THE LIGHT BEFORE THE DARK: A CHRONOLOGY OF RUSSIAN EVENTS, FEBRUARY - OCTOBER 1917

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-02771R000200100002-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 68
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 22, 1998
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: August 1, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
THE LIGHT BEFORE THE DARK: A CHRONOLOGY
OF RUSSIAN EVENTS, FEBRUARY-OCTOBER 1917
00(;UMENT NO.
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August 1957
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Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
THE LIGHT BEFORE THE DARK: A CHRONOLOGY
OF RUSSIAN EVENTS, FEBRUARY-OCTOBER 1917
The Communists of the world will celebrate the 40th anniver-
sary of Communist seizure of power in Russia on 7 November 1957.
That day 40 years ago, however, marked more than just a Communist
(then Bolshevik) seizure of power; it also marked the extinguish-
ment of the flame of civil liberty and democratic government in
Russia, and the passage of the Russian people from the hopeful
light of freedom into the dark despair of Communist despotism.
That flame was, admittedly, still in its infancy, but it was
struggling vigorously for existence and was daily growing in.
strength, Had it not been snuffed out by the Bolsheviks on
7 November 1917, the Russian people would very likely today be
enjoying the life of free men instead of merely existing as the
oppressed subjects of a tyrannical and despotic regime, unparalleled
in history, in which all thought and effort are exerted for the
well-being of the Communist Party and its members and none for the
ordinary citizen.
It is too often forgotten that the Bolshevik Revolution was
not directed against the autocratic Tsarist regime which had for
centuries oppressed the Russian people (though Tsarist oppression
was liberty compared to the oppression imposed by the Communists),
but against a democratic government which had freed Russia from
Tsarist rule by means of the first 1917 revolution (the February
Revolution) and which was laboring to. bring the benefits of
democracy and liberty to the people. It was this regime which
was overthrown by the Bolshevik (i.e., the October) Revolution
of 7 November 1917.
The February Revolution was a spontaneous, moderate movement
which sought to replace the incompetent and autocratic govern-
ment of the Tsar with a more effective, representative and pro-
gressive liberal regime. During its existence from February to
October, this Provisional Government, despite the turmoil of
war and the attendant economic and social upheavals and diffi-
culties, as well as the manifold problems inherent in any radical
change of government, made great and steady progress towards its
goals. The government reflected the deepest desires of the
great mass of the Russian people and therefore commanded the
cooperation of all the principal political parties then existing--
Socialist, Social Democratic (Menshevik), Social Revolutionary,
and Constitutional Democratic (Cadet).
The only party which refused to cooperate with the Provisional
Government was the very small, but fanatic, Bolshevik Party.
Only the Bolsheviks endeavored to obstruct the efforts of the
new regime and to prevent it from functioning effectively. They
were not concerned with the welfare of the people but only with
securing power for themselves. Therefore, since they them-
selves had not carried out the February Revolution and did not
then control the government, they deprecated it and pretended
that it was simply a front for the ruling classes. And since the
new regime professed Socialist rather than-Marxist ideals and
goals, they declared that the interests of the common people were
being betrayed,
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
Using these hypocritical charges as a justification for their
obstructionist, conspiratorial, and undermining activities, the
Bolsheviks, from the beginning, systematically sabotaged the
government and its efforts. For they knew that only by prevent-
ing the realization by the government of its liberal program
could they create a situation in which they could seize the power
they so. desperately craved. To this end, the Bolsheviks delib-
erately sowed discord, suspicion, and mutiny among the people and
army. At the same time they presented themselves to the Russian
people as the only true protectors of the revolution and endeavored
to win support by making wildly extravagant promises (none of
which were fulfilled after they seized power).
In particular the Bolsheviks exerted every possible effort
(successfully, as it turned out) to capture control of the soviets--
workersl, peasants', and soldiers' councils--which had sprung up
all over Russia. Control of the soviets proved, in fact, to be
the basis for the Bolshevik success in October,. for the soviets
exercised enormous power. The Petrograd Soviet at first and then
later the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress
of Soviets exercised power almost as extensive as that held by
the Provisional Government itself. There was, in fact, virtually
a dual government in Russia.
It cannot be denied that the government, by permitting this
sharing of power, helped materially to dig its own grave; but
it is also proof that the government was sincere in its efforts
to reflect the will of the people and to associate them in the
processes of government. Certainly it was a far different
situation than that now prevailing in Russia in which the Commu-
nist Party exercises a monopoly of political power while the
ordinary citizen has no rights.but only the duty to obey what-
ever orderts the Party issues.
