USSR ELECTRONIC AND PRECISION EQUIPMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03107A000100020008-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 52
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 26, 1999
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: April 15, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

A ved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03107A000100020008-1
USSR
ELECTRONIC AND PRECISION
EQUIPMENT
Number 8 15 Apr111959
DOC ( REV DATE 02- ?I 81) Ey OO?
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JUST NEXT dAV AUTHi HR 714
Prepared by
Foreign Documents Division
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
2430 E. St.; N. W., Washington 25, D.C.
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PLEASE NOPE
This report presents unevaluated information selected from
Russian-language publications as indicated. It is produced
and disseminated as an aid to United States Government
research,
USSR EIECTRONIO AND PRECISTOl'EQUIFVENT
Table of Contents
Page
I.
Items of Special Interest
1
A.
Civilian Radio and Television Production
1
B.
Plants
1
C.
Deficiencies and Shortages
2
D.
Personnel
3
II.
Local Production and Organization
4
A.
Leningrad
4
B.
Mbskovskaya Oblast
C.
Latvian SSR
6
D.
L'vov
7
III.
Tubes and Transistors
8
IV.
Radio
12
A.
Research and Development
12
B.
Transistor Radios
12
C.
Radio Phonographs
14
D.
Radio Interpretation Apparatus
16
E.
Plant Information
16
V.
Television
17
A.
General information
17
B.
Vbbile Television Units
18
C.
Color Television
19
D.
Television Receivers
21
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Page
VT. Communications Equipment 24
VII. Computers 26
VIII. Precision Equipment 34
A. Instruments 34
1. General Information 34
2. Electrical Instruments 35
3. Electronic Instruments 37
4. Industrial Controls 38
5. Automation Equipment 39
6. Hydrometeorological Instruments 40
7. Other Instruments 41
B. Nbtion-Picture Apparatus 42
C. X-Ray Equipment 44
D. Industrial Ultrasonic Equipment 44
E. Traffic Radar 45
IX. Electrical Products 46
A. Switches and Relays 46
B. Cable 47
C. Plant Information 48
D. Institutes 49
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I. ITEMS OF SPECIAL INTEREST
A. Civilian Radio and Television Production
In 1957, 4,263,000 radio receivers and television sets were produced
in the USSR. This compares with 4,254,000 produced in 1956 and 4,025,000
produced in 1955. (Nethdunarodnyy Politiko-Ekonomicheskiy Yezhegodnik
(International Political and Economic Yearbook), Nbscow, 1958, p 264)
[Comment: If the above figures are correct, the growth rate of the
production of this equipment has slowed down considerably].
During the Seven-Year Plan, 4.6 tines as many television sets and 1.7
tines as many radio receivers will be sold to the USSR populace as were
sold during the preceding 7 years. (scow, Sovetskaya Potrebitel'skaya
Kooperatsiya, Jan 59, p 3)
D. Plants
The Sumy Electronic Nicroscope and Electroautomatics Plant (Sumskiy
zavod elektronnykh mikroskopov i elektroavtomatiki) needs a chief designer
experienced in the fields of electronic microscopy and mass spectrometry.
Applications should be made to the plant at Konsomol'skaya ulitsa 68-a?
Sumy, Ukrainian SSR. -- Advertisement (Nbscow, Nbskovskaya Pravda, 9 Oct 58)
[Comment: This appears to be a new plant.]
In the summer of 1957, some television equipment plants began to
publish technical information bulletins called "Aids for Technicians."
These bulletins were published to familiarize technicians with new
types of television equipment.
Bulletin No 1 of the Nbscow Television Equipment Plant was devoted
to technical problems connected with the operation of Rubin-A and Yantar'
television sets. Bulletin No 2 also gave information on these sets, but
had a detailed description of Yantar' television sets.
Technical Bulletin No 1 of the plant [not further identified] pro-
ducing the Start television set began with articles by engineers V. V.
Shumov and G. A. Zyrin, who gave detailed information on the Start. A
second article on design improvements in the Start was written by engineer
P. M. Mbrgunov.
It is hoped that other television plants will follow the example of
the above-listed plants. (scow, Radio, Dec 58, p 15)
[Comment: The producer of the Start television set has not been
determined from available published sources.]
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C. Deficiencies and Shortages
A lead article published in mLeningTIEsmaltafIa on 17 August indica-
ted that lantern batteries produced by the Leningrad Leninskaya Iskra Plant
were being rejected by consuners. The plant party bureau has investigated
and found the criticism valid, whereupon production and quality-control
methods have been improved.
The sare article also mentioned the damaging of plastic parts for
electrical components at the Leningrad Electrical Machinery Plant. V.
Inkinen, plant director, has announced that the guilty persons have been
brought to account and that the storage of materials has been improved.
(Leningradskaya Pravda, 1 Oct 58)
According to Trifonov, Deputy Ninister of Trade USSR, his ministry
has taken steps to improve the supply of radio components to the populace.
However, one cannot help but agree with him that the enterprises of the
radio engineering industry are still highly unsatisfactory in their supply
of components to trade organizations. For example, DGTs21 and DGT827
transistors and SNVK resistors are not sent to the trade network at all.
Only insignificant quantities of 5Ts41 6B8, and 6A7 tubes; band switches;
circuit coils; volune controls; control knobs; and seven- and nine-pin
tube sockets are made available for sale. The situation with regard to
181K and 231K picture tubes, output and power transformers from 70 to 120
watts in power, conponents for KVN-49 television sets, and sound heads for
phonograph pickups is especially bad.
According to information from the Ministry of Trade USSR, during the
first 7 months of 1958, the Nbscow plant [unidentified] where Glagolev is
director turned over a mere 62 power transforners and 300 sockets for
G-807 radio tubes to the trade network, although according to the 1958
plan the plant was to have supplied 1,000 transforners and 20,000 sockets.
The Ninsk Plant [unidentified] where Shapoval is director was to have
turned over 2.6 million rubles' worth of parts to trade organizations
during 1958; so far it has supplied only 135,000 rubles' worth. This is
the picture of how radio components are supplied to the trade network.
Trifonov states that the Ninistry of Trade USSR has requested the
Council of Ministers USSR to require Gosplan USSR to explore the possibil-
ities for producing various badly needed radio components and to turn
these components over to trade organizations. Anateur radio builders are
impatiently awaiting an answer to this problem. (Nbscow, Radio, Nov 58,
p 29)
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When building short-wave and ultrashort-wave apparatus, radio fans often
have difficulties in making high-quality antenna insulators. Good antenna
insulators can be made out of seven-pin ceramic minature tube sockets. To
do this, first drill through the center of the socket; remove the cap hold-
ing the contacts; yank out the contacts with pliers; replace the cap; and
put a brass bolt through the center hole. To keep the insulator from
cracking when the bolt is tightened, a rubber washer should be used. The
insulators are then mounted in the same way as ceramic sockets are. -- B.
Filimonov, Cheboksary (Moscow, Radio, Dec 58, p 26)
(Comment: This is rather a complex way to make simple antenna insu-
lators.]
D. Personnel
M. S. Likhachev is deputy chairman of the Scientific and Technical
Council of the State Committee for Radioelectronics of the Council of
Ministers USSR. (Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, Jan 59) p 28)
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II. LOCAL PRODUCTION AND ORGANIZATION
A. Leningrad
Leningrad is considered to be one of the largest USSR centers possess-
ing highly skilled workmen, who turn out high-precision apparatus and
instruments.
The Leningrad Analytical Instrument Plant will significantly increase
Its output of equipment for the petroleum and coal industries and for trans-
port orgaribn.s. The fttallist Machinery Plant will produce dozens of
new instruments for the chemical industry. The Etalon Plant will supply
large single-design equipment for Soviet astronomers. Leningrad enter-
prises will produce high-power microscopes, speedometers, and automatic
meters; all types of optical, electrical, radio, and vacuum-tube measuring
instruments; thermal regulators; communications instruments; and automation
equipment.
Leningrad instrument makers are justifiably proud of their participa-
tion in the production of the new synchrophasotron, which was installed
at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Studies at Dubna.
The Leningrad Svetlana Plant produces all types of light bulbs and
vacuum tubes. It is now solving the very important problem of organizing
the mass production of semiconductors.
Leningrad scientists, engineers, and workers are making a great con-
tribution to the development of radio relay communications. Leningrad
enterprises are already mastering the production of equipment for radio
relay lines for long-distance multichannel telephone and telegraph
communications, for long-distance transmission of network television pro-
grams, and for various types of official communication. Before the 1957
celebration of the 250th anniversary of Leningrad, the Lenteplopribor Plant
mssferPd t11,- production of new instruments, including an electronic
meter and an lectronic synchrometer.
Leningrad instrument makers intend to increase sharply their produc-
tion of various equipment based on the use of ultrasonic oscillation.
Soviet scientists have already achieved ultrasonic frequencies exceeding
10 million cycles per second. (Eto Budet v Leningrade (It Will Be in
Leningrad), book compiled by Ye. I. Nikhlin, Leningrad, 1958, pp 107-134)
D. Moskovskaya Oblast
Inept planning has an adverse effect on the operations of some of the
plants under the Nbscow Oblast Sovnarkhoz. The [Teplyy Stan] Mbsrentgen
Plant, for instance, was given an assignment for the production of an
experimental model of a portable industrial gamma-ray unit during the third
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quarter of 1958. This assignment originated with Gosplan RSFSR. The plant
was notified of the assignment ahead of time; however, since July 1957, it
has been haggling with the Leningradskiy Sovnarkhoz to no avail, since it
still does not have a technical order for designing the gamma-ray unit and
does not know who the consignee will be. In addition, after a year of
procrastination, it has been decided that gamma-ray units with radioactive
sources are unsuitable and that other gamma-ray units have to be designed
and produced. Thus, all the plant's efforts expended in preparing for the
production of the gamma-ray units have been in vain.
In 1958, the same Nbsrentgen Plant was to have begun the production
of an industrial consignment of diagnostic X-ray units with electronic-
optical amplifiers. Blueprints of these units have already been made
and an experimental model has been built. However, Gosplan RSFSR has
not decided who will supply cathode-ray tubes for the new units.
In its 1958 plan, the Nytishchi Elektroschetchik Plant was to have
developed an experimental model of a miniature single-phase meter and was
to have readied it for production in 1959. The plant is almost finishing
up this assignment. However, the Division of Electrical Engineering In-
dustry and Instrument Making of Gosplan USSR has demanded that these
electric meters be taken out of production.
The Nytishchi plant is also supposed to master the production of two-
rate meters for rural areas. It has finished an experimental model of such
a meter and could begin its production at any time. However, Gosplan
RSFSR has assigned the development of the clockwork for this meter to a
special design bureau which will not make it until 1959. The enterprise
which is to series-produce the clockwork has not yet been chosen.
The [Orekhovo-Zuyevo] Pribordetal' Plant is mastering the production
at" new type VTsP-25 dial scales, which were developed by the Design Bureau
for Testing Machines of Gosplan RSFSR. These scales consist of two basic
units: the dial indicator produced by the Kokchetav Machinery Plant of
the Severo-Kazakhstanskiy Sovnarkhoz, and the platform and column unit
made by the Pribordetal' Plant. The Pribordetal' Plant is ready to pro-
duce its part of the scales; however, the Kokchetav plant has failed to
organize the production of dial heads.
Mach nonstandard equipment is needed for mastering the production of
new products; it is impossible to place orders for such equipment, even
through interplant cooperation. For example, the Klin Thermometer Plant
is unable to introduce five special automatic machines into its production
processes. The machines had been designed long before by the Design Bureau
for Mbdical Instruments; however, the plant is unable to procure the non-
standard equipment it needs to put them into operation.
