PRESS BLACKOUT ON INTERNAL SECURITY SUBCOMMITTEE HEARINGS ON DRUG TRAFFIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP75B00380R000300060001-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 4, 1973
• Content Type: OPEN

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE Jana, a ry .,;'; 1973
same time that the American people gave
the President a decisive mandate for
peace along the lines that he had prom-
ised it, they also gave a decisive vote of
confidence to the Democratic Party in
Congress and in the State houses. The
Democratic majority has been increased
in the Senate, indicating the people's in-
tent and expectation that Congress
would exercise its constitutional author-
ity with energy and independence.
The matter in any ease is not partisan.
The opposition to the war was initiated
7 years ago by Democratic Congressmen
and Senators against a Democratic ad-
ministration. Many Republicans have
actively opposed their own administra-
tion's policy of continuing the war. Now,
more than ever, it is the responsibility
of members of both parties in Congress
to use the legislature's power to cut off
funds to end the war in Vietnam.
I believe that Congress can and should
act decisively immediately after the in-
auguration. In the first instance Mr. Kis-
singer, or Secretary Rogers, should ap-
pear before appropriate congressional
committees in the first day of the new
session to explain the breakdown of the
peace talks. They were invited to meet
with the Foreign Relations Committee in
advance of the new session, on January 2,
but both declined. Should the admini-
tration refuse to allow its spokesmen to
testify, the Congress should proceed on
an urgent basis to consider legislation
to :regulate the practice of so-called exec-
utive privilege. Congress and the Ameri-
can people have not only the right, but
the responsibility, to call their leaders to
explain and-if they can-justify in pub-
lic the extraordinary actions of the last
two months. These actions, couched in
secrecy, represent a blatant repudiation
of the explicit assurances of peace which
were given to the American people be-
fore the election.
But beyond the regulation of "execu-
tion privilege," and most urgent and im-
portant of all, Congress can and should
proceed, through its appropriations
power, to bring the war to an immediate
end. Should it fail to do so, we may have
to wait for the election of 1976 before
the war can be ended. By that time, Mr.
Nixon's indiscriminate terror bombing
could well have destroyed North Vietnam
as an organized society, while also in-
flicting incalculable injury upon our own
society and institutions.
Mr. Nixon has, after 4 years, failed to
end the war. He came to the brink of
peace before the election but then, in the
wake of the election, repudiated Mr. Kis-
singer's agreement. That agreement
would have given the Thieu regime the
reasonable chance for survival on which
Mr. Nixon has insisted; it would have left
Mr. Thieu with armed forces many times
larger and far better equipped than the
forces of his adversaries. But a "reason-
able chance" is apparently not enough
for President Thiele-or for President
Nixon. They now insist upon a guarantee
of the Saigon regime's predominance in
South Vietnam-a predominance they
have not been able to establish even with
the help of an army of half a million
Americans, or with the pulverizing power
of Mr. Nixon's fleets of bombers.
Mr. Nixon has shown himself at the
crucial moment unwilling to settle for a
"reasonable chance" in the contest with
Vietnamese communism. He still wants
the victory and the submission of the
enemy that have eluded two Presidents
for 7 years.
The President's failure to end the war
has now thrust the responsibility upon
the shoulders of a Congress which has
long struggled to escape it. But the re-
sponsibility is now inescapable. It is up
to Congress, through its appropriations
power, to end the war and to allow the
North and South to settle the question
of who rules Vietnam. That is the kind
of peace Mr. Kissinger almost attained,
and it must be recognized that an essen-
tial element to such an agreement is that
it might result eventually in a Commu-
nist South Vietnam. although we hope it
will not. If the Thieu regime is capable of
marshaling its superior resources, it will
spiring the loyalty of its people, it will
prevail without further American par-
ticipation. But if it cannot, the Vietcong
will prevail. That is the meaning-the
only possible meaning-of a "reasonable
chance."
For several decades American Presi-
dents have made war as they saw fit be-
cause Congress seemed incapable of as-
serting its constitutional war power. Now,
in an ironic twist of events, the President
seems incapable of making peace and it
is up to Congress to fill the void. It is a
considerable responsibility, but it cannot
be avoided. If Congress does not now ac-
cept responsibility for ending the war,
then it must share in full measure with
Mr. Nixon the responsibility for perpetu-
ating it.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent
to have inserted in the RECORD certain
letters which I have received showing the
intense dismay of our fellow citizens with
the renewal of the war in Vietnam.
Mr. President, I also ask unanimous
consent to have inserted in the RECORD
the December 29, 1972, issue of World-
wide Treatment of Current Issues. This
press summary of world reaction to Mr.
Nixon's recent bombing campaign shows
a predominant attitude of revulsion on
the part of America's friends and allies
as well as other countries. A character-
istic reaction was that of the Times of
London, which spoke of a "revulsion of
feeling across the world."
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ATHENS, OHIO,
December 22, 1972.
Senator WILLIAM FULBRIGHT,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR FULBRIGHT: May I express
to you my full support for your efforts to
attain peace In Viet Nam. The resumption
of bombing of Hanoi at this time when all
Americans have been led to believe that peace
is close at hand dangerously erodes our con-
fidence in our own government. These bomb-
ing raids senselessly kill Vietnamese civilians,
take us further away from the objective of
peace and endanger the lives of our own
prisoners of war. Could any action be more
irrational and irresponsible at this time?
Millions of taxpayer dollars are diverted
from the goal of solving internal American
problems for the support a: this unpopular
and immoral and murdei -I :s war. We have
lost this war already an-1 need no longer
seek to save "honor." Tl?e continuation of
bombing attacks now ui?.d,-rmines support
for American goals all oer the world. We
stand condemned in worea opinion all over
the civilized world.