The above statements can easily be verified, for the truth
is revealed by the actions of the Provisional. Government during
the period of light (February to October) to bring freedom and
democracy to Russia, and by the actions of the Bolsheviks during
the same period to prevent this from happening, as the attached
chronology shows.
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
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Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
SOURCES
Bunyan, James, Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia,
April-December 1917, Baltimore, 1936w
Bunyan, James, and Fisher, H. H., The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-
1918, Stanford, 1934.
Carr, Edward, The Bolshevik Revolution, 3 vols., London, 1950.
Chamberlain, William, The Russian Revolution, 2'vols., London, 1935,
Curtiss, John S., The Russian Revolution of 1917, Princeton, 1957.
Eichenbaum, V.M., Nineteen-Seventeen: The Russian Revolution
Betrayed, New or , 1954.
Gankin, Olga, and Fisher, H.H., The Bolsheviks and the World War,
Stanford, 191.0.
Gorky, Maxim, et al, His~tor_y of the Civil War in the U.S.S.R.,
2 vo1s ; New York, 197. -
Mazour, Anatole, Russia Past and Present, New York, 1951.
Rauch, Georg von, A History of Soviet Russia, New York, 1957.
Schapiro, Leonard, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, London,
1955.
Sukhanov, N.N., The Russian Revolution 1917, London, 1955.
Timasheff, Nicholas, The Great Retreat, New York, 1946.
15
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
PROLOGUE TO INFAMY: A CHRONOLOGY OF
MUNISM'S FIRST YEAR OF POWER
August 1957
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4 ,
PROLOGUE TO INFAMY: A CHRONOLOGY OF
COMMUNISM'S FIRST YEAR OF POWER
November 7, 1957 will mark the 4Oth anniversary of Com-
munist rule in Russia. Already the Soviet propaganda machine
has begun to spew forth reams of material in connection with
that event, most of it designed to point up the "miraculous"
changes for the better which the Communists have succeeded in
effecting in Russia during their years of power.
Communist propaganda, both in general and that currently
being issued, implies, if"it does not explicitly claim, that
the advent of Communism in 1917 was the result of unanimous
demand and support by the peoples of the areas which today
constitute the Soviet Union; that immediately upon their
assumption of power, a veritable paradise on earth was created
which has, since then, constantly increased in perfection.
The truth is, however, that in November 1917 the Communists
(or Bolsheviks as they were then called) were but a small minor-
ity who imposed its rule by force; that the peoples of vast
sections of Russia hated Communism and resisted the Communists
to the limits of their ability; that almost all of the non-
Russian peoples of the Russian Empire attempted to exercise
the right of self-determination (which the Bolsheviks hypo-
critically had promised to recognize) and to establish independent
states, only to have their efforts suppressed by Red Army
aggression; that Russia, far from becoming a paradise, was
converted into one huge jail which was the scene of warfare,
tyranny, famine, insurrection and carnage.
About 350 years ago, Shakespeare wrote in one of his plays,
The Tempest, that "what is past is prologue,'' meaning that
the past actions of a nation are an indication of what it will
do in the future. In view of the Communists' 4O-year record
of unparalleled despotism, aggression, bad-faith, cruelty and
hypocrisy, there can be no doubt that these same elements will
characterize Soviet actions in the future, The maxim is equally
valid when projected backward in time. That is, the record
of the Communists during their first year. in power provided a
reliable indication of what was to follow during the ensuring
39 years. The illegality, treachery, bad-faith, aggression
and tyranny practiced by the Communists in 1917-1918 was but
the prologue to 39 more years of the same which differed only
in detail and degree but not in essence, as the attached
chronology will show.
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
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Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4 '
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
SOURCE S
Bunyan, James, Intervention, Civil War and Communism in Russia,
April-December 191 ,Baltimore, T36
Bunyan, James, and Fisher, H. H,, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-
1918, Stanford, 1934.
Carr, Edward, The Bolshevik Revolution, 3 vols., London, 19550.
Degras, Jane, Calendar of Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy,
1917-19k1, London, 19+8.
Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, Vol. I: 1917-1921-,
London, 19510
Gankin,. Olga, and Fisher, H. Ho, The Bolsheviks and the World
War, Stanford, 1940.