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The Savvino Electrical Machinery Plant placed orders for the produc-
tion of compound dies for stator and rotor irons with the Domodedovo
Machinery Plant (Domodedovskiy makhanicheskiy zavod), which is not properly
equipped for such manufacture. As a result, each set of dies made by this
plant costs 27,000 rubles, while the same compound dies made by enterprises
of the Kharikovskiy Sovnorkhoz cost 4,000 rubles per set.
During the third quarter of 1958, the Podolisk Cable Plant was to
have put into operation a semiautomatic line for the production of rubber
compound. The line has been installed completely. However, there has
been delay in putting the line into operation and giving it an over-all
test because the plant lacks various electrical equipment and materials.
The State Scientific and Technical Committee of the Council of Ministers
USSR and the committees under the Council of Ministers USSR which are in
charge of various branches of industry should be more precise in seeing
that the state plan for new technology is drafted correctly. The plan
should give definite assignments to the sovnarkhozesi which will develop
them and make out assignments for the proper branches of industry. After
the plans are reviewed in detail by the sovnarkhozes and their technical
and economic councils, the assignrents should be reviewed and coordinated
by the gosplans of the republics and by Gosplan USSR. -- M. Blagushin,
Deputy Chief Engineer, Administration of Electrical Engineering Industry
and Instrument Making, Moscow Oblast Sovnarkhoz (Moscow, Leninskoye Znanya,
20 Sep 58)
C. Latvian SSR
In the theses of his speech before the 21st Congress of the CPSU,
N. S. Khrushchev stated that the development of the electrical and radio
industries is one of the most important tasks facing the Latvian SSR.
Many changes will occur in the republic during the Seven-Year Plan.
Production volume will be nearly tripled during that time.
The Riga Electrical Machine Building Plant (REZ] will be considerably
expanded and will supply traction and illumination equipment for railroad
rolling stock. The Riga Electrical Machinery Plant will double its 1958
output of electrical installation equipment. The Illumination Engineering
Plant (Svetotekhnicheskiy zavod), which supplies fluorescent light fixtures,
will triple its capacity.
To reduce the Latvian electrical industry's dependence on cable and
insulation materials from other parts of the USSR, it is planned to con-
struct plants for the production of cable products and insulation materials.
However, the start of construction of these plants is still in the distant
future; they should be constructed 2 years earlier than specified in the
plan.
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During 1965, the Riga VEF Plant and the Riga Plant imeni Popov will
produce 700,000 radio receivers, although their production space will
undergo no significant expansion. The Plant imeni Popov will produce
four times as many radios in 1965 as in 1958. Each year, it will put
a new high-class radio receiver into production.
The production of radio apparatus, telephones, automatic telephone
-exchanges, and other equipment is concentrated at the Riga VEF Plant, one
of the largest enterprises in the Latvian SSR. In actuality, this plant
encompasses many branches of production, which makes automation, mechaniza-
tion, and supply difficult. The VEF Plant should be specialized. It
should be relieved of the production of telephones and a special plant for
their production should be created. The sooner this specialization is put
into effect, the better it will be for the development of radio and tele-
phone manufacture in Latvia. -- Ya. Damburg, Chief, Administration of
Radio Engineering and Metalworking Industry, Latvian Sovnarkhoz (Moscow,
Sovetskaya Latviya, 30 Dec 58)
D. L'Irov
The [L'vovi Gas Apparatus Plant has been specializing in the produc-
tion of household gas appliances. In 1958, plant production increased to
3.5 tines that of 1957 and its cost decreased significantly.
The [L'vovskiy] Sovnarkhoz has specialized a number of other enter-
prises, e. g., the IL'vov] Measuring Instruments Plant, which now produces
L'vov television sets. This enterprise will produce 150,000 television
sets per year at the end of the Seven-Year Plan, as contrasted to 13,700
sets in 1958. This plant's production comprises 75 percent of the output
of all republic television enterprises. (Kiev, Kommunist Ukrainy, Jan 59,
p 25)
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III. TUBES AND TRANSISTORS
The further development of communications in the USSR, as outlined
in the theses of Khrushchev's speech for the 21st Congress of the CPSU,
is closely connected with the development of the USSR radio engineering
industry and, above all, of the vacuum tube industry, since radio tubes
and semiconductors constitute the basis of any electrical engineering
System, device, or apparatus.
The development of multichannel radio relay communications lines as
a more effective means of long-range transmission of television programs
and the organization of hundreds of telephone channels require the im-
provement of existing types and the development of new types of radio
tubes. Such tubes must be of high quality and must have increased service
lives (10,000-20,000 hr). This is especially important because most
intermediate points of radio relay communications lines will be inaccessible.
The service life of a traveling wave tube, such as those used in radio
relay apparatus, should be at least 10,000 hr. It would be advantageous
to use either electrostatic or permanent magnet focusing of the electron
beam.
A basic principle, the reduction of the number of types of tubes used,
must be observed in the development of apparatus for communications enter-
prises. Besides this, it is imperative to use tubes with long service
lives which are specially manufactured for the Ministry of Communications.
This would permit an increase in the reliability of operation of communi-
cations media and lead to a minimum number of stoppages for technical
reasons.
An increase is to be achieved in the power of radiobroadcasting
stations through extensive application of new types of high-power demount-
able tubes as more economical vacuum tubes, and this will also cut
operational costs of radio enterprises. These tubes can be used to
particular advantage in radio stations located far from industrial centers.
The designers and scientific workers of the vacuum tube industry must
offer much assistance in this important task.
At present there is a shortage of good 0.5-, 1-, 5-, 10-, and 20-kw
modulator tubes at high-power wired radio units and broadcasting stations.
The vacuum tube industry must develop a set of high-quality modulator tubes
with forced-air cooling for new transmitters and with water cooling for
the modernization of previously produced transmitters.
The development of 3-, 25-, and 50-kw forced-air-cooled beam tetrodes
with activated cathodes is an urgent task, and it is necessary to continue
development of powerful metal-ceramic tetrodes with forced-air and water
cooling and with capacities of 5 kw or more at operating frequencies of
300-500 and 1,000 me for use in television transmitters.
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The radio engineering industry should produce powerful sealed-off
tubes with long service lives (at least 10,000 hr) and activated cathodes,
while achieving reduction in costs and prices of vacuum-tube products.
It should keep in mind during the design stages the possibilities of re-
building burned-out tubes, the advantages of which have been substantiated
by consideraDle experience on the part of the Ministry of Communications.
Provision should be made in the new tubes for less heating load on
the glass of the tubes and for greater volume of heat expulsion via small
radiators for natural lead-off of the heat. As a rule, high-power tubes
should not have to be aged at radio stations, and should have inexpensive
radiators for forced-air cooling (with about 60 mm of the water column
pressure loss in the radiator) and increased cooling surface area.
The production of high-power klystrons must be expanded.
With the aim of further research into the most economical cooling
systems, the Main Radio Administration of the Ministry of Communications
and the vacuum tube industry should test high-power tubes with evaporation
cooling (vapotron) (probably evaporation-cooled tubes] at one of the radio
stations. -- Engr N. V. Zaryanov (Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, Jan 59, p 11)
During the Seven-Year Plan, the radio tube shop of the Moscow Electric
Bulb Plant expects to sharply increase its production of the most modern
types of various receiver-amplifier tubes. In 1959 alone, its volume of
production should be doubled.
The shops production will be developed through the replacement of
socket-base and miniature receiver-amplifier tubes with subminiature
types and, what is most important, through the introduction of new improved
pentodes with large characteristic curves, duo triodes and diodes, and
economical heater tubes with 3-volt filaments.
The shop is faced with the task of increasing the reliability of its
tubes more than fivefold. It has made the first Steps in this direction
already; subsequent steps will be taken in cooperation with other shops.
All work will be accomplished without adding production space and with
existing equipment.
At present, both in the USSR and abroad, radio tubes are assembled
for the most part manually. The plant will endeavor to inaugurate
advanced work methods for its employeesand in 1962 it expects to install
a semiautomatic line for the assembly of subminiature tubes in the radio
tube shop. This line is in the final stages of development at one of the
scientific research institutes for vacuum tube machine building (nauchno-
issledovateliskiy Institut vakuumnogo mashinostroyeniya). It will enable
the shop to quadruple its present production of radio tubes. -- P. Sidorenko,
Secretary of the Party Bureau, Radio Tube Shop, Moscow Electric Bulb Plant
(Moscow, Radio, Dec 58, p 3)
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Assembly shop No 2 is one of the largest at the Leningrad Svetlana
Plant. The 6P13S, 2D1S, and GU50, tubes are assembled in this shop.
Initial processing shop No 17 supplies heater filaments for GU50 tubes
to shop No 2. N. G. Zak is chief of the shop. Ye. M. Shpakov is plant
director.
The plant went on a 7-hour workday basis at the beginning of Feb-
ruary 1958. (Rabocheye Sobraniye na Predpriyatii (Workers Feetings at
an Enterprise), Leningrad, 1953, pp 4o-68)
The Scientific Research Institute of the Radio Engineering Industry
has developed a semiautomatic machine for checking the electrical para-
meters of radio tubes. This device replaces the work of four testing
sections equipped with 12 stand installations attended by eight persons.
All operations of the checking cycle are performed automatically, with
the exception of loading and unloading the magazines (of the checking
device]. More than 1,680 tubes can be checked per hour in this semi-
automatic, which is attended by two persons. (Mbscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 26 Sep 58)
Although the production of transistors began only a few years ago
in the USSR, this country was able to place an exhibit in almost all types
(gruppy) of modern series-produced semiconductors at the Brussels World's
Fair. Such semiconductors included low-frequency triodes up to 100 watts
in power and high-frequency triodes working in bands up to several hundreds
of megacycles. Germanium and silicon diodes for currents up to 500 amp
and back voltages up to 1,000 volts, selenium rectifier components with
back voltages of Go volts, controlled and stabilized diodes, and many
other semiconductors were also exhibited in Brussels. Other semiconduc-
tors exhibited included photoresistors for automatics and sound motion
pictures; various thermistors, including those designed for measuring
the temperatures of internal organs; and thermoelectronic instruments
for semiconductor refrigeration units.
In the opinion of radio specialists visiting the fair, many Soviet
semiconductors were superior in quality to similar devices made in foreign
countries. -- Aleksandr Ivanovich Shokin, First Deputy Chairman, State
Committee for Radioelectronics, Council of Ninisters USSR (Moscow, Radio,
Nov 58, p 15)
Along with the development of new methods for the production of semi-
conductors and the improvement of manufacturing processes, other progress
in the semiconductor field has made it possible to develop semiconductors
of fairly high power which possess high electrical parameters and are
capable of operating under difficult climatic and mechanical conditions.
The type 207 high-power germanium transistor (1), which has been
developed, has permitted a more extensive application of transistors in
apparatuses dri/en by powers over one kw. It can operate with currents up
to 20 amp.
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The new transistor can be used in various radio and electrical installa-
tions. The use of high-power transistors in circuits of converters of low-
voltage DC into high-voltage DC or into AC is extremely important. In such
a case the transistor operating in a push-pull circuit converts power in
the order of one kw wth internal losses of about 15-20 watts.
The transistor is also economical when used in contactless circuit
breakers and starters. It can be used in servoanTlifiers and modulators;
a regulator in voltage stabilizers; and in various regulators of electrical
machinery. It is also possible to utilize the new transistor in the circuit
of an ultrasonic frequency oscillator for various ultrasonic installations
and high-frequency heating.
(Source contains additional information on high-power transistors.)
