BI-WEEKLY PROPAGANDA GUIDANCE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03061A000300050007-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 77
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 17, 1999
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: December 20, 1965
• Content Type: REPORT

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JAN.
Significant Dates
1 Conference (heads of state), African and Malagasy Common Organization
(OCAM), mid-January, Tananarive, Malagasy Republic.
2 Fidel Castro assumes power, 1959.
2 7th Anniversary, the Castro regime. [Note: The Afro-Asian-Latin
American Peoples Solidarity (Tri-Continent) Conference sponsored by
the Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organization (Communist) begins on
3 January; the timing is not accidental.]
3 Afro-Asian Latin American Conference (Tri-Continent Conference),
Havana, 3-10 January, sponsored by the Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity
Organization (Communist controlled).
6 President Roosevelt states Four Freedoms: of speech and expression,
of worship; from want and from fear. 1941. 25th anniversary.
17 (Yugoslavia) Plenum of CP Central Committee expels Vice Premier Milovan
Dji las. [See Calendar of Significant Political Events for similar sub-
sequent actions against Djilas. If you do not have a Calendar, you may
request one.]
21 (Tibet) Chinese People's Republic orders government representatives to
Peking to negotiate "peaceful solution Tibet's status." (See Calendar
for subsequent events). 1950L
30 3rd anniversary, Founding of Organization of African States (OAU) by
20 nations; Lagos, Nigeria, 1962.
FEB
1 UN General Assembly charges Chinese Communist aggression in Korea. 1951.
8 Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty, arrested 27 Dec 1948, sentenced life impris-
onment for treason and espionage. Freed 31 Oct 1956 (see calendar 23
Oct-4 Nov 1956).
10 European Coal and Steel Community formed. 1953.
13 Czechoslovakia, last East European nation governed by traditional par-
liamentary methods falls by coup to Communist control. 1948.
14 CPSU 20th Congress, Moscow in which Khrushchev denounces Stalin in
secret speech. 14-25 February 1956. Tenth anniversary.
14 USSR and CPR sign treaty of alliance, repudiating Soviet-Nationalist
Treaty (14 August 1945) authorized by Yalta Agreement. 1950.
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fININIPIPETD
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20 December 1965
Wheat
Failure Trade Deficits
Continues
Briefly Noted
Serious Soviet Foreign
The Soviet Union has al-
ready purchased during
1965 close to ten million
tons of wheat from Canada, Argentina,
Australia and France -- with a conse-
quent drain on its gold supplies.
The Kremlin is spending about double
the amount of gold being produced in
its mines -- during the past three
months alone they have sold gold to
the west valued at $225 million -- to
meet its increasing trade deficit.
Bee attachment: UPI London dispatch
2 Dec 1965 carrying facts and figures
The seriousness of the Soviet
agricultural situation is openly re-
vealed in the Ministry of Foreign
Trade publication, Vneshnyaya Torgov-
lya SSSR za 1964 god (Foreign Trade
of the USSR for 1964), which shows
that the country has become a net
importer of grain and grain products
for the first time in its peacetime
history. The balance of Soviet
grain trade plunged from a net sur-
plus of over 8 million tons in 1962
to a net deficit of 4 1/2 in 1964,
Information already available indi-
cates that the 1965 deficit will
considerably exceed that of 1964.
The net trade deficit (of all
imports and exports,) greatly re-
duced by the customary Soviet export
surpluses with CEMA members and the
underdeveloped countries, still
amounted to $55 million. More im-
portant to the Soviet regime than
this overall figure, however, is the
rising deficit trade with the hard-
currency, capitalist, developed
e
nations, which in 1964 reached $452
million. In earlier years, the USSR
had achieved a favorable balance of
trade with the industrial West,
largely through sales of raw materi-
als, but from 1960 on there have been
deficits which have had to be covered
by credits or the sale of gold. It
is acknowledged that over one billion
dollars worth of Soviet gold was sold
abroad in 1963 and 1964.
One aspect of these deficits
with the West which undoubtedly par-
ticularly disturbs Soviet Party lead-
ers is their need for a considerable
] surplus of hard currency to finance
their far-flung political, propaganda,
and subversive activities.
* * *
KGB in Soviet Espionage
the Spotlight Thriller
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3199411Pq (Briefly Noted Cont.)
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USSR
and
France
Restraints on U.N. Peace-
keeping
The USSR particularly, and
France implicitly at least,
agreed some months ago to
make voluntary contributions to help
solve the UN financial crisis, if no
action were taken against them through
Article 19 (which could have relieved
them of their votes in the General
Assembly). Neither has done so (de-
,zpite no action on Article 19) and,
with an operating deficit of some
$80 million, UN peacekeeping activi-
ties are seriously curtailed. It
seems clear that this was their in-
tent.
To date, only about 18 nations
have made voluntary contributions to
the so-called UN "rescue fund," which
was to make up for the unpaid assess-
ments of 12 countries (mostly commu-
nist) who said they would not be
responsible for peacekeeping expenses
to which they had not agreed. Not
one of the 12 debtor nations has as
yet contributed to the fund.
As additional evidence of bad
faith toward UN principles, the So-
viet Union has broken the Security
Council's unanimity on Kashmir.
While dropping its demand that a
three-month time limit be placed on
UN Kashmir observer operation, the
USSR abstained from voting on the
Security Council resolution demand-
ing prompt and unconditional pull-
backs of Indian and Pakistani troops
from the battle zone. And the Rus-
sian ambassador warned the Council
that the Soviets would continue their
campaign to reduce the Secretary
General's authority over peacekeeping
activities.
For its part, France has used
the transparent technique of asking
for a special 12-man committee to
overhaul the whole UN budget process
(purportedly in the interests of econ-
omy and efficiency) indicating it will
make no voluntary contributions until
this is accomplished.
These tactics to impose arbi-
trary big power control over all UN
peacekeeping actions should be dis-
cussed for audiences in developing
countries -- especially where UN ser-
vices are sorely needed. The fact
that the US, while continuing to sup-
port other UN functions such as the
foreign aid Special Fund ($60 to 65
million pledged), cannot be expected
to make a contribution to the "rescue
fund" while the debtor nations do not,
should raise serious questions in de-
veloping nations as to which coun-
tries really support their interests
in the UN.
* * *
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LI UN (Briefly Noted Cont,)
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Savagery Communist Attempt to
in
Caracas
Bomb National Congress
The blind, brutal savagery
of Venezuelan Communist
terrorism was never more
evident than in the 6 December murder
of the wife of Accion Democratica
Deputy Martin Antonio Rangel. The
22 year old mother of two sons was
killed when she opened a gift package
delivered to her husband at the Na-
tional Congress, which he subsequently
brought home unopened. The gift was
a mall statue of the Virgin Mary in
which a bomb was concealed.
The Communists' intention obvi-
ously had been for Antonio Rangel to
open the package in the congressional
chamber, where his desk is located in
the center of the Accion Democratica
delegation. Had the bomb exploded
there it probably would have killed or
wounded several dozen deputies.
The act was scored by President
Raul Leoni as a monstrous crime; the
two houses of congress passed a joint
resolution condemning it as an attempt
against the congress itself; and 59
leading leftist intellectuals issued
a proclamation calling for the Commu-
nist Party and the MIR to repudiate
the principle of armed opposition and
to contribute to a pacification that
will permit them to return to the free
exercise of democratic rights.
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fiNEMPET (Briefly Noted.)
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25Kru
#68 Commentary 24 Nov-7 Dec 1965
Principal Developments:
1. A 28 November Pravda editorial firmly, though calmly, sets the line
for a counter-attack against the recent Chinese polemics, particularly
the 11 Nov. joint article. Unity of action is essential and demanded by
"the majority of the M-L parties." The CPSU does everything possible to
insure normalization of relations with tne CCP, has "time and again" pro-
posed specific joint actions, and has refrained from open polemics for
more than a year, -- but with "no positive response from the CCP leaders."
Their "policy of subverting unity" harms the entire movement, the parties
in the capitalist countries, international organizations, and national
liberation, -- especially the embattled Vietnamese who particularly need
united support. The Chinese "call for organizational disassociation"
will hit the CCP itself hardest, because "this means disassociation from
the overwhelming majority." Support rendered to the Vietnamese is the
touchstone: those who refuse to cooperate are hampering the Viets and
helping the aggressor. By 5 December, Pravda can publish excerpts sup-
porting this editorial from the press of all East European ruling parties
(except the Rumanians and Albanians), Mongolia, most West European and
the Canadian CPs. Izvestiya on the 6th, fifth anniversary of the 81-
party Moscow conference statement, concludes along the same line.
2. The Polish Trybuna Ludu denunciation of the Chinese is astoundingly
sharp, branding their accusations as "absurd" and "nonsense," remarking
that the "entire big article, full of anti-Soviet attacks, does not con-
tain a single word on how the CCP intends:to help the Vietnamese."
Hungarian Nepszabadsag. suggests that perhaps the CPs have been "too pas-
sive" toward the splitters and declares that "the most effective way to
struggle successfully for unity is to strengthen solidarity with the
Soviet Union." Bulgarian Rabotnichesko Delo slavishly asserts that
"friendship and unity with the SU and the CPSU are the cornerstone for
the internationalism of every ... party."
3. We have not yet seen any direct comment by Chinese-aligned parties,
though Chou En-lai, speaking at an Albanian Embassy liberation anniversary
reception on the same day, includes a "routine" denunciation of Khrushchev
revisionism and the Albanians carry on their customary anti-CPSU barrage.
4. An unconfirmed NYTimes report credited to "Asian sources" at the UN
states that China is demanding and receiving transit-fee payments in dol-
lars from the USSR for aid shipped to Vietnam.
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411441401111 (Commentary Cont.)
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5. Brezhnev makes a secret visit to East Germany, announced only after-
wards, after which Soviet Foreign Trade Minister Patolichev completes
negotiations in Berlin for a 1966-1970 trade agreement. East German
Deputy Premier and Planning Chief Apel commits suicide on 3 December:
reportedly, he sent a message to Western contacts,
declaring that his act was a protest against the "sell-out of his coun-
try's economic interests" in the Soviet trade pact.
Significance:
The CPSU counter-attack, as anticipated, adheres to the calm, reason-
able, everything-for-unity approach which has done so well over the past
year and capitalizes heavily on popular antipathy to Peking's open refusal
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imEINPEID
(Commentary Cont.)
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to cooperate with the USSR in aiding the hard-pressed, fraternal Viet-
namese. The counter-productivity of the Chinese rejection of this
Soviet maneuver is clearly seen in the amazingly hard-spoken denuncia-
tions by the East European ruling parties, particularly the Poles, who
have tried to keep entirely out of the polemical battles.
Pravda's warning that the Chinese "call for organizational disas-
sociation" will result in isolation of the CCP from the "overwhelming
majority" and Izvestiya's satisfaction in "the expansion of the CPSU's
permanent contacts with all other M-L parties" may be seen as a sort of
girding for a new effort to convene a world conference. Support for
such speculation could also be seen in some references in the EE texts.
De facto, of course, the Soviet invitation to all parties to send two dele-
gates totheCPSU Con&ress shouldin itself bring the widest representation
possible at this juncture, but it is possible that the old anti-confer-
ence elements (Rumanians, Italians, British, etc.) may, before accepting,
insist on a guarantee that the assemblage will not be used as a conference
of the ICM.
In any case, the 23rd CPSU Congress will obviously be the principal
focal point in ICM affairs for the foreseeable future.
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~eel (Commentary.)
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CHRONOLOGY -- COMMUNIST DISSENSIONS
#68
27 Nov-7 Dec 1965
November 22 (delayed): Zagreb, Yugoslavia, Vjesnik article by z. Kristl,
"Two Khrushchevs in the Chinese Eyes," comments on the recent exacerbation
of Sino-Soviet conflict. The 11 November Chinese joint article, he says
"means not only renunciation of unity of action ... but also an open de-
claration of a command for a definite break of all relations, from inter-
state relations to international women's or freedom fighters organizations
.... If the Chinese words really mean what they say, we should expect
consideraan. in the very near future.'
'From,military tactics it is known that 'disengagement' and
break of contact with the enemy are always insisted on by the
side which feels that it is the weaker.... In this sense, the
new Chinese intentions, if realized, will be despite their
'sharpness' and 'revolutionary character' -- only a flimsy
curtain over the defensive battle after the years of the great
leap backwards.'
November 26: NCNA Peking comments that Soviet UN delegate Fedorenko
'beat the drum for the formation of a UN military force" and announced
that the SU, 'together with the United States," is ready to contribute
to its support.
"Formerly the SU opposed this American proposal. But ever since
the Camp David talks in 1959 between Khrushchev and Eisenhower, the
Soviet leadership's move to cater to the needs of the US on this
issue has come into the open step by step...."
An albanian Zen i I Popullit article, "The Vietnamese People Will
Defeat the US Aggressors," according to Tirana ATA, "unmasks the efforts
made by them and the K revisionists to arrive at a 'joint solution' of
the Vietnamese affair and thus save the American aggressors from total
defeat in Vietnam."
November 27-29: The 21st anniversary of Albania's liberation (28) is
celebrated in Peking and Tirana. At the Albanian Ambassador's reception
in Peking, Chou En-lai condemned K revisionism, which 'has betrayed M-L
and proletarian internationalism": "catering to the needs of U.S. im-
perialism, it is disrupting the unity of the socialist camp and the ICM
and undermining the national liberation movement and the revolutionary
struggle of the peoples of the world...." anqa. on the 28th extolls
the achievements of the Albanian people with Soviet assistance and says
that "the Soviet Government has always been and is in favor of consolidat-
ing friendship and cooperation between the SU and Albania." In Tirana
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on the 28th, Zen i I Popullit carries two anti-K. revisionist editorials,
one pegged to the anniversary and another on 'The Revisionists Make Common
Front with the Imperialists Against the Indonesian CPI"
November 28: Pravda features a 4,000-word editorial on "The International
Duty of All Countries," counter-attacking Chinese -- par-
ticularly the 11 November joint article, though it is not specified. The
language is calm, confident, "non-polemical,' but firm.
"Unity of action of Communist and workers parties is the nucleus
of the rallying of the revolutionary forces of our time.... Unity
... has never come automatically by itself. It has been achieved
as a result of long, patient, and persistent work and a struggle
against revisionist and dogmatic distortions of Marxism....
... The tremendous opportunities existing today for the further
development of our revolutionary cause are not fully used. The ef-
fectiveness of joint actions by revolutionary cause are not fully
used. The effectiveness of joint actions by revolutionary forces is
considerably weakened and undermined by the differences that arose
within the Communist movement. An overWhelming majority of fraternal
parties stand firmly on the general line of the CM forged by the 1957
and 1960 Moscow conferences. Certain parties hold positions differing
radically from the common platform of Communists. Under these con-
ditions, the majority of M-L parties calls for closing the ranks of
the Communist and national liberation movement despite the existing
differences...."
Pravda cites as examples of successful recent"international Communist
actions" the meeting of all LA parties, the Burssels conference or WE
parties and the Prague meeting of "almost 40 parties" on the 30th anniver-
sary of the Comintern 7th Congress.
The CPSU, it continues, "is sparing no effort to overcome the diffi-
culties that have developed": the party and its CC "have done and are
doing everything in their power to insure a normalization of relations
between the USSR and China and between our to parties." The CPSU "has
time and again proposed to the Chinese leadership to come out together on
highly important specific issues," and"has refrained from open polemics
for more than a year." ... These efforts "unfortunately .. met with no
positive response from the CCP leaders. Of course, unity of action can
not be imposed on anyone by force."
"The policy of subverting unity of action, the line of intensify-
ing attacks on M-L parties, is harmful to the entire international
Communist and liberation movement. It also has an adverse effect on
the activities of the fraternal parties of the capitalist countries....
It causes great damage to international organizations.... It con-
siderably hinders the people's struggle for liberation and the
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consolidation of all anti-imperialist forces. This splitting line
deals _e...apeciallx hard blows to those fraternal parties and people
which, like the Vietnamese Workers Party and the Vietnamese people,
are in the forefront of the armed struggle against the imperialist
aggressors and are therefore in particular need of support by a united
socialist camp and a united WCM....
"What a gift imperialist propaganda receives from the actions
of those who ... repeat the slanderous fabrications of the ideologists
of imperialism about a 'capitalist degeneration' of the socialist
Soviet state, and who even go so far as to call for an organizational
disassociation....
"One cannot but see that such actions may do great harm first of
all to those who sponsor them.... As a matter of fact, this means
disassociation from the overwhelming majority of the M-L parties....
tT ... The support rendered to the Vietnamese people's just struggle
is the touchstone-of how this or that CP fulfills its international
duty.
"The Soviet Union is providing and will provide all the necessary
assistance to the heroic Vietnamese people.... Other fraternal
parties also took vigorous action in support of Vietnam.... Those
who refuse to cooperate and turn down proposals for joint actions
against the aggressors are hampering the struggle of the Vietnamese
people and helping the aggressor....
"... To oppose this unity now and to call for division is to act con-
trary to the interests of the revolution, to come out against Lenin,
to renounce Lenin's heritage...."