Our only hope is that t. ,e U.S. Senate and
the Congress will put an e, ?d to financial sup-
port of this new and de 'le?nted escalation.
The American electorate as been promised
that peace was in sight a: id President Nixon
has been reelected on t rie basis of peace
hopes. These hopes are o.v dashed anew.
It is the legislative branch s our government
that must now act.
I urge that the Senate a( t now and with
new aggressiveness to obtr in for us the peace
that Mr. Kissinger had w-hin his reach and
lost.
JO it M. BURNS,
T:!iio University.
SALEM, VA.,
I)- -' niber 20, 1972.
Hon. J. WILLIAM FULBRIGH
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR FULBRIGI r We believe the
current impasse in the o, ret negotiations
between the United Stat' s and North Viet-
nam can be attributed directly to President
Nixon. After eight years ..~ inconclusive war
in Southeast Asia in wh: h the basic ques-
tion has been sovereignt over South Viet-
nam, how can he now insl .`. that this issue be
settled in Paris in a man ier favoring South
Vietnam? After eight yea..; of abortive nego-
tiations, how can he acci. se the North Viet-
namese of being devious? 'o us the answer is
naivete, monumental in the face of eight
years of frustrating war ar intransigence,
monumental in the face Or the fervent ex-
pectations of the American people.
Now, with the settleme ?t "99% complete,"
Nixon orders the heavies bombing raids in
history-in defiance of the will of the Ameri-
can people and the consci -nce of civilization.
Bombing has not and nsver can force the
North Vietnamese to a ne otiated settlement
favoring South Vietnam. Nixon should have
learned this by now, bu i i his frustration
and anger bombing is ti c only response he
knows.
Nixon is unable to se' 'b" this war. Con-
gress must act quickly to it, is end before the
faith of the American pee pee in their leader-
ship has completely disc;.p' tired, and before
their concept of courage nd humanity have
been completely destroyer'
We are ready to supp r your efforts fi-
nancially and otherwise ? he extent of our
capabilities.
Sincerely,
W. G . . WILLIAMS.
ROSA IID H. WILLIAMS.
NE,,,, oRK, N.Y.,
+1.,ember 20, 1972.
Hon. J. W. FULBRIGHT,
Chairman, Foreign Relati--05 Committee, U.S.
Senate, Washington, 1?..^.
DEAR SENATOR: On he ;r'ng today of the
resumption of massive bombing of North
Vietnam, I am overwhe :ned with a help-
less sense of moral degradation. The Presi-
dent's barbaric course ?f action outrages
every sane and humane a ue of civilization
and brands us as a natiol o murderers. You,
above all other legisiato must speak out
louder and plainer an,! more insistently
than ever before. The President's uncon-
sionable disposition to violence must be de-
cried and curbed-in tl- name of respon-
sible Americans and hun-: vity itself.
Sincerely and in o remis,
GILBERT FIELD.
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/c~. s i r ii 4, 1973
CONGRESSIONAL RECORIll - SENATE
ers are known to exercise tight ideological
aand organizational control over their mem-
bers."
Finally, says Walt, Red China has not
signed the 1961 single conventions on drugs.
Consequently. it does not report to the U.N.
on its licit opium agriculture, nor does it
accept inspection of any kind, nor does it
participate in any international drug control
operations.
HOW SERIOUS IN THE DRUG PROBLEM?
How serious is the drug problem in the
United States? Our heroin addict popula-
tion. says Walt, is almost 10 times as large as
i was in 1960, and almost twice as large as
i t was two or three years ago. The estimated
600,000 addicts we have are reportedly re-
sponsible for 50 to 60 per cent of our street
crimes and petty burglary.
More than any other factor, It is the rise In
addiction that has "converted our streets
into dangerous jungles and our cities into
places of fear, each addict requiring $50 a
day to supply his habit." What America will
be like three years hence if the number of
addicts again doubles almost defies the imag-
ination, says Walt.
Moreover, says Walt, drug addiction has
all the attributes of a contagious disease be-
cause addicts are under an irresistible com-
pulsion to hook others. Gen. Walt under-
scored this fact by including in his report
a diagram drawn by British psychiatrist Rene
de Alarcon, documenting how two- addicts In
the small British town of Crawley spread
the sickness of heroin addiction to 56 other
people over a period of five years.
"To be precise," said Walt, "Dr. De Alacron
was able to establish that the two initial
addicts were directly responsible for initiat-
ing another 46 young people into heroin ad-
diction. The origins of the other 10 cases of
addiction were not clearly traceable, but
there is reason for believing that the exist-
ence of an addict community in Crawley
played some role. . Now multiply the in-
fectious circles In this diagram by roughly
10,000 and-you will have some conception of
the problem we are up against In America
today."
Yet, says Walt, he believes the heroin epi-
demic can be halted through the use of a
combination of domestic and international
measures, including sophisticated spy satel-
lites, trained drug fighters, tougher laws and
diplomatic pressures.
While some believe that the drug problem
stems from ills in society and cannot be
stopped by merely reducing the drug supply,
Walt takes sharp exception to that theory.
"Everything we learned on this trip," says
Walt, "points in the opposite direction-it
points to the conclusion that availability of
drugs is a decisive factor, that availability
can be controlled, and that, were It con-
trolled, the rate of addiction is automatically
limited."
The GI's in Korea are basically the same
GI's we have in Viet Nam, argues Walt. They
come from the same, broad cross-section of
society and they have, by and large, the
same strong points and the same complex
of weaknesses. Yet in Viet Nam our forces
were caught up in a "massive heroin epi-
demic" when high-grade heroin became sud-
denly available at $1 a vial. This "saturation
attack," Walt explained, "succeeded for the
simple reason that no one had foreseen it
and neither the South Vietnamese govern-
ment nor our own armed forces had erected
any defenses that might have dammed the
influx as it got started."
