TRAINING OF FOREIGN COMMUNISTS IN SOVIET AND CHINESE PARTY SCHOOLS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-00915R001100170011-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 113
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 11, 1998
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: December 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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25X1C10b 25X1A2
COMMUNISM
TRAINING OF FOREIGN COMMUNISTS
IN SOVIET AND CHINESE
PARTY SCHOOLS
Distributed
December 1959
pproved For Release : CIA-RDP78-00915RO01100170011-9
 TRAINING OF FOREIGN COMMUNISTS
IN SOVIET AND CHINESE
PARTY SCHOOLS
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II
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I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE CPSU PROGRAM
A. Development of the Postwar CPSU
Training Program
Program to 1953
Program from 1953 to 1956
Program from 1956 to Date
B. Participants in the Current CPSU Program
European CP's
Latin American CP's
Other CP's
C. Selection and Caliber of Trainees for
CPSU Establishment
European CP's
Latin American CP's
Other CP's
 D. CPSU Schools and Courses
Separate School for Brazilians (1953-1957)
WFTU Training School (1953-1955)
Possible Experimental School (1955?-1956?)
The Higher Party School
III. THE CCP PROGRAM
A. Emergence of a CCP Training Program
B. Program for CP Japan
Temporary School at Yungnien (1953-1954)
School in Peiping (1954-1957)
39
44
59
59
Japanese Trainees in the Summer of 1958
C. Program for CP Australia
D. Program for Latin American CP's
The 1958 Course
-GGzF_fftstory
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The Armed-Struggle of the Masses
The 1959 Course
E. CCP Short-Term Seminars and Courses
F. Evidence of Other Programs
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 II. THE CPSU PROGRAM
A. Development of the Postwar CPSU Training Program
1. From the end of World War II until the death of
Stalin (March 1953), the CPSU program for training Commu-
nists from Free World CP's was very limited. About 1953
the program began to expand and to enter what appears
to have been a period of experimentation. This period
lasted until about 1956. The current CPSU program may
be said to stem from that date. Since 1956 an increasing
number of Free World CP's have participated in what is
evidently a planned and regulated program that is still
expanding.
Program to 1953
2. In the years immediately after the war the
majority of trainees from Free World CP's are believed
to have been either Communists resident in the USSR during
the war who delayed their return home in order to complete
some training, or exiles from their own countries who
enrolled in CPSU training schools to occupy themselves
as well as prepare themselves against the day when they
could return home.
3. There is evidence that by the early 1950's Communists
from at least a few Free World CP' s were going to the
USSR for training. Although the CPSU had apparently begun
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to expand its training program for foreign Communists,
these efforts appeared tentative and haphazard. In the
case of a few CP's, one to three months of training were
reportedly given during visits of some individual party
members to the USSR -- but without prior arrangements
or planning. In the case of a very few parties, there is
evidence that a small number of party members may have
gone to the USSR specifically to receive training, to last,
in some cases, for as long as five years. Yet several
parties had no knowledge of any CPSU program at that
time. Generally speaking, the CPSU training program in the
early 1950's appeared to have little planning behind the
selection of the foreign Communists involved, or in the
scope and nature of the training.
Program from 1953 to 1956
4. During the period from 1953 to 1956 the training
program expanded further and the CPSU is known to
have established at least three separate training institutions
which were attended by Communists from Free World
CP's. These institutions appear to have been experimental,
however, and preliminary to the subsequent emergence of
the CPSU's Higher Party School* as the focal point of
foreign Communist training. During this period, foreign
Communists attended not only the three separate institutions
which are known, but also the Higher Party School. In 1953,
*See Section D. , paragraph 23 et seq.
 page 5
Para 5
(insert new park)
Only in the case of one Party is thew firm evidence that a
program of some consequence was under way during this period. In 1953
a Latin American CP sent students to the first of three courses in the
USSR which were held exclusively for Communists from this party. Occurring
during the period from June 1953 until Sine 1957, these three courses
were of six months, fifteen months and two years duration. It is
estimated that approximately one hundred members of this CP may have
been involved in this prog am. The school for this one CP was entirely
apart from any other OPSU training establishment, although it was
administered by the Higher Party School. While it is possible that
separate establishments existed for other nationality groups, no evidence
has ever been discovered which would indicate a similar program of such
remarkable scope for any other Free World party during that period . Insofar
as can be determined, Communists from this CP have not attended a special
separate CPSU establishment since the end of their third course in the
spring of 1957.
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construction of new buildings for the Higher Party School
was undertaken. Although many more foreign CP's
participated in the CPSU's training program during this
period, their participation still appeared to be haphazard
and limited, with little evidence that a planned program had
yet emerged.
(. 5. Only in the case of one Party is there firm
evidence that a program of some consequence was under
way during this period. In 1953 the Brazilian CP sent
students to the first of three courses in the USSR which
were held exclusively for Brazilian Communists. Occurring
during the period from June 1953 until June 1957, these
three courses were of six months, fifteen months and
two years duration. It is estimated that approximately
one hundred Brazilian Communists may have been involved
in this program. The school for Brazilian Communists was
entirely apart from any other CPSU training establishment,
although it was administered by the Higher Party School.
While it is possible that separate establishments existed
for other nationality groups, no evidence has ever been
discovered which would indicate a similar program of such
remarkable scope for any other Free World party during
that period. Insofar as can be determined, Brazilian Com-
munistsAhave not attended a special separate CPSU estab-
lishment since the end of their third course in the spring
of 1957.
6. In 1953 the CPSU also organized -- under the
auspices of the WFTU -- the WFTU Central School for
 Trade Union Cadres located in Budapest. During its
existence from mid-1953 until mid-1955 this school
offered six courses, each of about three months duration.
During this period the school was attended by a total of
157 students, with a regional breakdown showing 84 from
Latin America, 43 from the Middle East, ZZ from Africa
and 8 from Southeast Asia. While some of the students
were not Communists, the great majority were Party
members drawn from Communist labor activities. The
first four courses were characterized by a marked theoret-
ical emphasis -- attributed to the Soviets -- which proved
beyond the capacity of most students. The last two courses
were then changed to reflect more practical instruction
in trade union problems. It is quite possible that this ex-
perience may have contributed to a CPSU decision to con-
centrate party instruction for foreign Communists at the
CPSU's own Higher Party School, or at least in the USSR.
7. In 1955 yet another CPSU training establishment
was in existence which enrolled foreign Communists as
well as Soviet students. Located near Moscow, this school
may have opened for the first time in 1955 on an experi-
mental basis. This is suggested by the evidence that in
1955 the physical facilities of the school were very poor,
the language problems inadequately solved, and Soviet
efforts to establish military discipline (i. e. reveilles, parades,
marching to classes, etc.) had to be given up in the face
of student opposition. The course began in September 1955
and ended in the spring of 1956. The student body numbered
about one hundred, and in addition to Soviet students
included foreign Communists "from many different countries."
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 first senten
on page
(now sentence)
A Scandinavian CP is the only Free World party identified as having
students at this school in 1955-1956.
 is not known whether the school continued to operate after
that course, but available evidence suggests that by the
fall of 1956 the majority of trainees from Free World parties
began to be enrolled in the Higher Party School on a more
or less regular basis.
9. During the period from 1953 to 1956, there was
evidently a gradual increase in the number of trainees
from Free World parties who attended the Higher Party
School of the CPSU, either for full courses or for special
lectures lasting but a few months. A source who attended
some lectures at the Higher Party School for a few months
in mid-1955 identified numerous foreign Communists
at these lectures. He estimated that one thousand foreign
students were then attending the Higher Party School, but
that most of these came from Bloc parties. However, he
also identified students from the CP's of Bolivia, Cuba,
El Salvador, Finland, Guatemala, Italy, Paraguay,
Spain., Sweden, Syria, and Venezuela. Although the source
thought that the students from the Free World parties were
enrolled in a two-year course at the Higher Party School,
this cannot be confirmed. It is probable that some were
enrolled in a long-term course (of one, two or three years),
but some may only have been attending special lectures
covering a few months.
9. In the case of several CP's, there is evidence
during this period that members may have attended lectures
at the Higher Party School for only a few months. In addition,
a few of the graduates of the WFTU school went to Moscow
from Budapest and received additional short-term training,
 possibly at the Higher Party School. In 1955 one WFTU
graduate was reliably reported to have gone to Moscow
where he spent "forty-two days taking examinations in
what he had learned." Since this is an excessive time to
take examinations in a course which lasted but a few months,
it is probable that he attended a CPSU school. Another
WFTU graduate was reported to have gone on to Moscow
where he took a course lasting three months.
Program from 1956 to date
10. In 1956 the expanding CPSU training program
appears to have entered a new stage, with the entire program
showing a planning and organization not evident before.
The current program may be said to stem from 1956.
Since then, an increasing number of foreign CP's have sent
trainees to the USSR, often sending a new group to replace
other Party members who have completed a course. Reports
of training given to Free World Communists have increasingly
pinpointed the Higher Party School as the training estab-
lishment involved. In this connection a CC/CPSU decree
of 26 June 1956 may be cited:
"To establish in the Higher Party School attached
to the Central Committee CPSU a special faculty for
the training of (Party) workers assigned for instruction
by communist and workers' parties of foreign countries.
To retain for the special faculty the current curriculum,
based on a three-year course of training, giving the
rectorate of the school the right in case of need to
introduce partial changes related to the composition
of the students and in accordance with the wishes
of the Communist parties of individual countries."
FRR"OL
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 The same decree shortened to two years the length of the
course for Soviet students.
11. From 1956 to date, it is known that selected.
foreign CP's usually have been invited well in advance to
send trainees to the USSR. The CPSU generally assigns
student quotas (or slots) to the CP's invited to participate.
While some CP's send trainees regularly to the Higher Party
School, participation by others appears irregular, with
these CP's -- either by choice or because no CPSU invitation
is forthcoming -- sending trainees only every few years.
The continuing expansion of the training program is
underscored by the fact that in each year since 1956, a
new CP has been identified as sending Party members
for the first time to receive CPSU training. Yet it is
known that some CP's have not yet been invited to participate.
In the case of at least one CP, the CPSU invitation was.
declined because it was felt that the training offered was
not suited to the problems of the CP concerned.
12. There is considerable variation in the length
of time a foreign Communist may receive CPSU training.
