GANGING UP ON THE CIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP77-00432R000100350004-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 37
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 8, 2001
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: January 2, 1975
• Content Type: NSPR

25X1A
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NEWS, VIEWS
and ISSUES
INTERNAL USE ONLY
This publication contains clippings from the
domestic and foreign press for YOUR
BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Further use
of selected items would rarely be advisable.
No. 1 3 January 1975
GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
Destroy after backgrounder
has served its purpose or
within 60 days.
CONFIDENTIAL
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M-Sh'INGTON STAR
O2 January 1975
T.3 elde-77-
?7. ?
Colic:earning the current fuss
&out Eve Central Intelligence
rrencr, a few observations:
I. There was never a clear-
er distiretiori between what
ale lawyers call malum pro-
Lbitrizzr, and malum in Se. The
!farmer 'describes something
pear are not permitted under
fee lava to do for reasons de-
eded taraan by the legislature,
tar; not necessarily connected
laNiquestions of good or evil.
An emanple is stopping for a
zed /igira. If you are in the mid-
Le of a alesert, and come to a,
cross, ruad, and easily estab--'
t-hat there is absolutely no
-traffic onming in on the right,
or on the left, you are never-
theless earpeered to stand
rantionraas until the light-turns
green. a-lt if you proceeded,
ar,aciluae:at confident that no
oze weeeld be hurt by your
taing s), you would be corn-
raheing a maluiri prohibiturn,
far vel-r.Lth the traffic cop hid-
e:se bend the Coca Cola sign
eaaild ..aarm up and give you a
tizet.Eatt no one could seri-
ously. aucu -e you of having
aitlied anybody's life or limb.
cetntrast, a malwri in se
rt.-.1.74 rase crossing the light for
S'a'ke of. a few seconds'
WASHINGTON STAR
02 January 1975
11
!
advantage notwithstanding
that there were pedestrians
and other cars exercising their
right of way. What might then
result is an accident; a death,
even.
In all the thousands of words
devoted to the accusations
levelled by Seymour Hersh in
the New York Times (Hersh'
discovered My Lai a few years
ago), there is nowhere evident
any substantive evil allegedly
committed by the CIA. That is
to say, everybody is saying:
The CIA performed certain
acts (bugging, infiltration, col-
lecting data) that, under the
law, should have been per-
formed only by the FBI.,
Therefore let us have a com-
plete investigation of the CIA,
and so on.
It remains to be asked: if
what the CIA allegedly did
would have been legal if per-
formed . by the FBI, then,
shouldn't the furore be limited
to the kind of furore appropri-
ate to, say, the Department of
Agriculture's doing something
that really should have been
done by the Department of the
Interior?
2. Where are the broken
bodies? Under the law, a
Fcr-a:lert civil libertarians, the head-
EU: Stf1.17.7-: emerging from the Ica- week
V! the cr....a year which Most affected the
freedom of Americans wasn't
? 'itrolving- the Cehtralittelli-
? se ,::..gency. It was the news. that
? :..e ateain?for the second time in 11
rtectits--someone acting out a bizarre
.and pnaentially violent fantasy, on an
impula?
had invaded the White House
No databt New York Times reporter
Sernciae Hersh's story of alleged CIA
darnesate surveillance activities will be
even priority attention by the Ford
administration and several Czphol Hill
.0.-imrniztees in the months to-come. And.
the cions-and-dagger specter of an. in-
cipient CIA police state is sure to be
raised., with renewed vigor, befare vari-
ens potitical and editorial audiences.
YET? DESPITE all the alarms we
ketir abaut government-inspired in-
fringements on individual liberty, for
most Americans any recent loss of
rights zald privileges we once, took for
granted hasn't resulted from an un-
assertion of police authority. On
the contrary, it has derived from a
breakdown in respect for law and insti-
Approved For Release
federal organization is enti-
tled, under rigidly prescribed
circumstances, to tap a tele-
phone, or to infiltrate an
organization. Question: where
is the trail of palpably inno-
cent people whose rights were
trampled upon?
It used to somewhat discon-
cert the more inflamed critics
of Sen. Joseph McCarthy that
it was not possible instantly to
point to the carnage caused by
him in the State Department:
that is, not all that many peo-
ple were actually dismissed
from their jobs during the
dread reign of terror.
By the same token, I should
hope that the accusers would
come forth and show us not
merely that the CIA had al-
legedly violated a legislative
protocol, but that the CIA had
interfered with the practical
'liberties of genuinely patriotic
dissenters who had no ties
whatever to any foreign
government.
3. The answer is that it is"
largely an ideological fuss.
The CIA is the hobgoblin of
very little minds today. There
are many reasons why this is
e Lawl S
tutions, to the extent that the lawless
are inspired to act upon impulses which,
in another era, might have been re-
strained..
ITEM: There was a day in the not-
too-distant past when an American citi-
zen could go to an airport, buy a ticket
and board a plane, with no more incon-
venience suffered than that brought on
by a slow-moving ticket agent.
No more. We've lost that freedom.
Surrendered it, if not happily, at least
willingly. A federal agency enforces
new, restrictive regulations governing
entry to commercial aircraft. Not be-
cause the agency sought or wanted that
authority. Yet it has it. Why?
ITEM: Remember when a citizen who
came to visit a senator or congressman
in the Nation's Capital could enter a
Capitol Hill office building without hav-
ing to submit to a police inspection of a
briefcase or purse?
No more. Oh, the inspecting officers
etre pate enough, and the examination
the
so, not least of them that there
are many American, and
many of them in positians of
influence, who a) do ttot like
America very much; and b)
have no particular quarrel
with America's enemies, or
with those who practice a way
of life alien to American tradi-
tions.
Frank Mankiewicz, princi-
pal adviser to Sen. George
McGovern, can come back
from Cuba and praise Fidel
Castro for doing far less for
Cuba than Adolph Hider did
for Germany.
Penthouse magazine? a jour-
nal substantially oriented for
the kinky set, is tatting out
full-page ads on a CIA expose
in which it is charged by the
author that the current direc-
tor of the CIA is better equip-
ped to superintend Himmier's
concentration camps than
American security.
They are ganging up on the
CIA: because they don't be-
lieve, many of them, that
- America oughf to be- in the-
business of defending people,.
here or abroad, from such
blessings as Castro has
brought to Cuba, or Mao Tse-
rung to China.
is cursory. But with that search, some-
thing undesirable, if necessary, has
entered into the relationship between
Americans and those who represeat
them in Washington.
Indeed, our most important publlie
buildings?in certain metropolitan
areas, even private buildings?are no
longer places where free men and
women can go about their business-
without search or interference. Why?
THE ANSWER to these questions lt.P.;
nothing to do with the CIA, the FBI or
any other law enforcement authority's
willful intrusion into our lives.
There are, you see, other tyrannies
than those imposed by a police state.
There is also the tyranny that comes to
pass when some men act out their bi-
zarre and potentially violent fantasies;
to the end that in a country where pnoe
the White House lawn was open to the
public there is now a need for an even
more forbidding fence to separate the
people's house and people's president
from the people.
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NEWSDAY
24 DEC 1974
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IA Serves a PreidentiaI
Master
The CIA should be more -accountable to- Cohgress, an
perienced journalist says, ,but .if it has exceeded its author-
ity, the President, not the ageney, should be held responsible.;
By Michael "Bornrian
The first time I visited CIA headquarters many
years ago, I was so preoccupied with staring in every
corner for a spy that I, absent-mindedly put a lighted
pipe in my topcoat pocket and forgot_ about it. Ten
minutes later, while I was deeply engrossed in _conversa-
tion with a CIA official, a young secretary poked her
head in thedoor and said: "Mr. Dorman, I hate to inter-
rupt you, but your coat is on fire."
Actually, only the pocket was on fire?but the blaze
could have-spread to Lord knows what secret files if we I
had not quickly thrown ? the coat on the floor and
-stomped on-it: For years, I continued to wear the-coat?
_minus .the pocket. lining?on the theory that it made a,
fascinating conversation piece. I have visited the CIA
many times since then, and I am continually reminded
that I remain one of a relative handful of journalists
who do so on a regularbasis. ?
Yet., it see-ms, every, clown. who owns or can borrow a
typewriter is now making the CIA his pet whipping
boy. I do not intend here or anywhere else to issue a
blanket defense of the "agency," as many in Washington
call it. I believe the 'CIA is subject to valid 'critieism.
But am appalled by the uninformed and demagogic
attacks that descend on the agency every few years and
nOw.appear to be reaching an all-time crescendo.
Only Sunday, the New York Times revealed that the
CIA allegedly compiled dossiers on 10,000 Americans
who opposed U.S. participation in the Vietnam war. The
Times account quoted "well-placed government sources"-
as saying that a special unit, reporting directly to former-
CIA Director Richard Helms, conducted a massive
domestic intelligence- operation during the 1960s and:
early 1970s in violation of the CIA charter. The opera-
tion was said to have included break-ins, -wiretapping I
and the surreptitious inspection of mail'.
To put these events in perspective, we need to exam::
me the origins of the CIA. During World War II, the
U.S. limped along ?with a jerry-built intelligence opera-
tion. The fabled Office of Strategic Services, generally
called the preleccesor of the CIA, was not really a na-
tional intelligence-gathering agency. Numerous civilian
and military agencies ran their own spy operations with
little central coordination. The National Security
Agency, the legal supervisor of the CIA; and the CIA
were created hy the National Security Act of 1947. It is
.from this law and the Central Intelligence Agency Act
of 1949 that the CIA draws-its mandate.
`11.e CIA was empowered to "talviee the National Se-
cerity Council in matters involving such intelligence ac-
- ti.ities . . . to correlate and evaluate intelligence relat-
ing to the national security and previdc for the
apprcpriate dissemination of sueh intelligence within
the govern-tutu using; where appropriate, existing agen-
cies and facilities . . . and to perforin SUCII other func-
tions and duties related to intelligence afirc!ing the no-
tiGnal security as. the National Security Council inc:y
front time to time direct" (emphasis added).
The italicized provision has been the most trouble-
some for the CIA. But it must be considered in the light ;
of certain prohibitions ? placed - by Congress in the 1947 !
Jaw. The CIA is barred from exercising "police, subpena,
law-enforcement or internal-security functions." In other
words,. the CIA, unlike, the. FBI, cannot compel an.
American citizen or even an alien to do anything. A CIA
agent cannot make an arrest, cannot legally conduct
wiretapping or other surveillance activities within the
?U.-S. or even investigate radical groups within the country.
That is the law. Whether it is obeyed to the letter is
questionable. The Watergate affair clearly demonstrated
violations of the spirit and letter of the 1947 law. And
while the CIA may have had legitimate functions in
Chile before the fall of President Allende, that role
surely did not include protecting ITT investments at the
expense of corrupting the Chilean political process.
- On Dec. 13, (before the story in the Times), I con- ?
.ducted a lengthy' interview with William Colby, the cur-
rent CIA director. We discussed in de-tail the overlap
between legitimate CIA operations abroad and domestic
threats to the national security. Many such threats origi-
nate in foreign countries, Colby said, but pose 'difficult
intelligence and law enforcement -problems within the '
U.S. He contended that cloee cooperation among CIA,
other intelligence agencies and the FBI prevented
abuses of the CIA charter while preserving national. se-
. curity. He conceded that; there had been some abuses in
past years, but contended that they had been magnified
by critics of the CIA. - --
In my opinion, the CIA often is blamed for the sins
of other government agencies. Thus, members of the an-
tiwar movement who found themselves barrassed by
government agents often railed against the CIA when
the .appropriate target of their criticism should have
been the State and Justice Departments, the White;
House, the FBI, the Secret Service or the Internal Reve-
nue Service. In only rare cases, as far as I have been
able to discern, were CIA employes involved in such
harassment.
It is norteheless clear that any CIA surveillance en-I
eration within this country is connary to the agency's
.charter. If the revelations in the Times are indeed tree,,
the CIA was acting illegally and should not have done'
so. But, for example, a CIA agent. keeping tabs en a.
Communist official abroad might properly fi-tes' a re-port,
on a meeting between the offit ml and a prominent nrei-
war activist like Jane Fonda. That recort Would not nee-
Essarily constitute a violation of Miss Fonda's constitu-
tional rights.
