BROADCASTING ADMINISTRATION BUREAU

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 74
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 23, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 1, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
COMMUNIST CHINA
BROADCASTING ADMINISTRATION
BUREAU
C1 ' o~ ^ Z tj
-4 o
C* C7
f y
y 1
i
Approved For Release 1999 'MAIM0100090001-7
 Approved For Release 19 R000100090001-7
COMMUNIST CHINA
BROADCASTING ADMINISTRATION
BUREAU
December 1960
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For 'LvtA-RDP78-02646R0001 00
CHINESE COMMUNIST
BROADCASTING ADMINISTRATION BUREAU
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
PREFACE
STATUS IN PARTY AND GOVERNMENT
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 6
BROADCASTING FACILITIES 11
DOMESTIC BROADCASTING SERVICES 16
A. Wired Broadcasting 18
B. Television 22
INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING SERVICES 25
PRESS INTERMISSIONS 32
A. Domestic Press Services 35
B. International Press Services 39
ORGANIZATION OF THE BROADCASTING ADMINISTRATION BUREAU 43
A. Domestic Broadcasting Division
B. Foreign Broadcasting Division
1. First Broadcasting Department
2. Second Broadcasting Department
3. Third Broadcasting Department
4. Overseas Chinese Broadcasting Department
Approved For Rel 8-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Releas 040642646RO001
C. Inter national Liaison Department
D. Foreign Radio Monitoring
E. Jamming of Foreign Broadcasts
VIII. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF NAMES APPEARING IN STUDY
ATTACHMENT: CHART OF BROADCASTING ADMINISTRATION BUREAU
Approved For Relea IIW'78-02646ROO0100090001-7
 Approved For Release - 78-02646R000100090001-7
BROADCASTING ADMINISTRATION BUREAU
Much has been written concerning the Chinese Communist
propaganda machine and the influence which the product of this
machine is exerting on the nations of Asia and the underdeveloped
countries, including the newly independent areas of Africa. One
of the most active, expanding and effective components of this propa-
ganda effort is Radio Peking, beaming newscasts and other programs
throughout the world in at least 19 foreign languages and 5 Chinese
dialects for a total of 511 voice program hours weekly in September
1960, and more than 1280 hours of non-voice press transmissions per
week.
Behind this vast broadcasting program is a large, efficient
Communist Party and governmental organization about which little
has been made public.
If there is to be an understanding of the Chinese Communist
Propaganda program in the broadcasting and news transmission field,
it is necessary to know the facts concerning its historical development,
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Rel P78-02646R000100090001-7
the government and party organs which implement it, the components
of the broadcasting organization, their functional responsibilities, and
the key personnel who direct it.
The purpose of this study is to bring together what is known of
the background, as well as of the functional and operational structure
of this organization. Little is known of the technical aspects of this
operation because of restrictions which have prevented inspection of
the broadcasting equipment and facilities by qualified non-Communist
Western technicians.
Approved For ReI _%I _ 78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release - P78-026468000100090001-7
I STATUS IN PARTY AND GOVERNMENT
One of the nine permanent departments under the Chinese
Communist Party's Central Committee is the Propaganda Department,
which supervises and directs all propaganda activities of the Party and
controls the propaganda organs found under the Chinese People's
Government and among the many mass organizations in Communist
China. It directs the domestic and foreign propaganda system, and
propaganda departments, sections and specialists are found in all party
organs and committees down to the lowest level. The Propaganda De-
partment is staffed by dedicated and experienced Party propagandists.
Specialists in this field are among the members of the Party Secre-
tariat. Little is known of the structure of the Propaganda Department's
organization at the Peking level other than the names of the Director,
his deputies and the heads of several departments. Although not identi-
fied as to its title or personnel, it is believed that there is a section
under the Propaganda Department responsible for direction of the use
of broadcasting facilities for dissemination of propaganda domestically
and to foreign audiences.
One of the six staff offices of the State Council of the Chinese
People's Government is that for Culture and Education. There are
several Ministries and special agencies under the cognizance of this
Staff Office, including the Ministry of Culture, and New China News
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Re FN-TZUP78-02646ROO01
Agency, and the Broadcasting Administration Bureau, each of which
has its particular role in carrying out the Party propaganda program
under the administration of the State Council.
The masses on the China mainland are organized into people's
organizations, front organizations and psuedo- political parties, all
under the control and guidance of the United Front Work Department
of the CCP Central Committee. Each of these has its propaganda de-
partment and is used for propaganda purposes by the Party, working
through the Central Committee's Propaganda Department.
Although formally a special agency of the Chinese People's
Government, the Broadcasting Administration Bureau (BAB) is, for
all practical purposes, one of the tools of the Party's Propaganda De-
partment, and is controlled through a Party Committee responsible
for execution of Party policy in all the activities in which the BAB en-
gages. Through its control of the BAB, the Party controls the Central
People's Broadcasting Station (Radio Peking), all broadcasts in and
from Communist China, jamming of some foreign broadcasts beamed
to the China mainland, and expansion and administration of the wired
broadcasting network. In addition, the monitoring of foreign broad-
casts by a division of the BAB, along with the news and other data ac-
quired by the New China News Agency foreign bureaus, offices and
Approved For Rel er_ _A~oB _r~a.RnP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: IA- 8-02646R000100090001-7
77
correspondents, provide the Chinese Communist regime with current
Approved For Rele 78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For a ease - DP78-02646R000100090001-7
II HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
The exact date when the Chinese Communists began using
morse code radio communications for transmittal for inter-party com-
munications, military information and for the transmission of news for
use in the Communist press is not known, but it certainly was no later
than 1929 when the first Chinese Soviet regime was founded in Kiangsi.
Neither land line communications nor radio communications were well
developed at the time in the interior of China, yet the Chinese Commu-
nists were able to obtain the relatively simple equipment necessary for
the radio transmission and reception of morse code messages. It also
appears likely that these facilities were maintained and operated by
military communications units under Party control, and used jointly
by the military, the Party, and the Red China News Agency.
Over the period of their development until the end of the Long
March at Yenan in 1935, these communications services were undoubtedly
expanded and used to channel Party directives, as well as news, to the
scattered Party organs and military units and the border areas. A
formal section to control this activity was probably established at this
Approved For RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
time under the Party's Propaganda Department, but data are not
available to confirm this.
Although the Chinese Communists proclaim 5 September 1945
as the founding date of their broadcasting enterprise, this was probably
the date on which they began their voice broadcasting on a large scale.
Prior to that date, the broadcasting was largely in morse English and
numerical code. On 15 August 1944, the New China News Agency began
an experimental broadcast of news in English morse code from its station
at Yenan beamed to San Francisco, using one kilowatt of power. Each
of these twice-daily broadcasts identified the station as the "voice of
Communist China" and stated "There is no copyright; republication is
free".
The following brief paraphrased summary of the first 10 years
of Communist China's voice broadcasting enterprise is taken from an
article in the September 1955 issue of the Kuang-po- Ai-hao-che:
The New China Broadcasting Station began
operations in Yenan on 5 September 1945. With
only 300 watts of power, it broadcast 2 hours a
day, increasing this to 2 1/2 hours a day by 1946;
and to 3 hours daily in 1947; adding news coverage
and a program in English. Its broadcasting mis-
sion was stated to be "to publicize policy of the
Approved For Relea -02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Rele *AWP78-02646ROO01
Chinese Communist Party, to report to the
people on world and domestic developments,
to introduce life in the liberated areas, and to
struggle for the victory of the national revolu-
tion. " Between 1945 and March 1947, when
Chinese Nationalist forces drove the Communists
from their Yenan base, five other broadcast-
ing stations had been established in Communist-
held areas. Driven from Yenan, the central
New China Broadcasting Station became the
North Shensi New China Broadcasting Station,
where it remained until it was moved to Peking
in March 1949 after that city had fallen to the
Communists and headquarters of the Party and
military were transferred there. By the end of
1948, the Chinese Communists claimed to have
15 broadcasting stations in addition to the one in
North Shensi. As the Chinese Communists
swept from province to province in conquest of
the mainland, the radio stations in the cities
occupied all fell under the control of the CCP,
Approved For -RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release R6VMM-646ROO01 00090001-7
both those controlled by the Nationalist govern-
ment and those which were privately owned.
On 1 October 1949, date of the formal establishment of the
Chinese People's Republic, the central station in Peking was renamed
the Central People's Broadcasting Station, described as "domestically
speaking, an important tool in conducting political and cultural educa-
tion among the people; internationally speaking, a weapon to make our
peaceful foreign policy understood to other countries.... serving the
nation's socialistic construction and world peace".
The New China Broadcasting Station up to 1949 had been under
the direct control and guidance of the Central Committee's Propa-
ganda Department. With the formalization of the government in Oc-
tober 1949, the newly-named Central People's Broadcasting Station
and all the other stations taken over in the regions, provinces and
municipalities were brought together under the administrative con-
trol of the Broadcasting Bureau, a part of the News Administration of
the Government Administration Council. Other organs also under the
News Administration from 1949 until the administration was dissolved
in August 1952, were the New China News Agency, 'he International
News Bureau, the News Photographs Bureau, and the Peking School
of Journalism. CH'IAO Kuan-hua was director of the International
News Bureau, with LIU Tsun-ch'i as his deputy. CH'IAO is one of
9
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For R WOA-RDP78-02646ROO01
the party's ablest international propaganda specialists, headed the
NCNA Hong Kong bureau from 1946 to 1948, was editor of People's
China, since 1949 has held important posts in the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, and is currently an assistant to the Foreign Minister. CH'IAO's
wife, KUNG P'eng, is director of the Information (Intelligence) Depart-
ment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which handles matters con-
cerning foreign news representatives in Communist China.