November 29: TABS announces that Brezhnev visited East Germany at the in-
vitation of the SED/CC and Ulbricht 27-29 November, "in an atmosphere of
cordial:MU,' fraternity, and complete unanimity of views."
NCNA comments on The USSR and the USA -- Their Political and Economic
Relations, "a 396-page book recently put on sale in the SU to preach the
revisionist line of USSR-US cooperation for domination of the world."
"Tirelessly emphasizing the 'major significance' of USSR-US co-
operation, the author (V. A. Valkov) writes that cooperation between
two 'such mighty powers'....'is vitally necessary for the Soviet and
American peoples as well as for the destiny of all mankind.'..."
November 30: NCNA announces that the CPR Embassy in Djakarta sent two
more "very strong protests" to the Indonesian Govt over "recent cases of
serious persecution of Chinese nationals which were stage-managed and
organized by Indonesian right-wing forces...."
3 (Chronology Cont.)
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December 1-2 : Mongolian Party daily Unen and Ulan Bator Radio broad-
casts carry full text of the 28 November Pravda editorial on the 1st.
Unen's editorial next day comments on it, beginning: The MPRP and
the Mongolian people unanimously approve and support the Pravda editorial
December 2: Czech Party daily Rude Pravo condemns the Chinese joint arti-
cle.
"It is only too clear that the rejection of joint action plays
directly into the hands of the imperialists, makes the national libera-
tion struggle more difficult, and hampers the strengthening of the
anti-imperialist.'ront. It is therefore even more incomprehensible
that the rejection of a joint approach is justified by such fantastic
assertions as that an 'irreconcilable antagonism' exists between some
CPs and the leadership of the CPSU, which, it is said, is a 'class
antagonism between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie ... an antago-
nism between socialist and capitalist societies.'"
Rude Pravo concludes:
We welcome the fact that the CPSU in Sunday's Pravda article
clearly and calmly answered the slanderous campaign and again
stressed its intention of contributing toward strengthening the
unity of Communist ranks."
December 3: Polish Party daily Trybuna Ludu editorial, "For Unity in
the Defense of Peace and the Freedom of Nations," denounces Chinese re-
jection of Soviet "proposals on concerting joint actions to defend the
DRV." It specifically points to the 11 November joint article which
"fills one with astonishment."
"Nobody can be convinced by thundering words, for in politics
not words but deeds count. Facts, on the other hand, say that the
CPR, without whose cooperation no real help can be given to Vietnam,
refuses any cooperation.... Moreover, it rejects the possibility of
a summit meeting, of party and government leaders of the socialist
countries....
"In order to justify its openly disrupting attitude, the ...
article does not hesitate to use such absurd accusations as 'the
essence of the policy of the CPSU is the defense of capitalist rule
In the capitalist world and the restoration of capitalism in the
sociallst world!
"No matter what nonsense_ the CCP leaders utter, they cannot in-
vent arguments which could justify in our eyes, in the eyes of the
entire socialist and progressive world public opinion, refusal to
cooperate and to concert on policy....
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... The entire, big article, full of anti-Soviet attacks, does not
contain a single world on how the CCP intends to help the Vietnamese
nation in its bloody and difficult struggle....
ft ... This unusual statement of the CCP leaders will find no favorable
echo in any Communist or working class.... The disruptive activities
of the CCP shall be overcome...."
December 4: Hungarian Party daily Nenszabadsag article, The Paramount
Task Is to Fight Imperialism," deploring the unprecedented "grave differences
in viewpoints" and polemics which prevent a united Communist political stand,
raises questions as to whether the CPs are resolute enough in the face of
aggressive, adventurous imperialist policies and whether they have not
adopted a too passive attitude toward the unity splitters. More and more
CPs are becoming convinced of the right of the CPSU and of the other fra-
ternal parties which have identical views and pursue identical
policies.... The most effective
way to struggle successfully for unity is to strengthen solidarity with the
Soviet Union. (Note: ?above is from Budapest MTI summary; full text not
yet available.)
TASS reports from Ottawa that the Canadian CP has published a state-
ment censuring the attacks on the CPSU in the Chinese joint article.
PASS announces that Polish Politburo member Kliszko talked with
Brezhnev, Busboy, and Andropov "in a warm and friendly atmosphere" today.
Mimes. publishes a 3 December dispatch by its UN correspondent
Middleton stating that "Asian sources" at the UN report that "Communist
China is demanding and receiving transit-fee payments in dollars from the
Soviet Union for shipping military aid and medical supplies to North
Vietnam." Headds: "Qualified sources here saw the dollar payments as
further evidence of mounting strain between the rivals."
December 5: _Bj.is.2_ian Party daily Rabotnichesko Delo editorial, "Unity
in the Joint Struggle Is a Guarantee for Our Successes," deplores the joint
Chinese article of 11 November.
ft Friendship and unity with the Soviet Union and the CPSU
are the cornerstone for the internationalism of every fraternal and
Communist party....
Pravda publishes excerpts from articles of the East and West European
and Mongolian Communist press (with the notable absence of Rumanian) sup-
porting the Pravda 28 November editorial -- although none of the excerpts
includes any specific mention of China.
5 (Chronology Cont.)
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December 6: Izvestiya features an article on the fifth anniversary of
the statement of the 1960 81-party conference by Yuriy Frantsev (editor
of Problems of Peace and Socialism). According to a TASS summary, he
declares that:
The CPSU insures the unity of the WCM. It was only recently that
delegations of 60 fraternal parties visited Moscow. This is evidence
of the t'ip,p_Amial of the CPSU's permanent contacts with all other M-L
parties, which is based on proletarian internationalism.... However,
it is also known that there are people -- the CCP leaders -- who
openly stand for a split and try to dissociate themselves organiza-
tionally from parties favoring unity of action.... 2sni.2.2412.211s1L
Lini_Lzt of action hamper the people's struggle against imperialism
and help the aggressor.
French Communist monthly Democratie Nouvelle carries an article, "The
Tragedy of Djakarta," by FCP journalist Jean-Maurice Hermann, who criticizes
the PKI for having followed a "hard line" in foreign affairs and dubious
tactics internally, resulting in success for imperialism and counter-
revolution risking possible permanent consequences. He asks "Was not the
PKI the principal support outside China for the theses of the Chinese CP
and the only large party which rallied to them?"
December 7: NYTimes Berlin correspondent cites "Eastern bloc diplomats"
as reporting that Dr. Erich Apel, East German Deputy Premier and Planning
Commission Chief, committed suicide on 3 December in protest against a
trade pact with the Soviet Union which he considered a sell-out of his
country's economicinterests." West Berlin mayor Willy Brandt disclosed
that Apel had sent a message to Western contacts justifying his step and
declared that the details would be made public in a few days.
6 (Chronology)
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.CRONOLOGIA DISENSIONES COMUNISTAS
Mo 68 27 ,Noviembre - 7 Diciembre 1965
22 Noviembre (retrasado): En un artfculo publicado en "Vjesnik;" de
Zagreb, titulado "Dos Jruschovs a ojo de los chinos," Z. Kristl comenta
sobre el reciente exacerbamiento del conflicto chino-sovidtico. Declare
que el artfculo conjunto chino del 11 de noviembre "significa no
solamente la renuncia a la unidad de accidn sino tembidn una
declaracidn abierta de una orden de ruptura definitiva de relaciones
en su totalidad, desde las relaciones entre estados hasta las organiza-
cioncs de mujeres o de luchadores por la libertad .... Si las
palabras chinas quieren decir realmente lo que dicen? deberemos
esperar cambios considerables en un futuro muy prdximo."
"De la tdctica militar se sabe que siempre es la parte que se
siente rads ddbil la que insiste en el 'destrabel y la ruptura de
contacto con el enemlgo.... En este sentido, las nuevas intenciones
chinas, si se realizan, serdn, pese a su 'agudeza' y icardeter
revolucionario', solo una tenue cortina sabre la batalla defensiva
despuds de los atos del gran salto atrdel.'!"
26 Noviembre: Desde Pekin Sinjua comenta clue el delegado sovidtico
Pedorenko ante la 1NU "batid el bomb? por la formacidn de una fuerza
militar de la ONU" y anuncid qua la Unidn Sovidtica, "conjuntamente
con los EE.UU.," est& lista a contribuir a su mnntenimiento.
"Anteriormente la Unidn SovAtica se oponia a dicha
propuesta. Pero a partir de las conversaciones en Camp David
en 1959 entre Jruschov y Eisenhower, la maniobra de la dirigencia
sovidtica por servir a las necesidades de los EE.UU. en este
asunto ha salido a la luz paso a paso...."
Un artfculo del diario albands "Zen i I Popullit," titulado "El
pueblo vietnamita derrotard a los agresores norteamericanos," dice la
agencia ATA de Tirana que "desenmascara los esfuerzos hechos por
ellos y por los revisionistas jruschovistas para llegar a una
Isolucidn conjuntal del sunto vietnamita y as/ rescatar a los
agresores norteamericanos de la derrota total en Vietnam."
27-29 Noviembre: En Pekin y Tirana celebran el aniversario (el 28)
de la liberacidn de Albania. En la recepcidn en la embajada
albanesa en Pek/n, Chou En-1i condena el revisionism? jruschovista,
que "ha hecho traicidn al marxismo-leninismo y el internacionalismo
proletario": "sirviendo a las necesidades del imperialism? norte-
americano, estd desarreglando la unidad del campo soaialista y el
MCI y socavando el movim1ento de liberacidn nacional y la lucha
revolucionaria de los pueblos del mundo...." El 28 "Prav,fta" ensalza
las realizaciones del pueblo albands con ayuda sovidtica y declara
que "el Gobierno sovidtico siempre ha estado y est d a favor de
consolidar la amistad y la cooperacidn entre la Unidn Sovidtica y
Albania." En Tirana el 28 "Zen i I Popullit" publica dos editoriales
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contra el revisionism? jruschovista, uno relacionado con el aniversario
y el otro titulado "Los revonistas hacen frente con con los
imperialistas contra el PC indonesio."
28 Noviembre: "Pravda" publica un editorial de 4 mil palabras sobre
deber internacional de too s los pafses" que contraataca ante
las recientes polduicas chinas -- especialmente el artfculo conjunto
del 11 de noviembre, aunque esto no se dice en concreto. El lenguaje
es tranquil?, confiado, "no poldmico," pero firme.
"La unidad de accidn de los partidos conunistas y obreros
es el ndcleo de agrupamiento de las fuerzas revolucionarias de
nuestra dpoca.... La unidad nunca se ha producido automdticamente
por sf misma. Ha sido conseguida como resultado de un trabajo
prolongado, paciente y persistente y una lucha contra las
tergiversaciones revisionistas y dogmdticas del marxismo....
... Las tremendas oportunidades existentes actualmente
para el ulterior desenvolvimiento de nuestra causa revolucionaria
no son aprovechadas totalmente. La efectividad de las acciones
conjuntas por la fuerzas revolucionarias queda considerablemente
debilitada y socavada por las divergencias surgidas dentro del
movimiento comunista. La inmensa mayor/a de los partidos fraternos
se mantienen firms en la lfnea general del movimiento comunista
fraguada por las conferencias de 1957 y 1960 en Mosad. Ciertos
partidos mantienon posiciones que difieren radicalmente de la
plataforma con& a los comunistas. En tales condiciones, los
partidos narxista-leninistas en su mayorfa reclaman el cierre
de filas del moviniento conunista y de liberacidn nacional no
dbstante las divergencias existentes...."
"Pravda" pone de ejemplo de "acciones comunistas internacionales"
que ban tenido dxito recientemente la reunidn de todos los PC latino-
americanos, la conferencia en Bruselas de los partidos de Europa
Occidental y la reunidn en Praga de "casi 40 partidos" en el trigdsimo
aniversario del Sdptimo Congreso del Comintern.
El PCUS, prosigue, "no escatima esfuerzo para superar las
dificultades que ban surgido"; el partido y su CC Than hecho y estdn
haciendo cuanto estd en su poaer por asegurar la normalidad de las
relaciones entre la URSS y China y entre nuestros dos partidos."
El PCUS "uaa y otra vez ha propuesto a la dirigencia china aparecer
juntos sabre cuestiones espec/ficas de gran inportancia" y "se ha
abstenido de las poldmicas abiertas por .mds de un affo." Dichos
esfuerzos "por desgracia ... no hallaron respuesta positiva por parte
de los lfderes del PCCh. Por supuesto, la unidad de accidu no puede
ser impuesta a la fuerza por nadie."
"La polftica de subvertir la unidad de accidn, la lfnea de
intensificar los ataques contra partidos marxista-leninistas,
hace clafloatoclo amoviniento internacional comunista y de
liberacidn. Tambidn tiene efecto adverso sobre las actividades
de los partidos fraternos de los paises capitalistas....
Ocasiona grave clan a las organizaciones internacionales....
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y la consolidacidn de tudas las fuurzas antimperialistas. Esta
lfnea escisionista asesta golpes especialmente fuertes contra los
partidos y pueblo fraternos quo, coup el Partida Vietnamita de los
Trabajadores y el pueblo vietnamita, estdn a in delantera en in lucha
armada contra los agres ores imperialistas y por lo tanto tienen
especial necesidad de apoyo de un campo socialista unido y un
MCM unido....
"Otud regal? recibe in propaganda imperialista de las
acciones de aquellos que repiten las calumnias fabricadas
por los idedlogos del imperialisme acerca de una 'degeneracidn
capitalista' del estado eocialista sovidtico y que lle.gan al
extremo de pedir una desasociacidn.organizativa...!
"Uno no pueda dejar de ver que semejantes acciones hacen
gran dao en primer lugar a aquellos que las propugnan....
En efecto, ello implica desasociacidn de la inmensa mayorfa de
los partidos nnrxista-leninistas....
11... El apoyo prestado a la justa lucha del pueblo vietnamita
es in piedra de toque de cdmo este o aquel PC cumple su debar i
internacional.
"La Unidn Sovidtica est d suministrando y suninistrardtoda in
ayuda necesaria al heroic() pueblo vietnamita.... Otros partidos
fraternos tambidn tomaron accidn vigorosa en apoyo de Vietnam....
Aquellos que se niegan a cooperar y rechazan propuestas de accidn
conjunta contra los agresores estdn obstaculizando in lucha del
pueblo vietnrmita y ayudando al agresor....
Oponerse thorn a dicha unidad y pedir la divisidn es
actuar contra los intereses de In revolucidn, mostrarse en
oposicidn a Lenin, renunciar al legado de Lenin...."
29 Noviembre: Anuncia Tass que Brezhnev visit d Alemnnia Oriental a
invitacidn del CC del SED y de Ulbricht del 27 al 29 de novieubre, "en
un anbiente de cordialidad, fraternidad y completa unanimidad de opiniones."
Comenta Sinjua sobre in obra "La URSS y los EE.UU. -- Sus
relaciones polfticas y econdmicas," un "libro de 396 pdginas puesto
a la yenta recientemente en in Unidn Sovidtica para predicar in
lfnea revisionista de in cooperacidn entre in URSS y los EE.UU.
para dominar el mundo."
? '%aciencie enfAtica incansablemente in Igrande significacidn'
de in cooperacidn sovidtico-norteanericana, el autor (V. A.
Valkov) ascribe que in cooperacidn entre dos 'potencias tan
poderosas'... 'es de vital necesidad para los pueblos sovidtico
y norteamericano asf como para el destino de toda in humanidad.'...."
30 Noviembre: Anuncia Sinjua que in embajada de in RFCh en Yakarta
envid otras dos "protestas muy fuertes" al Gobierno indonesio sobre
casos recientes de grave persecucidn de ciudadanos chinos
escenificada y organizada por fuerzas de derecha indonesias...."
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1-2 Diciembre: El diario "Unen" del PC mongol y la Radio de Ulan
Bator publican el dia priuero el text? intro de1 editorial de
"Pravda" del 28 de noviembre. Al dia siguiente "Unen" comenta
editorialmente sobre el mismo, empezando por decir: "El PRPM y el
pueblo mongol undnimemente aprueban y apoyan el editorial de 'Pravda'....
2 Diciembre: El diario "Rude Prav?" del PC checo condena el artfculo
conjunto chino.
"Est d ms que claro que el rechazo de la acci& conjunta lleva
directanente a hacerle el juego a los imperialistas, dificulta
ms la lucha par la liberaci& nacional y obstaculiza el
fortalecimiento del frente antimperialista. Es por lo tanto aun
mds incomprensible que el rechazo de un trato conjunto se
justifique con asertos tan fantdsticos como el de que existe un
'antagonism? irreconciliable' entre algunos PC y la dirigencia
del PCUS, el cuall se dice, es un Iantagonismo de clase entre
el proletariado y la burguesia un antagonism? entre
sociedades socialistas y capitalistas.'"
Concluye "Rude Pravo":
"Nos place el hecho de que el PCUS en el articulo del doningo
en 'Pravda' clara y tranquilamente contests a la campaila calumniosa
y de nuevo reca1c6 su intenci& de contribuir al fortalecimiento
de la unidad de las filas comunistas."