The accountability cf the CIA hinges on the role of
the National Security Council. Although the National
Security Cauneil is treated by 'law as a distinct govern-
ment entity, it actually tenetions as a branch of the
White House. It is composcd of the President, the vice
I,residcnt, ;he secretary of state, the secret3ry of defce._e
and the d;rector of the Offe of Emergency Piannin.,-.
in additien, the I'resident may appoint other tneicheni,
:torn -:;:e i.ith-cribinet. There is also a profes-
shiree; laaniett Pre-:dent's special re,eisaant
for Da:it:nal security. ?
Thus it ;s obvioua that the CIA is direfaly accounta-
ble to the President and his aides. While CIA must re-
port to Congress on some of its expenditures and poli-
cies, the executive branch clearly controls the agency.
I view as sheer balderdash the commonly held theory
,a that the CIA is a law unto itself?currying on all man-
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?
rer cf secret missions and even small wars without the
knowledge or consent of the White House. Anyone who
truly believes that knows little about how the federal bu-
reaucracy e.-orks. I amnot, imagine any President, secre-
tary of state, secretary of defense or special assistant for
national security affairs-being so trusting of a govern-
rr.ent agency as to allow that to happen. .
I have dealt closely with CIA officers?not only
headquarters officials but field operatives?for two dec-
ades. I have tramped many a muddy boondock with
agents who asked little except that the tweed-jacketed?
executives back at headquarters try to -understand the
problems of field work_ is the main, I have found CIA
cfficers at all levels to be intelligent, dedicated public
servants. They are no different, in most respects, from
other civil servants. They have homes, wives, husbands,
children, mortgages, gardens and hobbies. _ _
Nonetheless, We. need a new look at the CIA. The
President's virtual unilateral control over CIA and other
intelligence agencies should he. limited. Obviously, any
tinkering should not prevent the governmentfrom mov-
ing with dispatch in an emergency. But there ts no rea-
son, for example, why Congress could not be represented
in some manner on the National Security Council. Nor
is there any reason whe the appropriate congressional
WASHINGTON STAR
01 January 1975
in his well-appointed Mos-
cc:: office on the third floor of
the gray stone building at 2
Dzerzhinsky Square, Junf
Vledimirovich Andropov will
be having himself a good
laneh as he reads the news
direnatc'nes about the problems
of the Central Intelligence.
? Agency.
trendropov, a tall, scholarly
6C-rear-old, is chairman of the
Kanitet Gosudarstvennoy
Besapasnasti, the Committee
foe State SI- -unity, rhe Russian
ceenterpart of the CIA and
FBI.
Andropov, who distin-
gu.'ir'ned himself as Soviet
affetassador to Budapest by
pretrsling over the liquidation
' of fee Hungarian revolution of
1955,, is a far more powerful
Ma7 than was either the late
J. Telger Hoover or any of the
six men who have directed the
CIL since its creation in 1947.
2Z RUSSIAN superspy,
wire took over the direction of
the KGL in 1967 (a year after
Rtzhard Helms, now American
ambassador in Teheran, 'be-
come CIA director), in 1973 be-
came the iirst head of the se-
3
cret police since Lavrenti
Beria to be elected to the all-
powerful 17-member Politburo
that runs the Soviet Union.
As KGB chief, Andropov di-
rects the activities of an
estimated 90,000 staff officers
(a figure that dwarfs the per-
sonnel strength of the entire
Western intelligence communi-
ty). One of the primary tasks
of Special Service II of the
KGB's First Directorate is the
penetration of Western intelli-
gence agencies.
ANDROPOV'S predecessors
succeeded brilliantly in the
case of Kim Philby, who until
his defection to the Soviet
Union in 1963 had been a Sovi-
et agent for 30 years, and for
some years theBritish intelli-
gence service's top liaison
man with the CIA.
Insofar as is publicly known,
there has never been anything
comparable in the CIA to the
Philby affair, no top-level
penetration of the agency by a
KGB agent. /
And the man who since 1954
has been charged with the re-
sponsibility of preventing the
Russians from insinuating
NEW YeRIC TIMES
29 Decether 1974
Close Survey of C.I.A.
Opposa by Goldwater
PHOENTX, An:., Dec. (AP)
--Congress will be making "a
big mistan" if it undertakes
too strong an investigation of
the Centrlill Intelligence Agen-
cy for anged domestic spy-
ing, Senator Barry coldwater,
Republim, of Arizona, said
cnrnjuecs should- not exercise more public supersision
oyer intelligence matters.
The Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic En-
erzy, for example, conducts ?many public hearings that
do rot reselt in disclosure . of vital government secrets.
While some congressional hearings on CIA are public,
far tco mane others are conducted behind cicsed doors_
As a reseit, many members of Congress who do net serve
on the CIA cversight cernmittees are denied information
to which they are entitled. The American public, as well,
is kept in the dark about too much CIA business. ?
It is just such secrecy that contributes to the mys-
tique surrounding CIA?to the agency's .detriment. We.
tweet become more realistic about our intelligence agen-
cies. They should not become bogeymen. But they have.
And the time is at hand to remedy that situation by
snaking necessary reforms- and, equally: important, by
edjusting cur perceptions.
Michael Dorman, a Dix Hills resident, is the au-
thor el "The infernal !ianey-Making ..1fachize,"
-a beeek about Robert Vesco scheduled for pit..blica-
tia early aext year. He is now at =if:2 on a
politica! biography of George Wallace..
? ???-1
LEI,)
agents into the CIA is 57-year-
old James Angleton. Angle-
ton's resignation from the CIA
? and those of three of his top
aides ? became effective yes-
terday, in the wake of charges
that the counterintelligence
chief directed the illegal sur-
veillance of more than 10,000
Americans under the Nixon
administration.
Angleton, an accomplished
botanist, the friend of poets,
and 'a Yale graduate, has been
portrayed by certain former
CIA officers as an unrelenting
Cold Warrior who saw
Communists under every bed.
But that, after all, was his job.
And it is not one that is likely
to make its holder very popu-
lar with his colleagues.
ANGLETON, who is said to
have kept a hand-written list
of the holders of the 50 CIA
posts the KGB would most like
to penetrate (and to have kept
their holders under surveil-
lance), is reported to have
asked the FBI in the late 1960s
to conduct an investigation of
,a handful of CIA officials of
whom he was suspicious, in-
.cluding two men still with the
-agency. The FBI probe, ac-
today:
? Mr. Goldwater, holding his
annual news conference from
his home, said that he had
no knowledge of domestic
spying but that the C.I.A.
should be allowed to keep
"domestic subversives" under
surveillance.
"I don't think . anybody
could say we don't have some
people who wouldn't want to
overthrow the Government,"
cording to an informant of the
New York Times' Seymour
Hersh, was little more than a
perfunctory whitewash.
In his 1971 novel, .?.The
Rope-Dancer," Victor- Mar-
chetti, a former CIA official,
described "Frank Welling-
ton," the fictional head of the
agency's counterintelligence
branch, as an anti-Communist
fanatic who had never com-
pletely recovered from a
nervous breakdown. Is "Frank
Wellington" James, Angleton
and, if so, is Marchetti's por-
trayal of him anywhere near
accurate?
BOT HELMS and Angleton
deny that they were involved
in any illegal domestic spying.
If they were not, who was? Or
was anyone?
At this. point in time, as
someone once put it, nothing is
certain. Except that Yuri AU-
dropov anel all the gang at 2
Dzerzhinsky Square must be
beside themselves with glee:
When this thing has run its
course, there may not be
enough left of the CIA to make
it worth the-KGB's time to
penetrate it.
he said. "It would want to
know more about the back-
ground of people like Daniel
.'Ellsberg and what's behind
them."
He also said that he could
.not support Vice President
'Rockefeller for the Republi-
can Presidential nomination
.in 1976, but "would be active
in support" of Gov. Ronald
Reagan of California.
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i
(PCD ACV
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13" rrearlaaaa-A
If the Central' Intelligence .Agency
really has accumulated .files on more than.
10,000 American citizens, there are two -
obvious questions to be answered: (1) How
was the CIA able to violate with such
im-
punity the federal. charter that specifically
prcfnibits it from domestic spying? .(2)
Why did the agency choose to break .the
law rather than turn the cases over to the
-Federal Bureau of Investigation, which has
the statutory .responsibility .for domestic
counter-intelligence?
There's only one way to get the answers
to these questions: The congressional com-
mittees that are supposed to oversee the
CIA's opera. tions must demand them from
Richard ? Helms, who was director of the
agency during the time when the illegal
spying was allegedly 'undertaken on
grand scale, and from other present and.
former CIA and FBI officials who 'can
throw some light on the tensions between ?
those two bureaucracies. And as Michael
,Dornian Suggests on today's op-ed pope.
the congressional hearing's should be: as
public as possible.
It's not enough for President Ford to
ask Henry Kissinger to investigate and re-
port back to him in a few. days. In the first
.oalace, that kind of haste world only guar-
antee a skin-deep probe rather than the
"penetrating investigati011" 1017.ner CIA
Director John McCone has .Called for. In
the second, Kissinger himself has been so
closely involved with CIA operations?for
instance, the findermining of the Allbnde
government in Chile?and .vi.th intelli-
gence-gathering techniques of questionable
legality?for instance, the wiretaps on
several of his subordinatesthat no in-
vestigation of his would bc convincing.
AdrnTttedly the. Senate and House
Armed Services subcommittees responsible
for looking over the CIA's shoulder have
seldom exhibited any dc.sire to know more
than the agency desires to tell them. In
fact, the s,lhcoMmi I tee chi irman?Senator
John Sennis and Representative Lucien
Nedzi?were apparently briefed on the
4
domestic-spying operation ?last year by
CIA Director William Colby, and there's
no evidence .that they revealed it. even to
ether subcommittee members, much less to
the public. But now the chairmen have no
choice in the -matter; unless they show
some determination to clip the agency's
wings when. it gets out of hand, the 94th
Oangreas is apt to turn the job over to
?sorriebody else. . ?
NO doubt a Democratic Congress can
-extract .sorrie partisan advantage from
bringing the CIA under more ? effective
.control, especially in view of the agency's
role .in the. Watergate horrors. But the '
.matter goes far beyond partisanship..
HelniShimself was named CIA director by
President Johnson, and there have bcen
hints that the agency conducted illegal
domestic operations almost routinely in
the Eisenhower years under its original
director, the late Allen Dulles.
The congressional .investigators should
range freely over the links between the
CIA and the FBI. Domestic spying by the
CIA becomes more comprehensible if J.
Edgar Hoover's animosity made it impos-
sible for the FBI to follow up the lends it
got from the agency?hut of course the
remedy for that is better ervision Of
the bureau, not broader rower for the. CIA.
When. the agency was established in
147, Congress deliberritely excluded it,
from internal-security matters becat?-e it
didn't want to create a gestapo or KGB-
type apparatus. A con;,,,ressional hivetiga-
tion is needed now to find out just
far
-
far off its reservation the CIA has stroycd.
But the real question is. not. how and
the agency came to C.o things it ought
have left. to the FBI; whether ------
things can justifiably. &P i'at io'eo
open society. It does us no geoci to rote.a
break-ins, ...virctaps,
surveillance by the CIA if
ei ::;-ovenm:cnt cin t.:,; to t1,-/,
bycl-,:?. vie
the vr_;licies
m,v3r. In short, those who invcstioal a the
CIA should have one eye on its
and the :..,ther on the Bill of I-Ur:Its.
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WASHINGTON POST
28 December 1971+
LG 0
_
JL11.:ZeRIS
Unit
its IALTe
Kissinger Asks
President to
Order Probe
By William Greider
Washington Post Staff Writer
Secretary of State Henry
A. Kissinger and others
have urged President Ford
to appoint a citizens com-
mission to investigate the
accusations -of illegal domes-
tic spying facing the Cen-
tral Intelligence A gen c y,
administration sources said
yesterday.
The sources said Kissinger
discussed the idea with the
President and Whita House
chief of staff Donald Rums-
feld by telephone earlier this
week, before a 50-page report
by CIA Director William E.
Colby was sent to the Presi-
dent, who is vacationing in
Vail, Colo.
