(sanitized)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 209
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 17, 1998
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: October 1, 1946
• Content Type: TRANS

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'7 VOL
WDC
WASHINGTON DOCUMENT CENTER
TRANSLATION
Number 27
1 Oct 1946
VOLUM3II
CLASSIFICATION CANCELLED
BY AUTHORITY OF THE
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
18 AUG 1947
DATE
INITIALS
ISSUED UNDER THE JOINT AUSPICES OF
THE INTELLIGENCE DIVISION, WDGS
AND
OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE, U.S. NAVY DEPARTMENT
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tiv
WARNING
This document''s::,ritairis information affecting the. national defense
of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Act, 50
U.S.C., 31 and 32, as amended; .'IIs' transmission or the revelation
of its contents in any manner to any foreign agencies or other
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. Reproduction of the
intelligence in this publication is prohibited without special
authority from the Director of Intelligence, WOGS, War Department.
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WASHINGTON.DOCUMENT CENTER
TRANSL'ATI 0 N
Number 27 1 Oct 1946
AJAPM;.-J, PLAY FOR HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT
OF THE YELLOW RIVER IN CHINA
VOLUME II
(Parts -; ? 10)
ISSUED UNDER THE JOINT AUSPICES
OF
THE INLLIG7NCE DIVISION, WDGZ
AND
OIC E OF ITAVAL INTELIIGENCE, U.S. NAVY DEPARTI7,17
R1STRICTED
3
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rilsT-PICTED
Distribntion List
Ho .A.2'
House
Bo :1'4
2
5
2
3
6
-32
2. -14 1
O -2 1
3'.;, 1
0:E?
01- U 2 (via OP-32 Y-1) 1
CoYA T 17A 1
1
CONSE737THYLITT 2
Total 33
PlY3TRI CTD
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4paivse Plan,for Hydroelectric Deve12pment of the
7cI inAina
(WDC Dos 2525190. -33, -360 -28)
. This is a translation of four documents prepared
by the Japanese, F4,1" Eastern Research Section in 1941.
They constitute a broad survey of the possibilities of
hydrkeleetric development of the Yellow River in China,
indicating eleven sites, where power generating stations
might be advantageously constructed.
The translations are published in three volumes.
The basic document, TDC No 252519, containing ten parts,
has been divided, Parts 1 - 5 are in Volume I, and
Parte 6 - 10 are in Volume II. Two documents, MDC
252533. and 252536 include revisions and corrections of
material contained.in the basic report, 252519. The
material from them has been incorporated in the main
body of the report, wherever applicable, rather than
being presented as,separate translations. Volume III
Oontains the complete translation of 'DC 252528, which
omst4tutes an addendum to the. basic report and gives
a detailed study, in graphs and tables, of the flow of
the Yellow River at Shan.
- The basic document deals with such topics as a
basic survey, plans for the generation of electricity,
economic factors, relation of the hydroelectric develop-
ment plan to flood control and water conservation,
industrial potentialities of the Yellow River, geology
and subsurface resources of the Yellow River basin, the
trend of supply and demand for electric power, plans for
extensive industrial development, and plans for the
hydroelectric site at the San-,Men Gorge. These are
supplemented with numerous tables, graphs and maps, in-
cluding a large map of the entire area under study and
detailed maps of the eleven projected hydroelectric
development sites.
These are from a series of documents on economic
and industrial subjects which were acquired by a US
government mission to Japan and China in the Fall of
19453 and which are being translated by MDC.
Pages 1 through 17g
-A -
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_COMPLETE TRANSLATION
A JAPANESE PLAN FOR HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT OF
THE YELLOr RIVER IN CHINA
Far Eastern Research Section
Survey Committee No 2
North China Committee
- Subcommittee No 4
May 1941
Note: This report comprises translations of four documents as
follows:
1. Document 252519 is the basic report containing the
plan for the hydroelectric development of the Yellow
River. It was issued by the Far Eastern Research Section
in May 1941 and is made up of 10 parts.
2. Document 252533 is a revision of Part 1 of the basic
report issued by the North China Electric Works in
August 1941. The currections, amendments and revisions
contained in this document have been incorporated in
Part 1 of this report wherever applicable.
3. Document 252536 is a further revision of other parts
of the basic report issued by the Far Eastern Research
Section in August 1941, The corrections, amendments and
revisions contained in this document have been incorpc?
rated in the report wherever applicable.
4. Document.252528 is an addendum tu the basic report
issued by the Far Eastern Research section in May 1941.
It contains four sets of tables and graphs giving a
dotaild analysis of the flow of the Yellow 1.iver at
Shan.
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A JAPANESE PLATT FOR 'TYDROELECTRIC DEVELOP,IEFT OF
THE t2110WIIIVER 175"etiTA "
CPYRGHT
VOLUME II
Far Eastern Research Section
Survey Committee No 2
North China Committee
Subcommittee No 4
May 1941
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 6. Adaptability of the Yellow River for.
Industrial Uses
Part 7. Geology and Subsurface Resources of
the Yellow River asin
Part 8. The Trend of Supply and Demand for
Electric Power e(1 the Sinificanoe
of Water_ Power from the Yellow River
Fart 9. ?lane for Extensive IndiAstrial
Development
Part 10. Plans for the San-men Gorge Hydroelectri,c
Development
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PART 6. AD'FTA73ILITY OF THE YELLOW RIVER
o,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Inti-od'uotion
II Qualitative Study of Yellow River later
III quantitative St y of Y??..ow.Riv.er Wate
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ARA I Jo
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ST
-
'troduCt
, .
The first preblAm_in_OPnneo. on.w3?,. pans for ,hreavy ohemical
industry in the devolvnent .of terth..dhlna is to find A $4ply or
water suitable for indstrial uso. BecaUse of the S.Qa7i7 rainfall,
the difficulty of water conservation and the lack or forestation,
7orth China has only Ote tr two river systems which can furnish
water in sufficient quantity for industrial use. Ono or these is
the Yellow River, WIlich by reason of'its volume of water and exten-
sive drainage basin would, after the equalization of its flow, go
far toward solving the problem.
A complete study of the 4#000.-kilometer Yellow River is of
course impossible, and even an investigation of the localities
suitable for future industrial development is unlikely at Present.
Since the Chinese army broke the diked west of Etai-fen; in 1938,
the main stream has not returned to its old course, and at present
seems unlikely to do so. 'lence the industrial areas near tsin-
hsiang and Chi-nan are deprived of water from this river, and are ,
not objects for study. The reLion from Miai-feng to T/Ung-kaan and
that north of Ho-ch'u were in the i,far zone and could not ie sur-
veyed. The only region along tho upper river which was investigated.
was that around Rao-tiou, which was under Jap&neSe control, The
suitability of Yellow River water for industrial use was determined
from recent analyses of water specimens and from lolowledge of the
quantity of flow derived from other sources.
II qualitative Study of Yellow River Water
There are many studies of tho flow and silt-content of the
Yellow River, but no study has covered the' quality of trle Water.
In this study the only specimens taken from the upper Yellow River
itself were from the ferry landing 2 kilometers above Nonhai-tzu,
near Pao-t,ou. Observations made near Pao-tlOu partially compensate
for this limitation, for there is no great difference in the quality
of the water in the up4r Yellow Rivor and that,at Tfung-kuan, whore.
the Fen, Do, and "'Mi. Rivers have joined it.. The conclusions are
therefore based on those Rao-tou specimens..
The analysis by the Experimental Corps of thONorth:China
Economics Research Station, North Manchuria Railroad, of a specimen
taken by a member' of Subcommittee No 4 on July 1940, is inown bolo*.
Analysis of Yellow River
"Tater at Nan-hai-tzu
Sediment: 5.81%
Analysis of Sediment:
Silicon dioxide
49.10%
Titanium Oxide
0.43%
Ferric Oxide
13,37
Sulphur
0.14
Alumina
11,75
Soda
3.47
Manganese Oxide.
0:01
Potassium
1,32
Magnesium Oxide
1,25
RhosphoriC Acid
0.78
Calcium Oxide
7.12
Volatiles
10,98
44r.
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Analysis of Filtrate:
AtTgdi,anco Transparont
.SMoll'andTasto NOnO
Roaction '? ? Slightly
Alkaline
Free Carbonic. Acid None '
22.20 milL
111.73 :"
? 31.95 "
? 61.61
454.50 "
Carbonate Ion
Bicarbonato Ion
Chloride Ion
Sulfate Ion
Nitrate Ton
..Total Solicit -294.00
Silica; '1.40
'Terric.Oxide 3.19
Alumina ?2.69
Calcium Ton 39.48
Magnosium Ion ? 26.74
Total Hatdriess -11.74
Temporary ". 5.25
?Potassium Per-
manganate
Decoloration 6.95 mg/L
m L
ft
tt
?
degrees
derees
The two,. following tables shove the results, of a Stidy Of ti'8
.turbigity of the 4ator Of the Yellow River made at tho:Paotiou
branch of the North China Traffic Co (KAMM KOTSU KAIST1A)'for:
a year and a half boginning Jan 1939. (Specimens wore taken at
? the sac place as those for the procsal.ing table, and analysed at
the laboratory of tho Canal Division, North China Traffic Ob.)-,
(Flee TOles on following page)
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ANALTSISM YELLOW RIVER WATER AT PAO-TIOU (taken 2 meters below surface)
. Date
,
Sp 1939
Nov 1939
Dec 1939
Jan 1940
Feb 1940
Max 1940
May 1940
Jo.n 1940
Jul 1940
.
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Atmospheric
.
-20
.
r -70
-3?
73?
0.8?
Same
22?
160
Same
28?
21?
Same
24?
_
210
Same
,xparature (0)
altar
491/19,7I'Vre (G)
00
Slight
alkaline
0?
Same
10
Same
tit=
lauhlihitY /11)
190
220
135
145
f
150
145
i 130
loride
43.31
50.41
58.93
51.42.
28.46
32.66
28.40
r-aulfate
, None
None
None
None
25
None
25
Nitrate
ao
Faint
Traces
Faint
Traces
Traces
30
20
30
Nitrite
traces
None
traces
None
None
None
None
None
AmMonia *
1
1---- Non*
None
None
None
None
Nona ,
EMEI?4--i
ConsumPtian
8.21
8.21
6.32
6.63
7.86
6.95
6.63:.
Faint '.
traces
Ira
Traces
Faint
traces
Faint
traces
Faint
traces
Faint
traces
Faint
traces
EVaporation
Sadimeht n
234
366
us
234
294
288
308
Total
Hardness Degrees
6.28
6.80
6.28
6.00
5.64
6.06
6.80
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(Contd)
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ANALYSIS OF YELLOW Rrvu. WATER AT ?AO-TIOU (taken 2 meters below surface)
T-
1 Cate ;Sep 1939 i Nor 1939 Dec 1939 Jaii 1940
Feb 1940
Mar 1940
May 1940
-Jun 1940
Jul9
. Permanent
i 1
I Faroness Degrees 1 2.20
1---
2.20
2.16
2 OC
.
2.46
2.40
2.20
i
;Temporary i
illardness o 1
4.os
4.6o
4.12
3.94
3.4s
3-66
4.60
LTpibi,ity n i24co 980
270 170
53
78
0.02
2400
0-33
950
o
18800
)
3.54
! sfilt 1
I content (%) i 0.50 1 0.25
0_07
0.02
0.01
Notes:
The specimens were taken at noon the 20th of,' each month.
specimens taken in Se:ptembex-, Octor and November 1939 and in
April, Al;gust and Sepembr 19?4,0. were destroyed in transit.
-7-
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I
illv
1
la"x
!4?
.1
o
A
t1.161
i
4
I
I
.r5
?'5
I
Eli
2
?
11
1
11
AMMVUAS t ". ) Sone None Ione lone 1 Ione Hon; Ions Ione lase
detected detected detected detected detected detected detected detected detected
Mtn% Consumption ( 0 ) 7.70 6.63 6.47 6.55 6.95 6.63 6.95 6.63 11.37
Iron ( " ) Traces Traces hint Paint Paint Paint i !hint Paint Paint
traces traces traces traces traces traces traces
Ivaporation Sediment ( N ) 294 311 294 201 268 284 320 392 24g
Total Hardness (Degrees) 6.60 9.90 6.21 6.$0 6.311 Lag 6.00 5.3$ 5.54 6.10 9.22 7.50
1
Permanent Hardness ( ? ) 1 2.06 2.20 2.20 2.06 2.46 2.32 1 2.20 2.46 2.06
I
temporary Hardness ( ? ) 4.22 4.60 4.01 3.94 2.92 3.92 4.60 4.76 5.52
Turbidity ( ? ) 2.700 1.000 240 139 55 75 1 1.600 900 22.400 1.320 5.400
Silt Content (%) 0.524 0.273 0.064 0.02? 0.013 0.0151 0.289 0.119 4.368 I 1.764 1.0n
4
0
10
74114
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pp! uvU. Iui IctbG1 999I0I25 . - 042,5
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YELLOW RlyER WATER PRECIPITATION TEST
TURBIDITY
TOO
600
500
400
300
200
100
3700 1,000
1 1
SEP
1939
NOV DEC
1939 ?1939
FEB
19 40
1,60 0
SEPT 19390 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NOV 19 39 '0 5 110 'I5 10 '25
DEC 1939 10 15 '10 '15
FEB 1940 '0 '5
HOURS FOR PRECIPITATION --+- MAY 1940
'4?MI.1?11NOPIONIMMINO
130
'20
125
'30
'10
'15
120
'25
'0
1.5
'10
115
130
T20 125 '30
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A. Turbidity
Tho first aspoct of tho quality of Yollow River wator which
requires consideration is its turbidity. Can it bo utilizod, and
if so, how? -Tne results of tests for this aro given in thu two
pr000ding tables. The procoding graph is based on roprosontativo
fiGures from theso analysos.
The graph shows that, however turbid tho water, aftcr stand-
ing 20 hours turbidity decroases to 10 to 30 dogroes; at 30 hours,
to 5 to 20 dogroes. After 30 hours, procipitation is very slaw.
The domand for water of loss than 20 dogroce turbidity, can bo met
by. lotting the water stand 20 to 30 hours and thon purifying with
some suitable filtration apparatus.
A well-known illustration of this method is the troatment
given to turbid wators of the Pui Rivor sinou 1903 to supply water
to Tlion-ching. This supply now totals 56,000 metric tons per day.
Other oxamplus aro wator used in boilers by the Trion-ching
Eloctrical Industry Co, Ltd (T'IEN-CHIYG TIEN-YEN KU-FE YU-HSIEN
NUNG-35U), and that usod by the Tien-ching Plant of tho Griuntal
Paper Co (TOY? SETSTTI NOSY() KAISHA), establishod after the out-
broak of tho China Incident.
Tho details aro as follows:
1. Tliun-ching-Pai River Yator Supply Co (T'IEV-CHIKS CII-Ai
l?AI-LAIrSHUI 11J11G-S5(1) (Investigatod Fobruary 1.)41)
This company was foundod in 1902 as an English company
rogistorod in TionG Kong. In 1937, it became a Chincso company.
It takes wator from two branchos of the Pui Rivor, tho Yu and Hsi
Rivers. Tho maximum intao por day is 21,360,000 English Gallons,
or 97,000 mutric tons. Thu average amount of wator.suppliod in ono
day is 8 million EnGlish Gallons, or 36,000 motric tons. (It also
has two walls oapablo of furnishing ono million Gallons por day.)
The, purification oquipmont is as follows:
a. Quick filtration pool
(1) Soven purifying and sottling tanks with. a total
capacity of 141000 LnGlish Gallons or C4,000
metric A-Ii0.7 tons., Alum and chloride of limo cru
used for PiTrification. Idoally, tho wator should
be allowed to stand for eight hours to allow sot-
tling, but bocauso of tho dumand, tho contents
aro usually passud on to tho filtration tanks
aftor onc to two hours. The capacity of those
tanks is, thorofare, 1,700,000 to -3,400,000 English
gallons por day.
Mechanical filtors 14 tanks of 144-square fuet
filtration surfaco each. The oapacit.:: is 2,390
gallons por squaro foot por day. TOSJ tanks aru
cloanod daily.
(2)
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(1) Two sottliftg peolp total cipaoity
gallftns. _Hero elms aro killed with
inc. and 661i4 matt0i is'alIomid to i
Ilioura. In OnO4d0.Y six Million Pa
treated. Those pools are olaan6cf pad
process roquirinkabout ton daya.
iaiiUbn
Old ehlor.-
tlo ter aliout'
oni Can be
the
(2) Thirty.,ninp sand filters, tatafling I
foot; Vilto4ng 'capacity is 60 gallols
foot per day.,
Other equipment
4
(1) Four torn? re s orvoir
'gallet16.
total capa itY two million
(2) Wator Purifiers: To purify one mifliiga,llofta of
ra14t' roquiros the followiriv_ aa, 40q'pound;
ohlerido of 1ime4, 21 pcupds;, liquid'o lorino, sovon.
pOOftda. EMployoos of the oompany stale ;that the
current price Of ohlorido-of'limaaUd tofliquid
chlorine is about 2.50 and 0.65 you p r peftftd, ro-
spoptivoly; alum mado in Japan ?esti 4beUt,0.50
a peund. Iowa tho cost of chemicals td purity one
million gallons is about 229 you, or Q.05 you par
'Water analysis:
The following table Eivos an analysis of w tar from tho
Pai River before and :aftor purification.
/Tablo follows on next pagg
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2. T,ion-ching,ElectrIcal Industry...Co,-.1,td4avestigatod
October, 1940)
. .
This company uses.wator both from thy waterworks and
from tho pal River, The tormOr is usod,,as -drinki?ig. water, while
the rivoryator, after purification, do. used in 'coil:ors" and for
other purposes.
The daily .water csinsumption is aS follows:
From the waterworks - 230 metric tons
From the Pal River - 50 motrio tons'
This is a very small amount, but furnishos a. good example
of tho use of muddy water in North China in boilors'for,gonerating
electricity.
Equipment for purifying the Pa& River water:
a. Two settling tanks -- capacity 60 cubic meters each,
Used alternately for ono ment4 each. River muter is pumpod into
tho tank, alum and soda ash are mixed in, and the matter in sus-
pension is allowed to sottlo.. nombers of the company state that
the monthly consumption of alum is 250 oattios; of soda ash, 250
cattics. (TIN one catty equals 1.32 pounds) The current price
of alum is 13.5 son per catty; of soda ash, 14.6 son per catty.
This totals about 4.6 son per ton of'wator treato4.
b. Two fiitration tanks -- diameter 1.83 motors, height
2,36 motors, with cilayor of sand 1.525 motcrs,thick for quick
filtration. .
yirater-aoftoning apparatus
Only water for thy boilorais treated by tho pormutito
softening method. Tho dimensions of tho permutitU filtering tank .
aros diamoter, 1.37 motors; height, motors.1, W using 2 cubic'
motors of pormutite, 240 cubic feet of wator-por day can by filtered.
Tho reduction Rroobss,40 porforlud. ono() in ,throe dayi. Tho currant
price.. of the 1,000 oattics of sodium chloride roq.uirod each month
is 13 son per catty, or 10 sea per ton of wator tiloatod:'
d. 4ua1ity of tho water.
ffator Softencd,by tho abovo process. hava hardness of
40groos (Gorman). We have no dotailod,analysis of thiswater,
but that of Pal River water is as follows
Color
Floating Mhtior
3ilicun,41oxi4o
Calcium o?qdo.
Ch,lorido
/42'.00 Carbonic Mid
Magnosium
, Muddy
15.250.4 mgjL 3n1fato
" Nitrato
36.3 " _Curbonatp..
; 103,9 " Total Solids
NO4o Total liar4t1,014
27.7 It
87.1-maL
62,0
- 'Slight '
-41 195,2
- 476.2
11,4 dogroos
P?11P4RW,444111,W.- 2.4
TeOPOrary Har4noas - 9.0
010t0:10_00VG1 analY01.0.11Cs.tado'-ip,'Octobor 1936.
Tho liar4nois ,of spocimans of water ta4via,,frOM surfaco
_
r're4
nieRicTial ,
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I I I I I III III
middle and lower strata was found to-be 12.2.degrees,
8.6 degiees and 7.5 degrees respectively. The specimen
used in the above analysis was a mixture of all three.)
? 3. Oriental Paper Co, Tientsin
(Investigated October 1940)
This plant uses 14,000 tons
Pal River for its workers' homes and
equipment is as follows:
Plant (TOY0 SEISM MOM.? ItAISHA)
of purified water daily from the
for the plant. Its purification
a. One storage tank -- 600 meters by 120 meters by 5 meters
in depth, capacity 360,000 metric tons.
b. Twelve filtration pools -- each 6 meters by 4.5 meters
by 5 meters in depth. Rate of filtration -- 5 meters per hour in
600 millimeters of sand,
0. NGIC Filter -- capacity, about 2400 gallons per hour.
Used for drinking water for homes and plant.
d. An analysis 30 Eay 1939 of the water purified for in-
dustrial use in the plant is as follows:
method.
2 cubic
Appearance
Reaction (pH).