3 Dieciembre: Un editorial en el diario "Trybuna Ludu" del PC polaco
titulado or la unidad en la defensa de la paz y la libertad de las
"Naciones" condena el rechazo or parte de China de "las propuestas
sobre concertar acciones conjuntas para defender la RDV," hechas por
los sovi4ticos. Se ala especificamente al articulo conjunto del
11 de noviembre, que "llena a uno de estupefacci6n."
"A nadie se le puede convencer cen palabras atronadoras,
ya que en la politica no son las imlabras sino los hechos lo que
cuenta. Los hechos, por el contrario, declaran que la RPChl
sin cuya cooperaci& ninguna verdadera ayuda puede darse a
Vietnam, niega toda cooperaci6n.... Ademds, rechaza la
posibilidad de una renninn de cumbre de lideres de partido y
gobierno de los paises socialistas....
"Para justificar su actitud francamente disruptiva, el ...
artfculo no titubea en emplear acusaciones tan absurdas como que
110 esencial de la politica del PCUS es la defensa del dominio
capitalista en el mundo capitalista y la restauraci& del
capitalismo en el mundo socialista.'
"No importa clue insensateces pronuncien los lideres del PCCh,
no pueden inventar argumentos,que pudieran justificar ante
nosotros ni ante la opini& publica de todo el mundo socialista
y progresista, la negativa a cooperar y a concentar sobre la
politica....
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... El articulazo fntegro, pleno de ataques antisovidticos,
no contiene ni una palabra sabre c6mo el PCCh se propane ayudar
a la naci& vietnamita en su lucha sangrienta y diffcil....
Esta desusada declaraci& de los lfderes del PCCh no
bo1lard/1 eco favorable alguno en ninguna clase comunista u
obrera.... Las actividades disruptivas del PCCh ser dt vencidas...."
4 Diciembre: Un artfaulo en el diario "Nepszabadsag" del PC htnearo
titulado "La tarea suprema es luchar contra el imperialismo," lamentando
las nunca vistas "graves divergencias de punto de vista" y poldmicas
que impiden una posicidn polftica comunista unida, propone inter-
rogaciones sobre ei los PC estdn suficientemente resueltos ante .
las pautas agresivas y aventureras de los imperialistas y si no
ban adoptado una actitud demasiado pasiva ante los quebradores de
la unidad. Ms y ms PC se van convenciendo de que estdn en lo
derecho el PCUS y los otros partidos fraternos de iddntica opinidn y
que persiguen iddntica polftica.... La manera nds eficaz de luchar
con dxito por la unidad es fortalecer la unidad con la Uni&
Sovidtica. (Basamos esto en el resumen de la agencia MTI, por carecer
del text? fntegro.)
Informa Tass desde Ottawa que el PC canadiense ha publicado una
declaraci& que censura los ataques del artfculo conjunto chino contra
el PCUS.
Anuacia Tass que Kliszko, miembro del politburd polaco, conversd
este dfa con Brezhnev, 5uslov y Andropov "en un ambiente cdlido y
amistoso."
El "New York Times" publica un despacho del 3 de diciembre de su
corresponsal en la ONU, Middleton, seen el cual "fuentes asidticas"
alli informan que "China comunista estd exigiendo y recibiendo de la
Unidn Sovidtica pasos en ddlares por el trdnsito de embarques de
ayuda militar y suministros mddicos para Vietnam del Norte." ade:
"Fuentes bien informadas aqui interpretaban los pagos en ddlares como
prueba de la creciente tensidn entre los rivales."
5 Diciembre: Un editorial en el diario "Rabotnichesko Delo" del PC
bdlgaro titulado "La unidad en la lucha conjunta es garantfa de
nuestros dlcitos" deplora el artfaulo conjunto chino del 11 de
novienbre.
... La amistad y la unidad con la Unidn Sovidtica y el
PCUS son la piedra angular para el internacionalismo de todo
partido fraterno y comunista...."
Travda" publica trozos de artfculos de la prensa comunista de
Europa oriental y occidental y Mongolia (con notoria ausencia de
Rumania) en apoyo del editorial de "Pravda" del 28 de noviembre --
aunque nineuno de los trozos hace menci& especifica de China.
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6 Diciembre: "Izvestiya" publica in artfculo sobre el quint? aniversario
de in declaraciA aaitiaa ,n1A ,for in contere:cia de 81 partidos,
escrito por Yuri Frantsev (editor de "Problemas de in Paz y el
Socialisne). De acuerdo con el resunen de Tass, dice:
El PCUS asegura la unidad del MOM. FUG hace poco que dele-
gaciones de 6Q partidos fraternos visitaron Moscd. Ella es pueba
de in expansidn de los c.Jntactos- permanentos del PCUS con todos
los otros partidos mnrxista-leninistas, que se basa en el
internacionalismo proletario.... No obstante, tambien se
sabe que hay gente -- los lideres del PCUS que abiertamente
propugnan una escisidn y tratan de desasociarse organizativamente
de los partidos que favorecen la unidad de acci6n.... Aquellos
que rechazan in unidad de accion estorban la lucha del pueblo
contra el imperialism? y ayudan al agresor.
El mensuario comuuista francs "Democratic Nouvelle.publica un
artfculo, "La tragedia de Yakarta," poi. el periodista Jean-Maurice
Hermann del PCF, que critica al PKI por haber seguido una "linen
dura" en asuntos exteriores y tdcticas dudosas en lo intern?, haciendo
triunfar al imperialism? y in contrarevo1uci6n a riesgo de posibles
consecuencias permanentes. Pregunta: %No fue el PKI el principal
apoyo fuera de China de las tesis del PC chino y el dnico partido
grande que las acogi6?"
7 Diciembre: El corresponsal del "NYTimes" en Berlin dice que
"diplomdticos del bloque oriental" informan que el doctor Erich Apel,
viceprimer ministro y jefe de in comisi5n de planeamiento de:
Alemania Oriental, se suicide el 3 de diciembre en protesta contra un
tratado de comercio con in Uni6n Sovidtica el cual tachaba de entreguismo
de los intereses econnaicos de su patria. El alcalde Willi Brandt
de Berlin Occidental dio a conucer que Apel habfa enviadu un mensaje
a sus contactos en Occidente justificando su acci6n y dec1ar6 que
los detalles serfan publicados dentro de unos dfas.
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CRONOLOGIA DISENSIONES COMUNISTAS
ITO 68 27 Noviembre - 7 Diciembre 1965
22 Noviembre (retrasado): En un artfculo publicado en "VjesniW de
Zagreb, titulado "Dos Jruschovs a ojo de los chinos," Z. Kristl comenta
sabre el reciente exacerbamiento del conflict? chino-sovidtico. Declara
que el artfculo conjunto chino del 11 de neviembre "significa no
solamente in renuncia a in unidad de accidn sino tambidn una
declaracidn abierta de una orden de ruptura definitiva de relaciones
en 5U totalidad, desde las relaciones entre estados hasta las organiza-
oionoa de mujeres o de luchadores por in libertad .... Si las
palabras chinas quieren decir realmente lo que dicen, deberemos
esperar cambios considerables en un futuro muy prdximo."
"De in tdctica minter se sabe que siempre es in parte que se
siente Dads ddbil in que insiste on el 'destrabe' y in ruptura de
contact? con el enemigo.... En este sentido, las nuevas intenciones
chinas, si se realizan, serdn, pose a su 'agudeza' y icardcter
revolucionariol, solo una tenue cortina sobre la batalla defensiva
despuds de los altos del gran salt? atret.!'"
26 Noviembre: Desde Pekin Sinjua comenta que el delegado sovidtico
Fedorenko ante in INC "batid el bombo por in formacidn de una fuerza
militar de in ONU" y anuncid que la Unidn Sovidtica, "conjuntamente
con los EE.UU.," est d lista a contribuir a su mantenimiento.
"Anteriormente in Unidn SoviAtica se oponfa a dicha
propuesta. Pero a partir de las conversaciones en Camp David
en 1959 entre Jruschov y Eisenhower, in mnniobra de la dirigencia
sovidtica por servir a las necesidades de los EE.UU. en este
asunto ha salido a in luz paso a paso...."
Un articulo del diario albands "Zen i I Popullit," titulado "El
pueblo vietnamita derrotard a los agresores norteamericanos," dice in
agencia ATA de Tirana que "desenmascara los esfuerzos hechos par
ellos y or los revisionistas jruschovistas para llegar a una
'solucidn conjunta' del asunto vietnamita y as/ rescatar a los
agresores norteamericanos de in derrota total en Vietnam."
27-29 Noviembre: En Pckfn y Tirana celebran el aniversario (el 28)
de in liberacian de Albania. En in recepcidh en in embajada
albanesa en Pekfn, Chou En-lai condena el revisionism? jruschovista,
que "ha hecho traicidn al marxismo-leninismo y el internacionalismo
proletario": "sirviendo a las necesidades del imperialism? norte-
americano, est d desarreglando in unidad del campo socialista y el
MCI y socavando el movimiento de liberacidn nacional y la lucha
revolucionaria de los pueblos del mundo...." El 28 "Pravda" ensalza
las realizaciones del pueblo albands con ayudn sovidtica y declara
que "el Gobierno sovidtieo siempre ha estado y estd a favor de
consolidar in amistad y in cooperacidn entre la Unidn Sovidtica y
Albania." En Tirana el 28 "Zen i Popullit" publica dos editoriales
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contra el revisionism? jruschovista, une relacionado con el aniversario
T el otro titulado "Ix)s revisionistas hlcen frente comln cm los
imperialistas contra el PC indoneste."
28 Noviembre: "Pravda" publica un editorial de 4 mil palabras sobre
"Erdeber internacional de todos los paises" que contraataca ante
las recientes polduicas chinas -- especialnente el artfculo conjunto
del 11 de noviembre, aunque est? no se dice en concrete. El lenguaje
es tranquil?, confiado, "no polduico," pero firm.
"La unidad de accidn de los partidos conunistas y obreros
es el nAcleo de agrupamiento de las fuerzas revolucionarias de
nuestra dpoca.... La uniclad nunca se ha producido automdticamente
por sf misma. Ha sido conseguida come resultado de un trabajo
prolongado, paciente y persistente y una lucha contra las
tergiversaciones revisionistas y dogmAticas del marxisno....
... Las trenendas oportunidades existentes actualmente
para el ulterior desenvolvtniento de nuestra causa revolucionaria
no son aprovechadas tota3nente. La efectividad de las acciones
conjuntas por la fuerzas revolucionarias queda considerablemente
debilitada y socavacla por las divergentias surgidas dentre del
novimiento comunista. La inmensa mayorfa de los partidos fraternos
so mantienen firmes en la linea general del movimiento comunista
fraguada per las conferencias de 1957 y 1960 en Mescil. Ciertos
partidos mantienen posiciones que difieren radicalmente de la
plataforma comln a los comunistas. En tales conaiciones, los
partidos narxista-leninistas en su mayoria reclaman el cierre
de Lilac del movimiento comunista y de liberacidn national no
Obstante las divergencias existentes...."
"Pravda" pone de ejemplo de "acciones comunistas internacionales"
que hart tenido 6xito recientemente la reuni6n de todos los PC latino-
americanos, la conferencia en Bruselas de los partidos de Europa
Occidental y la reuni6n en Praga de "casi 40 partidos" en el triesiuo
aniversario del Sdptimo Congreso del Comintern.
El PCUS, prosigue, "no escatima esfuerzo para superar las
dificultades que hen surgiao"; el partido y su CC "ban hecho y estdn
haciendo auanto est d en su poder par asegurar la normalidad de las
relaciones entre la URSS y China y entre nuestros dos particles."
El PCUS "ulna y otra vez ha propuesto a la dirigencia china aparecer
juntos sobre cuestiones especfficas de gran inportancia" y "se ha
abstenido de las poldmicas abiertas por .mes de un affo." Dichos
esfuerzos "por desgracia ... no hallaron respuesta positiva por parte
de los lfderes del PCCh. Per supuesto, la unidad de acci6n no puede
ser impuesta a la fuerza por nadie."
"La politica de subvertir la unidad de acci6n, la lfnea de
intensificar los ataques contra partidos marxista-leninistas,
hate clailoatocio amovimiento internacional comunista y de
liberaci6n. Tambidn tiene efecto adverso sobre las actividades
de los partidos fraternos de los palses capitalistas....
Ocasiona grave dello a las organizaciOnes internacionales....
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y la consolidacien de todas las fuerzas antimperialistas. Esta
lea escisionista asesta golpes especialmente fuertes contra los
partidos y pueblo fraternos que, como el Partido Vietnamita de los
Trabajadores y el pueblo vietnamita, estdn a la delantera en in lucha
armada contra los acres ores imperialistas y por lo tanto tienen
especial necesidad de apoyo de un campo sectalista unido y un
MOM unido....
"IQue regalo recibe in propaganda imperialista de las
acetones de aquellos que repiten las calumnias fabricadas
por los ideelogos del imperialism? acerca de una 'degeneracien
capitalista' del estado eocialista sovietico y'que lle'gan al
extremo de pedir una desasociacidn_organizativa...!
"Uno no pueda dejar ae ver que semejantes acciones hacen
gran daEo en primer lugar a aquellos que las propugnan....
En efecto, ello implica desasociacien de la inmensa nayorfa de
los partidos narxista-leninistas....
... El apoyo prestado a la justa lucha del pueblo vietnamita
es in piedra de toque de c6mo este o aquel PC cumple su deber i
internacional.
"La Unien Sovietica est d suministrando y suministrardtoda la
ayuda necesaria al heroic? pueblo vietnnnita.... Otros partidos
fraternos tambien tomaron acci6n vigorosa en apoyo de Vietnam....
Aquellos que se niegan a cooperar y rechazan propuestas de accidn
conjunta contra los agresores estdn obstaculizando in lucha del
pueblo vietnamita y ayudando al agresor....
Oponerse ahora a dicha unidad y pedir la divisien es
actuar contra los intereses de in revolucidn, mostrarse en
oposici6n a Lenin, renunciar al legado de Lenin...."
29 Noviembre: Anuncia Tass que Brezhnev visits Alemania Oriental a
invitaci6n del CC del SED y de Ulbricht del 27 al 29 de noviembre, "en
un ambient? de coraialidad, fraternidad y completa unanimidaa de opiniones."
Comenta Sinjua sobre la obra "La URSS y los EE.UU. -- Sus
relaciones polIticas y econdnicas," un "libro de 396 pdginas puesto
a in yenta recientemente en in Unien Sovigtica para predicar la
lfnea revisionista de la cooperacien entre la URSS y los EE.UU.
para dominar el mundo."
? "Raciendo enfitica incansableuente la '6rande significaci6n'
de in cooperaci6n sovittico-nortennericana, el autor (V. A.
Valkov) ascribe que la cooperacidn entre dos 'potencias tan
poderosas'... 'es de vital necesidad para los pueblos sovietico
y norteamericano as como para el destino de toda in humanidad.'...."
30 Noviexnore: Anuncia Sinjua que in embajada de in RPCh en Yakarta
envi6 otras dos "protestas muy fuertes" al Gobierno indonesto sobre
casos recientes de grave persecuci6n de ciudadanos chinos
escenificada y organizada por fuerzas de derecha indonesins...."
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1-2 Diciembre: El diario "linen" del PC mongol y la Radio de Ulan
Bator publican el dfa priuero el texto fntegro del editorial de
"Pravda" del 28 de noviembre. Al dfa siguiente "Unen" comenta
editorialmente sabre el mismo, empezando por decir: "El PPM y el
pueblo mongol undnimemente apruebam y apoyan el editorial de 'Pravda'...."
2 Diciembre: El diario "Rude Pravo" del PC checo condena el articulo
conjunto chino.
"Est d ms que claro que el rechazo de la accidn conjunta lleva
directamente a hacerle el juego a los imperialistas, dificulta
mds la lucha par la liberacidn nacional y obstaculiza el
fortalecimiento del frente antimperialista. Es por lo tanto aun
mds incomprensible que el rechazo de un trato conjunto se
justifique con asertos tan fantdsticos como el de que existe un
'antagonism irreconciliable' entre algunos PC y la dirigencia
del PCUS, el cual, se dice, es un 'antagonism de clase entre
el proletariado y la burguesia un antagonisno entre
sociedades socialistas y capitalistas.'"
Concluye "Rude Pravo":
"Nos place el hecho de que el PCUS en el artfculo del doming?
en 'Pravda' clara y tranquilamente contest 6 a la camparia calmniosa
y de nuevo reca1c6 su intencidn de contribuir al furtalecimiento
de la unidad de las filas comunistas."
3 Dieciembre: Un editorial en el diario "Trybuna Lulu" del PC polaco
TITUEn-rfUr la unidad en la defensa de la paz y la libertad de las
"Naciones" condena el rechazo por parte de China de "las propuestas
sobre concertar acciones conjuntas para defender la RDV," hechas por
los sovidticos. Sett ala especificamente al articulo conjunto del
11 de noviembre, que "llena a uno de estupefaccidn."