. In Colorado yesterday, a
presidential press aide de-
clined to comment on the re-
port that Mr. Ford is consi-
dering such a step as an an:
swer to public controversy
over the CIA's domestic ac-
' tivities.
According to one source, the
idea was pushed by Kissinger
and others wbthin the admin-
istration and outside the gov-
ernment in the hope that such
a forum would stem public
controversy and provide a re-
view of the allegations of CIA
spying in a "rational, unemo-
tional and careful manner."
If the President makes such
a move, it is not expected to
deter the various congres-
sional committees which al-
ready have announced plans
to investigate the charges, the
source said. Rep. Lucien Nedzi
(D-Mich.), chairman of the
House Armed Services ? sub-
committee which oversees the
?intelligence agency, said yes- ,
terday he intends to proceed!
with his own hearings, in open
session.
"We have our own responsi- I
bilities to pursue," Nedzi said,
"and I don't see how that
would be affected by an inde-
pendent commission."
Meanwhile, a leading con-
gressional critic of the CIA,
Rep. Michael J. Harrington (D-
Mass.), filed a lawsuit against
the government yesterday in
U.S. District Court here,
action" against foreign govern:.
ments are both illegal activi-
ties under the agency's origi-
nal charter.
"How many times can the
CIA violate the law before
corrective action is taken?"
Harrington asked.
According to an administra-
tion source, publication of the
Colby report to President
Ford "will cause some hell"
with foreign governments,
though he would not elaborate
on why. The White House has
;aid Mr. Ford is considering
whether to make any or all of
the CIA report public.
"There is no reason for
Jerry Ford to cover anything
up," the source said, implying
that any controversial epi-
sodes described in Colby's re-
port pre-date Mr. Ford's ten-
ure in office. Nedzi, who had
been briefed previously on
CIA domestic activities of
questionable legality, also em-
phasized that the episodes in
question date from a prior
time and said he has been as-
sured that they have been dis-
continued.
"In all probability, the Na-
tional Security Council has
been aware" of the CIA's
domestic surveillance activi-
ties," Nedzi said yesterday.
The council, which reports
directly to the President, has
been headed by Kissinger
since 1969.
In a telephone interview,
,Nedzi told the Associated
Press he based his statement
on the fact that the security
council "generally oversees
those activities [of the CIA]
that are not routine."
Nedzi said he presumes he
was given the same informa-
tion that is contained in the
,report sent to President Ford.
Administration sources:
would not discuss which pri-i
vate citizens might be ap-
pointed to the inquiry, but ac-
knowledged that the commis-
sion approach would not en-
tirely stem public ,skepticism
about CIA activities.
"I think if it got the right
people on it to establish the
facts," one well placed source'
said, "it is less likely to be
driven by-the spirit of the mo-
ment than congressional inves-
tigations would he."
Rep. Harrington's lawsuit
names CIA Director Colby,
Kissinger and Treasury Secre-
tary William E. Simon. as de-
fendants, and seeks an injunc-
tion prohibiting any further
"covert action" against foreign
governments. Kissinger is
held responsible as national
security affairs adviser to the-
President and chairman of the
40 Committee, which clears
CIA actions. Simon is named
charging 'that the CIA's do2 as dispenser of federal funds
mestic spying and its APPlicVed For Release 2001/08/085
NEW YORK TIMES
28 December 1974
A Suit to Curb C.I.A. Activities
Announced by Rep. Harrington
,By DAVID BINDER
Special to The Nrx York Times
WASHINGTON, , Dec. 27? Named as defendants in the
Representative Michael J. Har-I suit are William E. Colby, thel
rington filed a suit today in Central Intelligence Director,
Federal District Court here to Secretary of State Kissinger in?
force the Central Intelligence his capacity as national security
Agency to halt covert interven- adviser to ? the President, and
tion in foreign countries and Treasury Secretary William E.
domestic surveillance activities. Simon, for allegedly providing
The Massachusetts Democrat lunvouchered funds to the
told reporters that he had agency.
brought the court action "to Mr. Hh?rington said that the
force the C.I.A. to obey its
charter"?that is, the National suit would cost him "nothing,'
Security Act of 1947. 'directly." Michael Krinsky, an
He added that under his in-
assistant to the law firm, said
terpretation of the law, the
that the fees for the suit would
'
be absorbed by the firm and
agency had . overstepped the
would amount to no more than
rules ? by covert operations
"
abroad and by "involvement in several hundred dollars."-
the Watergate affair and the Mr. Harrington, who has
activities of the White House been a sharp critic of CIA.
plumbers."
activities over the last year, Mr. Harrington submitted said "The failure of Congress"
reports published by The New to provide adequate legislative
oversight was "an ,incentive"
York Times during the last ?
week concerning alleged C.I.A. for his suit.
"
domestic espionage operations It's my belief that the CIA.
as further indication of "illegal has systematically violated its
charter in the foreign field."
activities" by the agency.
Meanwhile, in Vail, Colo., he said. His suit lists 65 points
Ron Nessen, the White House of alleged C.I.A. "violations,"
the
press secretary, said that Presi-
including its involvement in
dent Ford was reading a 50
abortive 1961 invasion of Cuba,
- the 1954 overthrow of the
page report on allegations that Guatemalan Government and
the C.I.A. participated in illegal
domestic spying during the support of a rebellion in Indo-
Nixonnesia in 1958. '
Administration. Mr. Harrington, who is a
Mr. Harrington said that he lawyer, said that he hoped the
had asked the New York law court action would at the very
firm of Rabinowitz, Boudin &
Standard to prepare his suit as least bring about a binding in-
a result of "revelations"
last terpretation of the. 1947 statute .
September that the C.I.A. had regulating the C.I.A.
engaged in actions against the
Chilean Government of Dr.
Salvador Allende Gossens. The
Allende Government was over-
thrown by a military junta in
1973.
to the agency.
Harrington cited as illegal a
long list of known activities by
the CIA, ranging from its se-
cret intervention against the
government of Chile to its in-
volvement in the Watergate
affair and its cooperation with
the White House "plumbers"
who committed a burglary
during the Nixon administra-
tion.
The lawsuit argues that the
1947 National Security Act
limits the CIA to foreign ac-
tivities "relating to intelli-
gence" but does not permit
paramilitary assaults like the
Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba
in 1961 or financing a coup
against the premier of Iran in
1953 or a variety of other di-
rect actions which the CIA has
taken against foreign govern-
ments over the last 25 years.
Harrington said Congress
had made "a dismal record" of
supervising these secret activi-
ties, though 'he is also advocat-
ing congressional action to
OlitkaRDPWFLOG402R000401)
for oversight of the CIA.
Agency officials have ar-
gued in the past that their le-
? gal authorization for covert
operations is contained in a
blanket directive in 1947
which sans the CIA should
-perform such other functions
and duties related to, intelli-
gence affecting the national
seeuri,ty as the National Secu-
rity Council may from time to
time direct."
Harrington told a press con-
ference yesterday that this ,
language is ambiguous at best
and, in his judgment, does not
permit secret investigations
because it includes the words,
"relating to intelligence.-
[Sen: Barry M. Goldwater:
(R-Ariz.), in his annual news,
.conference at his hilltop home!
'in Phoenix, said Congress willi
be making a "big mistake" if ,
it undertakes too strong an in-
vestigation of the CIA. He
said the agency should be al-
lowed to keep "domestic sub-
.versives" under surveillance.]
350004-5--
Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000 00350004-5
lEISEINGTON STAR
27t DEC 1974-
3 311 p s tone: The CgAfr
;
The Watergate break-in of
Zane 1972 arid the subsequent
investigations arising from it
point to a degree of CIA in-
volvement in domestic affairs
shocking to many Americans.
Items:
0 All but one-of those involved
in the beak-in had been CIA
,operatives, career or contract,
at one time or another.
Top CIA officials, at the re-
quest of the White House, pro-
vided the "plumbers" group
with technical assistance.
(0 CIA. Director Richard
Helms, who was close to re-
tirement and might have been
expected to stay on at the
agency he had directed since
1966, was suddenly replaced
and: appointed ambassador to
liran in?February 1973.
tb On June 23 of the same year,
?transcripts of the White House
tapes reveal President Nixon
remarking to H. R. Haldeman:
"Well, we've protected Helms
from one hell of a lot of
things."
tO One or the first acts of
Nelms' successor, James R
Schlesinger (now secretary of
defense) was to initiate a 10.
percent cutback in CIA per-
sonnel.
Now Seymour Hersh, who
revealed the My Lai mas-
sacre, asserts (quoting un-
named "sources") that the
CHICAGO TRIBUNE
27 DEC 19711.
"
? The C
- IA it.5 P
CIA has directly violated its
charter by conducting "a mas-
sive illegal domestic intelli-
gence operation" against anti
war protesters and other (Bosh-
dent groups during the Nikon
administration. Hersh, writing
in the Dec. 22 editions of the
New York Times, seems to
finger James Angleton, head of
the CIA's Counterintelligence
Department, as the master-
mind " of an operation that
produced files on "at least
10,000 American citizens."
Angleton announced his resig-
nation Tuesday "in the interest
of the agency."
IN A 1971 "novel" called
"The Rope-Dancer," Victor
Marchetti, a former CIA offi-
cial (another of whose books is
quoted from in Hersh's arti-
cle), portrays the fictional
character who holds Angle-
ton's job as a half-mad para-
noid.
The CIA's present director,
William Colby, who took over
from Schlesinger in September
of last year, has told President
Ford that "nothing compara-
ble" to the allegations in
Hersh's article had taken
place.
Because the Central Intelli-
gence Agency is vital to the
national security of the United
States, one naturally would
prefer to believe Colby. Nor
'Mate war
? Charges that the central Intelligence
Agency carried out illegal spying oper-
ations against American citizens may
he a shock. They? cannot exactly be
!called a surprise. This has always been
the recognized, built-in risk of having
government agencies like the CIA,
where power is necessarily combined
-Ith secrecy. The combination does not
easily-conform with laws or stiles, not
even its own. -
?
- There is no choice now but tb estab-
lish the facts, in full and without cos-
metics, about the CIA's past domestic
operations. We believe the best way to
db that is to set up a special congres-
sional committee to investigate them?
one that will include, but will not be
limited to, members of the House -and
Senate Armed Services committees who
have regularly dealt- with the CIA in
the past. Those committees have pretty
well demonstrated their inability to act
as efficient watchdogs over its opera-
tions:
.. No doubt there will, be. strong .objec-
tions to such an inquiry. We will be told
that our counterintelligence system will
be compromised and the United States
left: virtually defenseless if the Amerie
6
can one discount the view of a
retired CIA official, Ray S.
Cline, that Helms would have
had, more sense than to have
allowed himself to become in-
volved in any illegal activity.
(Cline, who left the agency in
1969 to become head of the
State Department's Depart-
ment of Intelligence and Re-
search, has no particular rea-
son to love Helms, who in 1966
edged him out for the director-
ship of the CIA)-
/ BUT THE allegations
published by Hersh in the
Times, unsubstantiated as
they were, were so serious
that there was no way of
avoiding an investigation of
the CIA by the National Se-
curity Council headed by
Secretary of State Henry Kis-
singer. One thing is essential:
that the investigation should
be searching enough to reveal
the truth but sufficiently dis-
creet not to compromise the
crucial work abroad in which
the CIA is legitimately involv-
ed.
Because there are gray
areas in which the jurisdiction
of the CIA and that of the FBI
appear to overlap (for in-
stance, the CIA apparently
may legally tail a suspected
foreign intelligence agent in
the United States but must call
on the FBI to arrest him), one
can public finds ? out too much about
what the CIA has been doing. Two
things, we think, need tO be said. ? e s ?
First, we've heard it before: ?? It
seemed to a guiding principle of the
Nixon administration?almost its only
one?that the public is better . off not
knowing what its leaders are. doing;
that patriotism means not asking too'
many questions. The last two. years
have been a massive disproof of that
doctrine, and it -cannot be made to
sound convinding_ now. If Watergate
proved anything, it proved that the more
we know shout our government the saf-
e we?aid it-ese e. .