Gorky, Maxim, et al,, Histoire de la revolution russe, 4 vols.,
Paris, 19377-
, History of the Civil War in the USSR, 2 vols., New York,
Labry, Raoul, Une legislation communiste, Paris, 19204
Mazour, Anatole, Russia Past and Present, New York, 1951.
Pipes, Richard, The Formation of the Soviet Union. Communism and
Nationalism 1-'7-19 , Cam ridge, mass., T9
Rauch, Georg von, A History of Soviet Russia, New York, 1957
Schapiro, Leonard, The Ori in of the Communist Autocracy, London,
1955-
Timasheff, Nicholas, The Great Retreat, New York, 1946.
United States, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Trends in
Russian Foreign Policy since World War I. A Chronology of
Events from March 15, 1917 to January 1, 1947, prepared by
the Legislative Reference Service, 80th Congress, 1st Session,
Washington, 1947.
17
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
THE LIGHT BEFORE THE DARK: A CHRONOLOGY
OF RUSSIAN EVENTS, FEBRUARY-OCTOBER 1917
August 1957
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
THE LIGHT BEFORE THE. DARK: A CHRONOLOGY
OF RUSSIAN EVENTS, FEBRUARY-OCTOBER 1917
The Communists of the world will celebrate the 40th anniver-
sary of Communist seizure of power in Russia on 7 November 1957.
That. day 40 years ago, however, marked more than just a Communist
(then Bolshevik) seizure of power; it also marked-the extinguish-
ment of the flame of civil liberty and democratic government in
Russia, and the passage of the Russian people from the hopeful
light of freedom into the dark despair of Communist despotism.
That flame was, admittedly, still in its infancy, but it was
struggling vigorously for existence and was daily growing in
strength. Had it not been snuffed out by the Bolsheviks on
7 November 1917, the Russian people would very likely today be
enjoying the life of free men instead of merely existing as the
oppressed subjects of a tyrannical and despotic regime, unparalleled
in history, in which all thought and effort are exerted for the
well-being of the Communist Party and its members and none for the
ordinary citizen.
It is too often forgotten that the Bolshevik Revolution was
not directed against the autocratic Tsarist regime which had for
centuries oppressed the Russian people (though Tsarist oppression
was liberty compared to the oppression imposed by the Communists),
but against a democratic government which had freed Russia from
Tsarist rule by means of the first 1917 revolution (the February
Revolution) and which was laboring to, bring the benefits of
democracy and liberty to the people. It was this regime which
was overthrown by the Bolshevik (i.e., the October) Revolution
of 7 November 1917.
The February Revolution was a spontaneous, moderate movement
which sought to replace the incompetent and autocratic govern-
ment of the Tsar with a more effective, representative and pro-
gressive liberal regime. During its existence from February to
October, this Provisional Government, despite the turmoil of
war and the attendant economic and social upheavals and diffi-
culties, as well as the manifold problems inherent in any radical
change of government, made great and steady progress towards its
goals. The government reflected the deepest desires of the
great mass of the Russian people and therefore commanded the
cooperation of all the principal political parties then existing--
Socialist, Social Democratic (Menshevik), Social Revolutionary,
and Constitutional Democratic (Cadet),
The only party which refused to cooperate with the Provisional
Government was the very small, but fanatic, Bolshevik Party.
Only the Bolsheviks endeavored to obstruct the efforts of the
new regime and to prevent it from functioning effectively. They
were not concerned with the welfare of the people but only with
securing power for themselves, therefore, since they them-
selves had not carried out the February Revolution and did not
then control the government, they deprecated it and pretended
that it was simply a front for the ruling classes. And since the
new regime professed Socialist rather than Marxist ideals and
goals, they declared that the interests of the common people were
being betrayed.
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
Using these hypocritical charges.as a justification for their
obstructionist, conspiratorial, and undermining activities, the
Bolsheviks, from the beginning, systematically sabotaged the
government and its efforts. For they knew that only by prevent-
ing the realization by the government of its liberal program
could they create a situation in which they could seize the power
they so desperately craved. To this end, the Bolsheviks delib-
erately sowed discord, suspicion, and mutiny among the people and
army. At the same time they presented themselves to the Russian
people as the only true protectors of the revolution and endeavored
to win support by making wildly extravagant promises (none of
which were fulfilled after they seized power .
