COMMUNIST CHINA ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT OF FOREIGN REALTIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 66
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 31, 1998
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: December 1, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For Release 19a9108124.:646R000300090003-3
COMMUNIST CHINA
ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT OF
FOREIGN RELATIONS
December 1960
areallangwestwommm
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 1199/0ji; A:2-1C I;1,j :jg DiF"7i8L- 0 2 6 46 R 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 3 -3
COMMUNIST CHINA
ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT OF
FOREIGN RELATIONS
December 1960
ellierim8PWWL1PIT*Miff*PliL1fth
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
COMMUNIST CHINA: ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT
OF FOREIGN RELATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMUNIST CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS
PAGE
A. Diplomatic Relations
B. International Communist Party Relations
II ORGANS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA
1
4
5
8
A. Organization Department 8
B. Propaganda Department 8
C. United Front Work Department 9
D. Intelligence Organs 10
E. International Liaison Department 10
III ORGANS OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT 14
A. Staff Office for Foreign Affairs 15
B. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 15
1. Geographical Area Offices 16
2. Functional Departments 17
3. Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs 19
C. Other Governmental Organs Concerned with Foreign
Affairs 23
1. Trade Diplomacy 23
a. Ministry of Foreign Trade 23
b. China National Trade Corporations 24
c. Trade Exhibits 25
d. China Committee for the Promotion of
International Trade 25
Approved For Release 19991011000.1191111PRIMM-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 19b9766/24L':--CrA"-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
2. Cultural Diplomacy and Propaganda 26
a. Commission for Cultural Relations with
Foreign Countries 26
b. Association for Cultural Relations with
Foreign Countries 27
c. New China News Agency 27
d. Broadcasting Administration Bureau 28
3. Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission 29
4. Other Government and Unofficial Organizations 30
a. Bank of China 30
b. China International Travel Agency 31
c. International Communications 31
d. Civil Aviation Bureau 32
e. Academy of Sciences 32
5. Military 33
IV FOREIGN SERVICE TRAINING 35
A. Institute of International Relations
B. Language Training
38
42
V SUMMARY DATA CONCERNING KEY FIGURES IN
FOREIGN AFFAIRS 44
A. Staff Office and Ministry of Foreign Affairs 44
B. CCRFC, ACRFC and CPIFA 47
C. International Liaison (Foreign) Department 49
ATTACHMENTS:
1. Chart showing Party, Government and other Organs Engaged
in Foreign Relations.
2. List of Foreign Affairs Specialists connected with the Commission
for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, Chinese People's Associa-
tion for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, and Chinese People's
Institute of Foreign Affairs.
3. Alphabetical index (with telecodes) of Chinese referred to in this
study.
Approved For ReleasefefiMMTMITIM78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 19-0/0t124-t:dC1X-Rtr$76-02646R000300090003-3
I. COMMUNIST CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS
In this study particular emphasis is given to the Chinese Communist
governmental organization for the conduct of foreign relations and the
training of personnel for foreign assignments, with brief background
data on Communist China's foreign relations generally, diplomatic rela-
tions, position in the international Communist Bloc, and organs of the
Communist Party of China which participate in international affairs.
Communist China's foreign policy is determined either by the
Political Bureau or the Central Committee of the Communist Party of
China (CCP). One of the departments of the Central Committee is the
International Liaison Department (also known as the Foreign Section
and covered in greater detail in Part II) which maintains liaison with
other Communist parties, and directs Chinese Communist participation
in the international Communist front organizations. The Ministry of
Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Chinese People's Government (CPG) is
the governmental executive agency which carries out policy decisions
of the Party, conducting formal government-to-government diplomacy
with nations having diplomatic relations with Communist China, and
fostering the establishment of such relations.
Through its diplomatic and other official installations abroad, the
CPG maintains cultural and economic contact with the other Sino-
Soviet Bloc nations, and engages in cultural and economic penetration
of the free world nations which recognize Communist China. Relations
with other countries of the free world are achieved through so-called
"people's diplomacy" under which non-official contact is established
and carried on through Chinese Communist-controlled non-Party and
non-governmental mass and front organizations dealing with persons
or organizations in other countries outside of diplomatic channels.
The Foreign Ministry, through its diplomatic installations abroad,
affords one avenue through which close contact is maintained with the
large numbers of Chinese residing abroad, particularly in the countries
of Asia. The Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission (a government
organ actually controlled by the United Front Work Department of the
CCP) provides another means of maintaining contact with Chinese living
overseas.
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
, c'TT
Approved For Releasue f9u9i6w2U4 : CiA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Diplomatic establishments as well as other official Chinese Com-
munist organs abroad, such as the New China News Agency, trade
missions, and Bank of China branches, also provide facilities through
which Red China covertly collects intelligence, overtly acquires
political, economic and scientific data, carries out subversive missions,
and disseminates its propaganda.
Although many decisions on foreign policy may still be made by
MAO Tse-tung and the CCP Politburo, CHOU En-lai, as Premier, is
the top man in the government in the conduct of foreign affairs, and is
also a member of the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee.
CHIEN I, Minister of Foreign Affairs, is also one of sixteen Vice
Premiers, Director of the State Councills Staff Office for Foreign
Affairs, and a member of the CCP Political Bureau. Of the 16 Vice
Premiers of the CPG, all are members of the Central Committee of
the CCP, and 12 of them are also regular or alternate members of the
Political Bureau. Three of the four deputy directors of the Staff Office
for Foreign Affairs and two of the five Vice Ministers of Foreign Affairs
are Central Committee members, and the other three Vice Ministers
are CCP members of long standing who previously served as ambassa-
dors. All important persons in the government organs formulating
foreign policy and conducting foreign affairs, including those serving
as ambassadors abroad, are either known or can be presumed to be
members of the Communist Party of China, wearing two hats at the
same time, one a Party hat, the other a government hat.
In free, democratic nations foreign policy reflects public sentiment
as expressed by freely-elected representatives.In Communist-
controlled nations foreign policy is made by a small group of leaders
and is based upon the goals and aims of the national Communist Party
and the long term objectives of international communism. In Com-
munist nations criticism and discussion of foreign policy appear only
when permitted by those in power, and the press and other forms of
mass communication are under firm Party control.
Secrecy is the by-word in all stages of the process of policy forma-
tion in the Communist nations, whose foreign policy is not influenced by
public reaction or opinion. Their foreign policy moves can seldom be
determined until they are implemented and then are often incompre-
hensible when judged by Western standards.
One of the factors in the formation of foreign policy in Communist
countries about which the least is known is how overt and covert
2
Approved For Release-02646R000300090003-3
otitieweimoideiwidfto
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
intelligence is collated and utilized as a guide in decision making.
Little is known as to which organs of the Party or government sort out
the mass of information obtained from abroad and then collate and
analyze it for use by those who establish foreign policy. Party leaders
who determine foreign policy undoubtedly have access to far more (and
certainly more accurate) information than the distorted propaganda
which appears in Chinese Communist publications and broadcasts.
Few of the leaders of the Communist Party of China have any
experience in the non-Communist world, and the question arises as
to whether most of those at the top level of policy making are capable
of accurately evaluating information pertaining to areas outside the
Communist orbit. There is also the question of whether those gathering
and reporting overt and covert information concerning the non-
Communist world, as well as those performing the evaluation and
analysis functions in Peking, are able frankly and factually to report
information which might be contradictory to the official Communist
propaganda line. It is also important to know whether these reporters
and analysts believe the Communist propaganda line and are impreg-
nated with Communist doctrine to such a degree that their reports and
analyses are colored or shaped thereby.
Chinese Communist foreign policy reflects adherence to and
interpretation of the gospel of Marx-Lenin, shaped to serve Communist
China's national interest, chauvinistic attitude, a firm belief in Chinese
racial superiority, and the conviction that it is Chinats destiny to
become the dominant country in the world. Underlying the Chinese
Communist posture in foreign relations are its vast and rapidly increasing
manpower,* an unrelenting control over the Chinese mainland, enormous
1960
% of Total
Population
1975 Estimate
(at same ratios)
Total Population Over 650,000,000
1,000,000,000
CCP Membership
16,000,000
2.46%
24,600,000
Military Forces
(Estimated)
Regulars
3,000,000
.046%
4,600,000
Reserves
17,000,000
2.6%
26,000,000
Militia (according to
the Communist press
in September 1958) 220,000,000
34%
340,000,000
3
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
meurtNiwitimmoom hELl
Approved For Releasel-9'91661WtlAtittF'78-02646R000300090003-3
natural wealth which is largely undeveloped, appreciable technological
advances made in the eleven years since 1949, the apparent willingness
of its leaders to achieve international objectives through the use of
force of arms, and their almost psychopathic hatred of the nations of
the West, most particularly the United States.
A. DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
The Chinese People's Government (Communist)(CPG) was formally
established on 1 October 1949. First to establish diplomatic relations
with the CPG was the USSR, on 3 October 1949. The other Sino-Soviet
Bloc nations, except for North Vietnam, recognized the CPG between
that date and the end of 1949 in the following chronological sequence:
Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, North Korea, Czechoslovakia, Poland,
the Mongolian People's Republic, East Germany, and Albania. North
Vietnam formalized diplomatic relations on 18 January 1950. Yugoslavia
extended recognition on 5 October 1949, but there was no exchange of
ambassadors until January 1955. Bloc relations with Yugoslavia became
strained in 1958, and both the Chinese Communists and the Yugoslays
withdrew their ambassadors in the summer of that year. The two
installations are now under charge's d'affaires, but relations have not
been severed.
By May 1951 the following thirteen non-Bloc nations had established
diplomatic relations with Communist China: United Kingdom, Ceylon,
Norway, Afghanistan, the Netherlands, India, Sweden, Denmark, Burma,
Indonesia, Switzerland, Finland, and Pakistan. No other nation
recognized the CPG until Nepal did so in August 1955. Since then, the
following have extended recognition: Egypt (May 1956), Syria (now part
of the United Arab Republic - July 1956), Yemen (September 1956),
Cambodia (July 1958), Iraq (July 1958), Morocco (October 1958), Sudan
(December 1958), Guinea (October 1959), Ghana (July 1960), and Cuba
(September 1960).
Of the ninety-six members of the United Nations (other than
Nationalist China and the Byelorussian and Ukrainian SSR Is) thirty, as
of 10 October 1960, recognize the Chinese Communist government. Of
the eight countries not members of the United Nations, five --
Switzerland, East Germany, North Korea, North Vietnam and the
Mongolian People's Republic -- recognize the Chinese Communist
regime, three recognize Nationalist China, and West Germany recog-
nizes neither.
4
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
seamiiiekomigeommoteivi
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Communist China is not a member of the United Nations or of any
of the specialized UN agencies (such as UNESCO and ILO), even though
such affiliation is not contingent upon UN membership.
On 15 November 1949 CPG Foreign Minister CHOU En-lai asked
the United Nations to repudiate the representation of China by the
Chinese Nationalist Government (GRC). On 19 October 1950 the United
Nations General Assembly, by a vote of 33 to 16, with 10 abstentions,
refused to seat the Chinese Communist Government in place of the GRC.
For the tenth time, in October 1960, the General Assembly of the UN,
by a margin of 42 to 34, with 22 abstentions, voted a moratorium on
consideration of a Soviet-sponsored resolution calling for debate on
admission of Communist China to the United Nations.
As of 30 September 1960 Communist China had embassies in 31
countries. There are two legations under charges (United Kingdom
and the Netherlands). The senior official in the Yugoslav embassy
since late 1958 has been a charge dtaffaires. The ambassador to the
UAR is also Minister to Yemen. Arrangements were being made in
October 1960 for the opening of an embassy in Havana. Communist
China has consular agreements with seven free nations and with nearly
all of the Sino-Soviet Bloc nations.
Of the present 30 CPG ambassadors, two (LIU Hsiao, USSR, and
LI Ching-chliian, Switzerland) are full members of the CCP Central
Committee, and one (PIAN Tzu-li, India) is an alternate member.
WU Hsiu-chliian, who was ambassador to Yugoslavia until recalled in
1958, is also a full member of the Central Committee.
B. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNIST PARTY RELATIONS
In the spring of 1920 the Communist International (Comintern) sent
a mission from the Far Eastern Secretariat of its Executive Committee
in Moscow to establish contact with CHIEN Tu-hsiu, a professor at the
National University of Peking, who, with a small group, had founded
the Society for the Study of Marxism as the predecessor nucleus of the
Communist Party of China. The Comintern mission included Grigori
Voitinsky, one of the Russian Far East specialists of the Comintern,
and YANG Ming-chai, a Chinese who had resided in the USSR. Under
Voitinskyis guidance the CHIEN group was assisted in organizing a
political party along Marxist-Leninist lines. In the spring of 1921 the
5
Approved For Release 19441944404144/A1441 '646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release-I-MAW : - P78-02646R000300090003-3
CHIEN group met in Shanghai and created the League of Communist
Youth to recruit and train new members, the Comintern having sent
a Dutch Communist, G. Maring, as instructor for the new party.
In July 1921 some 12 or 13 leaders of the Communist groups which
had been formed in various localities met in Shanghai and founded
the Communist Party of China, with a representative of the Comintern
among those present.
From the Third Comintern Congress in Moscow in 1921 until the
Comintern was replaced by the Communist Information Bureau
(Cominform), the Communist Party of China was represented at all
Comintern meetings and congresses and had Chinese members on
the Comintern Secretariat, Comintern representatives attended all
important Communist Party of China conferences and congresses, and
the Party line was set through Comintern representatives directly
assigned to the CCP. In fact, the Sixth CCP Congress was held in
Moscow in June-July 1928 under Comintern auspices, N.Y. Bukharin
being the official Comintern representative at this congress.
In 1943 the Comintern was "dissolved". In 1947 the European-
oriented Cominform was established. The Communist Party of China
is not known to have participated in the Cominform or to have had
representatives on its staff. CCP propaganda, however, supported
the Cominform decisions and line, such as that which followed the
attack on Yugoslav "revisionism". After the "dissolution" of the
Cominform in April 1956 the international Communist movement estab-
lished in August 1958 a publication called Problems of Peace and
Socialism. Headquartered in Prague with A. Rumyantsev as chief
editor, it employs representatives of many Communist parties, in-
cluding the CCP, on its staff. It is printed in many other countries
and languages, including Chinese, as a means of expounding and widely
distributing the ideology of international Communism, thereby per-
forming one of the functions of the former Comintern and Cominform.