In South Korea. by way of contrast, heroin
is not readily available because the South
Korean government enforces its anti-nar-
cotics laws In a stringent manner. In con-
sequence, the heroin addiction has been kept
at a very low level among our armed forces
there.
Mainland China and other totalitarian
countries, notes Walt, have no problem In
controlling addiction because of the Drac-
onian manner in which they enforce their
laws. Addiction is also effectively controlled
in authoritarian governments like Taiwan
and South Korea.
"Most important of all from our own
standpoint," says Walt, "is the Japanese ex-
ample, because the Japanese have shown
that it is possible to roll back: a far-ad-
vanced epidemic within ,he framework of it
highly Democratic society. This they suc-
ceeded in doing by tough laws, rigorous en-
forcement and heavy penalties. Their suc-
cess Is ill the more striking because their
high standard of living would under ordi-
nary circumstances, make their country it
prime target for the international drug traf-
fickers."
HERON TRAFFICKERS AIDED BY LAX LAW
ENFORCEMENT
To explain why we are having so much
trouble combatting dope pushers. Walt in-
troduced some interesting charts dealing
with the handling of narcotics offenders in
New York City from Jan. 1, 1969, through.
Oct. 31, 1971. These charts dealt with Claw.
"A" felonies; i.e., felonies involving more
than 16 ounces of heroin. Sixteen ounces
have a street value in New York of about.
$170,000 and is enough for about 20,000
injections.
In the first chart unve:led by Walt, more
than 20 per cent of those arrested had been
arrested a minimum of 10 times previously.
that over 50 per cent had been arrested at
least seven times previously. and that almost
5.1 per ? ent had been arrested over 18 times
previously. Many of these previous arrest,,
were also on narcotics charges.
The second chart showed the sentences
handed iown in Class "A" drug indictments,
Nearly 40 per cent-38.1 per cent to be pre-
else--go'; off with less than 10 years. With
parole and good behavior, most of those with
sentences of less than five years can be out
on the streets again in two years or less.
Yet this is only part of the story, says
Walt. Major traffickers about whose guilt
there was absoutely no shadow of a doubt
have been acquitted on the "basis of tech-
nicalities which would not be honored by any
court in any other civilized country. Many
more have skipped bail, even when the bail
has been set as high as $50,000 and $100,-
000. And, among the smaller offenders, many
have never been brought to trial, while many
others h ve gotten off with suspended sen-
tences." t
END THE WAR
Mr, FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, the
time for debate on the merits of the
war in Vietnam is past. The war has been
debated for the last 7 years and has been
shown to be without merit from the
standpoint of American security and na-
tional interest.
By th time of the 1972 election, only 2
months ago, Mr. Nixon seemed to have
accepted the war's futility. He assured us,
through his closest adviser, that peace
was "at hand." The President himself
told Garnett Homer of the Star in an in-
terview given on November 5 and pub-
lished on November 9:
Let nee tell you this on Vietnam-when I
tell you I am completely confident that we
are going to have a settlement, you can
bank on it.
On election eve, November 6, 1972.
President Nixon assured the American
people that, despite remaining "de-
tails,"-
S249
I can say to you with complete confidence
tonight that we will soon reach agreement
on all the issues and bring this long and dif-
ficult war to an end.
Once again Mr. Nixon has betrayed
the promise of peace, just as he betrayed
it after his election in 1968, and just as it
was betrayed after the election of 1964.
Owing to the secretiveness of the ad-
ministration, we do not know exactly
what went wrong with the October
agreement. But by available evidence
the President, after the election, changed
his terms of peace, which had been
agreed upon in October, not just in tech-
nical detail but in the very substance of
the agreement. He did this, apparently,
by demanding North Vietnam's recogni-
tion in some form of the Thieu regime's
"sovereignty" in South Vietnam. This in
effect would require North Vietnam to
disown the Vietcong, which also claims
"sovereignty" in South Vietnam. That
indeed is what the war has been about:
who is to be sovereign in South Vietnam,
The October agreement left this unde-
termined., just as the war itself had left
it undetermined. That very imprecision
made agreement possible. Now Mr. Nixon
seeks to pin down in an agreement what
has not been won in the war: the right
of the Thieu regime to perpetuate its
rite in South Vietnam.
In order to compel North Vietnam to
acquiesce in these substantially-radi-
cally-altered demands, as against the
October agreement, Mr. Nixon launched
a campaign of unprecedented terror
bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong. In so
doing, he has taken the lives of hundreds.
more likely thousands, of Vietnamese
civilians, and he has created many new
American prisoners-of-war, while losing
B-52 bombers for the first time in the
war, and losing them at a prodigal rate.
Now, once again, he has stopped the ter-
ror bombing-at least temporarily-an-
nounced the resumption of peace talks,
and urged the Congress to remain silent..
uncomplaining, and uninformed, on pain
of being held responsible for disrupting
the peace talks.
The time for debate--and for delay-is
past. The administration promised peace
but failed to produce it. Unless the Octo-
ber agreement-or some agreement-is
signed within the next few days, surely
no later than the inauguration, it will
be the Congress' responsibility to take
immediate action to end the war by cut-
ting off funds for its prosecution. The
Senate voted to do that twice last sum-
mer, but those efforts were aborted.
largely to allow the administration the
opportunity to prove the effectiveness of
its strategy for peace. If, as now appears
quite possible, that strategy has col-
lapsed, it is Congress' responsibility to
deliver on the electoral promise which
Mr. Nixon seems now, for the second
time, to have betrayed. That, indeed, is
the consensus of the Foreign Relations
Committee, which agreed on January 2
that if a peace agreement is not reached
by :inauguration day, January 20, It will
then become Congress' duty to employ
the legislative process to bring the war
to an immediate end.