(Nbscow, Elektrichestvo, Jan 59, pp 72-75)
(1) Photo available in source, p 73
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IV. RADIO
A. Research and Development
The IRPA (Scientific Research institute of Radio Reception and
Acoustics) has developed acoustic systems for radio receivers utilizing
standardized parts, which reproduce sound frequencies ranging from 144)-6o
to 12,00-15,000 cycles per second.
The Ametist table-model radio receiver produced by the Riga VEF
Plant has an acoustic system consisting of two low-frequency LIGD-1 speakers
on the left side of the front panel, a ZGD-7 medium-frequency speaker on
the right side of the front panel, a VGD-1 high-frequency speaker in the
middle of the front panel, and two VGD-1 or 1G$-9 loud-speakers installed
on the side pEnels of the set. The acoustical system of the Kristall
console radio-phonograph, also made by the VEF plant, is identical to
that of the Ametist. (Moscow, Radio, Nov 58, p 33)
B. Semenov is chief engineer of the IRPA, which is located in Leningrad.
For several years, the IRPA has been working on the development of equipment
for high-quality sound reproduction.
(Source gives substantial information on the IRPAIs activities).
(Moscow, Radio, Dec 58, p 8)
B. Transistor Radios
Engineers Arbert Brach and Yuriy Izak of the Riga VEF Plant have
developed a dummy model of a transistor radio. This new battery-powered
set is mounted in a Turist radio cabinet. It has an internal ferrite
antenna and a folding external antenna for short-wave reception. Its
radius of operation in the long- and medium-wave bands within 1,000 km,
and it will pick up short-wave broadcasts originating tn Moscow and other
broadcast centers from any point in the USSR. The radio) together with
batteries, weighs 2.2 kg.
Instead of tubes, the new radio has nine transistors which are
good for 20-30 years of operation at great savings in electric power.
The batteries consist of six Saturn cells, which supply current for 200
hr of operation. It may also be powered by ordinary flashlight batteries,
or by small 2D-0.2 batteries which are easily charged with house current.
Until now, the seven-tube Class-2 Rodina had been considered the best
battery radio, but the sensitivity and other qualities of the new transistor
radio are superior to those of the Rodina, and even approach Class 1.
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Almost all modern high-class and Class-1 radio receivers are designed
and produced with remote-control devices. These will also be available in
the new radio, for which new removable speakers have been designed so that
they may be moved about a room independently of the radio. The high sensi-
tivity of this set will also permit the use of standard or long-play phono-
graphs with it.
The Latvian Sovnarkhoz has approved the dummy model of the new
transistor radio and has allotted funds for development of an industrial
model for series production. (Riga, Sovetskaya Latviya, 28 Sep 58),
A. Brach and Yu. Izak, engineers of the Riga VEF Plant, have developed
a miniature radio receiver weighing only 2 kg, batteries included. When
Its antenna is unfolded, it can receive stations from nearly all over the
world.
The receiver utilizes electron tubes. It is powered by six Saturn
dry cells. In case such dry cells are not available, it may by powered by
flashlight batteries or by small storage batteries.
The Latvian Sevnarkhoz has approved the experimental model of the
new receiver and has allotted funds for its series production. (Moscow,
Sovetskaya Rossiya, 3 Oct 58)
(Comment: This is apparently a summary of the same information
given in the preceding account from Sovetskaya 28 September 1958.
However, since the account in the local is more apt to be correct, the
other version seems to have been distorted by compression.]
A group of engineers of the IRPA under the leadership of S. G.
Kalikhman has finished making experimental models of a new table model
radio receiver, the Voskhod. This set is designed for operation in
rural areas where no electricity is available. It receives local and
distant stations on the long- and medium-wave bands.
The new receiver has eight transistors instead of tubes; it utilizes
printed circuits and new materials, especially ferrites. The set me4sures
280 x 220 mm and weighs 3.5 kg.
The Voskhod has keyboard band switching and two knobs for volume
control and tuning. It is supplied by four Saturn-type batteries.
(Leningradskaya Pravda, L. Oct 58)
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The Sputnik portable transistor radio is designed for receiving
programs on the long-wave and medium-wave bands,. It has a permanent magnet
sneaker 72 mm in diameter. Its intermediate frequency converters and ampli-
fkm and other parts are very small and light. The excellent Sputnik
radio with its exceptional tone quality was designed by Soviet designers
for radio amateurs. (Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 30 Dec 58)
The Sverdlovsk portable radio receiver is based on eight transistors
in a superheterodyne circuit. The set utilizes an internal ferrite antenna
and is designed for reception in the long- and medium-wave bands. It is
fed by three flashlight batteries and its input current is approximately
23 milliamperes.
The Sverdlovsk's components are mounted by a printed circuit method.
Its carrying case is made of plastic. (Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, Feb 59,
inside front cover)
C. Radio-Phoncarlphs
The Minsk Radio Plant has prepared for the production of a modernized
model of the Druzhba radio-phonograph. The new Druzhba consists of an
Il-tube superheterodyne combination AM-FM radio receiver and a universal
record player in a single cabinet. It is designed to receive AM broadcasts
in the long-, medium-, and short-wave bands or FM broadcasts in the
ultrashert-wave band, and for playing either standard or long-play phonograph
records.
The acoustical system consists of four oval speakers which ensure equal
distribution of sound in all directions.
The record player has a two-speed electric motor with semiautomatic
on-off switching, and a piezoceramic pickup with two sapphire needles.
The Druzhba may be powered from any 110-, 127-, or 220-volt AC source.
Input power for the radio does not exceed 80 watts; input for the phono-
graph is about 100 watts. The set measures 610 x 44a x 360 mm and weighs
27 kg. (Moscow, Novyye Tovary, No 12, 1958' p 4)
The Riga VEF Plant has developed the new Lyuks-2 radio-phonograph and
and is getting ready to produce it. The Lyuks-2 has better electrical and
mechanical characteristics than the currently produced Lyuks.
The most important changes in the set are in the ultrashort-wave unit)
where the design and circuit system have been changed. Radiated voltage
at the antenna terminals has been reduced to 20 millivolts, and frequency
warm-up drift has been reduced to 10-40 kc per hr, after the set has
been turned on for 5 minutes.
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The pass band on the FM intermediate frequency channel has been ?
narrowed to 140-160 kc, which has reacted favorably on the selectivity
of the adjacent channel ()6-50 decibels with 250-kc detuning), improved
the signal-noise ratio on the grid of the fractional detector tube (lampa
drobnogo detektora), and lessened the likelihood of false tuning.
In the three intermediate-frequency FM stages, a system of grid
limitation is used instead of automatic volume control. Besides having
advantages in interference reduction, the use of limiter circuits makes
it possible to fully build each stage around the grid circuits, which
in turn raises the stability of the FM channel.
The fractional detector circuit has been improved by lowering the
load resistor to 75,000 ohms and by selecting the proper ratios for the
phase inverter transformer and special measurements for balancing the
circuit. The steps taken have helped to reduce parasitic AM and to
increase the linearity of the detector characteristic.
The radio frequency unit of the short-, medium, and long-wave bands
of the AM channel have been modernized considerably. The short-wave
spread bands have been further extended as follows: 9;36-12.1 mc; 5.9-7.4
mc; and 3.95-5.9 mc.
Selectivity on the image channel of the long- and medium-wave bands
is now 66-8o decibels and 60-70 decibels. Signal attenuation at the
frequency equal to the intermediate frequency is 50-56 decibels. The
true sensitivity is 10-25 microvolts.
The resonance characteristic form and the selectivity of the in-
termediate-frequency AM channel have been improved and the design of the
eons has been simplified.
Sound quality at low volume in the audio-frequency stage has been
improved by changing the tone compensation circuits. Supply circuits of
the set have been somewhat changed. The external appearance and the acoustical
system of the set remain unchanged. (Moscow, Radio, Dec 58, p 17)
The Tallin Punane Bet Radio Plant has produced an experimental con-
signment of new high-class radio-phonographs (2). A model of this type of
radio-phonograph was awarded a silver medal at the Brussels Fair. (Moscow,
Ogonek, No 7, Feb 59, p 29)
(2) Photo showing building where these sets are assembled available
in source, p 29, center, second from top
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D. Radio Interpretation Apparatus
In connection with the impending Afro-Asian Writers Conference,
which will be held in Tashkent, radio speech interpretation apparatus is
being installed in the Theater imeni Alisher Navel. Five short-wave .
receivers, each with a radius of operation of up to 3 km, have been installed
in one of the loges. Interpretation will be made in sealed closed booths
built on the stage.
Listeners in the theater will Use miniature transistor
earphones. The receivers are smaller than Kazbek cigarette
supplied by a 1.3-volt battery, and are rated for 200 hr of
time. One of them enables a listener to hear speeches made
languages accepted at the conference.
This is the first time that this new equipment will be
istan. Tests conducted on it have netted excellent results.
receivers with
cases, are
operating
in any of eight
used in Uzbek-
M. Ya. Oralkin, a senior technician of the Moscow City Radio Network,
says that the new equipment was produced by the Leningrad Institute of the
Radio Industry. Several more of these installations are being produced
in addition to the order for Tashkent. (Moscow, Pravda Vostoka, 3 Oct 58)
E. Plant Information
In 1955, the Leningrad Metal Products Plant put 24,320 radio receivers
on the market. In 1960, it will produce 50,000 radios. ?The production of
radios will also be increased at other enterprises. (Etc Budet v Leningrade
(It Will Be in Leningrad), book compiled by Ye. I. Mikhlin, Leningrad,
1958, P 185)
The Barnaul Radio Plant, a leading enterprise of the Altayskiy
Sovnarkhoz, produces wired-radio units (3) designed for kolkhozes, sovkhozes,
and clubs, (Moscow, Radio, Jan 59, 3d page of center folder)
right
(3) Photo available in source, 3d page of center folder, bottom,
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V. TELEVISION
A. General Information
According to the theses of Khrushchev's speech [for the 21st Congress
of the mu), the number of television sets in operation by the populace
of the USSR will increase by 12.5 million between now and 1965. To the
television producers, this means an increase in output several tines over
the present level. But it is not possible to have merely a quantitative
growth, without changing designs radically and adapting them to mechanized
and automated production. A simple increase in the production of Rekord,
Znanya, Rubin, Temp-3, and other sets currently in series production is
not the way to go about it. None of these sets are suitable for mechanized
and automated production, and it would be economically unfeasible to expand
production space. Therefore, new television sets must be developed.
Two new types of television sets would be most suitable. The first
is a type for mass use, costing no more than the KVN television set. The
second is a medium class set with parameters meeting the standards for
classes 1 and 2 television sets. At least 1.5 million sets of the first
type and 200,000-250,000 of the second type should be produced each year.
The chassis of the second type can be used in the small-series production
of console models and combination sets.
The main and most difficult task is'the development of a television
set for mass use. The creation of this set necessitates the combined
efforts of the best developmental teens in collaboration with scientific
research technological institutes. The new set must be inexpensive, but
must also conform to all modern requirements for a mass-type television
set. It should be designed for automated and mechanized production. For
this purpose, new tubes, dynamic speakers, plastic cabinets, a number of
new units (special channel switch unit, line transformer, and deflection
system), and other units and components suitable for installation on
printed circuits in mechanized production must be developed.
Special attention should be given to lowering the input power of the
set. One method for doing this is the replacement of tubes by transistors.
The Soviet all-transistor television set displayed at the Brussels Fair
had an input of about 15 watts, as compared with the average 125-130
watts consumed by an ordinary vacuum tube receiver.