Free Carbonic Acid
Chloride
Silicon Dioxide
Sulfate
Carbonate
Total Solids
Total Hardness
Temporary Hardness
Permanent Hardness
e. Water-softening apparatus
Transparent
7.0
13.2
38.0
2.0
20.0
92.40 "
310.00 "
6,62 degrees
0.82 "
5.44 "
It
It
Water is softened, for boiler use Only, by the permutite
Capacity of the main tank 9 cubic meters per hour per
meters of permutite. Reduction is made twice daily.
Judging from the precipitation tests and the foregoing
three examples, the water of the Yellow River should offer no diffi-
culty in industrial use. The above tables show that the Pei and
Yellow Rivers exhibit the same degree of turbidity at thaSime seb.
sons. Moreover, the first graph of time required for precipitation
of sediment from Yellow River water On Pr!Qeding page reUghlY. corresponds
to Pal River water. The equipment required for precipitation and
the process are Simple. In short, the water of the YellowRiver,
like that of the almost idantiOal-Pai .River, may be used'easily and
ecdnomically for industrial uses and for drinking purposes-.
B. Quality of the Water
' The next problem is chemical investigation Of the watert A study
of the, character of the water is required primarily by the brewing,
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the bleephing.and,dyeing4-tbrcrtanntngiVOrtlUe-Making, the paper,
rayon'andhetographio film industries, high degree cifrhard-
hesaof,Yellow River Water renders' it Unfuitable formakinghigh-
grade:paper, though,li.ean-pe used :for a*Oh law-grade paper as '
nO4rint and. pastehoard., The water is hot suited to bleaikng
And dieing, chiefly becauiait contain; tobAnuoh iron (sheuld be
.1431144han 0.1 milligramtOper.liter).. The high bicarbonate. ipn
-0entent makes the produetion:of high-gradoqeather iMpossible, and
ipets diffiCulties in rayon minufaotura,4mpeeially in its
bleaching process.
_Since the quality may be improved)Dreither physical or sham-
A.oal, purification prooesees, the only problem is-to secure purified
water in sufficiently large quantities. It is a question of poet.
In rayon,productien, spinning requires only a small amount 61, purl.-
fled. water and would justify its production even at a'high unit
cost. But making photographic film requires largo amounts of soft
water that contains no heavy metal salts, and Yellow River water
could net be used ecenemioally. The production cost of a product
will vary directly with the amount ,of such water used. Other local
conditions affecting each industry would be difficult ..to evaluate.
7
To summarize, Yellow River water cannot bo used for. high.grade
productiOntin the paper, bleaching, dyeing and tanning industries
and it is not well suited for brewing.. Its use would depend on the
particular product and hew it is processed. The water cold not be
used for manufacturing photographic film. Other industries would
be able to use this water. Where there is no question of the chem-
ical effect on a product, such as the use of water in boilers or
for cooling purposes, experience with Pai River water shows that it
Can be used Satisfactorily.
for
the
III Quantitative Study of Yellow River Water
..Tho Yellow River co easily furnish more than enough water_
industrial use, but the extent to which it will facilitate
development pfooal.:and,other.deposits requires consideration.
A. Quantity
. There is eensiderablo material on the qUantity pf flow of the
YellOW RiVer.., The, following tables wore compiled from existing
sOUreos by Subcommittee No 4. They show the average flow of the
lawok river at Shan and of the upper river at Pao-tioU.
/Yablee follow on next pae
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Average
ow of Yonow River at Shan 014 3143,o0
-
1919
1.920
1921
1929
1934
1935
Avorago
.-Jan-
358
464
310
288
626
407
, Fob .
467
568
327
488
593'
' 481
!Mar
675
630
636
671
1026
.
728
Ap2'-
440
737
665
430
767
1027"
678
Nhy
434
1302
616
374
742
1258.
788
?:Jun
'944
1744
1025
755
953
1280
1116
.Jul .
1466
3066
1588
1174
2903
2144
2650
Aug
2525
2025
2933
2515
3548
4929
3079
Sop.
1241
2185
2068
1488
2633
3547
2194
_Oct
lan
2572
1431
1465
3839
2955
2260
.11.0v.,
728
1268
660 _
1028
1620
1593
1233 ?
Dec
343
569
500
322
744
710
536
?
Yearly
AVerago
1381
1280
1212
973
1454
1892
1365
Average
low of the Yellem River at Pao-tfou
cu m soc)
_
Pao-t,ou (Estimated)
Shari ) (Actual
- 1
Jan
250
407
Feb
. 300
481
400
728
350
678
450
788
600
1,116
Jul
ROO
2,144
g
1,300
3,079
Sep
900
2,194
,
Oct
800
2,260
Nov
?
600
1,233
DGQ
300
530
? Y
y Aver ge
600
1,365
A- dem built at Ohtihge-shui'-ho would receive an average annual
flow of 600 metric tens per cend, or 5,200,000 metric tons per
day (TN: See figure's nn page 514). One near Shan would receive.
1,365 metric tong Per second, or 11,800,000 per day (TN: 1 cubic
meter Of water equals 1 motrio ten). If the emphasis is placed on
flood control or hydroelectric developmant, it is doubtful how much
Water can be diverted to industrial use. Diversion of the, volume.
needed fOr hydroelectric power, irrigation and downstream water
transportation would:leave barely 10 to 20 percent of the tot..
One -Can-SafeQ.y count on way 500,000 to 1,000,000 metric tons of
water at Pao-ttou for industrial use and 1,000,000 to 2,000,000
metric tons at Shan.
?
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B. Temperature of the Water
Heavy chemioal induatry requires large amounts of? water for
aooling purposes ..' ''The temperature ofl.theter all-important
for this use. .'nere iS Very little data on the water tpmperature
of the Yellow River; Data from the table-on7page is As follows:
Atmospheric and WaterTemperatUreS at Pe. -t'ou (Centigrade).
i
I
At Surfate ,
4_1!:citers Below Surface
Air
Water '
Differenaii
Air
'Water
Differenoe!
Nov 1939
-1?
10
2?
-
,
Dec 1939
.2?.
00
, .?)
20
Jan 1940
.7?
00
'70
.7
0?
70
Feb 1940
-3?
10
4?
-30
'?40
Mar 1940
-3?
0.8?
3.80
-3?
0.8?
3.8o.
May 1940
22?
16?
-6?
22o .
16o
-6?
Jun 1940
28?
21?
-7?
28?
21?
-7o
"Jul 1940
24?
23?
-1?
24?
21?
-3?
Aug 1940
,
-29?
21?
_so
. I -
.
8ep1940
:16?
16?
oo
.1 ..
.
The above observations 'were made on the pth day of each
Month, and therefore, give only one monthly recording. It is to
be nOted'that the Water 'temperature varies between 0' and 22.3?,
and that in summer it is 30?to 80 lower than that of the arr.
The isothermal maps of the Yellow River Basin show that in
January, when the ,temperattitr' is lows., the line linking AV-yuan
and.Pao-tiou reada .-140., and that1W4AUT.lung.kuanand Chi-nan
ra4 10.In July, when the temperatureis highest, the former
line is '22? and the latter '2"9?.. If 'the relation between atms-
.
pheric and water temperature conforMS.to the abovp:table, the
water temperature at Pao-tiou and T'ung-kuagishOUld"reach 22.3?
in isurnmer, and Tail to about 00 in minter.' '
.. .4 4
Detailed reoords for the frozen season for the Yellow River,
and for thickness Of ice are laoking. Acoording to statistics
gathered in 24 places in Suiyuan (the ,porthernmost and pr-obably
-0014est:region,in the basin) from 1914 to 1923, the Yellow River
il#400biaOtheS entirely frozen oVerhetween)5 Wovemberand 5 -
Dew*** an4:,r0mal.ns rrozori until 18 to 24 March) an averago-.of
Si months. '
Moreover, the Yellow River Basin in Hon= differs little in
latitude or Atmeepherie'temPerature from Lin-oh'ing, Shantung.
, ?
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Recordings from 1924 to 1931 indicate that the grand canal at Lin-
ch'ing is frozen an average of 52 days a year, the ice reaching
18 centimeters in thickness. The freezing and the thickness of the
ice are influenced by the amount and rapidity of .flaw. and by the
topography, as well as by the atmospheric temperature, so that con-
, .parison of two rivers is difficult.
In any case, all rivers in this area remain frozen from l to
3i months a year, with ice at least 20 to 30 centimeters thick.
This, however, presents no obstacle to use of the water in winter.
C. Limitations ,on Industrial pevelopment
AS stated above, allowing 20 percent of the flaw for industrial
use would give the Pao-tfou region 500,000 to 1,000,000 metric tons
per day, and the region below Ttung-kuan 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 metric
tons. To allot this to industries requires consideration of those
industries which use large volumes of water: iron, coal liquefaction,
anrionium sulfate and pulp. Some idea of the needs may be gained
from the following table of the requirements of these industries in
Japan and Manchuria.
Water Required by Various Industries (metric tons)
Industry
Yearly
Output
(A Tons)
Material
Used
(M Tons)
Water
Acquired
per Day
(M Tons)
Water per
Metric Ton
of Output
(M Tons)
Water per
1:otric Ton
of Raw
Material
(,J Tons)
Iron
Pig iron
Stool
1,000;000
600,000
Coal
2,500,000
60,000
13.6
8.8
Coal
Liquefaction
100,000
Coal
700,000
15,000
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7.9
Ammonium Sulfate
100,000
Coal
150,000
30,000
110
73
Pulp ,
(Bleached
sulphite
pulp)
44,000
Lumber
700,000
(shih)
60,000
500
.
31 (shih)
(TN: ahih = 133 0 lbs)
The variolis industries require different amounts of water ac-
cording to their production methods, so no general statement can bo
Made. Moreover, with modern cooling apparatus., the requirements
in the foregoing table would be reduced 'somewhat, in which case tho
unit price of the Water would be raised.
Iron and steel and synthetic gasoline industries which use
coal as a raw material require 8 to 9 metric tons of water por metric
ton of c.oal, while the ammonium sulfate industry needs about ten
times that amount, In Other words, if 1 million metric tons of water
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aro available per day, the maximum possible development would bo
industries using 110,000 to 120;000 metrio tons of ooal a day or
40,000,000 metric tons a year (TN: This seems to give the correct
vorsion of tho figures which were given on page 13.0.
De Conclusion
Yellow River water is entirely suitable in quality for in-
dustrial use except by a few industrios. Its quantity is suffi-
cient in tho Pao-tiou - Ch'ing-Shui-ho area to serve industries
using 20 to 40 million metric tens of coal per yoar; below Tfung-
kuan it could serve industries Using 40,000,000 to 80,000,000
metric tons of coal per year. Tho mothod of use Should be based
on tho experience of existing plants at Ttion-ching. Industrial
sites should bo solectod which will havo tho lowest unit oast of
water, after survey by proper agencies,
Reference Mat anal:
"Thoughts an tho Yellow River"; Part I - Climato; Part 3 -
Hydrometry
"Preliminary Considerations on Dovolopmont of Yellow River
Water Power," and Preliminary Report No 1 by 3ubcommi#00
No 4, North China Committeo, Survoy Committoo No 2, Far Eastorn
Research Section; August 1940
"Precipitation Tests in Turbid 'ibter in North China,"
Preliminary Report No 1 by Suboommittoe No 4o April 1940
"Climatic iiaps of North China," Preliminary Report by
Subcommittoo No 6; Aarch 1940
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A JAPAPSE PUN FOR HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPITNT OF
THE YELLOW RIVER IN CHINA
(Continued)
Far Eastern Research Section
Survey Committee o 2
North China Committee
Subcommittee No 4
May 1941
PART 7. GEOLOGY AND SUBSURFACE RESOURCES
OF THE YELLOI RIVER BASIN
HORIUCHI Kazuo
TABLE OF CCNTENTS
I Introduction
II Geology
Subsurface Resources
IV Geology and Mineral Deposits in the
Ch'ing-..1hui River Rerion of the Monplia -
Sinkiang Area
V Subsurface Resources along the Banks
of the Yellow River between Shan and
Cheng-ollou.
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I Introduction
Studios of the geology and subsurface resources of China aro
'long overdue. This is especially true of the YolloW River Basin,
for which there is almost no roliable source material concerning
its undeveloped middle and upstream sections. Noverthelossi an
attompt has been made to describe the geology and subsurface re-
sources of the Yellow River Eosin by utilizing all available material,
and with certain conclusionsoffered- by the writer.
Tho only geological discussion Of the region bordering the main
river was taken from geological maps plus a detailed discussion
based On the writer's observations around Ch'ing.-shui-ho. Hence
many of the statements made horoin are based on conjecture rather
than on factual knowlodge.
Secondary source materials on the subsurfaco resources have
also been relied upon.,and td.thOo have-bcon added Soma facts not
hitherto published. Not oniy'arostudios of subsurface resources
painfully lacking, but there is need for a fresh investigation in
the light Of recent social and economic changes. This roport is
confined to facts which will bo of value to future development or
investigation of subsurface resources. Although existing informa-
tion may have exaggerated the valuo of some of the resources, it
is certain that further invostigation will lead to the discovory
of now resources and now fields of production.
Dotailod observations were made in Honan betwoon Shan and
Cheng-chou, and first-hand studies of the subsurface resourcoa of
the region about Ch'ing-shui-ho wore added.
For convenience, a table giving a gonoral bibliography of
sourco material on subsurface resources has boon added at this
point. This is copied practically intact from previous works on
the subject and must be revised according to the results of recent
observations.
"Geology and Lines of Shantung ProvincO," Civilian Administra-
tion Group, Army of Occupation in Tsingtao
"Survey of Foreign Ilinerals (Chinese section)," Geological
Survey Laboratory, ilinistry of Agriculture and Commerce
"Abstracts of Literature on Mining in North China," Geological
Investigation Laboratory, South ilanchurian Railway Co
"Mining in Shantung Province
mental Office
"Mining in Shantung Province
mental Office
- Report No 1," Shantung Govern-
- Report No 5," Sllantung Govern-
"Geological Reports - Class and C," Industrial Division,
Peiping Geological Survey Laboratory
"Geological Reports," Industrial Division, Peiping Geological
Survey Laboratory
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"Survey of the Geology of Hanan Province," -fonan Geolecal
Survey Laboratory
"Mining Report iTo 1, Honan Provirioe.," Honan Geological Survey
Laboratory
"Mining Records for Shansi Provinoe," Industrial Office
Shansi Province
"Metallurgy," Central China Metallurgioal Society
"Mining in Central China"
"Survey of Shensi and Eansu Provinces"
"Survey of Important Minerals in North China," Sugiyama Unit,
North China Expeditionary Force
"Survey of Nines in North China," Headquarters, China Oocu-
pational Force
"Survey of Mines in North China," Industrial Bureau, South
Manchurian Railway Co
"Iron Pyrite Resources in North China," by KADOKURA Sabuno
"Geological Maps of East Asia," Japanese Geographioal Society
"Geology of the Yellow River (a translation)," East Asia
Research Laboratory
II Geology
As stated above, in view of the scarcity of reliable data,
brief statements of geological conditions have been extracted from
the hitherto published eeological maps covering the Yellow River
Basin. These statements may not always be correct.
. Between Ho-ktou and Chi-nan
Here are broad alluvial plains and both banks of the Yellow
river are of clay (loess) or fine sand.
. Between Chi-nan and Tung-pting
Near Chi-nan small isolated Ordovician limestone ridges
appear. Towards Tung-pting there are small hills on the banks,
especially an the right bank. These are of Cambro-Ordovician
limestone. For the most part however, the river flows through
alluvial plains.
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0. . Between Tung-p/ing and Cheng-chou
Here too, are alluvial plailas. 3oth banks are of clay (loess)
and fine sand.
D. Between Cheng-chou and Tfullg-kuan
. ,
From the upper reaches of Cheng-chou to Rein-an, both banks
are of loess. Naar Rain-an strata of alternate sandstone and .
shale (Permian and Triassic), Peitocarboniferoue sandstone and
shale and Cambro-Ordoviciiig Limeetone?are exposed along'the?river-
banks. Near Yuan?chfu and Mien-ohlih Chinistan quartzite and
argillite are exposed, Between Mien-ohtih and Shen the same layers
appear as those near Hsin,.an. These beds in certain places .are
covered with a younger stratum; in particular, tertiary sediments
may be Seen .between Yean.ohlu and Pling-lu.
The above-mentioned Permotriassio sediments ,consist largely
of a fine hard?sili-bedue-sandstene.and the Permocarboniforous .
beds are made up of soft sandstone and shale, sometimes contain-
ing thin layers of limestone or even coal. The Chinistan quartzite
and argillite is mostly bf a hard variety.
Between 'Shan and Tiung-kuan the rock formations are covered
with loess deposits but on the river bank, cliffs of Cambro-
OrdovidIan limestone ate exposed. Gneiss is found near Tfung-kuan.
E. From Tfung-kuan to Yu-mon-klou
Hero the river flaws between cliffs of loess deposits, but
below the loess ancient gneiss iz.exposed..(TN: Gneiss is not a
. sediment and so does not appear in layers) In the upper roaches
of Yu...mon-10?u, gneiss, and above this region, Cambro-Ordovician
and Pormocarboniferous strata have been exposed by river erosion..
F. From Yu-men-ktou to Pao-to
Judging from the geological maps,. this region is entirely
Pormotriaspiee sandstone and shale out by the Tellow'River.- This -
section cebusists of siliceous sandstone and shale, dipping.steeply
to the weet.
G. From Pao-to to Ch'ing-shui-ho'
Here the river cuts through strata of Cambro7Ordovician
limestene, forming gorges. In:places, Pormocarboniforous coal
seams -appear above the limestone. Tho strata dip gently -towards
the west .or 'northwest,
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H. From Ch'ing-shui-he to Tong-ktou
Tho river again flows through alluvial soil which extends a
short distance upstream from Ch'ing-shui River. Up to Tong-kfou,
loess or Aeolian deposits appear along /ho banks, and in places,
rook beds aro exposed.
I. Frarri Tong-kiou to Chin-chi
Hera, for tho most part, is loose, but noar Shih-tsui-tzu
the river cuts through Permocarboniforous and Cambro-Ordovician
rock formations.
J.. From Chin-chi to Chung-woi
Upstream a little way from Chin-chi, Permocarboniforous and
Pormotriassic strata are exposed in the banks, but for the most
part tho river flows through loossial doposits.
K. From Chungwoi to Kao-lan
Upstream from Chung-wqi,Formocarboniforous and Pormotriassic
sandstone and shale strata are exposod along the river bank; from
I-tTiao-,ch'ong to Kao-lan, gnoiss formations aro exposed. In
some places only boss deposits appear.
III Subsurface Resources
? A. General.
As previously pointed out, there arc many obscure points
?oncoming China's subsurface resources, especially in tho up-
stream aroas of the Yell= River. With scanty information at our
disposal it is almoSt impossiblo to discuss the future development'
of those roscurcos. Using the sources we have, however, it is
possible to point out what should bo especially noted in.futuro
studios.
1. Gold In Kansu and Tsinghai Provinces alluvial gold is
found and deposits are boliovod to bo largo. .
Alumina Shale This shale is to be found in all tho coal fields
of Ronan, Shansi, Shantang and Hopoh Provinoos. (Deposits are
probably vory.extonsivo.)
2; Coal Found in all the provinces, particularly in Ronan,
Shansi, srltaang and Hopoh. (Deposits are probably very oxtonsivo.)
Petroleum Oil-bearing shales in Shonsi, Kansu, Ningsia'and Shansi
Provinces. (Details not clear, but an important resource.)
5. GypsUm Found in Shansi. (Rocontly largo beds havo boon
discovered.)
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4. Borax Found in Tsinghai and Ningsia. (Details net-clear -
but a valuable resource.)
Besides the above, limestone is widely found;-so there is no
lack of this as a raw material for industry.
The following is a summary of the subsurface resources of
North China, with especial reference to those along he Yellow
River.
B. Resources
1, Metallic Subsurface Resources
?-?.
a. Gold In Chi-tung ancient name for Hopei Proving
and at Chao-YM-In Shantung, gold has been found and already .
developed to some extent by the Japanese. Because of geographical
conditions and of the extent of the deposits this will warrant
future development. In Shantung Province there are extensive
alluvial gold and gold-ore deposits south of. the Chiao-chou - Chi-
nan Railroad, viz in the mountains extending. from Val-an towards
I-chou. There is also alluvial :geld at Tai-hsien in Shansi. and at
Chlung-hsien in Honan, but these deposits are not extensive and
little may be' expected Of them in the future. The most promising
alluvial gold deposits are at Mount Chti7lien in Kansu Province, .
and in the Chrai-ta-mu River Basin, the Taung River Basin, the
Tiung-tlien River Basin and the Huang-shui River Basin in Tsinghai
Province. The alluvial gold deposits in Tsinghai extend over half
the province and are said to contain 4,683,616 Chinese ounces.
from a geographic point of :view the above areas are not particu-
larly dvantageous; but should be noted as potential sources.
b. Lead, Silver (Zino) These are known to exist in North
China in varfail-pluTt on a very large scale. Deposits
are known in the Yellow River Basin, but it is doubtful irtheY are'
of any economic. values When peace is'restored and communications
are open, it maybe Possible to work these, even thOugh on a small
scale. '
c. Coprr This metal also occurs very?rarely-in North
China. It is said to occur in Shantung at Tfao-kTO in Lie-cheng-
hsien, at Mao-tzlu in Ttai-an-hsien and at Pao-hua-chien in .