Congress has the authority as well as
the responsibility to end the war.. At the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE Jana,tr'y 4, 1973
several of the commission's basic assump-
tions were in error."
Among the many officials of foreign gov-
ernments with whom Walt and his staff dis-
cussed the Shafer report, not, a single one
"shared the tolerant attitude of the Shafer
Commission toward cannabis. In Japan,
France and other countries we were told that
the Shafer Commission. report had caused
consternation in the ranks of those con-
cerned with the problem of drug control, and
that it seriously undercut their efforts to
combat the growing use of marijuana in their
own countries."
In several countries, Walt added, embassy
personnel stated that when the Shafer Com-
mission team visited them, it seemed appar-
ent that the team's mind was already made
up and that it was seeking confirmation for
a preconceived point of view.
Walt said he was particularly surprised
that the Shafer team, in the course of its
foreign travels, did not once take the time
to check in with Dr. Braenden. Dr. Braen-
den's U.N. office, Walt remarked, is a clearing
house for some 30 laboratories working on
heroin and marijuana research.
Thus, said Walt, it is difficult to accept the
Shafer report as "gospel." Perhaps, suggested
the retired Marine general, far more research
should be made Into the effects of cannabis
before we embark on the radical course of
legalizing marijuana as advocated by the
Shafer Commission.
MORE ON RED INVOLVEMENT IN WORLDWIDE
DRUB TRAFFIC
While Gen. Walt makes the point that the
world drug traffic is primarily a criminal
phenomenon, he also emphasizes that the
evidence is clear that Communists in various
parts of the world have been involved in the
drug traffic in significant ways. "In fact," he
adds, "I find it impossible to understand how
our media can ignore the clear evidence of
Communist involvement while exaggerating
out of all proportion the charge that corrup-
tion among our Southeast Asian allies is the
primary cause of the drug epidemic in our
country."
The evidence taken by the Eastland sub-
committee, he pointed out, established that
in one of the largest heroin smuggling cases
on record, Manuel Dominguez Suarez, one-
time head of the Mexican Federal Judicial
Police, made nine trips to East Berlin, each
time returning to Mexico with 50 kilograms
of heroin-which was then moved across the
border into the United States. Since Suarez
was able in each case to enter East Berlin
without having his passport stamped, said
Walt, "it is clear that elements of the East
German_ secret police must have been
involved."
There is also the remarkable case of Squella-
Avendano. A prominent supporter of Chile's at least several hundred tons, possibly as
Marxist president, Salvador Allende, Squella- much as 800 to 1,000 tons a year. Estimates
Avendano was arrested in Miami on July 27, are, however, that in every country, perhaps
1970, for transporting 203 pounds of Chilean 10 per cent of the total output escapes into
cocaine, worth $10 million. This was the larg- the illicit market, even when that country is
est cocaine seizure to date. At his trial, hard at work cracking down on traffickers.
Squella said he had been slated to receive an Thus, Walt hints, even if Red China Is not
important post in the Allende government. deliberately selling opium on the world mar-
"He-was," said Walt, "obviously a very im- ket, it is quite possible that 80 to 100 tons of
portant man to the Communist network in opium grown an the mainland find its way
the Western Hemisphere, because hard on the into the international drug trade.
heels of his arrest, the U.S. attorney in charge There can be no question, said Walt, that
of the case was approached with the bizarre large quantities of opium were coming out of
proposition that Squelia be exchanged for China in the 1950s and early 19605. The re-
four American hijackers then in Cuba." The ports which the United States and the
offer was subsequently expanded to include British government filed with the United
the master of the "Johnny Express," the Nations made this charge year after year,
Miami-based ship seized on the high seas last much of it buttressed by hard items of evi-
December by Castro's navy. Since then, there dence. The report filed with the U.N. in 1962,
have been repeated articles in the pro-Com- for instance described in-depth interviews
British or Portuguese or at:her customs Offi-
cials. Every civilized nr?;inn in the world
recognizes that other na* =ous must have the
right to inspect ships and c:ergo sailing under
their flag in order to arotect themselves
against traffic in contrabsnsl of various kinds.
"If China is to become a fully cooperating
member of the commur,'ty of nations, she
must abandon the attii,ide which at this
point assures her ships and cargoes of privi-
leges not accorded by ary other nation."
Increasing numbers c, Chinese seamen,
many of them based in Hnrg Kong, are being
apprehended in the United States and
Britain with quantities o ? heroin. In the case
of the Hong Kong seam. n, Walt points out,
"virtually all of them fare members of the
Hong Kong Seamen's Ur:ion, which is com-
pletely controlled by pro-Peking Commu-
nists.
munist press in Chile, hailing Squella as a which a senior American narcotics agent had "I want to emphasize ,vn:t there is no evi-
national hero and a victim of American gathered from three Yunnanese, one of whom dence that the union, f such, is involved
imperialism. had served as a mule skinner in a series of In narcotics smuggling. `iut the large num-
In Southeast Asia, Walt stated, the Com- opium caravans moving from Yunnan into her of Hong Kong seamen. Involved in the
munists are up to their ears in the dope traf- North Burma. traffic does raise some questions, especi$]ly
fic. In Laos, he pointed out, the Communists The report of the U.N. Commission on in view of the fact that t e Communist lead-
occupy some 80 to 90 per cent of the opium- Narcotic Drugs of May 14-,' ~_xne 1, 1962, sum-
growing areas. In Thailand, the Communist- marized the evidence: "With reference to the
led guerrillas control an important stretch of question of the origin e f opium in the
opium-producing land along the Laotian Burma-Mainland China-L; as-Thailand bor-
frontier. In both Thailand and Laos, the vil- der areas, information was reported by the
lages where the opium is grown are under the representative of the United States concern-
thumb of manager-cadres, trained in Peking ing investigations carried out in recent
and Hanoi. Both movements are armed to a months in cooperation wit:. r survival.