One of the main tasks in the development of Class-2 television models
is weight and size reduction, which will save materials used for their
production. The solution of this task could be facilitated by using new
picture tubes with deflection angles of 110 degrees.
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The use of metal-glass picture tubes should be discontinued to
simplify designs and cut costs. The heavy metal cone of a picture tube,
which is always under high voltage, makes it necessary to have a more
expensive and complex design. In addition, the production of metal-glass
tubes costs much more than all-glass one. There is no justification for
using metal in a picture tube; its use is merely a reflection of the
backwardness of glassmaking in the vacuum tube industry.
The use of picture tubes with deflection angles of 110 degrees in
television sets also requires the development and production of the
right types of scanning units, and the production of three new types of
tubes.
Both the mass-type and the medium class receiver should have designs
suitable for mechanized production. In particular, printed circuits for
mounting components should be used.
Significant weight reduction can be achieved by using pressed plastic
cabinets instead of those made of veneers. This will also bring about a
significant reduction in labor consumption.
The proposals made here are not exhaustive by any means; there should
be many more proposals. A creative approach toward the solution of the
tasks set forth in the Seven-Year Plan will assure its successful fulfill-
ment. -- D. Kheyfets, Chief of Television Division of [unidentified] Radio
Plant (Moscow, Radio, Jan 59, p 12)
Enterprises of the Moscow City Sovnarkhoz have pledged to produce
an experimental consignment of Almaz-102 television sets with 53-cm-diagonal
picture tubes in December 1958; to considerably modernize a projection-type
television receiver and produce an experimental consignment of such receivers
by the end of 1958; to produce an experimental consignment of color kine-
scopes, and to develop a design for color television receivers. (Moscow,
Tekhnika Kino i Televedenlya, Dec 58, p 3)
B. Mobile Television Units
Until recently, USSR industry had produced an insufficient variety
of such television equipment as ultrashort-wave stations of 2/1, 5/2.5,
and 15/7.5-kw capacities designed for broadcasting on the first five
channels; standard studio equipment consisting of studio and motion picture
transmitting apparatus for five channels; and type PTS-52 mobile television
stations. Besides, a number of engineering ideas which have been incorpora-
ted into this equipment are already obsolescent. Therefore, this production
will be terminated in 1959.
The production of new studio equipment for operation on four camera
channels was started in 1957-1958. he Planning Institute of the Ministry
of Communications has based the development of a series of prototype plans
on this new equipment.
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Production of new PTS-3 mobile television stations has been started.
Shortcomings of the old PTS-52, such as the unwieldiness of the audio
equipment which necessitates mounting it in a separate bus, the impos-
sibility of separating the program staff from the engineers, and the
inadequate number of microphone outlets, have been eliminated from the
new stations. Al]. of the equipment ol" the [PTS-3] station is installed
in a single ZIL-158 bus, ana the receiving equipment is at the television
center.
A new and more modern PTS-59 mobile televisioD station is currently
under development. In this, extensive use is being made of units and
equipment not only of small television centers but also of a multiprogram
television center currently under development.
An interesting development is the new ARTU television reporting
installation operating on a single channel in conjunction with the
VTS-59. This unit is installed in a ZIM passenger car and is designed
for reporting from streets, squares, and highways while the car is moving
along at about 5 km/hr with respect to the object being televised. The
ARTU operates at distances of up to 5 km.
The RTU pack-type portable unit is designed for operation from the
P25-59 mobile station at distances of not more 500 meters. Production
of the PTS-59 mobile station and of the ARTU and RTU units will be started
in 1959. (Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, Jan 59, pp 6-8)
A group of specialists of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute
of Television has developed a reporting television unit (RTU) which has
a power source independent of the mobile television unit (PTS) that it
serves and consists of two parts: the portable transmitting unit (PPU)
and the stationary receiving unit (SPU).
(Source gives further information on the portable television unit.)
(Moscow, Radio, Nov 58, p 17)
C. Color Television
Several variants of compatible color television equipment have already
been developed in the USSR. or example, the State Scientific Research
Institute of the Ministry of Communications USSR has finished developing
a set of color television equipment (in four variants) and has equipped
an experimental studio. Projection-type television receivers with three
picture tubes aid 90 x 120 cm and 30 x 40 em mens lame bei developed. ,Since NVW
1958, this institute has been broadcasting experimental color television
programs over its low-power transmitter on channel 5. Persons who were
shown concert television programs and color films on this channel praised
the quality of the color picture.
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The Television Laboratory of the Leningrad Electrical Engineering
Institute has also developed compatible color television equipment.
The Leningrad All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Television
of the State Committee for Radioelectronics of the Council of Ministers
USSR has developed a full set of evipment for one variant of the compatible
system of color television ()i.43 R:x ) for the bscow Television Center,
where an experimental color television station will begin operation in 1959.
lening.,ed institute [of television] has also developed television sets
with three-color picture tubes. Plants of the radio industry have been
assigned to develop industrial models of color television sets and to pro-
duce the first small consignment of these receivers in 1959. The tele-
vision sets will not differ very much from black-and-white sets in outward
appearance. All color sets will be produced with a single size screen,
measuring 53 cm diagonally. The reason for having only one size is that
small picture tubes are no cheaper to make than the larger ones, in
consideration of the complexity of applying three-color mosaics on their
screens.
Scientific research institutes and specialists must select the best
variant of a compatible color television system, and must test it thoroughly.
The equipment should be improved and it should be made as simple and in-
expensive as possible. Many problems concerning intercity transmission
of color television programs via cable and radio relay lines must be solved.
USSR institutes are working on these problems now. -- A. Kakunin, Deputy
Minister of Communications USSR (Nbscow, Radio, Jan 59, pp 10-12)
The television studio of the Scientific Research Institute of the
Ministry of Communications USSR is broadcasting experimental colqx tele-
vision programs. Special picture tubes are needed for watching them.
The [Moscow City] Sovnarkhoz has reviewed the problem of organizing
the production of color television picture tubes. One of the enterprises
of the Administration of the Radio Engineering Industry and Instrument
Making will begin organizing their production. A laboratory section for
making fine-mesh screens for the picture tubes is being organized. An
experimental consignment of color television picture tubes will be produced
In 1958. (}'scow, Vechernyaya Nbskva, 3 Oct 58)
The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Television in Lenin-
grad has completed the manufacture of an experimental model of a color
television receiver.
This receiver has 26 tubes and its picture tube measures 500 x 375 mm.
A large group of designers under the direction of engineers L. I. Raldin
and V. G. Semenov participated in the development of this new set,
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blueprints of which have been distributed among radio engineering enter-
prises of Moscow and Leningrad. Series production of these television
receivers will be started in 1959. (Mbscow, Izvestiya, 28 Sep 58)
D. Television Receivers
Rubin-102 television sets are assembled at the Moscow Television
Equipment Plant (4). (Mbscow, Radio, Dec 58, p 64)
(4) Photo available in source, front cover
The Moscow Television Equipment Plant has pledged to produce 2,500
above-plan television sets (5) in honor of the 21st Congress of the CPSU?
(Radio, Jan 59, third page of center folder)
(5) Photo showing a girl working on a fully assembled television
chassis available in source, third page of center folder, top, right
One of the enterprises of the Moscow [City] Sovnarkhoz [Mbscow
Television Equipment Plant] has developed the Almaz-102 12-channel table
Model television set, which can also receive ultrashort-wave radio broad-
casts.
The A1maz-102 features keyboard tone controls and a remote volume
and brightness control. It utilizes a rectangular picture tube; 19
midget tubes, 17 of which are used for television reception; and 11
semiconductor detectors.
Another notable feature of the Almaz-102 is the highly effective
automatic gain control switching circuit, whereby the DC component is
not disrupted; and the special contrast control circuit, which main-
tains the black level automatically.
Two speakers in front, and one on the side of the set produce a
stereophonic effect. (Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 30 Dec 58)
The Leningrad Plent imeni Kozitskiy is one of the oldest enterprises
in the USSR. This advanced socialist enterprise was developed from old
primitive shops inherited from the capitalists. This is the plant that
first began the production of T-1 Leningrad television sets, the first
made in the USSR, and later the T-2 Leningrad television sets. In 1954
It began to /nester the production of Avangard television sets.
In October 1957, the plant laboratory, which is headed by Klibson,
developed the Soyuz, Znamye, Mir, and Yubiley television sets. The
Znamya is 12 kg lighter than the Avangard, and has 15 tubes instead of
18. The enuiloyment of standard subassemblies in the Znamya makes it
cheaper to produce.
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The first Znamyas produced by the plant had certain "bugs" that had
to be ironed out: tuning trouble, instable picture, and poorly mounted
loudspeakers. Complaints began to arrive from purchasers of these sets.
After a conference on quality control was held by the plant party committee,
steps were taken to remedy these defects. Liventsov, plant director,
spoke at the conference.
In 1955, the plant's Shop 7o 2 produced tens of thousands of Znamya
television sets, more than 5,00C of these above the plan.
The plant his now mastered the series production of c new television
set, the Znamya-58. The first consignments of these sets have already
gone on sale. The plant is now preparing for the production of the small
I3-tube table-model Yubiley television set, which was designed by specialists
headed by Communist Izyumov. This set has a 360 x 270 mm screen and weighs
23 kg; it can receive 12 channels. (Rbscow, Agitator, Yo 21Jan 59, pp 42-45)
The Znamya-58 is a modernized version of the well-known Znamya tele-
vision set. It is a 12-channel set that has 15 tubes, 7 semiconductor
diodes, and one 4311:2B picture tube. Its screen measures 255 x 3)i0 mm.
The radio-frequency stage is built according to a superheterodyne system.
The intermediate frequencies are 34 and 25 mc for video and 27 and 75 mc
for audio.
The set's sensitivity is at least 200 microvolts; selectivity is at
least 31 decibels on the adjacent channel: vertical image definition is
500 lines in the center of the screen and 400 lines on the edge; horizontal
image definition is 450 lines in the center and 400 on the edge.
The audio frequency band width of the set is from 100 to 6l000 cycles
with an 8 decibel variation. The sound pressure of the 2GD3 and 1GD9
loudspeakers is at least 4 bars.
The set consumes less than 130 watts. Its cabinet measures 520 x 495 x
475 rm. Total weight of the set is 28 kg. It has a. sharpness control on
its front panel and has sockets for plugging in earphones and a record
player.
(Source gives detailed information on the Znamya? 58.) (Mbscow,
Radio, Jan 59, p 33)
The Aleksandrov Radio Plant has produced its first consignment of the
improved Rekord-3 television sets. This set is an improvement over the
old design [Rekord] television set in that it has 12 channels instead of
5. Many plastic parts are used in the new set; its production cost has
been lowered considerably. (Moscow, Leninskoye Znemya, 3 Oct 58)
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The radio engineering industry has developed the small Yubiley
television receiver (6), which has 13 miniature tubes and receives
12 channels. Its sensitivity amounts to 275 microvolts, and its
screen measures 350 x 250 mm.
It may be powered from a 110-, 127-, or 220-volt AC source. Input
power does not exceed 125 watts. (Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, Jan 59, inside
front cover)
(6) Photo availle in source) inside front cover, bottom left
The Delaru3'-5 table model combination television, radio, and
phonograph is produced by the Ninsk Radio Plant. It receives television
broadcasts on 12 channels and radio broadcasts on the long-, medium-,
short-, and ultrashort-wave bands; and it plays standard and long-play
records.
The television has 18 tubes and 14 semiconductor diodes. The screen
measures 270 x 360 mm. Sensitivity on all 12 channels is in the order of
75 microvolts, which assures reliable reception at a distance of more
than 100 km. Image quality is assured through the use of automatic gain
and brightness control, inertial line-frequency control, and a special
system for improving image definition. There are two speakers.