Today the International Liaison (Foreign) Departments of both the Sino-
Soviet Bloc parties and many of the non-Bloc parties have been made
responsible for some inter-party relationships.
To party congresses in any Sino-Soviet Bloc nation and to all
important national celebrations the parties from all other nations in
the Bloc customarily send delegations. In addition, the Communist
parties (legal and illegal) of most non-Bloc nations send representatives.
For example, Communist Party delegations or representatives from
6
Approved For Rele86~6,81TORVNIP1OP78-02646R000300090003-3
J.
Approved For Release 1999/ba)'itCjelARbil;78-02646R000300090003-3
the eleven other members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc and more than sixty
other countries or areas attended the 10th anniversary of the founding
of the Chinese People's Republic in Peking in October 1959.
WU Hsiu-chilian was among the Party leaders from the Sino-Soviet
Bloc attending the ninth national assembly of the Cuban Communist
Party (PSP) in Havana in August 1960.
In addition, the Communist parties of all nations are sponsors and
participants in all the international Communist front organizations and
conferences, Communist China being a major participant in virtually
all of them and having representation on their executive councils and
secretariats. Communist China is one of the most active participants
in all international Communist propaganda campaigns, such as the
Stockholm Peace Appeal.
Though not a member of the Warsaw Pact, which includes the USSR
and the East European satellites, Communist China sends observers
to most pact meetings, including an assemblage in February 1960 in
Moscow. Nor is Communist China a full member of the Soviet Bloc
Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA), although Chinese Communist
representatives have attended at least some of the CEMA meetings and
those of some subsidiary CEMA committees. Communist China has
entered into formal government-to-government agreements with most
(if not all) of the Sino-Soviet Bloc nations (including North Korea and
North Vietnam) with regard to trade, customs matters, convertibility
of national currencies within the Bloc, scientific/technical and cultural
exchanges, and other matters. In addition to guiding the over-all
people-to-people diplomacy outside normal foreign ministry channels,
the Commission for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries directs
the affairs of the friendship associations in Communist China (such as
the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association) and the relations with China
Friendship Associations, which are found in all the Sino-Soviet Bloc
nations.
7
Approved For Release 192rEpiplk3rpjfin1646R000300090003-3
?W2 -- iniL7
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
II. ORGANS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA
Foreign policy decisions concerning Communist China may
originate in the CCP Central Committee but more frequently are made
by the Political Bureau of that Committee, and specifically by the
Standing Committee of the Political Bureau. Execution of such policy
decisions is directed and administered by foreign affairs specialists
on the CCP Secretariat, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the
government level and through the International Liaison Department
(also known as the Foreign Section) of the Central Committee whenever
these decisions concern relationships with other Communist parties
or international communist front organizations and activities.
Some other CCP organs are also concerned with certain aspects
of the conduct of Chinese Communist foreign affairs, but their roles
are discussed only briefly in this study.
A. ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT
The Organization Department of the Central Committee is
responsible for party membership and party committees. Party
committees are found at all levels throughout the party organiza-
tion and the governmental structure. The CCP Committee within
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for example, administers affairs
of party members associated with the Ministry, insures observance
of party discipline, and conducts indoctrination programs. It insures
the establishment of committees at all levels of the Ministry organi-
zation at Peking headquarters and in embassies and consulates which
supervise all party activities and members at those levels. Party
committees are also to be found in all official installations abroad,
such as NCNA offices and branches of the Bank of China.
B. PROPAGANDA DEPARTMENT
The Propaganda Department of the Central Committee directs the
total domestic propaganda program, internal and external, through the
party organization, the government organs, the military, and through
1?unofficial" organizations. Party members responsible for propaganda
8
Approved For Relepik.1.21WiiiiciRADP78-02646R000300090003-3
4Notiotiommeems?MITT
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
activities are found down to the party cell level and in all party com-
mittees. The Propaganda Department and the International Liaison
(Foreign) Department jointly participate in directing Communist
China's foreign propaganda program. They work:
1. With other Communist parties and international Communist
fronts through inter-party channels;
2. Through cultural attaches at diplomatic installations;
3. Through the network of the New China News Agency and
the Communist-controlled Chinese language press abroad,
particularly in Asia;
4. Through the Broadcasting Administration Bureau of the
State Council and its international broadcasts via Radio Peking;
5. Through the government Ministry of Culture and ex-
changes of cultural delegations with other countries;
6. Through the governmental Commission for Cultural
Relations with Foreign Countries and the "unofficial" Associa-
tion for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.
Publication and foreign dissemination of propaganda material and ?
text books for Chinese schools in areas where large numbers of
Chinese reside overseas, as well as production and distribution of
propaganda films, come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of
Culture, which is in turn controlled by the CCP Propaganda Depart-
ment. As in all Communist-controlled countries, the CCP Propaganda
program is closely coordinated with Communist China's foreign policy
and is considered an instrument for implementing the conduct of foreign
affairs.
C. UNITED FRONT WORK DEPARTMENT (UFWD)
Another Central Committee organ engaged in an aspect of foreign
affairs is the United Front Work Department. Although the major
responsibilities of this department are concerned with organization
and control of the non-Communist Party majority on the China main-
land (there are only approximately 13,900,000 CCP members out of
9
Approved For Release IiiiiigiaiMiii11iiiiI1NION646R000300090003-3
olleifflowilopoiamstwow
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
the 650,000,000 total population, or about 1 in every 47), it bears the
responsibility of winning the loyalty (or at least the sympathy) of the
14,000,000 Chinese (called hua chtiao)residing outside China, largely
in Southeast Asia. Working directly through its agents among these
large communities of Chinese residing overseas and through the
governmental Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, the UFWD
spreads propaganda and seeks to gain control of Chinese organizations,
the press, and Chinese schools serving this large number of hua chliao.
One of the vice chairmen of the United Front Work Department, LIAO
Chleng-chih, is also chairman of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Com-
mission. In addition to its organizational work among the Chinese
communities overseas, the UFWD organizes the control of Chinese
returning to the mainland either as permanent residents or as visitors,
operates reception centers and hostels in various cities, and directs
the integration of repatriates into the social, economic, and political
life of Communist China.
D. INTELLIGENCE ORGANS
Foreign intelligence activities are carried on clandestinely through
agents placed under official cover in diplomatic and other official
Chinese Communist installations abroad, through illegal agents residing
in some areas, and through persons traveling or legally residing
abroad. Intelligence organizations under the CCP Central Committee,
the government security organs, and the military operate abroad.
E. INTERNATIONAL LIAISON (FOREIGN) DEPARTMENT (ILD)
The International Liaison (Foreign) Department under the Central
Committee of the CCP is similar to departments found in all the Sino-
Soviet Bloc parties and in some of the larger and more important
Communist Parties in non-Communist nations. In the CPSU central
apparatus there are two foreign liaison departments under the Central
Committee. One, the International Department, deals essentially with
Free World matters. The other is called the Department for Liaison
with Communist and Workers Parties of the Socialist Countries. Al-
though both are departments, the latter seems to be secondary. Both,
however, implement policy set by higher Party authority.
In Communist nations these departments coordinate, implement
and support on the working level those aspects of foreign policy with
10
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
atmovegiompo
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
COMMUNIST CHINA - Organization for Conduct of Foreign Relations
CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY
CENTRAL COMMITTEE
POLITICAL BUREAU
STANDING COMMITTEE
SECRETARIAT
ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT
Director AN Tzu-wen*
PROPAGANDA DEPARTMENT
Director LU Ting-i**
Sec. General HSIUNG Fu
UNITED FRONT DEPARTMENT
Director LI Wei-han*
Sec. General HSING Hsi-Wing*
INTERNATIONAL LIAISON DEPARTMENT
(also known as the Foreign Section)
Director Not identified but believed to
be either:
WANG Chia-hsiang***
or WU Hsiu-ch'ilan*
INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
(Formerly the Foreign Service Institute)
Pre sident
Vice Presidents
CH'EN Hsin-jen
LI En-ch'iu
HO Wu- shuang
HUNG Hsiang-lin
Foreign Language Dept.
Director LI Kuang
STATE COUNCIL OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT
Premier
Vice Premiers
CHOU En- lai**
GWEN I** (one of 16, all
of whom are members of
CCP Central Committee)
STAFF OFFICE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Director
Deputies
CH'EN I**
LIAO Chleng-chih*
LIU Ning-i*
K,UNG Yuan*
CHANG Yen
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
FOREIGN AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT
Chief CHU Kiai-yin
Deputies CHANG Ping-yil
YEH Hsiu-chih
Military Attaches, Advisors, and
Missions Abroad
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Foreign Minister
Vice Foreign Ministers
Assistants to For. MM.
Staff General Office
Director
Deputies
CH'EN I**
CHANG Han-61*
CHI Peng-fei
TSENG Yung-ch'iian
LO Kuei-po*
KENG Piao
CH'IA0 Kuan-hua
LIU Ying (f)
HAN Nien-lung
LIU Hsin-ch'uan
YtEH Liang
HO Fang
TING Chao-chia
CHINESE PEOPLE'S INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Honorary Chairman CHOU En-lai**
Chairman CHANG Hsi-jo
Vice Chairmen
Secretary General
Dep. Secretaries Geo.
Research Office
Director
Deputy
CH'IA0 Kuan-hua
CHOU Keng-sheng
Cl-PEN Han- sheng
HU Yti-chih
WU Mao-sun
LIU Chin-chung
TUAN Pai-yu
CHAO Cheng-i
WEN Chien-ping
WU Hsiao-ta
HSIAO Hsiang-ch'ien
WANG Yin-p'u
WU Hsiao-ta
CHEN Ti-chiang
Translation Department
Director HST3 Yung-ying (Y. Y. HSU)
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OFFICES
AMERICAN AND AUSTRALIAN AFFAIRS OFFICE
Director
Deputies
SHEN Chien
WANG Yin-phi
LIN Pting
ASIAN AFFAIRS OFFICE No. 1
Director
Deputies
CHANG Wen-chen
CHAO Cheng-i
SHEN Pting
HU Cheng-fang
Asst. to Director NI Yung-yiieh
ASIAN AFFAIRS OFFICE No. 2
Dir ector
Deputies
CHEN Shu-liang
LI Chen
LI Chtiang-fen
USSR AND EAST EUROPEAN (SOCIALIST
STATES) AFFAIRS OFFICE
Acting Director
Deputies
LI Hui-chtuan
Yti Chan
CHEN Po-ch.ting
HSU Ming
WEST ASIAN AND AFRICAN AFFAIRS OFFICE
Dir ector
Deputy
HO Ying
HO Kung-k'ai
WEST EUROPEAN AFFAIRS OFFICE
Director
Deputy
Asst. to Director
HSU Ta-shen
SUNG Chih-kuang
WANG Chin
Probable Area of Cognizance
(Countries underlined recognize
Communist China.)
United States, Canada, Australia,
New Zealand, Central America,
Cuba, South America.
Cambodia, Ceylon, Burmal India,
Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Laos,
Malaya, Singapore, South Vietnam,
Thailand, Japan, South Korea,
Philippines.
North Korea, North Vietnam, and
Mongolian People's Republic.
USSR, Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Gerraany,
Hungary, Poland, Rumania,
Yugoslavia.
Afghanistan, Iraq, Morocc a, Sudan,
United Arab Republic, Yemen, Mali,
Guinea, Ghana, Iran, Israel, other
Near East, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia,
other areas in Africa.
Denmark, Finland, Nether nds,
Norway, Sweden, Switzer ]44,
United Kingdom, Belgium, !France,
Austria, Italy, Luxembourg,
Portugal, Spain, West G rrnany,
Greece, Turkey.
LEGEND
* Indicates person named is regular or alternate member of ccp Central Committee.
** Indicates person named is member of Political Bureau and Central Committee.
*** Indicates person named is member of Secretariat and Central Committee.
CONSULAR DEPARTMENT
Dir ector
Deputies
CHIN Li-chen
GENERAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT
Dir ector
Deputy
INFORMATION DEPARTMENT
Dir ector
Deputies
RESEARCH SECTION
Director
Deputy
PRESS BUREAU
Dir ector
Deputies
YANG Ch'i-liang
KUO Ying
KUNG Pieng (f)
HSU Huang
SHAO Tsung-han
IVANG Mao-chao
PU Shan
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT
(Formerly International Organizations and
Conferences Department)
Dir ector
Deputies
PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT
Dir ector
Deputies
PROTOCOL DEPARTMENT
Dir ector
Deputies
Assistants to Director
KUNG P'u-sheng (f)
LIU Ying (f)
WANG Chieh
T 'IEN P'ing
LIN Chung
YU P'ei-wu
MA Chen-wu
WANG Cho- ju
KO Pu-hai
HAN Hsil
TAI Piing
CHAO Shih
TREATIES AND LAW DEPARTMENT
Dir ector
Deputies
YAO Chung-ming
TUNG Hsi-pai
SHAO T'ien-jen
LO Chun
Sec. General CHEN Chung-ching
This government organ sponsors bilateral
friendship associations which exist in all
Sino-Soviet bloc nations and in Communist
China.
;
?
?
a
ASSOCIATION FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS
WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Chairman CHU T'u-nan
Vice Chairmen
Secretary General
Dep. Secs. General
TING Hsi-lin
YANG Han- s he ng
CHANG Chih-hsiang
HSIA yen
CHOU Erh-fu
WU Hua-chih
CHU Po- shen
SUN P'ing-hua
CHIN Tzu-ming
LIN Lin
This ,unofficial" association sponsors friend-
ship associations established in the following
non-bloc nations. All CAPITAL letters indi-
cate a friendship association has been formed
for this country in Communist China.
Argentina
Australia
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
BURMA
Cambodia
Canada
Ceylon
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Denmark
Ecuador
Finland
France
Great Britain
Greece
Iceland
INDIA
INDONESIA
IRAQ
Israel
Italy
JAPAN
Luxembourg
Mexico
NEPAL
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
PAKISTAN
Panama
Peru
Sudan
Sweden
Tunisia
Turkey
Union of South Africa
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
Uruguay
West Germany
(There are also China-Africa and China-Latin
America Friendship Associations in Peking.)