10
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Relea -02646R000100090001-7
III BROADCASTING FACILITIES
The facilities of the Broadcasting Administration Bureau in
Peking can be roughly broken down into:
a-The domestic broadcasting stations (the home, minorities
and Taiwan Services of the Central People's Broadcasting
Station) ;
b-The international broadcasting stations (the Central
People's Broadcasting Station services in Chinese dialects
and Radio Peking in foreign languages);
c-The Chinese News Broadcasting Station (the China Press
Agency service in voice at dictation speed interspersed with
music and directed to Overseas Chinese and the Chinese
vernacular press, largely in Southeast Asia);
d-The television stations;
e-Those employed in the monitoring of foreign newscasts,
particularly programs from non-Communist nations.
In January 1949 the Communists occupied Peking and took over
the North China Broadcasting Station in that city. By March, the party
had begun to use this facility and in October 1949 established this as
the Central People's Broadcasting Station. There were 32 privately-
owned broadcasting stations in China in 1950. Of these 22 were in
Approved For Releas 8-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For R "OMP78-02646ROO01
Shanghai, which by 1953 had been consolidated into 3 State-owned sta-
tions. By January 1954, the offices and studios of the Peking station,
as well as the offices of the Broadcasting Administration Bureau,
were moved to newly constructed buildings at Fuhsingmen in the western
sector of Peking on the bank of the Huihung River. An 11-story building
with 30 studios was reported to be under construction there in April
1958, having 170, 000 meters of floor space.
An interview with two of Japan's leading radio-television ex-
perts who visited the USSR and Communist China in 1960 (published in
Asahi of 1 September 1960) quotes them as stating that the BAB, the
Central People's Broadcasting Station (which controls all domestic
radio broadcasts), the Peking Broadcasting Station (which is in charge
of overseas broadcasts), and the Peking Television Station, are all
located in a 10-story building completed toward the end of 1958. There
is a television antenna 150-meters tall atop this building. Including
those used for overseas broadcasts, there are 24 radio studios in this
new building. These Japanese visitors were told that the building was
constructed under the guidance of Soviet experts, and they stated it
was better than any they saw in the USSR in terms of appearance and
equipment, surpassing even the new television station to be completed
in Leningrad in December 1960.
Approved F DP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 1 0 / 4 : CIA- - 2646R000100090001-7
Development of the radio broadcasting and television network,
of the relay stations, the rebroadcasting posts, and the listening post
program is provided for in the Party/Government 5-year plan, which
also include provisions for the production and acquisition of the trans-
mission and receiving equipment necessary to carry out these plans.
The BAB operates the Peking Central People's Broadcasting
Station and directs the regional, provincial and other stations through-
out the China mainland, as well as the network of rebroadcasting and
receiving posts. Being a state-owned enterprise, all those working
for the BAB are employees of the government.
By 1955 there was a total of 54 voice broadcasting stations in
addition to the Peking Central Station, with programs totaling over
580 hours a day, and about 5, 000 rebroadcasting posts in medium and
small cities, mines, industrial installations, villages, and cooperatives.
In addition to relaying programs originating from the Peking central
station, the 54 stations originated many programs of their own, and
five of these stations were in areas populated by ethnic minorities and
originated programs in the languages native to such areas.
On 16 December 1959 Radio Peking broadcast a news item to
Vietnam from which the following excerpts are quoted: "The country
(Communist China) now has a complete radio industry of its own,
Approved For Release 8-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Rel&596-199910724 ITT 1i
P78-026468000100090001-7
capable of producing receiving and transmitting equipment for medium
and short wave use as well as for high power transmission. The Peking
television broadcasting station- -China's first--began its casts officially
in 1958. Its entire equipment had been produced locally in China. The
transmission power of the various broadcasting stations throughout
China is 4. 8 times higher than during the 12 years from 1928 to 1947
under the KMT sway. Not only have we highpower transmission equip-
ment but also a wide receiving system throughout our country. In the
national program for agricultural development it was stipulated that
the broadcasting system in rural areas should be expanded. By the first
six months of this year (1959), over 7, 000 relay stations and some tens
of thousands of receiving posts had been set up throughout the country,
with people's communes acquiring more than 4, 000, 000 pieces of re-
ceiving equipment. There are receivers in the huge rural areas, in
villages situated some thousands of meters above sea level, in Mon-
golian huts in live-stock breeding areas, and on fishing boats....
Broadcasting has become an instrument to strengthen relations between
the party and government and the masses of the working people....
Every year our station receives tens of thousands of ardent letters
from listeners throughout the world.."
Communist China has leaned heavily upon technicians assigned
by and equipment purchased from the USSR, Czechoslovakia and
Approved For Release 1999168/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Relea 78-02646R000100090001-7
East Germany in the construction of technical facilities. While the
radio and television industry in Communist China is years behind other,
technically advanced countries in the production of radio transmission
and receiving equipment, a strenuous and apparently successful effort
is being made under the series of 5-year plans to produce recorders,
transformers, microphones, receivers, and other radio instruments
and equipment.
15
Approved For Release _ 99 Q_ / a~_cin_If78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For WPIRVTFWRDP78-02646ROO0100090001-7
IV DOMESTIC BROADCASTING SERVICES
There are several types of domestic broadcast services broken
down as follows:
a-The home services, broadcast nationwide from Peking on
short-wave and medium-wave.
b-Peking broadcasts in appropriate dialects to minority nation-
alities on short-wave, relayed by regional and local stations in
the areas where these minorities reside.
c-Broadcasts from Radio Peking to Taiwan on short-wave, re-
layed by coastal medium-wave stations.
d-Broadcasts originated at the regional and local stations through-
out the China mainland.
e-Programs picked up from broadcasts by relay stations and
transmitted to the thousands of receiving posts over an extensive
wired rediffusion network.
f-Television programs over 18 stations serving major pop-
ulated areas.
Three home (nationwide domestic) broadcasts originate from
Radio Peking. These broadcasts are in Mandarin and parts of these
services are relayed or rebroadcast by regional and municipal sta-
tions throughout Communist China. Home broadcasts were initiated
prior to 1944.
Approved For Release 1999/G&/24 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Relea P78-02646R000100090001-7
The.regional and municipal broadcast stations also originate
some programs of their own, the program material being subject to
the control of the party-supervised editorial committees of each of
these stations. There are three services broadcast by the Central
People's Broadcasting Station in Peking intended to reach only the
local audience in Peking and its environs. There are six such local
broadcasts originating with the station in Shanghai, serving that city
and its surrounding area. Regional broadcasts began after the Chinese
Communist takeover in 1949.
Radio Peking originates broadcasts to minority nationalities
on short-wave in Chuang, Korean, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Uighur.
These programs are picked up by stations in the appropriate areas and
either rebroadcast or rediffused over the wired network. Programs in
Tibetan and Mongolian began in 1950; in Korean and Uighur in 1956; and
in Chuang in 1957.
In February 1950 special programs of 3 1/2 hours a week for
Taiwan began as a part of the East China Regional Service out of
Shanghai. By September 1950 it had increased to 12 1/4 hours weekly
of local programs and 7 hours of relayed programs from Peking. These
are considered as domestic broadcasts in line with the Chinese Com-
munist contention that Taiwan is but a part of China "not yet liberated".
Approved For Relea WWWM-02646RO001
 Approved For Re 78-02646R000100090001-7
The service direct from Peking to Taiwan began in August 1954 and had
increased to nearly 119 hours weekly by August 1960. With the Chinese
Communist attack on the offshore islands, the Chinese People's Army
Fukien Front Broadcasting Station began operations in September 1958,
and as of August 1960 its weekly output directed to Quemoy totaled about
46 hours of local programs and 13 1/2 hours of Peking relays.
A-WIRED BROADCASTING
When the Chinese Communists came to power in 1949 there was
no radio-diffusion network similar to that in the USSR. This broad-
casting or rediffusion system, picking up programs originating from
the Central People's Broadcasting Station, from the regional and pro-
vincial stations, and from the many relay stations, was said by the
mainland press to have numbered 1, 591 wired broadcasting stations
tied in with 590, 000 loudspeakers scattered throughout Communist
China in communes, industrial plants, mines, railroad stations and
trains, schools, and other locations where they reach large audiences.
No valid figures are available as to the number of radio receiving
sets privately owned in Communist China, but the network of listening
posts, bringing the Party propaganda line and directives, as well as
the tailored domestic and foreign news directed to captive audiences,
largely obviates the necessity for individual ownership of receivers.
18
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Releas t"M-02646ROO0100090001-7
By September 1955 the BAB claimed to have a network of some
20, 000 receiving posts with units of the armed forces, and 10, 000 re-
ceiving posts in rural districts. Domestic broadcasts from the Peking
central facility were said to have increased from 7 1/2 hours of pro-
grams daily in 1949 to 19 hours a day in 1955, of which 30% were of a
political nature.
The two Japanese radio-television executives who visited Com-
munist China in 1960 were quoted in the Tokyo press as stating they
were told that there are 138 radio broadcasting stations through the
China mainland, and that six million receiving sets are in use, half of
them ordinary receivers, the other half closed-circuit (wired) ones.
Major attention in production of radio receivers seems to have
been on the very cheap models copied from Japanese and other foreign
equipment, and the distribution of their receivers among the Chinese
residing overseas as well as among the peoples of Southeast Asia to
enable them to listen in on the extensive and expanding short-wave
voice broadcasts beamed over the Chinese Communist international
circuits. There is now no radio license fee in Communist China and,
since the only registration of receivers is by the Public Security
Bureaus, no accurate estimate of the number of sets now in private
hands is possible. One source reported that there were about 2, 000, 000
receivers in the entire nation in 1948, that the number may have
19
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Re MPJWP78-02646ROO01
increased to more than 4, 000, 000 by the end of 1957, and that most of
them were old pre-war Japanese sets or imported from the Soviet bloc
nations, although their production in mainland plants has notably increased.