In particular the Bolsheviks exerted every possible effort
(successfully, as it turned out) to capture control of the soviets--
workers?, peasants',, and soldiers' councils--which had sprung up
all over Russia. Control of the soviets proved, in fact, to be
the basis for the Bolshevik success in October, for the soviets
exercised enormous power. The Petrograd Soviet at first and then
later the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress
of Soviets exercised power almost as extensive as that held by
the Provisional Government itself. There was, in fact, virtually
a dual government in Russia.
It cannot be denied that the government, by permitting this
sharing of power, helped materially to dig its own grave; but
it is also proof that the government was sincere in its efforts
to reflect the will of the people and to associate them in the
processes of government. Certainly it was a far different
situation than that now prevailing in Russia in which the Commu-
nist Party exercises a monopoly of political power while the
ordinary citizen has no rights but only the duty to obey what-
ever orders the Party issues.
The above statements can easily be verified, for the truth
is revealed by the actions of the Provisional Government during
the period of light (February to October) to bring freedom and
democracy to Russia, and by the actions of the Bolsheviks during
the same period to prevent this from happening, as the attached
chronology shows,
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
SOURCE S
Bunyan, James, Intervention, Civil War,' and Communism in Russia,
April-December 1918, Baltimore, 1936.
Bunyan, James, and Fisher, H. H., The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-
1918, Stanford, 1934.
Carr, Edward, The Bolshevik Revolution, 3 vols., London, 1950.
Chamberlain, William, The Russian Revolution, 2 vols., London, 1935.
Curtiss, John S., The Russian Revolution of 1917, Princeton, 1957.
Eichenbaum, V.M., Nineteen-Seventeen: The Russian Revolution
Betrayed, New York, 1954.
Gankin, Olga, and Fisher, H.H.,.The Bolsheviks and the World War,
Stanford, 1940.
Gorky, Maxim, et al, Hissttor of the Civil War in the U.S.S.R.,
2 vols., New York, 19E
Mazour, Anatole, Russia Past and Present, New York, 1951.
Rauch, Georg von, A ,History of Soviet Russia, New York, 1957.
Schapiro, Leonard, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, London,
1955.
Sukhanov, N.N., The Russian Revolution 1917, London, 1955.
Timasheff, Nicholas, The Great Retreat, New York, 1946.
15
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
PROLOGUE TO INFAMY: A CHRONOLOGY OF
COMMUNISM'S FIRST YEAR OF POWER
August 1957
Dry 9 3
!c, C:~ ';NC'e
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Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved for Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
PROLOGUE TO INFAMY: A CHRONOLOGY OF
COMMUNISMtS FIRST YEAR OF POWER
November 7, 1957 will mark the 40th anniversary of Com-
munist rule in Russia Already the Soviet propaganda machine
has begun to spew forth reams of material in connection with
that event,. most of it designed to point up the "miraculous"
changes for the better which the Communists have succeeded in
effecting in Russia during their years of power.
Communist propaganda, both in general and that currently
being issued, implies, if it does not explicitly claim, that
the advent of Communism in 1917 was the result of unanimous
demand and support by the peoples of the areas which today
constitute the Soviet Union; that immediately upon their
assumption of power, a veritable paradise on earth was created
which has, since then, constantly increased in_perfection.
The truth is, however, that in November 1917 the Communists
(or Bolsheviks as they were then called) were but a small minor-
ity who imposed its rule by force; that the peoples of vast
sections of Russia hated Communism and resisted the Communists
to the limits of their ability; that almost all of the non-
Russian peoples of the Russian Empire attempted to exercise
the right of self-determination (which the Bolsheviks hypo-
critically had promised to recognize) and to establish independent
states, only to have their efforts suppressed by Red Army
aggression; that Russia, far from becoming a paradise, was
converted into one huge jail which was the scene of warfare,
tyranny, famine, insurrection and carnage.
About 350 years ago, Shakespeare wrote in one of his plays,
The Tempest, that "what is past is prologue," meaning that
the past actions of a nation are an indication of what it will
do in the future. In view of the Communistst i0-year record
of unparalleled despotism, aggression, bad-faith, cruelty and
hypocrisy, there can be no doubt that these same elements will
characterize Soviet actions in the future. The maxim is equally
valid when. projected backward in time. That is, the record.
of the Communists during their first year:in power provided a
reliable indication of what was to follow during the ensuring
39 years. The illegality, treachery, bad-faith, aggression
and tyranny practiced by the Communists in 1917-1918 was but
the prologue to 39 more years of the same which differed only
in detail and degree but not in essence, as the attached
chronology will show.
Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-02771 R000200100002-4
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