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
4motommommigimewis
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
which the party is concerned. They also carry out routine relations
with other Communist parties and their representatives and may have
some administrative responsibility for party units and members
residing or traveling outside the parent country, as well as for co-
ordinating all-party propaganda efforts and exchanging party printed
materials with other Communist parties.
These International Liaison Departments are generally limited to
administrative and liaison functions and implementation of foreign
policy as made by the Central Committees or Political Bureaus. The
functions of these departments differ from party to party. For example,
in one non-Bloc nation with a large Communist party, the Foreign
Section of the local party was in contact with Soviet and satellite embassies
and legations, as well as with the Sino-Soviet national friendship societies.
Liaison with the Communist Party of China was maintained through fre-
quent contact with the Chinese Communist embassy in a neighboring
country. In one country the Foreign Section handled commercial and
foreign trade matters with other Communist parties and local party
front organizations. Although a limited amount of routine CPSU policy
and instructions flow to other parties through diplomatic channels,
important matters are handled by direct CPSU contacts with high party
officials, the Foreign Sections affording a useful channel for communi-
cation and coordination of routine activities.
Little is known of the organizational structure or functional activi-
ties of personnel of the ILD of the Communist Party of China. Nor have
personnel of this Party organ been identified except indirectly, through
the activities in which they regularly engage and through what is known
of their other past and present official activities and duties. It seems
obvious that certain key party figures are either assigned to the depart-
ment or can be called upon as needed to serve the Party interests
carried out by this Central Committee organ. These persons can be
divided generally into two groups: one concerned with other Communist
Parties specifically by area, the other with functional matters within
the scope of the International Liaison Department.
Chinese Communist sources appear to have avoided carefully any
reference to the ILD or to those holding key posts in this department.
In March 1959 a Polish news agency stated WU Hsiu-chtlian was "head
of the Foreign Section of the Central Committee". Other sources have
asserted that WANG Chia-hsiang heads this department on the basis of
his frequent participation in affairs which clearly fall within its scope
and functions.
11
Approved For Release 19414445ijcp144144A2646R000300090003-3
',101.11191% 4111K] IQr
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CiA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
WANG Chia-hsiang is a member of the CCP Central Committee
and a ranking member of the CCP Secretariat, at one time headed
the General Political Department of the Chinese Communist Army,
went to the USSR for study in 1925, was particularly active in affairs
of the Comintern in the 19301s, was ambassador to the USSR from
October 1949 to March 1951, and served as Vice Minister of Foreign
Affairs from 1951 until September 1959. Since 1949 WANG has attended
many congresses of other Communist parties, both of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc and non-Bloc nations.
WU Hsiu-chiiian has held diplomatic and foreign service assign-
ments since 1949 and was Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1951
to 1955, when he was named ambassador to Yugoslavia. He served in
the latter post until recalled in the fall of 1958 and thereafter was
named an assistant to the foreign minister. He is considered an expert
on the USSR and East European affairs, having been one of three
ambassadors who are also full members of the CCP Central Committee
since 1956. WU headed the USSR and East European Affairs Depart-
ment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1949 to 1951. He was
educated in the Soviet Union (1926 to 1931) and from 1931 to 1949 was a
political commissar and staff officer in the Chinese Communist armed
forces. In 1950 he appeared as Communist China's special delegate
to a meeting of the United Nations Security Council at Lake Success
to present charges of "American aggression in Taiwan". It would appear
that his ILD responsibilities concern principally matters involving the
East European satellites.
There are a number of other functional and area experts attached
to and utilized by the ILD. Functional activities include management
of the compounds and hostels maintained in Peking by the CCP for
housing visiting members of other Communist parties and adminis-
tering party training schools and classes for students sent to Communist
China by Communist parties in non-bloc areas, such as Latin America
and Africa. ILD area specialists probably administer relations with
Communist parties of specific countries or groups of countries.
Offices of the ILD are reported to be maintained both in CCP head-
quarters and in the Staff Office for Foreign Affairs of the government
in Peking.
Details are lacking concerning the exact role of the ILD in the
selection and direction of Communist Party of China representatives
12
Approved For RelenriliMriffilerkID: - P78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 161-4-/68/14?: 6A-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
who serve on the executive councils and on the permanent secretariats
of the various international communist front organizations. Each of
the mass organizations in Communist China (such as the All China
Federation of Trade Unions, All China Federation of Democratic Youth,
All China Federation of Women, and All China Federation of Students)
has an international liaison department which probably has some direct
relationship with the PAD. Personnel of these departments are almost
invariably CCP members and are active in their respective international
communist front organizations (World Federation of Trade Unions,
World Federation of Democratic Youth, Women's International Demo-
cratic Federation, and International Union of Students). It may also
be presumed that the Party loyalty of all personnel assigned to the
permanent secretariats of these international bodies, down to inter-
preters and translators, has been carefully established before their
assignment.
Thus the CCP and certain departments of its Central Committee
play a considerable role in the conduct of foreign affairs among the
Sino-Soviet bloc nations on a party-to-party basis, through their partici-
pation in international Communist front organizations and propaganda
campaigns, in the contest for the loyalty of the overseas Chinese, and
in the collection of intelligence.
13
Approved For Release 1PAINIttrireMlarPM3-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release1/4jj-1664/6'8724-: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
III. ORGANS OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT
The constitution of the Chinese People's Government makes pro-
vision for a National People's Congress, made up of more than 12 00
delegates, elected every four years by lower-level congresses, and
meeting annually in Peking. This Congress elects a Standing Com-
mittee, consisting currently of a chairman, 16 vice chairmen, a
secretary general, and a number of secretaries general. The Standing
Committee meets more frequently and is empowered to act on behalf
of the Congress between sessions. Under the Standing Committee is
the State Council (in effect a cabinet), headed by the Premier and in-
cluding 16 vice premiers, all members of the CCP Central Committee
(12 of whom are also Politburo members). Other members of the State
Council comprise the heads of government ministries and commissions,
totaling 55 members.
Under the State Council there are now six Staff Offices (ei;ht
until the reorganization in September 19 5 9), one each for Foreign
Affairs, Political and Legal Affairs, Finance and Trade, Culture and
Education, Industry and Communications, and Agriculture and Forestry,
all headed by CCP Central Committee members. Each of the Staff
Offices has cognizance over a functional group among the 30 Ministries,
8 Commissions, and 13 Special Agencies, most of which perform
basically domestic functions. In this study the focus is upon organs
concerned with foreign affairs, principally the Staff Office for Foreign
Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Commission for Cultural
Relations with Foreign Countries, and the activities of other organs
which implement the conduct of foreign affairs.
All government officials entrusted with the formulation and
direction of foreign policy are concurrently members of the CCP
Central Committee, some also being members of the Politburo, which
body determines foreign policy. It can be said with reasonable certainty
that all personnel of importance in the Foreign Ministry, all diplomats,
and all foreign service personnel in positions of any importance are
either CCP members or members of the China Young Communist League,
junior auxiliary of the CCP.
14
Approved For Releas*A4440410.614.14RP78-02646R000300090003-3
,?
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RI5 1P78-02646R000300090003-3
A. STAFF OFFICE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
This Staff Office was established in March 1958, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs up to that time having been directly under the State
Council and not under any of the other seven staff offices. In
February 1958 CHIEN I was named Foreign Minister, replacing
CHOU En-lai, who from 1949 until that time had held the post con-
currently with that of Premier. CHIEN I was also named as director
of the Staff Office for Foreign Affairs, and three of his four deputies
in the Staff Office are members of the CCP Central Committee. These
three deputies are LIAO ChIeng-chih, who has extensive party
experience in propaganda and organizational work, belongs to a
multiplicity of national and international front organizations, and has
been a leader in Communist youth work; LIU Ning-i, who is chair-
man of the massive All China Federation of Trade Unions and a
participant in many national and international fronts; and KIUNG Yiian,
who is a former Vice Minister of Foreign Trade and has been active
in negotiating trade agreements with many other nations.
Little is known of the organization under the Staff Office for Foreign
Affairs. It is clear that there are divisions under this staff office.
HSIUNG Hsiang-hui, head of one of the divisions, was present at the
time CHEN I, in the capacity of Deputy Premier, visited Kabul and
signed a treaty of friendship and mutual non-aggression between Com-
munist China and Afghanistan in August 1960. HSIUNG was formerly
a member of the board of directors of the Association for Cultural
Relations with Foreign Countries. WANG Hsiao-yun has been referred
to as the head of another unidentified department of this staff office.
B. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS (MFA)
Offices of the Ministry were reportedly located on Tung Chiao Min
Hsiang in Peking, two blocks south of the famous Gate of Heavenly
Peace. The Ministry headquarters also has been reported to be at
Wai Chiao Pu Chieh (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Street), Peking. The
Foreign Ministry and State Council use the Hsin Hua Ting, a small
pagoda-like building inside the Forbidden City, as a location for
meetings with important foreign visitors.
In addition to Foreign Minister CHIEN I, there are five vice
ministers (there were six up to September 1959, when two were
15
Approved For Release 113APNIFOINANNIRON16-02646R000300090003-3
SI'I*1L.L UL
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
dismissed; one was appointed in January 1960). There are three
identified Assistants to the Foreign Minister.
In June 1958 a reference was made to a General Services Depart-
ment under the Foreign Ministry, although there has been no definitive
information to indicate what functions it performs. Reference was
also made in June 1958 to a General Office of the Foreign Ministry,
but no definition of its functions was made. It is considered likely
that between them the following known activities are divided:
1. Maintenance of the world-wide courier system and the
handling of diplomatic pouches.
2. Operation of a system of inspection of diplomatic instal-
lations abroad.
3. Direction of the Cipher Service (Chi Yao Chu 2894/6008/
3710), a special department which consists of a corps of career
communications specialists assigned to the Ministry in Peking
and to installations abroad.
4. Responsibility for regulations concerning physical and
personal security at headquarters and abroad, classification
of documents, and the safeguarding of classified records and
documents.
No separate finance, archives, or communications offices are
identified; and these functions may fall under the purview either of the
General Office or the General Services Department. No training office
has been identified, but the function is probably carried out by the
Institute of International Relations (see Part IV), which is directly
related to the Ministry.
Under the Ministry's organization there are six geographical area
offices, which may be further subdivided into country desks. There
are, in addition, six identified functional departments.
1. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OFFICES
The six geographical area offices are the First Asian Affairs
Office (non-Communist States), the Second Asian Affairs Office (Com-
munist States), the West Asian and African Affairs Office, the West
European Affairs Office, the American and Australian Affairs Office,
16
Approved For Releasa448Mialoirplikalig78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 1.91MMTW3P1A-02646R000300090003-3
and the Soviet and East European Affairs Office. Probable areas of
responsibility are shown in Attachment 1. However, responsibility
for Greece and Turkey has apparently been placed arbitrarily in the
West European Affairs Office, although both fall under the West Asian
and African Affairs Office. The Soviet and East European office was
referred to as the Socialist States Affairs Office between February
1958 and September 1959, when the present title came into more common
usage. It has never been made clear whether the change in title was
accompanied by incorporation of the Communist nations of Asia (North
Korea, North Vietnam, and the Mongolian People's Republic) into its
jurisdiction, but it is believed that these three countries are handled
under the Second Asian Affairs Office. Recent reference to it as the
Soviet and East European Affairs Office would seem to exclude the
three Asian Communist nations from this office's area of responsibility.
Although little is known of the further detailed breakdown of the
geographical area offices into desks for specific countries or groups of
countries, it seems certain that this further subdivision exists.
Specialists, for example, within the Asian Affairs Office No. 1 are
concerned with matters relating to (and deal with individuals repre-
senting) nations falling within the cognizance of this office, such as
Japan, India, and Indonesia. Within the American and Australian
Affairs Office are to be found individuals considered specialists on the
United States, others considered experts on Latin America, and another
group specializing on Australia/New Zealand.
A distinction must be made between the CCP International
Liaison (Foreign) Department and the Soviet and East European Affairs
Office of the Foreign Ministry. The CCP department is concerned with
relations and liaison with other Communist parties, whereas the area
office of the Ministry deals with government-to-government affairs
vis-a-vis the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
2. FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS
Identified functional departments are Personnel, Protocol,
Consular Affairs, Treaties and Law, International Affairs, General
Services, and Information (or Intelligence). Matters concerning
personnel administration, records, assignments, and party records
are probably handled by the Personnel Department.
The Protocol Department handles matters generally within the
scope of such departments in other governments. It deals with foreign
17
Approved For Release 1999/08/24:
Approved For ReleaOMMeirtitirra. - P78-02646R000300090003-3
diplomats and officials stationed in Communist China or visiting there
and advises (often sending advisory personnel with) Chinese Communist
delegations visiting other nations and attending international conferences.
Its officials accompany groups of diplomatic personnel stationed in
Peking on periodic guided tours of various areas on the mainland. This
department was reported to have a staff in excess of 700 persons,
including translators and interpreters. Personnel engaged in public
relations and reception, including those from the Protocol Department,
were called by the State Council to a conference in March 1958 and told
that they were to "perfect themselves in the general line and foreign
policies of the Party and state". They were reminded that proper
reception of foreign visitors to Communist China is a "solemn political
task".
The Protocol Department is also reported to be charged with
preparing original drafts of congratulatory messages sent by Chinese
Communist leaders to various foreign countries and their officials on
occasions of anniversaries, important meetings, national celebrations,
etc. Such messages are probably subject to approval by the Foreign
Minister and the official in whose name they are sent.
The Consular Affairs Department is concerned with visa matters
and consular affairs in general, in addition to carrying out the terms of
consular agreements which have been signed with most (if not all) of
the Sino-Soviet Bloc nations as well as with a few non-Communist nations
with which diplomatic relations are maintained, such as Indonesia,
Burma, and Switzerland.
The Treaties and Law Department is concerned with consideration,
formulation and negotiation of treaties, protocols, and formal govern-
mental agreements between Communist China and other nations and with
matters involving international law.
The functions of the International Affairs Department are not
fully known, but they appear to include matters involving strictly govern-
mental aspects of Communist China's participation in international
conferences (Communist and non-Communist) and international Com-
munist front organizations, as well as assignment of personnel to the
permanent staffs of these front organizations. In performing its
functions, this department certainly works in close coordination with
the CCP International Liaison Department.