I-shui-hsien; and in Hopeh at Wan-hsien and Chi-tung. These deposits,
however., are relatively, unimportant and the only deposit whiph
bears much hope of development is that at Ttao-kit where nickel.
is found along with-the copper. Copper also occurs in Henan at
Pen-shan and Chfin-ling in Chi-yuan-hsien near the ?Yelleeiver-?
and in Shansi at Wen-hsi-hsien, Yuan-chfu-hsien, Hsia?and Wei-ko-!
These deposits are rather widely separated but deserve
fur?qt.or investigation'. .
d. Iron The most famous .iron :reserve is that at?Lung-yen,
It is said to-F7tain over 100,000,000tons. Next to thiS".114."tho.
deposit at Pai-luziopo., west of Pei-ling,miao, whore the deposits
aro said to amount to?60,000,000 tons, In addition,..there.are
deposits of about 10,000,000 tons in the Mong-chiang area at Cho-lu;
in Shantung at Chin-ling-cher; in Kiangsu at Li-kuo; in Hopoh at
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Luan-hsion.and Tsun-hua-hsie4, All are poor _deposits.
?
, Again, at Wu-an in Tionan;'southaatt of Chi-nan and at
Itp,i'mur-hsien in Shantung; at tai,YUan;hsibn there is'iron-Ore
occurring tetweenalMeeibne and: igneOus,rook,'::Hithert0.1!hese '
deposits have been Considered sMallrbUt furthez..'inYestigation is,
expected. Also at AV-ttai-hsien and Ting-hsiang in Shansi'thore
is the so-called "striped" iron bre which has possibilities fde
future development.
:.,Besides the above, iron ore is found'inlOrth.Dhl,114
appearing in the form of nodular lumps or nuggets at -the baselof
con]. seams in the Permocarboniferous strata. This typo of oro. is
plentiful in Shansi Where some of it is used in'the'iron
hence it is called Shansi iron.' As said before, this iron it'
found in almost all the coal fields of North China._ In the ag-
gregate it amounts to a large quantity, but no great,4Moiant can
be mined,at any one plaoe. Therefore largescale .v,til4ation is
difficult., ,The iron ore near the Yell* River Its`almOdt all of
this Shansi, variety, 'suited. only to ada111-4oale'dbmands.
e. Ilanganese -,Near II4i-ohou in 1:langsU thoro aro rather
extensive deposits of manganeso. It is found however, in phos-
phoritc;'rook (apatito) and the percentage' of pheaPhorus is very
high, making it unsuitable'for use in the iron industry. Also
at Chi-tung and Cht4ng?rpting-hsien and in Shansi, at. Ching-lo-hsion
manganese beds are:in.OWn to Oast. Those at Ch!ang-pting-hsien
are being worked at present, but the ore is rid-b.:very rich. Now
beds, however, have recently been discovered in that vicinity.
From this area to the, hills west of Peiping, ad to to northern
end of the Ta-harigRange there may be manganoio dePosits but none
of any groat importance are to be expected. ,Thote in ,Ching-lo
are at the baso of coal ..seams in thO'Permodarbaniforoue strata
and at present are not worth considering, althOUgh future invos-
tigation may prove'thom:to'be of edme value .In the Yellow River
region at Hsin-ttai-h6ien in Shantung there are said to be plaoor
deposit manganese beds of over.lq million tons. This is not vary
certain and'ealls.forstigation, but is worth noting. The
figures given are very doubtful.
f. Altamina.Salo This source of aluminum is found at
the base and 'above the oc?)ai pep* in PormocarboniferoUs'strata.
Theie are being workod at rsent in North China, at the Chtang-'
ohteng and the Ktai-luan Obal,fiolds in Hopeh and at the Tzu-
chtuan, Po-shan and the Chang-chlui coal fields inShantung. The
shale at the above-namod coal fields, with the oxception of
ChTang-chteng may be said to be the world's finest, both for qual-
ity and quantity. Also, a large amount of good quality shale is ?
known to exist at tho I-hsien coal fields in Shantung:
Other coal fields known to contain alumina shale
include the 7-sin-ttai and Ta-won-ktou fields in Shantung; the
Ching-hsing field in Hopeh; the Liu-ho-kou, Chiao-tso,
?
and Yu-mi fields in Honan; andsthe Ttai-yuan (East oxid.wo6t
mol;ntailis) field in Shansi. All theso fields, with the exception
of Ching-heing, have n alumina'contont of loss thmn55%. 'Nhothor
this .is-due to intiuffieiont investigation or to rei;ional condi-
tions1s d question that will have to be dotorminbd later'. 'From
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an over-all point of view, it is assumod that all the coal) fields
in Hopoh (exeept in the hills west of Peiping), all in Shantung,
those in Ronan north of the control region and these in Shansi south
of the central region .cohtairi this alumina.shalo in large quantities.
Since the aluminum industry which makes use of.thisshalo is,only
getting under way, it will be difficult to utilize those sourcep at
present.
g. Tungsten This is found at Mi-yun-hsion and Chi-hsion
in Chi-tung. Tho'bods at tha latter place are.widoly distributed,
and offer :groat promise, but because of the lack ef suffioiont study,
we aro unable to give an estimate of their value. Besides the above,
no other tungsten fields are known, but future investigations may
reveal more.
h. Others-
(1). Platinum Discovery of platinum is reported at 4
farm 3 LI .(TIT: one LI equals. approximatery 1/3
mile) west of Chi-nan, but it is not clear whether
or not this is true. Also it Is said that platinum
is found along with allnvial gold in Tsinghei
along the Ta-ttung River and the lb-ni River.
This fact is worthy of future attention.
(2) Nickel At the Chi-nan and Ttao?-klo copper mines
in Shantag nickel is being developed along with
copper, but in very small amounts. In future
this region should be investigated for other de-
posits, but not much is to be expected from it.
Molybdenum According to unconfirmed sources,
molybdenum occurs at Lai-yang hsien and Tisi-an
hSien in Shantung. It is also said.to be found
in Chi-tung, but this too is doubtful.
Chromium This is said to exist on cerbain islands
off Tsingtao in Chiao-chan Bay but the quantity
is negligible,
Vanadium and Titanium-bearing iron ores Uncon-
firmed sources report the occurrence of these ores
in Chi-tang and since they have been found in
Jehol, Manchuria, there is some probability of
these reports being true. Further study, however,
is required.
(6) Tin The occurrence of tin has been reported in
Kansu and Tsinghai, but there is practically none
in North China.
2. Non-metallic Subsurface Resources
a. Coal Coal is, of course, the greatest of North Chinars
subsurface re7717ces. It occurs all over the country, in Hopeh,
Shantung, in parts of Henan and in parts of Meng-chiang. The largest
deposits, however, are found in Shansi. Not much is known about its
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occurrence in Shensi, Hansu, ringsia, Tsinghai and the
area, but'fram.a geographic ,standpoint, little can be expected
from the development of these areas at predent
. In the Yellow River region, except for one part of
OrdOS and the area downstream from Kial-feago_eoal is feuni almost
everywhere so the amount must be tremendouei It mUSt be...noted,
however, that as the Study Of those field 8 in its infancy
and the amOunt and the quality not yet deterMinodl any:rational-
ized development of them at present is impodSiblei- MOreaver, the
fields in northern Shensi, while widely distributol, are wanting
in 'depth, so not much 1,,s to be expectod of thee4
. b. Petroleum There is said to be petroleum, in ShonSi,
NingSia.."And Kansu, but the authenticity of Such reports is open
to queStion and further investigation will be. necessary,,to Show
whether or not there are any large fields to:be iiIoited., The
_
importance of.Tetroleum mahos this study-moet necossarYe
? - Concorning oil' in Shansi, tho Standard. -0'01344Y
of tHeITSA: . made an investigation, according to :Ai* there are
traces,of.oi-I.I.n 62 places and two oil wefts at Yon,ohlqhgf, We
may be assured that there is oil in Shansi- From their in-
vestigation, tho Standard Oil Compank has arrived-atthcLfollowing
conclusion's:. _(A) The yells at Yon-chlang aro some 200 feet deep
and-the:oil- comes .from an isolated trap. ;Th spitOPf,this, tho
output is 60,barrelepor day which libada:thbm?telievo that they
have discovered a ;field o1 considerable capacity. (B) Sinop, thoro
are many sighs of,ollAc distribution is probably,r9ther,wido.
(C) The disadvantagoe.aro that thu area'ieveryeandya th9 dips
are low and tho structure is extremely fIati-
From the ibovo we see that tlYore is oil in Shonsi,
but its actual value must be doterminod ty?futuro'invostigatiOn.
Moreover there is. said to be oil at Mong-hsion on thb north bank
of tho Yellow River in Honan, and the pros9noo of. oil!-bearing
coal (TN: oil shale?) is mentioned in.Chinoso iitiirat!aro.?
o. Oil-bearing Shale This is found.in Shehsi. Tho
thickness of 71 strata-ik reported to be four foot and tho
distillate 19.5% 1SY'woight_, i.o.,63-gallons porton. This shale
extends for at least 1,00 km in the Vicinity of Yon-ch'ang and .
merits future investigation. 13esidos the above, there is. no defin-
ite information on Oil-bearing shale, but:theta are Lososoic.poal
seams widely distributed in tho eastern part of Shantung,whi.Ch
. call for further investigation.
d. Gypsum This occurs at Pling-lu-hsion, whero it has
boon; extracted, and along the southern bank of the Yellow laver in
Shansi and at Shan-hsion and Kung-hsion in Ronan. Besides the ,
:above, it occurs at Ta-t,ung and at Chioh-hsu and near Ttai-plan
Shansi whorq it has boon extracted r000ntly.: Nonoef. those,
.-hcwovor, can "co called large Rocontiy at 1.4ing-** In
Shansi, extonsivo'gypbum bods havo.boon.disCOVorokin,Whichthe
dopoeits amount to at least several hundrod nu4lion tonS,and it
is quite possible that tho samo sort of,bods.poojlr in.th.o,mpuntains
cast. of T/a-yuan. It may bu soon. from this that gypsum hatibocomo
one of the groat roSOurods of North China. eItmay, also bo supposed
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that hereafter ?that- such fiolds of.gypsuM will bo discovered in
othor regions.
o. Fluor-spar This occurs at Pleng-lai-hsion, Chiao-
chou, Ych-hsion and Po-shan-hsion in Shantung and is apparontly
limitod to this rugion. It is shipped from Tsingtao to Japan.
Reports of tho disoovory of two largo deposits in tho northwest
soction of Meng-chiong and floor tho Outer Mongolian bordor have
boon. made but tho dotails are not cloar. Thoro is said to be
somo along tho Yollow River at Hsin-an-hsion in Honan but to what
extont is not clear, /t is-also roportod to occur at Chiao-ch'eng-
hsion in Shansi.
f. Asbestos This is found chiefly at Ta.pch'ing-shan
and Lai-yuan-hsion in tho Monsolia - Sinkiang Aroa (tho latter
was formorly in Hopoh) and tho deposits at both plaoos aro of
good'quality, In particular tho minus at Lai-yuan-hsion have
boon worked oxtonsively for somo timo. Besides thoso, asbestos
doposits aro found at Chtang-pling-Osion, Hu-lu and Ching-hsing
in Hopoh. Those deposits aro on a small scalp, although Chtang-
pling is in a location favorably situatod for oxploitation. No
potential sourco of asbestos is known in tho Yollow Rivor rogion.
g. Mica This occws chiofly at Pling-ti-chluan in tho
Mongolia - Si:a-rang Area. At prosont this doposit is boing de.
volopod and tho mica shippod to Japan. Noxt'in importance to this
aro doposits ncar Tsingtao and Chu-chlong in Shantung whore pro-
duco is also shippod to Japan but thoir capacity is small. Other
than thoso, no rosorvos havo boon discovorod up to tho prosont,
although it is possiblo that in timo mica may b000mo enc of tho
loading natural rosourcos of North China. For this roason furthor
investigation is important.
h. Graphite Thore are promising graphite veins in both
tho Meng-cOiang Area and Shantung, tho former being developed
already. Besides these, however, no further deposits are expected.
1. Iron Pyrite This is found in all the coal fields of
North China and is mined along with the coal. The quantity is
small and not much attention has been paid to it hitherto, although
the natives of the region have used it in their small-scale indus-
try. Like the "Shansi iron ore," it is also found at the base of
Permocarbonifereus coal seams at Ttai-yuan, Fen-chieng and Fen-hsi
in Shansi and at Esin-an and Po-ai in Honan. The latter deposits
are said to contain a million tons each. In ancient times, a great
deal of sulphur Was extracted from iron pyrite.
As stated above, this mineral is widely distributed,
like the ?Shansi irCn ore;" but there is no great amount in any
one place, henco it is not well Tuited to large scale production
at present. If it is mined with ooal, us a by-product, it can be
processed at small.expense, and many uses will be found for it,
In this regard, it will bo necessrtry to study the occurrence of
tron pyrite at the base of the -,oal seams.
j. Clays Hardsclay, China clay, Kaolin, Refractory clay -
almost all are found in the various coal fields, but the distinc-
tions are not 'clearly marked. They differ in names and uses
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according eo:whare they are found -- below the eoal strata,
between the SeaMS, or aLeve or below the,Permocarbeniferous
strata. :the latter condition-As similar to the occurrence of
the alumina shale previouslacribed. The classificatien: of
the different types of clay is based primarily on the use tb
which they are put rather than on physical or chemical composi-
tion..The dietrbetion and properties of these clay-are aleet
the same as those of the almiina shale previously described.
They are found at the Chfang..phieng andillaielnanecoalfields
in Hopeh.and at the Tznechluan, Po-shan, C;hang-chu, and 11-sien
coal fields in Shantung. They'produte en exCeilant type of fire-
brick. Other than the above, no deposits of high-grade allid:Ina
clay,have been discovered up to.the present.
IC, Limestone This is widely distributed in North China
and is found in the Vicinity of every coal field. Little study,
however, has been made concerning the quality and size of the
deposits. Because of the ride distribution,, it should be easy to
find .limestone in suitably large quantities for the Manufacture
of cement) for use in the iron industry and for ,other industrial
purposes. In the Yellow River region, as stated above, Permo-
carboniferoUa strata are widely iiistributed, and a large supply
of limestone.Ahould be easy to obtain, although further study is
necessary before it can be. put to practical use, The fact that
there is almost no limestone to be found along, the coast of North
China is a source of reat inconvenience when industries are
developed near the great harbors. There is a? great possibility
that Zeohstein rook may be.discovered in the limestone of North
China,
1. Barite A. namber of depasits of barite are located
around Chi-me-11E33bn in Shantung, and it is also found in cone
junction with' gold veins at Chietung. There is no record of its
occurrence elsewhere. ? Unconfirmed reports state that the deposits
at Chi-mo-hsien are of considerable -size.
m. Borax. Borax is said to exist in the lakes of Tsinghai
and Ningsia,Tarihis report-awaits-verification. Its importance is
such that an investigation of the above lakes as weil as those of
Kansu and the. - Sinkiang Area should be carried out.
n. Salt, natural soda In Shensi, Kansu, Ningsia, Tsinghai
and Mong-chiang there are salt lakes (possibly Playa lakes) which
contain salt and natural soda in great quantities. These minerals
ere taken out by native laborers, The so-called dirt-salt found .
south of Taettung in the rMongolia - Sinkiang Area and in the Ho-;*'
tung salt beds near Yun-ohleng in southern Shnnsi.yields.salt and
aoda. Tfolls or ponds are dug in the Ho-ttuna aalt.bedaanethe
salt and natural soda are extracted from thesea?.Thealay in, Te.-.
tlung contains a peoportion- of salt whichisaxtracted. DoWnetream
from Ktai-fang, along the Yellow River there arceextensiva salt and
soda fields and tha natives extract the.salt.and?soda as .miae-work
in the off-farming season. ?
There are other fields widely distributed throughout
North China in which salt and natural soda deposits are exposed
at the surface of the earth. The natives extract the salt and soda
as sideeefork, but it is of little value for largeesoal'e industry.
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The provinces to tho west, i.e., the Mongolia - Sinkiang Aroa, Shensi,
Kansu, Ningsia, Tsinghai and Shansi, should be investigated, sine()
it is possible that rook salt may bo found thore.
o. Others
wimp...mom...M=1mm.*
(1) Talo YOh?hsien in Shantung is noted as a souroe
of talo but few details are known about its oc-
currence. There are other deposits in Shantung,
but none of them seem large.
(2)
(3)
Feldspar Shih-pteng in Shantung is a promising
?souroe of feldspar. It is also mined at Tiai-yuan
but little study has been made of this mineral .
and the details are not known.
Quartz Little study has been made of this mineral
but red-white quartzite is known to ocour at WU-
ttai-hsien in Shansi, and at Tfai-yuan silica has
been used for making tiles. Year the Po-shan ooal
field and the Klai-luan coal field, Permo-Triassic
quartz-sandstone found above the coal seams has
been used in making glass. These strata deserve
further study as it is possible that deposits of
minerals suitable for the manufacture of tile or
glass may be discovered,
(4) Rook Crystal Unconfirmed reports claim the.ex-
istence of rook crystal in the Ta,ch'ing mountains '
of the Mongolia - Sinkiang Area and the northern
part of the Ta-hang Range between Hol3eh and Shansi.
Large crystals are found at Tzu-ching-kuan in
eastern Lai-yuan-bsien but whether they are color-
less, transparent, and of good quality is not
known.
IV Geology and Mineral Deposits,in the Vicinity of Ohling-shui-ho
in the MonL;olia - Sinkiang Area
A. Introduction
As a member of the committee surveying the Yellow River in the
vicinity of Chling..shui,ho in the Mongolia - Sinkiang Area, the
writer left the railway at lieu-he and spent four ,days, Nov 24-23,
1940, in the region between t-taat point and Ch'ing-shui-ho. The
following are the results of his observation, especially of the
region arpund Chting-shui-ho and the east bank of the Yellow River
as far as Hsia-Chteng-wan.:
This survey was very brief, and,. much time was consumed in
travel, most of the observations having been made from the seat
of a truck. Hence, there will be considerable conjecture mingled
with the facts. There may be many errors, but the report is
given for what it is worth, as a reference.
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B. Topography
The areas of relief are in the form of a jlateau The face of of the plateau is cut Up into little valleys, but the top of
?the plain near the mountains, is almost level. This slopes very
gently .from V.Iting?shui-ho to the banks of the yellow River.
Bluffs of some 100 motor S face the Yellow River valley. On the
wes-E', side of the river, the topography is about the same.
The chief rivers are the Yellow River and its trifJutaries.,
the Ch'ing-shui River and Hung River. 'fere the Yellow River flaws
in an almost north-south course, the southern.banks consisting of
oliffs some 50 to 100 meters high, forming a gorge, so that -.he
development el' the alluvial plain can not be seen,
_
The Chling-shui River flaws viestward south of Chtingrshui-h
till it joins the Yellow River upstream from Tisia-phtengrwan..,
rear Ching-shui-ho the valley is wide and its flood plain is
comparatively extensive, but downstream from that point, the valley
narrows. 'The Hung River rises near Liang-chleng, and.flaws west
and southwest. 1,fest of Ch'ing-shui-ho jh joins the Ch'ing-sh14
River as one of its tributaries. At Tu-kout..zu,and upstream it
runs through a broad and shallow. valley. These two., small rivers
have a scanty flow of water and are hardly suitable, for water
?traffic.
Above and on the 'plateau are countless tittle valleys, and
because of the less,there are many gullies.,which make,transpor-
tation very difficult.. Ala.() in places, sand hills.are:in evidence.
The area west of the Yellow River is not as rugged,as that east of
the River.
C. Geology
Opportunity for. observation being limited, the report on ?
the geology of this region is largely ConjeCtural. The nature
of the geology of the region is as follows:
, 1. Reddish-brawn -sa7.7 shale stratum (Cambrian? in its lower
part)
2. Limestone-strati= (Cambro-Ordovician)
3. Alternate strata, sandstone and shale (Permocarboniferous
4. Reddish-brown siliceous sandstone stratum (Period unknown
5. Laterite (Tertiary)
Loesa (Quarternary)
1.. Aeolian sand stratum (Quarierna6)
8. Sand and piibtieS stratum (quarternary)
. Diorite (Period'unknown)
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1. Reddish-brown sandy shale stratum
This is exposed at Tru-kou-tzu northwest of Chling-shui-ho,
also west of Chling-shui-ho on the banks of the Ch'ing-shui River.
Judging from the thickness of the limestone stratum covering it,
and from .the nature and position of the stratum, the lower part is
probably Cambrian, and might be correlated with the so-called Lianju
shale,
2. Limestone stratum
This is in evidence from Ch'ing-shui-ho to Hsia-ch'eng-wan,
and seems to form the basal stratum of the plateaux in this region.
It proeably consists of alternate layers of limestone and. Zechstein
and is over 300 meters thick.
On the bank of the Yellow River near Hsia-ch'eng-wan there
are found spiral, vermiform, and oolitic limestone strata within
the above limestone stratum. In the oolitic limestone are trilobite
fossils._ Hence this stratun.clearly belongs to the Canbro-Ordovician
period. This formation is also widely distributed on the wast bank
of the Yellow River.
