting in a considerably more efficient
use of the high information-gathering capacity of the center
of the field than is obtained in the usual static frame. The
reason for this is that the strip camera covers a much larger
portion of the frame area with the naturally high quality
center of the lens field than the static-frame camera.
ENGINEERING REPORT NO. 5266-A
PAGE 1:7
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IT
772
r"
;::1
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
21.
- 8 Z.A./5' A-/62o G?//-",?;9e;--.6 te"-P AP4Ms-
ENGINEERING REPORT NO, 5266-A PAGE 174i
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
Optical Limitations on Image Quality
Limiting resolution is a good measure of the infor-
mation content density (bits of information per unit length)
stored by the lens-film combination. However, It depends on
the minimum signal discriminable above the noise (graininess)
of the film, and therefore on the contrast of detail In the
image. This image contrast depends on the apparent contrast
of the object and on the contrast degradation Of the lens-
film combination. The object contrast is generally indepen-
dent of detail size, but the lens-film combination will de-
grade the contrast in the iiaga, the degradation increasing
as the detail size decreasei
Figure 9 illustrates how the relative performance
,of two different photographic systems can *Tendon the,
contrast of the object being photographed. Assuming that
?
-7 the image nontrest. threshold le.independent4if detail-site;
the horizontal dished lines indicate three thresholds re/a-
?
tive-to,the lens-file degradation characteristic;Ti being
for relatively high object contrast, T2 for half theeon7
treat for T1, and T3 for half the contrast for T2. At high
object contrast system A is superior to system B, at inter-
mediate Object contrast both will record the same amount of
information although B will give a sharper image, and at
low object contrast system B is superior.
ENGINEERING REPORT NO.
5266-A
PAGE la
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
? 2-----',L)/VGEC TL4./7/ C,A/
L /A4/7- ,f74/ 7JC 7- C7C3/1/7-/,4
ENGINEERING REPORT NO. 5266-A
PAGE 18A
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
The choice between the two systems will depend on
the contrast conditions of the objects to be photographed.
If the preponderance of objects will have medium to high
contrast, system A will be the better information-gatherer.
If the preponderance of objects will have medium to low
contrast, over a period of time system B will gather more
information than system A.
The most effective technique for aniVzing the
contrast-degrading properties of a photographic system is
one in which the object element is a spatial sinusoidal
pattern. Any object can be decomposed into sinusoidal ele-
ments by the application Of Fourier analysis, and the con-
trast degradation can be reinterpreted as the reduction in
the amplitude of the sinusoidal element as a function of
its spatial frequency. A majoradyantages,of,thia technique
- .
is that the :,optical system and the film can be evaluated
independently and the **form/Ince of the two predicted by
simply'multiplying.their characteristics together. Figure
10 show* the Modulation response characteristics for three
samples of different types of film.
The modulation transfer characteristic of the optical
system is limited principally by three factors. Those are
diffraction, secondary color, and aberration.
ENGINEERING REPORT NO. 5266-A
PAGE 19
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION \V?T-7 THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
q< /0
j
,
?
.7
4
II\
ill
1
IIIL
?
,
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40 50 60 70 go 90 /00 7/0 /20 /go /40
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ENGINEERING REPORT NO, 5266-A
PAGE 19A
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
The degradation due to diffraction is determined
solely by the relative aperture of the System and cannot
be improved.
Secondary color is under very limited control. Any
attempt to reduce it by an appreciable amount will increase
the weight of the optical system and make the correction of
off-axis aberrations more diffioult.
Th?ombined effect of diffraction and secondary
color will result in a degradation which can only be made
worse by the *ntroduction of aberrations. Thus a calcula-
tion of the modulation transfer characteristic of a system
limited by diffraction and secondary color, but without
aberration, will give th Upper limit which can be approached
.but not exceeded in the design of system.
Figure ltshowi this :curve as well as one for a
- ? -
_System limited by diffraction in the absence of Secondary
, ?
color. ,It also Shows the 'overall system characteristic
with type 1182 filM'Whin the aberrations of the optical
system are perfectly corrected.' ?
The amount of secondary color is for a 24-inch
focal length anastigmat. No refracting system known to
us having the required f/no., focal length, and field has
appreciably less secondary color.
ENGINEERING REPORT NO.