The exact functions of the Information Department (formerly
referred to as the Intelligence Office) are not known, but from data
Approved For Release 1999/08/241CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Li 1..0
,r Y 18 1
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
available it appears that one of its duties parallels that of the Press
Section of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Information
Department has a Press Bureau which issues Ministry of Foreign
Affairs press announcements, deals with foreign press representatives,
both resident and visiting in Communist China, and supervises the
admission of foreign correspondents to the mainland. All arrange-
ments for foreign correspondents seeking an audience with govern-
ment officials are handled through the Press Bureau. A Research
Section has also been identified under this department. The Section
may monitor foreign press reaction to Chinese Communist foreign
policy and is probably the receiving and collation point in the Ministry
for such overtly acquired information. In most of the large Chinese
Communist diplomatic installations abroad are Investigation and
Research Sections known to collect overt information and to prepare
periodic summaries of political, economic, and social conditions in
the host and adjoining countries, as well as analyses of foreign
attitudes and reactions toward Communist China and its international
policies and activities.
If the Information Department plays any part in the collection
or collation of covertly acquired intelligence, or the assignment of
intelligence personnel to posts in diplomatic installations, such a role
is not evident from evidence now available. The Information Depart-
ment may also act on behalf of the Foreign Ministry in reviewing and
approving program material bearing on foreign policy before it is
broadcast on the foreign network of the Broadcasting Administration
Bureau.
3. CHINESE PEOPLE'S INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS (CPIFA)
(Chung Kuo Jen Min Wai Chiao Hsueh Hui)
The CPIFA is not identified as, and is not believed to be, a
formal part of the organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; but
its activities are obviously under the control and supervision of the
Ministry. It may have functions similar to those found in the foreign
ministries of other Sino-Soviet Bloc nations. In Poland, for example,
the Institute of International Affairs has basically the same mission.
The CPIFA (see Attachment 2) is said by the Chinese Communists to
be an "unofficial" body, established in December 1949. Its stated
functions are acquiring reference materials, conducting research,
writing reports, and making "systematic analyses" of international
problems. Under the CPIFA there is a working staff which probably
19
Approved For Release 100111416061?010000/08a02646R000300090003-3
Gemetwompogionmemw
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
collects and collates information from current newspapers, clippings,
editorials, and other printed matter, the files of international press
services coming into Peking, and the product of the monitoring by the
Broadcasting Administration Bureau of the radio broadcasts originating
in the important non-Communist nations.
It is possible that the CPIFA, in close cooperation with the
Research Section under the Information Department of the Ministry,
prepares the daily reviews and analyses of this material, which are
published and distributed daily to top Party and government officials.
Trained observers who have visited Communist China have commented
upon the broad and detailed knowledge displayed by Chinese Communist
leaders regarding day-to-day occurrences in the outside world.
Apparently this knowledge is based upon news digests dealing with
current affairs which are derived from the monitoring of all important
radio and news sources and the scrutiny of the Free World's daily
press and periodicals. Other reports have stated that these daily
digests of foreign news are classified and are given limited circulation
among the top party and government hierarchy and among senior
research scientists of the Academy of Sciences in Peking.
Another important function performed by the CPIFA is its part
in the conduct of so-called "people's diplomacy" by Communist China.
Invitations to visit Communist China are extended to Communist Party
officials of Sino-Soviet Bloc nations and Communist Party leaders in
non-bloc countries by the Communist Party of China. Invitations to
heads of Sino-Soviet Bloc governments and chiefs of state or foreign
ministers of countries with which Communist China maintains diplomatic
relations are extended through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
Chinese People's Government. However, invitations of this nature to
heads of all other states, to officials of political parties not in power
in states recognized by Communist China, and to governmental,
legislative, and other officials of nations with which no diplomatic
relations exist are most often handled by the CPIFA. A Chinese Com-
munist publication in 1957 described this function as follows: "It (the
CPIFA) extends invitations to foreign political leaders to visit this
country and, through personal contacts, helps to promote international
understanding and friendship."
HSti Yung-ying has been mentioned as head of a Compilation and
Translation Department of the CPIFA. HSU, previously referred to as
Director of the American and Australian Affairs Office of the CPIFA,
was formerly a research associate with the international secretariat
of the Institute of Pacific Relations. HUANG Hua, former Director of
Approved For Release 1999/08/242:0CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
aePrimpwrweffliworpipp
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
the West European Affairs Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
who was mentioned as chief of the CPIFA Research Office and head
of the Research Office of the Information Department of the Foreign
Ministry, was named Ambassador to Ghana in August 1960. Although
Premier CHOU En-lai is Honorary Chairman of the CPIFA and
CHANG Hsi-jo, leader in many Chinese Communist front organizations,
has been reported to be Chairman of the CPIFA, a single report stated
that the institute is actually directed by CHIIA0 Kuan-hua, one of the
vice presidents of the CPIFA and an assistant to the Minister of Foreign
Affairs. The CPIFA may also engage in long range research and
analysis of international problems of concern to Communist China.
Although all the top officials of the CPIFA are members of or
close collaborators with the CCP, many of the staff members do not
appear to be Party members, and a large number of the latter group
at one time resided abroad. Whether there are area and functional
sub-sections under the CPIFA is uncertain, but it is evident that there
are foreign area and language specialists at the CPIFA working level.
References have been made by visitors to China to a "People's
Diplomatic Research Council", a "Foreign Relations Institute", a
"China People's Foreign Relations Study Society", a "Foreign Affairs
Association", and to a "Chinese People's Diplomatic Society". The
functions assertedly performed by all of these and the personnel said
to be representing them suggest that these names are simply varying
mistranslations referring to the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign
Affairs.
According to its constitution, the CPIFA can "make suggestions"
to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It has been especially actilm'in
developing contacts with government officials, particularly legislators,
of non-Communist countries in campaigns seeking diplomatic recog-
nition of the CPG, and has sought to build closer ties where recognition
has already been extended. Since 1954 it has played host to lawmakers
from dozens of free nations.
That the CPIFA plays a role beyond that which is apparent is
indicated from the nature of its operations, the contacts which it initiates
and fosters with leaders of political parties in other nations, and the
pressures it exerts in "unofficial" negotiations in an effort to bring
about establishment of formal diplomatic relations with non-bloc nations.
It was reported in October 1959 that two former officials of the
Chinese Communist Embassy in Rangoon were employed in the Kunming
zi
Approved For Release 1999/08/24 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
imintspeipipmwommewpmw.
Approved For RelearMeMitil1reP78-02646R000300090003-3
office of the Institute of Foreign Affairs (Wai Chiao Hsueh Hui). If
there is a CPIFA office in Kunming, it is the only one known outside
the headquarters in Peking. One of the two men reported to be
assigned to this Kunming office was with the Alien Affairs Section
of the Canton Public Security Bureau before he was posted to the
embassy in Burma. It is likely the reference was to the Alien Affairs
Office of the Kunming Public Security Bureau unless the CPIFA was
being used as a cover for clandestine activities concerning Burma.
A "Chinese People's Foreign Research Committee" (probably
the CPIFA) was reported to be staffed in 1951 by persons who had lived
abroad, working under the leadership of a small group of Party officials
from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The CPIFA reportedly reads
and analyzes information from foreign sources and reported its findings
to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The CPIFA has access to the translations of the foreign press
and other data overtly acquired through official Chinese Communist
installations abroad. It also has access to the results of research per-
formed by the International Studies Institute of the Academy of Sciences.
It would seem logical that the CPIFA works closely with the Research
Section of the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
but the channels through which the work of the CPIFA is directed are
not clear.
Walton A. Cole, editor of Reuters, who spent twelve days in
Communist China in January 1958, may have been referring to the
combined product of the Foreign Radio Monitoring Service of the
Broadcasting Administration Bureau, the CPIFA and the Research
Section under the Information Department of the MFA when he wrote
the following, published in the New York Times, 28 February 1958:
"Superficially, it might seem that the Chinese
Communist leaders must be in a vacuum regarding
the day-to-day occurrences in the outside world.
These occurrences have little or no place in the
Chinese press or on the radio. But by means of
intelligently compiled news digests, based in the
main on the monitoring of all available radio and
news sources, and by scrutinizing the world's daily
and periodical press, they are among the best in-
formed individuals on current affairs that I have
met. The world outside, as seen through these
22
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
aimailetouroommemsimi
Approved For Release 199VOOk%Wi-hD*1812646R000300090003-3
digests, cannot appear other than topsy-turvy
when compared with the accounts in the Chinese
press of the always 'correct' and 'unified' Com-
munist bloc."
C. OTHER GOVERNMENTAL AND UNOFFICIAL ORGANS CONCERNED
WITH FOREIGN AFFAIRS
As in all other countries, there are other instrumentalities of the
Chinese Communist Government which do not determine foreign policy
but do have a role in implementation of this policy. Supplementing
these official organs are a number of unofficial fronts and mass organi-
zations. These official and unofficial organizations fail under three
general groupings: 1- Trade; 2- Cultural exchanges and propaganda;
and 3- Relations with foreigners residing in or visiting the China main-
land. Most of the All-China mass organizations, such as the All China
Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), have their international depart-
ments throughwhich they participate in the activities of the respective
international communist front organizations.
1. TRADE DIPLOMACY
Radio Peking broadcast the claim in September 1959 that Com-
munist China had by then established trade relations with 93 countries
or areas and had concluded governmental treaties or agreements with
27 of them. It was admitted that 75 percent of the total volume of
foreign trade in the prior ten years had been with Sino-Soviet bloc
countries, but gains were claimed in trade with non-Communist nations,
and it was said that trade with 54 Afro-Asian countries or areas had
gained 180 percent over 1950, which claim could well be true. In the
year 1956 Communist China's foreign trade with the East European
Soviet Satellites amounted to 22 percent of the total, according to a
Soviet foreign trade journal.
a. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN TRADE
This Ministry, engaged as it is in serving the import-
export requirements of Communist China, certainly operates within
foreign policy guide lines laid down by the CCP and the MFA. It is
official Chinese Communist policy that economics and trade cannot
be separated from political objectives. Communist China's economic
and trade offensive requires coordination of the activities of the
23
Approved For Release 199,9/048/2ii ilhEU4T-p9646R000300090003-3
Approved For ReleasleiMMTrettft78-02646R000300090003-3
State-controlled China National Import-Export Corporation with its
offices and representatives abroad, the other state-owned corpor-
ations dealing with exports and imports of specific types of goods
and equipment, the Chinese Communist-owned or controlled trading
companies abroad, direct government foreign trade dealings with
other governments and private business firms in other countries,
and the negotiation of trade agreements with other nations.
Commercial counsellors or attaches are found in most
Chinese Communist embassies and legations. The Ministry of Foreign
Trade appears to have some role in the selection of those named as
commercial counsellors and attaches, but clearance of such appoint-
ments with Party organs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is
certainly a prerequisite. Inaddition, there are trade agencies, trade
exhibits, and economic missions in some countries where no diplomatic
relations exist.
The Ministry of Foreign Trade consists of a number of
functional offices and geographical area bureaus -- for example, the
Fourth Bureau, or Afro-Asian Department, of which TSOU Ssu-i was
the deputy director. Radio Peking identified TSOU in September 1960
as the CPG commercial representative in Cuba. The Second Bureau,
headed by CHIA Shih, deals with Sino-Soviet Bloc countries, and
another bureau covers dealings with European countries. PAI Jen,
formerly a Vice Minister of Foreign Trade, was named Ambassador
to Morocco in February 1959.
There are many examples of Chinese Communist efforts
to combine the lure of trade with Communist China with political con-
siderations and to use international commerce as a lever to bring
about diplomatic recognition. Unsuccessful attempts to hold a shot-
gun wedding of politics and economics were made in the cases of Japan
and Austria. Trade agreements have often been used as an entering
wedge to bring about recognition; some examples involved Cambodia,
Morocco, and Cuba.
Under the Ministry of Foreign Trade there is a Market
Research Institute, which in turn has specific area research offices,
such as the European-American Research Office.
b. CHINA NATIONAL TRADE CORPORATIONS
There are at least fifteen national trade corporations,
official government organs which control all imports and exports
Approved For Release 1999/08/i41: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
'.,sIaJ.
Approved For Release 1999/66721-1-:."(CiA=RtiP78-02646R000300090003-3
within specific fields as indicated in their titles (e.g., China National
Silk Corporation). At the top of this import-export structure is the
China National Import and Export Corporation (CNIEC). The head
office of each of these corporations is in Peking. Most of them have
branch offices in Shanghai, Canton, and Tientsin. Branch offices of
some of the corporations are located in Tsingtao, Hankow, Foochow,
Chlangsha, Amoy, and Dairen.
An office of the China National Import and Export Corpora-
tion was established in East Berlin before the inauguration of exchanges
of trade delegations to deal with non-Communist countries in Europe.
CNIEC acted as sole importer of goods from these countries. The
Berlin office was reported by the East German press to have closed on
14 October 1956. Although it was to be reopened in Bern, Switzerland,
it appears that this office was discontinued, or the commercial
counsellor of the embassy in Bern may have assumed the responsibility
for purchasing in Europe. Transactions with these national corpor-
ations are often handled by trade delegations directly representing the
various corporations.
c. TRADE EXHIBITS
There is also a department of the Ministry of Foreign Trade
which arranges for trade exhibits held in Communist China and for
Chinese Communist participation in fairs and exhibits abroad. Com-
munist China has made a most favorable impression in non-Communist
countries through such exhibits. For example, Communist China
occupied the honored position among foreign exhibitors at the Lausanne
trade fair in September 1958. The honored position had been held in
past years by Portugal, Canada, Argentina, and India. Peiping's
exhibit was under the patronage of the Chinese Communist Ambassador
in Bern. This trade fair and one in Basel in 1959 drew visitors from
all over Europe and gave the Chinese Communists an opportunity to
exploit extensive commercial contacts.
d. CHINA COMMITTEE FOR PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
Closely related to Communist China's endeavor to expand
its foreign trade is a front organization, the China Committee for the
Promotion of International Trade (CC PIT), which is functionally but
not organizationally under the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Because the
25
Approved For Release 1 gglifflefflifefriteriart 2646R000300090003-3
1/41y
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RIDP78-02646R000300090003-3
CCPIT sends delegations to many free world areas in order to pave
the way for trade with non-Communist countries, it must be con-
sidered as participating in people's diplomacy; and its activities
certainly are closely keyed to foreign trade relations in the broader
sense.