The sensitivity of the radio is at least 500 microvolts, in the long
and medium wave bands, about 100 microvolts in both short-wave bands, and
10-15 microvolts in the ultrashort-wave band.
The two-speed (33 and 78 rpm).record player has a piezoceramic
pick-
up arm with permanent sapphire needles. Input power is 160 watts.
The cabinet measures 520 x 520 x 520 mm, and the tentative price
is 3,000 rubles. (Moscow, Novyye Tovary, No 12, 1958, p 5)
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VI. COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
Engineers of the Leningrad Krasnaya Zarya Plant, in collaboration
with the workers of the Scientific Research Institute of Municipal and
Rural Telephone Communications, have developed a 100-number Crossbar
telephone subexchange for buildings. Communications between subscribers
is effected by means of a so-called crossbar connector.
This substatir'n's installation will cut expenses for line equipment.
The sUbexchange win be series-produced; the first one will be finished
by 7 November 195b. (Leningradskaya Pravda, 8 Oct 58)
The new Rekord telephotographic apparatus has been designed at the
Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of the State Committee for Radio-
electronics of the Council of Ministers USSR by leading designer Ya. S.
Greydinger and engineers V. M. V'yushin and L. M. Borisenko. Models of
this wirephoto device have successfully undergone tests, and the institute
is completing documents for their series production. (Moscow, Sovetskaya
Rossiya, 2 Oct 58)
The Rekord receiving and sending telephotographic apparatus (7),
developed by one of the scientific research institutes of the radio
engineering industry, is designed for use in local communications and for
the organization of intradepartmental and intraproduction communications.
It is small and easy to operate, and can be serviced by persons with
limited skills.
The Rekord can operate on intracity and intradepartmental telephone
lines and on the channels of line-addition equipment. The image is
received on ordinary paper by the electromagnetic application of a pigment.
The device transmits an image measuring 220 x 150 mm in 6-7 minutes [as
the drum rotates] at the rate of 120 rpm.
The Rekord was developed by a team of engineers including I. I.
Frenkel, Ya.S. Greydinger, S. I. Sheblanov, and S. R. Shaks. It was
demonstrated at the Brussels World's Fair, where it was awarded the Grand
Prix along with many exhibits in the Soviet pavilion. (Moscow, Vestnik
Svyazil Jan 59, p 28)
(7) Photo available in source, p 28
[Comment: Since the responsible institute was freely identified in
the previous source, the apparent reluctance of this source to identify
it may have some significance.]
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A group of engineers and designers of the Riga VEF Plant and the
Scientific Research Institute of the Radio Engineering Industry has
developed a new telephone set (8)0 which is superior to currently pro-
duced models in both appearance and performance. Models of the new set
have already undergone plant testing, and the plant is currently preparing
for the production of an experimental series of the new sets for testing
under operating conditions. They are table sets for a central-battery
automatic telephone exchange.
The new set is expected to be produced in a variety of colors. It
measures 230 mm in length, 147 mm in width, and 114 mm in height. (Moscow,
Vestnik Svyazi, Jan 59, p 20)
(8) Photo available in source, p 20
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VII. COMPUTERS
Except for one small privately owned adding machine plant, there
was no computer machinery manufacture to speak of in prerevolutionary
Russia. The development of computer machinery and its application in
accountWE planning, and computing operations began only under the Soviet
le,evernment. Sovlet scientists and inventors have developed a number of
first-class keyboard oomputers, card punches, and electronic computers.
In 1950 alone, more than 20 different types of keyboard computers and
card punches were designed. Among these are a reproducing card punch;
an electronic reproducing card punch; an automatic sorter; several models
of a set of 80-column card punches; a set of alphabetic card punches;
a summary card punch which operates positionally (analagous to the reproducing
card punch), resulting in a productivity severIltimes higher than that of
the IP-80 card punch; an electonic tabulator possessing broad operational
capabilities; and other machines.
Planning is being completed on the development of an electronic
sorter with a productivity of 50,000-60,000 card columns per hour, or
2.5 times the productivity of ordinary card sorters.
Significant successes have been achieved in the design of electronic
high-speed computers. Since 1950, more than ten types of these machines
have been developed. A model has been made of an electronic computer
which multiplies 15-figure numbers at a speed of 500,000 operations per
second? It adds 2 million numbers per second.
Especially great achievements have come about in the development of
analog computers: About 20 such machines, developed by Soviet scientists
and designers, are in operation in the USSR.
From 1947 to 1958, USSR industry produced 3.5-3.8 times as many
computing machines as it did during the 10 years preceding World War II.
About the same nuMber of machines were imported from abroad as were pro-
duced [1947-1958]. In the USSR at the beginning of 1958, there were about
161,000 computing machines, excluding adding machines. In 1946, according
to survey data, there were only 21,900 computing machines in the country.
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The network of machine accounting offices, centers, and plants is
expanding continuously) as can be seen from the following table:
Year
Offices
Centers and
-Plants
Total
.MIOMAbsiga?
1950
581
233
814
1953
2,185
415
2,600
1954
....
488
--
1956
2,412
652
3,064
1957
2,601
730
3,331
1958
--
877
--
Of the 877 machine accounting centers and plants in existence on
1 January 1958, 68 were machine accounting plants and grouped (kustovoy)
machine accounting centers, which began to rise in number after the
reorganization of industry and construction.
As a whole, the development and utilization of computer machinery
does not meet the requirements of the national economy. Basic deficiencies
exist in the designing of card punches. Although some attention is given
to the use of high-speed components in designing card punches) practically
no attention is given to the over-all development of sets of computers.
Thus, the problem of lowering labor consumption in preparatory operations
stmadhine alcounting centers remains an urgent one.
A higher degree of backwardness is seen in the designing of electronic
digital and analog computers, because of the slowness with which machines
are put into production and set up for operation.
There is also a lag in the development of automation equipment for
primary calculation, for automation and simplification of the processing
of primary documents, and for the production and control of punched cards.
These stages of the accounting and planning process are the most labor-
consuming and the accuracy and precision of the processed data depend
on them.
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Initial processing of documents could be done with simple inexpensive
units, such as the line-at-a?time "Ormiga" unit, which is used successfully
at enterprises in Czechoslovakia. These units are just as productive as
expensive tabulators, which are in short supply. Unfortunately, USSR
industry is not producing such units.
The problem of automatic registration of preliminary data is especially
important in connection with the utilization of electronic digital computers
in accounting; without automatic registration it is impossible to effect
a sharp cut in the labor consumption of work transferred to machines or
in the time it takes to process input data, since the preliminary operations
are still done manually or with manually operated machines.
Without automatic registration of preliminary data, it is impossible
to solve the central problem involved in the utilization of computers:
the over-all mechanization of planning, accounting, and computation
operations.
Scientific research work in the development and operation of computers
is on the rise. During the last 2-3 years, in addition to the existing
Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering of the Academy
of Sciences and the VIISChETMASh [Scientific Research Institute of Computer
Machine Building], scientific research institutes in Yerevan and Tbilisi
and several special design bureaus have been organized. However, the
main cause of the lag in designing various types of computers is the
inadequate number of people working on problems of computer engineering
and the inadequate scientific training of most of these people.
The institutes and bureaus have practically no experimental and laboratory
facilities; plants do not have research laboratories. The development of
computers is also held up by the lack of specialized institutes and bureaus
for devising special components based on new physical principles. These
problems must be solved rapidly.
The production of computers is unsatisfactory from both a quantitive
and a qualitative standpoint. There is a shortage of equipment for
computing and accounting operations. According to the "Soyuzmachuchet"
[All-Union Machine Accounting Administration?] of the Central Statistical
Administration USSR, very few of the orders for card punch machines are
filled by industry. In 1957, only 16 percent were filled. In 1958,
orders have also been placed, but only 20 percent of them can be filled in
accordance with the plan for industrial production.
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There is no doubt that these orders do not reflect the actual requirements
of enterprises and organizations for computing machinery, since the mecha-
nization level of accounting, planning, and other work remains extremely
low.
The demand for analog and, especially, digital electronic computers
is being met to an even less satisfactory degree.
The production of mechanical and electromechanical computing machines,
such as keyboard and card-punch types, is insufficient. Only five different
types of keyboard machines are being produced. Industry is not producing
special auxiliary machines for the basic card-punch machines, sorters,
and tabulators. Such machines would make it Possible in many cases to
automate a number of opera-L.1ms Ind to simplify the accounting process.
Most important of all, industry has failed to produce multiplying or
calculating electronic reproducing card punches and automatic sorters,
although such machines were developed long ago. It is high time at
least to begin the producticn of reproducing card punches.
The production of simpler: yet extremely necessary, keyboard com-
puting machines is insufficient. Such machines include full-keyboard
computing, algebraic adding, invoicing, and accounting machines. The
VK.-1 and VK-2 ten-key computing machines and the SDU-138 listing-type
calculating machine (schetno-tablichnaya mashina) are unreliable in
operation.
Alphabetic card punches are badly needed for the development of
machine accounting and computations, especially in agriculture. Ex-
perimental models of these machines exist, but USSR industry is still
not producing them.
Gosplan USSR and the sovnarkhozes that have computer machine building
plants under their jurisdiction neglect the production of improved computers,
which are widely used in economic calculations. Instead: they give prefer-
ence to machines designed for mathematical calculations and to the simplest
analog machines produced, which are mainly assembled out of finished parts
and components supplied by enterprises of the radio industry.
The main reason for backwardness in the production of computers is
the limited production facilities for this purpose. Comparatively small,
poorly equipped plants with low degrees of specialization are engaged in
this production.
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Further mechanization of accounting, planning, and computing operations
depends not only on increasing the production of computing machines, but
also on utilizing available computing machines properly.
(Source gives additional information on the use of computers.) (Moscow,
Bukhgal'terskiy Uchet, Dec 58, pp 16-23)
Machines are not used in most accounting work because too few are
produced. There are no simple multiplication units; no invoicing or ac-
counting machines are produced, even though the Podol'sk Typewriter Plant
(Podol'skiy zavod pishushchikh mashin) was to have produced experimental
models of invoicing machines based on the Moskva typewriter.
The Kiyevskiy Sovnarkhoz was given an order whereby it was to obtain
the type VMM-2 automatic multikey computing machines. However, several
quarters have passed and it has not received the machines. The supplier
plant has informed the sovnarkhoz that it has delayed sending out the
contract for supplying the machines because the Kurskiy Sovnarkhoz has
not approved the selling price for them. Since it should not take so
long to approve the price, it would seem that the production of these
machines has not yet been organized.
The mass importation of keyboard computing machines from abroad
began in 1949. Many of these machines have been in operation for 8-9
years and have to be overhauled; some of their parts have to be replaced.
The supply of spare parts for them is organized poorly. During the first
half of 19580 the (Kiyevskiyi] Sovnarkhoz did not get a single spare part
for such machines. One must be satisfied with promises. With regard to
the supply of parts for domestically produced machines, there are no limits
on spares for SDU-110 and SDU-138 machines; very negligible limits exist
for spare parts for card punches. (Moscow, Bukhgal'terskiy Uchet, Dec 58,
P 39)
The. Scientific Research Institute of Computer Machine Building has
designed the PR80-2 high-production electromechanical automatic reproducing
punch (9) for supplementing a set of 80-column card punches.
The PR80-2 increases the speed of duplicating punched cards to
eight or ten times that of the P80-2 one-digit card punch.