At the Higher Party School, a one year course appears
very common for the Free World trainees, but training
for two years is also frequent, and some trainees may stay
for three and even four years at this school. Some short-
term training of a few months duration also continues to
be given.
13. Once a foreign CP has accepted a CPSU invitation
to send trainees to the USSR, the Party's selections are
cleared with the CPSU whenever possible. When feasible,
a Soviet diplomatic establishment will communicate names
and biographic data on the trainees to Moscow. Often these
diplomatic establishments will assist in making travel
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 arrangements, obtaining necessary documentation, and
financing the travel of the foreign Party trainees, It is
suspected that the CPSU finances all travel of foreign
trainees to and from the USSR. It is also known that
trainees receive allowances while at the school, and in
some cases, it is known that the families of trainees receive
monthly payments on which to live while the trainee is
away.
14. The CPSU program of training Free World
Communists is administered by the Foreign Section (or
International Department) of the central Party apparatus.
Personnel of this section negotiate with the foreign CP's
concerning participation in the program, allocate numbers
of training slots, advise concerning the caliber of trainees,
and generally administer the enrollment of the foreign
trainees in CPSU establishments. Special arrangements
for the foreign trainees, including guides and advisors, are
handled by the Foreign Section. Correspondence with the
foreign CP concerning the progress of the trainees is another
function of the Foreign Section. On some occasions,
foreign area specialists from the Foreign Section give
special lectures and hold seminars for groups of trainees
from given foreign areas.
15. In 1957 the Higher Party School was expanding
its facilities. Additional buildings were being acquired,
several blocks away from the main school complex. At
least one new building was completed for the school's
use. Improvements were being made in dormitories,
mess facilities, etc. In 1958 an official of the CPSU's
Foreign Section told a visiting foreign Communist in Moscow
that the CPSU was planning a further expansion in its
program of training foreign Communists. He stated that the
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CPSU had thus far only offered courses at its cadre school
to very select foreign Communist leaders. It now planned
a new school which would be for Party leaders from all
areas in the world.
16. At the present time, it is estimated roughly that
300 Free World CP trainees per year are enrolled in regular
courses at the CPSU's Higher Party School. Estimating
an average cost (including travel) of $2, 000, this Soviet
training program for Free World Communists would represent
an estimated outlay of $600, 000 per annum.
B. Participants in the Current CPSU Program
1. In most Free World countries it is very difficult
to obtain reliable information concerning a CP's partici-
pation in the CPSU's training program. Even in some
cases where there is firm evidence that a CP is sending
trainees to the USSR, it has not been possible to determine
the number of trainees being sent. In most CP's this is
a carefully guarded secret. Often knowledge is limited to
the national leadership. In some CP's where there is a
more general awareness of the program among Party
members the Party has directed that this matter must be
treated with "maximum discretion." In the case of illegal
CP's, travel by Party members to the USSR must be
clandestine. Even members of legal CP's may travel to
the USSR without proper documentation, or take steps to
hide their long stay in the Soviet Union. At the Higher Party
School itself, nationality groups are generally kept separate
and students use cover names -- factors which further complicate
the identification of trainees in the current program.
2. A student at the Higher Party School during 1957-1958
has estimated that there were about 1500 students enrolled
at that time. Of these, about 700 were Soviet. The remaining
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800 foreign students included Free World as well
as Bloc trainees with the specific exception of the
Chinese. (If CPSU training of Chinese Communists is
taking place at all, it is probably given in a separate estab-
lishment.) While this source was able to identify several
specific national groups at the Higher Party School, in
other cases he could only state his general impression. For
example, he stated that Asiatics were strongly represented
but he was unable to identify the countries they were from.
25X1X6
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 pages
12-16
paras
3-14
European CP's
3. Since 1956 there has been reliable evidence that at
least eleven European CPts (all free World parties). have been, or
are currently, involved in the CPSU training program. In the
following cases, the number of trainees sent each year has averaged
from about five to twenty.
CP# 1 sent trainees to the Higher Party School in
1955, 1956, 1957 and 1958. No information is yet available
concerning participation in the 1959-1960 course.
CP # 2 sent trainees to the Higher Party School in
1957 and again in 1958, both times for one year courses.
In 1959, another group of trainees was sent to the USSR,
reportedly to attend a four-month course. No information
is yet available concerning participation in the 1959-1960
course at the Higher Party School.
C? # 3 is not known to have sent any trainees to the
USSR prior to 1959. In 1959, a group was sent to the USSR
on a study trip of a 4ew months duration. One report has
claimed that the group would attend a party course, but it
is hot known whether an actual course is involved. No
participation has yet been noted in longer, regular courses.
OP # 4 sent trainees to the USSR in 1956 (probably
to the Higher Party School) and is known to have had trainees
in the 1957-1958 course at the Higher Party School. No
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CF # 5 probably sends trainees to the Higher Party
School each year, but firm evidence is available only
on the 1957-1958 course.
CP # 6 sent trainees in 1956 and again in 1957 to
the Higher Party School. It probably sends a group each
year.
CF # 7 is known to send trainees to the Higher Party
School, probably on a regular basis, but the 1957-1958 tsurse
is the only one known to have been attended by trainees from
this CP. There is, however, reliable evidence that this
CP sends some trainees for longer periods of time than
one year.
CP # 8 apparently sent no trainees to the USSR prior
to 1959. However, this CP is known to have scheduled a group
for the 1959-1960 course at the Higher Party School.
CP # 9 sent trainees to a one-year course in the USSR
in 1958 (probably at the Higher Party School). This was
apparently this CP's first participation in the CPSU program.
In 1959, a group of trainees was again sent to the USSR, re-
portedly for a three-month course. No information is yet
available about participation in the 1959-1960 course at
the Higher Party School.
CP # 10 sent trainees to the 1957-1958 course at the
Higher Party School. It probably sends a group each year.
CP # 11 sent trainees to the 1957-1958 course at
the Higher Party School. No further information is
available.
 pages
16-20
parse
15-23
4. Information on the participation of Latin American CP %
in the CPSU training program has been more difficult to obtain than in
the case of the European CP's. In patt, this is due to the fact that
several Latin American CP's are illegal and must operate clandestinely.
In addition, trainees for OPSU schooling have sometimes been drawn from
Party members living in exile in other countries. Available information
indicates, however, that some Latin American CP's have not yet participated
in the OPSU program, and those which have sent trainees have -- with the
exception of the special case mentioned on page~5,Paragraph 5 -- generally
sent fewer v*bSrt Qf tr?i4ep than have the European OP's. Within the
last year the CPSU has increased the number of "slots" available to
CP's at least in Central America, and it is possible that participation
of Latin American OP's in the CPSU program is increasing generally.
(See also the section on the expanding COP training program for Latin
American Communists.)
5. In the case of six Latin American OP's there is reliable
evidence of participation in the CPSU's current program.
OP /1 1 sent trainees to the special CPSU establishment
mentioned previously and which was organized for its exclusive
use during 1953-1957. There has been no evidence that trainees
have been sent to the USSR since that time. In early 1959,
however, this OP was reliably reported to be considering sending
another group to the USSR.
OP # 2 sent trainees to the USSR for the first time in
1959. The trainees were scheduled for a two-year course] probably
Lt the Higher Party School).
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 i
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OP # 3 has evidently sent trainees to the USSR for several
years? This practice has apparently been prompted in part by
the Party's known desire to have always some Party leaders in
reseave outside the countrt. Trainees are known to have been
in the USSR in 1958.
CP # 4 sent trainees to the USSR for the first time in 1956.
The trainees attended the Higher Party School and were scheduled
for a one-year course. In 1957 another trainee was sent for a
three-year stay. In 1958 at least two additional trainees were
scheduled for the Higher Party School; one of these was to stay
for three years.
CP # 5 was reliably reported to have received training slots
from the CPSU in 1958`and again in 1959.
CP # 6 sent a trainee in 1958 to a two-year course at the
Higher Party School. This was the first training slot made available
to this CP. In 1959 another trainee was scheduled to go to a two-
year course at the Higher Party School.
6. In the case of two other Latin American CP %, the most tecent
evidence relates to 1956 and 1957; there is no information on their
participation in the CPSU program since those dates. Some short-term
three
training has been indicated in the case of %w other Latin American CPts.
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 Other CP's
1 2/4: In only a few other cases is there definite knowledge
of the CP's which are participating in the CPSU's
current program. The "Asiatics" identified in the 1957-195 8
course at the Higher Party School might have come from
the Far East, Southeast Asia, or some areas of the
Middle East. There is no reliable evidence concerning
CPSU training of African Communists, though numerous
reports -- many of which are obvious fabrications -- allege
that such training takes place. (Many reports allege also
that Africans are receiving Party training in Prague, but
there has been no reliable information received on this
subject.)
 i
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pares
25-27
(note that pars 24 stays the same)
(pares 25.k/ all re-written as follows)
(under pare 24 which becomes tarp 'f)
OP # 1 was seeking one Party member in the spring of 1958 to
send to a one year "cadre" course in the USSR. This was apparently
the first time this OP had received a regular *taining slot,
although some short-term training in the USSR was given to some
Party members in late 1956.
OP # 2 had at least two trainees in the 1957-1958 course at
the Higher Party School.
CP # 3 also had trainees in the 1957-1958 course at the Higher
Party School.
 pages
21-,22
pares
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European CP's
2. The selection process thich is known to be followed in one
CP for attendance at the one-year course at the Higher Party Schools
probably reflects the general procedure followed in many European CP's.
(a) A'District Secretariat of the Party may propose the candidacy of a
Party member; (b) this proposal is passed to a Regional Secretariat of the
Party; (c) if the Regional Secretariat passes favorably on the candidacy,
it forwards its approval to the Party's Central Committee; (d) if the
Central Committee approves, it then undertakes "consultation with Moscow."
Moscow subsequently advises the Party whether it "accepts" the proposed
trainee. (This communication with Moscow is evidently handled by the
Soviet Embassy in this country.) (e) The accepted candidate, along with
others from his Party region, is then called before a panel of his
egional Secretariat. Here, he is informed officially that his selection
as been approved and learns of his obligations to the Party in return.
In at least some cases, trainees from this CP have had to agree to full-
ime employment with the Party following their return from Moscow.
3. In the case of this CP, it is not clear whether each regional
rkanization of the Party has a quota, but it is possible that this is so.
n most of the European CF's mentioned in Section B., the known trainees
ame from various parts of the country. In the case of two CP's, the
party headquarters sent circulars to regional Party organizations asking
em to propose candidates. On the other hand, in another Party the centr
eadership is believed to have chosen the trainees with little or no
consultation with regional organizations. The leadership reportedly sougi
placate Party criticism with assurances that selections would be made
om various parts of the country.