-Second, the charges. Concern CIA op-
erations during the Nixon administration
and before. Investigating them does not
mean that every detail of the agency's
present workings must be exposed.
[They have been greatly changed under
the two men who succeeded Richard.
Helms - as director of Central Intelli-
gence.] The point is not to cripple the
CIA .but to keep it from crippling us;
and to do that, the. American public will
have to know exactly .what happened to
this agency?why the seemingly iron-
clad rules against spying on U. S. citi-
zens turned so soft and porous that they
could be set aside almost atwill.
deduces that there may indeed
have been violations; of the
CIA's charter. I.Vhethez these
violations have been as "mas-
sive" as Hersh's sources al-
lege?or whether they betray a
studied policy of illegality ? is
another matter.
ONE SUSPECTS that when
Schlesinger (who unlike
Helms and Colby was not a ca-
reer CIA man) took over the
agency*, he discovered that
certain CIA officers had over-
stepped the bounds of 11.4,7ality.
And one deduces that most of
those guilty of such impropri-
eties were among that 10 per-
cent discharged or prerstatizely
retired .. by Schlesinger for
"budgetary or technological
reasons."
In other words, this observ-
er is of the view that there was
some fire beneath Hersh's
smoke, but that Schlesinger
and Colby almost certainty
have extinguished it and disci-
plined those who lemonitingly,
unwittingly or untie's. White
House pressure violated their
trust.
All of us will be the kisera
an investigation of the illegel
acts of a few individnals =s al-
lowed to destroy thet-ti:ective.-
ness of an institudern eeat has
served this country well and is
fundamental to its national se-
curity.
After that, we'll have to face a still
tougher 'question: Whether any rules
will be permanentlybinding on an agethe
cy.whose specialty, after all, is to opeo-
ate beyond. them. ? ... ? ?
? The New York Times started the up-.i
roar Sunday by printing allegations that
. the in. flat violation of its own
charter; had conducted massive surveil-
lance against members -of antiwar and
other dissident groups during tha?Nixon
administration. It said that aespecial,
.counterintelligence unit,- reporting die.
.rectly to Mr. Helms, had compiled files
.on at. least 10,000 American, citizens. Ile
appears that the spying did not begin
with Mr.. Nixon: Document i lathe CIA's
files. indicate that hundreds of other il-
legal operations were carried out in the
United States beginning in the 1950s.
There has been a commendable hurry
to investigate these findings. President
Ford. requested and got , a detailed re-
port front CIA Director William E. Cot--
by. The chairmen of. four congressional
panels, including the armed services
committees of both . chambers, an-
nounced plans for full inquiries when
the new Congress convenes. ?
A flurry of activity, however, is not
enough. Nor is it sufficient to launch
more investirietions by panels that failed
to . tern up el:piing ;:i th '1)7 '1 he
task now is eta only to ihnd out hew
that happened, but how to make` abs.o-
iutely certain it e411 never happen again.
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_
Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100350004=5
WASHINGTON STAR
27 December 1974
rk?
The 0
By Frank Getlein
It is possible, to be sure, that the New
York Times made up out of whole cloth the
story about the Central Intelligence Agen-
cy's undertaking to spy upon and collect
dossiers on some 10,000 Americans suspect-
ed of having opinions on the American War
Against the Indochinese different from
those of the White House.
The Times would have done this, in the
view of moderate right-wing kooks, for the
same reason the Times printed every word
it did print ablaut the crimes of the Nixon
administration?namely, to sell papers.
Alternatively, the Times might have done
this for the same reason it printed the
Pentagon Papers, in the view of all-out
right-wing kooks ? namely that the Times,
Idle most of the American press and
broadcast-news organizations, is in the pay
of the Kremlin and out to destroy the United
States.
On the other band, it is just faintly con-
ceivable that what the Times printed about
the CIA's assault upon the Republic is true
and that former CIA director Richard
Helms is a dangerous criminal who should
he hauled home, perhaps in irons, to stand
IMMEDIATE DENIALS were apparently
?
issued by all snurees. But examination re-
veals the immediate denials to have been a
hot more immediate than denials; to have
been, in fact, not denials at all.
Current CIA director William Colby, for
example, assured President Ford, who in
tern assured the nation, that nothing at all
lane the things destribed in the Times arti-
efe is g-oing, on at the agency now.
That's fine, but that's not the issue. The
cans:inera is not what is happeninginow, but
eitat itappe.ned then.
Similarly, Helms himself, after fleeing
from his post as ambassador to Iran to a
European hideaway, issued a statement as-
serting that nothing illegal was done. Again,
fine, but the important point is that he did
not deny the spying, only the illegality of
.any possible spying that may have taken
place.
LIKEWISE, James Aiigleton, director of
minter-intelligence activities, resigned
from his post not in protest against the lies
of the Times, but to spare the agency fur-
ther trouble, a reason strangely recollective
of Nixon's resigning because he had lost his
political base in Congress rather than be-
cause he faced impeachment, trial, convic-
tion, ousting from office and possibly-jail.
In short, there hasn't been any denial at
all that the events the Times asserts took
place did take place. The Helms denial of
their illegality is something else again and
presf.nts to the nation a question that can
only be decided by the nation, not by spooks
in cellar corridors out at Langley, not even
by history professors on holiday dabbling in
the intoxications of power
ApprOved For Releas? 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100350004-5
The question is, do we want a society hi',
which the thoughts, conversations, mail
communications and travels of the citizens
are subject to the surveillance of a secret
police and spy organization?
Or, on the other hand, do we want to abol-
ish the CIA?
It may come down to that before the
investigation of the matter is over ? assum-
ing, that is, that an honest investigation is
conducted, and not one by the agency out-
self, by its presumed master, Henry Kissin-
ger, or by the compliant congressional
committees it has hoodwinked so routinely
for years.
IF INVESTIGATION reveals that none Of
the alleged acts took place, that's fine, and,
the government and individuals affected
can take appropriate legal action against,
the Times.
If the investigation re-
veals that all those acts
did take place, and pro-
ceeds to legal actions
against Helms et al, begin-
ning with citations of con-
tempt of Congress, that's
fine, too.
LONDON TIMES
23 December 19714.
But if the investigation
discovers that such acts
did indeed take place but
that they were "justified"
by the agency's own inter-
pretation of its mission ?
in short, that the agency
had to destroy the Repub-
lic in order to save the
Republic ? then the na-
tion will have no choice
but to decide the question
stated above.
For years now, the
standard defense of all the
:dubious activities of the..
agency abroad has been-
that in this' wicked world
we have to be as wicked as
everyone else and we are
lucky to have the self-
sacrificing agency spooks
available to do our wick-'
edness for us.
In short, we can't afford
not to have the CIA.
' The question now may
become: Can we afford to
have it?
Congress investigatio
CIA seems inevitable
From Our Own Correspondent
Washington, Dec 22
Spokesmen for the Central
Intelligence Agency said today
that the massive exposure by
The New York Times this morn-
ing of "illegal" CIA counter-
intelligence activities inside the
United States during the Nixon
years might bring an official
response tomorrow. They would
give no further comment, but
all the signs are that a thorough
investigation of the CIA is now
inevitable in the new Congress.
The newspaper, in a lona
article by Mr Seymour Hersh,
accused the CIA of violating the
1947 law which established the
agency and directed it to keep
its dirty tricks abroad. Ex-
plicitly, the CIA has no police
or internal. security functions.
Counter-intelligence inside the
United States is officially the
province of the Federal Bureau
of Investigation. ? .
The article reports that Dr
James Schlesinger, when briefly
head of the CIA last year before
moving on to the Pentagon, put
an end to its illegal activities
and dismissed some of the staff.
It added that the Justice Depart.
ment might now be asked to
determine whether there should
be prosecutions.
Mr Hersh reports that the
special operations branch of the
agency's counter-intelligence
department conducted surveil-
lance of some 10,000 opponents
of the Vietnam war during the
Nixon years. There were said
to be computerized files on
them. '
He quotes unnamed sources,
stating that the CIA even re-
cruited informants and pene-
trated dissident organizations.
In addition the CIA, starting
back in the 1950s, conducted
of
break-ins, buggings and mail in-
terception operations, princip-
ally against foreign intelligence
connexions here. This; is the
private fief of the FBI and
its officials, unnamed, were
stated to be indignant at this
usurpation.
Mr Hersh raises difficult
questions about the role of Mr
Richard Helms, the CIA direc-
tor for most of the period, who
is now Ambassador to Iran. He
reports the suggestion that the
White House tapes convey an
awareness by President Nixon-
of what was going on.
Mr Hersh names Mr James
Angleton, head of the highly
secret CIA counter-intelligence
department, as the man :respon-
sible for the direction' of the,
surveillance, and Mr Richard
Ober, now at the White House,
as the liaison .man with' Mr.'
Helms. ? .
There is surprise here that
Mr Hersh managed to get Mr'
Angleton to talk on the tele-
phone, and somewhat indis-
creetly at that. He is quoted as
denying th.at the CIA had ever
operated purely domestically,
and he apparently suggested,
as did many other CIA sources
quoted in the article, that anti-
war activity here was directed
by foreign subversion.
For instance, Mr Angleton
is said to have claimed that the
CIA obtained through an
American agent in Moscow
intelligence on the bombings
perpetrated here during the
high tide of anti-war activity.
Mr Angleton, it ig stated,
then added : " It came from
Moscow. Our source there is
still active, and still productive
?the opposition still doesn't
know."
BALTIMORE Approved For Release
SUN
28 December 1974
A ?
na ysis
2001/08/08 : CLAAN7f9M32R000100350004-5
27 December 19714
Food data will decide
'new C I controversy
Wascrigton?Even with most
of the:relevant details still se-
' eret,t,the course of the latest
controversy over the Central
Intelligence Agency is begin-
,hing to emerge.
Something of a consensus of
intelligence specialists and
?powerful members of Congress
? suggests three basic conclu-
sions. That there will be hear-
ings in Congress is certain.
:The question is whether they
vitt be coordinated or scat-
..
1 tered among several commit-
tees.
? There is a fair possibility, by
no means a certainty, of legis-
lation attempting to define
more clearly what the agency ,
!tan do within the United States.
All efforts to control by legisla-
- the agency's activities
'abroad will fail.
* What happens within those
?general outlines will he deter-
mined in great measure by the
seriousness of the details con-
tained in a 50-page report now
in the hands of President Ford.
! From his vacation home at '
Vail, Colo., Mr. Ford has said
he may release all or portions ?
of the report. ,
Most recent debate
' The most recent debate over
?the agency began last week-
end It opened with publication
of charges that the agency had
-conducted a massive campaign
of illegal domestic activity, in-
t-eluding burglary, during the
administration of former Presi-
-dent Nixon. The initial reports
also said the agency maintains
files of 10,000 names, including
anti-war dissidents in the
United States. The two points,
usually treated together in the
controversy, are not directly
related.
Specialists in intelligence say
-there is no question that the
agency maintains extensive
computeri7ed files of foreign
nationals and Americans who
have had even peripheral con-
tact with them. "These are
reference and information
files, not action files, one re-
marked.
"I don't think most Ameri-
;cans, on reflection, would want
lit any other way." The names
come from many sources, the
ispecialist said, including
agents and embassies abroad.
lAt home the sources may be
By HENRY L TREWITITT
Washington Bureau of The Sun
as diverse as the FBI and
commercial publications.
The question of direct CIA
activity within the United
States is another 'matter. Un-
der the National Security Act,
which created the CIA in 1947,
the agency is denied police and
law enforcement functions,
subpoena power, and any role
in internal security. The cur-
rent controversy turns on that
Ilast proscription.
' "Many people think the CIA
is forbidden to operate domest-
ically, period," says a former
intelligence officer. "That's
just not so. If it happens that .
an American agent is following
a known or suspected foreign
agent, he doesn't stop follow-
ing at the water's edge. He
may continue surveillance in
co-operation with the FBI, but
it is the FBI with the police
power.
"Of course, the CIA people
cannot erase from their minds
the Americans who enter into
the picture along the way."
' But other experts assume
that the report to Mr. Ford
will reveal more serious facts.
They believe Richard M.
Helms, former director of cen-
tral intelligence, may have
tolerated direct violations of the
, agency's mandate much as he
,briefly permitted CIA co-opera-
tion in the illegal activities of
the so-called White House
"plumbers" in 1971.