A report on world radio communications issued by UNESCO in
1956 estimated that there were then 60 large radio stations in Com-
munist China, 165 low-powered transmitters in operation, and the
number of receiving sets was estimated at 1, 500, 000. Another report
stated that as of the end of 1956 there were 63 major broadcasting facili-
ties on the China mainland. Still another report stated that at the end
of 1957 there were 60 large broadcasting stations and in this report it
was estimated that there were 1, 500, 000 radio receivers and 1, 300, 000
wired speakers. It is believed that the number of broadcasting stations
decreased from 71 (with 176 transmitters) in November 1952 to 59 in
1954. A broadcast over the Fukien provincial station in February 1960
stated that the wired broadcasting system in one county alone in Fukien
Province was reaching an estimated 600, 000 cadres, workers, peasants
and People's Liberation Army personnel with its program of lectures
on "MAO Tse-tung's thinking."
A survey made by the Journal of the Federation of Japan Electri-
cal Communication Industrial Associations in September 1956 said that
the Communist Chinese regime planned to have 2, 173 broadcasting
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Releas 46R000100090001-7
stations and 1, 346, 322 speakers throughout the country by the end of
1956, with 43, 633 receiving centers, 25, 205 of these in producer's
cooperatives.
The National Conference on Rural Postal and Telephone Ser-
vices held in Peking in December 1955, adopted a 7- to 12-year pro-
gram to extend wire-line broadcasting facilities to all rural areas,
envisioning 500, 000 speakers by the end of 1956, and 6, 700, 000 speakers
by 1962 in rural areas distributing propaganda from 5, 600 central stations.
A publication of the State Statistical Bureau was issued in Pek-
ing in September 1959, titled The Great 10 Years -- Statistics on Eco-
nomic and Cultural Achievements of the People's Republic of China in
which it was said "In 1958, there were more than 6, 700 wired broad-
casting stations, compared with 327 in 1952, a 20-fold increase. Among
them, rural commune broadcasting stations comprised more than 5, 000
and a rural broadcasting network was basically established. "
An article by Sripati Chandrasekhar, Indian social scientist,
upon his return from a trip to Communist China in February 1959 con-
tained the following comments:
"Another thing that no one can escape is the
ubiquitous wired radio loudspeaker. The radio blares
away at you in the bus, in the train, in the trolly, in
sleepers and dining cars, on street corners, in villages,
21
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Re W4WP78-02646ROO01
town and cities -- just about everywhere.
"And what does this radio pour out day and
night? It is the most important medium for ap-
proved news -- news of the nation's progress,
industrial output, how to make a smelter, how to
defeat the American imperialists, how to be a
good Communist, how to be neat, how to de-
nounce the rightists and a thousand other things,
interspersed with Chinese opera and marching
songs.
"The reason behind the loudspeaker is
really a simple one. In a far-flung nation of
650, 000, 000, where literacy is not widespread
and where, consequently, the printed word is
relatively ineffective, the only way to reach
the citizen is via the radio in the relaying loud-
speaker that cannot be controlled and cannot even
be turned off. "
Two qualified radio television observers who visited Communist
China early in 1960 reported that television was formally inaugurated
Approved For Rp1-s?.a.aaa~n915 _c.,~np78 02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 19 - 646R000100090001-7
in Peking in September 1958, after experimental testing beginning the
previous April. The Peking Television Station is located in the same
building with the central broadcasting facilities and Radio Peking. The
television station has three studios, one of 600, another of 150 and the
third of 30 square meters; six cameras and two relay cars. Some are
Soviet-made and others are produced in Communist China. The station
also has a hall that can seat 1, 200 persons. Soviet technicians assisted
in building the station. These observers were told that the Peking Tele-
vision Station had video output power of 2. 5 kilowatts and audio output
power of 5 kilowatts. There are 18 television stations on the mainland in-
cluding those in Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai, Canton, Wuhan, Nanking,
Mukden, Changchun, Harbin, Anshan, and Tsingtao, some of them relay
stations. Because of the limited microwave transmission system, films
are used in most cases for network broadcasts.
A technician who had worked in Communist China as an advisor re-
ported that a system of 20 to 30 microwave links, each with a capacity of
240 to 300 channels and operated on a frequency of 4, 000 megacycles, had
been built there by the end of 1959.
The Peking Television Station broadcasts 3 hours daily from 6:30
to 10 p. m. , plus 3 hours from 9 a. m. to noon on Sundays. Programs con-
sist of newsreels, educational programs stressing public morality, des-
criptions of drama, singing, music, and many newscasts. Half of the
20, 000 television receiving sets are in and around Peking. Produced in
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For a P78-02646R000100090001-7
Tientsin, a 17-inch set costs about 75, 000 yen. There are few privately
owned sets, most of them being in communes and other organizations or
central points.
24
Approved For Relea 999/0~~24-_~A-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 8-02646R000100090001-7
V INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING SERVICES
Although there were possibly some broadcasts beamed to foreign
listeners prior to 1949, the service did not develop into one of im-
portance until after the Chinese Communists acquired the facilities of
Radio Peking in 1949.
Using high-powered transmitters, Radio Peking's international
voice broadcast services as of September 1960 included programs total-
ing more than 510 hours per week, which is a larger volume than any
other international broadcasting service except for Radio Moscow, the
British Broadcasting Corporation, and the Voice of America.
The international services use 19 short-wave transmitters,
several of which have 120 kilowatts of power. The first of the more
powerful transmitters came into operation in January 1956. One short-
wave transmitter is shared with the domestic voice broadcast services.
Three medium-wave transmitters are also used by the international
voice services. Two new powerful medium-wave transmitters were
completed in South China in 1960 .
The following tabulation indicates the rapid growth of Communist
China's international voice broadcasting service, which includes news
and propaganda broadcasts, music and other programs:
Approved For Release 1999/08/24 : CJA-RDP-78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For R P78-02646R000100090001-7
Period
1949
End of 1950
End of 1955
End of 1956
End of 1959
End of September 1960
Program hours per week
31 hours (Chinese Communist claim)
49 hours
78 hours, 45 minutes
155 hours, 45 minutes
353 hours, 30 minutes
511 hours (an increase of 940% over 1950)
Most of the news programs on these voice broadcasts are taken
from the New China News Agency file, propaganda items are some-
time, prepared by the Party organs or picked up from editorials pub-
blished in the Party-controlled press, while other items originate
from government offices such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
International voice broadcasts are presently made in at least
19 foreign languages, in addition to five Chinese dialects: Mandarin,
Cantonese, Amoy, Hakka and Chaochow (Taishan was formerly used
in some broadcasts to North America but was discontinued). The most
commonly used foreign language in September 1960 was English (112
hours a week), followed by Japanese (31 1/2 hours a week), and Spanish
(28 hours weekly). Other languages used are: French, Arabic, Thai,
Indonesian, Vietnamese, Korean, Laotian, Burmese, Cambodian,
Malay, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, German, Portuguese, and Italian.
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24 : A- 8-02646R000100090001-7
Programs in Arabic to North Africa and the Middle East have increased
significantly since they began in November 1957. Those in Spanish to
South and Central America have more than tripled in volume since they
were begun in December 1957. Radio Peking began a schedule of seven
hours of Portuguese language broadcasts directed to the Portuguese
colonies in Africa in October 1960.
In May 1955 programs beamed from Radio Peking or via relay
stations directed to communities of Chinese residing overseas totaled
11 1/2 hours daily in five Chinese dialects.
Radio Peking voice broadcasts seem to be received adequately
in all target areas. Communist China is not a member of the Interna-
tional Telecommunications Union, and therefore is not bound by agree-
ment between members of the body regulating use of short-wave broad-
cast frequencies.
Generally speaking, announcers and translators presenting the
foreign language broadcasts are capable, and have good accent and
diction. Most appear to be Chinese who were either born or educated
in the countries whose languages they use. However, foreigners re-
cruited from or by the Communist Parties in their home countries have
gone to Peking to work in the sections which prepare and present pro-
grams in their native languages.
Approved For Relea 8-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For -RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
A commonly used device in the Chinese Communist propaganda
program is to beam back to their native countries, in the native lang-
uage, broadcasts participated in by foreigners visiting the mainland
either as individuals or as members of delegations. Similarly, Chinese
returning to Peking from visits abroad, particularly outside the Com-
munist orbit, are used to exploit their trip with speeches beamed back
to the countries they visited. Such use is also made of Chinese who have
resided overseas and know the foreign language, and of others who are
returning to the mainland either as visitors or to reside there permanently.
These broadcasts, as well as the answers and comments given on the
"Listeners Letter Box", a regular feature on the English and Japanese
language programs and broadcasts in Mandarin to Southeast Asia, are
heavy with propaganda appeals for recognition of Communist China,
arguements for the opening or expansion of trade, encouragement of
cultural exchanges and tirades against "U. S. imperialism and
colonialism.
"Listeners Letter Box" is also among the programs beamed
to Latin America. On 4 April 1960, ostensibly in reply to questions
concerning Communist China radio broadcasting service from a listener
in Columbia, a reply was read in Spanish beamed to Central America,
Mexico and the Antilles which claimed that whereas in the Central
Broadcasting Station operated 15 years ago in a cave, it was now in a
28
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Relea 78-02646R000100090001-7
"real palace", one of the most beautiful buildings in Peking; that it was
part of an organization of powerful transmitters and an extensive net-
work of receiving stations; that the central station had dozens of studios,
magnetic recording equipment, four large artistic groups and its own
orchestra; and that it broadcasts in 26 languages (24 are actually on
Radio Peking, while taped programs in 2 Russian languages are broad-
cast on Soviet transmitters). In this same broadcast Radio Peking told
of plans to inaugurate programs in Portuguese; claimed that production
of long, medium and short-wave receivers in Communist China exceeded
350, 000 per year, and that many letters were received from Latin
American listeners.