3. Alternate sandstone and shale stratum
This stratum runs north from Hsia-chteng-wan and follows
the Yellow River alongits bank, appearing above the limestone
stratum just described. It does not run parallel to the limestone
stratum but below it there is a stratum of van-colored shale, and
several meters above is a limestone stratum some 10 meters in
thickness. Since coal is obtained in this region, it is dlear
that this belongs to the Permocarboniferous period. The distri-
bution of this stratum on the east bank of the Yellow River is not
very wide and the upper part is eroded. It it probable that it
extends more widely on the west bank.
4. Reddish-brown siliceous sandstone stratum
This is composed of a hard, fine,grained, reddish-brown
quartzite, and extends northward from Ch'ing-shui-ho. Since it
was impossible to observe its relation to the other strata, there
is no data for determining the period to which it belongs. Judging
from the character of the rock, it probably belongs to the Permo-
triassic periods.
5. Laterite
This extends upstream from Tlu-kou-tzu, which is north-
west of Ch'ing-shui-ho, to the plateau on the left bank of the
Hung River. It is of a reddish-brown color and covers the lime-
stone and is in turn covered by loess. It does not appear on the
plateau near Ch'ing-shui River and Hsia-oh'eng-wan. Since it'
seems to correspond to what .is called laterite in Shansi, it is
doubtless of the late tertiary period. Its thickness is not known,
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RE3TRICI.Y.1.)
?
6. Loess
As toted above, this covers laterite in,the regipn
north-ef.T!akou-tzu, It also appears oevering'the'iimagtorie. '
and the Permeoarha:rAferous strata'on the.plateau wid-,on the
sides of th yal On the tOile lahd the thic1cnO4 df this ?
,
material is aboat Meterit or leas; on the sides aid-at:the
bottcm of the vallvs it is somewhat-thicker.
7. Aeolian sand stratum
This appears on the alluvial ? plain.of?the Iung River,
on the eastern slopes of the valleyS;;snd-occasipnally.on
plateau. This stratum is for the most part matter blevit over
from the Oros region, and not mUch is in evidenoe.on the east
bank of the Yellow River,..bUt Is rather widely! distributed on
thhplatea*.of the west ban(.
8. 6and and pebbles
The bottom of the valleys of.the.Uung River aid Ch'ing.
shui River is a stratum of fluViallydeposlted gravel.,
9. Diorite
It ie ,expesed north of,Ch'ing-shui-ho belad the-reddish,:
brawn siliceous. saidstene, and its relation. to. the sediments and
its occurrence are not clear.
D. Geological Structure'
The strata of this section, in part, showed a slight dip,
but generally speaking they Were almost level-. and, the land 'WAS
a level plateau. The structure seen at Ch'ing-shUi-he appeared
almost exactly the same as that at the bank of the Yollaw-Piver.?
Judging from a fault in the vioinity of ChJing-shui-!ho,,there
is some disturbance of the strata, but no other notable 1aUlt
was observed.
A more detailed discussion of the region near Hsia-chteng-
wan on the banks of tho Yellow River follows. As mentioned
above, Cambrian, Ordovician and Permeoarboniferoup strata are
exposed. Here too, the-dip is almost flat, but a more careful':
observation shows a gentle dip to the mist er'nerthwest. Down-
stream at Ta-yu-yao-tze the strike is north 10? oast; the -dip is
? 100. to the west, The walls of the Yellow River valley.arenostly.
- Ordovician limeatene; but downstream, Cambrian limeitone:islfeund
beneath the previously Mentioned limestone, hence we mayeehelude
that in general the strata?dips slightly to the west or northwest.
Moreover, at Hsia-chlang wan and vicinity, where ono_observes-the
contaet between the Ordovician limestone and the PermooarbbniPorous
Period; tho strike of the former is north 45? oast, the'dip-iii 300
to the northwest. In place's tha strata arefolded.::Near Ta-iu,
yao-tzu there. i8 a normal fault running cast-west in the Yellow
River valley. This fault has a small downthrust,onAthe north side
forming a 1M-50 6-Overa1 tenel7 centimeter umbankmpnt,:'Similar,
'Taults:mayexist elsewhere, 'rut none wore observed on this oocasion.
31-.
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E. Mineral Doposits
Investigation concerning these was not made. Judging from
observations made anroute, and from samplcs at the town office
of Ch'ing-shui-ho,,the following conjectures were made.
1. Cgal
a. Location. This is to be found north of Hsia-ohleng-
wan, along the Yellow River, at Hai-ohi-kou, Ta-aha-wan,
wan, Tung7mu-kou and Yand-luttan.
b. Coal beds and the geology. North of Hsia-ohteng-wan
coal seams are distributed in Permocarboniferous strata. The
exact location of these Strata is not clear, but they are found
only along the Yellow River and probably end to the north at Yang-
lu-tlan. hence on the east bank of the river the distribution of
the seams is not extdhsive,and as the dip is almost flat, the seams
are found only at the bottom. There is no information concerning
the number and size of the seams, but it is assumed that on the
east bank, only the lower part of the seams is left, and that tha
main coal fields are to be found on the West side of the river
towards Ordos.
c. Quality and quantity. The coal of this region is
of a,dull color for the most part, although here and there a line
of glassy coal several millimeters in width is found. The inhabi-
tants of Ch'ing-shui-ho and 7sia-ch'eng-wan use it for fuel in
their homes. Analysis of this coal follows:
Laboratory -
Railway
Date analysis
Date analysis
North China Economic SUrvey Office, South Manchurian
requested - 13 Dec
finished - 7 Mar
Water
Ashes
Volatile Matter idasoling
Fixed Carbon
Total Sulphur
HeatingValue
Coking Property'
Ash color-tone
Phosphorus (in ash)
Ash fire resisting degree (h)
?
Note Analysis I is taken from
1940
1941
Dull Coal
6.57 %
8.50 %
30.33 %
54.60 %
0.34 %
6540 calories
Coagulation
Ashy white
Trace
37
the dark coal
Glossy Coal
IT
7.35 5
6.31 %
30.97 %
55.37 %
0.51 %
6670 calories
Coagulation
Ashy white
Traces
36-37
Analysis Ir is taken from thin seams of glossy coal in the
dark coat
'
The extent of the deposits is not known, but as stated above,
the seams on the east bank are narrow and appear only at the bottom
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of the strata. Hence we should not expect the deposits to be ?
very large. The natives mine it for home consumption.
If a dam should be built in this region and the district ,
industrialized, the problem of the amount and the quality of the
coal would become very vital. Therefore a careful investigation
should be made as to the extent of the deposits on the eastern
bank as well as the state of ocourrenoe of noel on the west bank
of the Yellow River.
2, Limestone
There is no information on this sUbject and the Collor'-
is only a description of the observations.
a.. Distribution. From Ch'ing-shui-ho to Hsia-chleng
wan- along the Yellow River the entire region is Gambro-Ordovician
limestone. Judging from previous observations in other regions,?
Ordovician limestone frequenil contains Zechstein rook .golomitil
and depending on its horizon position of stratuM7, it is ordinar-
ily suitable for making oemen or for use-in iroil melting or
casting. -:As may conclude from the wide distribution of this
limestone that this region has facilities suitable for making
cement or for making iron castings-. Since the whole area in
plateau and there is no. level ';round except that on the plateau,
and since practically all ef.the strata are horiiontal, it will
be difficult to dig out any large quantity of limestone. This
will be a serious IJroblen in case it is ftecedsary to build a.
cement factoky for the construction of dams.
? 3. Hard quality clay
A specimen shown at the town offioe is white in color,
and seems to be suitable for firoresistant material or for.
pottery. Its origin and quantity arenot known but it is obvious
that it is found in Pernocarboniferous coal seams.
4. Kaolin
Kaoltn was also seen at the town office. Its color is
ashy-purple. The site from which it was taken is unknown, but
it is found in coal seams.
5. Loess
This is widely distributed in the region. Incase this
region should be industrialized in the future, an analysis of the
loess is given in the following.
Laboratory North China Economic Survey Office, Soh Mhnchuriah
Railway
Date analysis requested - 20 Deo 1940
Date analysis completed - 7 Mar 1941
Anhydrous silicio acid (Si02),(Tartz) 59.94%
Alumina (A1203) Vritten Ao2o3 10.02 %
Ferri? Oxide (Fe3 3) 4.36 %
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Lime (CaO)
(MgO)biagnesia M
Alkali ?(K2o - Na20)
Material loss, from heating'
Iron Ore
, 4.43%
4.78.;7,
8.44,
Found at the base.? Of Coal; seams. . This is the so-called
Shansi iron ore - brawn and red iron ore. Amount of deposits is
unknown. In ancient times it was used for making iron by primi-
tive methods.
Subsurface Resources along the Banks of the
Yellow River Between Shan and Cheng-chou ,
A. IntrodUction.
The material herein has all been published previously, most
of it 'written before 1934; hence there will be much which does
not fit. the present situation: The expression's "now" or 'tat .
present" hereinafter used, ere quoted from the sources, and refer
to the time of their compilation. JThere are. many instances where
these differ widely from the situation.after the /6hina7 Incident.
?
There are many 'Statements in these Chinese sources which are
hard to believe, but they are published as they stand. This is
especially true of the amount of the coal deposits. Further in-
vestigation is certainly called for. The amounts still to be
mined are probably less than stated. (Material taken,froM source
No 4 is excluded.) ?
B. Summary
- -
The most important underground resource is coalhitherto
only Small amounts have been mined; but .Much is tp be mined in
the future.
Next to coal comes limestone, and then fire-resistant clay
,(including alumina shale and kaolin). These are widely,distri-
buted, but their location and the amount of deposits are uncer-
tain. The limestone seems to be suited Tbr a11 sorts of industrial
uses. The clay Could be used in various ways depending. on the
quality. :0-Vrther investigation is required, but, it seems suited
for ordinary. firerreeistant purposes. There are no very large
deposits of irbn'eulphide and gypsum in this.region,,,but 4.t
said to be famous for these, so it would be well to investigate.
The iron ore is the so-called Shansi ore; it is not to be hoped
that much of it will be disobvered. 'The copper ore of Chir-ylian-
hpien is not described in detail, but because it is,, important
resource, its presenoe should be investigated further.
. . , .
,The following is a-jummnrY of the underground .resourCes . of
this region:
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-7
:Resource District (Hsien) !Source
- -1
Hsin-an, Mien-ch'ihiHsin-mien coal fields
'Coal
!Coal
iCoal
iCoal
I-yang, Lo-yang 1I-lo
T-
Yu, Mi-hsien :Yu-mi coal field
Hsiu-wu, Po-ai ;Hsiuplo coal fields
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;Locale ;Quality ,
1 .
Alsin-an-hsien, Chi-yuan- ;Anthracite and
ihsien, Shan-hsien, ' ibituminous ?
Mien-ch' ih-hsien
coal fields !Lo-yang-hsien, I-yang-hsie
Yen-shih-hsien, Kung-yang-
ihsien, Teng-feng-hsien
-r
1Yu-hsien, Mi-hsien
;Hsiu-ww4isien, Po-ai-hsien
Iron Sulphide Hsin-an
4
Iron Sulphide Po-ai
IFluor-Spar :Hsin-an
!Gypsum Fan*
1Gypsum :Shan
;Gypsum
link Stone__ Chi-yuan
luang-klou
1 Seu-hou,
!Li-feng
4
t--
niiBituminous and
kemi-anthracite
Bituminous and
anthracite
Anthracite and
semi-anthracite
70 Ii (Chinese mile) NE
of kov't seat
:North of govt seat
IDetails of place unknown
45% sulphur
.35;t2 sulphur
. -
Deposit
1300 million
metric tons
500 million
metric tons
1500 million
metric tons
100 million
metric tons
1 million
metric tons
I
metric tons
1 million
Ta-an-ts'un _ Unknown
. .
? i
San-men-ling, Hsu-yu-fen, i50-80 li east of Good
Pio-ti-ts'un, Plan-nan-kouiHsien-ch'eng
I.
-1
Unknown
Unknown
!Northeastern Chi -yuan
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4o
4o
Z3
Z3
3
Spnt&) .
!_liesource
,0
"'Iron
CD
CD
WIron
C,)
VD
_?Iron
tD--
gron
8
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-
_ .
District (hsien) Source !Locale Quality
Hsiu-wu, Po-ai leng-huang-ling, Li-chuangWithin Hsiu-po coal fields 37.7 - 48.6;t iron
I I
- _
Hsin-an I Ho-t'ao-yuan, Chang-yuan :40 li NW of govt seat 55i, iron
4
4
Kung
I Shih-liu-yuan
I20 li SE of govt seat
?Copper
!lj,ead and Silver
0-
ad and Silver
Kung
Chi-yuan
Hsi-an
Chi-yuan
aead and SilveriKunE
10-----
'SLead and Silver Mi
ig
aead and Silver Ping-1u
CD
he marks
I Feng-men-k'ou
T
! lang-shan, Chlin-ling
Hsi-ch' en-ling
Shuang-feng-shan
Cheng-chia-ling
TUen-chung-van
San-feng-ssu
!10 li east of Shih-liu-yuan
140-80 li NW of govt seat Highest grade copper, 6% 1
-4
!Details unknown
!Deposit .
1150,000 metric
. !
!tons possible ,
1
!Unknown
4- --
Details unknown
Details unknown
petails Unknown
O li east of govt seat
1. Deposit value given for Hsiu-po coal fields is the amount which still may be mined as determined
by YAMANE, an engineer.
2. Limestone and fire-resistant clay exist in considerable quantities, but since exact place names
cannot be given, they are omitted from this list.
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1. Non-metallic Resources
a. Coal. In this ref:ion are the followinn, coal fields:
(1) Hsin-mien Coal Field. North of and between the
Lung-hai Railroad and the Yellow River between
Shan and Hsin-an stations
(2) I-10 Coal Field. South of the Lung-hai Railroad
extendinc] from southeast of I-yang-hsien,
southern Lo-yang-hsien, Yen-shih-hsien, Kung and
Ssu-shui-hsien as far as southeast of Jun-ran.
(3)
(4)
Yu-mi Coal Field. Area includes the northern
portions of Yu-hsien, Mi-hsien and Chia-hsien
Usiu-po Coal Field. Fxtends tl.ough
Po-ai-hsion and nrin-yang-hsien
Following is a detailed def.n.:ri.tion of the above:named. cloal
fields:
1. Hsin-mion Coal ?ield
a. Location and Communication Facilities. North of and
between the Lung-hai Railroad and the Yellow River between Shan
and jsin-an stations. On the east it runs from the western
boundary of Chi-yuan-hsien through Hsin-an; on the uest it extends
through Mien-chlih-hsion and Shan-hsien. This coal field may be
divided into three districts.
Tisin-Chi District. This area extends from Chlu-kou,
which is in the northwestern part of Hsin-an via Ku-tong-tsTun,
Shih-ssu, northern Yen-chen, an-hsin,kou, Plan-chia-pto, eastern
and western Yao-tstun and Yon-tslang to areas Shih-ksiao-tstnn
and Tung-an-hsiao in Chi-yuan-hsien which is on the northern bank
of the Yellow River.
Hein-mien district. From Yu-shan in Hsin-an-hsien
to Pling-chtuan in Mion-ohlih-hsien.
Shan-mien district. Near Mien-chlih-hoion (south
bank of Yellow River) and Shan-hsion border. The area extends
from the lowlands of Pei-lang (on northwestern border of Mien-
chlih-hsien) to Kuan-yun-tang in Shan-hsion.
This coal field is bounded by the Wang-wu-shan
range on the north and by the Yao-shan Range on the south and
is situated in a mountainous country; but oast of Kuan-yin-tfang
the mountains are low. The Hsin-chi district is on both sides
of the Yellow River, and water transportation can bo utilized.
The 'Isin-mien and Shan-mien districts are intersected by the
Lung-hai railroad lino and in the coal fields there aro light
railroads and spur lines, so traffic is facilitated.
b. Geology. Distribution of the Coal Seams. ,The under-
lying rook is Cambro-Ordovician and the coal seams are in
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Permocarboniferous strata. The coal is in seven (some sa,- ten)
Jtrata, the upper two of which are about one foot thick or less
and are not worth mining. Below third stratum, they are both deep
and shallow; but the seventh is the deepest. For the most part
it is from 20 to 30 feet in dep'h though in places it is only a
hew feet thick.
The third stratum is about one meter deep at Kuan-yin-
trang and is mined by native methods. The fourth, at Chru-kou in
isin-an-nsien is from 0.3 to 1 meter thick, and around Shih-ssu. in
the same area it is one meter thick and may be mined. The fifth
at Ch/u-kou in -1sin-an-hsien is from 0.5 to I meter; at the boundary
of Chi-yuan-hsien it becomes 1 to 2 meters. The sixth, at Chru-li
and San-men near the boundary between Liien-ohrih-hsien and Shan-hsien
is 0.5 to 3 meters; at Huai-peri and "isiao-wa it is 4.5 meters at
Chih-kru it is 3 meters, at Yang-trun it runs from 3 to 7 meters in
depth; csar Chlu-ku in -in-an-hsien it becomes about 13 meters.
At the Dorder of Ci-yaan-h:iien iu _Ls again 3 meters. Th9 seventh
stratum is the most important. At Kuan-yin-tranr,, it is from 1 to 13
meters; at the trianP;ular area in Shan-hsien it is about 10 meters,
'Glen it falls away to a mere 2 meters belga the Huai-pei Cliff, and
at Yu-shan in 'isin-an-hsien a seam of 3 meters is being mined,
c. quality of the Ojai
The coal of the northeast portion, i.e. the
and district2, is semi-anthracite or anthracite; that in
the est portion, i.e. at than-yin-trang', and at the triangular area
in Shan-hsien, is :lastly bituminous. Tius is also of the variety.
The analysis of the coal in the various districts is as follows:
District (hsien) nun
Place name Kuan- Min-sheng Hine
; or mine yin-
I
1 trang
1
I
_
1 For Cent Water
I
4 2.25 0.70! 0.201 0.60t 0.40 1.92 0.70 0.75 0.80
J
1
1
Per Cent 1
1 Volatile hatter 15.75 17.20 1.14.90 15.50 16.20 17.90 22.65 18.57 15.58
' triasoline7
1 -1-
- _
1-
; Per Cent
1
; i,ixed Carbon 67.60 61.33 176.45 53.70 61.50 59.10 60.5 57.23 71.87
f'
i Per Cent Ash 14.50 20.771 8.45 30.20 21.90 18.60115.70 23.45
_L +- --!--- _
i Per Cent Sulphur 2.32 1.201 1.42 2.65 1.02 1 1.871 1.60 1.49 1.67
1 Coking Property good good bad good good l bud i bad good bad
iHeating Value
Hsin-an-shang
Chru- 11,cu-
kou hsinH tong-.
kou
4- itsrun
11.75
Calories 6869! 7967 60461 6792! 67891 7284 6606 7636
(Note) TheMin-shong Mine is near Euan-yin-trang.
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d. Quantity of the Deposits
! 1 District (Hsien) I 1 Hsin-an iMien- Shan I i Chi-
I 1 1
ichtih I
? yuan
I 1
; Location N, NE, S N, S ! Kuan- Shih-
I yin- ts'ao
I tlang i
1--------------------*--- 4
1 Depth of seam (m)
I
0.6-0;8
2.5-
7.0
7.0- I 3.0 ,Total
, 1
1 Area (sq km)
I
I- ?-1----.---t_-____4
: Amount of Deposit
i (million MT)
lAnthracite
236
132
29
15 : 159 . 459
I
30
192
222
i
1
!
i
, I
I 162
? 1
1- 1
115 ! 540 i 1126
_
1 288
115 1 540 ! 1
1
; Bituminous
H----
I Total Deposit
279
411 !
e. Amount of Coal Ained 1931-1933 (rnit, i:Letric ton)
District Shan Chi- Mien- Hsin-
(Hsien) yuan i Chlih an
1
Large ? Small Total Small Small Small
Mines I Mines Mines Mines Mines
-1---
I
1931 74,280 I 6,000 80,280 30,000 25,000 63,500
t -1
1932 65,000 L 5,000 70,000 36,000 50,000 29,090
- -- -
I
9?25,015 74,960
f. Various Nines. There are many 1.ines in the
isin-
mien coal fields. The most important are the following:
(1) Min-shong :lining Co
(a) Location and Communication facilities.
Situated northwest of Kuan-yin-tlang in
Shan-hsien (along the Lung-hai Railroad),
midway between Mu-wo and Yang-lou-we,
about 7 li from the Kuan-yin-trang Station.
There is a light, 24-pound, railroad from
the mine to the neighborhood of the Lung-
hai railroad line, connecting with the
lattor by a cableway.
(b) History. This mine was opened in 1920 and
at first only approximately 30 metric tons
were mined daily by primitive methods; but
in 1925 new mechanical equipment was in-
stalled. In 1929 work was stopped on
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account 5f thrJ I'Lx, but it was riJc-umed in
1230. The capital of the company is said
to be two million yuan.
(c) Area. 30327.5 mou ) (TN: mou
733.5 square yards)
(d) Seams. According to "authority" ho 2, t:lere
aro ton seams. Records made at t'ho time of
excavation of to shaft show thickness of
the seams to be as follows. Soa.ls 4 and 5
arc 2 foot apart.