"A nadie se le puede convencer con palabras atronadoras,
ya que en la polftica no son las palabras sino los hechos lo que
cuenta. Los hechos, por el contrario, declaran que la RPCh,
sin cuya cooperacibn ninguna verdadera ayuda puede darse a
Vietnam, nieaa toda cooperaci5n.... Ademds, rechaza la
posibilidad de una reuni6n de cumbre de lfderes de partido y
gobierno de los paises socialistas....
"Para justificar su actitud francanente disruptiva, el ...
artfculo no titubea en emplear acusaciones tan absurdas comb que
'lo esencial de la polltica del PCUS es la defensa del dominio
capitalista en el nundo capitalista y la restauracidn del
capitalismo en el nundo socialista.'
"No importa qud insensateces pronuncien los lfderes del PCCh,
no pueden inventar argumentos,que pudieran justificar ante
nosotros ni ante la opinidn publica de todo el mundo socialista
y progresista, la negativa a cooperar y a concentar sobre la
polftica....
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El articulazo fntegro, pleno de ataques antisovidticos,
no contiene Iii una palubra sobre c5mo el PCCh se propone ayudar
a la naci6n vietnamita en su lucha sangrienta y diffcil....
Esta desusada declaracidn de los lfderes del PCCh no
hallardn eco favorable alguno en ninguna clase comunista u
obrera.... Las actividades disruptivas del PCCh serdn vencidas...."
4 Diciembre: Un art/aulo en el diario "Nepszabadsag" del PC htingaro
titulado "La tarea suprema es lucbar contra el imperialismo," lamentando
las nunca vistas "graves divergencias de punto de vista" y poldmicas
que impiden una posicidn polftica comunista unida, propone inter-
rogaciones sobre si los PC estdn suficientemente resueltos ante
las pautas agresivas y aventureras de los imperialistas y si no
han adoptado una actitud demasiado pasiva ante los quebradores de
la unidad. Ms y rids PC se van convenciendo de que estdn en lo
derecho el PCUS y los otros partidos fraternos de iddntica opinien y
clue persiguen identica polftica.... La mnnera mds eficaz de luchar
con exit() por la unidad es fortalecer la unidad con la Unidn
Sovidtica. (Basamos esto en el resumen de la agenda MTI, par carecer
del text? fntegro.)
Informa Tass desde Ottawa que el PC canadiense ha publicado una
declaracidn que censura los ataques del artfaulo conjunto chino contra
el PCUS.
Anuncia Toss que Kliszko, miembro del politburd polaco, converse
este dip. con Brezhnev, Suslov y Andropov "en un aMbiente cdlido y
amistoso."
El "New York Times" publica un despache del 3 de diciembre de su
corresponsal en la ONU; Middleton, segdn el cual "fuentes asidticas"
allf inform= que "China comunista estd exigiendo y recibiendo de la
Unidn Sovidtica pages en ddlares per el trdnsito de embarques de
ayuda militar y suministros medicos para Vietnam del Norte." Affiade:
"Fuentes hien informadas aquf interpretaban los pages en ddlares Como
prueba de la creciente tensien entre los rivales."
5 Diciembre: Un editorial en el diario "Rabotnichesko Delo" del PC
bdlgaro titulado "La unidad en la lucha conjunta as garantfa de
nuestros &cites" deplora el artfculo conjunto chino del 11 de
noviembre.
La amistad y la unidad con la Unidn Sovidtica y el
PCUS son la piedra angular para el internacionalismo de todo
partido fraterno y comunista...."
Travda" publica trozos de art/culos de la prensa comunista de
Europa oriental y occidental y Mongolia (con notoria ausencia de
Rumania) en apoyo del editorial de "Pravda" del 28 de noviembre --
aunque ninguno de los trozos hace menci6n especifica de China.
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6 Diciembre: "Izvestiya" publica un artfculo sobre el quint? aniversario
de la declaracifm eujtia o?RO! i)or la conferencia de 81 partidos,
escrito por Yuri Frantsev (editor de "Problemas de la Paz y el
Socialismo"). De acuerdo con el resumen de Tass, dice:
El PCUS asegura la unidad del MCM. Fue hace poco que dele-
gaciones de 6(2 partidos frateruos visitaron Moscd. Ella es pueba
de la expansidn de los contactos permanentes del PCUS con todos
los otros partidos marxista-leninistas, que se basa in el
internacionalisuo proletario.... No obstante, tambien se
sabe que hay gente -- los lfderes del PCUS que abiertamente
propugnan una escisidn y tratan de desasociarse organizativamente
de los partidos que favorecen la unidad de accidn.... Aquellos
clue rechazan la unidad de accion estorban la lucha del pueblo
contra el imperialism? y ayudan al agresor.
El mensuario comunista franc& "Democratie Nouvelle".publica un
artfculo, "La tragedia de Yakarta," por el periodista Jean-Maurice
Hermann del PCF, que critica al PKI por haber seguido una "llnea
dura" en asuntos exteriores y tdcticas dudosas en lo interno, hacienda
triunfar al imperialism? y la contrarevoluci6n a riesgo de posibles
consecuencias permanentes. Pregunta: ",No fue el PKI el principal
apoyo fuera de China de las tesis del PC chino y el dnico partido
Grande que las acogic5?"
7 Diciembre: El corresponsal del "NYTizeg" en Berlfn dice que
"diplomdticos del bloque oriental" informan que el doctor Erich Apel,
viceprimer ministro y jefe de la comisidn de planeamiento de;
Alemania Oriental, se suicid6 el 3 de diciembre en protesta contra un
tratado de comercio con la Unidn Sovidtica el cual tachaba de entreguismo
de los intereses econdmicos de su patria. El alcalde Willi Brandt
de Berlfn Occidental dio a conocer que Apel habla enviado un mensaje
a sus contactos en Occidente justificando su accidn y declar6 que
los detalles serfan publicados dentro de unos dfas.
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971. UNITED STATES:
PLANNING IN A DYNAMIC, CREATIVE SOCIETY
25X1 C1 Ob
SITUATION: Communists have always claimed the superiority of their
system and attributed it largely to state ownership of the means of pro-
duction and control of planning by an authoritarian state organization.
Therefore, it is a significant event -- in the battle of ideologies which
help determine people's choice of socio-economic, political systems --
when a communist not only rejects communism but later describes capitalist
society, inter alia, as
? ... a stable, evolving, creative
and innovative social system..."
Stevan Dedijer, born in Yugoslavia and formerly head of Marshal
Tito's Atomic Energy Institute, quit Yugoslav Communism in 1957, after
twenty-one years of service, and left the country in 1961 to later become
a naturalized Swedish citizen. He is now a specialist on the interaction
of science and social development in the Sociological Institute of Lund
University in Sweden.
In a paper delivered before the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering
Science in June 1965, he concluded that the United States has refuted the
"laws of capitalism" and that America is headed "exactly in a direction
Marxist social scientists claim that it could not go." Among the findings
of his firsthand study of U.S. society, Dedijer reported there was better
planning in the U.S. than in communist countries; and that public and
private organizations interact to promote the welfare of all American
citizens.
Facts and figures contrasting U.S. with communist country economic
performance should speak for themselves and do to a large extent. But,
on the one hand communist publications seek to distort and misinterpret
economic data; and, on the other, claim that Marx' predictions are being
borne out with regard to the stagnation and dissolution of the capitalist
system (which "carries within itself the seeds of its own destruction" and
can evolve only toward this final end).
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Admissions by communist officials that all is not well with
their economic organization and proposals to borrow from capitalist
techniques again carry a picture which should help others to evaluate
the respective systems. (See Briefly Noted in this issue on the fail-
ure of the Soviet wheat harvest; and numerous papers on communist
economic problems in previous BPG's.)
Evidence of a vital, growing, creatively evolving western society
rounds out the picture which facts and figures pfL^ se cannot portray.
And Dedijer's paper does this in touching on the interrelations of
private and public institutions, on the interacting planning research
facilities of government and private enterprise, and on the vitality
of a society promoting the welfare of all of its citizens. Such an
analysis should be meaningful to those who think in communist terms and
to those who listen to propaganda on the merits of the communist system
-- or worse, to disinformation about capitalism and western democracy.
25X1C
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(971 Cont.)
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A N
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25X1A8a
SUDANESE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
DECLARES COMMUNIST ORGANIZATIONS UNLAWFUL
* * *
25X1C10c
SITUATiON: A comparatively insignificant incident, which under
other circumstances might well have gone unnoticed, has provided an
amazing demonstration of international Communist dialectical "logic,"
provoked the proscription of the pro-Soviet Sudan Communist Party (SCP)
and presented a timely political gambit for exploitation by the shaky
coalition government of the Sudan.
Anti-communist demonstrations and riots broke out on 11 and 12
November in Khartoum and Omdurman, triggered by an insult to Islam and
the Prophet by a Communist student in a public discussion at the Higher
Teachers' Training Institute. Several teachers and student groups marched
to the Council of Ministers and demanded the dissolution of the SCP and
the outlawing of its members. Rioters, organized by the violently anti-
Communist Moslem Brotherhood and other Islamic groups stormed Communist
centers, forcing the Communists to request police protection. After their
initial shock, the Communists marshalled their own followers and instigated
violent 'street demonstrations, with many people on both sides injured and
with considerable damage to property.
Religious enmity against the Communists was exploited swiftly by
the coalition government to dissolve the SCP: on 14 November leaders of
the Umma Party and the National Union Party, partners in the coalition,
met and agreed to take advantage of the religious frenzy to proscribe the
party. A motion for proscription was presented to the Constituent Assembly
and passed on 15 November.
After more than a week of pro- and anti-Communist agitation, the
Constituent Assembly passed on 22 November a constitutional amendment de-
claring Coirimunist associations unlawful and authorizing the Assembly to
enact the necessary legislation to effect the amendment. Following the
prescribed three readings of proposed legislation before the Constitutent
Assembly, on 9 December the Assembly formally enacted into law a bill dis-
solving the SCP, confiscating its properties, making it a criminal offense
to belong to any communist organization, and immediately unseating eleven
Communist Party members of the Assembly.
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Approved For Release 1999/0P00161A-RDP78-03061A000300050007-8 "
During the debate in the Assembly, the SCP steadfastly maintained
that the proposed banning of the SCP was illegal, an attitude they re-
iterated after the legislation was passed. There are indications that
the SCP will go underground and continue its battle for legality as
well as subversive anti-government activities.
Meanwhile, the student, Shawqi Muhammad Ali, was tried and sen-
tenced to prison on 5 December for voicing "blasphemous, anti-Islamic
statements at a public gathering." Shawqi. admitted that he was a
comtunist and an atheist, but -- disillusioned with the SCP's disavowal
of him -- he subsequently expressed regrets over his misguided blasphemy
and a desire to embrace Islam.
Soviet reaction. The Soviet press lost no time in expressing Soviet
concern over the elimination of one of the few remaining legal communist
parties in Africa, which about a year ago seemed to have a chance of
dominating the Sudan.
A PRAVDA commentary of 17 November describes the ban of the SCP as
"foreshadowing the onslaught by Sudanese reactionaries on Democracy,"
and a "step towards Dictatorship," leading the Sudan "to national cata-
strophe." The commentary reported, approvingly, the SCP leader's state-
ment that the Party will not accept the ban and will continue to "wage
the struggle to defend democracy and the constitution" since the govern-
ment's violation of the constitution gives the SCP the right to defend
itself.
TASS news items from Khartoum emphasized the efforts of the SCP and
"progressive elements" to "defend democracy and freedom" on the one hand,
and the repressive actions of the police and the Moslem Brothers which
led to the injury of SCP leaders, on the other. They also stressed that
intellectuals and leaders of other political groups were joining with
the SCP in opposing the ban. (The Soviet press at first appeared to be
exerting maximum influence to prevent the ban while the ban was still
under consideration and not yet in force)
Victim of Sino-Soviet dissensions. The first hint of how the Sino-
Soviet dissension affected the Sudan situation was revealed in a 19 Novem-
ber NOVOSTI Daily Review: it reported that the SCP had issued an official
statement blaming anti-religious remarks by one man for setting off the
anti-communist campaign. According to the SCP announcement, this man
(the student) is a member of the "revolutionary leadership communist party,
a group of corrupt people ... waging an unprincipled struggle against com-
munists all over the world." The group was further identified as "agents
of the Chinese Communist Party," and was said to have been expelled from
the SCP in mid-1964. The SCP was also quoted as condemning the "rude in-
terference in Sudanese affairs by the CCP."
2
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On 22 November PRAVDA commentary stressed that the ban of the SCP
is part of a long run campaign to reverse the recent swing to the left
in Sudan, combined with a "broad onslaught on democratic liberties and
organizations and the gains of the people." While its main fire was
directed against "reactionary parties," the commentary asserts that
"anti-communist demonstrations and raids" took place with the "obvious
connivance of the authorities." The commentary closed with the state-
ment that '"Soviet Communists and all Soviet people" declare solidarity
with the Sudanese communists and "patriots and democrats" and express
confidence that "Sudanese national democratic forces" will be able to
"rebuff the onslaught of reaction and imperialism."
The Soviet Peace Committee entered the scene with a 26 November
statement expressing grave concern over the harassment of democratic
forces in the Sudan. It asserted that "Present attacks on Sudanese
democratic organizations noted for their consistent struggle for peace
cannot but please aggressive imperialist and colonialist circles which
are the enemies of peace."
An "after the fact," press interview with the SCP Secretary General
on 30 November was reported by TASS, which stated that "the conspiracy
against the SCP had been prepared long before the anti-Islam speech was
made ... by a provocateur who pretended to be a Communist." TASS further
reported that the Sudanese Communists are fully aware of the existence of
the traditional concepts of the Sudanese, and that the SCP does not
"propagate anti-religious ideas either directly or indirectly."
An Old Story. The Worldwide Communist anti-religion campaign has
continued without letup and has been more noticeable in overt actions
in recent years while clashes between Communists and Moslems have in-
creased. For example,
Indonesia -- the long, insidious PKI campaign to strip Moslem groups
of power (having their parties and papers banned) and subvert their
youth, was suddenly reversed in a violent eruption on the heels of
the unsuccessful PKI coup in October 1965. Moslems have led the
attacks on all PKI installations and groups and pledged to eliminate
communism.
Tibet -- the 15-year CPR drive (noticeably increased in 1958-1959)
to eradicate Buddhism in Tibet, where it has been defined as genocide,
continues by persecuting, jailing, exiling and killing the remaining
leaders.
Algeria -- soon after ousting pro-communist Ben Bella, Boumedienne
promised to bring Islam back to the Moslem country.
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USSR -- the Kremlin permitted, if it did not arrange, an anti-
Moslem demonstration led by 150 Sudanese students before their
own embassy in Moscow on 17 November 1965 -- testimony to the
success of Soviet anti-religious indoctrination of some students
from foreign countries.
Islam's reaction to these attacks and campaigns spreads from Sudan to
Djakarta, and even in Pakistan (so recently striving for friendly ties
with the CPR) the Moslems have condemned the mistreatment of their
brethren in other .countries.
25X1 C1 Ob
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974. COUNTERING COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA
ON VIETNAM
25X1 C1 Ob
SITUATION: In the past few months the stridency, exaggeration and out-
right falsehoods apparent in Communist propaganda on Vietnam have grown
to such proportions that Communist propagandists are making themselves
vulnerable to exposure as distorters of the truth and outright liars.
At the beginning of December, for instance, Hanoi's monthly numbers
game on the total of American planes downed over North Vietnam hit a new
high with the claim that the 800th U.S. plane had just been shot down.
At the beginning of October, Hanoi asserted that Viet Cong forces had
been bolstered by the addition of 40,000 eager new recruits in the month
of September alone; a 17 November editorial in Nhan Dan (the North Viet-
namese Communist Party daily) maintained that U.S. forces have suffered
11,000 casualties so far in 1965 and that 1000 American servicemen had been
killed in the period between 20 October and 20 November alone. Peking and
Hanoi have been trumpeting alleged American "atrocities" with particular
attention to "the barbarous nature of the U.S. aggressors' use of poison
gas to massacre hundreds of innocent civilians." Moscow has also resur-
rected a memorable chestnut from the Korean War by giving play to charges
of U.S. forces"waging chemical warfare in the South."
Moscow and Peking, while crying "war monger" at the U.S. are nimbly
avoiding mention of any substantive issues in their coverage of possible
peace talks. In this connection considerable play has been given the 1964
"peace offer" made by the North Vietnamese to open talks with the U.S, on
Vietnam and the U.S. "outright rejection of this forthright attempt to
achieve peace."
A particular vulnerability for the U.S. has been in the area of the
anti-war demonstrations staged by U.S. college students, civil rights organ-
izations and other misguided citizens. Peking is especially featuring the
"massive groundswell of U.S. domestic opposition to Administration policies":
prominent U.S. personalities opposed to American participation in the Vietnam
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conflict are quoted; U.S. policy makers are widely pictured as being
fearful of "the gathering domestic violence" and of having to take into
account the "growing strength of the antiwar movement" before making
a move in Vietnam. Perhaps most damaging of all, are the pictures truly
worth a 1,000 words, widely featured, (and readily available from the
U.S. press) showing student demonstrators carrying "get out of Vietnam"
placards, huge crowds listening to impassioned speakers telling them
not to let their sons, husbands etc. die in another Asian war, beleaguered
pro-Administration speakers being shouted off the platform, and protest
marchers being dragged off by the police.