From the beginning of their broadcasting enterprise in 1945, the
central broadcasting station has solicited listener response. An article
in the Kuang-po Ai-hao-che in September 1955 claimed that letters re-
ceived from the domestic audience were at an annual rate of 80., 000, and
those from the foreign listeners in 48 countries were at the rate of 6, 6 00
People's China magazine for October 1956 claimed that the
Chinese Communist broadcasting organization had made contact, direct
or indirect, with opposite numbers in 38 countries, and had joined the
International Broadcasting Organization (OIR --international communist
front organization). The name of this organization has now been changed
Approved For Release 1999/08/249 CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Rel P78-02646R000100090001-7
to International Radio and Television Organization (OIRT), and Communist
China is a member.
Formal broadcasting agreements have been negotiated between
the Chinese Communist Government and all 10 countries of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc whereunder there is an exchange of taped and recorded entertainment
and "cultural" programs. These agreements provide for the exchange of
personnel for training as announcers. Motion pictures for use on Cuban
television have been sent from Peking to the Havana bureau of the New
China News Agency. Arrangements also have been made with private
commercial broadcasting stations in Burma, Indonesia and Japan (the
Japanese Commercial Broadcasting Corporation of Tokyo is an example)
for the exchange of program material. Such material is not usually
blatant propaganda but is more subtle, stressing the cultural and other
advancements in China and other aspects of "people's diplomacy".
Mention should also be made of the clandestine services rendered
to the Communist cause by the Broadcasting Administration Bureau.
Facilities of the Central People's Broadcasting Station in the Western
suburbs of Peking are known to have been used beginning in 1952 to broad-
cast the Radio Free Japan voice programs (with an output of 500 kw)
beamed to Japan as the mouthpiece of the Communist Party of Japan
(CPJ). These programs were discontinued in late 1955. Radio Free
Approved For R DP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 8-02646R000100090001-7
Japan was staffed by about 80 Japanese, many of them CPJ members,
who were among the Japanese nationals stranded in Communist China
at the end of the war or who had been brought to Peking through clan-
destine channels. Most of this staff was repatriated in 1958. It has
been reported that the clandestine pro-Communist Free Vietnam and
Free Thailand programs were broadcast over BAB facilities.
Approved For Release ~000 i2a r-ln,Rnp78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For R DP78-02646R000100090001-7
VI PRESS TRANSMISSIONS
The Red China News Agency had been founded in January 1932
at the capital of the Chinese Soviet Zone in Kiangsi as a component of
the Red China Newspaper Agency and probably supplied the news car-
ried on the morse code broadcasts. By September 1937, the news agency
was established as a department of the New China Newspaper Agency
under the title New China News Agency (NCNA) and by 1939 was made
a separate organ of the Party. Also by 1937, the Party had established
more than 100 newspapers serving the Communist military forces and
the border regions of North and Central China which received Party
directives 0and the New China News Agency file, still in morse code?
At that time equipment of the NCNA is said to have consisted of one
100-watt transmitter and two 3-tube receiving sets, all old, rebuilt
equipment. To obtain news from the Nationalist-held areas of the China
mainland, the KMT Central News Agency broadcasts were monitored.
The NCNA also monitored newscasts sourced to the Domei News Agency
in Tokyo, the French Havas News Agency, and some broadcasts over
the TASS and Transocean circuits.
When the News Administration of the State Council was abolished,
the International News Bureau and News Photographs Bureau apparently
were placed under the New China News Agency, which, in 1952 was made
a special agency under the State Council, while the Broadcasting Bureau
Approved For Release 1999/0/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release IA- P78-02646R000100090001-7
became the Broadcasting Administration Bureau (BAB), another special
An article in the 25 August 1957 issue of the Peking periodical
News and Publishing describing the monitoring of foreign newscasts in
the 1930's said in part: "Important items received went to the press and
the remainder was sent to responsible persons of the Party, the military
and the administration, for reference. For news distribution, the Agency
(NCNA) had then a 100-watt transmitter for domestic broadcast at 1, 500
words a day, containing important foreign and domestic news items for
the progressive groups, underground Party organs and United Front
organizations in the country. The coverage in the main introduced the
progress of construction and work in the frontier zone.... With the out-
break of the July 7th incident in 1937.... its interception of foreign news-
casts broadened to the extent that people of the frontier zone and other
anti-Japanese bases were kept well informed of the international and
domestic developments. Its newscasts rose from 1, 500 words to 4, 000
to 5, 000 words a day. By 1939 it had five instead of two 3-tube receiving
sets and its 100-watt transmitter was replaced with a 500-watt transmitter
for domestic broadcasts.
"In 1941, it set up a communication station, linking direct with
its sub-bureau in the field headquarters of the Eighth Route Army and
strengthening its reporting on the progress of the war. At the time of
33
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Rele MRIMW8-02646ROO01
the Japanese capitulation (1945), the Agency already was in regular con-
tact with its sub-bureaus and branches (6 or more). The Station was
then using a small 15-watt transceiver and a 15-watt hand-operated
motor. The Agency began its English broadcast to foreign countries
in 1942, twice a day 1 1/2 to 2 hours each. In 1943, it built up a
voice broadcast for listeners in the country. The Agency's reporting,
dissemination of the Party's measures and politics, transmission of
the Central Committee's directives, promotion of the exchange of work
experiences and direction of the nation's work and struggle, gave the
Agency the role of a national paper....
"At that time (about 1946 or 1947), it broadcast 8, 000 to 12, 400
words per day covering domestic and foreign news. In 1948, it received
from 30 radio stations broadcasts of foreign news, and established in
the same year, its first foreign bureau in Prague....
"The New China News Agency has 31 sub-bureaus in various
provinces and the capitals of autonomous regions as well as in Peking,
Shanghai, Tientsin, and Anshan, in the volunteer army, and on the sea
fronts. These bureaus send to the head office about 50, 000 words a
day.... The Agency has 23 foreign bureaus (1957).... (which) send to the
head office a wordage of 10, 000 per day.... At the receiving end (Peking
and Shanghai), the Agency takes down the broadcasts from more than 40
stations of the 30 foreign news agencies, totaling about 300, 000 words
34
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release : -02646R000100090001-7
(English) and 281 hours per day in radioteletype, hellschreiber and morse
code although only morse code was monitored in 1949. The method of
foreign transmission, which was only in morse code last year (1956), has
been improved to include radioteletype and hellschreiber, raising the ef-
ficiency by one to two-fold. The Agency has as large as 50-kilowatt
transmitters now; before 1949 it had only one-kilowatt transmitters. Its
domestic broadcasts are delivered by the copying (hellschreiber) method
at 6, 000 words per hour, faster by one-fold than the 3, 000 words per hour
hellschreiber used in 1956, and more than three-fold the 1, 700 words per
hour in morse code. Against the 500-watt transmitters which the Agency
had before 1949, it now has 10-kilowatt transmitters for domestic broad-
cast. "
A-DOMESTIC PRESS SERVICES
The article in News and Publishing goes on to describe the five
categories of newscasts which are summarized as follows:
Words transmitted
Method of
per day in 1957
Transmission
Central newspaper and radio
62, 000 (of which
hellschreiber
stations
32, 000 were domestic,
30, 000 foreign news)
Regional, Provincial and
35, 000
municipal newspapers
Small City Newspapers
6,000
hellschreiber and
voicecasts (dictation)
Rural Newspapers
3, 500
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: 9~A-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release -02646R000100090001-7
2. Foreign
English* 8, 000 to 12, 000 Via 9 separate
channels by radio-
teletype, morse code
and hellschreiber*
Russian for TASS 8, 000 to 10, 000 Twinplex radio-
teletype
*Radio teletype to London, hellschreiber to Prague, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Karachi,
and morse code to Southern Europe, Cairo, Pyongyang, Hanoi and Yalta.
There are three principal domestic newscast services, consisting
principally of the NCNA file and items from the party-controlled Peking
press. A news dictation service is broadcast in a volume of approximately
36 hours a week, one program in the morning for county level newspapers
and radio stations, and another program in the afternoon for the county
level press. Another service, amounting to 84 1/2 hours a week, is trans-
mitted in Chinese hellschreiber (facsimile principle which is received in
characters on tape) to the domestic press. This service is also beamed on
one transmitter to Hong Kong and can be received well in Vietnam. A
third service in in Chinese numerical code beamed to the provincial level
press, amounting to approximately 49 hours a week, and includes selected
items from the Chinese hellschreiber service. This provided a total of
169 1/2 hours a week of news in early 1960 intended specifically for use in
the press and by radio stations. No statistics are available on the present
total wordage broadcast on these newscasts.
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 1 G"It '07 - 646R000100090001-7
-ft
News broadcast in voice over the domestic and international chan-
nels originates from several sources. Some of the material is in the
form of Party and government directives originating from Peking. Most
of this news is gathered by the NCNA bureaus throughout China and chan-
neled through the BAB editorial committee in Peking. Editorials broad-
cast are selected from the Party's official newspaper in Peking, Jen-min
Jih Pao (People's Daily), in addition to the other news items, editorials
and propaganda from such papers as the Liberation Daily, China Youth
Daily, the Daily Worker and the Kwangming Daily.
News from outside China comprises that obtained from NCNA of-
fices and correspondents abroad, and that acquired through monitoring of
newscasts originating in other countries, principally from TASS, Reuters,
Agence France Presse, and news broadcasts from American and Japanese
stations. This monitoring is done at Peking and Shanghai, and the items
to be given domestic distribution by broadcast and newscast for use by the
domestic press are carefully selected, edited and reshaped to conform with
Chinese Communist policy and the propaganda line, or to denigrate the
nations of the free world, particularly the United States. Official Chinese
Communist reactions to and comments on such foreign news events or
policy statements are compiled by the editorial committee on the NCNA
under supervision of the Foreign Ministry and the Communist Party, and
often broadcast within hours of the time the news is received in Peking.