"With that single thought gilding him, he
approached life with a special sensitivity few
men possess. As he hiked thro igh the splen-
dors of Arizona nature-one ,.f his favorite
pastimes-it was more than exercise and en-
joyment of the landscape. He v a:, making his
way as a free man-through ti ,e freedom ex-
plicit in nature and the Creation."
Next to his devotion to ne vspaper work,
Fitzhugh loved the outdoors. -e was a con-
servationist before it ever occ_irred to most
of us that without it there wil be no wilder-
ness, no unpolluted streams. no forests to
pass on to future generations. im recognized
no grandeur except that of the Arizona land-
scape. His family (his wife Me-yal, daughter,
Meri-le (Mrs. Robert Collum) and son, Lee)
shared his interest in the outdoors. Lee is
now teaching forestry at Noi hern Arizona
University.
When Fitz was not jousting with some
branch of government or com ' development
that he did not believe was in the public
interest, he wrote a homespu -type column
that often dealt with nature and the out-
doors. Those who read his edits rials only may
have looked upon him as a per ietually angry
man. But for contrast listen to his paragraph
from one of his columns des:irg with un-
changing nature:
competitive,",1te quoted Fitzhugh as sayiri "The sky looked the same if you tipped
in summing ,41) his attitude toward life. Then\ pour head way back and look d straight up
Marquardt added: "That was an understate- `between the pines. The clouds came over the
ment." The;, Republic editor was speaking b the way, holding their meet airs mostly in
from 14 ye rs of bumping heads with his th\ a4ternoons to decide whey- is the White
counterpar on The Gazette. Motl~titwins to rain today. The;. ciapped their
Anyone eading Fitzhugh's hard-hitting handb;h} thunder to worry fisl or men caught
editorials 41d columns easily could conclude far froon amp, even if they didn't intend to
that hew out to prove the old saw that rain on at particular gagg e of humans
"The pen Z. mightier than the sword." Born that day.'".'?
to a pio er ranching family he possessed
His colurit~ "Close to Home , revealed his
the instinkts attributed to early settlers who love for the sl,mple things of 'ife. He began
fought totts~ protect their possessions. But Fitz writing it in Ei,.Centro, Calif. and it main-
fought with words that he pounded from his tamed an almost rural fiavoi even after it
typewritet, and he fought for all mankind. was syndicated by the Chicago; :u ii-Times and
His publisher, Mr. Eugene C. Pulliam, said was sold to some of the nation' l.ergest news-
of Fitz: "He had a code for life which he felt paper. In its earlier years it deal:. with prob-
should be followed by politicians, profes- lems that the man on the stre +t or-the fam-
sional people, business people, and just people sly next door could associate.,w th. and it was
generally. He believed strongly that everyone not until Fitz returned to -Pl.oenix and his
should receive a fair deal, a square deal, an son and daughter began aPj coaching ma-
equal deal. His comments in carrying out his turity that it became more political and
philosophy created controversy at times, but philosophical. In that colum i file can be
he seldom was wrong." found some of his finest writin...
No one ever heard of Fitzhugh giving in Because of my interest in the preservation
without a fight. Yet Marquardt said in The of Arizona history, Fitz often chided me that
Republic that after Fitz had argued his point, the Arizona Historical Society, !ati concerning
"he knew how to concede graciously if he itself with the restoration of old residences
became convinced he was wrong." One of in Tucson, Yuma, Prescott, et,.. when in his
Fitzhugh's associates on The Gazette, Larry opinion the real Arizona hist rv was to be
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J"
.CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 4, 1973
found in prospectors' camps or pioneer ranch
cabins.
These many facets of Fitzhugh caused
some of his associates to look upon him as a
complex man. Larry Ferguson described him
as "a study in contrasts."
"He was kind, gentle, compassionate and
understanding," Larry said. Yet at times he
could be (so) demanding (he was) impossible
to live with or work for. * * * You see, he was
a perfectionist.
"He demanded perfection of himself. He
demanded it of others. To work for Fitz was
to search for Utopia. It never quite came off
to his satisfaction, but * * * tomorrow may-
be, or the next day, The Gazette's editorial
pages would be perfect in every way."
This viewpoint also was expressed by Bert
Whitman, Gazette cartoonist, who considered
Fitz as "the best, toughest, hardest-hitting
editor I ever had. He was also the most stimu-
lating. He caused me to work twice as hard
on a cartoon as I had ever done in 35 years
of cartooning."
Fitz' demand for the best in everyone led
a colleague at The Gazette to remark upon
his death:
"The fire that some of us felt burned too
hot at times has gone out and now it may
seem to be terribly, terribly cold." -
if Fitz was demanding on those who
worked with him, all agree that he demanded
more of himself. He firmly believed that
every man should do whatever he was ex-
pected to do.
His final day at the office was indicative
of his sense of responsibility. His last edi-
torial was removed from the typewriter with-
in the hour of his departure for the hospital
where he was to seek relief from back and
leg pains.
At the time he became ill he was writing
the report of a committee appointed to
evaluate the Arizona Academy's Town Halls.
He wrote final changes, painfully and labori-
ously, in long hand from his hospital bed.
In intensive care two days after lung sur-
gery he marked an absentee ballot in the
November 7 general election. Didn't he be-
lieve that every good citizen should vote?
Ed Fitzhugh was a native of Phoenix, the
son of a native Arizonan. His paternal grand-
father came to the state as a boy in 1847.
Fitz was first introduced to journalism at
Phoenix Union High School where his as-
sociates included Gov. Jack Williams, Reg
Manning, Republic cartoonist, and Jack
Lefler, Wall Street columnist for The As-
sociated Press. He had hoped to be a car-
toonist when he came to work for The
Phoenix Gazette, but he turned to sports
and became sports editor before leaving for
California at the age of 20.