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 C. Selection and Caliber of Trainees for CPSU Establishment
1. Methods of selecting trainees for participation
in the CPSU's current training program can vary in
different CP's. Some variations are evidently due. to
the difference in the number of the trainees which can
be sent, whether a CP sends trainees each year, and the
conditions under which a CP must operate. The geographic
distance from the USSR may also play a part.
2. The selection process followed in the&ustrian
CPJor attendance at the one-year course at the Higher
Party School, probably reflects the general procedure
 4. The circular sent out by one of the Western European OP's
provided details concerning the type of Party members who should be
proposed as trainees to attend the CPSU's Higher Party School. In
this particular case one important requirement was that all trainees
must be able to be away from their country for four years. Other
requirements for selection were:
(followin& changes only made in rest of para on
page 23)
under a. (1) change to read)
(1) should hold a regional-level position in the Party
or in a mass organization;
(under a. (3) change to read)
(3) social origin: proletarian
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5. It is evident, however, that similar require-
ments are not necessarily followed by other European
CP's in selecting trainees. The trainees from other
European parties may be older, often in the mid-to-late 30's
and sometimes in the early 40's (though these are more
rare). Trainees need not be unmarried, and sometimes
husbands and wives have received CPSU training together
at the Higher Party School. It is true, however, that
family difficulties and employment problems may affect
the selection of a trainee. Not all of,the i,nown European
trainees have held positions on the 25X1X6
While some have come from regional and/or provincial
levels as well as from the central party apparatus, they
may also be district and city officials (very often district
secretaries), district and city functionaries in youth and
labor work, party journalists, etc. It is clear that emphasis
is generally on loyal and active party functionaries who
may be expected to rise in the party, improve the effective-
ness of their respective party units, and constitute an elite
cadre which the party leadership can count on, both
currently and to assume the leadership in the future.
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 The regional Party organizations were also told in this circular
that for any suggested candidate, they must teturn a full biography
and political statement compiled by the Secretariat. It is likely
that these are forwarded eventually to Moscow. (It should be noted
that this CF also selects members to attend the University of Moscow
and has requirements concerning their selection. The mater Party
difference in these requirements is that for the Higher Party School,
the trainees should hold regional-level positions in the Party or in
a mass organization; for the University of Moscow, the? need b$ only
Party members or members of the Party's youth organization.)
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 6. In the case of Latin American CP's (and possibly
many other non-European Free World parties), the
allocation of Soviet training slots and the selection of
trainees appears to take place on a more ad hoc basis
than is the case in the European CP's. It is possible that
better programming is now under way, but participation
by the Latin American CP' s in the CPSU training program
must continue to be influenced by the fact that many of
these CP's are in an illegal or circumscribed status and
25X1X6
25X1X6
 it i.
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,
pages
25-26
(in pars, 6, opening pars. is OK down to line 11, the last sentence
which should be changed to read:)
.....The following example of the CP of country X may
illustrate many of the problems and procedures necessary in
the case of several other Latin American parties.
In November 1957, while a representative of OP X was
in Moscow, the CPSU invited the CP to send one trainee
to the Higher Party School. The CPSU asked for a
"bell leader" and agreed to pay all expenses, including
transportation. It was agreed that the travel and
training would be clandestine, with knowledge limited
to the leadership of CP X.
OP X established a communication channel to the CPSU
via certain members of CP Y resident in country Z sW '
who were contact men for the Soviet Embassy in country
Z.
Secretary General and the National Organizer of CP X
select a member to receive the training.i$ecretary
General subsequently obtained the approval of CP X's
top leadership.
Q-I'tepresentative of CP X visits country Z. Through a
CP Y intermediary, he is put in touch with a Soviet
Embassy official, and he gives the official data on
the selected trainee to forward to Moscow.
The trainee begins to create his cover story to
explain his absence to family and friends. His
cover story is that he is going to Country Z to obtain
a better job. He will correspond with his wife through
a country Z channel. His letters must show a country
Z postmark and return address. Since his passport will
expire before his return, he will turn this matter over
to the Soviets so that they can prepare a false passport
for him to use on his return trip. He will discuss
with the Soviets how much of his pay at the school should
be allotted to and sent. his wife via country Z.
CP X receives a telegram from country Z state that the
trainee should leave for country Z.
Trainee leaves for count Z. He carries credentials 6a&1
for th ontae mati"* CJ and also in order to
establish his identity with the Soviet Embassy official.
,a
a-U ecti l ft4 ?;
Al rai4ee leaves, for the USSR iB~=^ He travels
via Europe.
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7. Evidence suggests that many of the Latin
American trainees scheduled for GPSU training are hand-
picked by a very few top party officials, although these
leaders may obtain the approval of their CP's top
body. In the current CPSU program, the Latin American
trainees have, in general, appeared to come from a
higher party level than have the known trainees of
the European CP's. Full Central Committee members
are often selected and on a few occasions even Secre-
tary Generals. This is no doubt due largely to the
fact that fewer training slots are available. Another
factor may be the generally lower level of local party
schools in the Latin American area. The party schools
of the European CP's are generally much more elaborate
and of a higher caliber than those which the Latin
American CP's have been able to establish. Often,
European CP's have picked trainees for the USSR schools
only after these individuals have completed their own
party training courses. Whereas the European CP's
appear to be concentrating on the selection of future
party leaders for CPSU training, the Latin American
CP's have appeared to concentrate more on the trai ping
of current leaders.
8. Since the identification of specific trainees from
other geographic areas has been very difficult to establish,
only a tentative and general conclusion can be made con-
cerning the caliber of trainees being selected. It appears
that both high-level as well as young party members are
involved1 Possibly this is determined essentially by the
number of training slots available, and this number, in
turn, may be determined by the CPSU's priority interest
in a given party.
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 Sanitized -Approved For Release : CIA-RDP78-00915R0011100170011-9
+/M T'+Tl tt?VKTT f1/1T
D. CPSU Schools and Courses
1. As indicated in Section A, there is knowledge
concerning at least three different Party schools in
the USSR which have enrolled Free World Communists*
since 1953. In addition, a WFTU training school was
located in Budapest. Of these schools, only the Higher
Party School, is today known to be receiving Free Worl r
trainees. f:It is possible, however, that a very few
may cater to trainees from 25X1X6
short-term training which has been indicated in the case
of certain foreign trainees has dealt with specialized
subjects, such as trade union tactics; this training may
be patterned after the old WFTU courses. The CPSU
school which in 1955 appeared to be opening for the first
time had in its curricula certain subjects which are
not known to be taught currently in the regular courses
at the Higher Party School. As will be discussed,
however, certain special lectures at the Higher Party
School may today cover some of these particular subjects.
No school similar to this 1955 school is known today.
2. Although there is reliable evidence that the CPSU
plans a further expansion of its training program, and
a CPSU spokesman has mentioned a new school for
*This paper does not include data 'on the Academy of Social
Sciences, the leading CPSU establishment for the training
of Party theoreticians. There is reliable evidence that Bloc
CP trainees have studied at this institution but there is
no reliable evidence that Free World Communistshave enrolled there.
L
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dilil~
Party leaders from all areas of the world, it is probable
that in the foreseeable future CPSU training of Free
World Communists will continue to be based on the
programs which have been identified in the last few
Separate School for Bra$ fans (1953-1957)
3. This school was located about fifty-six kilometers
north of Moscow near a suburb known as Pushkino. The
school was set up on a pre-Revolutionary estate of the
Governor of Moscow and in 1953 was known overtly
as a rest home of the Ministry of Health. It appears
likely that this school is the same as the "rest home" at
Pushkin which various sources during the 19401s reported
to be a disguised training school for foreign Communists.
During the war years at Pushkin, foreign Communists
were instructed in underground work, partisan warfare,
sabotage and intelligence -- in addition to receiving political
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5. The Pushkin school was administered by the
Higher Party School and, like it, was under the direction
of the CPSU's Central Committee. The regular teaching
staff was made up entirely of professors from the Higher
Party School. According to a reliable source, the courses
studied Pushkino duplicated courses
being given to othe foreign trainees who were enrolled 25X1X6
25X1X6
6. The second course for the ommunists
included a total of 1800 hours of study The various subjects
were:
Political Indoctrination (42 hours)
(an introductory course which covered
in an elementary fashion the tenets of
Marxism)
Russian History (120 hours)
(both pre-Revolutionary and Soviet)
Economic Geography (120 hours)
History of the CPSU (200 hours)
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International Relations (120 hours)
(particularly relations of the Soviet
Union with other nations)
Political Economics (200 hours)
(Marxist economic theory and economic
history)
(the derivation and development of
dialectic materialism and its transition
into Marx- Engels -Lenin-Stalin eonomic
philosophy)
The remaining hours of study were devoted to the Russian
25X1X6 language and occasional guest lectures. A major emphasis
at Pushkino was the study of Russian; it took place from the
beginning of the course until the end. las 25X1X6
7. There were notable differences between the second
and third courses. Some of the changes were evidently
the result of Soviet efforts to improve the course (efforts
which may have been prompted in part by criticisms
voiced by some of the students). Other changes occurred
 immediately after Khrushchev's anti-Stalin speech in
February 1956. Since much of the course had been based
on the writings of Stalin, the de-Stalinization campaign
resulted in numerous changes in the school courses and
texts. Changes in the third course included:
Philosophy: much more emphasis was
given to the history of philosophy, from ancient
Greece to Russian social democratic theories.
All Stalinist interpretations were dropped.
Dialectic study was more thorough.
History of the CPSU: since the second
course had drawn completely from the official
Stalinist text, this course was completely
revised. Lenin's version, covering the period
until 1924, was used. For the period after
1924, hastily drawn up revisions of parts of
the Stalinist manual were utilized.
Political Economics: since the second course
had been based on a manual published under
Stalin and filled with references to Stalinist
economic doctrine, a revised version was
necessary. In this, Stalin's name and his
writings were not mentioned. In the third
course, this subject was much more emphasized
and expanded to include Das Kapital, not studied
in the second course.
Political Indoctrination: this was elim-
inated entirely in the third course.
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 NNL
History of the Labor Movement: this was
much more emphasized and better organized
than in the second course.