37
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For R P78-02646R000100090001-7
Beginning 20 August 1955 the NCNA main file was transmitted over
hellschreiber (Chinese numeral code) in addition to morse in Chinese
numeral code. All items were first transmitted over hellschreiber and
repeated in morse. After 1 January 1956 the NCNA main file was trans-
mitted only in hellschreiber in Chinese numeral code. Selected items from
this file were given on a new service in morse in Chinese numeral code.
NCNA conducted test transmissions in Chinese script facsimile
beginning 1 August 1956. Gradual changover from hellschreiber trans-
mission (Chinese numeral code) to facsimile transmission (Chinese script)
began on 22 August 1956. By 3 September 1956, all hellschreiber trans-
missions (Chinese numeral code) had been changed over to facsimile trans-
missions (Chinese script- -handwritten, simplified Chinese characters
transmitted at approximately 90 characters per minute).
NCNA transmitted with directional antennae beginning 27 March
1957. By early December 1957, directional antennae were used extensively
in transmitting the NCNA main file over facsimile (Chinese script). NCNA
tested at 104 characters per minute on 18 and 19 November 1958 as com-
pared with the old speed of approximately 90 characters per minute.
Tests were conducted by NCNA with a "new type of characters" on
9 and 10 March 1960. Characters used in test transmissions were smaller
than the characters used in regular transmissions. The new characters
appeared to be mechanically printed whereas the characters previously
used were handwritten. Use of the new small characters, based on the
Approved For Release 1999/08P24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 46R000100090001-7
same number of program hours, would increase the volume of wordage by
up to 50 %.
B-INTERNATIONAL PRESS SERVICES
In addition there are a number of facilities used by the New China
News Agency for press transmissions from Peking to foreign countries.
A tabulation of these international press transmissions as of
January 1960 follows:
Language Target Area
English SE Europe/No. Africa
English Burma, Rangoon
English Indonesia, Djakarta
English Cairo (Middle East
News Agency)
Hours of
Type of Transmission Transmission
morse
morse
morse
morse
English Asia
English Europe
English Europe
English Europe & Asia
English Syria, Damascus
English Iraq, Baghdad
English Prague
French SE Asia
Spanish South America
16 1/2 hours daily
11 1/2 hours daily
13 1/2 hours daily
2 hours daily
hellschreiber. (facsimile) 17
hellschreiber (facsimile) 15
radio teletype
radio teletype
radio teletype
radio teletype
radio teletype
hellschreiber
morse
hours daily
hours daily
18 hours daily
hours daily
4 hours daily
8 1/4 hours daily
19 hours daily
2 hours daily
5 hours daily
(6 days a week)
39
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release -02646R000100090001-7
Spanish
Central America
morse
8
hours
(6 days a week)
Russian
Mowcow (TASS)
twinplex 2-way
circuit
20
hours daily
Mandarin
This is voice dictation of the China Press
Agency over the China News Broadcasting
8 1/2 hours daily
Station, Peking, intended for the Chinese
language press in Hong Kong and Southeast
Asia; varies in length and uses music as
fill-in-
This was a total in January 1960 of 177 3/4 hours of non-voice trans-
missions per day over international circuits on 6 days a week; 164 3/4 hours
on the seventh day; plus 8 1/2 hours daily of voice dictation, for a total of
1284 hours per week of press transmissions to foreign countries.
Some brief comments should be made concerning incoming foreign
news other than that obtained from the monitoring of the newscast schedules
of some of the foreign press services and the voice news broadcasts of the
principal radio stations of the world. Between Moscow and Peking there is
a twinplex teletype system with two channels. One side is used to tranmit
the TASS service to Moscow, and the other to send the NCNA news file
to Peking. A large volume of traffic passes over this circuit, which
operates 20 hours daily. Details are not available as to how the NCNA
bureaus and correspondents in Europe, particularly those in the Communist
40
Approved For Rele 8/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Relea - 2646R000100090001-7
bloc areas, transmit their file to Peking, but some of it goes via Moscow
and this twinplex circuit. Special arrangements may exist for the use of
circuits for the capitals of these bloc countries in exchange for equal time
on Peking commercial facilities for transmitting news from Communist
China by correspondents of these countries stationed in Peking. Point-
to-point facilities in Peking and all of these bloc capitals handle by radio
telegraph circuits much of the news and many of the service messages
passing to and from Peking. NCNA leases time on commercial trans-
mitters in various non-Communist countries in varying degrees. In
Indonesia, for example, NCNA leases whole transmission periods and
transmits a relatively large amount of news to Peking. This same pro-
cedure is followed in some other countries to a lesser degree. In some
countries the volume is small and is filed to Peking through the regular
commercial press facilities used by other news services and publications.
Detailed data are not available as to the nature of the agreements
signed between NCNA and the several non-Communist press services,
(Reuters, Agence France Presse, and ANTARA of Indonesia) through which
there is an exchange of their press files, but since there is no charge
for or copyright on the NCNA material, it is presumed that at least a part
of the international news files of these other services are also available to
the NCNA without charge. In view of the fact that all foreign news incoming
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Rele P78-02646R000100090001-7
to Communist China passes through Peking and is there screened and edited
by the NCNA before it is distributed for publication and broadcast, the
Chinese Communists are able to exercise censorship by omission, and to
delay, slant or twist this news in such a fashion as they may desire. Simi-
larly, because all news exiting from China is either contained in the NCNA
file or must be filed by foreign correspondents (bloc or non-bloc) to their
home offices through government controlled facilities in Peking, it is
possible to exercise complete control over news from the China mainland
which reaches the outside world. While dispatches filed by foreign cor-
respondents (including those from the Communist bloc) are not known to be
subjected to formal, overt censorship, the activities and dispatches of all
the foreign press (whether stationed in Peking or only transiting China)
are closely monitored and controlled by the Information (Intelligence) De-
partment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which can in effect impose a
form of censorship by restricting a correspondent's movements, contacts
and access to news, making his presence in China unproductive, if not
untenable.
Approved For Rele DP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Releas -02646R000100090001-7
VII ORGANIZATION OF THE BROADCASTING ADMINISTRATION
While under the close political and ideological control of the Central
Committee's Propaganda Department, the Broadcasting Administration
Bureau is administratively under the Staff Office for Culture and Educa-
tion of the State Council. All the broadcasting as well as the organiza-
tion for development of techniques and maintenance facilities, are under
the BAB, the organization of which is described on the attached chart.
As a wholly-owned organ of the State, the BAB and its activities as
well as the Central People's Broadcasting Station are financed out of the
State budget, as is the New China News Agency. The regional, provincial
and other voice broadcasting stations, as well as the relay stations and
wire broadcasting system are probably funded out of the budgets of the
administrative areas they serve. All employees of the BAB and the broad-
casting stations are government employees. No advertising is carried
other than for other organs of the state and local government, thus there
is no revenue from the operations of the broadcasting system. Funds to
cover the cost of operations are undoubtedly included within the culture
and education portions of the Central and local government budgets.
It has been reported that as of the end of 1957 approximately 3, 000
persons were employed in the Broadcasting Administration Bureau and the
Central People's Broadcasting organization, with about 1, 200 employed in
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: tA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For RMPPRDP78-02646ROO01
regional and local stations throughout the country. According to this report,
the BAB did not at that time employ any Soviet or other foreign technicians.
Chinese Communist Party Committees are to be found within the
BAB, the Central People's Broadcasting Station, and all the regional, pro-
vincial and other stations. These committees provide the party control
and furnish ideological guidance. There are also editorial committees in
the various divisions of the BAB and in the stations originating programs,
most of the members of which are undoubtedly assigned there by the Pro-
paganda Departments of the Central and lower level Party Committees. In
addition, the Party Committee and editorial committee of the NCNA and
China Press Agency control the contents of the press files made available
for newscasts carried on these broadcasting facilities.
The attached chart shows the organizational structure of the Broad-
casting Administration Bureau and the key personnel who have been identi-
fied. This chart is based on data from various reports and publications.
A considerable part of the information is dated in early 1958. In order to
make the chart more meaningful, it would be well to briefly describe the
functions and operations of the various component parts of the BAB. So
far as is known, the present organization of the BAB is substantially the
same as that approved by the State Council in April 1958.
Approved For Rele 78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release -02646R000100090001-7
Guidance and political control of the BAB stems from the Pro-
paganda Department of the CCP Central Committee. Administrative
control is under the State Council. The Staff Office for Culture and Educa-
tion of the State Council is the means of channeling direction to the BAB from
the State Council. LU Ting-i, Director of the Propaganda Department of
the Party, is one of 16 Vice Premiers of the State Council. HSU Mai-chin,
one of the five Deputy Directors of the Staff Office, is a propaganda special-
ist who has concentrated on the broadcasting phase of his specialty, was a
Deputy Director of the BAB from 1949 to about 1957, and is probably still
the responsible person in the Staff Office for broadcasting activities.
Director of the BAB is MEI I, a veteran CCP member with long
experience in the propaganda and broadcasting field, and believed by some
to head a broadcasting section of the Propaganda Department of the Central
Committee, although WEN Chi-tse, former Deputy of BAB, may hold
this position. MEI is also a member of the Board of Directors of the New
China News Agency. Deputy Directors of the BAB are CHIN Chao, CHOU
Hsin, KU Wen-hua, LI Wu, TSO Mo-yeh, TUNG Lin, and WEN Chi-tse.
Each has an area of specialty in the broadcasting field. It may be safely
said that all important posts in the BAB are held by CCP members.
The 11-member Party Committee of the BAB wields the real power
in the Bureau and the secretary of this committee (LI P'ing held the post
in 1958 and was also a member of the Central Editorial Committee)
45
Approved For Relea 9/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For ReI 78-02646R000100090001-7
maintains direct contact with the Party leaders in the State Council and
Propaganda Department of the CCP on matters involving policy. In addi-
tion, there are Party branches in the divisions and departments.