Seam iTo TIJicknoss SCAM iTo Thicicaess
1 0.2 Chinese feet 6 /1.6 Chinos? foot Seams 6, 7
and 8 aro
2 0.4 7 6.6 b(:.in miod
)-; t7-lo
3 0.2 8 16.0 comoan
4 1.2 9 1.0
5 1.2 10 .0.6
(TN: According to Sourcc, eocument Y7o 2 there are soveh seams.)
(Soo Chart on following page.)
(C)
(g)
(liality of .the Coal. This is bitunin,)us,
coking coal. analysis of coal from pit
ho i is as follows:
Jator, 0.7 per cent; ash, 20.77 per cent;
volatilo matter, 17.20 por cont; hating
value, 6889 calories; fixed carbon, J1.33
por cent.
Transportation. B light railway to to
Ii no-hal. Railroad, then by cahlc-way to
connuct with samo.
Amount of coal minod. (Unit motric tons)
1926 25,700 1929 28,802.61 1932 75,000
1.27 32,917.10 1930 31,905.05 1933 72,500
1928 60,382 1931 47,764.28 1934 05,000
(h) ConollJson. This mine, with good equipment,
has a capacity of 1,000 metric tons por day,
.cot bocause of the occurrence of inoous
roci,ls and the uncertainty of P c thickness
of too seams, minin hero is not orofitable.
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Record of the Menshing Mining Cots Test Shafts
No 1 No 2- No 3
72.0
19.5 ?
11.0
1.4
25.6
34.3
2.0
3.0
72.5
435.5
10.5
1.0
1.0 1.0
7;7_14'5
40
1.0 8.0
1
8.0 83.5
27.0
0.5 6.0
2.0
35.0
6.0
I
9.0
22.0 1
No .4
5,0 ' 9.0
25.0_ 0.5
16.0
L-="" 1.0
17.0 0.4
9.0 r--;-1 2.0
50.0 r:6.0
26.0
1.0
0.5 - 2.5
49.0
=-4
45.0 _
15.0
75.0
7.0
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No
40.0
100.0
53.0'
75.0i
3.0
2.0
2.01r,3.0
9.0
_11.0
F--=-3.0
1
?-
5 (Same locality
34.0
15.5'7H
8.0
(No 1 layer) 18.0
23.01
, 8.0'
31.0-
.16.01--
2.5
2.0 (No 2 layer) 0.71
(N 3 layer)
(No 4 layer)
13.0 (11,., 5 laYor)
30;0 (No 6 L_:.ver)
as No 5)
0.9
08
1.0
2.0
01..03
5.0
0.6
2.5
gx-770001.0007,000);(404404,41QN=VP
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(2) Chun-hs ire Mining C'6'
(3)
(a) Location and commnnication facilities.
Area east of Ching-ts/un. in Chi-yuan-hsion
and about 2 li northwest of the government
seat of Chi-yuan-hsion. Large wheeled
vehicles can be used; thus transportation
will be comparatively easy.
(b) History. Opened in the spring of 1933, but
closed down during the summer monsoon sea-
son. Mining WAS by primitive methods; and
the capital said to be 80,000 yuan.
(c) Area. 9136..64 mdu.
(d) Coal seams. The one being worked is anthra-
cite, 20 to 25 feet thick.
Hsin-an -e!ining Co
(a) Location and communication facilities. In
the northwest corner of Hsin-an-hsien above
Chfu-kou at Shang-ku-teng-ts?un. Thirty li
from the government seat and 12 li from
711a-an-ssu area along the Lung-hai Railroad.
Since the mine is situated on the northern
slope of Chih Mt, a spur of the Lung-hai
Railroad is laid for 600 meters to the south-
ern side of the mountain, The distance
between the terminal of the spur and the
mine is covered by horse wagons, but in the
monsoon season roads are often closed.
(b) History. The mine was opened in Oct 1019
and bean producing in Sep 1920. Coal was
extensively mined in 1922 and 1923, but in
1924 with the outbreak of fighting the work
gradually fell off. Since 1925 it has boon
practically at a standstill. Capital of
the company is one million yuan; liabilities,
more than 200,000 yuan.
(o) Area. 16491.16 mou.
(d) Coal seams. 1.1le ene worked averages
about 15 feet; it es 40 feet at its thick-
est. The coal is the so-called "big-coal."
(e) Quality. The coal is non-coking, semi-
bituminous, 20 per cent ash, and has a heat-
ing value of 5700 ,calorics. Recently two
seams of coking coal have been discovered
below the "big-coal." Mose are 3 to 5
feet in thickness.
(f) Output. When opened (1921), the yearly
output was 150 metric tons; in 1923 it
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aecame 106,000 metric tons; it docliaod
Thereafter to 50,000 /sic/ in 1328, 12,000
in 1930, and 5,000 in l91. Since 1932 it
, has been abandoned. following is the year-
ly output from 1921 to 1931;
1921 150 UT
1922 72,000
1923 106,000'
1924 61,000
1925 5,000
1926 16,000
1927 10,000
1926 21,600
1929 18,000
1930 12,000
1931 5,000
Other small mines in lasin-an-hsien. These are
at (1) Hsiao-tslun; mine .area, 87.2 mou; omt-
but, snail; and mined by primitive methods.
(2) Li-yuan; mine area, 1068.91 mou; mined by
.?)riltive methods; output, six metric tons
daily.
(5) Yu-Ch' ing Mining Co
(a) Location and commanication facilities.
In the eastern part of 1:ionach'ih near
I-ma. There is a spur line of about 2 li
from I-ma station.
(b) History. aadened 1918 with a capital of
100,000 yuan; since 1322 abanaohed '')ecaase
of do state of affairs.
(c) Area. 28201 mou.
(a) Strike of ..)eds is east and -.rest with a
dip of 10 degrees. Three seams 'mere worked;
iso seam, 1Jmoter; 2d seam, 2 meters, ad
seam, 2 to 5 meters in thickness.
(e)
( f )
ality and quantity. aitam nous uitf
much coal-dunt; c. CeS it aia aa be'a,a00,000
metric tons.
amput. 160 to 200 metric aons daily;
10,000 metric tons r:er year 0hen in oaera-
tion; it is closed down at present.
2. I-10 Coal field
a. raoaation and Communication Pacilities. Runs south-
east of T-yang-hsien south of Inng-hai Railroad a1om, the southern
part of Lo-yang-hsien, Yen-saih-hsien, Kung-hsien, 3su-shui-hsion
to southeast of dana-yang-'1sien. It is aaoat 130 kilometers in
extent, and teaches coal field on the east. It s divided
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into the follawing districts:
(1) I-yang .district. Runs from Ling-shan-esu in
I-yang-hsien eastward to Wan-chia-tien.
(2) Lo-yen district. Located on the border between
Lo-:Tang-hsien and Yen-shih-hsien. Runs from
CI"ling-lung-ktou in Lo-yang-hsien via Chi-chia-
ttun, Lung-men-shan, WU-chia-chai as far as
Kao-lung, Ssu-tlun, Chan-fu-tien in Yeneshih-
hsien. It is 50 kilometers long, east to west,
and is one kilometer wide.
(a;)
Ken-Jung district. Extends across Kung-hsien,
Ssu-shui-hsien and Jung-yang-hsien. To the west,
from Pei River to Chruan-shui-teou for about 20
kilometers, then from there via the southern part
of Ssu-shui-hsien as far as Chien-seng-tien and
71sui-miao in Jung-yang-hsien.
(4) The I-yang district is about 50 li from the Hsin-
an station on the Lung-hai Railroad. The moun-
tainous country between makes transportation
difficult, but between the mines and the Lo-yang
station on the railroad, the road is level, and
the distance is 70 li.?
b. Geology and Distribution of the Seams. The seams
are located above Ordovician lklestone. They belong to Permocar.
boniferous strata, but their development seems disconnected. There
are nine seams in the I-yang district and their thicknesses are as
follows:
Seam No Thickness Seam No Thickness
1 5 feet 6 4 to 6 feet
2 1 to 3 feet 7 2 feet
3 feet 8 1 foot
4 2 to 6 feet 9 very thin
5 10 to 200 feet /...7(7: Given as 200 feet but probably
an error. The author tries to ex-
plain as due to a fault, but the
fault was probably in the original)
Seams number 5 and 6 are being worked. They are only about 4 feet
apart. The character of the Kung-Jung district is about the same
as the above. *In Io-yen distrf,ot, primitive methods are used; the
17o 1 seam which is similar to the No 5 seam of the I-yang district,
:Is 20 to 30 feet thick and is being worked.
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c. Quality. 7 is is hostly bituminous or Gehl-anthra-
cite. An analysis of the coal at I-yang is as follows:
Non-hsiong-ku-klou
1 Sha-kuo-tfan
[North
District
0.44 0.42
San-li
,ho-kou
!
0.41
Par Cent Water
4
! Volatiles
13.56
18.09
2C.35
Per Cent Fixed Carbon!
61.43
73.32
1 60.53
--i-----
Per Cent Ash
24.55
5.70
17.92
! 1 4-

Per Cant Sulpur !
2.47
1.29
- .,_
i Coking Properties
non-coking
coking
!non-coking
I-
t-
: Hooting value
d. Deposits
7150 7700
I-y T?
ang Lo-yang Ssu-shui I ! Tong- Total
Jung-Tang I 1 fong
L:Enickness
I 6.0 4.8 0.3 1 4.4 1-1- 1.5
f-
109 !
25 15 58 j 28
Area (sq km) 1 8
Deposits
MT)
Anthracite
Atuminous
(Iillion MIT) . 96 134
4 L !
Total Deposit 96 134 5 1 264 , 7
5 204 269
7
U. Ampunt Ained (-metric ton) from 1931 to 1933.
I-yang
I Ssu-shui I Teng-feng
I Lo-yang
,-- r - -
i 1931 50,000
I 63,500 33,000
! 1932. 35000 93,500 I 59,000
1933 39,050 93,000 58,255
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237 1
506 !
Total
128,000
127,000
- I
125,930 ,
!
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f. Various Hines
(1) Hsieh-shon Lng Co
(2)
(a) Location and communication facilities.
At Poi-po, Chu-yuan on the southern slope
of Chin-pting-shan, about 3 li Joutheast
of T-yang. 1.1e mine is 60 li from the
Lo-yang Railroad station, to wilich it is
connected by a wagon road.
(b) History. Opened in April 1932. Capital
of the company is 6,000 yuan.
(0) Area and seams. 7,e area is 600.73 mou.
Seams dip 250 to 30?; the one boinfr, worked
is 20 to 30 feet thick and is bituminous
coal.
(d) Amount mined. 90 metric tons daily for
seven months only, becauso it is closed
slimser. Its capacity is 250 metric
tons per day.
nung-hua "dining Co
(a) Location and communication facilities. At
Hsing-shu-Wing on the southern slope of
Chin-pting-shan, 7 li southeast of I-yang;
70 Ii from Lo-yang ..cailroad Station, and
GO li from Lo-ndng Railroad Station. It
is only 8 li to the Lo IJ.ver so transporta-
tion is convenient.
(b) History. Founded 1927; work begun 1933.
(0)
Area and seams. The area is 1033.74 mou.
The seam boin worked is 25 feet thick and
the coal is bituminous.
(d) Amount mined in one year averages 14,700
metric tons. In summer the mine is usually
closod dawn.
(3) Ta-tung lining Co
(a)
Location and communication facilities.
Near Lao-yao, floU-kou, and Ma-kou, 1 li
west of Shul-t'ou and 50 li soutieast of
government seat of Xung-b_sien. The road
from tho mine to the government seat is
mountainous and inconveniont.'
history. Opened in 1931; capital of the
company is 50,000 yuan.
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Area. T*e area is 1496.40 mou. The seam
beinc7 worked is 10 to JO feet thick; the
coal is anthracite.
(d) Amount mined is 160 metric tons daily,
approximately 48,000 metric tuns per year.
(4) Fu-chu 1:iining Co
(a)
Location and communication facilities.
6he li east of Sheng-shui-ts'un in KunF-
sien; 45 li southwest of the vovernment
seat; 35 li southeast of the flei-shih-
kuan Railroad Station. The road is
impassible for wagons, so pack horses
are used.
(b) History. Opened in 1924; closed from 1926
to 1930 because of fighting; reopened in
1932.
Area is 1665.27 mou; the seam being worked
is 1 to 15 feet thick; the coal is anthra-
i.te.
(d) Amount mined is 60 metric tons daily and
approximately 18,800 metric tons per year.
(5) Tui-miao-chen Mining Co
(a) Location and communication facilities.
:ear Han-slhan, Tslui-miao-chen and Ti-kou
in Jung-yang-hsien. The Jung-yang Thilroad
Station on the Lung-hai Railroad is 35 li
to the north; and the Cheng Station is 70
li to the south. Except for aout 20 li
in the neighborhood of the mine, there are
ro-ds passable for wagons.
(b) History. 0)ened in 1032; mined by primi-
tive methods.
(0) Area is 4762.35 mou; '.fhe seam heinr, worked
is over 10 feet thick; the coal is semi-
aht.lracite with much coal-dust.
(d) Amount mined is approximately 1,500 metric
tons per year.
(6) T'ung- sin -Jniing Co
r:ti)
Location and communication facilities. At
'on-lou-t'sun in Teng-fehg-hsien. Tioun-
tains make traffic difficult.
(b) History.
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(c) Area is 3$1.6 mou; seam being worked, over
ten feet thick; coal is semi-anthracite.
(7) Teung-ohfing Mining Co
(a) Location and communication facilities. At
Pei-li-pfing in Teng-feng-hsien; mountains
makes traffic difficult.
(b) History. Opened Aug 1932.
(c) Area. 2379.18 mou; seam being worked, over
ten feet thick; coal is semi-anthracite.
(d) Amount mined. 180 metric tons per day
during three winter months only.
(8) Ho-kou Co
(9)
At Ho-kou in Teng-feng-nsion; opened in 133;
area - 104.62 mou; 50 !.ietric tons daily mined in
winter.
San-yuan-tsTun Mining Co
A small mine in Teng-feng-hien; opened in 1933;
output only few tons per day.
3. Yu-mi Coal Field
a. Location and communication facilities. Comprises the
Yiole northern portion of Yu-hsien, Mi-hsien and Chia-yu-hsion and
is known as Yu-mi Coal fields. It extends from San-feng-shan over
in the south to Wang-chai River in the north; a distance of over
100 li. It is divided into the following 12 districts.
San-feng-shan district. 15 to 50 li southwest of /The governoant sea!!
of Yu-hsien; area 75 sq km
Yun-kai-shan district. 40 li west of Yu-hsien; area 45 sq km
Kuan-s:Jan-chai district. 50 li WNW of Yu-1.1sien; area 15 -sq km
Ti-shui-t,ai district. 6 li west of Hua-shih tlou-chen in north-
western Yu-hsien; area 45 sq km
'J'an-hua-tfai district. 20 to 45 li northwest of /-'E'ae government
seat of7 Yu-hsien; area 20 sq km
Ch,ao-hua-chen distriot. 15 li south of /The government seat
Mi-Tisien; area 19.5 sq km
Yo-miao district. 7 to 8 li southeast of /T'ne
Mi-hsien; area 6.5 sq km
government seat of7
Hsiad-li-cilai district. 5 li southeast of /the government seat
Mi-hsien; area 4 sq km
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17u-li-tien district. S li north of /he govornment F3eat
Mi-hsien; area 5 se km
Yu-tstun district. 30 li northeast of /he goVernment seat of7
7.i-hsien; area 3.5 sq km
'Thng-chai River district. 40 li northeast of /he government
seat 0I-7 !a-hsien; area 3 sq km
Chia 1-orth district. florth border of Chia-hsien; area 5 sq lzrt
This Yu-Mi coal field is surrounded on three sides by
mountains, but connects on the east with an open plain. In the
Tdddle of the field is a cross ridge called Shang-miao-ling;
south of this it is called the Yu-hsien coal field, north of
it, the iA.-hsien coal field. These in turn are cut into the
above 12 districts by faults. The distance from Shen-hon-ch_en,
Lou-tzu-chao and San-feng-shan in the San-feng-shan district,
via Yu-huien, to the ;Tsu-chtang Railway Station on the Pei-ping
Han-10?u A5hing-han Railroaq Line, is 110 to 130 li, a level
road, passable for wagons. ?In the future it would be easy to
build a railrod here. Also, from Shen-hou-chen to the southern
part of Chia-hsien for about 40 to 00 li, it is passable for
horse-drawn veM.cles. From Tsu-s:len-miao, Ho-miao and Cliu-yuan-
kou mines in the Yun-kai-shan district to Yu-hsien there is a
large road suitable for transportation. The Kan-hua-tlai dis-
trict is near the mountains, but there is a large road to Yu-
hsien. Xuan-shin-chai and Ti-shui-tfAi districts are 1:,ouTtainous,
and the roads are rather bad.
The coal J!ields are on level terrain, and in
eneral tranaportation is easy. The Ch/ao-hua-chen, Yo-miao,
711.-tu-tion districts aro 70 li from the Hein-
cheng kailway Station on the Peiptng - Han-kou Lahing-7an ii R.7
Lina. 7ith slight repair, the road would be serviceable. A,170
there is a largo road from Wang-chai River and Yo-tslun to Cheng-
choll, a-distance of 60 li, making transportation easy.
b. Geology. rike, mnderlying rook is Ordovician lime-
stone; the seams belong to the Permocarboniferous strata.
o. Distribution of the seams.
(1) The San-fong-shan district has 17 seams.
those are 7 to 8 feet :Apart at their nearest,
207 feet at their farthest separation. The
thickness of the seams is as follows:
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Seam Number
Thickness
Seam umber
Thickness
1
1 Chinese foot
10
3 Chinese feet
2
1-2 Chinese feet
11
2 Chinese feet
3 Chinese feet
12
3-4 Chinese That
4
1 C''inese foot
13
3 Chinese feet
4 C?dnese feet
14
3 Chinese feet
6
1.5 Chinese feet
15
15-20 C-hinese feet
0.8 Chinese foot
l's
0.6 Chinese foot
8
1.3-2 Chinese feet
17
1.5 Chinese feet
O
4 Chinese feet
Of the above, only Co 6, 9, 12, 15, 17 are being
worked; the others are either too thin, or else
of poor quality and are not worthwhile. (TN: Coal
in the above seams is given fanciful Chinese names
like Dragon Star, -Allow Leaf, etc. which. have been
omitted.).
(2) -Uln-kai-shan district. The seams being worked are
the same as those in the San-feng-shun district.
Lear Tsu-shih they are working a seam of over 20
Chinese feet in thickness. Seam 'Jo 17 is 1.5
Chinese feet in thickness. Throe seams, Lo 5, 9,
and 12 are being worked near Szu-kou.
(3) Kuan-shan-chai District. At present they are
working on two seams. 10e upper, bituminous, is
3 to 4 Chinese feet thick; the lower, anthracite,
is about 20 Chinese feet thick.
(4) Ti-shui-t'ai District. Lore they ore working
three seams. Te unper two are 3 to 4 Chines?
feet thick; the lower is 15 to 20 Chinese feet.
(5) Klan-hua-tlai District. Four seams are Tieing
worked. The thickness of those seams, from top
to bottom, is 3 to 4 Chinese feet, 25 Chinese feet,
4 Chinese feet, and 1 Chinese foot, res.oectivoly.
(6) Chtao-hua-chen District. Three seams aro :eing
worked. Seam 7o 5, 4 Chinese feet, do 1 15,
25 Cbtnese feet; and seam Co 17, 1 to 2 Chinese
feet.
(7)
Yo-miao District. Three seams are bein worked.
3 to 4 Chinese feet where shallow, over 10 Chinese
Coot where thick.
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Hsiao-li-chai District. Tier? seam No is
prominent and is from 10 to 30 Chinese feet
thick. Above that the seams have been partially
remoyed by erosion.
7U-1i-tien District. Sate as the previous
district, the seam being 15 to 25 Chinese
feet thick.
(10) Yo,tslun District. Only oae seam of 20
Chinese feet in thickness is known to exist.
(11) Wang-chai River. o precise information.
3esides the above, there are considerable seams
in northern Chia-hs ion District.
d. Quality of the coal. The following is an analysis
of this coal:
District (Hsien)
7-
i Place Tung- (E) :
feng- ; Same
shan i
Seam No 5 i 6
,
. Per Cent Water , 1.04 0.65
Per Cent
2ixed Oarbon ; 65.45 62.03
- Per 6ont Ash
i 16.30 19.20
Per L;ent St.lphur! 0.4G 0.88
_...1_
Yu
Hsi-
fang-
sl-.an
Per Cent
. Volatile Matter 17.21 : 18.07
/7-iasoline7
i
1 Shen-
i ,
: hou- i
?hen i
Sha-
tlan
_ ??
,
?shih-
,
_____ ?
Tsu-
miao
9
; 12 i
15
i
17
_
1.95
1 1.20
1.2
!
0.60
,
-1-
1
!
!
i
i 15.27
14.45
13.58
,
14.05
!
46.63
i 59.20
74.55
74.10
36.15
! 35.15
10.35
11.25
1.51
! 1.11
2.37
1.35
1
Coking Property good slight non- non- ? non- non-
coking, coking colcing coking
_ - ?