To the extent that the record
shows such activities as wire-
tapping and burglary carried
out against dissident Ameri-
cans by the CIA, the sentiment
for control on Capitol Hill will
be fueled. One specialist be-
lieves the record will ? show
some cases during ?the early
Nixon administration and pos-
sibly late in the administration
of Lyndon B. Johnson.
?? "But I think there were few
cases, certainly not on the
order charged," he said. By all
accounts, the successors to Mr.
Helms, James R. Schlesinger,
now Secretary of Defense, and
? William E. Colby, the present
director, made certain there'
were no continuing direct viola-
tions.
Sources on Capitol Hill be-
lieve this outline, if it proves
out in detail, may leave the
congressional power structure
amenable to legislation delin-
iating in detail the CIA's rights
at home. Critics of the agency
hope also to prevent its direct
Mr IForil StUII ies CIA
reply to allegations
of do estic 's yin
From Patrick Brogan ?
Washington, Dec 26
President Ford, who is on
holiday in Colorado, spent this
morning skiing and the after-
noon studying a 50-page report
an the Central Intelligence
Agency.
It was prepared by Mr Wil-
liam Colby, the director of the
CIA, under the order of Dr
Kissinger, the Secretary of
State, and concerns allegations
that the agency investigated the
activities of 10,000 Americans
during the Nixon Administra-
tion.
If the allegations are true,
this would be a gross violation
of the law. The CIA was set up
in 1947 and its chanter provides
that it may deal only with
foreign intelligence. Counter-
espionage is the duty of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation.
The allegation appeared in
The New York Times on Sun-
day, an embarrassing Christmas
I present to the Government from
I Mr Seymour Hersh, the reporter
I who first revealed the My Lai
massacre. There have been flat
denials from various quarters
in the past five days and partial
confirmations from others.
Mr James Angleton, the
agency's director of counter-
intelligence, who has been with
it for 31 years, resigned yester-
day, under instructions. Mr
Richard Helms, who was head
of the agency from 1966 to 1973
and is now Ambassador to Iran,
is returning to Washington to
face the storm.
The State Department put out
a denial from Mr Helms that
he had ever authorized the
gathering of domestic intelli-
gence. No less than five com-
mittees or sub-committees of
Congress intend to' investigate
the matter as soon as the new
Congress assembles next month.
Mr Lucien Nedzi, of Michigan,
who is chairman of the House
of Representatives sub-commit-
tee which is meant to supervise
the CIA, has admitted that he
was informed of some of the
details of the agency's domestic
activities last summer. He has
managed so far to avoid saving
just what he was told, while
implying that The New York
Times_ has found out details
which he never knew about.
Mr Helms's two successors,
Dr James Schlesinger, who is
now Secretary of Defence, and
Mr Colby have both let it be
known that the CIA never en-
gaged in anything illegal dur-
ing their time in office but that
strange things may have taken
place earlier.
The connexion with -Water- ?
gate is obvious. Mr Nixon's
first reaction to the original
Watergate investigation was to
use the CIA to stop the FBI
from getting into "productive
areas ".
If it is now proved that the
CIA had been in the habit of
meddling in domestic affairs,
then Mr Nixon's efforts in June,
1972, would seem easily explic-
able.
The CIA has managed to
escape from the toils of Water-
gate so far, but it may be about
to succumb. Mr John Dean has
hinted that there are other and
so far unknown scandals of the
Nixon Administration. It may
now emerge that Mr Nixon's
first attempt to set up a secret
police to spy on his political
opponents, before he estab- ?
lished the " plumbers " in the
White House, was to use the
CIA.
NEW YORK TIMES
2 JANUARY 1975
C.I.A.: The Best News
To the Editor:
If, as you claim, the C.I.A. was spy-
ing on anti-war activists in the U.S., it
has got to be the best news I have had
all year. At least someone was out
there trying to protect this country.
Illegal, you say. Perhaps, but so is
rioting, draft card burning, and draft
dodging. At least the C.I.A. was on
our side.
SYLVAN S HERMAN
New Providence, N. J., Dec. 27, 1974
involvement in the internal
political affairs of other coun-
tries?such as the undermining
of the former government of
Chile. That attempt, however,
will encounter the total opposi-
tion of the administration.
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PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER
28 DEC 1974
1-10171 war
0
agams
CIA grew
By WILLIAM A. RUSHER
The hullabalo over alleged "ille-
gal" intelligence operations by. the
CIA within the United States offers
connoisseurs of political propa-
ganda an almost matchless.opportu-
nity to watch our liberal -media
"manage" the news. To understand
what is really going on, you must
first learn the name of the game,
and then the identity of some of the
principal players.
Since at -least the mid-1960s, left-
ist and liberal forces in the United
States have, for a variety of sick
reasons, been conducting a ,savage-
public attack on the nation's defen-
sive institutions.
One assault has been aimed at
the Armed. Forces (through TV
smear-documentaries like "The
Selling of the Pentagon," exaggera-
tions of commaird responsibility for
the My Lai massacre, etc). .
_ Another has been directed at the
domestic police establishment
(through attacks on the FBI and,
the National Guard), by caricatur-
ing local cops as "pigs," and by
condemning prison facilities.
A third front has recently been
. opened against the CIA, which is
America's- . secret intelligence
agency in the ongoing struggle
against Communist aggression. At
.first in.seemed that it might be pos-
sible to tie the CIA to Watergate,
and destroy it along with Richard
Nixon; but it soon --became clear
that the agency had kept its skirts
depressingly clean of involvement.
A second opportunity to wing the
CIA came along, however, when the
Chilean 'armed forces overthrew the
Marxist regime of Salvador Allende
last year. Worldwide Communist
propaganda promptly accused the
CIA -of being behind the coup..
Now we must get specific and
name a few names. The chief jour-
nalistic point:man fur the CIA hit is
a New York Times rel-!rter namud
..Seyrnourilersh.
We are not permi:ted to know en-
- actty how it happened, 'out cei t-in
secret testimony by CIA u(ficials
before a congressional committee,
concerning CIA activities in Chile,
found its way into the hands of
ultra-liberal Democratic Congress-
man Michael Harrington' of Massa- .
chusetts and thence to Hersh. -
Now, it appears, newshound Hersh
has found another truffle. Some
faceless liberal in the vast Washing-
ton bureaucracy has slipped him
evidence that, during the later
years of the Vietnam War, the CIA
PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER ?
28 DEC 1974
? i
,
U,
.5
Irsay?i! r
By S!,e1.. FRIEDMAN
? ? ? 1.();
1 J:.
WASHINGTON ? Rep. Lu-
cien Nedzi (D., Mich.),
chair-
man of the special House
'Subcommittee on Intelli-
gence, said Friday that ques-
nionabie CIA activities within
the United States have been
going on almost since the
agency's founding in 1947.
Asked when he thought the
CIA first started domestic
?surveillance,' Nedzi replied
simply: "How long has the
agency been in existence?"
Nedzi said that he eq)ects
further, disclosures of possi-
ble illegal activity by the
agency, but added that the
loopholes in the National Se-
?curity Act make it unclear as
to whether the CIA had actu-
ally violated the law. .
Nedzi also asserted that
the National Security Cour:ell
? which, reports directly to
the President ? "has been.
aware of some, perhaps ail,"
of the questionable domestic
spying.
But the agency. he added,
-claims that much of its do-
mestic spying .has been ne-
-cessary to protect its agents
and sources of information
here and abroad: . . ?
Although Nedzi refused to
discuss specific incidents,
one source familiar. witn
ri
0
L; v./ 1.i 4
ti?????; 4.(5
' telligence.activities here said
that the CIA often wiretap-
- ped and spied on its own
- agents here to protect them
or to be sure that they were
. ?
? - -
As far as he knows. Nedzi
said, the domestic activities
of the CIA have not been as
extensive as was alleged in a
New York Times story during
the weekend, but ac.l.nnnv-
ledged that CIA officials
whom he had questioned
inif2lit not have told him all
of the truth.
"There is some ? indication
that even the CIA dire:lors
may not have ;mown whnt
was going on in the compart-
ments below them," Nedzi
said. ?
Nevertheless, Nedzi pred-
icted that "as this unfolds,
there will be more and more
reports of incidents that are
,questionable. It is my judg-
ment that some of the things
done have guile beyond the
bounds of impropriety."
Early next year, Neilzi's
subcommittee plans to begin
an investigation into the do-
mestic activities of the CIA.
And if Nedzi gets his way,
come CIA operations, for the
first time, ?vill be made
public, for he said he intends
to open the hearings. ? ?-
t i?
T T7'
kept -intelligence files on. anti-war
activists in he United States.
. Since the CIA is legally required to
confine its.? activities to foreign
countries and leave the U. S. to the
FBI, Hersh calculates that Richard.
Helms, the CIA director in those'
days who is now our ambassador to
Iran, can be accused of having con-
ducted "illegal" activities. ? (Never
mind that that anti-war activists
did not observe any. equivalent limi-
tations, but traveled back and forth
to Hanoi, Paris and other foreign lo-
cales .at will ? or, in-other words,
in and out of the CIA's technical
field of jurisdiction.)
Now the second-wave troops are
wading ashore. You will 'be haring
an awful lot about "illegal" CIA ac-
tivities in the U. S. on your favorite
TV news show, in your favorite
newsmagazine, and on the front
page of your local newspaper.
That's the way news is managed,
you see.
9
' "I Don't see any national
security problem- in this,"
-Nedzii., said. -Me won't be
blowing the :cover from any
agent ori endangering lives.
Therefore:. : the hearings
should be-open." .
.. CIA director William Colby
has given- Secretary of State
, Henry.A.- Kissinger a 50-page
. report- for .President Ford on
the extent:of the agency's do-
? mestic.-operations. Ford is
studying- the report in Vail,
. .
has. received 'the
same-'' information 'from
Colby; .and -the-- indications
that the Natidnal . Security
Council was aware is signifi-
cant. -
Kissinger,. who has been
assigned by the .President to
:investigate, allegations of im-
propriety, illegality, _runs
the Security Council. He has
himself been accused of hay-
ing A role in domestic wire-
tapping and spying opera-
tions ordered by the Nixon
White House. ,
According to the New York
Times, the bulk of the CIA's
domestic intelligence opera-
tions took place during the
Nixon years and was aimed
primarily at groups eppesing
the Vietnam War.
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NEW YORK TIMES
29 December 1974
Underground for the tOIA:. in .
New Vo tk:
An Ex-Agent Tells of Spying on Students
' former agent's description of
? By SEYMOUR M. HERSH life as a domestic spy "seemedi
A?former agent for the Cen-, a little bit far out," But thei
tral Intelligence Agency, in re-
counting the details of his
undercover career, says that
New York City became a prime
C.I.A.. domestic spying target
during the late nineteen-sixties
because it was considered a
"big training ground" for radi-
cal activities in the United,
States. ? - ? 1
The agent, who spent morel
than four years. in the late
.npeteeti-sixties and early sev-
enties spying on radical groups
in New York, told The New
York Times that more than 25
C.I.A. agents were assigned to
the city at the height of anti-
war activity at Columbia Uni-
versity and elsewhere.
The agents were tightly con-
trolled by senior officials in the
New York office _or \tl,e
ra,stie Oper t' -es --. ?
little-known domestic unit seti
up in 1964 by the C.I.A. in
more than a dozen cities across
the nation, the former intelli-,
gence official said:? . 4
The division's ostensible
.function then was legal: to co-
ordinate with the American.
corporations supplying "cover",;
for C.I.A. agents abroad and to
laid in the interrogation of,
!American travelers after their
return from foreign countries.
Began in 1967
The former agent's descrip-
tion of life as a domestic C.I.A.
'spy was provided during a se-
ries of interviews last week.
The contact with The Times
!came after pUbliCation last
Sunday of the first account of
the massive spying.
The former agent said that
his involvement began with
ed--t of the Black Pan-
' -,. 57end the'
increase of antiwar dissent
during the last months of the
Johnson .Administration. "And
then it started to snowball
from there," the former agent
said.