The Central Editorial Committee is basically responsible for the
content of material to be broadcast on the domestic and international ser-
vices, particularly that of a political nature. There is probably con-
siderable interlocking membership on this committee and the Party Com-
mittee. Its principal concern is with the material to be broadcast over
the international circuits. All scripts of importance are referred to higher
party organs and to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for review in advance of
broad casting.
CHOU Hsin-wu is reported to be Deputy Director of the BAB in
charge of the Administration Bureau, or Secretariat, which is believed-to
handle the day-to-day administrative work such as personnel and finance.
LI Wu is reported to be the Deputy Director of the Technical Staff
of the BAB under which falls the Basic Construction Bureau, responsible
for building and enlarging stations and studios, and the Radio Wave Con-
trol Bureau. A. Research Office (or Institute) for Radio Television ap-
pears also to be under the Technical Staff. Radio Peking on 19 January 1960
said: "A Radio Broadcast Research Institute has been established to guide
the study of radio broadcast and television techniques. Equipment for
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release -02646R000100090001-7
China's first television station, the Peking station, was designed and manu-
factured by this institute in concert with other departments. "
To little is known of this institute and its personnel to discuss it
in any detail, but it was undoubtedly created to conduct technical and scien-
tific research in the fields of radio and television. Director of the institute
was reported in April 1959 to be LIU Yung-yeh who in that month repre-
sented the BAB at the Asian regional meeting of the International Broad-
casting Organization in North Korea. Whether this institute is an inde-
pendent body or under the Academy of Sciences is not clear. In May 1959
announcement was made of the formation of an Institute of Radio Engineer-
ing and Electronics in Peking under the auspices of the Academy, headed
by KU Te-huan with MA T.a.-yu as deputy director. Both of these men had
been previously identified (1957) as being with the Academy of Science's
Institute of Electronics, which had a number of department's including ones
for ultrasonics and microwave study and development.
Radio Peking on 19 January 1960 stated "The state has also set up a
modern college, the Peking Broadcasting College, for the training of techni-
cal cadres to handle radio broadcasts, television editing, reporting, and re-
lated jobs. " This college is most likely a part of the general training pro-
gram under the Administration Bureau. Whether this is a part of or related
to the School of Journalism at Peking University is not known. The School
of Journalism was reported in early 1958 to have 350 students enrolled be-
ing trained for jobs with newspapers, news agencies and radio stations.
Approved For Release 1999/08/24 :CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
7
 Approved For -02646R000100090001-7
The Domestic Broadcasting Division, is headed by LIU Tsu-yun
(or LIU Tsu-lun) who is probably a member of the Central Editorial Com-
mittee. His deputy is CHIN Chao. This Division also has its own Editor-
ial Committee of which CHIN Chao is concurrently the head, to insure
compliance with the propaganda policies of the Party's Central Committee.
Members of this Editorial Committee include the director of the BAB,
some of the deputy directors, and the heads of the departments under this
division. There are seven departments under the Domestic Broadcasting
Division as follows:
News and Commentaries Department: Composed entirely of Party and
Youth League members, this department prepares and edits manuscripts
of commentaries and news items to be used in propaganda voice broad-
casts in support of the Party line. It probably also selects and processes
the news items from the NCNA file, incoming foreign news, and editor-
ials from the Party press and other newspapers which are to be trans-
mitted on the newscasts to the press throughout the China mainland. This
department has under it sections called Military Affairs, Industry, Agri-
culture, Current Affairs, and Political.
Regional Broadcasting Department: Maintains contact with the broad-
casting stations at regional, provincial and lower levels in matters in-
volving program content, personnel assignment, technical data, and
Approved For Release 1999/08/14: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 1 -02646R000100090001-7
programs originated locally. This department deals with the local Party
organizations having jurisdiction over the local stations on matters involv-
ing policy.
Peking (or Capital) Broadcasting Department: The Peking Central People's
Broadcasting Station is considered a local station in the network under the
BAB, but, being located in the capital city, it is administered and directed
by the Domestic Broadcasting Division of the BAB to ensure coordination
of policy and for reasons of economy. Radio Peking on 15 June 1960 named
WENG Szu-ying as "chief of the broadcasting unit of the Central People's
Broadcasting Station. "
Science and Culture Department: Its function is to develop and supervise
programs and manuscripts dealing with scientific, technicological and
cultural subjects.
Minority Nationalities Department: Directs the preparation of programs
and the operations of those facilities used to carry propaganda and news to
the ethnic minorities who are widely dispersed throughout Communist
China.
Children's Broadcasting Department: Supervises and prepares programs
intended for children up to middle school level.
Taiwan Broadcasting Department: Although this department is administrat-
ively under the Domestic Broadcasting Division because the Chinese
Approved For Release 2646R000100090001-7
 Approved For R MMMP78-02646RO001
Communists hold to the concept that Taiwan is a part of one China but
"not yet liberated", its programs and news broadcasts are under the
control of the Foreign Broadcasting Division and are subject to review
before broadcasting by Foreign Ministry specialists on Taiwan. This
department also receives close policy guidance from the United Front and
Propaganda Departments of the CCP Central Committee. It may also be
the department in which the Fukien Front (Quemoy) broadcasts and news-
casts are prepared and controlled.
Television Department: In view of the limited scope of the television
network, this was set up as a department of the Domestic Broadcasting
Division, but it is to be anticipated that as the network grows in size, it
will be converted into a separate division under the Broadcasting Adminis-
tration Bureau.
One of the features of the television programs is a so-called "tele-
vision university" inaugurated by the Peking station in February or March
1960, and by the Shanghai station on 6 April 1960. Lectures are given in
connection with courses in mathematics, physics and chemistry. An
NCNA newscast of 7 April 1960 stated that more than 8, 500 workers, pea-
s ants, government functionaries, and army officers gathered to listen
to the first Shanghai program.
According to a Radio Peking broadcast on 3 May 1960:
Approved For Rel Sglmg%iQWUSNWNPWtVP78-02646ROO01
 Approved For Release -02646R000100090001-7
"A radio and television university with 8, 000 students has now been
established in Shenyang, covering political theory, Chinese, Russian, and
agriculture in its broadcasting section and mathematics and physics in its
television section. A similar university with 11, 000 students has also been
set up in Harbin, the big Northeast China industrial center. Its broad-
casting section, which includes the study of Chinese and foreign languages,
is mainly for the training of teachers. The radio university of the Yenpien
Korean Autonomous Chou in Northeast China is divided into departments
for the convenience of the members of the people's communes. It has
courses in political theory, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and Chinese
and specialized courses in agriculture, animal husbandry, and mechanics.
In addition, the above departments or the division as a whole, most
likely have functional sections for general affairs, announcing, editing,
translation, typing and printing of manuscripts, library, music and drama,
recording, and others. News used on voice broadcasts is received from
the New China News Agency and as a result of monitoring the news of
foreign press agencies and radio stations. When the NCNA news file is
received by the BAB, it is in galley proofs or in hellschreiber on tapes.
Announcements and directives received from Central Party Headquarters
or from central government organs, particularly the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, are priority items which must be given special attention. The
Approved For Release 1QQQ19R~24:. -Ag78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Rele P78-02646R000100090001-7
BAB is also reported to have its own small staff or reporters. After edit-
ing and preparation of the news file in rough draft, it is checked by the
section or department head (and if necessary referred by him to higher
authority), then translated in the required language or dialect, typed in
finished form, and distributed to the appropriate section for broadcasting.
Commentaries are sometimes simply editorials picked up from the People's
Daily, or other official CCP publications. There is also a small group in
the News and Commentaries Department which prepares commentaries or
solicits them from appropriate Party or government organs.
The BAB suffered to some degree in the early days due to a short-
age of technical personnel, and up to 1958 from a lack of qualified writers.
Because both the BAB and NCNA are state-controlled organs, the writing
talents of their personnel are interchangeable. A similar situation pre-
vails fo far as professional musical and dramatic talent is concerned.
There was a report in 1957 that the name of the Domestic Broad-
casting Division would be changed to Central Broadcast General Bureau,
but such action has not been confirmed.
B-FOREIGN BROADCASTING DIVISION
Chief of this division is WEN Chi-tse, one of the deputy directors
of the BAB, with which he has been associated from at least 1952. WEN
has been active since then in negotiating broadcasting agreements with
Approved For Release 1999/0,8~2 ;_QIzq- P78-026468000100090001-7
 -7999701247- Approved For Release -R -02646R000100090001-7
other members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc and is one of Communist China's
most active participants in two of the international communist front organ-
izations, the International Organization of Journalists and the International
Broadcasting Organization, headquartered in Prague, of which he has been
a vice chairman since 1955. He may also head the Broadcasting Section
of the CCP Propaganda Department, and is believed to be director of the
International Liaison Division.
The Editorial Committee or Board under the Foreign Broadcasting
Division, composed largely of the heads of the departments under the divi-
sion, works in close harmony with the Party's Foreign Section and the
government Foreign Ministry on matters of radio broadcasting policy and
draws upon the talents of the area experts in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Senior members of this committee, according to one report, held
semi-monthly meetings with representatives of the Foreign Ministry, the
CCP Central Committee's International Liaison Department (Foreign
Section), the New China News Agency, People's Daily, and the "Fblitical
Affairs Study Group" (this is probably the Chinese People's Institute of
Foreign Affairs--PIFA). Sessions concerning English language programs
were said to be headed by HUANG Hua of the Foreign Ministry and director
of the Research Department of the PIFA. Programs directed to the Jap-
anese audience were reportedly under the guidance of LIAO Ch'eng-chih.