52664,
PAGE 20
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.7^7
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
1
I
I
I
1
\
\
5
....,
,__
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p /0 20 30 40 50 60 76- 80 .90 /00 //O /20 /30740
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Ac7,k W 44oi>(-/L47704"
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ENGINEERING REPORT NO. 5266-A
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LI ?
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
It is apparent that the degradation resulting
from secondary color leaves very little margin for the
designer to work within. An attempt to maximize the curve
in the vicinity of 100 cycles/mm could result in a flat-
tening of the curve at the intermediate frequencies pro-
ducing a system like A in Figure 9. /f the objects to be
photographed are generally of low contrast, it would be
better to maximize the intermediate region even though
this might rest* in a high contrast resolution limit at
less than 100 cycles/rm.
The seriousness of the degradation resulting from
'secondary color has prompted us to investigate its.improve?
mutt.. Figure 12 shows the improvement obtained by stopping
'the lona dowfii by reducing the secondary Colorp'or by re..
-
4uiing the spectral bandwidth. Stepping the lens down might
'':eMpected'to-isiOrOve the image by increasing the depth of
focust-but this gain is largely Offsetby'the increased
- .
dif-
fraction. :Reducing the secondary color by. a factor of two
-
reiults in .a modest gain, but this might well be offset by
the difficulty in keeping down the aberrations off-axis.
Reducing the spectral bandwidth by a factor of two results
in an appreciable gain at the cost of a doubling of either
the effective exposure time or the film sensitivity.,
.. ?
21
ENGINEERING REPORT NO. 52ib?. PAGE.
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r.,
ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION
PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
_1
li
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0 20 30 40 50 60 70 go 90 /.0.Q I/O /20 /30 /AO
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SOO
1000
I600
2000
arnini ?iiniictfnir n 1..0
CHICAGC i
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The length of picture being scanner is L ? la
in which L ? length of exposure, inches
Thus, L and R are related to give (5) by
V
?ITFR
Examination of relationship (5) at the minimum and maximum Value
of V over H reveal a maximum accuracy in Vt of 2% to obtain an
overlap within 1% of nominal. This accuracy of overlap is well
within the limits for high precision aerial photography.
( 7 )
The degradation of the image due to movement of an object on the
ground can be analysed by reference to Figure 3000444 and the
following:
Assuming a maximum tolerable image blur of 000 ima or .0004 inch,
we can evaluate the error E allowed as
IC% ? Vise X 1C0 per cent
--"vj--..
the image blur is d (Vi - Vino) t
but the velocity of the image due to vehicle movement is
Vi ? 1.69 V P. Considering that W ?titt and substituting
the allowable blur of .04 inch for d we have
gig la 0
elre
(8)
( 9)
This relationship for E indicates a range of permissible error of
0.75% to 37% which means that an optimum value must be chosen
reflecting the most expected value of slit width, W. A value of
p% has been Chosen. It vin assure proper image synchronisation
up to a slit width of 47 inches which will be adequate for average
terrain brightness.
Other considerations with respect to the high quality of the velocity
servo can be summed up as follows. The unit must be carefully into-
grated into the mechanism or the camera proper. The concept. of
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FILM
TRAVEL
SLIT BLADES--
ANALYSIS OF IMC ERROR
FIGURE 4
vi
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of compact, high density, and reliable electro-mechanical design
are clearly indicated: The servo must be capable of providing
enough motive power to accomplish, in accordance with the design,
the various mechanical functions of promise film movement across
the exposure slit, lens movement for INC, and prism drive. It is
intended that the film feed and take?hp power be provided by other
mechanisms in the confines of the camera.
A block diagram of the proposed servo appears in Figure 3000444.
The completed unit, shown enclosed by the dotted line, will be
contained in a package wroximately21 x 3 x 10 inches for the
amplifier and paver supply, and 4 indh diameter x 6 inches long
for the motor-tachometer. The total weight of the packaged
components will be apprex1matey6.5 pounds. The power requirement,
will be 300 watts AC and 40 watts De.
The functions of the various components are as indicated an the
block diagram. A power supply will be included in the unit to
provide all of the servo power requirements for both the velocity
servo and the exposure servo. The velocity servo will control
the rotational speed of the primary power input to the feed roller
in the camera. The function of IMC and prism synchronisation will
be accomplished by other mechanisms in the camera.
