INDIA, PAKISTAN AND KASHMIR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03061A000300010013-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 2
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 29, 1998
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: August 1, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP78-03061A000300010013-5
August 1964
INDIA,PAKISTAN AND KASHMIR
Hindu-Moslem enmity is centuries old; India-Pakistan enmity dates from
the blood bath of 1947 when the former British India received independence
and immediately broke along religious lines into India and Pakistan. The
principal, but not the sole, dispute between the two countries today is over
Kashmir which lies between West Pakistan and India, bordered by Communist
China and Afghanistan.
Background: In 1947 the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was ruled
by a Hindu Maharajah. The predominantly Moslem population, fearing that he
would accede to India following partition, revolted in August. Two months
later the Maharajah, unable to put down the rebellion which by this time in-
cluded some Pakistani army units, did accede to India and ask for military
assistance, which was promptly granted. A cease-fire between Pakistan and
India was finally arranged with the help of a United Nations Commission on
India and Pakistan (UNCTI') on 1 Jan,?ary 1949. The truce agreem(i,ant left India
occupying roughly two-thirds of Kashmir including the ti'e' e;, and Pakistan the
remainder which it calls Azad ("free") Kashmir. It also provided for a with-
drawal of military forces and a plebiscite to be held under UNCIP administra-
tion. These provisions have never been carried out despite numberless UNCIP
proposals, Security Council debates and direct negotiations between the con-
tenders. This uneasy truce prevails today, broken by occasional border in-
cidents and afflicted by rising communal tensions.
Current status. Meanwhile a new and extremely significant element
entered the India-Pakistan picture. In October 1962 Communist China invaded
India's northern territories and the US and UK came to India's assistance by
supplying weapons and aircraft for her defense, as they continue to do. In
December 1962 the Chinese called a ceasefire but have never accepted, as
India has, the Colombo* plan proposals for troop withdrawals as a pre-
condition to direct negotiations on the border problem.
Pakistan professes to see no further Chinese threat to India. Her
fears of India have therefore persuaded her that India is arming to attack
Pakistan. In the face of this presumed Inclien threat Pakistan has- moved
closer to Communist China and away from her. Western SEATO and CENTO partners
who are arming India. In early 1964 Pakistan signed a cultural agreement
with China, following another symbol of Sinc-Pakistani friendship ??- Chinese
Premier Chou En-tai's state visit to Pakistan. Within the year the two coun-
tries have signed a trade agreement, a civil air agreement giving Pakistan
International Airlines (PIA) landing rights in China (and thus providing
ready access for Communist Chinese travellers to the Middle East and Africa)
and a border agreement. ~ote: The establishment of PIA service is signifi-
cant because the People'sRepublic of China has landing rights in Pakistan
which it has not used A secret pact, enlarging the understanding between
the two countries, has been widely rumored but is firmly denied by Pakistan.
China has rewarded Pakistan with endorsement of her demand for a plebiscite
in Kashmir.
*Proposals put forward by Ceylon, Ghana, UAR, Indonesia, Cambodia, Burma
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India reacted sharply to Pakistan's growing ties with Communist China,
charging that the new agreements give aid and comfort to India's mortal
enemy. The border agreement provisionally ceded to China portions of Kashmir
which India claims are still in dispute. She fears that a renewed Chinese
attack (the sole reason for arming herself) might be assisted by this growing
friendship, since Pakistan stands on India's northeastern and northwestern
borders.
Kashmir situation. In Kashmir itself, communal tensions have recently
increased as they have also in the two Bengal states, one in East Pakistan
and one in eastern India. A stolen Moslem relic precipitated demonstrations
in early 1961+ in Srinigar, capital of the Vale, which turned against the
Indian puppet government. Although the relic was eventually recovered, pro-
tests and dissatisfaction with the government continued. India thereupon
removed the government, replacing it with a less corrupt administration.
In April India freed the popular Moslem leader Sheikh Abdullah, former
Prime Minister of Kashmir, who had been imprisoned since 1951+. Abdullah con-
ferred several times with Prime Minister Nehru on the future of Kashmir.
Their talks were not made public but Abdullah had earlier made it clear that
any solution must be acceptable to the Kashmiris as well as to the Pakistanis
and Indians. Abdullah has also conferred with President Ayub of Pakistan.
Nehru's successor, Lal Bahadur Shastri, agreed to meet Ayub at the July Com-
monwealth conference in London but illness prevented his attending. Ayub's
somewhat conciliatory public utterances since Nehru's death and Shastri's
willingness to explore their problems may permit some negotiation on Kashmir.
Background Reading:
anger in Kashmir," Korbel, Joseph; Princeton University Press,
195
"Two Nations and Kashmir," Birdwood, Baron Christopher Bromhead;
London: R. Hale, 1956
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