The CCPIT was established in May 1952. It has two main
objectives: (1) to persuade businessmen in non-Communist countries
that strategic embargoes on trade with the Soviet bloc and China are
detrimental to their own best interest; and (2) to develop trade rela-
tions with non-Communist countries. It was closely affiliated with the
International Committee for Promotion of Trade (IC PT), an inter-
national Communist front reportedly dissolved in 1956. The CCPIT
has sent numerous trade delegations to Japan, South Asia, the Near
and Middle East, Africa, Europe, and Latin America; has sponsored
numerous exhibits at international fairs; and has concluded trade agree-
ments with private commercial groups in Great Britain, Japan, France,
Italy, Ceylon, Egypt, Burma, India, and other non-Communist countries.
2. CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AND PROPAGANDA
One of the five staff offices under the CPG State Council is
the Staff Office for Culture and Education. Under this staff office falls
the Ministry of Culture, which is generally responsible for all
domestic propaganda activities conducted through the government and
the production of most of the published propaganda which is sent abroad.
The Staff Office also exercises some measure of supervision over the
domestic operations of such propaganda media as the New China News
Agency (NCNA) and the facilities and programs of the Broadcasting
Administration Bureau (BAB). The foreign bureaus and offices of the
NCNA and the foreign broadcasts and monitoring of programs broad-
cast from other nations by the BAB are probably under the joint
cognizance of the Staff Office and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The
governmental Commission for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries
(CCRFC) is also under the direction of the Staff Office for Foreign
Affairs, and its activities are coordinated with foreign policy as admin-
istered through the Foreign Ministry. The unofficial Association for
Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries also takes its direction from
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
a. COMMISSION FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN
COUNTRIES (CCRFC)
26
Approved For Releas / 411.-"ClA=RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
The CCRFC was established in February 1958 as successor
to the special agency of the State Council known as the Liaison Bureau
for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. This Commission
sponsors cultural relations and exchanges of persons with the Sino-
Soviet Bloc countries and non-Bloc nations with which Communist China
has formal cultural exchange agreements. It maintains liaison with
similar organizations found in each of the Sino-Soviet Bloc countries,
appears to direct the affairs of the friendship associations for each of
the Bloc countries in Communist China, and works with the China
friendship associations in each of the Sino-Soviet Bloc nations.
b. ASSOCIATION FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN
COUNTRIES (ACRFC)
The ACRFC, formally established in May 1954, performs
the same functions as described above for the CCRFC but in all known
instances has confined these activities to non-Sino-Soviet Bloc nations.
Although little is known of the organizational structure of either the
CCRFC or ACRFC, it is probable that there are functional and area
sections under each. LIU Po-kang was reported by one source in
September 1958 to be head of the Japan section of the ACRFC. In July
1960, WU Ching was named as deputy head of a Second Department under
the CCRFC. (See Attachment 2 for the names of CCRFC and ACRFC
officials.)
c. NEW CHINA NEWS AGENCY (NCNA)
Founded in 1932, the NCNA opened its first foreign bureau
in 1949. It now has foreign bureaus or offices in 27 of the 34 countries
with which Communist China has diplomatic relations and in. four
countries or areas (France, West Germany, Hong Kong, and Macao)
where there are no diplomatic installations. Through all these offices
and bureaus, as well as from other correspondents on roving assign-
ment, news is collected and sent to Peking, large amounts of overt
information which is not classifiable as news are acquired and sent to
headquarters in Peking, and the personnel assigned to these bureaus
and offices perform other functions which are not normally performed
by a bona fide news agency. The NCNA bureaus and offices in most
instances monitor the Peking newscasts, and these monitored items
are used in the publication of news bulletins which are widely distributed.
Agreements to exchange their news files are in effect with the national
news agencies of all the Sino-Soviet Bloc nations and with foreign news
27
Approved For Release 19W08/24 ? CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
nun/. VJA-1
taBleirwigeolommb
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
agencies of several free world countries. All of these news agencies
also have correspondents stationed in Peking, and some foreign com-
munists are employed at NCNA. headquarters.
d. BROADCASTING ADMINISTRATION BUREAU (BAB)
As one of the special agencies, the BAB is administratively
subordinate to Staff Office for Culture and Education of the State
Council. Policy and political control of the BAB is exercised by the
CCP Propaganda Department, and its foreign broadcasts are subject
to close coordination with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to insure
compliance with Communist China's foreign policy. Before news from
the outside world is broadcast to the large listening audience on the
China mainland over the domestic radio and television network, it is
carefully screened by an editorial committee of party members which
provides guidance in conformance with current foreign policy and
controls the context and timing of such broadcasts.
In August 1944 the New China News Agency began daily
foreign broadcasts of news in English Morse code from Yenan. The
New China Broadcasting Station in Yenan was established in September
1945 and the volume of foreign broadcasts increased. In October 1949
the Central People's Broadcasting Station was set up in Peking. By
1955 the BAB facilities were broadcasting 78 3/4 hours of foreign
programs of news, propaganda, and music in seven languages, plus
programs beamed to Taiwan, and others totaling ll 1/2 hours daily in
five Chinese dialects directed to Chinese residing overseas. By May
1960 the BAB was operating 22 transmitters beaming news and
propaganda abroad for a total of 674 program hours per week in at
least 19 foreign languages and five Chinese dialects, a rate second
only to Radio Moscow's 975 hours among the Sino-Soviet Bloc nations.
As announcers and translators the BAB foreign broadcasts use many
foreign nationals, including party members sent by foreign Communist
parties to engage in this work, and a number of Chinese who learned
other languages while residing abroad. The Overseas Broadcasting
Division of BAB also prepares and broadcasts special programs of
domestic news and editorial reactions to international news from the
Chinese Communist viewpoint. These programs are believed to be
intended for the guidance of embassies and other official installations
abroad.
Since 1937 the Chinese Communist broadcasting facility
has monitored foreign news broadcasts for use by the New China News
28
Approved For Relealza78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 1999 08/ 4ailreritTIMMO2646R000300090003-3
Agency and for the information of the Chinese Communist leadership.
At present the Foreign Radio Monitoring Division of the BAB monitors,
transcribes, and translates news programs broadcast from nations
in areas of interest to Communist China throughout the world. Staffed
by Party and Youth League members, this division prepares briefs on
international news every two hours and distributes them to key Party,
government, and Foreign Ministry officials. The news so monitored
is passed to the NCNA for selective use in its news service and is used
in the preparation of two daily classified bulletins published by the
NCNA for distribution to a select group of Party and government
officials. This monitoring service enables the Chinese Communist
propaganda organization and Foreign Ministry to react rapidly to
happenings of international interest bearing upon Communist China's
foreign policy, status, or interests.
3. OVERSEAS CHINESE AFFAIRS COMMISSION (OCAC)
This Commission, under the State Council, is concerned with
matters involving the 14,000,000 hua chtiao (Chinese temporarily
residing abroad, most often referred to as "Overseas Chinese"). It
receives its direction from the CCP, principally from the United Front
Work and Propaganda Departments of the Central Committee. The
Commission is concerned not only with Chinese residing overseas but
also with those returning from overseas residence or study, either to
visit or to reside permanently on the mainland. It operates hostels
and a mechanism for the reception and handling of those who are visiting.
A front organization known as the Federation of Returned Overseas
Chinese has been created with branches throughout the mainland, to
which all returning for permanent residence are virtually required to
belong.
Many channels and methods are employed by the Chinese Com-
munists to acquire and retain the loyalty to the Communist regime of
these large communities of Chinese residing abroad. Wherever they
exist, embassies work extensively among these largely unassimilated
groups. Branches of the Bank of China have Overseas Chinese Depart-
ments to handle remittances, spread propaganda, and perform other
tasks on behalf of Peking. The United Front Work Department of the
CCP has agents within these Chinese communities. Some New China
News Agency bureaus maintain contact with and sponsor cultural acti-
vities among them. Special Radio Peking broadcasts are directed to
the Chinese overseas. The Communist-controlled and pro-Communist
press, schools, and various business and labor organizations in foreign
29
Approved For Release lpnippkiicyb5464702646R000300090003-3
s
Approved For Release' 09 '872 : A- P78-02646R000300090003-3
countries afford assistance in bringing the hua chliao under the control
or influence of Peking. Communist China must often walk a narrow
path to avoid offending the local governments with which Peking has
diplomatic relations and which resent the presence of these large bodies
of unassimilated Chinese, while still preserving the loyalty or good
will of the hua chliao, who are under local government pressures and
restrictions.
The OCAC also collaborates with the CCP United Front Work
Department in organizing associations of overseas Chinese and in
gaining Chinese Communist control over those already established.
In one Southeast Asian nation the Chinese Communist-controlled asso-
ciation plays a prominent part in the political activities of the large
hua chliao community and works closely with Chinese Communist
diplomatic and consular installations in investigating and processing
applications by Chinese residing in that country for passports.
4. OTHER GOVERNMENT AND UNOFFICIAL ORGANIZATIONS
No attempt will be made herein to enumerate or describe the
foreign activities of all of the other government ministries and special
agencies, mass organizations, and fronts. Suffice it to say that there
is a foreign department in almost every ministry and an international
liaison department in all the All-China federations (youth, students,
women, journalists, labor, scientists, etc.). The Chinese national
fronts which are counterparts of such bodies as the World Peace
Council and the Afro-Asian Solidarity Council are patently set up to
participate in the international or regional Communist front organi-
zations.
A few of these other organizations and foreign operations are
worthy of some comment:
a. BANK OF CHINA
One of the special agencies under the State Council's Staff
Office for Finance and Trade is the People's Bank of China. Its
Foreign Operations Department directs the banking and other activi-
ties of the banks (all State-owned) outside Communist China, including
the eleven branches of the Bank of China. All these branches are in
South and Southeast Asia except the one in London, the most important
banking office being in Hong Kong. As subsidiaries of the sole foreign
exchange bank for Communist China, Bank of China branches perform
30
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
mstiosesommusmmososrimi
Approved For Release 1906872C:-LCDVAISPW2646R000300090003-3
all the usual banking functions, such as financing foreign trade, making
loans to borrowers (principally Chinese) abroad, and transferring
remittances to and from the China mainland. Most of these branches
also have departments which collect commercial and economic informa-
tion concerning the host countries and trade with these countries. In
addition to their normal banking functions, these branches of the Bank
of China and their personnel perform duties and functions relating to
propaganda, political action, control of the Chinese residing overseas,
and subversion. They also are utilized in the funding of the various
overt and covert activities in the countries where they are located and
in the performance of certain tasks which would normally be assigned
to consular installations.
b. CHINA INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL AGENCY
The China Travel Service, which deals largely with Chinese
returning from overseas on visits or for permanent residence, super-
vises the itineraries of visitors from other nations while they are on
the China mainland. There is also a China International Travel Agency
(or Bureau) which, established about the end of 1956 or in early 1957,
operates like the Soviet INTOURIST, although on a smaller scale.
Little is known of this agency, although it has formalized protocols
with INTOURIST and travel agencies of other Communist nations for
the annual handling of specified numbers of private tourists. The first
group of 51 such Soviet tourists arrived in Communist China in January
1957. The International Travel Agency apparently has branches through-
out Communist China and possibly is represented abroad in Sino-
Soviet bloc countries.
c. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Although Communist China is not a member of the Universal
Postal Union (UPU), postal channels to and from the China mainland
are open to virtually all parts of the world, and the UPU has a working
relationship with the China mainland which conforms with postal union
rules. Development of international communications by Communist
China has been principally oriented to the Sino-Soviet bloc, but tele-
communications agreements or contracts have been established with
more than forty countries. Long distance telegraph and telephone
service connects Peking with all the other Communist nations. Radio-
telegraph and radio-telephone service from Peking or Shanghai is
maintained with Tokyo and Osaka in Japan and with London, Paris,
Geneva, Hong Kong, India, Burma, Indonesia, and other important
31
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For RelealidaNOWITP,MMI71378-02646R000300090003-3
communications centers. There is radiophoto service between Peking
and Tokyo, Geneva, and probably Prague. Additional telecommunica-
tions circuits have been projected.
d. CIVIL AVIATION BUREAU
Communist China's airlines, under the Civil Aviation
Bureau, have expanded to connect all of China's major cities. Inter-
national service is available to the USSR, North Korea, North
Vietnam, and Burma. Further extensions to Hong Kong, Japan,
India, Ceylon, and Cambodia are in the planning or negotiation stages.
Air service to most points in Europe, Africa, and Latin America is
available via connections in Moscow, Prague, and Zurich. Persons
traveling by air to Japan or South and Southeast Asia cross over the
border at Hong Kong and make connections there.
e. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Although not a formal governmental organ, this Academy
serves the Party and government in the course of its activities. One
of its many institutes, the International Relations Research Institute,
is believed to do long-range, overt research on foreign affairs not
related to the day-to-day conduct of foreign relations. Also under the
Academy is a Scientific Information Institute which came into being in
1956 and flooded universities and scientific bodies of Western nations
with requests for the exchange of literature, publications, and other
scientific and technical data. JEN Sheng, an official of the Academy,
told a news correspondent visiting Peking in 1958, "We have the Insti-
tute of Scientific Information, whose task is to get data from the whole
world. We study the scientific merits of any country, no matter how
big or small, friendly or antagonistic".
Reference has been made to the existence of a Foreign
Office Department (although the exact title was not known), divided
into sections for particular countries or areas, which dealt with such
matters between Communist China and these areas as liaison on joint
scientific projects. This department may be the same as the Academy's
Bureau of Scientific Relations with Foreign Countries, headed by
WANG TIo.
32
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
meetiowlimomemommui
Approved For Release 1999/08/24 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
5. MILITARY
The Ministry of National Defense, directly under the State
Council, is referred to by the Chinese Communists as the executive
and administrative organ for the Red Chinese armed forces, called
the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which encompasses all branches
of the military services. Through its Military Affairs Committee and
a General Political Department of the Central Committee, directly
attached to the armed forces, the Communist Party of China exercises
the actual control over the PLA, which has repeatedly been described
as the military arm of the Party.