In addition to duplicating, the PR80-2 punch with the necessary
adjustment can be used for reproducing, i.e., taking one copy of each
punched card from the old set. It is designed also for combined reproducing
or transferring marks from the master card by the duplicating method.
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The PR80-2 can be used with a tabulator as a high-production summary
punch. The T75M tabulator when used with the PR80-2 for summary punching
is 1.5-2 times as productive as when it is used in a set with the IP80
summary punch.
The PR80-2 can check the punching accuracy of 80 columns simultaneously.
It is adjusted for duplicating and reproducing by using replaceable inserts
in the switchboard and the proper settings of switches. It is adjusted for
punching summary data from a tabulator by means of multiplug connections,
a switchboard, and switches.
The reproducing and duplicating mechanisms and electric drive system
are the main subassemblies of the machine,. The electrical equipment is
power ed by 110 --rolts DC.
Specifications of the PR80-2 reproducing punch are as follows;
Maximum productivity (No of punched cards) 6,000/hr
Rate of feed (No of punched cards) 100/min
Capacity of feed magazine (No of punched cards) 750
No of receiving boxes L.
Capacity of receiving boxes (No of punched cards) 700
Dimensions (length x width x height) 1,200 x.450 x .1,211.0 mm
Weight 350 kg
(Moscow, Byulleten' Tekhniko-Ekonomicheskoy Informatsii, No 10, 1958,
PP 37-38)
(9) Photo available in source, p 37
In 1958, the Laboratory of Machine and Computer Mathematics of the
Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR, received the EV-80-3 computer and the IPT-5
analog computer.
The EV-80-3 is a high-speed electronic digital computer. It can be
used for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and a number of
logic operations. Data are fed into the computer on punched cards. It
processes 30 punched cards per minute on the sdme' program; A
program consists of 32 stages, which are arithmetic and logic
operations. The results are in the form of perforations on
either the original set or on a new set of punched cards.
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The computer can operate with- three sets of punched cards simultaneously,
e.g., it takes data from two sets of cards and records results on a third
set of cards. The results are received in digital form after the set of
punched cards with total calculations has passed through the printer.
The T-5 tabulator is used for this purpose by the laboratory.
The EV-80-3 can be used for processing a large volume of initial
information when the processing is mathematically uncomplicated. During
the process of calculation, the sets of punched cards can be put through
the machine repeatedly, at which time the program can be changed. The
laboratory intends to use the machine for mechanizing the calculation of
reserves of mineral resources. The electronic computer has already been
installed and made ready for operation. Test checks of the average con-
tents for an oil well, which has had 101 samples on three components, took
4 min of machine time for the EV-80-3 and 4 min of printing time for the
T-5. An experienced calculating machine operator on an automatic keyboard
would require 8 hours to do this amount of work-even under the best conditions.
The machine does all the calctlations twice and automatically compares the
results each time. If the results are different, i.e., if there is an
error in one of the checks, the machine stops to give the operator an
opportunity to find the source of the error. Two results arrived at
independently are punched on the card and they are compared automatically.
The machine can be used successfully for many engineering calculations.
It is especially convenient for processing statistical data.
The machine was transferred to the laboratory without cost by the
Computer Center of the Academy of Sciences USSR and put into operation
in Alma-Ata.
The IPT-5 is an analog computer. It can reproduce and fix processes
described by systems of ordinary differential equations with constant or
variable coefficients. The system's equations can be both linear and
nonlinear. They are used.extensively for solving problem of automatic
control, in which case it is possible to link up the computers with
equipment actually in existence.
The IPT-5 has not yet been installed, but it will soon be put into
operation. -- M. V. Pentkovskiy? Academician of the Academy of Sciences
Kazakh SSR (Alma-Ata, Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR, No 1, 1959,
p101)
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Yu. Ivlichev, a worker of the Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics
of the Academy of Sciences USSR, has developed a series of original computing
devices (10) operating on compressed air. They are extremely simple, com-
pact, reliable, and accurate, and can be used in laboratories and for
industrial automation. (Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 3 Oct 58)
(10) Photo showing Ivlichev working on a pneumatic iomputing device
available in source, p 2, top, right
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VIII. PRECISION EQUIPMENT
A. Instruments
1. General Information
The following measuring instruments have been approved for use
in the USSR by the Committee on Standards, Measures, and Measuring In-
struments:
Dosimetric-type indicator with plant designation SD-1-M, Belo-
russian Sovnarkhoz
Lever-and-gear multiple measuring head (micrometric indicator),
LIZ [Leningrad Tool Plant], Leningradskiy Sovnarkhoz.
AC universal bridge with plant designation UM-30 Leningradskiy
Sovnarkhoz
Single-phase ferrodynamic panel recording wattmeters with plant
designation N-3831 ZIP (Krasnodar Electrical Measuring Instrument Plant],
Krasnodarskiy Sovnarkhoz
AC High-voltage bridge with plant designation R-525, [Kiev]
Tochelektropribor Plant, Kiyevskiy Sovnarkhoz
Sparkproof megohmmeter with plant designation 41102, [Kiev]
Tochelektropribor Plant, Kiyevskiy Sovnarkhoz.
Voltammeter with plant designation M108/10 [Leningrad] Vibrator
Plant, Leningradskiy Sovnarkhoz. (Moscow, Izmeritelinaya Tekhnika,
No 1, 1959, p 64)
In 1965, the production of instrument-making equipment will
have increased to 2.5-2.6 times that of 1958. The growth of measuring
equipment will be just as extensive. The production capacity of the
instrument-making industry will be expanded significantly as a result
of the construction of new plants and the reconstruction of existing
plants. (Moscow, Izmeritelinaya Tekhnika, No 1, 1959, p 2)
A chief design engineer, design and production engineers, de-
sign and production technicians, an engineer-economist for labor and
wages, and a draftsman are needed for a newly organized norm-setting
and design bureau for instrument making.
Applications should be made at the personnel division of the
Fizelektropribor Plant, Elektrozavodskaya ulitsa 33, Moscow. Adver-
tisement (Moscow, Vechernyaya Moskva, 3 Oct 58)
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2, Electrical Instruments
The Leningrad Plastic Products Plant imeni Komsomoliskaya Pravda
supplies parts to two plants which manufacture electric meters. One of
these, the Leningrad Electrical Machinery Plant, long ago introduced im-
provements which reduced the weight of the housing of these meters to
1.1 grams while maintaining the same quality.
The Villnyus [Electric Meter] Plant, which produces the same
type of meter, would appear never to have learned of the improvement
by the Leningrad plant, but this is not true. Specialists of the Lenin-
grad Plastic Products Plant have suggested adoption of these improve-
ments to the Vil'nyus plant management, which, however, cannot accept
these suggestions because it fears complaints.
True, the Viltnyus plant recently suggested an improvement
which saves 6 tons of brass per million electric meters, but these sav-
ings could be substantially increased by the adoption of the Leningrad
plant's improvement. (Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazetal
26 Sep 58)
Specialists of the Yoshkar Ola Electrical Instrument Plant
(Mariyskaya ASSR) have designed a new automatic machine for sorting
selenium elements of small diameters according to electrical para-meters.
Ten of these units are now being manufactured by the plant on an auto-
matic line attended by one person, who replaces the 80 persons needed
to do the sorting manually. (Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 26 Sep 58)
The Leningrad Vibrator Plant is the producer of the type N-11
automatic eight-loop oscillograph, which has been in operation on one
of the 110-kv transit lines of Yarenergo [Yaroslavl' Electric Power
Administration?]. Such oscillographs have also been in operation on
the lines of Mosenergo [Moscow Regional Electric Power Administration].
(Moscow, Elektricheskiye Stantsii, 11 Nov 58, pp 86-87)
The USSR-made type Ts-23 pocket voltmeter (11) is designed for
checking the voltage of electric circuits in radio receivers, television
sets, and tape recorders. It indicates 50-cycle AC Voltage within a
range of 50-250 v.
Its input resistance (sensitivity)is about 500 ohms per volt.
The reading error does not exceed plus or minus 4 percent. The volt-
meter costs 65 rubles. (Moscow, Novyye Tovary, Jan 59, p 6)
(11) Photo available in source, p 6, bottom
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The Kishinev Electrical Measuring Instrument Plant (zavod elek-
troizmeritel'nykh priborov) is now under construction. The plant,
located in the southeast section of Kishinev, will be housed in a white
stone four-story building, which is going up opposite a square next to
the railroad station. The construction site covers an area of more than
4,000 sq m.
The first stage of the plant is to go into operation on 10 Octo-
ber 1998. The assembly shop is located on the second floor. Oscillo-
graphs, the basic product of the plant, will be assembled here.
Plant personnel have already begun the development of certain
components for electrical measuring instruments. Maksim Grigor'yevich
Litvin, chief engineer of the plant, states that the lathe and milling
machine section of the machine shop and the fitters section of the as-
sembly shop have already gone into operation. The plant is being equip-
ped with various metal-cutting machine tools and presses, heat treatment
equipment, and electroplating equipment.
According to Litvin, the tool, machine, press, electroplating,
assembly, and experimental shops will go into operation in 1958. A
special design bureau, which will develop new types of oscillographs
and other electrical measuring instruments, is being organized at the
plant. During the fourth quarter of 1958, the plant will make its first
products: 50 type POB-14 portable oscillographs.
A few days ago, Yevgeniy Sigizmundovich Borisevich, deputy dir-
ector of the Institute of Terrestrial Physics of the Academy of Sciences
USSR and inventor of the POB-14 oscillograph, visited the plant and
made a high appraisal of the construction and installation work now
under way.
However, the construction is not going along as well as it should.
The plumbing work is behind schedule. A boiler has not yet been instal-
led in the boiler house. Although more than 150 workers of various
trades are employed on the construction project and strive to do their
work properly, only 5-6 persons daily are doing plumbing work. This
fact is neglected by the Administration of Construction of the Moldavian
Sovnarkhoz? which is in charge of the Moldsantekhmontazh Trust [Mol-
davian Plumbing Installation Trust], the organization doing the plumbing
work.
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Telephone line installation work is also going along slowly. By
right, the plant should have its own automatic telephone exchange. [ap-
parently it will not have its own].
It is hoped that the plant will go into operation by 7 November
1958. (Kishinev, Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 30 Sep 58)
3. Electronic Instruments
Dozens of new electronic measuring instruments and radio re-
ceivers have been developed and put into production at the Tallin Punane
RET Plant.
V. A. Toodo, deputy chief designer of the plant, has developed
an electronic ohm-resistance meter, with direct dial readings (12). (Mos-
cow, Pravda, 11 Oct 58)
(12) Photo available in source, p 1, top, right
The GSS-28m standard signal generator (13) is designed for test-
ing radio receivers, antennas, and other radio equipment. This device
is a source of ultrahigh-frequency oscillations which are calibrated by
frequency, power, modulation frequency band, and pulse duration and fre-
quency.
The range frequencies of the generator extends from 3,750 mc
to 7,500 mc, and frequency error does not exceed plus or minus 2 percent
of the rated value of thg scale. The output is 10 milliwatts on the milli-
watt outlet and 10-2.10-0 microwatts on the microwatt outlet. The GSS-28m
is powered from a 110-, 127-, or 220-volt AC source, and its input power
amounts to 300 volt-amperes. (Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, Jan 59, inside
front cover)
(13) Photo available in source, inside front cover, bottom right
A television oscillograph (14) has been designed for checking
television circuits. It can operate with both periodic and driven sweeps.