References
Unclassified attachments:
I. Statistics, facts, quotes relating to U.S. participatIon in Vietnam
conflict.
2. 22 October 1965 letter to New York Times editor on Vietnam written
by distinguished university professors in the field of Far East
studies.
3. 29 November 1965 Washington Post article by john M. Goshko on call of
100 prominent Americans for support of U.S. in Vietnam
4. Background information on U.S. demonstrations against war in Vietnam.
25X1 C1 Ob
2
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"rremmomma. 20 December 1965
975 WH,e. THE CUBAN COMMUNIST PARTY
25X1 C1 Ob
S1TUATO-: On 28 September 1965 Fidel Castro announced a new
100-man Central Committee, complete with political bureau and secretariat
in the best Soviet tradition, to oversee the ruling party of the nation,
the United Party of the Socialist Revolution (PUBS). Several days later,
on 3 October, he declared that the party would thereafter be known simply
as the Cuban Communist Party.
The political bureau of the Central Committee will obviously
function as the supreme policy-making group. It is composed of Fidel and
Raul Castro, President Dorticos, Castro's satrap Amrando HART Davalos, who
doubles as Secretary of Organization, the Minister of Interior Ramiro VALDES
Menendez, and three Army majors who fought in the hills with Castro and are
distringuished by their loyalty to him, though probably not by their meager
qualifications as Marxists-Leninists.
The party's Secretariat will essentially be charged with carrying
out policy. Lest there be any doubt about who's running things, Fidel
and Raul Castro, as well as Osvaldo Dorticos, are also members of the
Secretariat. It includes, in addition, the only two veteran Cuban Commu-
nists -- those who belonged to the Popular Socialist Party ;FSP) before
the revolution -- remaining in the top levels of the party: Blas Roca,
ex-editor of the daily BOY and Carlos Rafael Rodriguez, an economics
minister.
It is notable that the new Central Committee contains a very large
number of military officers -- 68 out of 100 members. This is an obvious
reflection of the role of the military in Cuba; they are the mainstay of
the regime and not even the Communist Party will be beyond their domination.
The new Central Committee will cap a party organization which has
been developing principally as a regional and local institution during
recent years. Its 50,000 members are drawn from a hard core of Castro's
most militant supporters and are therefore intrinsically loyal to him and
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(975 COnt.)
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obedimGly respoL,s]ve to the re,.ime policies.
tion from the Cuban misses, however, the party
phisticated adulation for Fidel Castro than in
to Communist ideological tenets.
a
i_th most of its representa-
is grounded more in unso-
any overriding attahcment
25X1 C1 Ob
2
(975.)
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20 December 1965
Gold and Wheat
in the USSR
[UPI London dispatch 2 Dec 65]
The Soviet Union's heavy purchases of foreign wheat are
draining Russian gold reserves, it was reliably reported today.
A new shipment of Russian gold to Europe coincided with
authoritative reports that the Kremlin is now selling almost
twice the amount which is being produced in hard-worked Russian
gold fields.
Wheat purchases from Canada, Australia, Argentina and
France caused the drain and present indications are that it
will continue for some years to come.
Experts said the strain also has forced the Soviets to
change their tactics in world markets where they have sought
to secure maximum prices for their commodities in contrast
with previous price-cutting methods.
During the past three months alone the Russians have sold
200 tons of gold in the west, valued at $225 million. This
was arranged through the Bank for International Settlements
and London dealers.
Considerably larger sales that may run into hundreds of
millions of dollars are anticipated in coming months.
The Soviets have bought more than 6 million tons of wheat
from Canada alone and 3.3 million tons from Argentina, Austra-
lia and France. There have also been considerable Soviet pur-
chases of heavy and costly western industrial equipment which
will continue in line with Moscow's major re-tooling plans.
This is held to be one of the reasons why the Russians
are increasingly insistent on lont-term credits when they nego-
tiate deals with the west.
To what extent the drain on Russia's gold is affecting
her reserves as well as her current output is a matter for
conjecture. Moscow continues to keep the figures of its gold
production a well guarded secret.
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The Man in the Mirror
by Frederick Ayer, Jr.
Henry Regnery Co., Publishers, 114 West Illinois Street,
Chicago, Illinois 60610 $4.50
CPYRGHT
A recent espionage thriller contains more than the usual
amount of excitement and suspense, backed up by a wealth of
authentic background detail. Roger Storrow, executive assist-
ant to the President of the United States, and a member of the
National Security Council, is kidnaped by Mexican agents act-
ing for the Soviet Intelligence, while Storrow is on leave,
pursuing his hobby of amateur archeologist in the Yucatan,
Mexico.
Other Soviet agents, a year earlier, had captured a German
wanted for World War II crimes, who was living in the Argentine,
and forced him to undergo training as a secret Soviet agent.
The German, whose name is von Tetlow, was almost a perfect phys-
ical double for the American, Storrow, and surgeons "corrected"
most of the few remaining differences between the two men. Von
Tetlow speaks excellent English, and listens to tape recordings
of Storrow by the hour. He is brought to Yucatan, and observes
Storrow through a police type mirror. Finally, the Soviets
send von Tetlow back to Washington, where he succeeds for a
time in attending U.S. official conferences as "Storrow."
We will not divulge further details, but recommend that
those interested in spy novels read this book, which is above
the average for such fare, and provides such excellent factual
background on Soviet cloak and dagger operations.
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Foreign Affairs: Where Marxism Errs on Us
App
By C. L. SULZBERGER
CPYRGHT
l'The interactions of science
PARIS?The United States
has refuted the "laws of capi-
talism" that have influenced
Communist analysts and policy
makers and America is headed
''exactly in a direction Marxist
social scientists claim that it
could not go.'
This statement might not as-
tonish United States politicians,
economists or businessmen, but
it assumes much interest com-
ing, as it does, from a promi-
nent sociologist who was a Com-
munist for 21 years. He is Stev-
an Dedijer of the Sociological
Institute of Lund University,
Sweden.
A Non-Communist
Dedijer, now a Swedish citi-
zen, describes himself as "nei-
ther a Communist nor an anti-
Communist." He was born in
Yugoslavia and formerly headed
Marshal Tito's Atomic Energy
Institute. He quit Yugoslav
Communism in 1957 and left
.he country in 1961, although
he frequently returns on a
Swedish passport.
Dedijer sent me the speech
he gave in Stockholm June 13
before the Royal Swedish Acad-
emy of Engineering Sciences.
This was subsequently...,
lished Aug. 30 by the StockWOTE
pewspner Dagens lifyhetter.
The rormer Yugoslav sociolo-
gist recently completed a three-
month American sojourn at
Yale University's Department
of the History of Science. He
had been specializing in what
he calls "the most sensitive field
in every country for detecting
and identifying social change?
the field of interaction of sci-
ence?basic and applied, natural
and social?and society.
Dedijer observed: "One must
go to the U.S.A. There, more
than anywhere else I have been,
one is pounded by evidence that
everything within the U.S.A.,
not only its technology and
landscape, but its ideas, values,
goals, habits, institutions and
patterns of social behavior are
changing rapidly. . . .
ana society tnere are stronger
and the resulting social changes
are more rapid and intense than
anywhere else I have been.
These interactions in the United
States are easier to follow than
elsewhere, for it produces more
public information on what
science and society are doing
to each other than any other
three or four countries of the
world. . . .
"Nowhere has the idea of
progress been so strongly em-
bedded for so long in the social
beliefs and values of its leading
elite and so widespread among
the population as in the United
States. . . . Throughout its his-
tory, the idea of progress has
dominated the thought and soul
of the United States and has
always won out in decisive mo-
ments when challenged by the
opposite tendency. . . .
"Business leaders themselves
are more and more active in fos-
tering the idea that the material
progress must be broadened
into the concept of social prog-
ress for all sectors and strata
of U.S. society. . . . Although
practically every governmental
department and agency in the
U.S.A. has active planning divi-
sions,lbften staffed or counseled
by social scientists, it is not
Government but business that
does most planning. . . .
The Profit Motive
"It is my guess that a sys-
tematic comparative study of
planning activity of enterprises
In various countries would show
that those in the U.S.A. do
more and better planning by far
and have more experience in it
than the enterprises in the Com-
munist countries. As if in deri-
sion of Marx, the profit motive
has spurred the U.S. business
firms, large and small, to en-
gage during the past generation
in increasingly accurate plan-
ning of sales, investments, pro-
ductivity, new products, proc-
esses and capacities. . . .
"As regard c2 reheat, reit, nr
where in the world are so many
plans for its developmeOt right
now being produced as in the
U.S.A. . . ? Social Scientists?
including historians and ph:loso-
phers?are to be more and wore
found not only in every \re-
search policy workshop?but
also in the planning and execit-
tive divisions of Governmen t
agencies. . . .
Creative Social System
'The 'New Deal' of Roosevelt,
the half-started 'New Frontier'
of Kennedy and the 'Great So-
ciety' of Johnson are not sim-
ply 'vote-getting gimmicks,' but
seem to be all a part of an in-
creasing, conscious effort?now
being made with new insights
and greater pressures from the
interactions of science and so-
ciety?attempting to rational-
ize, as it is at present humanly
possible, U.S. society?into a
stable, evolving, creative and
innovative social system based
on an enlarged complex of so-
cial values."
The best comment on all
these observations is perhaps
this: Al! Soviet bloc capitals are
now experimenting with efforts
to increase production by using
those very profit incentives
hitherto regarded by them as
exclusively capitalist.
CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT
20 December 1965
Research and Change in the USA
[Following are excerpts from a translation of an
article by Stevan Dedijer, translated into Swedish
by Torsten Blomkvist and published in the Swedish
language daily newspaper Dagens Nyheter (Today's
News) Stockholm 31 August 1965, page 4.]
During the last generation the US has broken with
all "laws of capitalise and developed in the direc-
tion that according to Marxist sociologists it can-
not possibly develop, writes Stevan Dedijer in this
article about the interaction between science and
social development in the US. Dedijer has among
other things studied physics and sociology in the
US and has been chief of the atomic institute in
Belgrad. He is now connected with the sociologi-
cal institute in Lund.
Now as previously I devoted myself to study in an area which I
regard as the most sensitive in all countries with regard to discovery
and identifying social change -- the interaction between science, basic
and applied, natural and social science -- and society.
Since more research of the most modern kind is carried out in the
US than in any other country in the world, the interaction between
science and society is stronger there and the resulting social changes
are more rapid and intensive there than anywhere else. And this inter-
action is especially easy to follow in the US because more information
Is published there than anywhere else in the world about how science and
society influence each other.
The debate about how the most important objects for research in a
country can be determined as rationally as possible is well known to
all who are interested in or engaged in research policies, and it is
for the present extremely vigorous and general in the US and it brings
out fundamental questions in the life of the nation. The debate con-
cerning the criteria of the research policy is transformed into a de-
bate about the basic value standards and goals of American society,
about the methods for achieving them and about what social and institu-
tional changes are required.
The debate is both a cause and an effect of the changing views on
social progress in the US. The Americans deny categorically that there
is any such thing as a national American ideology. Still, the idea of
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CPYRGHT
progress for example has nowhere in the world so strongly and for so
long been a part of the social convictions and value standards of the
leading circles or been so widespread in the population as in the US.
This idea has always been victorious in the decisive moment when
it has been fought by the opposite trend, represented for example by
the "Know-nothings" and the supporters of slavery in the nineteenth
century, the "America firsters" in the 1930's and the Goldwaterites in
our time.
In the past the idea of progress in the US was generally identi-
fied with increased material comfort and technological advances which
were to be achieved through individual initiative with a minimum of
social restraint or responsibility. A man's worth in the US is still
measured in everyday parlance by how many dollars he has or earns or
the number of people he employs or controls. But today the business
leaders themselves play an ever more active role in promoting the view
that material progress must be expanded to include social progress for
all strata of the population in American society. Thereby the debate
Is further complicated and intensified about whether "we ought to ex-
plore the stars before or after we have eradicated the slums."
Many Americans, including proponents of "individual initiative"
are beginning to take a new look at their country, to see also its for-
bidding aspects: poverty, ugliness, ignorance, a psychologically un-
pleasant atmosphere, extreme insecurity and enormous social strains.
The discovery of these long-range social problems leads among
other things to increased activity in regard to all kinds of social
planning. In spite of the fact that practically all government depart-
ments and government agencies in the US have active planning divisions,
often with sociologists as consultants, it is not the government but
business that does most planning.
It is my belief that a systematic comparative study of the planning
activities of business corporations in various countries would show
that American business plans far more and better and gets more experi-
ence from it than enterprises in the Communist countries do. The profit
motive has spurred American business, big as well as small, to give ever
more careful attention to planning of sales, investments, productivity,
new products and capacities.
Large-scale planning in the US has not yet reached the stage where
production goals are set up. In recent years a certain annual increase
in the national income has been determined as desirable and the govern-
ment tries to guide the economy in the desired direction through con-
trol of the demand by means of financial measures. The planning of US
economy has now gone so far that models are constructed for various
sectors of the system. An example of this is the model for sixty
branches of American industry constructed by the Department of Commerce
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CPYRGHT
using the 'input-output" method. Thanks to this one can study the
Implication for the entire American industry of a change in the produc-
tion of a single raw product or semi-finished product or of a procedure
within a given industry.
As far as research is concerned there are at the present nowhere
in the world so many plans for its development presented as in the US.
The National Academy of Sciences has during the last two years pub-
lished a series of long-range plans for basic research in various fields.
Physics and chemistry are first in turn while a plan for sociology is
still in the course of preparation. A number of institutions and indi-
viduals have outlined long-range plans for the recruitment of research
personnel in the basic and applied sciences, including the first ana-
lytical models for the theory of science.
To coordinate and adjust all theSe plans to an all-inclusive
national research plan for the US will undoubtedly be the next logical
step. This must presumably be deferred, awaiting the outcome of the
discussion that is in progress about Civilian technological research.
This is for the present discussed primarily with reference to its
importance for the solution of such national problems as concern the
general environment: urbanization, transportation, communications, the
preservation and development of natural resources etc. It is also be-
ing studied on a lower level with reference to stimulation of develop-
ment in private business. Economic, social and political limits for
stimulation of the civilian technology on the company level is deter-
mined, and the need for institutional and methodological changes are
carefully investigated, by representatives of the government, science,
the universities and the business community.
Debates and discussions about science and society, about plans and
prognoses, about the value standards and goals of American society, are
words and wishes. Can these words and wishes about what the American
social system "ought to be" become policy and be transformed into so-
cial reality? Can the American society be transformed into a more
rational and stable social system under the influence of modern science,
basic and applied, sociological and natural?
There are many who harbor strong doubts and there are some, mostly
Marxists, who categorically deny that this is possible. As long ago
as 1930, they say for example, there was published under President
Hoover's aegis a study of "Recent Social Trends in the US," which de-
manded measures within the entire American social system that "agricul-
ture, labor, industry, the school system, religion and science can
develop a high degree of cooperation in the next phase of national
progress" and which recommended economic planning on a large scale.
They maintain that the basic "laws of society" function independently
of human will in American society and that they have prevented all
past efforts and will prevent all future ones to transform these social
needs into social reality.
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CPYRGHT
It is my first-hand impression, based on considerable quantitative
data about these problems, that the US has broken all these "laws of
capitalise and has developed in just that direction which according to
Marxist sociologists it could not possibly develop. Roosevelt's New
Deal, Kennedy's New Frontier and Johnson's Great Society are not only
tricks to canvass for votes, but appear to be part of an ever stronger
conscious effort to create a rational social system which is capable of
renewal and based on an expanded complex of social value standards.
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Statistics, Facts, Quotes Relative to
U.S. Participation in Vietnam Conflict
Communist claims that the U.S. has suffered tremendous losses of
men, planes, armament and materiel have been most greatly exaggerated in
the fields of planes downed and men killed. These claims can probably
best be exposed as greatly distorted by giving the true figures which
are regularly issued by the U.S. Department of Defense and generally
borne out by neutralist on-the-scene correspondents. The figures are
overt.
Hanoi's "Statistics" on the number of U.S. planes shot down since
August 1964 have claimed:
12
October
1965
650
31
October
725
8
November
757
1
December
800
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20 December 1965
Background Information on US Demonstrations
Against War in Vietnam
The anti-war movement began on 24 March 1965 at the University of
Michigan with several thousand students and professors holding an all
night teach-in.
Since March more than 50 other universities have had teach-ins
with the spring teach-ins culminating in a National Teach-In on the
Vietnam War held in Washington, D. C. on 15 May and sponsored by the
Inter-University Committee for Public Hearings on Vietnam.
On 17 April the Students for Democratic Society (SDS), a leftist
youth group, sponsored a march on Washington calling for the end of the
war in Vietnam. Several thousand participated in this march.