-
Heating value
idalories.7 .':72267005:5401:6437.7701 : 7700
?
(T'le above analysis made at the Poking Geological Laboratory)
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District (Haien) Yu
1 Place ir Shen- -T-Tung Feng- Same T-Tsu-shih-
hou-ohen ' Shan miao
Seam No
! Per Cent Water i
Per Cent
/olatile.11atter
idasoline7
2.40
9.85
5
0.75
19.25
Per Cent
Fixed Carbon 63.50 59.20
Per Cent Ash 24.25 20.80
0.75 2.40
19.30
?
50.75
13.76
65.04
19.20 18.80
Per Cent Sulphur -- 0.72 0.68 5.81
Coking Property non..coldng coking
1
Heating Value
/t-alorics7 7384 ' 6837
non-coking non-coking
6989 6888
(The above analysis made by the Henan Province Geological
Laboratory)
District (Hsien) Mi
' Place
1
Hsiao- !Chrao- :Han- Ku- 'Wu-
ii Ihua- !tlang- ohia- ii- chai
1
chai oh= Icon chuang tion
i , T
1 Seam No I 15 1
; Per Cent I:Tater 0.81 0.10 I 0.67 - 1.20-1---1:ZU-1 2.29
,
_ -1-- -
i
! Per Cent
i Volatile I!atter 13.34 13.25 15.77 11.25 11.20 6.69
/dasoline7
i_ i
, ---------+-.-__ ---1
_
1 Per Cent ! I
1
: Fixod Carbon 72.63 1 71.15 1 52.54 76.45 ,76.10 62.91
H-------------------- ._ -4- -i - -I- --J,
l Por Cent Ash 13.22 i 14.50 i 31.02 11.10 11.50 1 6.13
1- ---1 + 1
Per Cent Sulphur 1.16 I --- 0.39 0-4 0.59
! !
! 4-
_
1 Coking Property : non- : non- ; non- non-
coking coking coking coking ;c3ki, :o;.zing
i,
i Heating Value
I 1
1/n1ories7 7509 , 7371 ! 5970 76411 7607 i6030
,-
?.
-
(Analysis by the Peiping (Analysis by the Honan
Gbological Laboratory) Geological Laboratory)
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e. Quality and DJposits. The following is a descr-L2tion
of the quality of thc coal and the amount of the deposits in the
various districts. (For analysis, consult the foregoL7g table for
reference.)
(1) San-feng-shan District. The lower middle part
of the seam is anthracite. One variety is black
and lustrous, holds heat and burns well but
produces a bad smell. (Called smelly coal.)
Another, yellow coal, has much coal dust, yellow
on the surface, no lustre, burns well anu is
suited for home use. Four others, (Seams Ho 5,
6, 9, 12) give little smoke, burn well, are non
coking and are suitable for boiler or home use.
The deposits cover 75,000,000 square meters. is-ic:7
i'he total thickness of the seams being worked?is?
six meters. At a specific gravity of 1.3 the
deposits amount to 585,000,000 metric tons. Since
only 800,000 metric tons have been excavated so
far, the amount remaining is 584,200,000 metric
tens.
(2) Yen-kai-s%an District. The "smelly" coal A-cream
Ho 17,7 in the neighborhood of Tsu-shih-mia6 gives
a good heat and is suitable for pottery work.
The "yellow" coal /earn Ho 157 of Szu-kou is of
good quality, semi:-bituminouT, holds the heat and
burns well and is suited to household use. The
"big" coal /Foam Ho q near Chu-yuan Krou is
bituminous and brittTe.
(3)
The deposits cover 45 million square meters with
an average thickness of five meters. At a speci-
fic ;ravity of 1,3 the deposits amount to 292,-
500,000 metric tons.
Juan-shan-chai District. rf,e coal is bituminous
and semi-anthracite. Lenth, five kilometers;
oepth 600 meters; seams, six meters thick. This
works out to a deposit of approximately 58,500,000
metric tons.
(4) Ti-shui-tfai District. Semi-anthracite and
bituminous coal. Length, 10 kilometers; width,
4,500 meters; average thickness, five meters.
I is ives the deposit as 252,500,000 metric tons.
( )
Klan-ua-tlai District. eituminous and semi-
ant,racite coal; fairly good quality. Length,
17 kilometers, depth GOO meters, four meters
tick. I.:Lis dives an estimated deposit of
106,080,000 metric tons.
(6) Chiao-hua-chen District. Semi-anthracite and
bituminous. Length, 15 kilometers; width, 1,300
:actors; total depth of seam, five meters; deposit
of 126,750,000 metric tons. Since 750,000 metric
tons have been taken out already, the remaining
amount is 126 million metric tons.
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(7) Yo-miao Liistrict. Semi-anthracite and bituminos.
Seams averaKe three meters thick; deposit of about
25,350,000 metric tons.
(8) Hsiao-ii-chai District. One seam, semi-anthra-
cite; 10 to 20 Chinese feet tYick; deposit,
? 15,600,000 metric tons.
(9)
WU-1i-tien District. 3emi-anthracite; area,
five square kilometers; seams, 5 to 15 Chinese
feet thick; average nlokness, three meters;
deposit of 19,500,000 metric tons.
(10) Yo-ts/un District. Seams average three meters
thick; calculated to the depth of 500 meters,
deposit of 15,650,000 metric tons.
(11) Uang-c ai-ho 2Astrict. Seams average three
meters thick. Deposit of.11,7000000 metric tons.
The following table is a summary of the above:
Deposits in the Yu-li Coal Fields
District
Area
(Sq km)
I7umber
of
Seams
TUnd of Coal
Deposit (MT)
San-feng-shan
75
6
5ituminous or
584,200,000
Semi-bituminous
Yun-kai-shan
45
5
13it-,minous or
292,500,000
Semi-rbituminous
Y:',Aan-shan-chai
15
2
3ituminous or
58,500,000
Semi-bituminous
Ti-shui-tlai
45
4
bituminous or
292,500,000
Semi-bituminous
Klan-hua-ttai
20
4
Bituminous or
106,000,000
Semi-bituminous
Chrao-hua-chen
19.5
5
3ituminous or
126,000,000
Semi-bituminous
Yo-miao
6.5
5
Bituminous or.
25,350,000
Semi-bituminous
litiaoi-1i-chai
4
1
Semi-bituminous
l' ,000
5
1
Semi-bituminous
100,000
Yo-tslun
3.5-
1
Semi-bituminous
13,650,000
Thang-chai-ho
3
3
Bituminous or
11,700,000
Semi-bituminous
Total Deposits
1,545,580,000
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f. Various ,lines
(1) San-fen Ilining Co, This company owns three
mines viz Tung-fong, Chung-feng, Hsi-feng.
(a)
Tung-feng mine
1. Location and communication facilities.
On the north slope of the east peak of
San-feng-shan,? 15 li southwost of
Government seat of Yu-hien. Me road
from the mine to the government seat,
and to the Hsu-ch'ang 1?ai1way Station
on the Pei-p/ing Han-kou Line (110 li)
are passable for large wagons.
2. History. Opened in 1903 under the
Ch'ing Dynasty; mined hy primitive
methods; work progressed well till
fighting began; in 1927 now equipment
was installed and the wbrk was resumed.
3. Area and deposits. Three seams are
being worked: Seam ro 5, four Chinese
feet; Seam Ue 6, three Chinese feet; and
Seam No 9, four Chinese feet. The scams
dip 10 to 20 degrees.
4. Quality. uituminous, of more or less
coking quality. The followin
analysis of the seams;
Seam Ho
5
(Lumcs)
coal
7-
. 6 9
"1-iragon 'Milo/ I
Star" Loaf" 1"EiF"
-------
5
coal
For Cent "[rater.
1.02
. 0.70 0.C,I.
_
0.73
1S.'05
59.00
Per Cunt
Volatile Tiattur
/77-osplimg
_ _
17.00
19.00 17.41
Per Cent
Fixed Carbon
65.20
60.24
62.08
Per Cant Ash
16.30
0.48
7226'
19.20
1,20
20.50
Pcx Cent Sulphur
Heating Value
/aLlorius7
_ _
0.'.8
GX,9
---4
0.66
7005
0.72
--
65.67
5.
Amount idned. iiin is done mostly in
yinter an6. spring. In wintor, 220 metric
tons pur uay, maximum, aro taken out;
average fpr the year, 40,000 mctric tons.
?55?
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(b) Yu-sheng Aine of Chung-feng
1. Loeation and communication facilities.
On the north slope of the middle peak
of San-fong-shan, 6 li from Tune-fong
mine.
2. History. Opened in 1929.
3. Area, 6672.78 moil. One seam, Ho 9 seam,
being worked, four Chinese foot thick.
4. Amount mined. bone mined in summer and
fall; yearly output 20,000 metric tons.
(c) Hsi-fong Mine
This is on -t1,; west peak, about 20 li from
the government seat of Yu-hsion. The road
between is serviceable for biE wagons. Area,
6480.98 mou; at present, no loner workod;
five workable seams.
(d) Ci-ehung Mining Co
(e)
1. Location and communication facilities.
At the northern foot of the east end
ofTlang-huang-shan, 23 li west of tho
Lovernment seat of Yu-sien. The road
toe government seat and to the 7su-
ch1ang Railroad Station on the Pui-p,ing -
Han-klou Line is passable for big wagons.
2. History. Opened in 1924, bat mining not
bercun till 1926. for a time 300 metric
eons taken out per day, but from 1327
to 1933, because of fiOrtinF;, the work
practically stopped. ,In Sop 1933 they
began to take out a little coal again.
3. Area, 32815.10 mou; two seams, 7o 5 ..)nd
7To 9, each four Chinese feet thick.
4. Amount mined. From 1926 to 1932 t*,e
yearly output was as follows:
1926 65,000 metric tons
1e)27 50,000 metro tone
1928 50,000 metric tord
1929 10,800 metric (,)11,i
1530 17,000 metric te,ne
1D.31 6,480 metric ton
1932 closed. Daily oe';: L;0 etric
tons.
Tsu-shih-miao Nine. In Yu-hsien; -3oam Ho 13,
ono Chinese foot or so of "Smelly" coal,
semi-anthracito; daily output 10 to 15 metric
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tons. 2,700 metric one Jer yw.r
six month period.
Szu-ou, S]la-t?an lane. In Yu-:hsien,
seam Yo 15, 15 Chinese feet of "7.ellow"
coal, bituminous; daily output 25 metric
tons; 4,500 metric tons per year for a
six month period.
(g) Shen-hou-chen tIthe. In Yu-hsien; seam
ITO 12 is now being prepard for workinF.
(h) 7.:enc-ta-2:ou :line in !At Feng-chlih. In
Yu-hsien; seam no 9, 3 to 4 Chinese feet
of "7111aw Leaf" coal, bituminous; daily
output 20 metric tons; yearly, 3,600 :7.etric
tons for a six month period.
(i)
Chten-kou line in dt Ta-lin. In Yu-hsien;
seam ho 5, three Chinese feet of "12i,:"
coal; daily output, 20 metric tons; worked
six months only
,lUai-shu-wa Mine in tIt Ta-lin. In Yu-nsion;
seam Ho 5, 3 to 4 Chinese feet of "Big"
coal; daily output, 10 metric tons; yearly
output, 1,500 metric tons.
(k) 'Thin-chuang-i-hsun Mine 317 of Yang-ling-
chai. In Yu-hsien; seam ho 12, three
Chinese feet of bituminous coking coal;
daily output, 14 metric tons; yearly,
2400 metric tons.
(1) Shih-ttu-shan Mine. In Yu-hsien; opened
in 1933; area, 36593.5 mou. iTo mining
done yet.
(m) Szu-hsiao-chuang Mine. Area, 0070 mou;
not yet mined.
(n) Chlao-hua-clien - Fan-chia-ohuang
located 15 li south of Ii-hsien; flat
country; fairly ood transportation. Area,
1376.4 mou. Mine was worked for 30 or
more years before application was made to
dig in 1928. Permission to dig granted
:ow 1932. Seam Tfo 15, 20 Chinese foot
of "yellow" coal, semi-anthracite. Output,
200 metric tons daily; 5,400 metric tons
yearly.
(0)
Yu-feng Mining Co. At Li-shu-wo, three li
south of Chlao-hua-chen in hi-:Isien, or 16
li southeast of the p:clernment seat of Mi-
hsien. Level road, good for transportation
purposes. Founded, 1932; capital, 2,300
yuan. Area, 1461.6 mou; seam, 18 Chinese
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feet thick; semi-anthracite. Daily output,
300 metric tons; yearly, 28,800 metric tons.
Ho work done in summer.
Trung-hsin. Mine. Located five li southeast
of the government seat of Mi-hsien, in the
west sector of Usiao-li-chai. Opened, 1932;
area, 1475.76 mou; seam No 15, 22 Chinese
feet of "Yellow" coal; semi-anthracite;
daily output, 200 metric tons; yearly output,
36,000 metric tons.
Min-sheng Mine. At Li-shih-ya-kou, two ii
northeast of the government seat of Mi-hsien;
the Jung-Yang Railroad Station on the Lung-
Hai Line is 70 li to the north; the Hein-
Cheng Railroad Station on the Peiping - Han-
kfou Line is 90 li to the east; mountainous;
difficult for transportation. Opened, 1932;
capital, 1,000 yuan; area, 1470.38 mou.
Seam, 71- Chinese feet thick, semi-bituminous
with much coal dust. Daily output, 100
metric tons; yearly output, 15,000 metric)
tons.
Te-mao Mine. At Ta-yang-wa, 1.5 li out-
side the west border of the government seat
of Mi-hsien. Transportation good to the
government seat. Opened, 1932; capital,
1,000 yuan; area, 544.7 mou; seam, 21 Chinese
feet thick; semi-anthracite. Daily output,
240 metric tons; yearly output, 14,400 metric
tons.
(s) P'ing-mo-chieh-kou Mine. Two li south of
pting-hsien in Mi-hsien. At present daily
out)ut, 2 to 3 metric tons.
(t) fing-hsion-tiang-kou Mine. At Tiang-kou,
five li southeast of Pling-hsien in Mi-hsien.
Seam, 4 to 10 Chinese feet; roads bad and
at present mine is not being worked.
(u) Li-yuan and Wan-tzu-ho Mines. In Mi-hsien;
opened in 1932; both mine "yellow" coal from
seam ho 15; yearly output, 12,600 metric
tons each.
(v) Hoi-yu-kou Mine. In the nertheo.st part of
Mi-hsion; "Yellow' coal from 7o 15;
yearly output', 2,700 metric, tor,.
(w) Hsiao-li-chai Ain's. In Mi-hsic:-.; area, 996.44
mou; not being worked at presen':,.
(x) Sung-chia-kang Mine. In iii-hsien; area,
1462.20.mou; daily output, very small.
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(y) Yon-ohia-chai Aine. In Mi-hsien; area,
771 mou; not worked.
4. Ilsiu-Po Coal Field
a. Location and oommnioation facilities. From north-
western Hsiu-wu-hsien westward via northwestern Po-ai-hsien to the
northern Pi-yang-hsien. It extends from east to west about 100 Li.
In the central part of the field near Chiao-tso.dweng-ohien there
is an anioline which outs the field into two districts. The Tao-
Chi Railroad Line runs parallel with and through the field so that
the most important mines aro only 7 to 12 li from it. The main
railway stations in the field are Chiao-tso, Li-ho and Chiang-
ktou and light railroads or lead in lines run through the mines.
b. Geology and extent. of the deposits. The underlying
rook is Ordovician limestone, the seams belong to the Permocarbon-
iferous strata. Only one seam is known so far. This doubtless
may be correlated as the some seam as that in the southeastern
part of Shansi Province. Tho thickness is not constant, running
from 5 to 36 Chinese feet, the eaverage being about 15 foot. In
about the center of the seam there is a layer of shale or poor
glossy coal and occasionally there is a foot of poor quality coal
near the bottom.
o. Quality. The coal is of a high lustre and hardness;
anthracite or semi-antaracito. The following is an analysis:
District (Hsion) Hsiu-wu
Mine
Water
[Volatile Matt
idasolin2
- - - - - - -
Fixed Carbon
Pi-yang
Ssu-holTung- Chiao- ILi-feng (same) Chlang-
kfou
3.10 2.5 2.30 2.90
Ishu-kou tso
1-3.75 3.31
or
6.12
6.12 18.14 12.45
82.41 . 66.73
5.33
5.83 15.55
76.46 1 80.03 80.41 73.40
Coking Property 411 non-coking) r
1 Ash
Color of Ash
1
Sulphur
7.72 11.82 7.99 ! 11.29 11.46 8.15
--I--
1--- I--
light 1 white greyish light
yellow ! brown yellow
e.
light gray
brown
1 Heating value
1 (Calories)7184 6814 7282 4 6882
1.555 1.5581_ 1.580
0.34 0.29 0.41 : --
0.45
1-
Specific Gravity 1.537
0,36
0.73
6877
7040
1.584
1.613
(The above .analysis was made by the Geological Laboratory
of the i)upartment of Commerce and Industry)
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District (
Mine
17ater
------ -
Volatile
: Matter 1 9.36
tZdasolin27 i
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Haien).
Hsiu.iwu LPowaii
iChiao-ISsu- Plan- phiao-!Hua- Sou- !Hou-
Itso !ho ,ho 'its? hsing hou ichuantchuane
;
2.90 t 0.99 2.89: 2.87 1 2.45 2.54! 2.75 2.80
1
7.29 15.551 6.25 4.45
: Fixed
1 Carbon 186.81
Coking
Property
Ash
Color of
Ash
1 6.031 5.66 1 5.66 1
1
80.27181.16 01.16 '77.06 72.31t78.4,2 81.70
inon- non- inon- tookinglnon-
4-
non. mon- non- t
1
1 9.88 12.71110.31 110.31 13.20 9.61 12.10 11.05 .
-
1
Sulphur
i 0.41
Heating
Value i 6048
(Calories)
.Spooifio
? Gravity
?? T.
(Analysis made at the
Peking Geological
Laboratory)
-
6914 6615
i 0.48 0.35
L.
7296 7679 7363 i 7198
'
!_
(Analysis made at the Honan
Geological Laboratory)
d. Amount of Deposits
If the amount of coal deposits is calculatod for the
area between the mountain stream flawing to the east of the Ssu-ho
mine to the river west of the Chtang-kou mine and to a depth of
300 meters below sea level, or-dn short, a perpendicular depth of
438 motors from the floor of the Chia-tso basin, it would be as
follows:
Area (sq m)
28,925,000
Thickness (m) Specific gravity Deposit NT
X 4,5 X 1.5 ? 195,243,750
Of the above, some 100 million NT are loft to be min,J.
Another estimate:
The Li-ho, Ssu-ho district (eastern part) and the L 77ang-fong
(western part) are as follows:
The former extends 12 kilometers; the avorago thick-
ness of the seams is .6 motors; average dip, 140; specific gravity,
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1.4; to a depth of 1000 meters, tho doposit is 1200 X 413/1 X C X
1.4 416,707,200 metric tons. Tho latter extonds 11 kilometers;
average thickness of soams, 6 motors; average dip, 100; specific
gravity, 1.4; to a dopth of 1000 motors; the deposit is 1200 X
5757 X 6 X 1.4 m 531,946,800 metric tons.
Thus the deposit in this coal fiold amounts to ap-
proximately 948,654,000 motric tons. If minod to a depth of 600
meters it would be 609,786,000 metric tons.
o. Various Minos
(1) Chung-Fu Amalgamatod Co
(a) Tho field belonging to this company has a
lonE history. It was first minod in a
small way by primitive methods; in 1901 a
Peiping syndicate, the Fu Co, acquired a
field in tho center, 15 li by 5 li and
began mining on a largo scale with foreign
oquipmont. In 1915 a company callod Chung-
Yuan was formod which took over tho rest of
tho field viz, 15 by 6 li in tho oast, 12
by 5 li in tho wost, and competod with the
Fu Co which WAS half nutivo, half foroign
in its mothods. It is said that thu Fu Co,
rather than go undor, unitod with Chung-
Yuan to form a now company, tho Chung-Fu
Co. Thus competition was oliminatod and
the dovolopmont of tho coal field assured.
The capital of the Chung-Yuan company was
three million dollars, and in March 1922
at tho meeting of tho directors it votod
Vtn additional million dollars. Tho Fu Co
was backed by Enclish investmonts, with its
main office at Peiping and with a capital
of 1,500,000 pounds. To Chung-Fu Company's
capital was 3 million dollars and one Chinese
and one Englishman was selected as directors.
In 1933 this became known as the Chung-Fu
Amalgamated Company.
The most important mines in the field are
five in number, viz beginning at the east,
Ssu-ho, T'ung-shu-kou, Chiao-tso, Di-feng
and Chlang-krou. Ohiao-tso and Li-feng
were formerly the mines of the Fu Co, the
other three were owned by the Chung-Yuan
Co.
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(p) Amount of coal mined. This is shown in t:le
following table:
Year Amount 'lined by
Chung-Yuan Co Fu Co ?