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PRISM
AD MC
SYLIC.
FEED ROLLER
MASTER
CONTROL
WITHIN THE
-PRE-
CISION
GEAR
TRA U'.
N
CA MER A DESIW.1
E REF
MOTOR
DRIVE
AMP
MASTER C01.1TROL
EXPOSURE .01
SWITCH
V
EXPOSURE E
TO EXPOSUR SERVO
POWER
SUPPLY
TA C H
I I5V a8V.
400"-? DC
EX POSU RE
SERVO
VELOCITY SERVO
FOR
PANORAM IC CAMERA
FIGUTZE) '5000-84-5
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ENGINEERING & OPTICAL DIVISION THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
c.
4r,
TJ
ENGINEERING REPORT NO. 5266-A
PAGE
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5
f.]
t.
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TECHNICAL PROPOSAL
Torquer Stabilized Camera
Mount System for.
B-2 Panoramic Camera
Aeroflex Type ART-6
Refer to P-.489 P & E)
Prepared by:
OTarr .dngineex
24 June 1958
THE AEROPLEX CORPORATION
AEROPLEX LABORATORIES DIVISION
34-06 SK/LLMAN AVENUE
LONG ISLAND CITY 1, 14, Y,
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STAT
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INTRODUCTICN
The stabilization requirements set forth in proposal
request WCLR-481 requires an engineering effort in an area
at the limits of the present state of the art. The Aeroflex
Corporation has extensive experience in all phases of camera
stabilization and feels that its experience can be success-
fully applied to this program.
In order to achieve the dynamic performance requirements,
the stabilization problem must not be complicated by the
vibrational effect's inherent in conventional wrap-around
gimballing or the frictional effects of-large radius bearings.
These limitations dictate the use of a knuckle type gimbal
arrangement. The intersection of the gimbal axes has to
be located at the center of gravity of the mount-camera
combination. The volume about that point must allow sufficient
clearance for the mount structure.
The proposed Perkin-Elmer camera design is ideally
suited to the anticipated mount design. The layout of the
optical system allows sufficient room for the mount within
the outline dimensions of the camera body. (See Aeroflex
Drawing 121-80252) The ability to accomplish the weight
shift compensation for film travel within the camera, will
add to compactness and weight saving.
In our exper:lence to date on exchange
information, necessary for the preparation
The Aeroflex Corporation feels that its mo
of ideas and
of this proposal,
unt can readily
be integrated with the Perkin-Elmer camera'
a photographic system materially advancing
art of photographic reconnaissance0
design, producing
the state of the
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I - R.u.EiRt121_21._Structure
The mount structure assembly is designed to make use
of the space provided by the folded optical system of the
camera. The azimuth gimbal fastens to the camera and forms
a knuckle type joint with the pitch gimbal, making maximum
use of the volume available within the ray angle pattern
of the camera optics. The compactness of this type of
construction provides good rigidity at low weight.
The roll gimbal which supports the knuckle joint passes
through the body of the camera. The roll torquer mounts
just adjacent to the camera body, making the total length
ri
LI of the roll gimbal short, helping to keep the structure
lightweight and rigi6.
The roll gimbal rotates in bearings set in the mount
frame? The frame !s mounted on vibration isolators de-
signed to attenuate aircraft vibrations and to reduce the
?,1 effects of shock. The mount frame consists of hollbw cast-
ings which gives torsional rigidity and light weight.
The verticil gyro and azimuth gyro are rigidly fastened
to the camera Jody. The mount electronics are placed on a
separate shock mounted chassis. Removal of the electronics
from the nrint keeps the mount structure compact and at a
minimum si:;e. This arrangement allows for greater flexibility
.1
in installation.
To compensate for the change in center of gravity of
the camera, due to motion of film from one spool to the
other, ;ome form of weight shift operation is necessary.
The motor to accomplish this is powered by the mount elec-
.1
tronias which sense the unbalance and apply control voltage..
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to the weight shift motor which restores the center of
gravity.
With a goal of minimum weight each part will be
examined to see that it is as light as possible consistent
with performance requirements.
Estimated maximum weights are 110 lbs for the mount
and 30 lbs for the electronic chassis. It is estimated
that the heat barrier box and pressurized electronics
chassis box will weigh an additional 185 lbs.