A so-called Washington Summer Action Project was held from 6 - 9
August and sponsored by the SDS, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee and various pacifist groups. The project ended with a walk
to the Capitol which resulted in the arrest of several hundred demon-
strators.
On 15 and 16 October the Vietnam Day Committee (VDC) sponsored an
International Day of Protest against American Military Intervention.
This resulted in demonstrations in about 50 U.S. cities. The VDC sent
circular messages to leftist groups in several countries, particularly
in Latin America, urging mass demonstrations against U.S. policy in
front of U.S. Embassies. Student peace groups and civil rights organ-
izations were also encouraged to consolidate their efforts on 15 and 16
October. The appeals to the groups overseas generally failed to gen-
erate public demonstrations although several tens of thousands people
participated in demonstrations.
The 27 November March on Washington was organized by SANE (Committee
for a Sane Nuclear Policy) as a call to mobilize the conscience of America
to end war. SANE is not an extremist organization of the caliber of VDC,
but unfortunate incident of Viet Cong flags being carried briefly by
some marchers received more publicity than its due. However, march was
orderly, spirits of crowd reportedly good humored for most part aided by
beautiful weather and no significant incidents occurred. Crowd esti-
mated to number under 25,000, considerably fewer than number hoped for
by organizers (up to 50,000). Reports of overseas demonstrations of
support for this March which were being requested by SANE and pushed by
the World Peace Council (a Communist front organization) have been spo-
radic, exaggerated by Communist press and really good sized only in Moscow.
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THE WASHINGTON POST
29 November 1965
100 Prominent Americans Issue Call
For Clear Support of U.S. in Vietnam
CPYRGHT
Ap
By John M. Goshko
Washington Post Staff Writer
One hundred prominent
Americans yesterday called on
all elements of American so-
ciety "to make unmistakably
clear . . . to friend and foe
alike" their support of the
United States commitment in
Vietnam.
Their "call for constructive
public action" came on the
heels of Saturday's anti-war
demonstration in Washington
and highlighted another day
of national preoccupation with
the pros and cons of the Viet-
nam conflict.
Among the signers were for-
mer Secretary of State Dean
Acheson; former Vice Presi-
dent Richard M. Nixon; for-
mer Treasury Secretary Doug-
las Dillon; James B. Conant,
Ipresident emeritus of Harvard
University; Vannevar Bush,
former president of the Car-
negie Institution of Washing-
ton? Gen. Lucius D. Clay, for-
!
I mer H.S. military governer in
Germany; Whitney North Sey-
mour, past president of the
American Bar Association, and
syndicated newspaper column-
ist Roscoe Drummond.
The signers declared ,they
have an obligation to make
ple.r to the wnrld their belief
that the majority of Ameri-
cans support these purposes:
? To help the people of
South Vietnam resist subver-
sion and foreign military in-
tervention "plotted, directed
and supplied from the North."
? To demonstrate t h a t
'Communist doctrines of guer-
rilla warfare and 'wars of na-
tional liberation' will not suc-
ceed against a determined
people with firm allies."
? "To seek the end of the
war by negotiation or other
honorable means not in con-
flict with our obligations."
? "To get on as rapidly as
possible with the more con-
structive tasks . . of laying
foundations for a better fu-
ture" for all the peoples of
Southeast Asia."
The appeal asked "all con-
cerned Americans" to take
part in local discussions on
Vietnam, to make known
their views to Congress, to
contribute to voluntary agen-
cies working in Vietnam and
to k sign and circulate this
resolution addressed to Presi-
dent Johnson:
"We, as Americans, renew
our dedication to the achieve-
ment of peace with freedom.
To this end, we declare our
support of the American com-
mitment in Vietnam and
resolve that whatever national
resources are required shall
be devoted to its fulfillment."
The proposals were made
public by Freedom House, a?
New York organization that
describes itself as "a non-
partisan center dedicated to
strengthening our free soci-
ety." In a companion state-
ment, Freedom House officers
said they were "particularly
pleased that a wide variety
of political viewpoints are
represented among the sign-
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2 November 1965
Letters to the Editor of The Times
CPYRGHT
U.S. Role in Buildin.g
Lasting Peace in Asia
To the Editor:
We the undersigned write as
scholars and specialists. Most of
us have devoted much of our
adult lives to study and work
in South and East Asian af-
fairs. Many of us have lived in
Vietnam. ?
We write in response to what
we consider distortions of fact
and the emotional allegations
of a small but vociferous group
of fellow university teachers
regarding the war in Vietnam.
We must first observe that
those who have signed adver-
tisements and petitions repre-
sent a very small proportion of
all university professors. Fur-
ther, the petition signers include
disproportionally fewer schol-
ars in the fields of government,
International relations and
Asian studies. A mere handful
of scholars with Far East cre-
dentials identified themselves
with these protests.
For the record, we make the
following assertions of fact:
The Vietcong initiated the pres-
ent war in South Vietnam. The
Vietcong is a Communist-led
and Communist-controlled po-
litical movement. Its aim is to
establish, by any available
means, a Communist rule in
South Vietnath.
Fight for Independence '
It 'is false to. compare the
war how being fought in Viet-
nam with that which was
fought by the French between
1946 and 1954. That was a
colonial war, fought by Vieth,
namesie of every variety of po-
litical complexion to ? achieve
national independence. The
Government of Vietnam ,ince
1954 has been a truly Vietna-
mese national .regime, and it is
fighting now to maintain its
independence..
The People's Revolutionary
party, which leads the Viet-
cong, is a segment. of the Lao
Dong (communist) party of
North Vietnam. The Vietcong
itself was organized by the
North Vietnamese, armed by
the North Vietnamese, and
A alpirtnett-Ptit FttsYe igt" 1999/0021=4e1Va ftag3061A000300050007-8
The Vietcong have employed
methods of terror, torture and
outright murder. For Ameri-
can academics to bemoan the
"brutality" of the South Viet-
namese response, without the
slightest comment on the in-
itiators of the brutality, is the
epitome of bias.
The Communist regime in
North Vietnam is among the
harshest and most brutal in
Asia. All opposition has been
exterminated. No free elections
of any kind have been per-
mitted. The living standards of
the people are low even by
Asian standards. In contrast,
the people of South Vietnam,
until the stepped-up Vietcong
attack, were enjoying a far
better living standard.
Between 1954 and 1961 there
were four elections, conducted
with varying degrees of free-
dom.
The Geneva accords were
broken first and repeatedly by
the Communists, as documented
by the records of the Interna-
tional Control Commission.
The President has offered to
hold unconditional peace talks
with Hanoi and has been re-
jected repeatedly by Hanoi, Pe-
king and Moscow. The burden
of proof is now on the Com-
munists.
Communist Danger
Communist conquest of South
Vietnam would,, in our view,
lead inevitably to a deteriora-
tion of resolve throughout
South and Southeast Asia.
While the non-Communist
states in the region are not
likely to fall in actual geo-
graphical sequence (i.e., the
"domino", theory), we believe
these nations would eventuilly
succumb politically and/or mili-
tarily to Chinese expansionism
following an American with-
drawal from Vietnam.
If there is any lesson that
should have been learned by us
since 1919, it is that collective
security is the only effective
means to deal with totalitar-
ianism on the march. Our ne-
gotiations and agreements must
not be "Munichs." Men who
The surest guarantee of peace
in Asia is what it has always
been everywhere: recognition
by all that our commitments to
our allies will be honored. And
we shall use the peace thus
secured as Americans used it in
postwar Europe, and as Presi-
dent Johnson has pledged to
use it for Asia.
The basis for a lasting settle-
ment in Asia will be built as
we create the conditions for
freedom through social and
economic programs no less than
through military means.
JOHN T. DoRSEY, WESLEY R.
FISH EL, WILLIAM HENDERSON,
P. J. HONEY, JoHN D. MONT-
GOMERY, LUCIAN PIT, I. MILTON
SACKS, GEORGE E. TAYLOR,
FRANK N. TRAGER, DAVID A.
WILSON.
East Lansing, Mich.
Oct. 22, 1065
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20 December 1965
The Cuban Communist Party
Largely obscured by the dramatic announcement of permission for
Cuba's dissidents to leave the country was another passage in Fidel
Castro's speech of 28 September 1965 in which he announced the creation
of a new Central Committee for Cuba's ruling party. A few days later,
on 3 October, he officially named the party the Cuban Communist Party,
thus finally bringing it out of the limbo in which it had existed more
as Castro's personal cheering section than as a political party.
The new central committee of 100 persons will be led by a politi-
cal bureau of eight men, a secretariat of six, and five principal com-
mittees. Fidel and Raul Castro continue as first and second secretaries
of the party and Armando Hart, formerly the Minister of Education, has
moved up to the third slot in the party hierarchy as its secretary of
organization. President Dorticos, chairman of the economic committee,
is in the political bureau and the secretariat as is Minister of Inter-
ior Ramiro Valdes. These five will probably control virtually all activ-
ities of the party from their vantage point in the political bureau.
The only other members of that august group are three army majors who
fought in the hills with Castro but who otherwise have few if any of the
qualifications an orthodox Communist would believe necessary for the
highest level of leadership in a Marxist-Leninist party. Obviously they
were included to give a strong representation to the military, which
evidently was a major preoccupation of Castro in selecting the members
of the central committee: 68 of them hold military rank.
The six-man secretariat will be responsible for administering
policies set by the political bureau. Most of its members are polit-
ical technicians with long government experience. Both Blas Roca and
Carlos Rafael Rodriguez, veteran CoMmunists and experienced organizers,
are members. Raul Castro, who heads the secretariat, is the only mili-
tary representative.
Most of the responsibilities of the five standing committees within
the central committee concern matters which were not previously under
party control. Dorticos' five-man economic committee is made up of four
other adherents of "liberal" economic principles. The "dogmatist" views
of the discredited Ernesto "Che" Guevara no longer have any proponents in
the Cuban leadership. Armando Hart is chairman of the education committee,
which includes also the new education minister and the head of the party
schools.
The new foreign affairs committee is headed by a young revolutionary
with little experience in foreign relations, Osmani CIENFUEGOS Gorriaran,
rather than by Foreign Minister Raul Roa, who is only the second member.
It is noteworthy that Manuel Pineiro, the head of Cuba's enormous intel-
llgence and subversion service, is one of the three members of this
important committee. However, there is no doubt that the conduct of
(Cont.)
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foreign affairs will remain predominantly under the direct control of
Fidel Castro.
The fourth major committee within the central committee -- the
constitutional studies committee -- is chaired by Blas Roca and includes
the justice minister. This group is charged with drafting a "socialist"
Constitution for Cuba and with establishing a new court and judiciary
system patterned after Soviet bloc examples. It will also probably
assume a major role in planning the first Cuban Communist Party Congress,
which Castro has announced for late 1966.
The fifth committee is the revolutionary armed forces and state
security committee, headed by Raul Castro and staffed by the interior
minister and the army chief of staff. About one fourth of the party and
two thirds of its central committee members are in the armed forces. By
thus joining together the party and military establishments, the regime
is attempting to ensure against a polarization of its two most important
bulwarks.
The announcement that the party is now to be called the Communist
Party is the second name change and third organizational shuffle in less
tlan five years. It was buffeted by a tumultuous power play, underwent a
pervasive purge, and finally was completely reconstructed. Through all
tt- changes, however, Fidel Castro has uniformly stated that "the role of
the party is to govern." As early as December 1961 he promised that the
regime would be institutionalized in a proletarian party.
The development of the united party began in the spring of 1961 when
the Integrated Revolutionary Organization (ORI) was formed from the three
political groups which survived the Batista regime: Castro's 26th of
July Movement, the Revolutionary Directorate (a student faction), and the
pre-Castro Communist Party (PSP). The ORI, however, was formed without a
clear definition of its powers or role in the Cuban regime, and in June
1961 Castro stated that it was to be only the preliminary step in the for-
mation of the United Party of the Socialist Revolution (Puns).
Although various regime officials described the ORI as a Communist
party, it pursued a somewhat equivocal course until Fidel Castro publicly
espoused Marxism-Leninism in December 1961. During the first year of its
organization, therefore, the ORI had no meaningful program, no national
executive organ, and no effective party organization.
The "old" Communists of the PSP inevitably dominated the ORI. They
were a small and well-organized club of professional politicians -- a
generation older than the young Castroites. In all of Cuba's six prov-
inces and in most of its municipios (municipal districts), "old" Commu-
nists controlled the ORI but continued to express primary loyalty to the
PSP leadership. In March 1962 the ORI national directorate was announced,
2 (Cont.)
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and its 25 members included about an equal number of "old" and "new"
Communists. Fidel Castro as first secretary headed a six-man secretar-
iat. It appeared, however, that Castro was losing control of the regime
and that the PSP was freely implementing its own policies. Tensions
mounted as "new" Communists in the regime became increasingly critical
of the PSP.
Castro struck at the "old" Communists late in March. He sensation-
ally denounced Anibal Escalante, a prominent PSP leader, for "sectarian
tyrannies" and accused him of creating "absurd and monstrous" confusion
because of his "madness for power." Escalante was removed from his post
as organization secretary. Moreover, Castro railed against the "old
guard" Communists for squandering political power and forgetting the
masses, and initiated a wide-ranging purge to remove the undesirable
elements. Escalante was the only "old" Communist removed from the nation-
al directorate, but the purge extended to four of the six provincial party
chiefs and most of the local bosses, and was not completed until all the
party cells were completely reconstituted.
The rebuilding of the party cells began in May 1962 and continued
for about two years while commissions appointed by Castro held "nominating
assemblies" in work centers and state farms throughout the island. This
system of popular assemblies, introduced by Castro to generate party
cadres among the masses, has been acclaimed by the regime as an important
innovation in Communist procedure. At the assemblies "model workers" were
selected on the basis of their demonstrated devotion to the regime, and
party commissions subsequently selected those suitable for PUBS membership,
The members of the interim ORI were individually reconsidered, but prob-
ably at least half of them were purged.
By the end of 1962 the Cuban press was beginning to refer to the
party as the PUBS and the transition from the ORI was effected by early
1963 without official notice. the PUBS national directorate was composed
of the remaining ORI leaders. Although it was the party's main organ, its
functions were limited chiefly to educational and organizational matters
and it did not have clearly established responsibilities. The PUBS was
therefore not a governing party but simply another intermediary stage in
developing a ruling Communist party.
For almost three years the PUBS slowly augmented its membership and
powers as lower party commissions and cells were formed and given a large
degree of autonomy. By 1964 the provincial party organizations had been
granted extensive supervisory and administrative duties. They continue
to function as the centers of authority in the six provinces.
Thus the establishment of the new central committee serves to pro-
vide an institutionalized leadership for the lower and intermediate party
organizations which have been developed and have functioned for several
years now.
3 (Cont.)
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To supervise and coordinate party indoctrination, there is a com-
mittee for revolutionary orientation (COR) which is attached to the cen-
tral committee. It publishes a bulletin at regular intervals and controls
the Cuban Institute of Radio Broadcasting, which operates all radio and
television stations. The COR also maintains direct control over the press.
Each lower party committee has a COR representative who, Fidel Castro in-
sists, "is not a commissar" but a "revolutionary instructor." The COR
chairman is Raul Garcia Pelaez. The editor of the party daily, Granma,
was the former COR chief.
The party maintains an extensive system of more than 250 party schools
including the Nico Lopez National Party School, five national schools for
the mass organizations, and six provincial centers, as well as day and
evening basic schools specifically created to bring revolutionary instruc-
tion to peasants and workers. The schools have graduated over 100,000
students. Courses include theoretical Communist studies, Cuban history,
and the works and speeches of Fidel Castro. The party also stimulates
and ensures proper political indoctrination in the nation's regular school
system by maintaining delegates on provincial and municipal education boards.
The Union of Young Communists (UJC) is the party's youth organiza-
:ion, and is guided by the party in grooming the "most exemplary" Cuban
youth for party membership. The UJC had its origin in the former Asso-
iation of Rebel Youth, which changed its name in April 1962 and absorbed
five separate youth groups. The UJC claims a membership of about 80,000
and anticipates an eventual total membership of about 100,000 Cubans be-
tween the ages of 14 and 27. It controls the Federation of University
Students and supervises the Union of Pioneers (UPC) and the Union of
Secondary Students (UES).
With more than 10,000 members of the Cuban armed forces also members
of the party, the military is rapidly forming its own political cadre
unswervingly loyal to the regime. Raul Castro has personally supervised
the party development in the military by appointing all political instruc-
tors and by staffing all party offices with trusted supporters of the
regime. In 1964 he said that the military will have the highest percent-
age of party members in the country because "the armed forces are the
political and military vanguard of the revolution." According to the
)unger Castro, fully a third of the military will eventually be admitted
as full or candidate members of the party and the Union of Young Commu-
nists.
Military cells are constructed in essentially the same manner as in
civilian work centers. The members of a military unit gather in a popu-
lar assembly to choose the "model combatants," who are later reviewed by
party commissions appointed by Raul Castro. Those accepted form a cell
and elect their own officers. There are a few intermediary party struc-
tures that coordinate and direct the activities of lower bodies, but the
hierarchy is kept weak because military channels maintain the line of
4 (Cont.)