He worked for the old San Francisco News,
the Sacramento Bee, and the Los Angeles
Examiner before settling down for 20 years
at El Centro where he became an editor and
columnist and at one time published his own
weekly.
In 1951 he became editor of the Chicago
syndicate which already was selling his col-
umn. Five years later he went on to write
editorials for the Indianapolis Star, and 14
years ago he returned to his beloved Arizona,
the city of his birth, and his first newspaper.
His experience had been as varied as his
talents.
Some on The Gazette, paraphrasing, re-
marked the other day that Fitz had gone
on to work for that big newspaper in the
sky. You can just bet that by the time we
catch up with him he will be working to
improve it.
(From the Phoenix Gazette, Dec. 4, 1972]
EDWIN A. FrrzHuGH
(By Don C. Urry)
Only seven weeks ago Ed Fitzhugh sat In
the chair from which, as editor of The Phoe-
nix Gazette for the past 14 years, he had
written his outspoken and competent edi-
torials and his always perceptive, often beau-
tifully sensitive column, "Close to Home."
The chair is empty, the office is dark. An
outstanding editor has left the American
scene, and to those of us who knew him well
his loyalty and his pride in journalistic ex-
cellence will long be missed.
The list of his accomplishments in ness-
paper work is both varied and distinguished.
His many years of extensive reporting-even
as editor he never forgot that the life-blood
of a newspaper is good reporting-ranged
from some of the nation's most famous trials
to the national political conventions and
foreign affairs. He had been a syndicate edi-
tor, the publisher of his own weekly in.Ca'.i-
fornia an editorial writer for The.tndianapo-
lis Star. He cherished the thought in 1958 of
returning to Phoenix, his birthplace, as edi-
tor of The Gazette, the paper where he had
started some 30 years earlier as cub and later
as sports editor.
Through his whole career ran the thread
of intense striving to bring out the best in
himself and in the work of others. His high
talent as a writer and his self-discipline
combined to make him a most facile producer
of readable, incisive newspaper copy. He could
be hard-hitting and he could be gentle. He
could dispose trenchantly of a public issue
that aroused his anger, and in the next hour
he could write a column that sensitively bal-
anced the ideological aberrations of Charlie
Chaplin with the great comedian's genius as
an entertainer.
He found time to become exceptionally
well versed in constitutional law and in the
history of Communist subversion in this
country. Aside from his professional work he
contributed to his community through such
activities as membership on the Community
Council's board, the presidency of Friendly
House. and participation in the executive
planning of the Arizona Academy whose
Town _ Halls often benefitted from his skill
Fitz died Sunday, after a bout with cancer
and an operation from which there could be
no recovery. It was typical of the man, how-
ever, that he spent five weeks in the recov-
ery room before he went "gentle into that
good night."
He was attracted to newspapers during his
Phoenix Union High School days, spent with
such luminaries as the Goldwaters, Jack
Williams, Blanche Friedman Bernstein, and
Reg Manning. He worked for newspapers in
:ion Francisco and Indianapolis, edited a
syndicate in Chicago and returned to Phoenix
14 years ago. In between he achieved the
goal of every newspaperman-be edited and
published a weekly newspaper.
That happened to be in El Centro, where
he learned about the water problems facing
both California and Arizona. He also learned
about communism by covering a major trial
of California Communists.
While newspapering was his vocation, the
law and wildlife were his avocations. Fitz
subscribed to a special service that brought
U.S. Supreme Court decisions to his desk as
soon as they were promulgated. He read
them with more understanding than any lay
editor we have ever known.
Fits was a conservationist before it was
the "in thing." He liked to hunt, but he
liked the great out-of-doors even more, and
many of his editorials testify to his determi-
nation to pass the wilderness on to future
generations.
On the wall of his now quiet office there
hangs a photo of a horse-drawn carriage on
a dirt road in front of the Phoenix Enter-
prise which later was merged into the Arizona
Gazette.
The photo was taken on Second Street in
Phoenix in 1905, four years before Fitz was
born. It was the old Phoenix that Ed Pb tz-
hugh loved so well.
A life dedicated to making those old
traditions mesh with modern times was not
spent in vain.
as a coordinator and analyzer of committee
reports. PRESS BLACKOUT ON INTERNAL SE-
Away from the workaday wend, Fitz was -CURITY SUBCOMMITTEE HEAR-
an enthusiastic outdoorsman with deep fam-
ily and personal roots In the back country
of Arizona, on which he was an expert. And
the hands that could make a typewriter sing
coudc`. also make wood carvings of rare beauty.
A sense of shock at an untimely loss sad-
densais colleagues. None who knew him
could doubt his sincerity, nor fail to respect
the firmness with which he held his beliefs.
In an era of submissiveness, he was a fighter
for what he held to be right. But he was also
a friend whenever a friend was needed,
whether it was a family in sickness or a
disconsolate boy crouched on the street
beside an injured dog. There have been too
few like him.
[From the Arizona Republic, December 5,
1972]
"30" FOR A COLLEAGUE
(By Frederic S. Marquardt)
Ed Fitzhugh once summed up his attitude
toward life in these words: "I in very cour-
petitive."
As editor of The Phoenix Gazette, Fitz oc-
casionally locked horns with members of his
own staff, or with the editors of The Arizona
Republic. His convictions ran deep.
When it came to making editorial policy
he always knew what he believed and was
able to argue his point. But he also knew
how to concede graciously if he became con-
vinced he was wrong.
As must happen between competing
newspapers, there were times when we on
The Republic did not see eye-to-eye with
our opposite numbers on The Gazette. But
we respected each other, and we knew there
was room for more than one opinion on
most questions.