Structure of the CPSU: this was virtually
eliminated and replaced by a series of lectures
on the actual experiences of old-time Bolshevik
revolutionaries. This was designed to acquaint
the students with actual Communist practice
in Russia prior to the Revolution.
In addition, there was even greater emphasis on the study
of the Russian language. The courses in Economic
Geography, Russian History and International Relations
werermre or less the same.
8. To illustrate something of the subjects covered
in the above courses, some of the subjects studied in
the History of the Labor Movement may be cited. The
following is a partial listing only.
The Industrial Worker Movement (in several
different countries and at different times.
This was treated in considerable detail.)
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Industrial Worker Movement and Liberation of
China
Struggle for Unity in the International Industrial
Worker Movement
Establishment of the World Federation of
Trade Unions (WFTU)
Characteristics of the International Communist
Movement after World War II
9. The Pushkino school had a different Rector for
each of the two courses taught there. About twenty-seven
professors from the Higher Party School constituted
the teaching staff. About four interpreters were assigned
to translate the lectures. The administrative director
of the course, SINVALOBOV, who visited the school
periodically and did not participate personally in the running
of the school, was identified as a staff member of the
CPSU central party apparatus who was responsible for
the training of Communists from several Latin American
countries. A few other staff members of the central party
apparatus gave special lectures. Personnel of the school
who have been identified are:
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fnu SIVVALOBOV (or SIBOLOVOV)* -
administrative director of the course.
fnu KORYANOV* - taught International
Relations as a frequent guest lecturer. He also
was a staff member of the central party
apparatus. His specialty was the US and the
Americas. He was identified as a very important
person in this field, having responsibility for
liaison with the American CP's. SINVALOBOV
(or SIBOLOVOV) was one of several specialists
working under him. KORYANOV held special
seminars concerning future activities of the
25X1X6
ERMOLAYEV
M. DANILEVICH - both described a
working under KORYANOV on Latin American
CP matters
fnu KOSTOMAREV
fnu ANISIMOV - both of whom taught the
Russian language
*These individuals were probably A. SIVOLOBOV and
V. M. KORIONOV, both subsequently identified in the
CPSU's Foreign Section. KORIONOV has since been
reported on the editorial staff of Problems of Peace and
Socialism, the international Communist journal. SIVOLOBOV
was later reported to be one of two individuals responsible
for liaison with all Latin American CP's, evidently having
assumed part of KORIONOV's work.
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 Nina NIKOLAYEVNA - taught Russian
history
fnu MOROZOV- director of the course in
Political Economy. Other professors were
under him.
fnu YESEM (or YESSIM) - one ofdprofessors
of philosophy
Aleksey MENEYEV (or MINEYEV)
Rita LNU
fnu PIVOVAROV
fnu PEREZ - these four were interpreters.
PEREZ was a nationalized Soviet, a former
Spaniard.
 rest of Para 6 OK
Para 7.8 are OK
Para 9 - page 35 under KORYANOV, change last sentence to
....seminars concerning future activities of
the Latin American OP.
Para 10. The student governing body at Pushkino was a "burg" made
up of about five higher-ranking students. The "burn" was responsible
for discipline, reviewing the progress of the students, and criticizing
each student's achievements. Security measures at the school were
adequate but not strict; many of the trainees were already well
versed in security practices. The students made some trips to Moscow
on Sundays, but generally were not allowed much freedom. The confinement
and condescending attitude of the Soviets occasioned periodic flares of
resentment among the students. All students used an alias while in
the USSR, by which they were known at the school, and Soviet identity
documents were in the alias. All students received 300 rubles per month.
Periodically, ranking members of this Latin American OP visiting in the
Soviet Union would visit the school and brief the students on happenings
at home in their country and in the OP. These
visitors would also carry messages back on behalf of the students.
 ....Communists from the Iatin American OP, ......
25X1X6
Separate School for One Latin American CP (1953-3.957)
para 4. Party training of Communists from this OP began at Pushkino
about October 1953. The first course for these Communists (about
thirteen in number) had begun in June 1953 in the vicinity of Moscow
(possibly at the Higher Party School). Only the second and third
courses were held at Pushkino. Over forty-two trainees attended the
second course from October 1953 until December 1954. About fifty-one
students were enrolled in the third course which was held from June
1955 until June 1957. During this entire period, the Pushkino school
was used exclusively for the training of Communists from this one
CP. The CPSU program of training members of this CP on# such a large
scale was reportedly undertaken for the following reasons: (a) some
years before, the CP had failed in an effort to harass the government,
thereby demonstrating a need for more and better trained cadres; (b) yet,
more recently, economic unrest and strikes in the country had suggested
the time was ripe for another OP effort; and (c) the CP overstated its
capacities and the "refolutionary" situation in the country to the CPSU.
These factors contributed to a Soviet miscalculation concerning the
future of this OP and led to the unusual and large training program
instigated in 1953.
25X1X6
Para 5, line 6 )
at Pushkino duplicated.......
25X1X6
pars. 6.
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 WFTU Training School (1953-1955)
11, For purposes of this paper, discussion of the
WFTU training school in Budapest will be limited largely
to the actual courses which were taught there. As
mentioned in Section A, the courses became more practical
during the last two of the six courses given. It should
also be remembered that each of the WFTU courses was
only about three months in duration.
12. Before the courses were modified, lectures
at the WFTU school included at least the following subjects.
There is a similarity to some of the courses taught at
Pushkino.
Labor Unions and the State
(origin, functions and forms of the State, etc.)
several lectures on Political Economy
(formation of capital, historic role of
capitalism, etc.)
Historical and Dialectical Materialism
Marxist Philosophical Materialism
Rise of the Labor Unions in Russia
 Methods of Struggle for Strikes
(general rules, political and economic
strikes)
Workers' Movement and National and Colonial
Problem
Structure of Union Organization and Preparation
of Union Cadres
Congresses of the WFTU
Histories of Significant Labor Movements
Imperialism
(characteristics, place in history, etc.)
13. After the courses were modified to provide more
practical instruction, the following topics were taught.
Problems of Practical Trade Union Work
Trade Union Structure and Democracy
The Work of the Masses in their Places of Work
The Workers' Demands
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Forms of Struggle and Particularly of Unity
International Trade Union Work
Political Economy and Trade Union History
14. It is evident that most of the philosophical and
political courses were eliminated, and are today taught
at the Higher Party School. Because there is no known
central WFTU training school in practical trade union
subjects, some Soviet training of foreign Communists
in this field may occur periodically under the auspices
of the USSR's All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
This could account for some of the short-term training
indicated in the case of certain foreign Communists in
the USSR.
Possible Experimental School (1955? - 1956?)
15. In 1955 a Soviet training establishment was
located "not very far" from Moscow in an area of
villages. Students were transported by automobile
from Moscow. For the 1955-1956 course (the only one
about which any information is available), the total
number of students was one hundred, including Soviet
students. While the foreign students were reported to
come "from many different countries", it is obvious that
they must have been a small group in view of the total
student body. Since many of the foreign students knew
German, and because the course in the history of the
working class movement reportedly stressed Western
Europe and Scandinavia, it seems likely that the majority if not all -- of the foreign students may have been Western
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 European. Communists are the only nationality
group which has been identified.
16. A peculiar characteristic of this school was
the involvement of the Soviet military. This fact, as
well as the courses taught, suggests that the school was
a joint effort of the Party and the armed forces, possibly
involving also personnel from the intelligence services.
Military instructors and teachers were detailed to the
school and lived in a separate establishment from the
civilian teachers. Sometimes the military personnel
appeared in uniform (ranks reported were from captain
up to colonel) but more often they wore civilian clothes.
Substitutions in both the military and civilian faculty
occurred during the school year.
 Sanitized App
25X1X6
Communists from one Scandinavian country are the only
nationality group which has been identified.
pars 17. Another peculiarity of this school was the apparent Soviet
effort to bring together Soviet foreign area specialists and Communists
from the pertinent foreign areas. It is !mown, for example, that in the
dormitory group of a Scandinavian Bommunist there were three young
Soviet students who were specialists on the country
of that foreign trainee. They had studied the language and "conditions"
of his country, reportedly at the University of Moscow. These Soviet
students were very interested in "improving" their knowledge of that
country through conversations with the foreign trainee. It is amusing
to note that the foreign trainee found the Soviet students unable to
believe anything he stated about actual conditions in his country, and
their opinions on life and politics in his country were completely out
of touch with reality.
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 18. The following courses were taught at this
school. Subjects 1-3 and 9 were taught by civilian
teachers. Subjects 10 and 11 were taught by military
instructors, and subjects 4-8 were taught alternately
by civilian and military teachers.
(1) Russian language
(2) History of Russia and the Soviet Union
(3) Basic Marxism-Leninism
(4) History of the CPSU
(5) History of the International Working-Class
Movement (particularly history of the
Communist movement in Western Europe
and Scandinavia, including Communist
resistance during World War II)
(6) Information on Recent and Current Political
Situations and Developments
(7) "Revolutionary Strategy and Tactics"
(including "demonstration techniques",
"strikes", 'barricade construction", and
"street fighting". These lessons were
reportedly carried out on a theoretical
basis rather than with practical exercises. )
(8) "Obstruction and Sabotage"
(including organization of "obstructive
actions among industrial workers",
 "sabotage methods to be used against
factories, railroads, harbor establish-
ments, means of communication", etc.)
(10) "Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence
Service" (including gathering of secret
information, "secret methods of work",
"connections with superiors", "recruitment
of andconnections with sub-agents and
informants", "detection of hostile elements",
etc.)
(11) "Penetration of the Armed Forces of a
Capitalist Country" (including secret
propaganda and agitation, cell organization,
intelligence activity, etc. )
school was simply to produce better-trained Communists
who might -- depending on individual circumstances --
 Para 19. It is not clear what the CPSU intended to accomplish
teaching this combination of subjects, particularly the last
While it might be expected that these foreign students were sit
for intelligence work o,P, some Party activity, this did
occur in one known case of a Scandinavian Communist. Although he
employed in a Soviet establishment in his country after his return,
a reliable source has stated that he has not engaged in intelligence
activity, has not functioned as a special CPSU contact for withi.
his OF, and has not become more active in his Party. Possibly one
purpose......(rest of Para is OK)
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 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP78-00915RO01100170011-9
F
eventually put their special training to some good use.