The Times, working with de-
tails supplied by the former
agent, was able to verify that
he served as an undercover in-
telligence spy, although it was
impossible to check all of his
information.
The former C.I.A. agent in-
sisted on anonymity, saying
that if he was exposed lie would
be forced to publicly deny any
link to the agency.
A high-ranking Government
intelligence official with inti-
mate knowledge of C.I.A. oper-
ations said yesterday that the
10
official added that he was un-.
able to deny any of the agent's'
specific allegations, pending a
check of files.
The Times,. quoting well-
placed sources, reported last
Sunday that the C.I.A. had vio-
lated its charter by conducting
massive and illegal intelligence
operations aimed at antiwar
and other American dissidents.
inside the United States. Intelli-
gence files on at -least 10,0001
American citizens also were
compiled, the Sources said. 1
Wiretaps and Break-ins
The former intelligence agent
said that he and other C.I.A.
agents ha dalso participated in
telephone wiretaps and break-
ins in their efforts to closely
monitor, the activities of radi-
cals in New York. He added
that the C.I.A. had supplied
him with "more than 40" psy-
chological assessments of radi-
cal leaders during his spy
'career.
IHigh-ranking. C.I.A. officials,
'including Richard Helms, the
former Director of Central
Intelligence and now Arabassa-
dor to Iran, told Congress in
the wake of the Watergate
scandals that only two such
assessments?done by psychia-
trists working for the agency?
have ever been' prepared on
American citizens.
"What we were trying to
do,", the former C.I.A. agent
said in an interview, "was to
find out what the radicals were
marketing and to learn if they
had any new products."
"They were a target company
and we were like another com-
pany in competition," he added.
"We were interested in their
executives and that's why we
did the profiles, so we could
learn what we'd have to offer
in order tO buy them over to
us."
Police Function Barred
The 1947 legislation setting
up the C.I.A. bars the agency
from any security or police
function inside the United
States, leaving all such activity
to ,the Federal Bureau of In-
vestigation.'
"I knew what the charter
was," the former agent said.
"I'd read it, but my belief was
that we were doing the same
function inside the United
States as the C.I.A. does out-
side it."
The agent said he had been
recruited into the C.I.A. after
graduation from college in
1965. After training in counter-
intelligence techniques, his
first assignment was with the
Domestic Operations Division
office in New York.
The former agent reported
that he did not have direct in-
volvement in New York with
;members of the C.I.A.'s coun-
'terintelligence staff, which was
headed until last wek by James
Angleton. The agent said that
'the counterintelligence activi-
ties were normal' conducted at
higher bureaucratic and secur-
ity levels than his. .
. Traditional Role -
Traditionally, the counterin-
telligence department of the
C.OI.A. has sought to neutral-
ize and expose Soviet and other
foreign intelligence agents sek-
ing to operate against the C.I.A.
in the United States and else-
where in the world.
The retirement of Mr. An-
gleton, a veteran of 31 years
of intelligence service, became
known Monday, a day after
The Times article was pubished.
A number of well-informed
C.I.A. sources subsequently
confirmed that the bulk of the
actual domestic spying through-
out the United States was con,
ducted by various offices of
the Demestic Operations Divi-
sion, which was initially as-
signed to such tasks in the
mid-nineteen-sixties as infil,
trating agents into various
ethnic and emigre groups in
'large cities.
"When I first came to
D.O.D." the former agent said,
4'it was a low-key operation.
Mostly we did liaison" with,
other intelligence agencies.
. 'Pain in the Neck'
"And then someone started
noticing those kids,"- the for-
mer agent said, referring to
the antiwar activities. "At first
-they were just a pain in the
neck. The local police' and
F.B.I. couldn't handle it. We
had the manpower and the
money." . ,
In the beginning,' he said,
only files on student dissenters
were kept, apparently as an ad-
dition to the already existing
dossiers on the , various for-
'eign students living in the New
"The first actual [physical]
Surveillance came when people
like Mark Rudd' started moving
around," he said. Mr. Rudd was
a leader in the student demon-
strations that disrupted Colum-
bia University for two weeks in
the spring of 1968.
"We had different I.D.s for
different jobs. We'd use news-
paper I.D.s, or, flash_ a badge
and saY we were a reporter for
a magazine?it made things a
lot easier." _ _. _ .
There were certain necessary
precautions, he added. "If some,
thing happened .in New York
City, you couldn't say you were
an A.P. [Associated Press] or
New York Times reporter. We'd
usually use Newsday. Atlantic
Monthly was another good cov-
er?no one ever heard of it.".
The former agent said that
the Domestic Operations Divi-
sion ordered psychological pro-
files on Mr. Rudd "and others
we felt were not just idealistic
kids."
"And theh we started won-
dering where the money was
coming from," he said, refer-,
ring to student 'protest move-
ment. "My theory and my be-
lief is that much of the money.
,
was coming from the K.G.B.
the Soviet secret intelligence
agency]."
One of the Domestic Opera-
tions Division's first functions
was to attempt to infiltrate its
agents into a radical unit tar-
geted for domestic spying, the
former C.I.A. man said. A sec-
ond major goal was to "turn
somebody around"?that is,
convince a member of a group
to become an informer.
"I could never identify my-
self as a C.I.A. man," the for-
mer agent said. "I always had
to be a sttident or whatever I
felt like at the time. You
couldn't say you were a cop,
because you might be talking
to a cop."
Monitored by Superiors
The .former agent repeatedly
noted during the interviews
that his activities were closely
monitored by his superiors,
some of whom maintained a
"cover" office inside a large
corporate headquarters.
Asked whether he ever ques-
tioned his work, the former;
agent replied, "Look?they [hisj
superiors] were telling us, 'Keep
an eye on them,' and to do
that you're going to have to
infringe on somebody's free-I
dom."
? "We got the policy from
above," 'he added, "but we all
felt the same way."
"These kids were directly in-
volved with foreign stuff," the
former agent continued. "We;
always worried about drugs
from Communist China, K.G.B.
agents and foreign guns. That's
what gave us the right to:
come .in." '
In previous interviews, Unit-
ed States intelligence officials
have characterized all of the
C.I.A.'s domestic activities as
being directly related to foreign
:espionage.
He repeatedly quoted what
he said was a "Oatch-all phrase"
around the New York domestic
operations office?"intelligence.
is where you find it."
Helms Used Phrase
He said he and his colleagues
first heard the phrase used by
Mr. Helms on a. training film
supplied by the C.I.A. head-
quarters that had been shown
during a staff meeting some-
time in 1968. ? ?
? The former C.I.A. agent re-
called being assigned to take a
photograph of a young woman
believed to be associated. with
radical leaders. "They gave us
Min.olta 101 camera," he said,
"and told us where she lived
and when to expect her. And
we snapped some pictures from
a parked car as she came by,
shooting right through a win-
dow."
? "We were interested in the
kids who were training her and
then were going to send her to
other cities," he said. "It
seemed that New York was a
big training ground for cells in
other cities.'
Asked how the C.I.A.'s do-
mestic espionage targets were
determined, the former agent
said. that it "depended on the
individual" under suspicion.
"If we felt that a person was
working for an agency not to
our liking," he said, he became
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a suspect to be placed under
surveillance. As the antiwar and
other dissident movements be-
came more outspoken, he add-
ed, "any organization that ad-
vocated overthrow of the Con-
stitution became a very hot tar-
get for us."
By the time he left the agency
in early 1972, he continued, his
unit's domestic files were huge.
"At the end," he said, "we were
working on antiwar professors
and attorneys. We'd figured out
a way to log and map up the trips together.
whole world." ? "We got, called when those
"The goal of our operation," black students took over Cor-
he said, "was to find out before- nell," he recalled. "About 12
hand what they [radicals] were
going to go?it was preventa-
tive. We just wanted tee find out
what they were up to and pass
After the bombings and other tographs. We reported to the
violent disturbances allegedly yan, and I assume that the in-
committed by the Weathermen,
the former agent said, being an
undercover agent "got scary."
telligence was put together
there and sent to the New York
office and then on to Washing-
"Before it was like a game," ton."
he added, "but later, if you The former agent was less
were blown [identified], you eager to discuss other activities
didn't know 'what the kids that he and his colleagues
would do to yon." took part in ? such as illegal
He and other Undercover men bugging and break-ins.
in his unit worked closely to- A lot of . outside wiretaps
gether, he said, and even were were not needed, he said, be-
sent . on special out-of-town cause "if you were on an infil-
tration and if the phone was in
your name, you could get the
kids to talk on the phone and
give us permission for taps."
When telephone taps were
needed, he said, advance au-
thority was always; necessary
except in emergency situations.
In most cases, he said, the
outside wiretaps were put in
place only after an informer
or infiltrator gave advance
word of an important telephone
contact that was pending. "If
the call was booked?let's say
between 10 and 11 at night at
some house, you'd intercept the
line for only that hour," he
said. "But you had to have an
inside man who knew when the
call was coming."
it on."
'Professors Were Great'
In that regard, the former
C.I.A. man said, "the profes-
sors were great. They wanted
to work with you."
"A professor," he added, "no
matter how liberal he was?he
was mad. He didn't want those
kids to tell them how to run
his university."
After the disturbances at
Columbia, the former agent
said, he was given an oppor-
[tunity to infiltrate a local
iehapter of Students for a
Democratic Society.
, "I had no qualms when I
was asked," he recalled. "In a would join the pro-Rudd forces
way I thought it was almost at the demonstration, so now
a promotion. I figured that if you had people all around Rudd.
or 13 of us went up there
and looked around. We took
some pictutps but not much
happened."
He told how-various mem-
bers of his unit in the Domestic
Operations Division, all of
whom had fixed assignments,
would respond to an emergen-
cy:-
"Suppose we had two infil-
trators in the Rudd group and
we got a tall saying there was
trouble. We'd set up a commo
[communications] van nearby,
with the commo gear and some
weapons." [The van also in-
cluded photographs of the in-
filtrators for easy spotting.]
Other Activities
' "Everyone then had a differ-
ent job. The back-up people
I did real good, maybe I could
get out of the country"?that
is, an overseas agency assign-
ment.
"I went undercover for four
and a half months," he said.
Their job would be to watch in
Case something went wrong so
they would be able to pull out
the infiltrators [who were al-
ways C.I.A. men].
"The others would take pho-
'A True Situation'.
In addition to telephone wire-
taps, the former agent said, he
and his colelagues occasionally
would use sophisticated boom
microphones capable of pick-
ing up an outside conversation
hundreds of feet away.
With a laugh, the former
agent noted that he had seen
"The Conversation," a recent
movie dealing with an elec-
tronic snooping expert. "You
know," he said, "I had a funny
feeling that it was describing
a true situation."
Physical break-ins were also
used by the domestic C.I.A._
agents, he said, and those, too, ?
required prior approval from his
superiors. The former agent was
unable to say whether this supe-
riors, in turn, had to seek higher
authority for sach activities.
, "This was a well-organized
operation," he said: "I reported
back to my superior regularly.
There were times when he
called me regularly at night."-.
"Those fellows overseas," he
added, speaking of C.I.A. men
posted in foreign countries, 'had
a lot more play than we did.'
Escaped Police Detection
Asked how the C.I.A. men,
with their vans and undercover
agents, could escape detection
by other police agencies in New.
York City, the former agent
said, "We'd bump into the F.B.I.
guys, but they didn't know who
we were." He and his colleagues
also were under carefully ar-
ranged cover, he said, and
could produce identification pa-
pers showing that they were
employes on the current payroll
of a New York corporation.
One high-ranking New York
City police official, asked yes-
terday about the former
agent's account, acknowledged
that he and others in his spec-
ial unit "had always assumed-
that the C.I.A. had been in-
volved here."
The official said there were
many indirect hints and clues
of -the C.I.A. activity during
the height of the antiwar pro-
tests, "but we had nothing-.
hand to go on."
WASHINGTON POST
31 December 1974
"Happy New Year, .'yourself?I'm CIA!"
BY Oliphant for the Denver Post
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NEW YORK TIMES NEW YORK TIMES
29 December 1974 29 December 1974
RE OPEN CIA:
BY COLBY
irgaigence Director Asserts!