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command. This system was patterned after that employed by the Soviet
army and military advisers from the bloc countries who were largely re-
sponsible for its creation.
The party central committee directs the military cadre through Raul
Castro's armed forces committee. The principal duties of the military
cadres are to drum up support for regime policies, to spread the Commu-
nist doctrine, and to provide the example for high military and political
performance. Creation of the Cuban Communist Party consolidates the posi-
tion of the "new" Communists -- who are in fact personal followers of
Fidel Castro first, and Communists second. The "old" Communists -- those
who have labored in Karl Marx's tortured texts since Castro was a wild-
eyed student -- are largely eclipsed. There is little doubt that the
economic and bureaucratic chaos which exists in Cuba today forced Castro
to institutionalize at least a part of the political power which he has
held. But Castro has no desire to have the party become a rival to the
government or to himself. He sees the party as an instrument of his own
power, owing loyalty to him rather than to doctrine. He wants it to
stimulate effort and loyalty at levels which his direct personal influ-
ence cannot reach.
At the same time Castro recognizes that the fundamental source of
power in Cuba today is the military, and so he is giving the armed forces
the dominant position in the Cuban Communist Party. Mindful, no doubt,
of recent experience in Algeria and Indonesia, Castro intends to prevent
the military and the party from setting out on divergent courses; he also
intends to use the one to keep the other in hand.
Creation of the Cuban Communist Party has also the effect of bring-
ing Cuba still more closely within the folds of Soviet practice and influ-
ence, a point made notable by Cuba's concomitant estrangement from China.
Actually the division between Cuba and China has developed over a consid-
erable period of time, as may be deduced from an article which appeared
in the pro-Chinese Communist newspaper printed in Belgium under the title
of La Voix du Peuple. It carried an article in its 2 July 1965 edition,
obviously inspired by the Chinese, which detailed a long list of griev-
ances against Cuba dating back to May 1963 when Castro visited Moscow
and, it insinuates, sold himself to Khrushchev for a sugar contract. It
further blamed him for sending a delegation to the "schismatic" meeting
of Communist Parties in Moscow in March of 1965. But its harshest attack
was directed against Castro's attitude toward the group of Algerian army
officers who overthrew Ben Bella:
"Since 23 June 1965 Castro has launched himself into the van-
guard against the Algerian revolution. Whereas Moscow observed a
hypocritical silence and Budapest criticized, Castro attacked. Does
he realize that in this aggressive orientation against Algeria, in
associating himself with all the imperialist forces linked with the
counter-revolutionaries, he scuttles the prestige of the man who was
the leader of the victorious Cuban revolution?"
5 (Cont.)
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The barb hit home. In the speech announcing the creation of the
Cuban Communist Party Castro declared: "We could never say that those
who have helped us to defeat the imperialists are accomplices of the
imperialists."
Cuba's alignment with Moscow does not signify, however, any less-
ening of its zeal for "exporting revolution" and encouraging armed vio-
lence whenever prospects for success are good. Both Havana and Moscow,
for example, continue their broadcasts in the native Indian languages
of the Latin American altiplano in which they unequivocally support and
tall for armed revolution.
6
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20 December 1965
Italian Socialist Parties
1947 - 1965
At its November 1965 Congress, the Italian Socialist Party of
Pietro Nenni agreed to take steps to reunify with Saragat's Social
Democratic Party. To give Nenni a more direct role in the reunifi-
cation process, the Congress created a new position for him, namely
President of the Central Committee.
The splits and realignments of the original socialist Party from
1947 to date are detailed in Walter H. Mallory's 1965 edition of Polit-
ical Handbook and Atlas of the World (pages 140-1)41) as follows:
ITALIAN SOCIALIST PARTY: Until i957 aligned with Communists by a
"Unity of Action" pact originally signed in 1934 and renewed in 1943 and
1946. In January 1947 the party split into two groups over this ques-
tion. One retained the name of "Partito Socialista Italiano" (PSI) and
based its political conduct on close understanding with the Communists;
the other named itself "Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori italiani"
(Socialist Party of Italian Workers) and under the leadership of
Giuseppe Saragat declared its independence from the Communists and its
firm adherence to the principles of Western political democracy. A
second split in the PSI in December 1947 resulted in the formation of
the very small Union of Socialists Party led by ignazio Silone. In May
1949, a third split occurred under Giuseppe Romita, who opposed unity
of action with the Communists. In October 1957 the PSI declared the
"Unity of Action" pact to be no longer valid.
Electoral appeal of the party is mainly to manual and white-collar
workers as well as intellectuals. it advocates land reform and some
nationalization of industrial and commercial monopolies. In foreign
policy it follows an ambiguous line, often neutralist, and often con-
trary to policies of the Western governments. In recent years it has
withdrawn opposition to NATO and currently, as part of the government's
parliamentary majority, it does not oppose the basic principles of
Italian foreign policy.
Leaders: Francesco De Martino (Secretary-General), Pietro Nenni
(Vice-Premier), Giovanni Pieraccini, all of the majority "Autonomous"
faction. Minority faction is headed by Riccardo Lombardi.
SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY (Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano):
Is the party resulting from the amalgamation in 1951 of the Italian
Workers' Socialist Party with the various Socialist Unity groups headed
by Giuseppe Romita and Ignazio Silone, the Unitary Socialist Party and
others. The party declares its complete independence from the Communist
Party and from the Socialist Party of PietroNenni. Although occasion-
ally expressing dissatisfaction with the speed with which moderate re-
forms are put into effect, it took part in all De Gasperi governments
from May 1947 until 1951, and in the Scelba, Segni and Fanfani governments.
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(Cont.)
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Leaders: Giuseppe Saragat (President), Mario Tanassi (Secretary-
General), Paolo Rossi, Luigi Preti, Roberto Tremelloni.
2
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CPYRGHT
Tuesday, Nov. 26, 1965
THE WASHINGTON POST(
Italian Socialists
Reject Bid of Reds,
Will Support Moro
By Leo J. Wollemborg
Washinston Post rorelen Service
ROME, Nov. 15?By a 4-to-1
majority, the national con-
gress of the Italian Socialist
Party has endorsed continued
participation in the govern-
ment of Christian Dem atic
Premie o oro and has
au oi?IF-inTrYW?TEE'first time,
concrete steps toward an early
reunification with the So-
cial Democrats.
The Socialists rejected, in a
meeting that ended Sunday
night, the Communist bid for
"a single party of the work-
ers" on the ground that "the
Italian and international Com-
munist movements are unable
to revise principles, methods
and policies which are incom-
patible with those of the So-
cialists."
New Milestone
Thus, the congress marked
a new milestone in the far-
reaching realignment of Ital-s
Ian political forces which has
been under way ever since the
Socialist majority started to
shift from alliance with the
Communists to governmental
partneship with the tradition-
ally democratic and pro-West-
ern groups.
The result, for the Commu-
nists, has been the shrinking
of the percentage of the elec-
torate controlled by them
from 37 per cent ten years ago
to less than 30 per cent now.
This includes the votes of
those pro-Communist and left-
wing Socialists.
Moreover, the outcome of
the Socialist congress and
progress toward reunification
with the Social Democrats ap-
pear hound to further loosen
the remaining ties between
Socialists and Communists in
local administration and in
the labor field.
Play Minor Bole
Foreign affairs played a
minor role at the Socialist
congress since the whole Par-
ty accepts by now Italy's
membership in the Atlantic
Alliance. The platform ap-
proved by the majority reaf-
firms, full support for the
economic and political unifica-
tion of Europe and calls for
'close contacts" with the So-
tialist International. It opposes
"any proliferation of atomic
weapons" and advocates a
cease-fire and a negotiated
settlement in Vietnam. It reaf-
firms Socialist support for
Red China's admission to the
United Nations "in spite of
the difficulties caused by
China herself."
Some differences exist with-
in the Party with regard to
the timing and procedure for
Socialist reunification but in
this connection the pro-'
ponents of early action, led by
Vice Premier Pietro Nenni,
War o nave prevaned over
the followers of Party Secre-
,taty Francesco Tie =Irbil?,
who favors a more cautious
approach.
Would Heal Split
Reunification would heal a
split going back to 1947, when
Criuse ? pe Sara at jaw_w_cs? -
11t--i5T-Ttaly, broke with the
majority of the Socialists who,
under enni.'s lea ership, sup-
ort d con in e c 611-al?dr a-
i t h the Communists. To-
day, Nenni himself is 'Eider
daily attack from the Commu-
nists for having brought the
Socialists into a government
"subservient to American poli-
cy and to the interest of Ital-
ian capitalists."
Many Socialists and most
Social Democrats want the
merger to take place well in
advance of the 1968 general
election. The reunified Party,
they argue, would then face
the polls as a fully integrated
political force already repre-
senting some 18 per cent of
the total vote and thus able
both to win adequate recogni-
tion from the Christian Demo-
crats and to compete effec-
tively with the Communists
for the allegiance of the grow-
ing leftist electorate.
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The Washington Post
27 Nov 1965
CPYRGHT
Italy's New Left
Approved For Re
Like a prodigal son, Italy's major Socialist Party
led by Pietro Nenni is being welcomed into the
fold of Western cooperation. Its break with the
Communists was a Tong time coming but is no
less important on that account. The Socialist re-
jection of a common front with the Communists
and the moves for reunion with the Social Demo-
crats of President Saragat presage a significant
realignment of the loyal Italian left.
After World War lithe Nenni Socialists came
under the influence of the Communists who were
then headed by a remarkable intellectual, the late
Palmiro Togliatti. Right-wing Socialists could not
stomach this cooperation with totalitarianism and
broke away to form- the Social Democrats. Some
persons suspected that Togliatti was blackmailing
In any event, the combination gave the
Communists extraordinary power.
Actually the realignment began more than a dec-
ade ago when, much to the discomfiture of Amer-
ican diplomacy at the time, Christian Democratic
President Giovanni Gronchi began talking of an
"opening to the left" to woo back the Nenni Social-
ists. The overtures bore fruit after the 1963 elec-
tions when the Socialists supported the Christian
Democratic government with some reservations.
Togliatti's doctrine of "polycentrism," meaning
many centers of Communist power, undoubtedly
accentuated the process. But not until the Social-
ist meeting just completed did the break become
complete. Mr. Gronchi's gamble has paid off for
the present Premier, Aldo Moro.
Like Socialist Parties in many other countries,
the Italian party has found that cooperation with
the Communist tiger, even? a tiger that in the
fashion of the Italian Communists pretends to be
a peaceable pussycat, leads to only one end. The
result of the break now should be to reduce the
Communist influence in Italy to more nearly its
true dimensions?though even the 241/2 per cent
Communist vote is probably an exaggeration of
hard-core sympathy. More important, the realign-
ment on the left should help consolidate the forces
working for democratic social reform and thus
assist the More government to move away from
past immobilism.
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20 December 1965
Sudanese Versus Soviet Interpretations of
Dissolution of Sudan Communist Party
I Excerpts from Statements of Government and Religious Leaders of
Sudan. CPYRGHT
Minister of the Interior, 12 November:
Ap
On the eve of 8 November, a person who described himseli as a
communist disavowed the existence of God before a big group of Mos-
lems, thus causing doubt in the message of the Prophet. Following
an argument on debauchery, "the communist" ridiculed the teachings
of Islam which deal with this vice. This enraged those present,
and drove them to organize a procession on the following day. "The
procession proceeded to the cabinet building with a petition demand-
ing the dissolution of the Communist Party, describing its ideas as
corrupt and deviating from the traditions and religion of this na-
tion, and demanding the adoption of decisive measures.
"On the eve of the same day, masses of the Moslem people in
Omdurman took part in demonstrations expressing these sentiments.
... these demonstrations passed by the Communist Party center....
The occupants of the center began to stone the demonstrators. This
increased the fury of the demonstrators, who broke into the center.
While we condemn what this person had said and affirm that the
government will not permit any abuse of the Islamic belief and that
it will insure the protection of religion from the allegations and
lies of the heretics, we urge the citizens to respect the law, to
keep completely calm, and to stand by the side of peace and order.
Supreme Shariah Board (highest authority on Koranic law), 14 November:
The Supreme Shariyah Board met ... to discuss the question of
the student who declared in public at the seminar of the Institute
of Teachers that he was a communist and apostate and that he was
proud of this fact. He insulted the prophet of Islam by saying that
debauchery used to be committed in his pure and honored house.
After (?considering) the matter from all its angles ..., the
board deemed it necessary to issue the following statement to the
Sudanese people ...:
First, what the student said shows disbelief in God and apos-
tacy which disowns him from Islam. The judgment of the Shariyah is
(Excerpts Cont.)
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CPYRGHT
that the renegade has three days in which to repent or he will be
killed; but if his apostasy is (?an insult) to the Prophet, ...
repentance is not acceptable.
Second, the attitude of this student is nothing but a symptom
which indicates the imminent danger which lies in wait for the be-
lief of this Moslem nation. This danger has come as a result of
the spread of communist dogma in the Sudan.
Third, communism is atheism and apostasy. Islam and communism
are not compatible. A man cannot be a communist and a Moslem at the
same time.
Fourth, the emergence of a Communist Party or organization in
a Moslem country tends to pave the way for combating the Islamic
creed in which this nation believes. Communist organizations are
the schools which work by all means for the spread of these ideas.
Fifth, in order to protect the creed of the Moslems from any
corruption or apostasy, the board deems that: 1) The Constituent
Assembly should proclaim a law which protects the nation's creed
from apostasy and punishes anyone who calls for this dogma; and the
form of punishment should be a firm deterrence from the danger of
this corruption- 2) All educational machinery should be purged of
communists; this is in order to insure the bringing-up of the gen-
erations in the creed and Islamic teachings. 3) In order to pro-
tect the creed, we call upon this Moslem nation -- individuals,
groups, parties, and bodies -- not to support or cooperate with the
communist organizations which call for apostasy and atheism.
Sixth, Islam is the religion of freedom. It bestowed toler-
ance, which no other religions have done. It safeguards freedom of
belief and opinion, but it fights apostasy and reversion, which is
the discarding by the Moslem of his religion.
Seventh, we call on responsible officials to put an end to this
trifling with the creed and to treat the matter firmly and seriously
in order to protect the creed, which is in danger of obliteration.
Finally the board, while explaining to public opinion the judg-
ment of the shariyah on this matter, calls on all compatriots to
maintain calm and not to resort to violence, which is against our
ethics and which our shariyah does not permit, particularly so when
there are responsible officials to guard and protect the creed from
those who tamper with it.
Minister of Information and Labor, 16 November:
Abd ar-Rahman an-Nur, minister of information and labor and the
official spokesman for the government, made the following statement
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App
following the decision of the Constituent Assembly to dissolve the
Communist Party:
The decision of our Constituent Assembly to dissolve the Sudan-
ese Communist Party came in response to the wishes of the citizens ....
The decision was fundamentally based on (?the principle) that
communism is a system that contradicts our faith and creed and is
inconsistent with democracy which we have (?chosen) as a way of
government. We are confident that communism cannot be fought only
by propaganda, but by realizing the demands of the people ....
We are a democratic country and it is not true that the disso-
lution of the Communist Party contradicts democracy. We have not
fought against or punished any individual for his convictions, but
we lawfully fight the dissemination of corrupt creeds and propa-
ganda -- creeds which contradict our religion, traditions, and cus-
toms and which break up or threaten our unity or our dignity. We
also fight lawfully the spread of the principles which disseminate
hatred and animosity between individuals, groups, or organizations
and those which call for violence as a means and method of realizing
demands.
Imam Al-Hadi al-Mahdi, 15 November:
We denounce the dishonorable attitude of the candidate for the
teachers training school. ....
Communism and Islam do not agree. The overbearing attitude of
the advocates of communism to this extent must be kept within bounds.
People should cooperate for the protection of their creed, the safe-
guarding of their principles and traditions derived from the spirit
of Islam, and the improvement of the conditions of their brethren ....
The general response among the Moslems and their solidarity in ex-
pressing their feelings toward this overt atheism uttered by this
candidate is a firm proof of their true loyalty and their interest
in protecting their creed and their true religion.
The protection of the sons of the homeland from the danger of
communism and its atheism, does not at all conflict with democracy,
delay it, or act as a stumbling block in its way. On the contrary,
the ousting of communist principles and its atheism from this home-
land will provide for it true democracy and will enable it to exer-
cise democracy in full freedom and in a sound manner. Therefore,
in protection of the spirit of the Islamic creed, and the safeguard-
ing of the traditions of this country, the concerned authorities
have considered the dissolution of this party through the Constit-
uent Assembly according to our democracy and our good ideals. ....
We support this wise decision ... and we cooperate with them for
the realization of anything that may uphold religion and maintain
for the nation its good traditions and its achievements in the var-
ious fields. ....
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Premier Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub, 21 November:
... The will of the great Sudanese people became clear in the
recent elections organized by the Constituent Assembly, which rep-
resents the people's will. Since the formation of the Constituent
Assembly, it has been guided by the will of the Sudanese people,
taking their aims, ideals, and values as its inspiration.