There is some evidence that while the students were
at the school discussions were going on between the CPSU
and the foreign CP's involved concerning the future
employment of the students. Possibly the majority of the
foreign students were fairly low-level CP members.
20. Other evidence about this school suggests that
it may have been launched in an abrupt fashion and probably
for the first time in 1955. As mentioned in Section A,
initial Soviet efforts to establish a purely military discipline
had to be given up in the face of almost unanimous
opposition by the foreign students. Because many of the
foreign students had little knowledge of the Russian language,
German textbooks were finally used in some of the courses
since some teachers also knew German. The physical
facilities of the school were described from "very bad"
to "beneath all criticism." Poor food, a broken heating
system, totally inadequate sanitary facilities, etc. , put
many students in the hospital. The leadership of the
school was worried about the frequent cases of illness but
ascribed them to the "softness" of the foreigners.
21. No instructors at this school have been identified.
The school area was regarded as "restricted" by the local
population of neighboring villages. Students, in turn, were for-
bidden to fraternize with the local people. They did go
on hikes and other excursions, and went to Moscow several
times on sight-seeing trips. Sometimes artists from Moscow
gave performances at the school.
22. Reports were made regularly on the students'
progress, general attitude and behavior. According to one
 report, the Foreign Section (or International Department)
of the CPSU sent these progress reports, in summary
form, to the Central Committee of the CP's concerned.
The Higher Party School (Vysshayaarartiynaya shkola)
23. The main address of the CC/CPSU's Higher Party
School Is No. 6 Miusskaya Square, Moscow D-47. The
school was founded in 1939, although it actually stems
from previous CPSU institutions, particularly the Communist
University irneni Sverdlov and the Higher Propaganda
School. In 1946 a CC CPSU resolution provided for the
reorganization of the entire network of CPSU teaching
establishments, and the Higher Party School was attached
directly to the CC/CPSU. Presumably the school falls
under the CC otdel (section or department) for Science,
Higher Educational Institutions and Schools -- but the
section for Agitation and Propaganda must be involved
to a considerable extent in the school program. The Foreign
Section of the CC/CPSU is concerned with the allocation
of slots, and the selection and training of Free World
Communists at the Higher Party School.
24. As far as the training of CPSU members at the
Higher Party School is concerned, in 1958 a CPSU publication
stated:
"The basic task of the Higher Party School
is the Marxist training of leading cadres of the
republic and oblast link from among Party
members who have had a higher, mainly technical,
 education and sufficient experience in Party
work. The need for the organization of this
profile of the work of the Higher Party School
is caused by the fact that in recent years there
have come into Party and Soviet work many
Communists with higher specialized education
but who do not have adequate knowledge in the
field of Marxist-Leninist theory and economics....
As far as the foreign Communist trainees at the Higher
Party School are concerned, this school is the CPSU's
special "cadre" school which "leading members" of other
CP's may attend.
25. Courses given at the Higher Party School fall
into two major categories: long-term training of one to
four years, and short-term training covering possibly
a period of a few months. As mentioned in Part II, Section A,
paragraph 10, a CPSU resolution in 1956 changed the regular
course for Soviet students from three years to two years.
The school year, for both Soviets and foreign trainees,
begins in September. Many foreign Communists stay only
one year, although a two-year course is also frequent
(particularly for Latin American trainees) and some foreign
trainees may stay for as long as four years. Both Soviet
and foreign Communists may attend special lectures arranged
by the Higher Party School, consisting either of a few
special lectures or covering a three to four months period
of study.
26. Information is available concerning the one-year
course attended by Free World Communists at the Higher
Party School in 1957-1958. The regular curriculum included
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 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP78-00915R001100170011-9
Philosophy, Dialectical and Historical Materialism
(180 hours)
History of the CPSU (180 hours)
Party Structure (90 hours)
International Workers' Movement (110 hours)
Foreign Policy (of USSR) (50 hours)
In addition, prominent guest lecturers might talk on a
variety of subjects, particularly their experiences during
the Revolution.
27. Class notes taken by a foreign Communist who
attended the Higher Party School in 1957-1958 provide
detailed information about some of the above subjects.
Topics covered in two of these subjects will illustrate some-
thing of the scope and nature.
Party Structure
1. Marxism-Leninism background
a. Historical necessity for the Party
b. Development of Marxist ideas concerning
a proletarian Party by Lenin
c. Organizational foundations of the Party
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 d. The Party as the ruling and guiding force
in the struggle for Communism
2. Statutes of the Party -- the embodiment of
organizational foundations, the norms of Party
life and the principles of management
a. Significance of Party statutes and the
Party program in the Party's life
b. Characteristics of Party statutes
c. The 8th Congress (1919) and the 19th
Congress (1952)
d. Definition of Party statutes
3. Party membership, management and admission
to the Party
a. Significance of composition of the Party
for its life and activity
b. Measures for improvement of "qualifi-
cations"; composition at various time
periods
c. Tasks of Party organization at time of/
admission into the Party under present
circumstances
4. Democratic centralism as foundation of
organizational Party structure
5. Organizational structure of the Party
History of the CPSU
(the following is a greatly abbreviated listing)
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP78-00915RO01100170011-9
1. History of the Party as a science --
periods and main sectors in the CPSU's
history
2. Workers Movement and the spread of Marxism
in Russia
3. Three periods of world history
a. Paris Commune (1848-1871)
b. Eve of Russian revolution (1872-1904)
c. Russian revolution (1905- )
4. Struggle for the creation of a Marxist party
in Russia
7. Development of the revolution in 1905
(Party Congress, Provisional Government,
October strike, December armed uprising,
etc.)
B. The Bolshevik Party during 1907-1910
(Political and economic situation in the
country, situation of the Social Democratic
Party, struggle of the Bolsheviks for the
strengthening of the illegal Party, etc. )
OWL
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 12. Change of tactics of the Bolshevik Party in
1917.
14. Preparation and execution of the Armed October
Insurrection
(2nd Soviet Congress, reasons for victory,
historical significance of victory)
15. Struggle of the CPSU and the subsequent
strengthening of the USSR
17. Smashing foreign interventionists and the internal
counter-revolution
18. International significance of the October
Revolution
19. Leading part of the Party in the Dictatorship
of the Proletariat
20. CPSU during reconstruction of the "peoples
economy"
21. Lenin's plan for construction of Socialism
and Communism
22. CPSU struggle for industrialization and
collectivization
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23. CPSU during the Patriotic War (1941-1945)
24. CPSU struggle for the rehabilitation of the
economy, for the rise of culture and industry
25. 20th Congress of the GPSU
26. The historical way traveled by the GPSU
28. The foregoing will illustrate that the regular
training given to foreign Communists at the Higher Party
School is essentially theoretical and ideological. Although
this data relates to the one-year course, it is believed that
foreign Communists who take two, three or even four years
of training there continue to receive much the same sort
of schooling. With more time, however, the foreign Commu-
nists undoubtedly receive more training in the Russian
language and it is believed that certain courses, such as
Party journalism, may be added.
29. Some information is available concerning the
short-term training lectures given at the Higher Party
School. In 1955, some Free World Communists are known
to have attended the Higher Party School only from April
to July. They were apparently in classes attended by other
foreign trainees who were enrolled in regular, long-term
courses. But the short-term trainees in this case were
taking individual study under the tutorship and direction of
specific professors from the faculty of Political Economy.
In 1957, it is known that some foreign Communists, not
otherwise enrolled at the Higher Party School, attended
two special lectures given there. These lectures concerned
"Guerrilla Operations under Conditions of Modern Warfare,"
 in OP "study groups" which have gone to the USSR. While these study
groups are undoubtedly exposed to various OPSU components for
observation and briefing purposes, they may also attend special lectures
organized for them at the Higher Party School.
 and were given by a Major General who had been in charge
of guerrilla warfare operations in the Ukraine during
World War II. A source who attended these lectures has
described the main points as follows:
b. differences between US and Soviet utilization
of guerrillas;
c. guerrilla warfare is part of over-all military
strategy;
d. main problems of guerrilla warfare: effective
command, training, communications, supplies
and operational terrain;
30. Available evidence suggests that while the Higher
Party School does provide lectures for foreign trainees
on such specialized subjects as guerrilla warfare, such
lectures are probably few in number and the bulk of the short-
term training relates to the regular ideological and theoret-
ical subjects. Possibly -- though this is as yet only speculation --
there may emerge a greater current use of short-term
training for Free World Communists. This isytrgested by
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31. The current rector of the Higher Party School
is believed to be N. R. MITRONOV, who was appointed
to this position in 1946 and who was last identified in this
job in 1958. Several sources have identified some of the
other staff members of the school(in addition to those
professors listed in paragraph 9 above at the special school
for:~)?
I.D. PUSAKOV - deputy rector (1958)
fnu YEREMIN - administrative chief (1958)
M.P. LARYONOV - dean (1958)
fnu SPIRIN - party secretary of the school
1. IVASHIN - chair of international relations (1957)
A.D. MAKAROV - a department head, probably for
philosophy (1958)
S.P. SAMARSKIY - instructor, probably for foreign
policy (1958)
fnu KOZLOV - an individual with this name was
identified as deputy director prior to 1956; an
individual with this name was identified as a pro-
fessor on the economics faculty prior to 1957
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 fnu KANAKOV - professor, economics faculty
(prior 1957)
fnu ZHUKOVSKIY - professor, economics faculty
(prior 1957)
M. P. BOROBEVA - instructor, political economy
(1958)
M. P. RABOVA - instructor, past history of
CPSU 4958)
fnu KARGALTSEVA - instructor, recent history
of CPSU (1958)
L.A. SHEVERDA - instructor, international
workers movement (1958)
fnu KALINICHEV - instructor, international relations
(1958)
fnu BE CHIN
fnu BELOV
fnu LEONOV
fnu LEONTIYEV
fnu TOKMALAYEV
instructors, specialties
unknown (prior 1956)
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 32. All the main buildings of the Higher Party School --
six in number at the beginning of 1958 -- are located at
the Miusskaya Square address. There is at least one
additional building belonging to the school on Leningradskoe
Shosse, about fifteen minutes away; some two hundred
students live there. he school
is expanding further, with other. buildings being acquired
in nearby locations. At the Miusskaya Square address,
one new building, twelve stories high, was completed in
December 1957. The school complex at Miusskaya Square
contains living quarters, classrooms, and a large canteen
where "very good and very inexpensive food" is available.
The students, however, do not have to eat at the canteen.