He Has a Duty to Explain,
in Part, Agency's Role
By DAVID BINDER
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Dec. 28?In
the 16 months since he took
cflIte as Director of Central'
Intelligence, William E. Colby
Ites made more public appear-
spoken to more reporters
and testified more often before
Congress than any of his prede-
cessors?perhaps more than all
of his predecessors put to-
gether.
Mr. Colby has said several
tL-4,..s On the record that he be-
lieves these deliberate efforts
to "go public," though seem-
ingly paradoxical for an espio-
nage chief, constitute an essen-
tiq part of his responsibility as
the head of the Central Intelli-
geitce Agency. ?
an a- speech before the Los
Arkeles World Affairs Council
last summer, Mr. Colby ex-
ptened his credo as follows:
"Vie in the intelligence profes-
sion are tware that ours must
be: an intelligence effort con-
dctted on American principles
sr.'? that it must be more open
and responsive to our public
than the intelligence activities
of other nations."
Vietnam, Watergate Influence
Privately, Mr. Colby and his
press aides acknowledge that
Vietnam conflict and the
Watergate scandal have practi-
CeiV compelled the leadership
of .:the C.I.A. to take defensive,
stsps by letting the public!
lorto-w a bit more about the
=3%76 gs of the agency.
Certain sectors of public
cr,z.ks.ion held the C.LA. respon-
E.i11:2 for both, even though in-
fluerTial figures in the agency
-wsrnsd in Administration coon-
involvement
$arm after Mr. Colby took
co=and in September, 1973,
c.:?7;,:s....mme possible for reporters
orall the C.I.A. headquarters
ita.liangley, Va. and make ap-
pernments for briefings with
waxier analysts on a wide range'
afforeign intelligence topics.
in one such "backgrounder,"
of:more than 100. a C.I.A. sPe-
cialist told a reporter in late
Adgust, 1973, that she expected
sc."1.1e sort of military coup in
Cli=;le within three weeks. Thei
artIllyst then listed the factors'
painting toward a coup, all of
which, she noted, were public
knowledge.
At the time of the back-
&mind session, the agency's
idea was to demonstrate the
elzertise of its people. After
the coup occurred in Chile on
Sept. 11, 1973, however, the
C.I.A. was accused of causing
the downfall of the Government
of President Salvador Allende
Gcssens through actions that
were not public knowledge.
Mr. Colby himself began meet-
4,7; reporters for such briefing
Ford Considering Special C.I.A. Pa'nel
Special to The New York Times accept some form of Mr. Kissin-
.
- WASHINGTON, Dec. 28 ?
President Ford has under con-
sideration a proposal to estab-
lish a public commission to in-i
vestigate allegations of illegali
domestic surveillance by thej
Central Intelligence Agency.
The proposal came from Sec-
retary of State Kissinger and!
'others both inside and outside
the Administration with a belief
that a public forum would help
halt the controversy over C.I.A.
activities and lay the ground-
work for a careful review of the
agency's alleged .domestic spy-
ing operations, according to one
informed Government official.
This official said the names
of citiiens who would serve on
a blue ribbon panel already
have been discussed, and that
he believed that the "people at
Vail" (in Colorado where the
.President is on vacation) would:
s4Ssions early in the autumn of
1973. Recently he estimated
that he had talked to more than
132 press representatives in one
year.
In addition, Mr. Colby tray-
ell afield to talk with editors
and reporters of the Los An-
geles Times, The Chicago Sun-
Tithes, The New York Times, The
Washington Post, The Washing-
ton-Star-News and Time and
Newsweek magazines.
These talks, too were on
"batkground," meaning that the
information* could be used, but
not attributed to a specified
source. Mr. Colby also gave sev-
eral interviews on the record.
In addition to his public
speech in Los Angeles, he ad-
dressed the Fund for Peace
Conference devoted to C.I.A.
and Covert Actions" last Sep-
tember in Washington._ And' he
spoke to closed groups of citi-
zens interested in foreign policy.
in New York and Chicago.
In his Washington address
entitled, "The Viwe from Lang-
ley," Mr. Colby set -out some-
thing of his philosophy about
the C.I.A.'s work and its public
image: . .
'Mere have been some "bad
secrets'. concerning intelligence;
their exposure by our academic,
journalistic and political critics
certainly is an essential part of
the workings of our Constitu-
tion. There have been some
'ruin-secrets' which did not need
to besecret; I have undertaken
a Program of bringing these
into the open. But I think that
reslionsible Americans realize
that our country must protect
some 'Good secrets'."
This, he said, was the ra-
tionale behind his year-long ef-
fort to obtain legislation from
the Congress that would im-
pose strong penalties for the
unauthorized disclosure of for-
eign intelligence secrets, par-
ticularly by former C.I.A. em-
ployes.
The effort was prompted in
large part by publication of
"The C.I.A. and the Cult of In-
telligenee," Of whieh the main
author was Victor Marchetti, a
forimer agency employe. The
C.LA. sought to obtain a cpurt
injonction enforcing 225 dele-
tions of classified secrets, but
ger's recommendations. There
was no indication here of who
might be named to such a panel.
? Douglas Called a Target
In another development, Time
magazine contended in its latest
Issue that Supreme Court Jus-
tice William 0. Douglas and for-
mer Representative Cornelius
!Gallagher, Democrat of New
Jersey, were among four politi-
Ical figures who were put under
:C.I.A. surveillance. Time said
the others were the late Sena-
tor Edward V. Long, Democrat
of Missouri and Representative
Claude Pepper, a Democrat who
was said to have been "appar-
ently suspect because of his
contacts with Cuban refugees
living in his Congressional dis-
trict" in Florida.
The Government official said
Mr. Kissinger "doesn't have any
NEW YORK TIMES
28 December 1974
CRITIC OF THE C.I.A.
IS OUSTED BY SAIGON
Special to The New York Times
SAIGON, South Vietnam, Dec.
27?A Government spokesman
said today that John D. Marks,
co-author of the controversial
best-seller, "The C.I.A. and the
Cult of Intelligence," was ex-
pelled from South Vietnam this
morning after his name had
been discovered on a blacklist
maintained by the Ministry of
Interior.
The spokesman said that no
reason for the blacklisting had
been furnished by the minis-
try. Apparently, he explained,
there was "a slip at the air-
port" when Mr. Marks arrived
last Saturday, and immigration
officials allowed him to enter
the country.
'idea that he can head off any
congressional investigation"
with a public commission.
"Henry's view, I think is, of
course that Congress can in-
vestigate as it should, but that
doesn't absolve ? the Adminis-
tration from investigating it-
self," he said.
"ObViously, if we aid noth-
ing but step back and watch
everybody else investigate the
C.I.A. without doing something
about it ourselves, that would
be criticized, too.
. Mr. Kissinger apparently re-
layed- his views to President
Ford who has with him a 50-
page report on allegations of
C.I.A. domestic activities from
William E Colby, Director of
!Central Intelligence. The White
'House has said that Mr_ Ford
is considering whether to make
public any or all of the report..
He. has been here before ?
from 1966 to 1968?as a foreign
service officer with the Ameri-
can Embassy, and then again a
few years ago on a visit as an
aide to Senator Clifford P. Case,
the New Jersey Republican.
The purpose for his most re-
cent visit, he said, was to do
research for a magazine article.
The Government spokesman
said that when the Interim-Min-
istry found his -name on the list
of arriving passengers, an order
was issued for his expulsion.
Last night, policemen took him
and his traveling companion,
Barbara Guss, into custody.
They then took them to dinner
at La Cave, one of Saigon's
finer French restaurants, the
spokesman said, and put them
aboard a flight to Bangkok,
'Thailand, this morning.
U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT
6 JAN 1975
* *
The furor over allegations that the
Central Intelligence Agency spied ille-
gally on Americans worries friendly
foreign governments. Fear is that a
congressional investigation may "blow
the cover" on activities of foreign
undercover agents who have supplied
the CIA with leads on U. S. citizens
engaged in espionage against their
own country.
hall 'to settle for 27 deletions.
Mr. Colby indicated recently
that he intended to continue his
round of public appearances
and his responsiveness to re-
porters and members of Con-
gress. He and his aides have
testified 28 times before 18
congressional' committees since
he -took office.
But in the midst of a con-
troversy during the last week
over allegations that the C.I.A.
had conducted large-scale spy-
ing on American citizens within
the country Mr. Colby has thus
far. elected not to go on record.
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WASHINGTON POST
29 December 1974
CIA Spied
On Douglas
Time Says
By Austin Scott
Washington Post Staff Writer
At least four U.S. public of-
ficials, including Supreme
Court Justice William 0.
.Douglas, have been spied on
by the Central Intelligence
Agency, Time magazine re-
ported yesterday.
Rep. Claude Pepper (D-Fla.),
former Rep. Cornelius Gal-
lagher (D-N.J.) and the late
Sen. Edward Long (H-Mo.),
were the others, the magazine
said.
Domestic spying is illegal
under the 1947 law that set up
the CIA. Time said the CIA
did it, however, in part be-
cause the Federal Bureau of
Investigation ? regularly re-
fused to follow up on CIA re-
quests ' for surveillance of
American citizens.
Time said Douglas came un-
der scrutiny after he had vis-
ited the Dominican Republic
in the mid 1960s. Gallagher
was watched because of his
contacts with Dominican Re-
public officials, the magazine
said, Pepper ,because of his
contacts with Cuban refugees
in Miami, and Long because of
his contacts with representa-
tives of foreign companies in
the United States.
Time quoted an unnamed
CIA official as denying the
report, but the CIA. contact-
ed yesterday, said it would
have no comment on the Time
story. ? Douglas, Pepper and
Gallagher were not available
for comment.
A 1970 report from a special
House committee that investi-
gated Douglas after the then
House Minority Leader Gerald
R. Ford called for his im-
peachment said Douglas ap-
parently was cooperating with
the CIA on that Dominican
Republic trip. The committee
declined to recommend im-
peachment.
Douglas had gone .to the
Dominican Republic to 'set up
a literacy project, the report
said, and two men associated
with him had some connection
with the CIA.
Eactly what association they
had was left unclear, however,
because then CIA Director
Richard Helms refused to de-
liver a secret memorandum
bearing on the Douglas case to
committee investigators.
? Helms has "categorically
denied" charges by the New
York Times a week ago that
the CIA, under his direction
from 1966 to 1973, "conducted
illegal domestic operations"
against opponents of the war
I in. Vietnam.
A report on CIA domestic
'-spying was delivered to the
Approv
NEW YORK TIMES
29 December 1974
r. Flrns,an
In a World of
c lever
By.DAVID WISE
WASHINGTON In 1936, Richard McGarrah
Helms, then a young reporter for the United
Press, nianaged to interview Adolf Hitler. Over
lunch, Mr. Hitler talked for three hours. When
asked how he had staged the Nazi party rally
at Nuremberg, Mr. Hitler replied that the dele-
gates had been brought in on special trains; this,
he added, was perfect practice for the railroads
in case of mobilization.
It was an interesting bit of intelligence for a
future chief of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Mr. Helms liked to recall the incident, and other
details of the interview, three decades later, af-
ter President Lyndon B. Johnson had named him
head of America's intelligence and espionage net-
work. ?
?
That appointment as Director of Central Intel- .
ligence. came on June 18, 1966, capping a long,
career for Mr. Helms as a "black," or covert
operator, for the C.I.A. The selection of. Mr.
Helms appeared to symbolize the triumph of the
career bureaucrat, Or professional spy, over the
political appointees who have, at times, direct- '
ed the intelligence agency... ?
?
Then Came Watergate
Then came the C.I.A.'s entanglement in Water-
gate, which raised clouds over both the agency
and Mr. Helms. Under still unclear circumstances,
President Nixon shipped Mr. Helms off to be Am-
bassador to Iran. Now the prospect is that Mr.
Helms will be questioned by Congressional in-
-yeatigating committees about charges that the
C.I.A. has engaged in widespread illegal activi-
ties inside the United States.
?
Mr. Helms had fared much better under Presi-
dent JohnsOn. Several months before appointing
him C.I.A. director, Mr. Johnson invited Mr.
Helms to the LBJ Ranch as an overnight guest.