Its specifications are as follows:
Frequency band of periodic sweep
Band of driven sweep
Time markings on oscillograph
screen
Maximum sensitivity
For vertical deflection
For horizontal deflection
1 cycle - 1 mc
100 milliseconds 1. 1 microsecond
0, 0.5, 0.1, 1, and 10 micro-
seconds
0.25 mm/root-mean-square millivolt
50 mm/root-mean-square volt
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This oscillograph has frequency characteristics that are practi-
cally rectilinear. The characteristics of the vertical amplifier range
from 20 cycles to 15 mc. Those of the horizontal amplifier range from
10 cycles to 1.8 mc. The unit has a high-ohm and a 75-ohm input, and also
an input through an extension probe.
The unit is supplied from a 110-, 127-, or 220-volt 50-cycle AC
circuit and has an input power of about 500 volt-amperes.
The oscillograph has been developed by a plant of the radio
engineering industry in accordance with a technical assignment from the
Ministry of Communications USSR. Very soon, industry will begin its
series prorInction. (Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, Feb 59, inside front cover)
0.4) Photo available
4- Industrial Controls
In source, inside front cover, botton, right
In 1954, the Moscow Manometr Plant was producing extrahigh-
pressure manometers, rotameters, various types of differential manometers,
type EPI]) electronic differential transformer instruments, automatic
electronic indicator bridges, and many other complex instruments.
The plant now has a products-list of more than 400 type-sizes of
various instruments. Some are produced in large series and others in
medium series; however, the plant produces only one or two of certain
types of instruments per year. Such variety requires good production
planning.
The plant is the
meter, the EPID, EPD, and
and the DM-6 instrument.
veyer on which electronic
day.
producer of the 0M-200 manometer, the RED rota-
EMD automatic electronic secondary instruments,
The Manometr Plant has a constant-speed con-
instruments are assembled (15).
On 1 April 1957, some of the plant shops went on a 7-hour work-
Significant reduction sin norm-hours required to produce various
instruments occurred at the plant between 1956 and 1957, as shown in the
following table:
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Labor Consumption per Unit
norm-hours) .
First half
Second half
First half
Product
of 1956
of 1956
of 1957
EPD-12 potentiometer
175.9
133.5
88.1
EMD-212 balancing bridge
151.8
116.3
78.0
EPID-04 secondary instrument
....
192.0
111.4
MPO manometer
10.7
7.2
6.o
EKM-1 manometer
7.1
6.2
5.7
MA manometer
1.9
1.8
1.6
MKD-2 manometer
23.7
18.7
15.5
K-10r manometer
2.5
2.3
2.0
AM-1 manometer
3.6
3.3
2.8
NM-890 strain gauge
16.8
15.5
13.6
DM-16 transmitter
98.6
70.6
49.6
The plant, which operated with 7-hour shifts from April to
December 1957, fulfilled its annual program, which had been calculated
for 8-hour shifts, ahead of schedule. -- Petr Aleksandrovich Lachugin,
Director, Moscow Manometr Plant
(Source contains several photographs of plant shops and sections.)
(Rabochiy Den'-Sem' Chasov (A Seven-Hour Workday), book by P. Lachugin,
Moscow, 1958, pp 4, 6, 17, 23, 29, 37, 43, 46, 47, 48)
(15) Photo available in source, p 29
5, Automation Equipment
The Nal'chik Tsvetmetpribor Plant went into operation recently.
It manufactures automatic draining equipment; electronic nugget detecting
devices; and signaling, interlocking, and blocking equipment for use in
underground electric locomotive transport. The plant makes almost 70
different types of products.
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A. Shashenkov, director of the Tsvetmetpribor Plant, said that
the Nbscow Tsvetmetavtomatika Design Bureau serves the plant. (Moscow,
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 24 Sep 58)
The Institute of Automatics of Gosplan Ukrainian SSE has de-
veloped a telemechanical system for controlling gas wells and is test-
ing an industrial model of it (16). (Moscow, Radio, Jan 59, 2d and
3d pages of center folder)
(16) Photo available in source, 2d and 3d pages of center folder,
bottom, center
The Leningrad Lenneftekip Plant has developed and produced ex-
perimental models of automatic regulators for changing the pressure of
gas in gas pipes.
Recently, it finished assembling the first regulators, which
were shipped to various cities of the USSR for industrial testing.. Sodn
a large consignment of these new instruments will be shipped to Tuapse,
where a liquefied petroleum gas filling station is under construction.
(Leningradskaya Pravda, 11 Oct 58)
6. Hydrometeorological Instruments
Sb. Gurabanidze, chief engineer of the Tbilisi Gidrometpribor
Plant, states that his plant is currently producing more than 4o type-
designations of instruments which are used by hydrologists, meteorolo-
gists, aerologists, and agrometeorologists in such places ss the Anger-
skaya, Bratskaya, and Kuybyshevskaya GES (Hydroelectric Power Stations),
on drift stations in the Arctic Circle, in Antarctica, in the Kurile
Islands and on Sakhalin, at the construction site of the Karakum Canal,
in the virgin lands of the Kazakh SSR, and in the Pamir and Ellbrus
mountains.
During recent months, the plant has shipped instruments to the
United Arab Republic, Afghanistan, China, and the Vienna International
Fair. They are also exhibited at the Brussels World's Fair.
After the high quality of these instruments had been demonstrated
in Mexico and Argentina, an order for bathometers was received from Brazil.
(Tbilisi, Zarya Vostoka, 25 Sep 58)
An AEIV-52 radio-anemometer was installed in the Kuybyshev Res-
ervoir in August. This is an automatically operating meteorological sta-
tion having sensitive elements which detect the temperature and humidity
of the air, the direction of the wind, and the temperature of the water.
It is mounted on a buoy.
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This device was manufactured under the direction of Magil'ner,
a. leading engineer of the Scientific Research Institute of Hydrometeoro-
logical Instrument Making.
The signals of this station may be transmitted by telegraphic
code to distances of 100 km. The ARIV transmits data every CD hr, but
in winds of more than C) meters sec, it transmits every hour.
Rudio-nnemometers ure usud in the service of the river fleet,
Two more of thus o stations are expected to be installed in thu Kuybyshev
reservoir in 1959. (Moscow, izvestiya, 28 Sup 58)
'Pre Agrophysics Scientific Resocrch Institute ha 5 developed a
semiconductor thermometer which replaces 500 mercury thermometers. It
consists of a semiconductor thermistor with two leads that connect to a
measuring in5trument. It weight 3-11 grams.
The Kalinin Radio and Electrical Machinery Plant will mass-produce
these semiconductor thermometers. (Moscow, Vechernyaya Moskva, 24 Sep 58)
t. Other Instruments
A group of workers of thc Leningrad Agrophysics Institute under
the leadership of I. Korobochkin, Candidate oi Technical Sciences, have
developed a now instrument; called the tractor traction work meter. This
instrument carries out an accurate computation of all work done by a trac-
tor. By the und of 1958, 2,500 work meters will be produced.
Workers of the institute are also producing a large consignment
of semiconductor thermometers, which are needed for measuring the temper-
ature of the soil to determine the right time for sowing corn and other
heat-loving crops.
Aew microthermometers for determining the temperatures of the
surfaces of vegetable and animal fabrics and instruments for measuring
soil temperatures from a distance have also been developed.
The new semiconductor instruments for agriculture have been
developed under the leadership of academician A. F. Ioffe. (Alma-Ata,
Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 3 Oct 50)
The asseMbly shop of the [Frunze] Physical Instrument Plant
is assembling an apparatus fo7. paper electrophoresis. A. V.
Yalovega, chief designer of the plant, said that this instrument re-
quires very delicate and complex adjustment. It was put into produc-
tion in August. Thu first 25 instrument will have been manufactured
by the end of September.
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The galvanizing shop has begun using crystallite instead of ni-
trocellulose enamel plating because it is more durable. (Frunze, Sovet-
skaya Kirgiziya, 28 Sep 58)
The Saransk Elektrovypryamitel' Plant is the producer of the
type AMI-60 oil-testing apparatus, the AKI-50 cable-testing apparatus,
and the type KII-70 apparatus for testing hard and liquid dialectics
at up to 50 kv DC or 50 kv P.C.
(Source gives additional information on the above-mentioned
apparatuses, along with illustrations). (Moscow, Elektricheskiye Stant-
sill Nov 58, pp 83-85)
B. Motion-Picture Apparatus
The Leningrad Kinap Plant is the sole producer and supplier of pho-
tographic developing machinery (i() in the USSR. It recently started
producing the Type 9P developing machine, which has the largest capacity
of any machine produced by this plant to date. Three of these machines
have already been shipped to Mosfil'm in Moscow, and_ two more are in
production.
The 9P machine, which is about 14 meters in length, can operate
at six speeds, turning out from 80 to 900 meters of film per hour.
Both color and black-and-white film can be developed simultaneously
in the 9P. (Leningradskaya Pravda, 20 Sep 58)
(17) Photo showing assembly of developing machine (probably the
9P) available in source, p 4, top
The Leningrad Kinap Plant has pledged to produce in 1958, above
its planned assignment, 300 KUP-56 mobile amplifiers, five sets of
KZVT-4 amplifiers, five sets of K2M-6 [units], and five sets of 60P
developing machines. It has pledged to produce ahead of schedule a
40P-2 laboratory-type developing machine; to manufacture test models
of a new universal mobile transistor amplifier for KPU-59 [units];
and to master the production of eight type-designations of capron
parts. It will also introduce the use of high-quality enamel in paint-
ing series-produced KZM-50 KM-6, KVIT-4, and KZ-5 equipment.
The Moscow Kinap Plant will complete its annual assignment for the
production of Rodina and Konvas-Avtomat movie cameras by 10 December.
The Moscow DEsigiTureau ofMctianactare Apparatus will complete the
manufacture of an experimental model of the 16-SS movie camera by 1 Decem-
ber 1958. (Mbscow,_Tekhnika Kino i Tulevedeniya, Dec 58, p 2-3)
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At present, the Leningrad Lenkinap Plant and the NIKFI [Scientific
Research Motion-Picture Photography Institute] are developing a universal
semiconductor audio amplifier for mobile motion-picture units. This amp-
lifier has an output power of 15 watts and is designed for the reproduc-
tion of sound from film tracks and tapes.
The Leningrad Kinap Plant is getting ready to produce the first con-
signment of 90U-2 amplifiers, which utilize two type Pei) semiconductors
in their preliminary amplifiere. Experimental models of projectors with
semiconductor components will soon be uent to motion-picture display or-
ganizations.
(Source has additional information on the use of aamiconductors in
audio amplifier systems, and several illustrations). (Moscow, Kinomekhanik,
Jan 59, P 38)
The Kiev Kinodetal' Plant and the Scientific Research Motion-Picture
Photography Institute have developed. the IP-2 Kiev projector for showing
panoramic movies taken on three 35-mm films. (Moscow, Kinomekhanik, Jan
59, P 31)
Since 1952, the Rostov Cinema Apparatus Plant (Rostovskiy zavod kin-
oapparatury) has been producing the IM-800 stationary motion-picture pro-
jector utilizing an incandescent lemp. This projector is based on the
earlier SI-26 and KM-22 projectors, which have been taken out of opera-
tion. Since 1952, the plant has produced more than 1,000 1PM-800 projec-
tors, which are operating successfully in many motion-picture theaters.
However, the plant's tentative 1959 plan does not include the con-
tinuation of the production of the 1PM-800, despite the great demand for
them. The Main Administration of Motion-Picture Installation and Film
Rental RSFSR says that they are not needed because industry has mastered
the production of KN-12 projectors.
However, the production of KN-12 projectors cannot have any influence
on the production of 1PM-800 projectors, since the illumination power of
the 1PM-800 is double that of the KH-12. Thus the KPM-800 can serve a
. larger audience. Moreover, not enough KN-12 projectors are produced to
meet the demand.