33. The following data concerning the Higher Party
School is based on reports made by a Free World Commu-
nist who attended the 1957-1958 course:
On the first day of arrival, foreign trainees
attended an orientation meeting with the school
director and his assistant. Trainees from different
Free World CP's attended in separate groups.
The trainees were briefed on the use of school cover
names and other school regulations. All personal
documents (including passports) were turned over
to the school by the students; in return, each received
an identity document which stated (in Russian) that
the bearer, giving the true name but not the nation-
ality, was a student at the Higher Party School. This
document also bore a photograph and was intended
for use, if required, outside the school itself.
 At the first meeting, trainees were given some
money and the regular financial arrangements were
explained. They, received money twice a month,
on the 10th and 20th. They received 1800 rubles
a month*, from which they paid for their rooms,
telephone, laundry, meals, etc. Items owed the
school administration were deducted from the payment
due on the 2 0th.
Students were told to bring any problems or
difficulties to the attention of the school administra-
tion or to the attention of the school's Party secretary.
If something should happen at home, such as ill-
ness in the family, the school administrator and
Party secretary could make prompt arrangements for
the student concerned to fly home.
Security measures were quite strict. Students
could send and receive (at a Moscow post office box)
as much mail as they wished, but all mail was cen-
sored. According to the Free World Communist
source of this information, one always had the feeling
of being watched.
Individual nationality groups were generally
kept isolated from each other, except for cases where
more than one nationality group were taught together
This sum has been confirmed by a source in another
CP. It is also known that trainees are not encouraged
to save anything from their allowances.
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 25X1X6
. Some
intermingling was also permitted during recreational
sports and on field trips. Students were, however,
specifically warned against asking questions of
fellow students, and they were also asked not to
take photographs of each other.
Hours of instruction were staggered to take
care of the multiplicity of groups. The courses for
all groups, however, were believed to be the same.
Classes for all groups lasted about five hours a day,
with a break of ten minutes after each hour. At the
end of the formal classroom hours, students were
free to do as they pleased. They were warned, how-
ever, that they should not forget the purpose for which
they were there, and the examinations were very strict.
As a consequence, afternoons and most evenings
were devoted to study, especially by the Asiatics.
Any student who performed unsatisfactorily was
criticized fairly but severely before his entire group.
Extra hours of instruction could be requested
through the school dean, and every week the faculty
was available for individual consultations with students
on any problems they had. A considerable amount
of effort and care was devoted to the instruction,
and the Party and school expended considerable effort
to make things as pleasant as possible for the students.
SAWOMW
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take this out and OMIT THE FOOTNOTE at bottom of page
 L
Since the CPSU's celebration of the 40th anniver-
sary of the Revolution occurred during the school
year 1957-1958, representatives from source's CP
were in Moscow for the event. They visited the Higher
Party School and talked with trainees from that CP
on two occasions: once to brief the trainees on the
talks taking place in Moscow, and again to brief
them on events within their own Party.
34. Each rational or language group at the Higher
Party School has one or more "advisers". They act as
interpreters and guides, and render general assistance to
the trainees. They are probably assigned by the Foreign
Section, CPSU.
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 re-write thes
2 pares as
indicated
1. In its training of Free World Communists, the COP does not
appear to have embarked on a planned program of any consequence until
about 1956, although some isolated cases of training were reported
earlier and Japanese Communists in China represented a special
situation in the early 1950's. COP training of one Far Eastern Free
World OP was reportedly inaugurated in 1956. COP seminars and
conferences for visiting foreign Communists were first evidenced in
1956. Scheduled training of numbers of Latin Americans from several
CP's was first arranged in 1957.
2. Although only a limited amount of information is available
concerning the current CCP program, it does appear to differ in
several respects from that of the OPSU. Separate training programs
(somewhat on the order of the CPSU school at Pushkino) are indicated
in several cases. To date, it has not been possible to pin-point
clearly one COP school where trainees from different foreign
geographic areas* receive Party training together or even have
contact with each other. (etc. continue pare as is)
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3. The CCP also appears to conduct much of its
training of Free World Communists in courses of less than
one year duration (often five to seven months), and to
stress the practical rather than the theoretical in its
training courses. In addition to the organized training
courses conducted in classrooms, however, it is also
evident that the CCP favors seminars or conferences which
can be held within a short period of time and which can
include various foreign Communists from different countries
who may be visiting in China at the time. In these discussions
Communists from different foreign areas are evidently
brought together.
4. Like the CPSU, the CCP is prepared to finance
the travel of trainees and to underwrite their expenses while
in China. The CCP equivalent of the CPSU's Foreign
Section -- which one source has called the CCP's Central
Liaison Department -- is concerned with the program of
training foreign Communists in Party schools in China.
It sponsors, coordinates and supports the training program
involving foreign Communists.
5. The expanding program of training Latin American
Communists suggests a CCP emphasis on underdeveloped
countries where the experiences of the CCP may prove to
be particularly applicable. There is no information avail-
able, however, concerning a CCP training program involving
CP's from other underdeveloped areas.
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B. Program for CF Japan
1. Knowledge of the CCP program for training members of the Japan
Zk (JCP) has derived from several sources who were in China from 1953-
1958. Some slight discrepancies in dates and school names have been
noted, but, in general, the extent and nature of the CCP program is
evident.
2. Most of the evidence concerning the CCP program relates to
the period 1953-1957, when special separate establishrents were set
up for Japanese trainees. In addition, there is some evidence that a
few selected JCP members attended a regular CCP school during 1957-1958.
After the first part of 1958, CCF training of JCP members was evidently
curtailed as a result of the repatriation program, but there is
evidence that at least some training of JCF members was continuing in
the latter Dart of 1958.
Temporary School at Yungnien (1963-1954)
3. In the fall of 1952, the Chinese were considering the status
and repatriation of all Javanese residents in China. From these
residents, it was decided to select several hundred who would take part
in a training program before they were returned to Japan. The trainees
were to be chosen from among all Japanese residents in various localities
in China and were not bo be limited to JCP members alone. The JCP
organization in China, however, was clearly in immediate charge of the
program.
4. In Y arch 1953, a school for the Japanese was established in
Yungnien Hsien (Hopei Province), although it was evident that Yungnien
was but a temporary school site and functioned primarily as an
assembly point. Students arrived in Yungnien little by little and
the process of assembling was not complet it about 0 ber. The
total number of students has been reported~etween 70t , with
approximately 1500 being the best estimate. The JCP leadership in
China widently recommended the names of prospective candidates, but
at least some trainees reportedly found themselves unwillingly at
Yungnien as a result of persuasion, coercion and misinformation.
5. At Yungnien, the new arrivals were instructed to use aliases.
They were forbidden to discuss with each other their occupational and
personal histories, and they were directed to burn all personal papers,
photographs and correspondence. The students were organized into school
companies- on the order of military components -- and each company had
a JCP cell composed of the squad leaders, assistant squad leaders and one
other Party member from each squad. Bow L.,
AMWc !tV wt I4.. Stl iJI
6. Officials of the school included both JOP and CCP members.
Some have been identified as:
TAKAK1RA Teru (JCF) - principal
REN Kan (transliteration. Believed to be LIEN Kuan)(CCP) - vice
principal (a ;- . - - T. ', e'Y,4 )
SHITSU (transliteration) - vice principal (in charge of
education)
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NII (transliteration) - vice principal (in charge of
subsistence)
SON (transliteration) - vice principal (reportedly held
rank equivalent go division ccomander
in the Red Army)
INOUYE Hayasld (JCP) - deputy director of the Directorate
of Training
alias SUGIMOTO - a deputy director of training
NAKAMURA Zentaro (JCP) - deputy director of the Administration
TOGURA Kazuo (JCP) - worked in the Administration Office
7. Despite the fact that non Party Japanese were also enrolled
in the Yungnien school, the principal's address given on the day of
admission to the school is said to have included the followings This
is a school to train JCP leaders of district committee amber caliber
with the objective of arming the students in theories. Students are
requested to realize the importance of their mission and master the
basic theories of revolution.
8. The teaching was evidently not intensive at Yungnien. Studies,
discussions and lectures included analysis of current news concerning
Japan, other international affairs, and Marxist theories.
School in Peivins (1956A1957)
9. In early 1954, the entire school was moved to a new location
in a suburb of Peiping. One-source has pinpointed the location as
Lianghsiang, a suburb on the western outskirts of Peiping. The school
was newly built, with some construction still uncle ay as the Yungnien
trainees arrived. During the three years of its existence, this
school-was designated first as the Branch School of the Marx-Isnin
Institute, and later was called the Branch School of the China
People's University.
1a. The principal and vies prineipals were the same as those at
Yungnien. One new man, however, came from Japan to assume one of
the vice principalahipe. - This was one ADACHI (believed to-have been
KAWADA Kenji of the JCP Central Committee). He arrived after the
Sixth National Convention of the JCP in Japan, and lectured on
decisions made at the convention as well as on conditions-in Ja-
In mid-1956, both Principal TAKAKURA and Vice Arincipal ADACHI 1 t
the sehbol, remarking that their presence was no longer necessary since
the school had been placed under the leadership of the Chinese Communist
govermment. LIEN Kean then became principal and YANG Fu (or YANG Pu),
of the China Revolutionary Problems Research Office, was brought in and
became the vice principal.
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U. The teaching staff at the Peiping school numbered over :0,
of whom ten were Japanese,, four were Soviets, and the remainder Chinese.
Some of the subjects studied, and the instructors in each field, have
been reported as follows:
Javanese volitios_ and econcmics
INOUYE (JCP)
Japanese labor and farmer movements
NAKAMURA (JCP)
Party construction
AOKI (JCR)
YANG Liu (CCP)
Philosophy
KIYODA (JCP)
Political econamv
KITAGAWA (JCP)
SAJIKOFU (CPSU) (phonetic)
KU&t'NnTSOFU- (CPSH) (phonetic) -
Intra-narty conflicts -
WANG Chi (CCP)
History of the Chinese Revolution
WANG Ch'eng (CCP)
Foundation of Marxism-Leninism
SHFFUTSOFU (CPSU)-(phonetic)
ARIYOSHIKIN (CPSU) (phonetic)
Chinese-language
CHANG (CCP)
CCP guest lecturers also spoke on such subjects as the Afro-.Asian
eonference, the rise of cooperatives, rural problems in China, ! the
problem of women in China, peace and the prohibition of atomic and
hydrogen bombe, and the general theories nf-revolution,_incl?di the
theses of MAO Tse-tung. Lectures were also given on the history of the
CPSU, although it is not known who gave these lectures.