Approved For Release 1 nnn1f%Q1f%A .. 2646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Rele RWUP78-02646RO00100090001-7
The Editorial Board of this division, believed to be headed by TSOU
Shao-ch'ing, prepares the manuscripts for material to be used in foreign
broadcasts. Source material comes from the Foreign Ministry, the New
China News Agency, the People's Daily, other press agencies, and official
releases of the Party and government. While this department reviews the
news to be used on voice broadcasts, its principal task is to prepare pro-
grams of a political nature expounding the official Party line. The organ-
ization of the Editorial Board is as follows:
Secretariat Section: Handles personnel and administrative matters, in-
cluding those involving foreigners working for the division as area and
language specialists.
Data Section: Keeps a library which includes information for use as
reference material in preparing programs such as books, magazines and
newspapers from foreign countries.
Script and Correspondence Section: Prepares finished copies of manu-
scripts for use in broadcasting.
Domestic Section: Selects and rewrites domestic news items to suit
Chinese Communist goals as they apply to specific nations or areas to
which they are to be broadcast. This section has a small staff of re-
porters. It also writes introductions and announcements for use on en-
tertainment programs for foreign broadcast.
Approved For Re'% -??nir QA _r_in_RfP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release -02646R000100090001-7
News and Commentary Section: Prepares commentaries on international
news, analyses of international situations and political essays explaining
and defining Communist China's foreign policy and reactions to foreign
policy moves by other nations. The importance of the wcrk of this section
necessitates closest coordination with the Politburo through the BAB Party
Committee, and with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The staff of this
section is composed of highly trained Party theorists and propagandists.
English is reported to be the basic language, in addition to Chinese, used
in preparing the commentaries and analyses.
1-FIRST BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT
This department of the Foreign Broadcasting Division is headed by
TSO Mo-yeh, who is concurrently a deputy director of the BAB and pro-
bably a member of the BAB Party Committee. TSO reportedly was trans-
ferred to this post from the New China News Agency in 1955, is said to be
an influential theorist and specialist on international affairs, and to have
prepared studies on international problems, particularly concerning
Chinese Communist policy vis-a-vis the United States.
This department has five sections and four sub-sections. The
sections are broken down according to language: English, Arabic, French,
and Persian. The English section, the largest and most active, prepares
programs targeted at the U. S. , Britain, Canada and other English-speaking
Approved For Release 1 2646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release P78-02646R000100090001-7
areas, including areas where U. S. troops are stationed. The importance
of the English section is seen from the fact that the director and two of his
deputies, CHANG Hua and LI Te-pai, devote their efforts principally
toward the U. S. CHANG concentrates on attacking U. S. policies and
actions. LI, a former resident and citizen of the U. S. , may be a Cau-
casion, is reported to have taken the Chinese name when he joined the Com-
munists in Yenan in 1943, worked for the New China News Agency and as
a broadcaster, reportedly was in the USSR from 1951 to 1957, and his
specialty is said to be in editing manuscripts in English to insure ideomatic
accuracy. Another deputy head of this department is LI Yeh-shan, who is
reported to have returned from the USSR in 1957.
There are four sub-sections, for editing, announcing, compilation of
data and the filing of letters received from listeners. In addition to
Chinese repatriates who were born or lived for a time in the U. S. and
England, this department also employs non-Chinese as editors, writers
and announcers. One of these is the Eurasian wife of an English expatriate,
who is one of the English newscasters for Radio Peking. This expatriate
is an advisor to the English language department for the NCNA, and has been
in Peking for over 10 years as correspondent for a Communist publication.
The head of the BAB Arabic Section is a former member of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of Jordan who was hired while in
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Rele - 646R000100090001-7
exile in Syria in 1957 or 1958. Irene Hoa has been reported to be head of
the French Section. One announcer for the French broadcasts was re-
cruited by the Communist Party of a Western European country for a two
year tour of duty with Radio Peking. Similar use is made of foreign
nationals in preparing scripts for programs and acting as announcers.
It is of interest to note that two Sudanese, one of them an employee
of the Arabic Section of the Foreign Broadcasting Division of the BAB,
accompanied the Chinese Communist delegation to the Second Afro-Asian
Peoples' Conference in Conkary in April 1960 but efforts to have them
recognized as official Sudanese delegates to the conference were unsuc-
cessful.
Chief of the Editing Sub-section is LIN Ta- kuang, and WEI Lin
heads the Announcers Sub-section.
2-SECOND BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT
This department, of which CHANG Chi-ming is the head, prepares
and transmits the programs and news directed toward Asian targets. It
has five sections and four sub-sections, which are the same as the sub-
sections described under the First Broadcasting Department, above. The
sections are: Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Burma-Thailand, Laos-Cambodia,
and Vietnam. These sections are staffed by Chinese repatriates from these
areas and some nationals of these countries residing in Peking. Most of
Approved For Release -02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Relea P78-02646R000100090001-7
the material used on broadcasts to these areas originate in the Central
Editorial Department, although some programs are prepared by the de-
partment's own staff. Daily policy meetings and briefings are held at
which the heads of the sections and sub-sections meet with the members
of the Editorial Committee of the Foreign Broadcasting Division and re-
ceive the party and government instructions as to the official line based
on current developments. Particularly close attention is given to the
operations and activities of this department by the Party's Propaganda
Department, the Foreign Ministry and the Commission of Overseas
Chinese Affairs. Leading Party members who are specialists in each of
the areas act as advisors.
The Korean Section directs its attention to South Korea, and many
of the news items and propaganda statements are picked up and used by
the North Korean station in Pyongyang, in addition to the NCNA newscasts.
The Japanese Section, of which FANG Hisuan was the head, also
handled the programs which were broadcast over the Radio Free Japan
facilities in China from 1952 to 1955. This section is the most important of
the five sections and has the largest staff. There are five sub-sections
of the Japanese Section as follows: Editing, News Translation, Informa-
tion Editing and Translation, Announcers, and Letters/Correspondence.
Nationals of the several country sections employed at Radio Peking were
Approved For a "NIPRDP78-02646ROO01
 Approved For Releas 78-02646R000100090001-7
reported to be mostly members of their respective Communist parties.
In the Japanese Section these were mostly persons who were stranded in
China at the end of World War II. Those used as announcers on the
former Radio Free Japan could not be used for the Radio Peking Jap-
anese broadcasts, otherwise they would reveal the fact that Radio Free
Japan operated from Peking. These persons are reported to have been
among the Japanese repatriated in 1957-58 and they were replaced by
other JCP members who departed Japan for Peking via clandestine chan-
nels.
The Vietnamese Section, headed by YEH Chi-tung was divided
into two parts, one for South Vietnam, and one for North Vietnam. Pro-
grams in Malayan are also believed to be handled in the Second Broad-
casting Department as well as broadcasts in the several Chinese dialects
intended for the large audience of Chinese residing overseas in these
areas (estimated at over 13, 000, 000).
3-THIRD BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT
The principal section of this department is the USSR Section. All
work in this section is said to be done in Russian and its personnel are
reportedly to be mostly foreigners. There may also be a section which
prepares programs to be presented in other Sino-Soviet Bloc countries
under the cultural exchange agreements. Russian is not one of the
major foreign languages used in Peking's foreign broadcasts, nor are
Approved For Release 1999/08/24 :5 1A-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Re 8-02646R000100090001-7
programs broadcast in other languages of the Bloc on a regular basis.
The major function of the USSR Section is believed to be the preparation
of taped programs in Russian languages, which are sent to the USSR and
broadcast over Soviet transmitters. These taped programs are called
"Govorit Pekin".
Also under this department are sections which prepare and broad-
cast programs in Spanish, Turkish, Indian, Portuguese, German, and
possibly Pakistani and Italian. YANG Lin-chang has been reported to be
head of the Spanish Section. Increasing emphasis has been placed by
Radio Peking since 1957 in developing the Spanish programs to Central and
South America, and the Portuguese programs beamed to Brazil and the
Portuguese colonial areas in Africa. It has been reported that several
members of the Brazilian Communist Party were employed by the BAB in
Peking, preparing the programs in Portuguese which began in April 1960.
4-OVERSEAS CHINESE BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT
This department directs its efforts 'toward voice broadcasts in
the Chinese dialects (Mandarin, Cantonese, Amoy, Hakka and Ch'achou).
While intended to reach all Chinese residing overseas in Europe, the
Near East and the Western Hemisphere, its programs and news broadcasts
are targeted largely against the vast numbers throughout Southeast Asia,
Japan, Korea, Hong Kong and the Philippines. The CCP United Front
60
Approved For Rele 1 99/08/24 ? P78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release I I - P78-02646R000100090001-7
Department, the Commission of Overseas Chinese Affairs, the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs and the CCP Propaganda Department are all involved
in policy matters with regard to the activities of this department.
As heretofore mentioned, the programs directed to Taiwan are
administratively under the Domestic Broadcasting Division, but the policy
and preparation of these broadcasts are under the supervision of the
Central Editorial Committee of the BAB. Whether there is a separate
Taiwan Broadcasting Department (also preparing the Fukien Front pro-
grams) or this is a task of the military or of one of the other departments
under the Foreign Broadcasting Division, is not determined.
C-INTERNATIONAL LIAISON DEPARTMENT
This department works in close harmony with the CCP Central
Committee's International Liaison Department (Foreign Section) and with
the Foreign Ministry. Apparently its primary mission is to arrange
agreements for the exchange of program materials, tapes and manuscripts,
with government and privately owned radio stations of other countries,
principally those of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, but also including others such
as those in Japan and Indonesia. Although the personnel of this depart-
ment are not known, it is interesting to note that HSIUNG Fu, Secretary
General of the CCP Propaganda Department, has been identified in various
broadcasts in a manner which would indicate that he is also engaged in the
Approved For Release r-to-u2646ROO0100090001-7
 Approved For Release ?91J1MM1RV&T8-02646R00
work of the CCP International Liaison Department. This may mean that he
directs the activities of this department under the BAB.