Mr. THURMOND, Mr. President, late
last fall the Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee, of which I am a member,
held extensive hearings and published
extensive staff studies on the worldwide
narcotics problem. Key witnesses in-
cluded such distinguished citizens as for-
mer Marine Gen. Lewis Walt and Dr.
Olav J. Braenden, Director of the United
Nations Laboratory. Despite a continual
press campaign on the subject of nar-
cotics-much of it aimed at loosening
our narcotics laws-.very little attention
was paid by the press. Included in the
hearings were authoritative statements
by experts and many constructive sug-
gestions such as General Walt's proposal
to use satellite technology to monitor
worldwide the fields of growing poppies.
The hearings also showed that stricter
narcotics laws are the answer to clean-
ing up the drug problem. Japan has led
the way in this field and has virtually
eliminated its own menacing addiction
problem.
The hearings also underline the fact
that Communist China refuses to co-
operate with any worldwire monitoring
system and opens itself to grave suspi-
cion of complicity in the drug traffic.
Although these hearings were quite ex-
tensive, they were very thoroughly sum-
marized in brief by the Washington
newspaper, Human Events, virtually the
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THE WASHINGTON POST DATE 2 - U ? 3 PAGE.
The Washington Merry-Go-Round
sons, was not possible," the mented between Customs at
documents said. the Treasury Department and
U.S. Losing Drug-Smuggling mar
By Jack Anderson
and Lea Whitten
The government's war
against'drug smuggling, trum-
peted as one of the major do-
mestic successes of. the Nixon
administration, is losing the
battle to fleets of small pri-
vate planes and fast boats.
Classified aocuments from
the Customs Bureau made
available to us demonstrate
the extent of the government's
failure. They flatly state that
the narcotics agents cannot
compete with the ingenuity of
the smugglers.
The dope runners have or-
ganized the most important
small boat operation since the
evacuation of Dunkirk, and
the government's fragmented
narcotics forces are unable to
cope with them.
"We must undertake a pro-
gram to provide Customs con-
trol of small boat traffic enter-
ing the United States," one of
the documents asserts.
"Smuggling of narcotic drugs
by small boats is a serious
problem. At present, we have
no means of effecting interdic-
tion of drugs entering the
United States by this means."
The high flying dope ped-
dlers operate with equal free-
dom, hauling their cargo of
white powder from Mexico
and Canada with virtually no
opposition.
"Smuggling by meahs of pri-
vate aircraft has grown in it
situation where control of this
against drugs Is badly frag- i telligence Ager e, - are tradi-
tionally regarded. as close-
mouthed characters who
spend their waking hour*.:
tracking spies and tapping tel=
ephones.
Angus MacLf ant Thuermer,
the agency's "public informa-
tion officer," dr fie, tradition.
He is one of th - nation's fore-
most "pig stic', and he
doesn't mind tal ~iiig about it. `
He became a.laicted to the
exotic sport of "gig sticking".
nicely underp a-.'ed British
nicely underpayed British
term for huntin:: -wild boar on
horseback witl a spear"-
while serving w`th the Foreign
Service in India
Last year, T muermer went
back to India for another hog
hunt. When he returned to the
States, he broke CIA tradition.:
and published I i F memoirs of
the hunt in an r b,.cure weekly
newspaper -ailed the
"Piedmont Vlrgi rdan."
In short, the situation is so the new Drug Enforcement
out of hand that Mafia and Administration (DEA) at the
free-lance traffickers have vir- Justice Department. A memo-
tual carte blanche to haul randum describing a meeting
their wares across the United last month between Customs'
States borders.
p'ederal anti-narcotics offi-
cials have made elaborate
plans to increase their effi-
ciency in the air and on the
water, but budget conscious
bureaucrats have cut out this
capability. For this fiscal year
alone, the Office of Manage-
ment and Budget has sliced
the Customs budget for these
air intrusion coordinators and
George Brosan, a top Customs
enforcement official, makes
clear that neither agency
knows what the other is doing.
There are about 50 planes of
various kinds available at any
one time to the two agencies
for air and boat surveillance,
But without cooperation be-
i tween them through use of in-
farmers who signal the depar-
depar-
plans from $11.4 million to Lure of a shipment from some
T
$3.3 million. lonely harbor or airport, the
preventing penny-wise narcotics nny-wcse policy agents splanes are useless. They can-
can-
from m acquiring not "picket-line" the entire
from sophisticated
tools, including aircraft with border.
special tracking equipment, DEA, which may wind up
boats fast enough to catch with the whole program even-
smugglers' craft, and seniors tually, is too busy reorganiz-
to seek out the dope runners. ing to take on any new duties,
The drug fighters are using particularly ones as compli-
some electronic sensors bor- Gated as the "Air Intrusion"
rowed from the military, but operation. '
find them virtually worthless. The overall mess is best
The heavily publicized sei. I summed up by Brosan:
zures of millions of dollars l "Both the Drug Enforce-
worth of narcotics are largely ment Administration and the
the work of old-fashioned cus-I immigration and Naturaliza-
toms and narcotics agents at tion Service have token pro-
ports or elsewhere, based on grams. Neither. can compare
leads from painstakingly nur- with the present Customs ef-
tured informants. Arrests of l fort, and possibly some
smugglers through random I thought ought to be given to
checks of small planes or f combining the three pro-
quent.
THE WASHINGTON POST Friday, August 2z. 913 B 19.
{ who work fort he Central
has anything to say to report
ers about CI! affairs, . he
waxes poetic al,oat pig stick=;
ing.