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12. Texts used at the school consisted of published literature
and material prepared by the instructors themselves. According to one
source, the instructors claimed that the preparation of texts on the
history of the Chinese CP required considerable work because of a
lack of material and guidance; only a meager amount-of Party records
were available. Works by LENIN, MAO Tse-Tung, LIU Shao-chi, and
ohe KONSUTANCHIIFU (transliteration; KONSTANTINOV) were among
the texts studied.
13. The student body was organized into classes, with each class
divided.-into-eight or nine groups ( ersons in a group). Each- class
had a class leader, assistant class leader and an organizer who were
selected from Party members and who provided guidance in studies. Party
members held cell meetings within each class; non-Party members held
"discussion meetings." One source estimated that the total number of
Party members-at the school was about 350-. As the school term pro-
gressed, however, there were increasing demands for membership in the
JCP. Indeed, one o the topics frequently discussed at the cell
meetings was "recruitment of new members".
14. Self-study and discussions were given more emphasis than
lectures at the school. Each lecture was followed by one to one-and-
a-half days of self-study. After the self-study, discussions monitored
by one-or-two assistant instructors -especially-assigned-for-each --
subject were held within each class. Examinations were held twice a
year,
15. According to one source, the school received CCP direction
through the CCP's Central Liaison Department. From descriptions of
this deuartment it is evident that this is the CCP's equivalent of
the CPSU's Foreign Section and that this CCP liaison department, like
that of the CPSU, is concerned - with- the program of training foreign
Communists.
16. After graduation in the spring of 1957, the Japanese trainees
spent about another year in China employed-in vsriaus-occUPttions: -
The majority of the graduates were believed to'.have been repatriated
-between- Apriland July 1958?---There- is- no- evidence- that specific Party
missions were assigned to them. The evidence does suggest that the
Peiping school was - basically a training center in revolutionary
activities, and that instruction was aimed at teaching the students
dommunist principles and tradecraft. Chinese instructors often
described CCP strategies and tactics used against the 1 ucmintang.
They cited specific techniques and indidents to demonstrate how
particu problems were met and solved by the CCP, and stressed the
need to build a solid revolutionary base before entering into
socialist programs.
Enrollment in Regular CCP School (1957-1958)
17. It is believed that a handful of the JCP graduates from the
Peiping school received further CCP training. There is evidence that
a few of these graduates may have attended a CCP Middle-Level Party
wheel in- Chungking from about-June--195-7 until July- 1958.
18. The purpose of this school has been reported to be
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''V- provid* cadres with actual training in the conduct of political
campaigns. The training was not a theoretical review; cadres participated
in actual campaigns, directing and solving problems which they would
later face in their Party wort. One source has stated that, in
essence, the training at this school consisted of exposing students to
cheng feng (rectification), to wing to -fang the "blocming and contending" ),
to tzu pao (posters), and other campaigns before they were introduced
on a national scale. The training also exposed the shortceeaings of
the students and eliminated those who were not qualified to carry out
the programs of the Party.
Japanese Trainees in the Sumer of 1958
x'Z'&
19. 'wring the seer of 1958, some
were in Peiping to receive Party training. One of these
trainees observed on the school grrnmds a of of Awal
ve
Japanese. ne presumed that they were receiving training also and that
the Japanese were housed in another of the residences in the school
compound. It therefore appears probable that CCP training of JCP
members is a continuing program.
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page 68- 70 C, Pros for a Far Eaatexn CF
o-write entire
section C., 1. According to a reliable source, in 1956 it wns announced in
including one Free World CP in the Far East area that henceforth Party cadres
'heading would be sent to China ,and not -to thee USSR, -for - advanced training
and practical experience. By late 1957 it was evident that an
increasing- number- of-Party m estbers were visiting China for several
weeks and even months. It was also apparent that they were obtaining
and ex erience in China,
Y. -
2. In November 1957 it was rip ( orted that Peiping was starting
a school which would train about members of this CP each year; the
first sixteen were reportedly-then being selected.--But in view of
the 1956 information, and the program already evident for this CP,
it is quests unable whether the sixteen trainees rsportedJ in Nov ether
1957 were the first such group. In early 1959 it was estimated that
since 1956 more than sixty high-level members and senior cadres of
this Party had gone to China for training for average periods of
five months.
- 3 _ A defector has stated that the-s etary-General of thin
CF had been responsible for the original contact with the CCP whereby
it was arranged for selected groups of Connninist cadres to go to
China each year to attend indoctrination courses. a stated that he
knew from personal knowledge that those who had participated in
such courses returned home thonoughly indoctrinated.- had heard
that the education included "field work", in the course of which the
trainees were-obliged to sritnccs-some ac -as the -
liquidation of a group of reactionary peasants. If they watched such
things without protest, they thus identified themselves morally with
such behavior and would then commit themselves to clandestine and
illegal activities if necessary. In the case of other foreign trainees,
--however, where there training they receive-- - - --
in China, there is no suggestion of such activity. "Field work" - in
the sense of observing how- the CCP -is solving its problems - -is,
however, a part of the CCP training given to foreign Communists.
4. According to another defector, the school for members of this
- his- located within a - day's travel of Peiping -{method of travel- urn -- -
soecified). No further dettils are available concerning the school
or the courses taught.
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D. Program for Latin American CP's
1. Evidence of a planned CCP program for training
Latin American Communists was first manifested during the
CPSU's celebrations in Moscow in November 1957 of the
40th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution. During
meetings between various CP representatives on this
occasion, the CCP invited several Latin American parties
to send trainees to a special CCP course to be held for
them during the summer of 1958. Necessary communications,
and arrangements for transportation and finances for the
trip, were to be handled by the Soviet Embassy in Mexico
City (there are no Chinese Communist diplomatic estab-
lishments in Latin America). Arrangements for another course
for Latin American Communists -- to be held in the summer
of 1959 -- were made during the visit to China of several
Latin American CP leaders following their attendance at
the CPSU's 21st Congress in January/Februaty 1959.
The 1958 Course
2. As a result of the CCP invitation in November 1957,
the first Latin American trainees for the CCP school
arrived in Peiping (via Europe and Moscow) in April 1958.
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re-write page 71 completely, as follows:
By the time the school term got underway in May, a total of seven
trainees from -three countries were present. By the time the course was
over, a total of about thirteen students from five countries had been
3. It was evident that the Chinese were disappointed that so few
-- traimses attended the-school. They had expected over twenty students from
-_aame-seven CP+$--to--attend. It xss also apparent that there had been some
misunderstanding of the length of the school term. Some of the trainees
had expected the course to last only three to four months. Instead,
they found that the Chinese had planned a course lasting about seven months.
4. The Chinese made it clear that Central America had been singled
out for this first school course for Latin America because, with few
exceptions, the Central American parties were in poorer condition than
any others in Latin America. It was made clear, however, that in
subsequent courses the Chinese anticipated that all Latin American OP's
~ouuld be represeate . One CCP-spokesman--reportedly- stated that ~v courses
lar to the-195t_caurse warn being Planned -for 195% but that these would
ccmprise_two months of theoretical study and two months of practical
application. A CCP spokesman also mentioned that one of the prime
difficulties at present was the lack of linguistically trained professors
that currently there were only forty qualified Spanish translator-inter-
preters in all of China although more linguists were rapidly being trained.
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5. The school attended by the Latin American trainees
was located in New Peiping on Fuhsing road. All the
buildings were located behind a ten-foot wall with electri-
fied wire on top. The school was a completely equipped
institution with four combination residence-classrooms,
gardens, garages, power plant, offices, movie theater
and other facilities. All of the Latin American trainees
stayed in one building. * They were told that the school
grounds were built especially for that course.
6. In early August, the heat and humidity in Peiping
caused the classes to be transferred to Port Dairen. All
the Latin American trainees, plus their instructors and
interpreters, flew to Dairen in a plane piloted by Chinese
air force officers. In Dairen the trainees lived in a palace
which once belonged to the brother of the Emperor of
Manchuria; their classes were also held there.
7. The theoretical part of the course lasted from
mid-May until mid-August, after which the emphasis
was on field trips. According to a reliable source, the
classes attended by the Latin American trainees covered
the following main subjects.
* As indicated in sectionUI B., one Latin American Commu-
nist observed about twelve Japanese on the school grounds
and presumed that they were housed in another of the
residences in the school compound. He also observed
four "Negroes" and two other persons whom he thought
were Hindus. Possibly these were housed in other school
residences. Presumably, all of these were trainees.
There was evidently no contact at all with the Latin Americans,
however.
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1TATAT TIi+i kT TTIT T TL'T !"AATT OAT
CCP History
1. Historical base for founding the CCP
2. Founding of the CCP; initial activities
3. Activities during the first civil-revolutionary
war (1925-27)
4. Victorious development of the expeditionary
war, from the North -- treason of the bourgeoisie
5. Temporary failure of the revolution conducted
by the capitulationist line of CH'EN Tu-hsiu
6. Second revolutionary war: work to restore
the Party in the revolutionary aftermath (1927-1930)
7. Displacement of the peasant's war by the Agrarian
R evolution
8. Aggression of the Japanese imperialists against
China
9. Political line of the Party's centralized lead-
ership
10. The CCP during the period of anti-Japanese
resistance and for National Liberation
11. Fight of CCP to overcome great difficulties
12. Third revolutionary-civil war
L
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13. Agricultural reform (concrete antecedents)
14. Period of socialist revolution and socialist
building
15. The great social revolution on the economic,
political and ideological fronts, and economic
construction#, during the first five-year plan
(1953-1957)
Problems on the Construction of the Party
1. Historical development from the experience of the
CCP in the construction of the Party
2. Campaigns of correction
3. Mass line
4. Democratic centralism
The Armed Struggle of the Masses
Many works by MAO Tse-tung were utilized as class texts,
as were CCP documents themselves. Among the latter
were various documents relating to the 8th CCP Congress.
8. After his return home, one of the Latin American
trainees wrote a special report, based on his CCP exper-
iences, which was evidently intended for use by several
CP's. From this covert report it has been possible to obtain
additional details not only concerning various topics studied
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under the above subjects in the course but also something
of how the Latin American trainees perceived that CCP
tactics had applicability in Latin America. The report
itself was entitled "Impressions of the Reality of China."