The PLA has a dual role: the defense of the China mainland
and participation in international military affairs. The latter is
illustrated in:
a. Participation of the Chinese People's Volunteers of the
PLA in the Korean War.
b. Presence of PLA. military advisors in Communist nations
of the Far East.
c. Support of Communist guerrilla forces in Malaya, the
Philippines, and elsewhere.
d. The existence of a Foreign Affairs Department in the
Ministry of National Defense, the functions of which include:
(1)
Participation in the assignment to diplomatic in-
stallations abroad of military attaches who engage
in the collection of military information and liaison
with foreign military services.
(2) Liaison with military attaches of other nations
assigned to their embassies in Peking.
(3) Supporting Chinese Communist military missions
traveling abroad.
(4) Receiving and planning itineraries of foreign military
missions visiting Communist China,
33
Approved For Release 10~11e#144004110M8-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For R:rere6M687Tril.".? : UA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
(5) Dispatching Military Advisors to serve with
military and guerrilla forces of other countries.
e. Offers to furnish and actually supplying war materiel
and military manpower to armed forces in rebellion
against governments of nations of the free world.
Examples are offers to the Algerian rebel forces and
encouragement and support of pro-Communist and
anti-Western forces in nations where Communism is
competing for control.
f. Assisting Communist insurgency and subversion
directed against the military and internal security
forces of other nations, and encouraging civil dis-
orders against governments of nations friendly to
the West, such as Laos and Japan.
g. Engaging in hostile military action, as in Quemoy
and in the Indian and Nepalese border incidents.
34
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
nevameelmotioiammitoP
wrirmipowlmilmePPPIPP
Approved For Release 1999/08/24 : CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
IV. FOREIGN SERVICE TRAINING
It goes without saying that few, if any, personnel of the Foreign
Ministry or foreign service of the predecessor government on the
China mainland would be used in responsible ministry or diplomatic
posts under the CPG after the Chinese Communists took over in 1949.
Few trusted Chinese Communist cadres had adequate experience in
foreign affairs and diplomacy prior to 1949. Available Party personnel
who had any degree of experience or qualifications to hold such posts
fell into four categories:
a. Those who had served the CCP in dealings with the Chinese
Nationalist Government over the years up to 1948 and in the un-
productive negotiations carried on under the auspices of the
Marshall Mission in 1946.
b. Those who had been associated with the USSR and its
satellites through the Comintern and Cominform, or who had
served abroad at headquarters of the Comintern, Cominform,
or the various international Communist front organizations.
c. Those who had resided or studied abroad for protracted
periods and had thus established contacts with the people of
these areas and/or language qualifications.
d. A relatively small number of CCP members who had
engaged in study or research concerning political science and
foreign relations.
Since the 1930's some secret CCP members have participated in
an organization known as the Chinese Foreign Relations Association.
One example is WANG Ping-nan, now Ambassador to Poland, who was
educated in Japan and Germany, who was associated in the 1930's with
the Berlin branch of the Comintern, and who returned to China in 1935,
ostensibly as a leader in one of the small non-government political
parties. Secretary of the Chinese People's Foreign Relations Asso-
ciation in 1939 in Chungking, he subsequently emerged as a member
of the CCP headquarters staff. He appeared in Peking in 1949 and,
before establishment of the Chinese Communist Government, assisted
in the organization of a Foreign Affairs School. He joined the CPG
35
Approved For Release 1n9/41,0,:i;liftWffp-02646R000300090003-3
metetweeteprosamwm?
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Forcign Ministry upon its founding and became an assistant to the
Foreign Minister. He later appeared as secretary general of the
Chinese Communist delegation, headed by CHOU En-lai, to the
Korean Political Conference in Geneva in April 1954.
Lacking trained and experienced CCP cadre in sufficient numbers
to staff the Foreign Ministry and the diplomatic installations being
opened in 1949-1950 in the Sino-Soviet Bloc and free world nations, the
Party called upon inexperienced but trusted CCP leaders and senior
military officers, filling in the gaps with Communist Youth League
members. In these early days of the CPG, assignments to diplomatic
posts in the Sino-Soviet bloc nations served as a training ground in
foreign affairs. Some CCP cadres were trained in foreign service
schools in the USSR, and those who were assigned to key posts outside
the bloc were able to draw upon the support and counsel of experienced
Soviet diplomats.
Prior to 1949, in the areas controlled by the Chinese Communists,
Public Security Bureaus had been established. Under some of these
bureaus Foreign Affairs Sections (also known as Alien Control Sections)
were established as a device to monitor the activities of foreigners
(non-Chinese). Some of the persons later drawn into the Foreign
Ministry came from these Foreign Affairs Sections. By 1952 the CPG
Foreign Ministry had established its own training program, which was
turning out party cadres with some knowledge of foreign affairs and
foreign languages in sufficient numbers to staff the expanding Chinese
Communist diplomatic corps abroad.
It is known that hundreds of Chinese have studied at various Soviet
higher party schools and institutes, but the proportion or numbers of
these students trained as specialists in diplomacy and the foreign
service is not known. By the 19301s there were two schools in Moscow
training specialists for foreign service careers: the Institute for
Preparation of Diplomatic and Consular Workers and the Higher
Diplomatic School, now known as the Moscow Diplomatic School. In
Moscow two institutions sponsored by the Personnel Directorate of
the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs now offer training for a foreign
service career, the Institute of International Relations and the Moscow
Diplomatic School. The latter is the foremost training center for
prospective foreign service personnel in the Sino-Soviet bloc. The
Soviet Institute of International Relations offers three types of training:
a 6-year course for candidates with a secondary school education; a
2 to 3 year course for graduates of a university or the equivalent; and
36
Approved For Release aaalpiars441W8-02646R000300090003-3
sewpow
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
"in-service" training of indeterminate length for non-professionals,
with refresher courses for "junior" diplomats returning from
abroad.
The Soviet Institute has approximately 1,000 applicants in any
given year, accepting about 200 or more of these applicants and
graduating about 80. Students from the Sino-Soviet Bloc have been
admitted since the early 19501s, tuition costs being borne by the
country of origin. Of the Bloc students in attendance during the year
1954-1955, 70 were Chinese, more than from any other Bloc member.
It is to be presumed that the security of all Chinese candidates must
be cleared by the Communist Party of China and that they must be
members of the Party or the Youth League. It is not known whether
any Chinese Communist students have attended the Moscow Diplomatic
School, which may confine its admissions to more experienced officers
of special potentiality in view of the fact that the enrollment in the
Institute is much larger. The existence of a separate Soviet Institute
of Chinese Studies, formerly a part of the Institute of Oriental Studies
under the USSR Academy of Sciences, and of a number of foreign
language schools is known; but the extent to which Chinese have been
trained in these schools is not. There are Chinese instructors on
the staffs of several of the more important Soviet schools teaching
oriental languages.
The first formal training of Chinese Communist foreign service
personnel, begun at some undetermined date after the Communists
took over the mainland in 1949, was conducted at the International
Relations Department on the campus of the People's University. In
late 1955 or early 1956 the Foreign Service Institute was established
on Exhibition Hall Road in Peking, as the successor to the former
university department. A Radio Peking broadcast in September 1955
stated that an "Institute of Diplomacy" was to be set up in Peking under
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In October 1956 there were reports
that Chinese repatriated from the U.S. were teaching at this institute.
Radio Peking broadcasts in 1957 referred to a "Foreign Affairs College",
to an "International Diplomacy Academy of Peking", and to an "Institute
of Diplomacy", all believed to have been the same as the Foreign
Service Institute. Some "student consuls" serving in embassies abroad
were later reported to have graduated from the Foreign Service
Institute.
37
Approved For Release 199"'94fkAr A ft'"IrCeikrIACM"D 41"i46R000300090003-3
govitameigeinvearaikwais
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
A. INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (IIR)
(Kuo Chi Kuan Hsi Hsueh Yuan, 0948/7139/7070/0190/1331/7108)
In July 1958 the name of the Foreign Service Institute was changed
to the Institute of International Relations. This Institute is located on
Chan Len Kuan Road, Pai Wan Chuang Lu, Peking, across from the
CCP Municipal Committee Party School, in a four-story building con-
structed in 1956, which houses the administrative offices, classrooms,
and dormitory rooms for students. The Institute is in a compound
with a number of houses, several athletic fields, a four-story dormitory
for teachers, a three-story dormitory for students, a service building
with dispensary, and a mess hall.
Originally, a number of Soviet advisors, most of whom are
believed to have returned to the USSR, helped establish the institute
and its curriculum, based upon the organization and program of the
Institute of International Relations in Moscow. Among the Soviet
advisors reported working with the ]IR in 1958 were TUPINSKY, former
deputy dean of the Soviet LIR and a German expert; TCHEKAVSKY, a
legal expert; and DOPAVA, a female linguistic expert. A
Dr. MALINSIKOV and one KUDAKOV were also reported to be among
these advisors up to mid-1958. By the end of 1958 all instructors were
Chinese, although Soviet advisors sometimes lectured to the faculty
(but not to the students). At the end of 1958 there apparently was only
one Soviet advisor to the LIR, a specialist on international economics
who also was advisor to the Institute of International Studies of the
Academy of Sciences.
Funds to support the Institute come from the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, the Ministry of Education, or possibly from both. The policy
and operations of the institute are actually controlled by the Institute's
CCP Committee, which also guides Communist Youth League activities
among the students. The DR is not known to have a program for the
exchange of study material with the USSR or any other Bloc nation,
although there were some twenty students from Sino-Soviet Bloc countries
enrolled in the IIR in 1958.
Regular courses of study at the IIR last four to five years, with
special two to three year courses for CCP cadres and persons who had
served abroad. The five year course is designed for language
specialists. In late 1958 the LIR had two academic departments, the
International Relations Department and the Foreign Languages Depart-
ment. The IIR curriculum is apparently designed principally to turn
38
Approved For Rele akkilmiggifikagokare4041DP78-02646R000300090003-3
goestoregftwalrmaardwo
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
out well-indoctrinated Communists rather than qualified diplomats.
Training stressed Communist propaganda, the supreme authority of
the Communist Party and state, and the ultimate goal of the country
and its people to become dominant among all nations of the world. A for-
mer student was of the opinion that there was no realistic presentation
of world politics, intra-bloc affairs, or Western internal affairs.
? The LIR has four administrative offices: the Director's Office for
over-all supervision; the Educational Administrative Office, which
handles matters such as setting up the curriculum, administration of
instructors, and the guidance of research; the Personnel Office,
which handles enrollments, transfers, faculty administration, and
assignment of CCP cadre within the LIR.; and the General Affairs Office,
which handles finances, dormitory assignments, food service, and
maintenance of buildings and equipment.
CHIEN Hsin-jen, former Ambassador to Finland, is president
as well as secretary of the CCP Committee of the IIR. The three
vice presidents are HO Wu-shuang, KIUNG Hsiang-lin, and LI En-ch'iu,
the ILR Executive Director. CHANG Hsin-chluan is chief of the
President's Secretariat. LI Kuang heads the IIR Foreign Languages
Department. SUN Chun-ching is director of the General Affairs Office,
LIU Chien-yang heads the Personnel Office, and KIUNG Hsiang-lin is
concurrently head of the Educational Administrative Office.
HO Wu-shuang is concurrently director of the International Relations
Department. Most of the 11R instructors are members of the CCP or
its Youth Corps, many of the younger ones having been trained by
Soviet advisors at the People's University International Relations
Department.
In 1954 the former International Relations Department of the
People's University had about five hundred students, a number reduced
to approximately four hundred by the time the Foreign Service Institute
was founded in 1956. By late 1958 about six hundred were enrolled at
the 11R. Entrance requirements place heavy stress upon political
reliability, loyalty to the CCP, and freedom from any reactionary
background or foreign connections. A National Student Recruitment
Committee of the Ministry of Education screens applications from all
middle school students seeking entrance into any institution of higher
learning, and those chosen for enrollment in the IIR are considered
highly privileged.
39
Approved For Release 196101161646R000300090003-3
V 1V I
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Chinese students were Party cadre of middle and low level as
well as middle-school graduates training for diplomatic assignments.
Some students had already served abroad in the foreign service,
others had previously worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
and some came from the military or other government offices.
Upon completion of his course each student is asked to state a
preference for his future work as a teacher, as a researcher in inter-
national affairs, or for assignment to a diplomatic installation abroad.
Only 5 to 10 percent of the graduates get foreign assignments. A few
are selected for teaching assignments on the DR Staff. Others are
sent to the Institute of International Studies of the Academy of Sciences,
to the foreign affairs offices of ministries and commissions under the
State Council, and to the international liaison sections of the mass
organizations (such as the All China Federation of Trade Unions).
However, the largest number is assigned to area and functional depart-
ments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Peking. Those who enter
the DR as CCP cadre usually receive better posts than do the "young
students", who come directly from middle schools.
Foreign service personnel are usually referred to in Communist
China as "foreign service cadres" rather than as "foreign service
officers". Cadre students are more apt to be assigned as staff
employees and the "young students" as functionaries. After leaving
the LIR, graduates reside at a foreign service hostel in the eastern
suburbs of Peking. Those assigned abroad are allowed to visit their
homes on leave, at their own expense, before taking up assignment
abroad.
One source, who was employed in the Foreign Ministry at Peking
until the end of 1958, stated that the salary of a college graduate
joining the Ministry in 1955 was IP 50 per month for grade 22, raised
to_.16. 69 per month the following year for a grade 20. His assigned
living quarters were first in a four-man room, later a two-man room,
finally a single room, the latter costing Y. 1.40 a month furnished. He
ate in a mess hall at a monthly expense of up to 18. Each week he
attended a meeting addressed by a cadre of ministerial level, and each
day he read the bulletin, Reference News (Tstan Klao Hsiao Hsi),
compiled by the New China News Agency from the monitoring of foreign
news broadcasts and limited in circulation. He received free medical
care and, if called upon to act as an interpreter, was given evening
dress or other appropriate apparel needed for social functions.
40
Approved For ReleaMPOSSINSONNONOIMIN8078-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release I MIPAPTIMPTref
- 646R000300090003-3
According to this same source, CHENG Piing, former dean at the
LIR up to 1958, was assigned to the post of first secretary of the
Chinese Communist Embassy in Cambodia.
In addition to Communist Party newspapers and publications pub-
lished in the Sino-Soviet Bloc as well as in some free nations, the
students have access to the London Times and New York Times.
Among the students at the HR. have been some from the USSR, the
East European satellites, Yugoslavia, North Korea, and North
Vietnam, although the number of such foreign students has been
relatively small. In 1958, of the some 600 students in the IIR, four
were Poles, two each were from East Germany, Rumania and Hungary,
one each from Albania and Yugoslavia, and more than 20 from North
Vietnam.