Also under the BAB is a department, which, for want of a known
title, will be called the Special Programs Department. This unit is pro-
bably directly under the Central Editorial Department, subject to Foreign
Ministry supervision In 1958, it began broadcasting daily programs in-
tended for reception by Chinese Communist embassies and official in-
stallations abroad. Composed of special news and commentaries on Chinese
Communist reaction to international affairs and situations, this material
may form the nucleus of the bulletins published by some embassies for dis-
tribution to selected government offices, publications, Overseas Chinese
and others in the nations where Communist China has diplomatic installa-
tions.
It is probable that the International Liaison (Foreign) Department
of the CCP Central Committee supervises the participation of representa-
tives of the Chinese Communist broadcasting enterprise in the Interna-
tional Broadcasting and Television Organization (OIRT), international Com-
munist front, with headquarters in Prague, Czechoslovakia. WEN Chi-
tse, director of the BAB Foreign Broadcasting Division, has been a vice
president of the OIR since 1955, and there is believed to be at least one
representative of Communist China on the OIR permanent secretariat in
Prague. It is also believed that some Chinese from BAB are assigned as
62
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 78-02646R000100090001-7
announcers on Chinese programs broadcast over Radio Moscow.
D-FOREIGN RADIO MONITORING DIVISION
This facility under the BAB, staffed by Party and Young Communist
League members, monitors radio broadcasts on a world-wide basis. As
early as 1937 the Chinese Communists were monitoring news broadcasts
by the Chinese Nationalist Central News Agency, Domei News Agency of
Tokyo, the French Havas News Agency, and some over the TASS and Trans-
ocean circuits. Only limited information is available concerning this ser-
vice, but in addition to monitoring these news broadcasts, they may be
tape-recorded, and translated and transcribed where necessary. The edit-
ing staff of this division uses this monitored news in preparing bulletins
covering the international news, issued every two hours. These news
briefs are printed in a limited quantity, classified "confidential", and
distributed to a select group of Party and government leaders, particularly
in the Central Party headquarters, the Foreign Ministry and New China
News Agency. The head of this monitoring facility is a former NCNA
executive.
Some visitors to Peking have expressed surprise at the amount of
current information on world events that is at the fingertips of Chinese Com-
munist Party and government leaders, and Peking Radio frequently reacts
to happenings and foreign political actions within a few hours of their
Approved For Release -02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Releas P78-026468000100090001-7
occurence. It is probable that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and possi-
bly the People's Institute of Foreign Affairs (PIFA), an adjunct of the
Foreign Ministry, prepare daily political analyses which are given limited
circulation among the Chinese Communist top echelon. A former to of-
ficial of one of the satellite political parties in Communist China stated that
the PIFA, headed by CH'IAO Kuan-hua, assistant to the Foreign Minister,
translated foreign publications and prepared a daily international affairs
digest which was circulated only to high officials in the party and govern-
ment concerned with foreign affairs and foreign policy. The New China
News Agency issued two daily restricted publications for circulation to de-
partment heads and above. One of these, Reference Data was a large
volume containing news dispatches from news services such as AP, UP,
Reuters, Agence France Presse, and others. For those who did not have
time to read this volumnous publication, NCNA also put out Reference News,
which covers only the high points of the day's news. Both of these publi-
cations carried only straight news, as much as two days old, and without
any comment. Recipients had to sign for copies they received and were
not permitted to pass them to unauthorized persons.
Walter A. Cole, editor of Reuters, who spent 12 days in Communist
China in January 1958, was probably referring to a combination of these
four types of summaries and analyses when he wrote as follows in an arti-
cle in the N. Y. Times 28 February 1958:
64
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release-TOWOSM : WON me
A- 8-02646R000100090001-7
"Superficially, it might seem that the Chinese Com-
munist leaders must be in a vacuum regarding the day-to-
day occurrences in the outside world. These occurrences
have little or no place in the Chinese press or on the radio.
But by means of intelligently compiled news digests, based
in the main on the monitoring of all available radio and news
sources, and by scrutinizing the world's daily and period-
ical press, they are among the best informed individuals on
current affairs that I have met. The world outside, as seen
through these digests, cannot appear other than topsy-turvy
when compared with the accounts in the Chinese press of
the always-correct and 'unified' Communist bloc. "
It must also be presumed that press dispatches filed from Peking
by correspondents for Reuters, Agence France Presse, the Toronto Globe
& Mail, ANTARA of Indonesia, and those representing the Yugoslav press
service, which are transmitted via commercial radio facilities, are copied
and made available to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs so that this Ministry
may monitor the dispatches as to content, can obtain the reaction of
foreigners to condition and occurences in Communist China, and can deter-
mine any reaction or reply that might be called for under particular cir-
cum stances.
Approved For Release 1 / : IA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Relea 8-02646R000100090001-7
E-JAMMING OF FOREIGN BROADCASTS
Little is known of the Chinese Communist facilities for or capabil-
ities in jamming of foreign broadcasts beamed to the China mainland. It
is known that they are equipped to and do interfere with the broadcasts of
Voice of America and those from Japan and Taiwan. One Western visitor,
who was on the China mainland in early 1960, reported that in listening to
foreign broadcasts he noted that the BBC and VOA English language broad-
casts apparently were not affected by jamming, but did note that programs
in Chinese emanating from three foreign stations were jammed. The re-
sponsibility for the technical aspects of this operation probably fall under
the Radio Wave Control Bureau of the BAB Technical Staff.
Approved For R UMMM78-02646ROO01
 Approved For Release : -02646R000100090001-7
VIII. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF NAMES APPEARING IN THIS STUDY
Name Page
CHANG Chi-ming (1728/3444/3046)
57
CHANG Hua (1728/0553)
56
CH'IAO Kuan-hua (0829/0835/5478)
9,
64
CHIN Chao (6855/3564)
45,
48
CHOU Hsin-wu (0719/2450/2976)
45,
46
FANG Hsuan (2455/1357)
58
HSIUNG FU (3574/1788)
61
HSU Mai-chin (1776/6701/6651)
45
HUANG Hua (7806/5478)
53
KU Te-huan (7357/1795/2970)
47
KU Wen-hua (7357/2429/5478)
45
KUNG P'eng (f) (7895/3403)
10
LI P'ing (2621/1627)
45
LI Te-pai (2621/1795/4101)
56
LI Wu (2621/0124)
45,
46
LI Yeh-shan (2621/6851/1472)
56
LI Yi-fan (nta)
See Chart
LIAO Ch'eng-chih (1675/2110/1807)
53
LIN Ta-kuang (2651/6671/0342)
57
LIU Tsu-yun (0491/1311/7189)
aka LIU Tsu-1un
48
LIU Tsun-ch'i (nta)
9
Approved For Release j4: 617A-RDP_78-02646R000100090001-7
 Approved For Release 19~ 02646R000100090001-7
LIU Yung-yeh (nta) 47
LU Ting-i (7120/1353/0001) 45
MA Ta-yu (7456/1129/3731) 47
MEI I (2734/4135) 45
TSO Mo-yeh (1563/5459/6851) 45, 55
TSOU Shao-ch'ing (nta) 54
TUNG Lin (nta) 45
WEI Lin (7614/3829) 59
WEN Chi-tse (3306/3444/3419) 45, 52, 62
WENG Szu-ying (5040/2448/5391) 49
YANG Lin-chang (2799/2681/1603) 60
YEH Chi-tung (5509/4764/2639) 59
68
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
 H ED
tynED Unc Unr dnH
ED aOE
ED0El
.0.O 'ED G m G cD n G n a, F .nn vaa
H
U1 `< M P `C M Q, `C M `G
M Pa U
o ~] ro
N n ED n
o a q
ED Oa
m
CE a m
o ? n
a H
a o
m a
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
CE)
(ID
pift
U G
a
'ED a
G d
"a 0a
OC 0
R
'0
Un,U 0 El
C m w G ED ED-'
'0
'ID a ' ^a^
U
'ID
Ed
U C) U
H ED Dr'
c 00
E
En
r
dia
H
~~
OU
V1
0
O
x
Do
ED
Unw Un Una UCEl end
. FCI Ea rota rota a"~~
EDEn
w CD) a n a
m m 0 a
a n ^
o
a o ?a ? a
ED a
H
En ~nm
H H J 0 n
n
En a b CI o M
ED ED E ro
E n
as -
ac y
H
M
DID
DID
C7
U C) U n E U C) a U n a U n? U C) w d d n
ED 0' .. n n ;r Hm ;r 0 a Fr H m Fr y 'G m Z
Z
v ro o ro
G I N G~ ED a '
m G fD d C ,
.~ n U
o ._
'.4' n o n C ~1 0
. a o. ,^,
w ~ m d r m '.d
xa
p. o w ", a G a
^
H
x
n m H n'U U n U n a b ?
H fl G
a m m .G. m w ,G+ 'O'? '^ .G+ M K m r `~ n td
~ Mx < "'a K .< 'b K Mo H O
n
O o .q a W U1 a
a y? a, o H Cl)
z ^ H
m
C) ED m N
n n
r n 0 0.
a w o.
ED ao
n m a
U
P R
O
a
'ID
U 'U
C);; UCE
n
,, b ~
" C n n
En
a
a
C)
A
O
U
a
'ED
'ID 0.
'ED
n
ro Fem. ~ ~' H n
fD H (D ,~y, D
'ID -
DEn
'ID w 'ID
b0
H rEdU a
OH a U
I>
zzzC
oro nnx
k w?xn , H
ED
41
U
QG
'El
t7 t7
tD z d Oth
M
00
'ED
N
Z
o
H F
a
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
f r
xn~ Ed
ro
FED
I
n
(110 U
O
~~yz
ynrro
ro
an~
Htd0
H M
a
t'1
n
frla
I C)
N
U
(1 o
U
m
w G H
rt .On
a
1,
M Oa
o
(
~m
m a
'<
k
m
a
o
DC)
,
j
G 0 M
G
2
rn
a N
,+
a
w
n x
a ? N
o
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000100090001-7
Approved For Release -02646R000100090001-7