Footnote: So proud of his" pig-sticking pro .vrss is Thuer-
mer that he kt ergs his spear
In his office. - It invited us
over to see it. but we po-',
litely refused w ti n he added -
,hat "it Isn't every day that :
you get to stick an Anderson ?
man."
a 1973, United Fc at ire asndieste
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THE WASHINGTON POST DATE `)i PAGE
The Washington Merry-Go-Bound
And CIA i Thailand to
a meetinuwhere he laid ouVt
strange Shan proposal.
Asian Guerrillas Offer Opium Deal
By Jack Anderson
The. colorful Shan guerrillas
have offered to sell the United
States most of the Southeast
Asian opium crop and to wage
war on any other opium con-
voys that may try to operate in
the area.. In exchange, they
want $12 million in hard cash
and a U.S. promise to help them
win autonomy from Burma.
This astonishing proposal
was made in writing by two top
Shan leaders who sent an emis-
sary down from the , hills to
meet clandestinely In Bangkok
with Rep. Laster Wolff (D-N.Y.).
As chairman of a House narcot-
ics subcommittee, Wolff. is the
House's leading expert on
Burma-Thailand-Taos opium
production. He was In Bangkok
last month on a survey with five
other congressmen,
The signed Shan offer to de-
stroy up to 400 tons of ' F igh-
grade Asian opium, Combined
with the U.S.-sponsored crack-
down on Turkish opium, theo-
retically could wipe out 73 per
cent of the supply of heroin on
America's streets, And $12 mil-
lion admittedly would be
cheaper than trying to stop the
smuggling operation the hard
way.
As Wolff recounts his dra-
matic encounter in Bangkok,
the Shan emissary, an English-
man, arranged by letter and tel-
ephone td meet with him in a
hotel lobby.away from his con-
gressional colleagues. A fol-
low-up meeting was held in a
nook off a bustling Bangkok
street.
The Englishman handed him
the two-page proposal signed
by Gen. Law Hain Han and
,Boon Tai, the two rebel leaders,
who also sent as evidence of
good faith a handwritten' list of
.all recent opium shipments by
mule, backpack and trucks with
in the vast Shan state area.
Skeptical at first but eager to
explore the offer, Tolffinite
American diplomatic.
stop growing the lethal stuff- I In Wolff's view, the s dti antage
The United States also secretly of destroying 400 tons of opium
afar outweighs the ruff ing of of-
r,ficial Burmese feathers. which
;direct dealings with h* Shans
would cause.
this private session, the
authorities confirmed that the
Englishman was an authentic
Shan contact and that some of
the handwritten reports of
opium convoys agreed pre-
cisely with their own secret in-
formation. Our own sources re-
port that both the State Depart-
ment and CIA had also been ap-
proached by the Shan insur-
gents but that the negotiations
,had been aborted by Washing-
ton.
Wolff left it to the American
officials in Bangkok to pursue
the offer but asked for a quick
progress report, fearing the
unorthodox Shan gambit a night
become snarled in red tape and
bureaucratic timidity. When
Wolff reached Hong Kong four
days later, he was called by his
Shan contact. who reported
nothing whatsoever was being
done about the Shan offer.
At our request, Wolff has now
sorted to show us the proposal
In hopes this might stir at least
preliminary talks on the feast.
bility of buying up the Shan
opium crop. After all, the
I4
THE WASMNGTON POST Thursday, Sept. 13,197, F 19
paid $1 million to Chinese traf-
fickers and others in Thailand
for contraband opium, which
was burned. (A secret CIA re-
port claims, however, that the
U.S. authorities were deceived
and really burned cheap fodder
covered with opium.)
Wolff's document, typed be-
neath the crossed swords let-
terhead of the Shan State Army,
is titled "Proposals to Termi-
nate the Opium Trade in Shan
State." It begins.
"The Shalt Rats Army and its
allies will Invite, .. the United
States Narcotics Bureau, or any
similar body, to visit the opium
areas of Shan State and to
transmit information about
opium convoys on their own
wireless.
"The &M. and its allies will
ensure that all opium con-
trolled bytheir armies is burnt
under international aupervi-
aloe. The opium will be sold at
a price to be negotiated later,
but the halls ... should be the
Thai border price," At present,
this would amount to roughly
$12 million for 4b tons of
opium.
In return for these "tempo.
racy measures," the Shan ar-
mies want a "Permanent lolu-
tion" based on political self-de-
termination for the Shane and
agricultural assistance from
tke United States to "replace
opium with other crops." If this
is finally accomplished, prom-
Jet the Shan leaders, they will
United States has subsidized national supervision to search
Turkish opium farmers with $351 out and destroy any opium
million a year so they would fields that still remain.
Our own CIA sources confirm
that the Shan State ..riny is a
tremendous factor in i ne= South-
east Asian drug traffi. One se-
cret report by the CiAs Basic
and Geographic Imelligence
Office asserts: "The ~?han State
Army, the largest cf several
forces that have beer lighting
for Shan independenre from
Burma ... is also heavily in-
volved in the opium bi is' ness."
Another CIA docuzr,ent tells
of caravans of "up to 100 horses
and donkeys and 3004--) 400 men
carrying in excess of 16
tons" moving out of the Shan
State, Classified CIA and Jus-
tice Department duct: ments say
400 tons of the 700 to "50 tons of
opium produced in Southeast
Asia come from Burma, much of
it from regions con rolled or
near the Shan State amies.
Wolff, while reli,ci.ant to
leave Congress during the
wind-up of the 1973 .e.sion, is
willing to serve as ar emissary
to:the Shan general: ii it will
help got negotiations cuing. Al-
though he is unwillir, io vouch
for the Shan Seneral~ ability to
deliver on their pro #ol-als, he '
feels they at least wa r:+.nt seri-
ous talk. "So far," Y,! told us,
"the U.S. governmen s""ems far
more eager to wipe ' +t insur-
gents than to wipe out the her-
oin trade."
01973, United Feature v dicate
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