... democracy was accepted as the path and the way. Either
there is democracy or there is no democracy. Democracy means re-
spect for majority rule, with safeguards for the rights of the
minority within the law. As an Islamic people, our democracy is
bound up with our lofty ideals, derived from the true Moslem faith.
The unfortunate incident and the odious words uttered by that unbe-
lieving communist student have left in the hearts of the Moslem
Sudanese people a serious effect and the deepest wounds; they have
caused the masses of our Moslem people to go out in protest against
this ugly deed and to call for a ban on the Communist Party, which
has caused sedition, spread a spirit of unbelief, and created an
atmosphere of moral disintegration.
... in accordance with the will of the Sudanese people and in
order to preserve their Islamic ideals, the Constituent Assembly
passed by a vast majority a resolution to dissolve the Communist
Party. It has asked the government to draft the necessary laws to
implement the resolution. ....
... we warn all those who work openly or in secret to destroy,
to ignore the law, or to violate law and order while claiming to be
defending democracy and freedom that ... they are the deadliest
enemies of freedom. We warn them: we shall not hesitate to pre-
serve freedom and democracy in our concern to defend the good name
of our country against their folly and to preserve the principles
of democracy and Islamic principles. We warn them all against fur-
thering their folly; we assure all citizens that we shall continue
to strive with determination to strengthen stability and to realize
the aspirations of the Sudanese of all walks of life.
Excerpts from Soviet Media.
16 November, Moscow in Arabic to Arab World:
... the Sudanese Constituent Assembly approved a decision dis-
solving the Communist Party. Khartoum and Omdurman were during the
past few days the scene of rowdy anti-communist activities aimed at
causing confusion, trouble, and bloody clashes. In Omdurman, rowdies
attacked the Sudanese Communist Party building, ..,. The immediate
pretext for this wave of attacks against Sudanese communists and
their party is what was uttered against religion by a provocateur at
the Omdurman teachers college, who alleged that he was a communist.
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Ap
Common sense says that this provocative idle talk was that of an
adventurous individual who had no relations with the Sudanese Com-
munist Party, the statement of the Sudanese Communist Party Central
Secretariat asserted.
However, some of the leaders of the rightwing Ummah and National
Unionist Parties and Moslem Brotherhood leaped with astonishing speed
to another path. Meetings and demonstrations were organized against
communists and speeches were made, clear in meaning, which led to the
impression that religion had been insulted by the communists. Immedi-
ately deputies of the rightwing parties in the Constituent Assembly
submitted a draft law to dissolve the Communist Party, also demanding
... the dissolution of a number of democratic organizations.
Conjecture over the present anti-communist compaign in Sudan
has led to the belief that it was absolutely not spontaneous but was
prearranged. This campaign is in complete harmony with the aims of
colonial circles to liquidate the democratic gains of the Sudanese
people realized in the wake of the popular revolution of 21 October
1964 . .... Thus present incidents in Sudan can only be a cause of
satisfaction to those arch enemies of the Sudanese people, the im-
perialists and colonialists.
The patriotism of the Sudanese Communsit Party and its attempts
to unite all national and democratic forces in a single front against
imperialism created serious obstacles for imperialist policy. ....
TheAinquestionable hecessaryl and legal activities of the Sudanese
Communist Party play an important role in the internal life of the
country and express the interests of the broad masses of workers ...,
The path of crushing democratic forces in Sudan, which the right-
wing parties want to formulate as basis for political life in the
country, cannot but arouse anxiety among all true friends of the Sudan-
ese people. It is under the guise of combating communism that actions
which benefit the colonialists and aim at obstructing and halting the
people's march on the path of social progress and democracy have taken
place.
17 November, PRAVDA Comment:
PRAVDA assesses the outlawing of the Sudanese Communist Party
as the first step ushering in "the beginning of a large-scale of-
fensive against democracy organized and headed by the Sudanese re-
action." The paper today publishes a contribution by I. Alexandrov
entitled "Intrigues of Sudanese Reaction." He writes that "The
rights and freedom gained by the Sudanese people during the October
1964 revolution are being flouted. At that time, spokesmen of the
rightwing parties asserted that they would adhere to democratic
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principles. They have now violated these principles by barring
representatives of the leftwing parties, including the communists,
from participation in the government. The national unity which the
Sudanese Communist Party achieved during the revolution has been
split. ... reaction has revealed its true face .... In place of
the overthrown military dictatorship, it seeks to establish the pow-
er of the rightwing and reduce to naught the achievements of the
revolution."
"The existence of the Sudanese Communist Party is in accordance
with the Sudanese constitution," Secretary General of the Sudanese
Communist Party Central Committee said. "If the government violates
the constitution, everyone has the legitimate right of self defense.
Our party will not accept any undemocratic and unconstitutional de-
cision and will fight for democracy and the constitution."
PRAVDA says in conclusion: "The actions of Sudanese reaction
are incompatible with the national interests of the country. ....
The step toward dictatorship is leading the Sudan to a national
catastrophe."
17 November, Moscow TASS international Service:
Nearly 150 Sudanese students studying in Moscow gathered out-
side the Sudanese Embassy to protest the banning of the Sudanese
Communist Party.
... a student in the economic faculty, read a petition adopted
by the students. The document emphasizes the revolutionary role of
the Sudanese Communist Party and describes the ban as "the beginning
of the suppression of the democratic movement as a whole."
17 November, Moscow in Arabic to Arab World:
A meeting took place on IT Novembar at the PRAVDA editorial
office between leaders of the Sudanese Communist Party .., and Party
Central Committee and Soviet and foreign journalists ....
The statement which they read expressed their firm denuncia-
tion of the actions of Sudanese reactionary forces, who imposed on
the Constituent Assembly a draft resolution banning the activities
of the Communist Party and other democratic mass organizations in
the country. The statement provided a proper reply to attempts by
Sudanese reactionary forces to justify their actions, which are con-
trary to democracy, through the anti-religious provocation that
they had planned and which was carried out by one of the students.
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The Communist Party had explained that this student was not
one of its members and that the Communist Party had always respected
people's religious feelings. .... The campaign of reactionary forces
against communism was organized for quite different reasons.
The statement added that this campaign is the result of the
crisis that the ruling reactionary forces are experiencing. Although
they enjoy an overwhelming majority in the Constituent Assembly, they
have proved their complete inability to solve problems facing the
country.
During the five months that rightist forces have been in power
in the country, they have slipped further into the bondage of loans
from imperialist states. As a result, popular opposition to the rul-
ing parties has intensified.
18 November, Moscow TABS International Service:
"The reactionary plot now stands fully revealed. It is
directed against the freedom and progress of our country," says a
statement of the Sudanese Communist Party Central Committee issued
here today. "From the moment they came to power, the reactionaries
have been steadily fulfilling their plan: They deprive trade unions
of their rights, confiscate papers, ban demonstrations, and now they
have decided to outlaw the Communist Party. Thus the leaders of the
Ummah and the National Unionist Party intend to smother all voices
of protest in our country."
The present situation in the country is reminiscent of the one
exactly seven years ago, the statement says further, when the reac-
tionaries had no chance to cope with the opposition of popular forces
and established a military dictatorship. Now these reactionaries
are carrying out a "civilian" coup, a mutiny against the constitution.
The Central Committee says that the reactionaries want to blame
the Communist Party for their inability to solve economic problems
and the problem of the country's unity and security. These tasks,
the statement stresses, can be achieved only by forces believing in
democracy and socialism.
19 November, Moscow Domestic Service:
Khartoum workers and students intend to defend the victories
of the 21 October revolution and protect from persecution that party
which represents their interests, namely the Sudanese Communist
Party. The farther to the right the government of the feudal al-
Umma and National Unionist parties moved, the faster the influence
of the progressive forces grew. The people did not forget that the
al-Umma Party at one time cleared the path for a military dictator-
ship.
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The October congress of the Sudanese Trade Union Federation
called for a democratic government which would liquidate imperial-
ist domination in the country's economy. It also called for an
expansion of workers rights and improved living conditions. ....
The embassies of a number of Western powers in Khartoum, which had
tried without success to cause a split in progressive organizations,
decided that the time had come to check leftwing forces. Implement-
ation of this plan had to be postponed in October because of a dis-
pute between the two government parties. .... The two parties then
were reconciled and a pretext was found to attack leftwing forces.
It was decided to use a police agent in the student movement
in order to insult the feelings of religious believers. Claiming
to be a communist, this agent-provocateur deliberately insulted
believers. Seeing the likelihood of a provocation, the Sudanese
Communist Party immediately disclaimed any connection with the
police agent. However, text of the speech was in the hands of
rightwing papers before it was made. There followed demonstrations
by religious fanatics demanding the banning of the Communist Party
and other progressive organizations.
.... On Tuesday, 16 November ... introduced a bill in the
Constituent Assembly to change the constitution and ban the activ-
ities of the Communist Party and other atheistic organizations, to
deprive their deputies of their mandates, and even to give the gov-
ernment the right to imprison communists. The bill was passed on
the first reading, but on the same day workers were in the streets
... to defend the Communist Party and other progressive organiza-
tions. At the second reading, deputies of the National Unionist
Party, one of the government parties, opposed the bill. The gov-
ernment was forced to postpone consideration of the bill until
22 November.
20 November, Moscow TASS International Service:
About 40 public and political organizations of the Sudan have
protested against the government's intent to amend the constitu-
tion and to outlaw the Sudanese Communist Party.
Under the impact of the broad protest movement against the
banning of the Sudanese Communist Party, the advocates of democ-
racy and their opponents came to loggerheads inside the National
Unionist Party, .... Some of the members of this party, who voted
on 15 November for granting the right to the government to draw up
a bill on the banning of the Sudanese Communist Party, have now
come out against this measure.
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20 November, Moscow Arabic to Arab World:
In the name of Soviet workers, the AUCCTU has voiced its strong
protest against the campaign of prosecution waged by Sudanese reac-
tionaries. The council declared its fraternal solidarity with Sudan-
ese workers and trade unions in their struggle for independent devel-
opment and consolidation of the republic's sovereignty. It also
expressed confidence that the shameful plot by reactionaries against
the people will inevitably end in failure.
22 November, PRAVDA article, "An Antidemocratic Act" (Summary carried
on TABS International)
On 15 November the Sudanese Constituent Assembly adopted a law
aimed at banning the activities of the Sudanese Communist Party and
other democratic organizations. Events ... preceding adoption of
this decision leave no doubt that the banning of the Sudanese Commu-
nist Party was part of a premeditated plan. 0..,
... the organizers .of these anti-communist actions used the anti-
religious utterances of a certain provocateur at the Omdurman teachers
training college, who, without any basis, pretended to be a communist.
Nothing would seem to be simpler than to see through this provocative
idle talk by a single adventurist, whu was immediately repudiated by
the Sudanese Communist Party Secretariat and has nothing to do with
the party.
However, certain leaders of the rightwing parties, particularly
the Moslem Brotherhood known for its links with imperialist intelli-
gence services and its participation in counterrevolutionary plots
in the UAR and other Arab countries, and the al-Umma and National
Unionist Parties which collaborate with reactionary forces began a
widespread campaign against the Communist Party and other Sudanese
democratic organizations,
To the accompaniment of anti-communist demonstrations and mas-
sacres that took place with obvious connivance of the authorities,
the Constituent Assembly adopted a law previously prepared by depu-
ties of rightwing parties aimed at banning the Communist Party and
a number of other mass democratic organizations.
The Communist Party actively struggled against the military
dictatorship and made a significant contribution to preparations
for and implementation of the 21 October revolution. ..0.
Since the 21 October revolution, an important role n
the country's internal life has been played, together with the Com-
munist Party, by mass democratic organizations, namely trade unions,
peasant organizations, the Sudanese Women's Union, the Sudanese
Youth Union, and others. ....
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.... A conference of representatives of ... Sudanese political
parties and public organizations ... on 15 November unanimously con-
demned the decision of the Constituent Assembly banning the Communist
Party as unconstitutional and a threat to democratic freedom in the
Sudan. ....
Soviet communists and all Soviet people express their solidar-
ity with Sudanese communists and all Sudanese patriots and democrats
and are confident that national democratic forces in the Sudan ...
(?will succeed in repulsing the attacks) of reaction and imperialism
and maintaining the cause of democracy and progressive development
in the Sudan.
24 November, Moscow TASS International:
... decided to defy the government's decision to ban the Sudan-
ese Communist Party. The Central Committee considers ... that this
decision is unlawful inasmuch as it is based on an unlawful change
in the constitution. ....
.... It also considers that the government itself is illegal.
Therefore, the Sudanese Communist Party will continue its activities
and its struggle in defense of the constitution,
26 November, Moscow TABS International:
The Soviet Peace Committee issued a statement on 26 November
expressing grave concern over the harrassment of democratic forces
in the Sudan. .... "The Soviet Peace Committee expresses solidar-
ity with all Sudanese democrats, peace fighters, and patriots and
urges the Sudanese authorities to renounce their plans to ban people's
democratic organizations, thereby contributing to the rallying of
all peace-loving people against the forces of war and aggression."
27 November, Moscow in Arabic to Arab World:
Arabic newspapers have been carrying reports that intelligence
agencies of imperialist countries, particularly U.S. intelligence,
played a role in the anti-communist campaign recently waged by Sudan-
ese reactionary forces. These statements have a strong basis in
truth. ....
.... It is no secret that U.S. politicians received the 1964
Sudanese revolution with hostility. ..
The Sudanese people know very well how arms and ammunition
poured in to the secessionists in the southern Sudan, together with
a stream of anti-communist literature filled with fabrications and
hostility against Sudanese democratic forces. The Sudanese authori-
ties declared more than once that U.S. intelligence was participating
in subversive activities in the country. ....
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.... The Sudanese press cited proof of the links between U.S.
intelligence and the reactionary Moslem Brotherhood, which gave the
signal for the attack on the democratic rights and freedom of the
Sudanese people.
30 November, Moscow TASS International Service:
"The conspiracy against the Sudanese Communist Party had been
perpared long before the anti-Islam speech was made at the Omdurman
Pedagogical College by a provocateur who pretended to be a Communist,"
said Sudanese Communist Party Secretary General ....
The Sudanese Communist Party secretary general said that, in
its conspiracy against the Sudanese Communist Party, imperialism
is trying to make use of the religious sentiments of the Sudanese.
"The Sudanese Communists," he stressed, "are fully aware of the
existence of the traditional concepts of the Sudanese. We do not
propagate antireligious ideas either directly or indirectly. A
majority of our party members are rank and file Moslems," .,.,
30 November, Moscow TASS International Service:
TASS correspondent N. Belyayev comments in PRAVDA on the
persecution of democratic forces in the Sudan and Indonesia. He
writes: "Desperate efforts by reaction in the Sudan and Indonesia
prove that someone in the Asian and African countries is trying to
make use of the present international situation to direct events
into an anti-communist channel. Internal reaction in these coun-
tries is clearly determined to weaken forces coming out against
imperialism."
Sudanese reaction is being pushed toward such a perilous step,
according to the author, "First of all by fear of the growing
authority and influence of Sudanese communists." They played the
most important role in overthrowing the military dictatorship in
October 1964. The Sudanese Communist Party is actively supported
by the People's Democratic Party, trade unions, and other political
and public organizations.
.... The persecution of democratic forces in Khartoum, the
author continues, finds its echo in events in Indonesia. There
reactionary-minded leaders also demand banning of the Indonesian
Communist Party. The basic principle of the Indonesian revolution
is threatened -- a principle of cooperation of nationalists, Moslems,
and communists. Should this be destroyed, the author stresses in
conclusion, those gratified will be "Only the imperialists, primar-
ily the United States, who have lost a great deal as a result of the
successes of the Indonesian revolution and are now trying to incite
anti-communist hysteria in Indonesia.
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3 December, Moscow Domestic (Dunayev Commentary)
The bill banning the Sudanese Communist Party was drafted long
ago .... The impression is that a hand from behind the scenes is
directing events in the Sudan.
.... A 70,000-strong protest demonstration in Khartoum and
demonstrations by workers, students, teachers elsewhere were the
Sudanese people's reply to attempts to decapitate the revolution.
... a student covered himself with gasoline and set himself alight
in protest against the government's attempt to ban the Sudanese
Communist Party.
(?The reactionary) government has decided not to immedi-
ately ban the Communist Party. Fran one day to the next, it has
put off passing the unconstitutional bill foisted on it from outside.
According to reports from Kbartoum, pressure from the U.S. Embassy
and CIA has now increased so much that the banning of the Communist
Party can be expected any day.
4 December, Moscow TASS International Service:
Mohammed Ali Shawqi, a student at Omdurman Teachers College,
-,'as tried in Omdurman today. His recent anti-religious speech in
the college gave Sudanese reaction a pretext for beginning an anti-
communist campaign. Reaction hastily declared Shawqi a member of
the Sudanese Communist Party and ascribed his pronouncements to the
Communist Party in general.
His testimony at today's trial dashed the charges made against
TUdanese communists. He said he was not a member of the Sudanese
ommunsit Party and spoke only for himself.
Shawqi was sentenced to six years imprisonment.
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