Why doe the production of extremely necessary projection apparatus
have to be curtailed? -- B. Gruchevskiy, Chief Engineer, Rostov Cinema
Machinery Plant (Rostovskiy kinomekhanicheskly zavod) (Moscow, Kinomek-
hanik, Jan 59, p 30)
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The plan for the creation of a dense network of motion-picture in-
stallations in the USSR is still impeded by the shortage of projection
apparatus, especially such equipment as the types 1PT-1, SJ-35, and
EMS. The Main Administration of Supply and Sales of the Ministry of
Culture USSit must work harder at making sovnarkhozes fulfill the orders
of the. miniatry. (Moscow, Kinomekhanik, Jan 59, p 3)
C. X-Ray. Equipment
Yakov Semenovich Deletskiy is the director of the [Teplyy Stan]
Mosrentgen Plant. The plant is engaged in socialist competition with
the Leningrad Burevestnik Plant and the Kuntsevo Elektroshchit Plant
(Kuntsevskiy zavod "Elektroshchit").
Recently, workers of the plants central design bureau, in collabo-
ration with the Leningrad State Optical Institute and other scientific
organizations, developed an electrical-optical amplifier for X-ray ap-
paratus. The amplifier makes it possible to increase the brightness of
an X-ray image to 1,000 times the ordinary intensity. An experimental
model of this amplifier has been built and is undergoing tests success-
fully.
The electrical-optical amplifier is a small lightweight attachment
for an ordinary X-ray apparatus. Two microscopes, located one on each
side of the tube, facilitate careful medical observation of areas of
bodily ailments.
The plant is testing a powerful stationary diagnostic X-ray unit,
the RUM-10. (Moscow, Leninskoye Znamya, 10 Oct 58)
D. Industrial Ultrasonic Equipment
In setting up ultrasonic metal processing equipment, it is very dif-
ficult for some branches of industry to design and produce a high-power
electric oscillator.
In such cases, the 000-watt TU-600 relay amplifier, which industry
is series-producing, can be used. When operating in the 19-20-kc band,
the lowering of the output power of the amplifier does not exceed 15-
20 percent. The ZG-2, ZG-10, LIG-40, and other industrial-type audio
oscillators can be used for the excitation of the amplifier. If no audio
oscillators are available, it is very simple to make a one-tube .master
oscillator, which can be connected to the input of the first line of the
amplifieror the second stage of a microphone amplifier. Such a master
oscillator is installed inside the frame of the amplifier. The supply
voltage is obtained from one of the kenotron rectifiers of the TU-600
amplifier.
Ultrasonic units for machining hard materials built on the base of
the U.-LOO are successfully operated by a number of organizations.
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In addition to the TU-600, the UDL-350 high-frequency oscillator,
which has also been put into production by USSR industry, can be used
after certain high-frequency circuit adjustments have been made. (UV-
trazvuk I yego primeneniye v mashinoutroyenii (Ultrasonics and Its Ap-
plication in Machine Building), book by Izmail Samuilovich Vaynshtok,
1:oseow J53, p 55)
E. Traffic Radar
A rAar been josign,A by the Giprotranssignal svya
stit.ate tStte InstfuL,e for Planning Traffic Signals r,nd Comilmnica-
tions?) for deteting. traffic lcv violations. This new device, which
consists of a small box containing -radar ond camera suspended above
the street ofwires, being introduced by the Administration of Militia
of the Executive CoJaLLttee of the Leningrad City Soviet. When the radar
detects a speed, violation, it trips the release of a movie camera which
photogra:ohs the vohicie tavolved. An inset in the upper corner of the
photograph shows both the speed of the vehicle and the time the violation
occurred.
OLhel devices =rently undergoing tests include a cybernetic auto-
mtic traffic signal liL;ht and a "hornless" device for signaling the driver
of an overtaken vehicle that the one behind desires to pass. (Moscow,
Izvestiya, 26 Sep 50)
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IX. ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS
A. Switches and Relays
Design :Bureau No 7 of the former 'Ministry of Machine Tool Building
and Tool Industry has made a aeries of types mplo4p3o wear-resistant
microewitchee for checkine; the path and operation of individual units
of semieutomatie or automatic machines or mechaniams.
Nicrocwitcheo have been developed for use in both temperate and
tropical climates.
Series EP microewitches with momentary switching and return of the
contacts have one normally open and one normally closed contact with
common electrical point. They are designed mainly for A0 circuits up
to 330 aolte, and also for DC circuits up to 220 volts if special pro-
tective units are used.
The following modifications of the series of wear-resistant micro-
switches have been made:
An open microswitch with a buffer and a spare stroke after con-
tact of 1.5 mm (the type MP10 has a right contact and the NP11 a left
contact). An open microswitch without a buffer (high precision) and a
spare stroke after contact of .12 mm (the type NP20 has a richt contact
and the 1P2I a left contact).
An enclosed microswitch (in a case) with lever and roller (the
type MP:0 has a right contact and the MP40 a left contact) ard with lever
and roller on the short side of the case (the type 11040 has a right con-
tact and the MPLil a left contact).
An open microcwitch with lever and roller (types mp50 and M51).
An open microsvitch with buffer and spare stroke after contact of 5 mm
(types MPe0 end
The NP10 is the basic model of this series of microswitches. The
others are modifications which differ only in the design of the clamping
device.
Teets made on experimental model microswitches have demonstrated
their mechanical durability (not less than 5 million switchings). The
electrical durnbility, with power rating and switching frequency of up
to 2,000/hr, is not less then 1.5 million contacts.. The permissible
number of owitehinge is 2,000-3,000 per hour. If there is a lower switch-
ing ?ftequency and noncontinuoua operation, the switches have a. greater
colitutation cepeeity.
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The Kharlkov Electrostanok Plant will manufacture this series of
wear-resistant microswitches. (Moscow, Byulleten Tekhniko-Ekonomiche-
skoy Informatsii, No 10, 19531 PP 32-35)
Because the electrical industry is so slow in putting into produc-
tion modern EcAifi relays to repLice existing relays, some power and systems
have developed their OWD. One of the is .the Volzhkayu GES (Hydroelectric
Power StaAon) imeni Lenin, which has made its own t1J relays. This
should be notice to the electrical industrY tbat it had better proc,ded
with. the pioduction of modern LN relayS itimediately.
It is also ricessary to accelerate the operational testing of an
experimental cc)risinent of improved gGs relays made by the Moscow Trans-
former Plant, which have been given to power systems for testinc;, (Moscow,
ElelftrichesLiye Stantsii, "icy/ 5U, p 62)
B. C,able
According to preliminary figures for the development of the USSR na-
tional economy during the 1959-19b5 period, the intercity network of com-
munications cables will be doubled.
The basic task of cable communications workers is to fulfill this
assinment throuJI application of the most technically advanced and. ec-
onomically sound measures. This can be accomplished as much through the
improvement of the qualitative indexes of eiating types of line equip-
ment as through the introduction of new, more advanced systems.
One basic means for a considerable reduction in the cost of cable
equipment, as pointed out in the theses of Khrushchev's speech for the
21st Congress of the CPSU, is utilization of aluminum and plabtics in
the production of cable. It should be emphasized that the replacement
o2 lead armor with aluminum not only cuts the cost of cable communica-
tions 30-40 percent, but also 3nbstantia11y increases resistance to the
innuence oZ etraneous electromotive force and lightning. Industry should
organize the production of aluminum-clad cables, which are well protected.
from corrosion; and cable communications workers should develop simple
and dependable methods of splicing such cables. The introduction of alum-
inum armor will doubtlessly facilitate the conversion to aluminum cores
in both balanced and coaxial cible, which in turn will lead to further coat
cats.
The athrantagcs of pL.,stic insulation for cables= irrefutable. Such
cables are easier to manufcture,are moistureproof, and :'17.re stable char-
;cteristics and. high electrical strength. The broad development of the
chemical industry will facilitz:Ito the mass production Of such cables and
their extensive application in communications, especially in rural radio
flid telephone installation.
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A reduction in the costs of intercity cables, coaxial cables in par-
ticular, can be achieved through improvements in design. The employment
of more advanced designs with smooth seas, a reduction in the size of
the return conductor, and a cut in the amount of polyethylene scrapped
will permit a 15-20 percent reduction in the cost of coaxial cable, and
an increase in the structural length will permit a reduction in the costs
of laying, installation, and transport.
A. considerable reduction in the costs of city telephone cables may
be ?achieved through application of star twists of the cores instead of
paired twists, and bundled twists instead of spread twists, and of
mm cores instead of 0.5-mm core diameters. --. V. O. Shvartsmsn, Candi-
date of Technical Sciences, Senior Scientific Workerof TsNIIS [Central
Scientific Research Institute of Communications] (Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi,
Jan 59, p 12)
S. K. Rybak is the designer of a new insulating machine (18) installed
in the power cable shop of the Moscow Nbskabell Plant. This machine con-
sists of several separate units installed along a wall of the shop. (Mos-
cow, Vechernyaya Moskva, 10 Oct 58)
(18) Photo available in source, p 2: top, right
The Kishinev NikrOprovod Plant is subordinate to the Administration
of Local Industry, Council of Ministers Moldavian SSR. (Kishinev, Spisok
Abonentov Kishinevskoy Gorodskoy Telefonnoy Seti (Directory of Subscribers
of the Kishinev City Telephone Network), 1958, p 45)
The Berdyansk Azovkabelt Plant has 17 million rubles' worth of fin-
ished products in its warehouse. They have not been delivered because
of a lack of railroad rolling stock. (Moscow, Promysblenno-Ekonomiche-
skaya Gazeta, 24 Sep 58)
C. Plant Information
The [Moscow] Prozhektor Plant was built during the First Five-Year
Plan and last year celebrated its 25th anniversary. Work has recently
been started on reconstruction of this plant, and is expected to be com-
pleted by the end of 1958. It will have seven shops, and all operations
in the new building will be mechanized. Although production space has
been reduced bY one half, the plant is expected to fulfill its plan as-
signment. (Moscow, Nbskovskaya Pravda, 26 Sep 58)
The personnel office of the Minsk Electrical Engineering Plant is
located at Malaya Slepyahka, Mink 9. (Minsk, Sovetskaya Belorussiya,
27 Sep 58)
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The Moscow Ugh-Frequency Electric Furnace Plant [MoskOitskiy zavod
vysokochastotnykh elektropechey] is located at ulitsa Krasina, 1/23, Mos-
cow. (Moscow, Vechernyaya, Moskva, 24 Sep 58)
D. Institutes
The Leningrad Institute of Aircraft Technology is the producer of the
type UP-2I ultrasonic soldering gun (19). (Ui'trazvu I yego primeneniye
v mashinostroyenii (Ultrasonics and Its Application in Machine Building),
book by 'mail Samuilovich Vaynshtok, Moscow, 1958, p 66)
(19) Photo available in source, p 66, top
GISKI (SLute Research Electroceramics Institute) of Glavniiproyekt
[Main ACminiatration of Scientific Research and Planning Institutes] of
Gosplan USSR has vacancies in the following positions:
Chief of the Electroceramics Division
Chief of the High-Frequency Measurements Laboratory
Chief of the Physicochemical and Structural Analysis Laboratory
It also has jobs open for senior scientific workers.
The institute is holding regular competive examinations for the posi-
tion Of chief of the Metal and Ceramic Joining Laboratory and for positions
of senior scientific workers in various fields.
Applications should be made to the institute's director at Shosse En-
tuziastov 115, Moscow Ye-24. (scow, Vechernyaya Moskva, 30 Sep 58)
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