1913 421,803 HT
1914 251,707
1915 425,942
1916 416,627 UT 449,242
1917 340,385 506,087
1918 431,635 627,927
1919 832,763 449,742
1920 734,895 561,834
1921 245,290 648,716
1922 400,000 505,109
1923 568,404 694,143
1924 943,339 670,835
1925 564,200 255,918
1926 54,000 116,673
1927 93,928 Ended
1928 313,123
1929 286,511
1930 935,198
1931 840,104
1932 630,741
1933 347,305 (to May)
424,695 (June-December by the C1-1- ;
Amalgamated Co)
1934
1935
909,600
531,234 (to June)
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(3)
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nining Co
Its mine is located 40 li northeast of (the
government seat of) Po-ai-hsien and six li
north of the Chfang-ktou Railroad Station at
Hou..hsin-chuang. Traffic - good. Regular
mining was begun in 1932; the mine area is 1011
mou. The seam being worked is 25 Chinese feet
of anthracite coal. Daily output, 500 metric
tons.
Hsiao-hsu-chuang Hine. In Po-ai-hsien. iini
begun by native methods in 1918; area, 6631 mou.
Now abandoned because or lack of capital.
b. _Limestone
Since tle underlying rock of t,e various coal fields
is )rdovician limestone, it is evident that it is widely distri-
but3d throughout this region. Careful surveys have not been made,
so, little is known of the quality or of the extent of the depos-
its, But it is safe to say that upon investigation, limestone
suitable in quality and quantity for various industrial purposes
wil. be found. At present lime is obtained by calcination of the
limestone.
c. Fire-resistant clay. (Alumina shale and potters'
cla7)
It is reported that there is such clay near all the
coa' fields. Since the seams are found in Permocarboniferous
strata, where these meet Permotriassic strata we may expect to
fin the so-called A and G strata of clay of an alumina shale
var:ety; also there is clay within the seams of coal. Further
investigation is necessary before the extent, amount and quality
of ihese deposits can be known but I will mention what tae sources
alr(ady at hand say on the subject.
(1) Hsin-mien Coal Field
Potter's clay is found near Kuan-yin-ttang,
and porcelain and electrical appliances are
manufactured by the mining company. The soft
clay is probably used from above the C stratum.
(2) I-10 Coal Field
Probably G clay exists here too.
(3) ,Ya-mi Coal Field
Hare not only A and G, but also B, C, E and F
strata clay is found, both of soft and :143.rd
quality. The pottery at Shen-hou-chen (in
.Yu-hsien) is famous. Also, clay is reported
at San-feng-shan.
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(4) Hsiu-po Coal Field
It is certain that G stratum clay exists here;
it is reported to be two meters thick. Near
Li-ho and Pei-shan it is dug out and used as
material far pottery and fire-resistant brick.
(5) Conclusion
It seems practically certain that fire-resistant
clay (alumina shale and potter's clay) exists in
all the above coal fields; but whether it is of
good quality for making fire-resistant brick or
for aluminum must await further study. The ex-
tent of the deposits may be inferred from that
of the coal fields.
d. Iron Sulphide
Pyrite is often found in Permocarboniferous strata,
but whether the amount in this region is small or non-existent
cannot be said with certainty. In Hsin-an-hsien and Po-al-hsien
there is a considerable amount found in the argillaceous shale at
the bottom of the coal seams, as may be seen from the following
discussion.
(1) Hein-an-hsien, Iron Sulphide
(a) This is found 70 li northeast of the Govern-
ment seat of Tisin-an-hsien at Rluang-lan-chen,
formerly Museng-ktou, and nearby villages
such as: Tung-wo-ts'un, Hsi-wo-ts'un, An-lin,
San-kuan-miao, Chu-yuan and Tan-ohlih. The
90 li distance from Kluangek'ou to Lo-yang
2.ailroad Station is a broad road passable for
wagons; but from Kruang-kvou to the mines is
from 3 to 4 li at nearest, 20 li at most;
and the roads are bad.
(b) Geology. The ore deposit is found in the
argillaceous shale at the bottom of the Per-
mocarboniferous strata. Pyrite in the shale
is in the form of tubers, lumps, or crystals,
at times accumulated into sack-like form,
and at other times scattered throueh the
shale. This stratum of shale which holds
the pyrite is some eight meters thok, but
,where the pyrite is found it ic throe Chinese
feet thick, sometimes only a f6w uhos thick.
The Dart containing the pyr:te shale
is about 25 per cent of the
(c) Quality. Sulphur content i the
crystalized form, but less le Jeep vari-
ety. In the former the pyri.. h at is
about 70 per cent. Free 15C ee:e c^c pounds
of ore 30 Chinese pounds of sdpliur may be
obtained. The natives, using a primitive
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ppmvpn For Rp!Rasp 1c1A9MR/95 ? CIA_Rnp7R-nnin9Annn9nnninon9-5
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-.-.1.othod, are able to get only 13 Chinese
pounds from 150 Chinese pounds of ore.
Ln analysis of the ore is as follows:
Best grade ore (crystallized), sulphur 49.6255; iron 46.67%
Second grade ore (lumps), Sulphur 44.0415; iron 40.92%
(d)
It is difficult to estimate the wmount of
the ore .deposit; but if it is distributed
in an area 1,000 meters wide, 3,000 -..eters
long, at an average thickness of 0.45
meters, the deposit would be 133,000 cubic
meters.. Tifith specific gravity of 3.2, and
assuming the ore to be 25 per cent of the
shale, the weight of the ore would be
1,080,000 metric tons. Deducting the
amount already extracted, would leave about
10,000 metric tons. The :-reatest remaining
amount is probably at Tung-wo-ts'un
Production. ?Linin;., by native methods is
not one durinE the height of the farming
season; seven months is the most possible
time for mining. At present most of the
mining is being done at the villages of
East Chu-yuan, Tan-ch'ih-p'o, and Teo-chin.
Tung-wo-ts'un is next in importance. At
present there are about 160 furnaces in the
region, handling the raw ore as follows:
daily, 2,500 Chinese pound (kin) (kin is
about 1 0 lbs); monthly, 75,000; yearly,
325,000 kin, or about 320 metric tons or
more. The mining bureau of Hsin-an buys
up the rough product and refines it. This
it sells throughout the country. host of
it is consumed in 7onan Province, but a
large amount is sent to Shantung, and re-
cently even to Shanghai. ane output is so
small that it cannot keep pace with the
demand.
(2) Iron Sulphide of Po-ai-hsien. This is found in
three districts:
(a) Villages near Hsiao-ling, 30 li northwest
of the government seat
(b) Villages near Ssu-hou, 20 li northeast of
the government seat
(c) Li-fang and neighborhood
The road from the mines to the government seat is
mountainous and bad. From Po-ai, however, there
is a railroad.
Geology. At the base of Permocarboniferous
strata there is grey shale and clay containing
RBSTRICTED
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CPYAWved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
RESTRICTED
Write. The stratum containing pyrite is at the
bottom of the lowest seam which is about six
meters dawn, its thickness is two meters. Pyrite
is scattered unevenly through this stratum in the
form of tubers or lumps. Its appearance is just
like that at Hsin-an-hsien. The ore bed is from
several centimeters to one meter thick. The high-
est grade ore has a sulphur content of 33.688;
iron, 34.73%; the next. grade has a sulphur content
of 32.04%; iron, 25.92%. Tho area of deposits is
about five square kilometers, the ore deposit being
1,200,000 metric tons.
There are 80 furnaces in the district with a daily
output of 1,200 Chinese pounds of sulphur; monthly,
40,000 Chinese pounds; yearly, 300,000 Chinese
pounds or approximately 230 metric tons. The prod-
uct is bought up by a mining bureau similar to that
in Hsian-an and is refined and sold in the country.
e. Fluorspar
Said to be found in Hsin-an-hsian, but no detailed in-
formation is available.
f. Gypsum
This is known to exist in this region at Kung-hsien,
Shanfthsien and Fling-lu-hsien in Shansi.
(1) Kung!-Iisien. GyPsum is said to be found here but
there are no details.
(2)
(3)
Shan-hsien. Gypsum is said to exist at Tai-an-
t'sun but details are not clear. The some strata
are found here in the northern part as in .P'ing-
lu-hsien in.Shansi, so in all probability the
gypsum here is the same as that in Pling-lu-hsion.
Ping-1u-hsian. From San-men-ling east of the
government seat, following the northern bank of
east Yellow River for about 30 li, there are four
exposed areas:, at San-men-ling, 5 li east of the
government ?seat071 of Hsu-yu-fon, 65 li oast of
the government seat; NE of Plan-nan-keu, 70 li
east of the government seat; and east of Flo-ti-
ho-tslunv80 li east of the government seat.
Of the four places, the last named has the best
gypsum. Transportation hero is by pack horses;
and once the Yellow River is reached, boat trans-
pertation is utilized.
The gypsum of this region has, since 1884, aroused
the attention of the natives, who have been ex- '
cavating it to some extent.
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App
RESTRICTED
Geology. Tertiary (7) laterite contains the
gypsum. The thickness of the strata ranges
from 4 to 5 Chinese-inehes to over a Chinese
foot. The extent of the deposit is ten kilo-
meters in length and. 1 to 5 kilometers in width.
The output for 1932, 1933 and 1934 was 2900,
2000, and 2500 metric tons respectively.
g. Other minerals
There are no other important nonmetallio resources
except those already named. There is some marble, inkstone, and
stone for building material. There is also some dolomite, but as
the mnount of these materials' is Small, they will not be discussed.
2. lietallio Resources
a. .Iron Ore. This is always in the form of Shansi iron
ore which is found at the base of Permocarboniferous strata.
Good
Tnferior
(1) Hsiu-Po iron ore. This is found between the
Ordovician limestone and the coal seams in the
form of tubers, of uneven thickness, from 0.5
to 2.5 meters. The extent of the deposit is
15 km from Yen-ho Feng-huang-ling on the west
to all of Li-ohuang on the east. With the ex-
ception of Feng-huang-ling and Li-chuang, the
amount of ore is very small; and since it is not
coneentrated in uny specific area, it does not
pay to mine it. For this reason, too, it is
hard to make any estimate of the amount of the
deposits, but if the Feng-huang-ling and Li-
ohuang area is included, it Would amount to ap-
proximately 50,000 metric tons. In 1926 Hsung-
yu Co began to mine this ore and set up a furnace
at 'isin-hsiang, but abandoned the work after a
few months. An analysis of the ore is as follows;
Tron Sulphur Phosphorus Silica Eanganese
(per cent)
48.66 0.11 0.04 13.59 0.14
37.77 0.45 0.40 19.36 --
(2) Hsin-an-hsien Iron Ore. This is found at To-to_
yuan and Chang-yao-yuan 40 li northwest of the
government seat, 20 li from the Tfieh-men Rail-
road Station on the Lung-Hai Line, but the road
is mountainous and bad. The ore is of the Shansi
variety like that at Feng-huang-ling. The ore is
kidney ore, (hematite), 55 per cent iron, high
in manganese content, law in phosphorus and sul-
phur. Amount of deposit is not clear, but the
ex'6ent of deposit is about 15 square li.
7-
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CPYRGHT
(3)
RESTRICTED
Shih-liu-yuan and Feng-men-ktou iron ore of Kung-
hsien. This is found at Shih-liu-yuan and Fong-
men-ktou; the former is 20 li southeast of the
government seat, the latter is 10 li east of the
former. Communication is difficult. The ore is
of. the Shansi variety, hematite. ?
b. Copper Ore
(1)
Mang-shan and Chen-ling Copper Ore of Chi-yuan-
hsien. This is found in a district 40 to 80 ii
northwest of the government seat in such places
as Sun-ohen-jen-fen, Ting-yu.-kou, Ma.tiou-shan,
Hsiao-kou, Huang-ttu-yad, Chih-ma?yao, In-t'ung-
yao, Chling-Ttung-kou, Chieh-ptan-kou, Chve-fu-
kou, Shui-ke-chien, Tou-fu-kou, Huang-t'ung-kou,
Ching-11s1-kung, An-pting-chih-fang and An-ling.
Rooks in this region are gneiss, schis.t, crystal-
ized limestone and quartzite. There are mala-
thite, azurite, cuprite, chaloopyrite together
with iron pyrite and gelena in the ore. Copper
is tmbodded in the veins of quartz which
pierce these The veins are 1 to 3 Chinese feet
wide; the copper content is 28 per cent at best.
'ihere is a slight amount of gold, 5 momme (momme
is. 3.75 grams) per metric ton. The amount of
the ore is not clear, and since the deposits are
small and scattered, they have not yet been
worked.
c. Lead and Silver
(1) Hsi-ch'ion-ling in Hsin-an-hsion. Used to be
mined but details are not available.
(2) Shuang-feng-shan in Chif-yuan-hsion. r0 details
available.
(3)
Cheng-chia-ling in Kung-hsien and at Ttien-ohung-
wan in Mi-hsien. These two places are very near
to each other. It is said that they were once
mined, and considerable silver taken out, but
details are not available.
(4) San-feng-ssu silver mine in Pting--lu-hsion. At
a place east of Fling-lu-hsion,.north of San-
feng-ssu Temple, and south of Chui-tzu-shan. It
is 50 li from the government seat and the roads
are bad.. The geological formation is paloozoic
gneiss. In this,voins of from several Chinese
inches to a Chinese foot in width are found, but
details are not available.
-68-
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TABLE SHOWING THE UNIMIGROCND RESOURCES IN THE
YELLOW RIVER BASIN
NOTE:
A. In the original document, information is
listed in tabular form with the followinE headings
1, District names (Hien)
2, Place name or mine within the district
3. Location
4. Mine bed
5. Quality
6. Quantity (decosit)
7. History
8. Remarks
9. Source of information (Chinese publication)
B. The above headinEs are omitted from the
translation. Columns 1 and 2 were combined into one column.
Many names are omitted in column 2 b cause district names
are sufficient for loc..tion of resources.
Column 9 is omitted because it is all in Chinese,
3nd the information from these sources is included in the
chart.
Columns 5, 6, 7 and 8 have very little inform-
ation. Where there is information, it is included in
columns 3 or 4 dapendinE on its pertinency.
?69-
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CPYRGHT
GOLD
Shantung Province
DISTRICT
(Hsien)
Li-oheng
Meng-yin
Ttai-an
Hsin-ttai
Wen- shang
PLACE NAME OR MINE !
Honan Province
Ghtung
Chin-haiao-ho
Lao -niu-yu
Chin-rehing
Mao-sheng-ttang
Ta-flu-chuang
Yen-ling-kuan
Lung (7)-yen
Ttan-shan
Kao-tu, Te-tting
Chuang-yu
Shensi Province
Hua
Pei- shui
KEnsu,Province
Yung-teng -
Yu-chung
Ching-yuan
Kao- inn
Chin-ttui
Chleng-chieh
Huang-shih-p'ing
Yu-feng-ssu,
Wu-fu-ssw
Chin-sha-pting
RESTRICTED
LOCATION
Chin-hsiao-ho area
20 li NE of the
govt seat
40 it NE of tho
govt seat
30 ii S of the
govt seat
20 li SE of govt
seat
60 li NW of govt
seat
30 U N of the
govt scat
50 km N of Tzu-
yang
160 li NW of the
govt seat
6-7 li $E of the
govt seat
120-140 ii SE of
the govt seat
Ta River Basin
South bank, Yellow
River
40 li E of the
govt seat
_
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DEPOSIT
Many veins
AlluVial
Alluvial
50 A50 km
8 m thick
Alluvial
20 li long
300 m
Other veins
Alluvial
60 sq li Average
width of seem, 1 m
Deposit 5,486,745.6
Chinese ounces (tael
Remarks, Important
Alluvial
Alluvial -
40 to 50 li
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CPYRGHT
GOLD
Kansu irovinc9
DISTRICT
I Tr, -vri
RESTRICTED
PL!t,E N.A1',LE iR1.1INE
TO-p.0.3._PrpyiDc,,
T-t1;11i
Liu-huang-kou
Iang-kou
0-po,. Po-ling-yao
Shan-s.'fit,ang
Ta-tun-hJ Basin
Le-tu
Hsi-ning Shun-shan-tiang
:ung-shui Basin
LEAD 'and SILVER
Shantung Province
Tzu-oh,uan Niu-chiac?shih
eh'-ng
Pc-shun Chu-chia-chuang
NJ'-shan in
Ku-shan district
Hopeh Province
Tzlu
LOCATION DEPOSIT
100 li N-of the
govt seat
!hell kricvm
!Good prospect
IShJuld be .Inwe-
Aiztted
Oldest hopeful
"Thread gold"
Alluvial
"Thread gold"
Annual output,
10,000 English
ounces
Important
16 km SSE of Lend in a quartz
P'uchi (1-ttion vein in limestone
_long the Chiao-Small amount
chi hR
Ch .i-chi-ling 170 Ii NW of
the govt seat
Ta-kung-Mou
- - - - ?
-7'-
RESTR? 771)
Lead in limestone
Poor and scarce
Experimented but
abandoned later
Mine opened in late
'Ching Dynasty
Lead
Ii
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DISTRICT PLLCE NAME OR MINE LOCATION DEPOSIT
(Haien)
Honan Provin9e
Lu-shih Pei-sha-tung
Ch'ung
Silver
Chiao-kou Lead and Silver
Li-teu-pling
Shang-chuang-p'ing Lead
Hsin-an Lead
Lo-yang Shua.g-feng-shan II
Hui TIou-to-kou Lead in limestone
.pockets
Chang-fenvtlang Lead in limestone
pockets
Chi Pel-hao-shan
Lead in limestone
pockets (galena)
Yang-pling-chen Lead in argyllite
Cheng-chia-ling and calcite.
Silver 8 ounces
per metric ton
Mi Ttien-chung-wan Galena and Silver
Silver 8 ounces
per metric ton
Shansi Province
Li-shih Ma-t'ou-shan
Plu Hsia-ts'un
Wen-hsi Hsi-shan-kou
Pling-lu San-feng-ssu
Chieh Tlao-hua-tung
NinOsia Province
A-la-shan
? 60 li NW of In sandstone, limestone
the govt seat and quartz schist
45 li NE of Sandstono,
the govt seat limestone
45 li from v-tiLrtz schist
the govt seat
80 li E of In paleozoic niss
' the govt seat
8 li SE of 1 In limestone
the govt seat'
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CPYRGHT
RE3TRICTED
Kansu Province
DISThICT PLACE NIJAE Oh MINi,
P'ing-liang
Yung-teng Niu-ma-tIou-hsia
Yung-teng Chla-mao-t'sang
Ning-ting Li-shu-ssu
Lin-hwia
Chingynan Hung-kow and
Lirshu
COPPEA
Shantung Province
Li-oh'eng T'ao-kle
T'ai-an
Honan Provincoe
Chi-yuan Marif-shan, Tai-
ling
I-yang Erh-lang-chen
Shansi Province
Wen-hsi-yuan
Chlu-hsia-wei
Ninghsia Province
Chung -wei
LOCTION DEPOSIT
Silver
32 km SE
of Chi-nan.
i SE of the
govt seat
of T'ai-an
Lead and Silver
50 ounces of silver
per metric ton
Lead
Silver
IF
Lead
In gneiss. Chalcopyrite
Nickel 2x
Small amount
About 3,000 metric.. tons
It is being worked now
Should )ge developed
40 to 80 li High grade copper
NW of the In gneiss and lime-
govt seat stone
Formed from malachite
and cuprite
Many veins 1 to 3
Chinese feet in width
Should be investigated
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Country-rock cnsists
of conglomerate and
quartzite in form
of pockets, diameter
2 Chinese feet
Chalcourite
21, copper
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COPPER
Kansu Province
DISTRICT PLACE YAME On AINE, LOCATIM
(Hsien)
Ching-yuan
Hung- shui
Yung-teng Shih-men-kou
Tlao-sha Man-pling-kou
T'ing-chian&-kou
Tsinghai Province
Hsi-ning
Le-tu
ON
Shantung Provinoe
I-tu Chin-ling-chen
approximately 6
km N of Chin-
ling-chin rail-
road station on
the Chia.chou
Ohi..nan RR
.DEPOSIT
Mine open in 1911
Width 70 CO?
Length 30
History: Mine
started in 1905 by
the Germans. After
the World "ar Japanese
took it over and
worked it from 1920
to 1922 producing
about 420,000 metric
tons, Now discontinued
Limestone and Diorite
Hematite and Magnetite
iron, 47 to 607Q, 10
million metric tons
deposit. Also pros-
pects in neighborhood
Li-chleng Yen-chli-shan and E of Chi-nan, to Exposed in limestone
others Chin-ling-chen and diorite
Should be investi-
gated
Lai-wu Lu-tung...chih
? Kluang-shan
20 miles NN il of
Ithe govt seat
774.?
RESTRICTED
Exposed in limestone
and diorite
Should be investi-
gated
?
Exposed in limestone
and diorite
Should be investi-
gate; magnetitt: -
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25,: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
RESTRICTED
IRON
Shantunk Province (Contld)
DISTRICT PLACS YAMEOR MINE
(Rgien)
Ttai-an
Hsin-tia4
Chteng-tzu Pc
Yin-shan
Tung-an -chia-ling
yr
Hs:In--i;:ai coal fields
Ning-yang Lao-kou-shan
flown Province
Hsiu-wu and Feng-huang-ling
Pa-ai to Li-chuang
Hsin-an
Kung
An-yang
Lin
Ho-t'ao-yuan
and Chiang -yuan
ShilrPliu-yuan
and Feng-hsiang-k'ou
Hao-ching-kou
and others
7'1610-hue-chi
Shansi Provipce
Chao-ch'eng
Hu-kuan Shen-chia-kou
Chlang-chih
LOCATION
S of San-ttai-
shan, near
southern sta-
tion oh the
Chin-ptu RR
20 li N of RR
20 li NW of
the govt seat
20 li SE 10 li
E of govt seat
40 ii E of
the govt seat
? .