Tuition for all Chinese students is free and living quarters are
provided, but all students have to pay for food, clothing and books.
Some scholarships are given. Uniforms are not worn by students of
the IIR. Cadre students continue to receive regular salaries while in
attendance at the IIR. Tuition of foreign students is paid by the
sponsoring country.
The CCP Committee of the IIR directs all indoctrination, "criticism
sessions", cultural and party activities. A CCP member is assigned to
supervise the work of the well-organized Communist Youth League
chapter.
The courses given at the I1R may be broken down into four general
categories: basic subjects such as geography, history, law and cultures;
political theory, principally Marxism and Leninism; history of the
Chinese revolution; Communist philosphy, historic and dialectic
materialism; foreign affairs, including history of international political
and economic relations; international public and private law; history of
Chinese diplomacy and foreign policy; and foreign languages. Among
the languages taught at the LIR were English (34 instructors), French
(25 teachers), Russian (20 instructors), German, Spanish, Japanese,
and Arabic. Students usually studied a primary language for a three-
year period and a secondary tongue for one year; language specialists
devote their fifth year to their specialty.
Guest lecturers at the LIR have included Premier CHOU En-lai;
Foreign Minister CIPEN I; Vice Foreign Ministers CHANG Han-fu,
41
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
?-?_L -1-.1 I.JLj JJ.N.L.J.L
Approved For Releas : -RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
LO Kuei-po, CHI Pleng-fei, and TSENG Yung-chtuan; former Vice
Foreign Minister CHANG Wen-then; KUNG Pieng, head of the Infor-
mation Department of the MFA; HUANG Hua, who at the time was
head of the former MFA West European and African Affairs Office;
and Ambassadors on leave in Communist China, including WANG
Ping-nan (Poland), HUANG Chen (Indonesia), WU Hsiu-chiiian
(Yugoslavia), and HA.N Nien-lung, former Ambassador to Pakistan.
CHOU En-lai in one lecture listed the four basic duties of cadres
in the diplomatic service as:
1. Possessing the spirit of and upholding the interests of
the working class;
2. Executing loyally the policies of the CCP and the foreign
policies of Communist China because, by merely serving the
working class, a cadre might be ignoring the strategy of the
Party;
3. Mastering the skills of the diplomatic profession, in-
cluding understanding the language of the country to which
assigned; and
4. Observing disdpline and obeying all orders of their
superiors.
Only CCP and Youth Corps members are allowed to attend these
guest lectures, which sometimes are given by non-Chinese visitors to
Peking. From the "blooming and contending" program beginning in
May 1956 through the implementation of the "leap forward" program
in 1958-1959, all students and faculty members were required to
participate in these campaigns. A few persons were condemned as
rightists and punished in one way or another, dependent upon the
seriousness of the charges against them.
B. LANGUAGE TRAINING
In addition to the LIR, there is also a Foreign Language College,
of which CHANG Hsi-chiou is President. It is one of the departments
of Peking University, and similar colleges reportedly exist in other
principal universities such as that in Harbin. An official of Peking
42
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 19 /M124: C - -02646R000300090003-3
University told a visitor from abroad that this college was established
in 1944 and that in October 1958 there were 886 students studying
English, German, French, Spanish, and Rumanian. The Peking
University Foreign Language College seeks to turn out graduates
capable of understanding, speaking, reading, and writing the language
in which they specialize. However, one observer stated the stress
was principally on translation and conversation.
A leading educator from one Asian nation stated, after a visit to
Peking, that an institute had been established In that city to train
specialists in language, literature, history, music, etc., of his
country. Under instruction were Chinese students who had lived in
the Asian nation and had been brought to Peking for this special training,
as well as CCP cadres. The educator commented that these students
were so well-trained that they could pass unnoticed as nationals in an
average community in the educator's home country.
A number of Chinese are also known to have attended the Institute
of Eastern Languages in Moscow, where oriental and South Asian
languages as well as those of the Near East and Africa are taught.
Chinese have also studied at the Institute of Foreign Languages in
Moscow, where instruction in Western languages is given.
Although it is not known to what extent the practice is carried out,
personnel have been assigned by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to
the embassy in one country where they underwent intensive training
in the language of the area to prepare them linguistically for assign-
ments in that and adjoining countries. In this instance a villa was
rented by the embassy and equipped as a secure area where the first
group of ten Foreign Ministry employees spent two years studying the
language under tutelage of local nationals, after which the members
of this group were assigned to posts in the host and neighboring nations.
There were four non-Chinese instructors, who were the only nationals
of the host country allowed access to the school's quarters. These
students, and a subsequent group, were each given the title of
"functionary" while engaged in this language training.
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CkRDP78-02646R000300090003-3
411161011116111~ERidikkii
Approved For Relea: - P78-02646R000300090003-3
V. SUMMARY DATA CONCERNING KY FIGURES
IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS
A. STAFF OFFICE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND MINISTRY OF
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
This summarization is based on biographic data available as of
1 October 1960 concerning the 58 key personnel of the Staff Office and
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Little is known of some of these 58
persons other than that they are in their present positions. However,
some observations on the education, experience, and capabilities of
this group can be made.
1. Of the 26 most important members in the group, including those
down to the level of heads of Geographical Offices and Functional
Departments:
a. The ages of only 15 of the 26 are known and the average
is approximately 50 years.
b. The average experience in foreign affairs of those on
whom data are available is nine years.
c. Eleven have held posts in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
other than their present ones.
d. Three formerly headed Alien Affairs Offices under the
Ministry of Public Security.
e. Eighteen have had some experience abroad, six of these
as Ambassadors (three in the Soviet Bloc, one in Burma, and
two who served both in Sweden and Pakistan), and five others
have held diplomatic posts abroad.
f. Three represented the Chinese Communists in dealings
in 1946 with the Marshall Mission to China; one has participated
in the U.S. - Communist China ambassadorial level talks in
Geneva; a number have attended meetings of various international
Communist front organizations; and many have traveled abroad
since 1949 with Chinese Communist delegations.
44
Approved For Releasie19,9.90/2VisRAMP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For ReleigelV97Cr8/24-: t1A=RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
g. One of the 26, CEPEN I, is a member of the all-powerful
CCP Political Bureau Standing Committee; two are full members
and three are alternate members of the CCP Central Committee.
h. There is no information on the educational background of
11 of the 26; two are known to have had little or no formal schooling;
four are graduates of middle or normal schools; three had some
university training; ten are graduates of Chinese universities, and
three were graduated from or taught in Chinese military academies.
At least two studied at the Chinese Communist Marx-Lenin
Academy at Yenan.
i. Of the 26, eight studied abroad in one or more of the
following countries: Germany (3); the U.S., Japan, and France
(2 each); in the United Kingdom; and six at the Sun Yat Sen
University for Toilers of China in Moscow.
j. Three of the 26 were members of the Chinese Communist
delegation which appeared at the UN Security Council meeting at
Lake Success in 1950. One other formerly worked for a depart-
ment of the UN.
k. Two have backgrounds as writers on political science and
as Communist propagandists; three were at one time Christians;
seven come from well-to-do families; seven have been closely
associated with CHOU En-lai over a period of years; six have
husbands or wives who are also associated with the MFA or the
diplomatic service; and the wives of three are active in inter-
national Communist fronts.
1. Of a number who worked before 1949 in the Communist
underground, many were arrested for Communist activities; at
least six were deported from foreign countries for Communist
activities therein; and some had to flee from the China mainland
for varying periods of time to avoid arrest.
m. Some who dealt with Americans prior to 1949 and were
known as friendly and affable (a few even being described as
"Westernized") have proven sullen and unfriendly in contacts
with Americans since 1949. Some of those who are known to
speak English well (such as CHOU En-lai) now insist on carrying
on all conversations through interpreters. Characteristics
45
Approved For RelealA1SI1O0ITe 1M'MP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For ReleareiMMIVTIM15. - 78-02646R000300090003-3
common to most of those in contact with Westerners include
stubbornness and inflexible adherence to Communist
(particularly Chinese Communist) doctrine and principles.
2. Of the 32 others among the 58 leaders, one was a former
ambassador to the Mongolian People's Republic; twelve have formerly
served in other diplomatic posts abroad; and eight were formerly
with Alien Affairs Offices of the Ministry of Public Security.
3. Of the total of 58, three are women; twelve are known officials
of the People's Institute of Foreign Affairs; four have backgrounds in
propaganda work; at least eight are ex-military personnel; five have
served the CCP as political commissars; three are noted for their
labor activities; two have past records in the field of foreign trade;
one has been a leader in affairs of Chinese residing overseas; and
at least two are suspected of having engaged in collection of intelli-
gence. A number of these persons are affiliated with friendship
associations in Peking.
4. Almost all of those now assigned to top diplomatic posts abroad
served for some time in the Peking headquarters of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. Notable among these are the present Ambassadors
to Ceylon, Denmark, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Poland,
Sweden, Sudan, Ghana, Guinea, the UAR, and North Vietnam, and the
Charges d'Affaires to the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
5. Known language capabilities (varying from slight to fluency
and some with more than one language) among the 58 key personalities
considered in this survey include: English - 23, Russian - 12,
French - 7, German - 5, Japanese - 3, Malayan - 1, Hindustani - 1,
and Vietnamese - 1. Of the 33 ambassadors and charge's d'affaires,
the language capabilities of 17 are known, and of these 14 have a
capability in English ranging from fair to fluent, two of them being
considered expert in that language. Six are familiar with Russian,
and 6 of the 17 have capability in some other foreign language. Most
of the other 16 ambassadors and charges probably have some degree
of language ability, but pertinent data are not available. At least eight
in the top echelons of the Foreign Ministry and a dozen or more leaders
in the PLFA are rated as fluent in English.
6. Although a few of the 58 are known to have received some
training in the USSR, none is known to have studied international rela-
tions there or elsewhere abroad. None is known to have been graduated
46
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
agiawarsoriftwatiossiow.
eisissassa
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
from the Foreign Service Institute or its successor, the Institute for
International Relations (LIR.) in Peking, but some may have taken
refresher courses there. Many have lectured to students of this
institute. A former dean of the LIR is reported to be first secretary
of the embassy in Cambodia.
7. Ten of the 58 participated actively in negotiations with the
Chinese Nationalists and the Marshall Mission to China in the late
19401s; others had some peripheral connections with these negotia-
tions, and one was in liaison with UNRRA in Shantung.
8. Of the present five Vice Ministers of Foreign Affairs, four
previously served as Ambassadors, all but one in Communist nations.
One of the three Assistants to the Minister was formerly an
Ambassador, and another accompanied her husband on his tour as
Ambassador to the USSR.
9. Four of the six heads of geographical offices have served in
diplomatic posts abroad, and four of the six have served on other
MFA desks at Peking headquarters. Of the seven known heads of
the MFA functional departments, three have held posts in diplomatic
installations in other countries, one as an ambassador; two have
served on other desks in the Ministry; and the head of one depart-
ment is concurrently an Assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
10. Only one of the four known top figures in the Institute of
International Relations is known to have served in another post in
the MFA. This same person also has had four years of service
as counselor in Chinese Communist embassies abroad.
B. CCRFC, ACRFC, AND CPIFA
11. Significant facts gleaned from analysis of the backgrounds of
the 23 key officials of the organizations appearing in Attachment 2 are:
a. The ages of 15 of the 23 are known to average 59 years.
Most are well educated.
b. One member of the CCRFC, CHANG Han-fu, is a Vice
Minister of Foreign Affairs and an alternate member of the
CCP Central Committee.
"
47
-97161wfmg-
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
STI 14 A. J.J .1.4 X
c. One of the Vice Chairmen of the CCRFC, who is also a
member of the Standing Committee of the Executive Council of
the ACRFC, has long been associated with Chinese Communist
intelligence services and has traveled abroad under the cover of
his CCRFC post. Four others connected with the CCRFC or
CPIFA are known to have had some experience in intelligence
and security work.
d. Four members of the Standing Committee of the CCRFC
Executive Council are full members of the CCP Central Com-
mittee, and one is an alternate member. LIAO Chreng-chih and
LIU Ning-i, both Deputy Directors of the Staff Office for Foreign
Affairs, are also on the ACRFC Standing Committee.
e. Vice Chairmen CEDIA0 Kuan-hua of the CPIFA is an
Assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Two full members
and one alternate member of the CCP Central Committee are
on the CPIFA board of directors. The following six members
of the CPIFA board of directors also hold or held leading posts
in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: CHANG Wen-chin, CHI
Pteng-fei, HUANG Hua (became Ambassador to Ghana August
1960), KUNG Pleng, KtUNG Ta-fei (named counselor, Ghana,
15 August 1960), and Yt Plei-wen. WANG Yin-plu, a deputy
secretary general of the CPIFA, was identified in mid-1958 as
a deputy director of the American and Australian Office of the
MFA. WANG in 1949-1950 was director of the Peking Alien
Affairs Office of the Ministry of Public Security.
f. Of the twenty-three leaders of the CCRFC, ACRFC, and
CPIFA, twelve are leaders in the so-called friendship associa-
tions (e. g., China-India Friendship Association); eleven are
officials of or active participants in international Communist
front organizations; seventeen have traveled widely abroad with
cultural and other delegations; thirteen were educated abroad;
three have resided in the U.S. at one time or another; three
were members of the 1950 Chinese Communist delegation which
appeared before the U.N. Security Council at Lake Success; and
two have in the past been connected with the Institute for Pacific
Relations. The known language capabilities of these 23 leaders
include English (11), French and Japanese (4 each), German and
Russian (2 each); and two have previously served in posts in
Chinese Communist embassies abroad.
48
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
??Pripmeipmrsomme
Approved For Release 193144&6440AiliNig#49"46R000300090003-3
C. INTERNATIONAL LIAISON (FOREIGN) DEPARTMENT
12. The man tentatively identified as the director of the CCP
International Liaison (Foreign) Department was formerly Ambassador
to the USSR and later a Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs. He is also
the specialist in foreign affairs on the important Party Secretariat.
One of those believed to be a deputy director of this CCP department
was formerly Ambassador to Yugoslavia and has held high posts in
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1949, including that of Vice
Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1951-1955. Both are full members of
the CCP Central Committee.