There, an odd encountertook place; another, and
unexpected guest, at dinner was Senator Eugene
McCarthy, a critic of the C.I.A. Mr. McCarthy
needled Mr. Helms, asking him whether he could
identify the various wines on the table. Mr.
Helms could not. "James Bond would have
known the answers," Mr. McCarthy commented.
, Mr. Helms was not amused, in part because
he has tried to avoid any comparison of himself
with fictional, gunstinging secret agents. Yet,
of all. the directors of the C.I.A., Mr. Helms could
President Thursday at his
Vail, Colo., vacation retreat by
Secretary of State Henry A.
Kissinger.
Meanwhile, in Vail, White
House press secretary Ron
Nessen said President Ford
has read the report prepared
for him by CIA Director Wil-
liam F. Colby and will discuss
it with him and other officials
in Washington before taking
further action.
After the meeting with
Colby and others, Mr. Ford
will have an announcement,
the press secretary said.
He would not confirm re.
ports that the President would
name a commission similar to
the Warren Commission,
tihNimitaaadlbtfien
most accurately be portrayed by Sean Cannery,
:the celluloid Bond. The word "dapper" springs
to mind for Mr. Helms; he is 61, a tall, thin man,
with sleek, black hair flecked with gray at the
sides. He smokes unfiltered Chesterfields and is
an easy conversationalist, civilized and trerlerme
in manner.
Mr. Helms comes from a comfortable, zep..1mr-
middle-class background. His father, an .Alcoa
sales executive; retired' early and moved to
Europe, where Mr. Helms attended prep sencols
in Switzerland (Le Rosey, in Gstaad) amt. Ger-
many. He returned to the United States to at-
tend Williams College, from which he was .grad-
uated Phi Beta Kappa.
During World War II he served in Eurog,e with
the Office of Strategic Services (0.S.S.),
predecessor. He joined the C.I.A. as a clartine
operator and quickly moved up in She. Tans
(now Operations) Directorate, the C.I.A.'s; (ecvert
arm. When Richard M. Bissell was easel (,=.1 of
the -agency after the Bay of Pigs fiaseeo, Mr.
Helms became head 'of the Plans Direzeterate,
sometimes known as, the C.I.A.'s "departrnaeet of
dirty tricks", serving in that job for three Tears.
As head of C.I.A., Mr. Helms kept a remark-
ably low profile despite a series of controezersies
that beset the agency during his stewarfship.
Among them were the 1967 disclosures that.C.I.A.
had pour( I millions, into student groups, 1.-usi-
ness fronts, labor unions and other orge_niza-
tions through foundation fronts; the accation
that a group of Army Green Berets had 7.:silled a
South Vietnamese agent on oblique ordu from
the C.I.A., and the revelation that CIA. was
running a secret war in Laos.
During this same period Mr. Helms paimtely
and repeatedly expressed his concern to Ve....f.tors
about student antiwar demonstrators ham at
home. The students, Mr. Helms fretted, cauld
.get out of hand and threaten the estanshed
order; in South America they topple goverauments.
Then came Watergate, and his troubles 1-,-egan
when Mr. Nixon tried to use the C.I.A. te) pre-
vent the F.B.I. from looking too closely int e the
Watergate break-in. There is, in particefar, a
mysterious taped remark by Mr. Nixon tz a R.
Haldeman: "Well, we protected Helms fra-vra one
hell of a lot of things." The nature .e.2- those
"things," if there were any, may now LaCOMB
clearer.
David Wise is co-author of /he book 'The In-
visible Government."
nation of President Kennedy,
to look into reports the CIA
has spied on American citi-
zens.
However, he did not deny
that this was the President's
intention.
Nessen's comment on the
President's continuing con-
cern about the matter lent
force to reports that the
agency had violated the law
establishing the CIA which
banned domestic activity of all
kinds. Nevertheless, Nessen
urged reporters not to .3.7emp to;
conclusions.
Among those with wEr.cm the
President will discuss the
CIA, in addition to Colby, are
Kissinger and Secretary of De-
fense James R. Schlesinger.
Nessen said. He ireacatetl
there also would be ,,,ithers.,.
but he would not name them.
In urging that an one
"harden into fact" .11-2,-it he
called newspaper alTez:tions,
Nessen said, The pti.1;ess ox
finding out what is on.
is under way."
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29 DEC 1974
Crosby S. Noyes:
It is perhaps a fatal case of
moral blindness, but I confess
to some difficulty in summon-
ing up a feeling of towering
indignation about the alleged
activities of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency.
The charges are plain
enough. A number of unnamed
"well-placed" government
sources have told the New
York Times that the CIA a
number of years ago carried
on a domestic intelligence
operation against members of
the anti-war movement and
other dissident groups. The
Times characterizes the
operations as "massive,"
"illegal" and in direct viola-
tion of the CIA's charter. It
also reports that the alleged
operations have been stopped
for some time.
Pretty horrendous stuff.
Coming on the heels of Water-
gate, the Chilean episode and
all kinds of stories about
clandestine dirty tricks, it is
exactly the kind of thing to
produce the predictable Pavlo-
vian reaction with any certi-
fied liberal.
BUT IT IS at least some-
what important to be clear
what it is that we are becom-
ing enraged about. It goes
without saying that virtually
all Americans loathe and de-
LOS ANGELES TIMES
27 DEC 1974.
test the idea of anyone spying
on them, but this is not the
issue at all.
The issue, quite simply, is
that it was the CIA, rather
than the FBI, that was doing
the spying. Or rather, if the al-
legations are true, both agen-
cies were doing it, at perhaps
some waste of the taxpayers'
money. But since only the FBI
has a license to spy on Ameri-
can citizens in their own coun-
try, the CIA was poaching on
its sister intelligence agency's
preserve.
The reason why I can't get
very exercised about all this is
that, if I have to be under
"surveillance" at all, it makes
precious little difference to me
whether the surveillor works
for the. FBI or the CIA, or
whether both outfits are in-
volved. So far as I know, both
are perfectly legal and respon-
sible agencies of the American
government. Again, so far as I
know, the motives of one are
no more or less sinister than
those of the other.
SINCE THE United States
government has been in the
spy business at home and
abroad for many years and
will remain so, it comes down
to a simple matter of jurisdic-
tion. Technically, perhaps, the
Inve,sti
t
Guar Us?
domestic operations of the CIA
may have been illegal and in
violation of its charter, though
this is still far from clear.
Logically, it is hard to under-
stand that what is accepted as
perfectly proper activity on
the part of one agency should
provoke such a wrath of moral
indignation when practiced by
another.
If it is true that the CIA col-
lected "files" on 10,000 Ameri-
can citizens over the years,
it is quite certain that the FBI
has similar files on several
hundred times that many. The
only difference is that the CIA
is supposed to concern itself
with counter-intelligence in
foreign countries and with
Americans only when they are
suspected of being involved
with foreign intelligence
operations.
But in fact, of course, it is
not possible to co?nipartmenta-
lize international espionage into
neatly separate foreign and
domestic intelligence opera-
tions. It is quite absurd to say
that once a foreign agent enters
the United States, he becomes
the exclusive responsibility of
the FBI, or that the moment he
returns home, the CIA reas-
sumes sole jurisdiction. At
least a certain overlapping of
effort is inevitable. And coop-
a.tipg the CI
Defenders of the Central Intelligence Agerity'.
have develaPed a two-point rebuttal of allegations
that the CIA conducted a widespread and illegal
domestic intelligence operation against antiwar
activists. They argue, first, that domestic spying by
the agency is permissible when related to foreign
intelligence purposes, and second, that the Federal
Bu.re.au of Investigation pushed the CIA into
domestic intelligence when the bureau stopped
cooperation with the CIA in 1970.
.President Ford, relying on the assurances of Wil-
liam E. Colby, the present director of Central Intel-
iig'ence, says the CIA is not now conducting domes-
tic-surveillance.
13-ichardlf. Helms, former director of the CIA,
'"calegorically denied' that the CIA under his ten-
ure conducted any illegal spying in the United
States. . ?
-? Secretary of State Kissinger, the President's .chief
national security adviser, is reported to have 1n-
formed Mr. Ford of Helms' denial and the secreta.:
Ty of state is said to feel the matter closed.
- Rep. Lucien N. Nedzi (D-Mich.), chairman.of .the
house armed services subcommittee on intel-
ligence, said that 'Information was conveyed to me,
(by Director Colby) which suggested the overstep-
ping of boun(1.3,-but..it certainly.wasn't of a dimen-
eration between the two agen-
cies has always been some-
thing less than perfect
IN THE CASE of certain
anti-war groups, and with
other violent dissidents such
as the Black Panthers, a con-
nection with foreign intelli-
gence operations was at one
time strongly suspected by
both the CIA and the FBI.
Both agencies did their hest to
keep tabs on suspected groups
and individuals. And lithe CIA
at time overstepped its jmis-
dictional authority, it is not
clear that the duplication of ef-
fort seriously infringed the
rights of the people involved.
In any event, it is ironic that
William Colby, the present
director of the CIA, is reported
to be considering asking the
attorney general to take legal
action against the culprits in
his agency. Former Atty. Gen.
William Saxbe, before his
resiation, held the strongly
expressed view that the FBI
should go out of the domestic
counter-intelligence business
altogether ? along with the
intelligence agencies of the
various armed services?and
the whole business be dumped
into the lap of the CIA. Which,
if you come to think of it, may
make more sense than the sys-
tem we have at this point.
sion ... of what has appeared in the newSpapers."
All this is net good enough. There is no basis to
doubt President Ford's sincerity, but how does he
? know the information submitted to him is accur-
ate? How does Rep. Nedzi know? . .
.. James Angleton, the recently resigned counterirf-
telligence chief, said he quit because the agency
had become involved in domestic "police-state" ac-
tivities, but Angleton's disjointed elaboration of
that remark, as reported in a telephone interview,
-seethed to indicate a troubled man. ?
? It is reported that the current CIA director, Col-
' . by, revealed in an off-the-record talk-that an in-
vestigation he ordered into CIA domestic activities:
had disclosed improprieties, but Colby is said to
have added, c.1 think family skeletons are best left,
where they are?in the closet.i' .
? : He is mistaken. The CIA, with an annnal budget;
? of $750 million and 16,000 employes, is not a L'fami4
?? ly.u?It is a profoundly important agency with-au-
thority to carry out secret operations that affect'
? the security of this nation.
As this newspaper documented nearly a year
ago, congressional oversight of the CIA has been
.almost totally lacking since Congress created the
agency 27 years ago. What is needed now is-a spa-
? ?cial inquiry by a select committee of the Congress.
14
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NEW YORK TIMES
29 December 1974
Intelligence
versi ht'
Is Done
ith
By DAVID E. ROSENBAUM
?.WASHINGTON?After the disclosure last week that the
Central Intelligence Agency had spied extensively on anti-
war groups and other American dissidents, there were quick
expressions of outrage on Capitol Hill.
, "Immediate and severe action is necessary," said Senator
?William Proxmire of Wisconsin.
' "This agency does not have good supervision or review
by Congress, or poor review. It actually has no real review
at all," said Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri.
Four separate Congressional panels announced hearings
for next year, and Senators and Representatives of both
parties and various ideologies prepared to sponsor legis-
lation to curb the intelligence agency. .
The reaction was not surprising. It was, in fact, pre?
dictable.
Every time there has been an intelligence scandal over
the last two decades, the response from Congress he-.; been
similar. But the expressions of outrage have produced no
concrete action. ,
Congress screamed when the 11-2 plane was shot down
'over the Soviet Union in 1960, when the C.I.A. bungled the
Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, when the agency was shown'?
in 1967 to have infiltrated the National Student Association -
and countless other American organizations, when the
agency's unauthorized operations in Laos were disclosed in
1971 and when its role in ousting the Communist Govern-
'ment in Chile was exposed last year.
More than 200 separate measures designed to make the,
.C.I.A. more responsive to Congress have been introduced
in the last quarter century. None has been enacted.
Even the most solid supporters of the Central Intelligence
Agency acknowledge that oversight procedures are cursory..
Every year, the Senate ahd House vote to allot money to
the agency. But the members of Congress do not know how
much money they are allocating or what it will be used for.
In fact, they do not even know when they ara voting to
allocate it.
Nobody Really '