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21)
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II - Operation of the Mount (See Figure 1 - Block DiaKram)
The roll and pitch position loops have the same circuitry.
Only the position gains will be different due to different
moments of inertia about each axis. The vertical reference
is an ARX.3 Vertical Gyro, The gyro is slaved to a two axis
pendulum assembly through its awn erection system. The pen-
dulum error voltage drives the erection amplifier which causes
the gyro torquers to move the gyro gimbals to correspond with
the pendulum position. The gyro output is in the form of
D. Cg signals with a scale factor of /33 m.v. minute.
In the operation of the normal erection system of the
ARX-3 Vertical Gyroe the erection rate is 2 degrees per
minute. This represents 120 seconds or in a 1/50 second
exposuree 2.4 seconds of arc. The maximumsalIowable motion
in this time is 3,0 seconds (Paragraph 3.4.13.1e Exhibit
WCLR-481). Thus 80 percent of the allowable steadiness
margin would be used up with normal erection system, This
would preclude the use of such a system and require an inte-
grating erection system to be able to meet performance re-
quirements.
An integrating erection system acts asalow pass filter.
Accelerations caused by the normal yaw frequencies of the
aircraft will be filtered outs, increasing the steadiness
capability. Constant velocity motions such as gyro free
drifts, earth rate and earth profile effects will not cause
verticality errors.
The D. C. output signals of the gyro drive the mount
gimbals through the torquer amplifier and the torquers?
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mmt.J.A.1111 LAVM 1.1= supply TO tne taxe-up spools
will cause an unbalance in the roll axis. The unbalance
will produce a differential torquer current. The weight
shift amplifier operating on this signal drives the weight
shift motors which is located in the camera? to correct
the unbalance.
In azimuth? the mount is slaved to a synchro in the
camera system control box providing drift ififormation.
The azimuth error signal is amplified to drive the torquer
of a HIG.4 single axis gyro. The gyro signal operator
drives the azimuth torquer through the azimuth torquer
amplifier.. The gyro will tend to keep the camera still in
space. The gains are so adjusted that the:HIG signal domi-
nates?. providing the steadiness required.
If the aircraft executes a turn and remains in the,
turn for a considerable period of.time? the centrifugal
component of acceleration acting on the gyro pendulum would
drive the gyro off vertical, For this reason? the gyro
erection is cut off when the mount rests in the roll stops.
This permits more rapid recovery of' the mount at the com-
pletion of the turn,
The roll stops are also used to change the gain of
the azimuth loop during a turn in order to have the drift
signal dominate. this will leave the mount aligned with
the ground track at the end of the maneuver.
The power and control unit provides all the necessary
reference voltages,. time delays, and switching for mount
operation.
A caging mechanism prevents motion of the camera when
mount power is off., This protects the equipment against
damage due to large angular accelerations.
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? III - Thermal Barrier
L.]
For the extreme temperature conditions of paragraph
308,1 of Exhibit WCLR-481 (300?F and -100?F at 1009000 feet),
a heat barrier box will be built to enclose the mount and
camera. Cooling will be accomplished by circulation of a
water.glycol solution through tubing on or in the walls of
the barrier box. Coolant carrying tubing will be used to
cool critical areas of the mount such as the gyros and
the torquers,
The cooled box is placed inside another box making a
double-walled unit. The space between is filled with fibre
glass or other suitable insulation0
connections are made in such a manner as to allow no unbroken
heat paths to the outside atmosphere,
I
1,73
When in the box the isolators are removed from the
mount and the mount is rigidly fastened to the box. The
box is then mounted in the aircraft on suitable vibration
isolators.
A flexible duct type connection will be run to the
frame of the window in the skin of the aircraft. It is
Lipreferable that the window frame be made of some non-heat
conducting material.
LIThe electronic packages will be mounted in a similar
LI
type box except that this unit will be pressurized and kept
at sea level to permit air circulation to transfer heat from
the components to the box walls.
Under conditions of extreme cold (-100?F) the coolant
fluid kept at approximately 120F will keep the equipment
at proper operating temperatures and the barrier boxes
will serve as heat retainers.
-6-
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IV ?,Escification Comments
Li
HI.,.
r...
3,2.2. Should read "with the exception in 3.2.1 ...."