13. Although confirming data are not always available, sources
have reported that all holding the posts of director or deputy director
of the Staff Office for Foreign Affairs, the top posts in the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, and positions as heads and deputy heads of the
functional departments and geographical offices of the Ministry must
be members, full or candidate (openly or secretly), of the Communist
Party of China or the China Young Communist League. This require-
ment also obtains for all holding important diplomatic posts abroad.
It is probably a prerequisite for the top positions in the Commission
for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and the Institute for
International Relations.
49
miiiiiimmipiwoommemprmi
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
olMmlINAMOIMPIP81111?10~00
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
ATTACHMENT 2
The following is a compilation of the most recent information
available (to 15 August 1960) concerning the personnel of three important
organizations engaged in the conduct of "people's diplomacy".
The following symbols are used in this compilation:
# Also connected with Foreign Ministry or Staff Office
for Foreign Affairs.
* Is also a regular or alternate member of CCP Central
Committee.
COMMISSION FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES,
STATE COUNCIL (CCRFC) (Established February 11, 1958)
Chairman
Vice Chairmen
Secretary General
CHANG Hsi-jo
CHANG Chih-hsiang
CHIU Tiu-nan
CHIU Wu
TING Hsi-lin
TSOU Ta-pleng
LO Chin
CHIEN Chung-ching
Other members (as appointed September 16,
#4( CHANG Han-fu
CHIEN Klo-han
CHIANG Ssu-i
CHOU Erh-fu
FENG Chi-piing
HO Chteng-hsiang
HSIA Yen
1959):
HSIAO San
HSIEH Hsin-ho
HSIN Kuan-chieh
JUNG Kao-t'ang
MEI I
PAO Erh-han
TA Plu-sheng
TS TUI I-tien
TUNG Chlun-tslai
WU Leng-hsi
WU Wen-t'ao
WU Yiin-fu
YANG Han- sheng
*YUAN Chiao-chlin
militiewietopmangowinw
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
omptioeftemewoopwp
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
CHINESE PEOPLE'S ASSOCIATION FOR CULTURAL RELATIONS WITH
FOREIGN COUNTRIES (ACRFC) (Established May 3, 1954)
Chairman
Vice Chairmen
Secretary General
Deputy Secretaries General
CH1U T lu-nan
TING Hsi-lin
YANG Han-sheng
CHANG Chih-hsiang
HSIA Yen
CHOU Erh-fu
WU Hua-chih
CHU Po- shen
SUN Pling-hua
CHIN Tzu-ming
LIN Lin
Other members, Standing Committee, Executive Council (as elected
April 15, 1959, corrected to reflect additional members or removals
reported since that date.
CHANG Chih-hsiang
CHANG Hsi-jo
CHANG Keng
CHAO Feng
CHAO I-min
CHIEN Chung-ching
CHIEN Han-sheng
CHIEN Piing
CHI Chlao-ting
CHOU Chien-jen
CHOU Erh-fu
CHOU Shu-chia
CHU K'o-chen
CHIU Tlu-nan.
FAN Chlang-chiang
HOU Te-pang
HSIA Yen
HSIAO San
HSIN Kuan-chieh
HA. P'ing-yii
HU Yil-chih
HUA Chin-wu
JUNG Kao-tlang
KAN Ling
LIAO Chleng-chih
LIU Chiang- sheng
LIU Hsi-yUan
LIU Ko-pling
LIU Ning-i
LO Chun
MA Shao-po
OU T lang-liang (f)
PAO Erh-han
SA Klung-liao
SHAO
SHU
TA Plu-sheng
TING Hsi-lin
TING Ying
TSTAI Chlu-sheng
TSIA0 Meng-chiln (f)
TSOU Ta-pleng
WU Yao-tsung
YANG Han-sheng
YANG Shou
YAO Chen
Members, Executive Council: 237 members (elected April 15, 1959;
names not announced in available sources). Branches of the ACRFC
are found in major cities, such as Shanghai and Canton.
VT' Whiff
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
TIPPMBrimmefflomeinsilui
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
CHINESE PEOPLE'S INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS (CPIFA)
(Established December 15, 1949)
Honorary Chairman #*CHOU En-lai
Chairman CHANG Hsi-jo
Vice Chairmen
# CHIIA0 Kuan-hua
CHOU Keng-sheng
HU Yu-chih
CHIEN Han-sheng
Secretary General WU Mao-sun
Deputy Secretaries General
HSIAO Hsiang
# WANG Yin-pIu
WU Hsiao-ta
WANG Hsiao-yun
TUAN
Other members, Board of Directors (as elected July 19, 1955, with
the deletion of members later denounced as rightists and the addition of
new members identified since 1955).
C ha -k 0-10- fu
CHIAI Tse-min
CHANG Chiung-po
CHANG Ming-yang
CHANG T rieh-sheng
#C HANG Wen-chin
CHANG Yao-hui
CHANG Yifeh
CHA.0 An-po
CHAO Shou-i
CHIEN Chia-kIang
CHI ChIao-ting
#CHI PIeng-fei
*CHIIEN Chfin-jui
CHIN Chung-hua
CHOU Hsin-min
CHOU Ta-fu
CHU Po-shen
FAN Hung
FEI Ch'ing
FENG Nai-chao
HO Kung-kai
HO Ssu-ching
HO Wei
HO Ying
HSIA Yen
HSIAO Chien-ying
HSIAO Hua-chIing
HSIEH Nan-kuang
HStt Yung-ying
# HUANG Hua
JAO Chang-feng
#KUNG Pleng (f)
#KUNG Ta-fei
LAI Ya-li
LEI Jen-min
LI Chli-jen
LI Chou-1i
LI Chlun-ch'ing
LI Kuang-ttien
#*LIA0 ChIeng-chih
LING Chli
LIU Chin-chung
LIU Kuan-i
#*LIU Ning-i
LIU Ssu-mo
LIU Tse-jung
LIU Tsun-chli
LO Chiin
LO Prei-yilan
MA Chung-ming
MA Yu-kIuei
MEI Ju-ao
PAO Erh-han
SHO Li-tzu
SUN Yao-hua
TU Kuo-hsiang
TU Tzu-ts Iai
TUAN Po-0
TUNG Yiieh-chtien
WANG Jen-shu
WANG Yiin- sheng
WENG Tu-chien
WU Leng-hsi
YA Sheng
YANG Sung-chling
Chin-tIang
#Y1j Plei-wen
mosommotoommimmanw
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
aetitiomoommommeuni
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
ATTACHMENT 3
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CHINESE NAMED IN
THIS STUDY AND/OR ON CHART
(An asterisk * before a name indicates it is to be found on chart,
Attachment 1. Names listed as A-2 are to be found listed in Attach-
ment 2. However, not all the names in Attachment 2 are listed in
this index.)
*AN Tzu-wen (1344/1311/2429)
*CHANG Chih-hsiang (1728/5268/4382)
*CHANG Han-fu (1728/3352/1133)
CHANG Hsi-chlou (nta)
CHANG Hsi-jo (1728/1153/5387)
Page
A-2
41, 47, A-2
42
21, A-2
CHANG Hsin-ch'uan (1728/1800/3123) 39
*CHANG Ping-yii. (1728/4426/3768)
*CHANG Wen-chin (4545/2429/2516)
CHANG Wen-then (1728/5113/1131)
*CHANG Yen (1728/1750)
*CHAO Cheng-i (6392/2398/0001)
*CHAO I-min
*CHAO Shih (6392/1385)
*CHIEN Chung-ching (7115/1813/4842)
48, A-2
42
A-2
A-2
Approved For Releaegfg9ing/NrCIALIRIDP78-02646R000300090003-3
"11-7. Tr. Tf T A T TT IN lip 1 T
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
*CHIEN Han-sheng (7115/5060/4563) A-2
*CHIEN Hsin-jen (7115/6580/0088) 39
*CHIEN I (7115/3015) 2, 15, 41, 45
*CHIEN Po-chting (7115/0130/3237)
*CHIEN Shu-liang (7115/0647/0081)
*CHIEN Ti-chiang (nta)
CHIEN Tu-hsiu (nta) 5
CHENG Pting (6774/1627) 41
*CHII Peng-fei (1213/7720/7378) 42, 48, A-2
CHIA Shih (6328/4258) 24
*CHIIAO Kuan-hua (0829/0385/5478) 21, 48, A-2
* CHIIN Li-chen (4440/0500/4176)
*CHIN Tzu-ming (6855/1311/2494)
A-2
*CHOU En-lai (0719/1869/0171)
2, 5, 15,
21,
36,
41,
44, A-2
*CHOU Erh-fu (0719/5079/1788)
A-2
*CHOU Keng-sheng (0719/7643/3932)
A-2
*CHU Po-shen (26)2/0130/3234)
A-2
*CHU Ktai-yin (2612/7030/0603)
*CHILI Ttu-nan (2806/0956/0589)
A-2
*CHId Wu (1448/2976)
A-2
HA.N HsiJ (7281/2402)
Approved For Release Ilinl?feernirer-Verrit"
-02646R000300090003-3
mmetioliekertmartoteovm?
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
*HAN Nien-lung (7281/1819/7893) 42
*HO Fang (0149/2455)
*HO Kung-klai (0149/0501/2818) A-2
*HO Ying (0149/0251) A-2
*HO Wu-shuang (0149/2048/7175) 39
*HSIA Yen (1115/5888) A-2
*HSIAO Hsiang-chlien (5618/0686/0467)
*HSING Hsi-Wing (6717/6007/5493)
*HSIUNG Fu ( 3574/1788)
HSIUNG Hsiang - hui (nta) 15
*HSU Huang (1776/2515)
*HSti Ming (1776/2494)
*HS* Ta-shen (1776/6671/3234)
*HSti Yung-ying (1776/3057/8710) 20, A-2
*HU Cheng-fang (nta)
*HU Yil-chih (5170/1937/0037) A-2
HUANG Chen (7086/6966) 42
HUANG Hua (7806/5478) 20,42, 48
JEN Sheng (nta) 32
*KIANG Mao'-chao (1660/4243/0664)
*KENG Piao (5105/7374)
*KO Pu-hai (5514/2975/3189)
Approved For Releacttrifen,:rAEr78 02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 1ffefteftitri-111511M02646R000300090003-3
*KtUNG Hsiang-lin (1313/4382/2651)
*KUNG Preng (f) (7895/3403)
*KUNG Piu-sheng (f) (7895/2528/3932)
*KIUNG Ta-fei (1362/6671/7236)
.*KtUNG Ytian (1313/0626)
*KUO Ying (0948/7751)
*LI Chen (2621/7201)
*LI Chtiang-fen (2621/1730/1164)
LI Ching-chtilan (2621/6855/1795) 5
39
47, 48, A-2
48, A-2
15
*LI En-chtiu (2621/1869/3061)
*LI Hsileh-feng (2621/7185/1496)
*LI Hui-chtuan (2621/0565/1557)
*LI Kuang (7812/0342)
*LI Wei-han (2621/4850/3352)
*LJA.0 Chteng-chih (1675/2110/1807)
*LIN Chung (2651/0022)
*LIN Lin (2651/2651)
*LIN Pting (2651/1627)
*LIU Chtang-sheng (0491/7022/0524)
LIU Chien-yang (0491/1696/7122)
*LIU Chin-chung (nta)
LIU Hsiao (0491/2556)
39
39
10, 15, 48, A-2
A-2
A-2
39
5
Approved For Release 1919?*691111"1.1019VIIMPM5- 2646R000300090003-3
Approved For ReleaseaMMITIM578-02646R000300090003-3
*LIU Hsin-chivan (nta)
*LIU Ning-i (0491/1380/0001)
LIU Po-kang (nta)
*LIU Ying (f) (0491/5391)
*L0 Chun (5012/0193)
* LO Kuei-po (50)2/6311/3134)
*LU Ting-i (7120/1353/0001)
*MA Chen-wu (7456/2182/2976)
*NI Yung-ytieh (nta)
PAI Jen (4101/6126)
PIAN Tzu-li (3382/5261/0500)
*PU Shan (nta)
*SHAO Then-jen (6730/1131/0117)
*SHAO Tsung-han (6730/1350/3352)
*SN Chien (3947/0256)
*SHEN Piing (3088/1627)
SUN Chun-ching (1327/0193/0615)
*SUN Piing-hua (1327/1627/0553)
*SUNG Chih-kuang (1345/0037/0342)
*TAI Piing (2071/1627)
*TIIEN Piing (3944/1627)
*TING Chao-chia (0002/0340/3496)
15, 48, A-2
27
A-2
42
24
5
39
A-2
Approved For ReleallirifOrmAth?2141'Yeiteilitt,78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 19
*TING Hsi-lin (0002/6007/2651)
46R000300090003-3
A-2
*TSENG Yung-chi-Liam (2582/3279/3123)
42
TSOU Ssu-i (nta)
24
*TSOU Ta-pleng (6760/1129/7720)
A-2
*TUAN (nta)
A-2
*TUNG Hsi-pai (5516/1585/4101)
*WANG Chia-hsiang (3679/4471/4382) 11, 12
*WANG Chieh (3769/0267)
*WANG Chlin (3769/2953)
*WANG Cho-ju (3769/0213/1172)
WANG,Hsiao-yun (nta)
WANG Ping-nan (3769/3521/0589)
WANG T'o (nta)
15
35, 42
32
*WANG Yin-p'u (3769/5593/0944)
48
*WEN Chien-piing (3306/1696/1627)
WU Ching (nta)
27
*WU Hsiao-ta (0702/2556/6671)
A-2
*WU Hsiu-chilian (0124/0208/2938)
5, 7,
11,
12,
42
*WU Hua-chih (nta)
A-2
*WU Mao-sun (0702/5399/5549)
*YANG Chli-liang (2799/3825/5328)
*YANG Han-sheng (7122/5060/4563)
A-2
Approved For Release 19 . CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
errigigk
Approved For Release 1999/011/MTIMP78-02646R000300090003-3
YANG Ming - chai (nta)
*YAO Chung-ming (1202/0112/2494)
*YEH Hsiu-chih (nta)
*YU Chan (0151/3277)
*Yb Plei-wen (1937/3099/2429)
*YtfEH Liang (1471/5328)
5
48, A-2
UILU
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02646R000300090003-3
Approved For Releas8-02646R000300090003-3