It discussed the following subjects:
1. Some general aspects
a. CCP contributes valuable lessons
b. In seizing power, it did not rely on known
experiences
c. Favorable and unfavorable conditions for
beginning the struggle
d. At first glance, the victories of CCP
would not seem possible
e. CCP extracts positive value from the
negative
f. CCP follows the principle of uninterrupted
r evolution
g. In less than ten years, the basis for the
welfare of the Chinese people has been
constructed
h. CCP has known how to link the Marxist-
Leninist truths with the present conditions
of China
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i. CCP extends and strengthens the camp of
Socialism
3?
The Communists and the Chinese people
fervently hope for a universal, happy and
lasting peace
2. Summary of a historical review
a, "In the universe, nothing i s immutable"
b. New characteristics of the society
c. People are squeezed between two mountains
d. Character of the struggle of 100 years
e. Program and errors of the bourgeois revolu-
tion of 1911
f. Strengthening the working class
g. Movement of the 4th of May, 1919
3. Creation of the CCP
4. Two types of contradictions of different character
5. How to resolve contradictions
6. The working class of China
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7. Combination of illegal with legal work
8. Combination of the secret with the overt
9. Problem of the agrarian worker from the Marxist-
Leninist point of view
10. Existence and struggles of the Chinese agrarian
workers
11. Agrarian reform in China
12. The cooperativization of the peasants in China
13. The People's Commune
14. Pages from the Draft Constitution of the People's
Republic of China
15. Twenty articles of the first chapter of the
constitution of the PRC,
9. Even during the period of the course devoted to
classes, some field trips were taken. Factories, agri-
cultural cooperatives, reservoirs, etc., around Peiping
were visited by the trainees. When the classes were
completed, field trips included shipyards, steel mills,
etc., around Dairen, as well as observation trips to the
cities of Changchun, Shanghai, and Canton, and to Hunan
province. In Peiping, the trainees also met with high CCP
officials, including CHOU En-lai who talked with them con-
cerning the necessity for Communist China to establish commer-
cial and diplomatic relations with the Latin American countries.
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10. Throughout their stay in China the Latin American
trainees were asked many questions, by school officials
as well as other CCP officials, concerning political,
social, economic and cultural conditions in their respective
countries. At the beginning of the school term each
student was given. questionnaire involving
conditions in his native country. The students were also
queried concerning any Chinese militants or sympathizers
who might belong to their CP's; they were asked about the
location of Chinese communities in Latin American
countries to which propaganda material might be sent.
Some of the trainees were questioned about the intelligence
services in their countries.
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11. The school for the Latin American trainees has
been described as operating under the CCPts "Department
of Liaison for Latin American Relations." This evidently
refers to the Latin American section o th CCPts Liaison
Department. -- which iLe Japanese called the Central
Liaison Department. The Latin American trainees have
referred to a CCP Department in charge of Foreign Relations,
but this may be the same thing. The teachers and interpreters
at the school were reportedly assigned by the CCP Depart-
ment of Party Education. Among the CCP personnel
identified in connection with the school were (names are
phonetic, corrected where possible):
LIU (or LI) Tan-fu -- chief of the CCP liaison
department fcr Latin America
CHAO (fnu) -- chief of receptions for the Latin
American liaison department
CHAO Ming-h sien -- interpreter
rr-
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page 78, para 10, line 6
(omit "three page" in describing the questionnaire)
page 78, pare 11, line 5
change this line to read:)
Department - which a Japanese source called the Central
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LI Tang-che -- interpreter (went on all trips with
the trainees)
CHEN (fnu) -- interpreter (chief interpreter
in classrooms)
YU Tu-sung -- instructor, specializing in Party
organization
WAN Sen -- instructor, specializing in CCP history
and the Armed Struggle
WU Hai-li -- instructor, specializing in the
United Front
ICO Fa (I Ko-fa?) -- instructor, specializing in
peasant reform
During a long meeting with an unidentified member of the
CCP Central Committee, the trainees also met:
YUAN Tu-sang (also known as "LUNA") -- interpreter
YANG (fnu) -- a young Chinese who was practicing
his Spanish.
12. The CCP offered no material aid to the Latin
American CP's. Instead, the students were told that the
main CCP effort to assist the Latin American parties
would be through courses of the type which the trainees were
then attending.
The 1959 Course
13. During February and March 1959, representatives
of several Latin American CP's traveled to China from
79
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These CP representatives were called
to a meeting with one LI, described as a member of the
CCP's Department of Foreign Relations, and other officials.
(It is possible that this LI may be identical with the LIU
Tan-fu or LI Tan-fu who was identified during the 1958
course for Latin Americans as chief of the CCP liaison
department for Latin America). The CCP officials advised
the Latin American CP representatives as follows.
a. The CCP had decided to prepare a four to
six months course for Latin American students.
b. The course would be based on the practical
experiences of the Chinese Revolution. Its aim would
not be to teach general Marxist-Leninist theory,
because that can be learned in any country.
c. The students should therefore be chosen from
among leadership cadres at the national, provincial
or municipal level.
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page 80, re-write as follow s
Moscow after attending the CPSU's 21st Congress. Fifteen Latin American
CP's are believed to have had representatives in China at this time,
although Chinese overt announcements listed representatives frcn only
14. While in China, the representatives of about ten of the Iatin
American CP's individually asked CCP leaders to make possible the sending
of party members to dtudy under CCP direction. (etc. as written on page)
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15. The COP asked the OP representatives how maziy students each
party would-send. Most--of the representatives estimated that-three to
five trainees would be sent from each CP. At the CCP's request, each
CP then presented to the Chinese an air-transportation "budget" which
would reflect the cost of travel from the respective countries to Prague,
where the trainees would be picked up and flown to China via Moscow.
(etc. as written on page)
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d. The CCP would pay all costs for this training,
including air transportation to China.
e. The students should arrive in China by
July 1959, since the course will begin about 1 August.
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Before the Latin American representatives left China,
they were given a sum in US currency with which to pay
the transportation costs for each proposed student.
The amounts varied, but the average was about $700 per
student.
16. By June 1959 at least two of the Latin American
CP's had selected their trainees for the forthcoming CCP
course. Presumably the other CP's involved had done so
as well. It is also known that in June one of the selected
trainees was preparing reports which he would carry
to the CCP. During the visit to China of the Latin American
CP representatives, the CCP had requested certain reports
from the various CP's and had suggested that the reports
be sent to China with the trainees scheduled for the
forthcoming course. The CCP requested general reports
on the CP's concerned, and on the political situation in
those countries.
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E. CCP Short-term Seminars and Courses
1. Several reports have indicated that foreign
Communists, while visiting for a short time in China,
may attend seminars or special indoctrination courses.
These are apparently efforts by the CCP to indoctrinate
and train foreign Communists without setting up elaborate
or long-term training programs. Possibly this method of
training has been utilized by the CCP because of the
distance and the difficulties many foreign Communists
would encounter in traveling to China for longer periods.
2. In 1956 an indoctrination course was given to
foreign CP representatives in China (probably several
of those who had come to attend the CCP Congress held
in 1956). The "course" consisted of a series of eight
conferences, in which were discussed the lessons learned
by the Chinese Communists during the course of their rise
to power. The individual conferences were on the following
subjects:
a. the characteristics of China (and of other
countries) which affected the development of the
Revolution and the Party;
b. experiences in clandestine work;
c. experiences in rural areas; the agrarian
reform;
d. experiences in educational work;
e. experiences in the armed struggle; guerrilla
warfare;
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f. experiences in building the united front;
the campaign for the rectification of the
style of Party work;
h. experiences regarding the transition to
Socialism.
3. Much of the material on which these discussions
were based was to be found in the works of MAO Tse-tung
and LIU Shao-ch'i. The foreign CP delegates were instructed
to read these works carefully and critically, utilizing
and developing those aspects which would be applied to
their own parties.
4. These conferences illustrate the "practical
experiences" which the CCP prefers to teach instead
of Marxist-Leninist theory. One of the discussions on
clandestine work, for example, concerned the "Bases and
Experiences of Legal and Illegal Activity." Under this
heading, the foreign CP representatives heard discussions
concerning why there is legal activity and illegal activity;
legal and illegal activities according to the different
historical situations; the differences between legal and
illegal activity, and how one is transformed into the other;
how an illegal party can utilize legal possibilities; and two
points of view on the question of legal and illegal activity.
Another discussion provided an example of the application
of clandestine tactics in a specific historical situation:
CCP experiences in clandestine work in Shanghai.
5. During 1958, several short-term courses were
reportedly given to foreign Communists in China. Unlike
the 1956 conferences mentioned above, it has not been
possible to obtain documentary or firm evidence concerning
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L
these courses. There is no reason to doubt, however,
that some courses were arranged by the CCP in order to
take advantage of the visits to China by several foreign
Communists. Courses reported during 1958 -- all of
one to three months duration -- concerned the following
subjects:
a. agrarian law (presumably land reform measures);
b. jurists (meaning of this is not clear, but it
may concern how Communists can utilize existing laws
to achieve their own purposes);
c. leadership and preparation of Communist
youth and students (this course was reportedly given
to some foreign Communists who had been in Peiping
to attend a meeting of the International Union of Students).
6. The most recently reported short-term CCP course
for foreign Communists concerns a "leadership" course to be held
for some Communist leaders in Peiping following the
Seventh World Youth Festival held in Vienna, Austria in
July/August 1959. Presumably, some foreign Communists
were to travel to China from Vienna following the Festival.
7. The steadily increasing numbers of foreign Commu-
nists who are traveling to Communist China will undoubtedly
* It is at least possible that this "leadership" course is
actually the 1959 course for the Latin American Communists.
Information concerning this training to follow the Youth
Festival was obtained from a Latin American source.
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page 85
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be utilized by the CCP for training and indoctrination
purposes. Sometimes this may take the form only of
"briefings" by CCP leaders. During the February/March
1959 visit to China of Latin American CP representatives,
it is known that CCP leaders, including MAO Tse-tung,
briefed the CP representatives on international affairs
and on the "liberation struggle" in Latin America.
F. Evidence of Other Programs
1. The fact that one of the Latin American trainees
at the 1958 CCP course spotted four "Negroes" and two
"Hindus" on the grounds of the school compound is the
most definitive evidence available that the CCP is
training Free World Communists from other, as yet uniden-
tified, CP's.
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