3,4.13.4 Contract number should read AF 33(038)19825.
3.4.13.9 Add "or equal" to the end of the first
sentence.
3.8,1 Should read "....the camera and mount...."
i. Subsequent to shock - 7.5 ges
j. Subsequent to acceleration - 4 g9s
4.1.4.2. (2) Should read "p000 room pressure and the
temperature shall be 0?F).
4.1.4.2.(4) Should read "Vibration In accordance
with procedure sI of.MIL-B-005272B,"
4.1.3,5 No commercial equipment is available to
vibrate below 5 cps. Figure 1 does not go below 5 cps.,
therefore, this should read".. ..For all frequencies between
5 and 50 cps....."
-
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. tutICU r-Lcp4L-uLlun oI EO ?sal
The heat barrier box does not include design of the
window. Because of the optical problems involveds it is
felt that responsibility for design of the window should
remain with the camera manufacturer. Close liaison will
insure proper connection between the heat barrier box and
the window frame and also insure proper window size for
the ray angle patterns involved,
The qualification test program and other in-plant
testing at Aeroflex assumea that a dummy camera with the
same weights center of gravity location and dimensions
critical as to fits will be made available by the camera
manufacturer ten .(10) montas after award of the contract.
Although mount caginq is not specifically called for
in tie exhibit it is deemed necessary to protect the
equipment against damage. A caging mechanism designed
for greatest simplicity and minimum weight would lock
the camera to the mowil frame. This method requires a
caging pin located on the camera body.
The compact stTacture of the mount makes it necessary
to provide a mounttng platform for the vertical gyro on
the camera body,
The weigl,: shifting to compensate for center of
gravity shil": ch:e to film motion will be accomplished by
?he camel-j :qanufacturers'with advice from Aeroflex as to
type of .otor and gear ratio.
D:awinas supplied will be manufacturer's shop drawings
in accordanct with paragraph 3./2.2 of Exhibit WCIA-481.
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/12/13 : CIA-RDP74B00752R000100100001-4
The reliability program will be formulated within the
following policy outline:
1,. Translate reliability requirements into quanti-
tative design parameters.
2, Design for optimum requirements.
3, Maintain organizational responsibility for imple-
menting reliability,
4,. Promote standardization which contributes to
improved reliability.
5. Accomplish testing to measure and improve reliability.
6. Coordinate data collection and feedback.
7. Promote reliability programa by subcontractors
and suppliers.
8. Keep abreast of and cooperate in Government and
industry reliability efforts.
At present the general configuration of the system is
known and a prediction of the system reliability will be
made on the best available data of the parts to be used.
However p in a realistic and practical sensee this prediction
phase cannot be expected to stand alone as a measure of
system reliability. This is so since all parts do not
have failure rate data though they may be the best available.
In addition, data available applies to the specific
component alone and does not necessarily consider the com-
ponent in the context of a complete design or with the
exact environmental conditions specified for this equip-
ment. Furthermore e the small number of components used
cannot be considered in terms of a random sample. Thus,
9-
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/12/13: CIA-RDP74B00752R000100100001-4
TT'
Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2010/12/13 : CIA-RDP74B00752R000100100001-4
tallure rate oata wnicn is (*.sea on large numbers requires
certain qualifying assumptions to be applied to reliability
calculations.
The assumption includes the effect of how the component
is used and the environment it must endure. Handling in
terms of production? shipping? storage and use is also a
factor. To account for these variations over laboratory
conditions@ a factor of 1/2 to 0 the mean time to failure
is a useful assurAption.
In addition to indicating a theoretical goal of re-
liability@ another useful purpose of this phase would be
to ascertain the effect of any component that grossly de-
grades the
reliability merely by the fact hat .it is used.
A gefid example would be the use Of Vacuum tubes.-
,
Failure .:ates of tubes run considerably higher than re-
sistors or condensers for example. Ugh tube failure rates
would have a dominating effect on degrading reliability.
The use of transistors instead of vt.euum tubes brings the
fa'lure rate down to a less dominatiAg value.
In terms of the single piece of equiptent being
fr.rnishedo the greatest Care must be ttken in the design
ltage to ensure the best possible results within the
.imited statistical validity of the reliability study.
-10-
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/12/13: CIA-RDP74B00752R000100100001-4
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