70 li S of- :
the govt seat
DEPOSIT
SeMatite; 300to x!.m
Deposit one million
metric tons
200 m x 30 m
Depcsit 6,200,000
metrio tons
Nc outcrop.
Below permo-
carboniferous
stratum Rod G*04;
iron 60%
"Shansi" iron; 15 km
seem 0.5 to 2.5 m
150,000 metric tons
"Shansi" iron 55%
Some manganese
"Shansi" iron
Hematite
"Shansi" iron in
sandstone
Limestone.
Iron 40%
"Shansi" iron
Iron 56 to 60h
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CPYRGHT
IRON
Sb p.province (Cen)1.4)
DISMICT
(Haien)
Ling -ehtuan
Kao?p/.ing
Pi-shui
Chin-ohteng
Yang-oh'eng
Wen-hsi
Chieh
PLACE NAME OR MINE
Northwestern Ling-
ohuan-hsien
EAli-tlung (7)
TTL.o.rhua?tung
Yu-hbiang -Wang-kuan-rt
Hai
Hsiao-i Shen*chia-kou
Chung-yang Shang-ch'iao-chen
Lin Chao-hsien-chen
Shensi Province
Fu-ku
Han-chleng Chih-hu..ch'uan
Chu-yuan-tstun
Lush?yang Pa-p'ai
Kan -ohluan Ch'uanTfu-ts'un-
chen
Peng Tlieh-lu-chluan
and others
RESTUCTED
LOCATION
Coal field
Coal field
25 li NW of
the govt seat
8 li SE of
govt seat
15 li SE of
the govt seat ?
NE of the
govt seat
Near Tui-chiu-
Yu
E of the
govt seat
100 li SE of
the govt seat
10 li NE of
the govt seat
60 to 70 li N
of the govt
seat
Bad road for
50 li
170 li W of
the govt seat
150 to 160 li
S of Feng-hsie
DEPOSIT
"Shanbi" iron
Iron 50%
"Shansi" iron 40 to 51%
"Shansi" iron 5CA
Iron over 50%
Iron 53%
In sandStone,limestone
argyllite
In sandstone, limestone,
argyllite
"Shansi" iron 50%
"Shansi" iron 50%
In limestone
In sandstone, limestone
"Shansio'iren
"Shansi" 'iron, deposit
2,909,000 metric tons
Hematite'
It was once worked
me opened 1932
Work begun 1933
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CAPYRG T
pri Fnr Rplpacp lcicici/fIROR ? CIA-R111D7R-M1ngAnnn9nnn1nnn95
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IRON
- Shensi Province (Cont4)
DISTRICT
?
(Helen)
PLhCi.r NAZ OR MINE LOCATION DEPOSIT
Ta-shih-yeh
Kao-ch'iao
fl-ho-lao
Lo?nan rau-tstun-chen
M21IE:s14,allg
Ku-yang .r..F-ming
i 10 ro-p?u
Ninghsia Province.
Ning-hsia
Kansu Province
Ku-lang Ta-ch'ing-pao
Yung-teng Shang-lan-shih
Kao- lan
Tlieh*shih-shan
Hue-yen-shan
Ohsyao-shan
Chin-ke..shan
Pal-shih-kung
Chling-yang Heng-ling
Hei-ning
60 to 70 li
SE of the
govt seat
Produced 400 kin
(kin - 3.75 gram)
per day
Annual output
300,000 to
400,000 kin
20 li of In gneiss
the govt seat Deposit 700,000
metric tons
N of 3tiv0.1i-;
eh'i
Wagnetic,_iron
exists in vein
grahite
NE section Strike - N & S
Veins - 5 Chinese
feet wide
150 x 4, Chinese
feet
Vein .7- 214 x
30 to 50 Chinese
feet
ein- 100 to 400
x 20 to 40
Chinese feet
ein - 100 x 20
set
tarted 1934 but
as discontinued
years later
Northern ein - 1000 x 100
section hiuese feet
eposit 100
etric tons
-77 -
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Apctlias:90ar Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
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Kausu Province cContlgl
DISTRICT PLACE NAME (JR MINE
Hung- shui Chu-tsui-chung-pa
Tsin-hai., Province
Le-tu Haia-kfou
Ts'ai-tstao-tlai
Le-tu-Pa-yan Ching-sha
MANGANESE
Shantung Province
Hsinttai, Pe i-tso
Krnsu Province
Ying-teng R1pht side of
,?11angra.4h.,:
Kao-lan. ;P-4-shih-kuan
AbUMINA SH-LE
She:at:pi?Province
Tzu-ch'uan
and Po-shaL
,
LOCATIuN
.*
. PE?..9.41T
Vein .7. 200 to 150
Chinese feet long
Width', to 15 Chinese
feet
Contains a little copper
On the border
of the two
25km of the
govt seat and
36 km E of
South Station
oL Tientsin-
Pukow RR
Northeastern
seotibn-
Tzu- eh' uan-
& PishanHC'oal-
fielde ' '
-78-
REST:1.1MM
100 to 600 x 400
Chinese feet contains
limestone
3 Chinese feet wide
Contains much silica,
poor quality
6 km long
Manganese. in round lumps
25% Aanganese sand
Deposits - 19,000,000
metric tons
7 x 20 Chinese feet
10 x 20 Chinese feet
History: Mined by na-
tives and Japanese.
Shipped to Japan
Recently developed by
the North China Aluminum
Mining Co. Located
above and below the
coal seam, Known as G
and A seams respectively.
Outcrop oGn_unknown,
outcrop of liAlf-62 km
long _
Eat -Deposit 1,000,000,
000 tons
Cal Deposit 200,000,000
Tons .711;.- ?
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CIAPPIWpd For Release 1999/08/25 CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
RESTRICTED
-
bantad(5.trovinCe (Cont' d) -
DISTRICT PLACE NAME OR MINE LWATION
(Hqien)
Hsin-t'ai
and Meng-yin
Ning-yang
HaiaTtlai & Meng-
yin Coal fields
Tzu-yao
Yu -ts'un
Honan _province
Chang-to
Shan
Yu and Mi
Hsiu-wu and
Po-ai
Ta-hO-kou
Kuan-yin-t'ang
Kcnsu Province
Kao-lan
Ying-ten
Hao-yu-chen
Yao-chieh
Ta-wen-k'ou
Coal fields
near Tzu-yao
TaTwen-k'ou
co 1 field
near Yu-talon(
.Ta-ho-kou
coal field
Hsin-Aien
coal field
Yu-Mi Coal
field
Within Hsiu-
Po, the Tsao-
tso
DEPOSIT
Cal High Grade Deposit
2,500,000 one
Actual Deposit
42,000,000 Tons
Act High Grade "
2,000,000 Tons
Deposits accessitole
for open pit mining
1,250,000 Tans
Average grade of A seam
40$ A1203
High Grade Deposits
53% to 80% il203
G seam 2-5 in thick
scant alumina
A seam, 2.5-3 in thick
G seam
-Appears to be A and
G. seam
G seam, 2 m thick
40 11 S of Potter's clay
the govt seat kaolin
60 li S of
the govt seat
Potter's clay
kaolin
-79 -
RESTRIGTED
Appr uvtd Fur Relectse 1999108125. CIA-RDP78-03 I 09A000200010002-
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
RESTRICTED
COL
ShantungProvinoe
DISTRICT rum NAME OR MINE
1(Hien)
Txu-chuan Tzu-?chuan coal field
Chang*chtiu Chang-chliu coal
field
Lai -wu
Lai-wu coal
field
Yen -chuang coal.
field
sin-tai Hsin-tai coal
field
Men-yJm
Tai-an
Chluan-kou coal
field
hen-nan coal field
Shen-yu coal field
LOCATION
E of Tzu-
chluan
Railroad Station
Between Tsingtao
and Chnig-tien
295 km
Between Chang-
tien and Tzu-
chuan 18 km
Coal field S of
Ta?lin-chlih and
Lung shan Sta on
Shantung RR
Greater portion
is in Chang-chliu.-
hsien and partial-
ly in Tzu-chluan-
hsien
Extends 1.33 li
14 from Sha-tfan
(7 li S of govt
seat)
Centered around
Yen-chuang 30 li
SE of govt scat
Area between 4Lin-
nan (25 li S of
govt set) and
Nan-yao-tiou (36
li WSW of govt
seat) 30 miles E
of Ta-wen-k'ou
Sta
23 li WNW of govt
seat 9 miles N of
Hsin-tlai coal
field
Near Wen-nan W
of govt seat
Net,. Shen-yu in
hsien
, , ?
=POSIT
?Permocarboniferous
3,4,5,9,10 seams are
best.
Semi-anthracite and
anthracite.
Coking type
Seating value 7000-
8000 calories
1209,098,000 metric tons
-80 -
RESTRICTED
Approved For RPlease 1999/08/25 ? CIA-RDP78-0310QA000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
RESTRICTED
COAL
DISThICT PLACE NIAM OR MINE LOCATION
(Hsien)
'Ylitstun coal field 30 km ESE of
Ta-wen-kou
sta on-Cbin?
. .1311z RR
Ning-yang Tzu-yao'acial field E of govt
sent near
Tgu-yao-teun
Hopei rrovince
?
Tztu Te-hsien coal W of the govt
field seat
?
There ieva coal I
hauling RR 42 li
from Ma-ttou-cheri
eta on Ching-hanl
hR
Honan Province
An-yang n?rang coal? In An-Tng-hsienI
field and partly in 1
Teu-hsien there 1
is a sTur line
from FenE-le-cha
eta on ChinE-han
Rh 40 km directl
Niti of Chang-te-fu
DEPOSIT
Shui-chih-chen
Tlang+yin Hao-pi-chen
Hsian-an + Hsin-mien coal
Chi-yean ? field
shan - Mien-
chlih
45 li W of.Chang7
te, Area is '4 km
E.to W, and 8
km N to S
45 ii NW of ,
T.lang-yin Sta'
on.Ping,Han RR
N .of Shan and
Hsin-an Sta on
Lung-Hai RR from
the western bor-
der of Tsi-yuan-
hslen (in the E
thru Rsin-an-
hsien to the area
between Hsin-da?
hsien.and Shan+
hsien lathe W)
-81-
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
COAL
DISTRICT
(Haien)
Iyang?Lo- Iyang coal 4.
yang-Yen-
shi-Kung?sstr-
shuF-Tung-
yang
RESTRICTED
PLACE NA-ME OR MINE::
Yu-mi
Hein-wu
Po-ai
Yu-mi coal field
Hsin4O Coal field
Shansi Province
Tse-chou Tse-chou coal field
Yang-chleng
Kao-ping- Keo-pling coal
Chin-chleng field
Chlin-shui
Po-shan
Yao-t'ou coal' field
Chung-tifen coal
field:
Tl*chia-chliao coal
fields .
II
Po-shan coal field .
LOCATION DEPOSIT
S' of Lung-hai
Rh from the SE
of I-yang-hsien
thru the south-
ern parts of Lo-
yang, Yen-shih,
Kung and Ssu-
shui to the SE
of Tung-yang-
hsien
Northern sector
of Yu-hsien, Mi
hsien, and Chia
yu.-hsien
From northwest-
ern Hsin-wu-
hsien through
the northern
part of the
western Po-ai-
hsien to the
northern part o
Chling-yang- .
hsien
Near Tse-chou,
and northeaaierr
Yang-ch'eng-
hsien
Centering .
pling
area 35 km E to
W 40 km N to S
10 km W of gov
seat
17 km SW of go
seat
'-18 km Eof govt
seat
Area 10 km E to
W 5 km N to S
Area of 15 sq jPermocorb 11-16 seams
km in Poshan- est, oily coal 1,5 to
hsien Tzu-chuan 3 Chinese feet thick
haien
-82 -
RE$TAICTED
ARTAVor Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A0002000100112.5
COAL
DISTRICT PLACE NAME OR MtW
(Haien).
(contro
Chang.- Chang-chtiu
-Chliu Goal field
Lai-wu Lai7wu coal field
6
Yens.ohneng coat
field
I.
Hein-tlai Hsin-t'ai coal
field
Ch!uan-kou coal
field
. ?
Wen-nan coal
field
LOCZION
South of RR
near Lung-shan
Sta partly in
Tu-chtuan
Extendo 1.33 li
W from Shu-tan
t? li 8 of govt
stit)
25 li S of the
main town to
Wah*yao-t'ou
36 li southeast
30 miles from
Ta- en-kou RR
Sta
23 li WNW of
the main town
9 miles N of
HsinItlai field
Near Wen-nan
ar
. ae and small Coal
,S4c ll Chinese
feet thick
egli*antbracite and
anthracite non-coking
Seating value - 6000-
$000 calories _
3,69,654,400Aadtric
tons
13 seams bituminous
semi-anthracite
Some coking
494,634,000metrid.
tons
SemiTanthracite
50,000,000 metris
ton
One seam, 1.6 to 7.2
Olhiness feet
Three seams in E
part .
Two seams in W part
1.6 to 6.4 Chinese
feet thick
Coking
30,000,000 metric
feet
? ?
Spven seams, 0.5 to
5 Chinese feet
Coking
60,000,000 metric
tons- -
Three seems 1.6 to
5 Chinese feet
Anthracite
"RW,deposit
Seam 9 Chinese ie4t
Coking
2000,000 metric
tons
Under6round 500
meters
-83-
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 . -RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
cpAcksgr_wed For Release 1999/08/25.: CIA-RDP78-03109A0002000100112=5
COAL
? DISTRICT
tHaien)
T'al-dti ?
PLACE NAS OR MINE
Shen-yu Goal field
-:itr-talun coal field
Ning-yang TzU.,yas coal field.
.Hopeh Province
Teu.-hsien coal
field
HoneeProiinde
? An-y&Pg. Ti-ho-kou
rtrzarit.tal'igi)
I.ACATIUN
?Near Shen-ye
30 km SE of
Ta-wen-ktou RR
Sta
E part of the
govt seat neer
Tzu-yao, (7)
W part (4 the..
govt seat 42 lit
from Ma-tIou RR'
sta
coal fiel4 From An-yang
through Tz'u-
hsien, NW of
Chang-te 40 li
A branch rail-
road
.4-yang. Shui-chih-chen. 45 li W of
Chang-te area
4 x 8 km
DEpoSii.
Output '6,1500 metric tons
Per 700. (5 seams)
0.4 tO 4.3. m
Good poking property
6600 to 7800 calories
Deposit remaining-
31,500,000 metric tons
8 seams 0t7 to 1.67 m.
Oodi coking: '
High au101ur-content-
6,500 to 7,500 calories
48)610,000 metrie tens
9 seams 5.5 m bituminous
Coking 6500-8000 calories
45,8p00000 metric tons
10 seams, 5 good
3 to 5 m
Coking
7000-8000 calories,
258,800,000 metric tons
Two seams, 2 to 3 and
8 to 10 Chinese feet
anthracite, 6954 cal
40,240,000 metric tons
ang-yip
? liac?pi-chen 45 li NW of
Non-coking, 7300 cal
:T
T'ank-yin eta
Two seams, 1 is 2 and,
17 Chinese feet
21,840,000 metric tone
hsin-an -
Hsin-Mien.
North of Lung-
Sevap.seams.5 worked
Chi-yuan
coal-field
hai
Anthracite and se4i-
' $han- ?
Railroad between
anthracite in east
Mien-eh'ih
Hsin-an and Shan
stations,
E to Chi-vuan
W to 6han and
Bituminous in W
6000 to 8000 eels
Anthracite - 162,000,000
metric tons
Mien-eh'ih
Bituminous - 126,000,000
metric tons
Total - 1,288,000,000
metric tons
-84 -
RESTRICTED
CPYRGHT
Appmved Fnr Release 1999/0R/25 ? CIA-RDP7R-03109A000200010002-5
RESTRICTED
GOAL
DISTRICT PLACE NAME OF MINE
(Hsien)
I-yang
Yen-shih
Kung,
Ssu-shui
and Jung-
yang '
Yu-Mi W-Mi coal field
Hsiu-wu
Po-at
Hsiu-Pc coal
field
Shansi Province
Tse-chou Tee-chou coal.
Yang -ohteng field
Kao-ping Kao-p'ing coal
Chin-oh'eng field
Ch'in.ahui Yao.-t ou coal
field ?
Chung-tstun coal
. field
LOCATION
_Sof
.4 from SE I-,.
yang via the S
.pert of Lo-yang
Yen-shih, Kung,
and Ssu-shui tol
SE of Jung-yang
Both Yu and Mi
hsien and north
part of Chia-yu
(7)
From Northwest
Hsiu-wu via
North part of
'nest Po-ai to
North part.ef
Win-yang
Near Tse-chou
and NE part of
Yang-oh'eng
Centering on
Kao-ping, area
E to iv 35 km
N to S 40 km
10 km W of the
main to
17 km W of the
govt seat
DEPOSIT
?
pine seams; bituminous
Somi-anthratite
7150 to 8250 calories
'Bituminous
237,000,000 metric
.tons
Anthracite ,
267,000,000 Metric
tons
Total - 504,000,000
metric tons
17 seams; bituminous
and semi-bituminous
7000 calories
1,545,580,000
metric tons
1 seam; anthracite
and semi anthracite
7000 calories
100,000,000 metric
tons
4 seams, 2,1
113.5, and 5
Chinese feet,
Anthracite and semi-
anthracite
0356,000,000
metric feet
Non.- coking
Three seams, 16.
Ohinese feet (total
anthracite
334,000,000
metric tons
Two Imams, 8 feet
(total semi-anthracite
19,000,000
metric toils
RESTit/CTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRC4H-..mptproved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
COAL
DISTRICT
,(Hsien)
RESTRICTED
PLACE NA. OR MINE LOCATION
,
'coal field-_
Yang- Yang-chleni coal
ch'eng field
Tung-chih coal
field
'
18'km E of the
?"govt seat
- 1, to i? 10 km
N to S 5 km
Ku-lung coal field
1ven-hsi Ch'iao-chia-kou
coal-field
Ling-ch!uan Lipg-chinan
' coal-field
r -
Hsiangr :"San;.1u,an
yuan-- '
Lt-ch'eng--
Ch'ang-
chih--
Hu-kuan--
Chlang-
tzu
Lin-fen Shan-hi coal-fiel
'Plu
Piu Tun? -shan
? field
Hsiang- Hsiang?ning coal-
ning field
4 km NE of
govt seat
14 km S of
the govt seat
20 km W of
govt seat
90 li SE of
the govt seat
Vlithin the dis-
trict
24 km X 4 to 8
km
Including Tlu-
Men-hsien, Mi-
tten, Chien-koul
11, Ho-lung -
kuen aresip
Anchia-yu,
Shan-tiou ts'un
Kao-ko-t8'un
areas
In the district
DEPOSIT
Ti. seams, 7,C1j1nese
feet total iem1-:
anthracite
134,000,000-Meiric tons
Two seams, 12.5
Chinese feet
Total semi-anthracite and
anthracite
371,000,000 metric tons
Six seams, 8.6 Chinese
feet
Total semi-anthracite
and anthracite
62,000,000 metric tons
5 Chinese feet
Semi-anthracite
and anthracite
36,000,000 metric tons
Two seams, 7-E Chinese
inches and 2 Chinese feet
Non- cokinE
116/166,400 metric tons
Coking and non-coking
6,789,053,500 metric tons
Two seethe, 2 Meters
Coking
2,275,735,150 metric tiwns
Sean i 6 m total
thick bituminous
5,315,050,000 metric tone
Seams total 6 meters
thick
3,144,960,000 metric tons
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
'BISTRICTED
DISTRICT PLACE NAME OR MINE
-
(Heim)!!
Hung-tung Hsi-shan coal fielc
. . ? . ?
LOCATION
.
ZIWItn8 - Kuo-
ohii-4huang,- .
Tsc-chii-kou,
DEPOSIT
Three seas total
:22 Chtnesi ,fent
-thick
Nan-li-ts/un,
1,663,568$400...:
Han-hou-tslun
and Lou-ts'un
metric tons '
.
Chao-ch'eng Yuan-chluan
NE of govt seat
Seams total 7 m
? coal field
entire area of
thick
Mt Sung- chia
Bituminous
15,600,000 metric
tons .
,
San-tliao-ho
coal-field
22 km W of govt
Seven seams total
seat 3.5 km N to
thickness 15 feet
S 4 km E to W
181,000,000"
metric tons
Ho Fan,ch'uan.cbalr
12 km W of the
Three seams total
field
govt seat
9 feet
6 km E to W
93,000,000 metric
6 km N to S
tons
Tung-nan coal-
SE of govt seat
Seams 6 m thick
field
near Shang-ts'ao
Bituminous
tslun and Sung-
Coking
chuang
193,050,000
metric tons
Fen-hal Fen-hsi coal-
Below the
Seals total 4 to 7 m
field
district
Coking
10,519,392,000
metric tons .
...
Fen-yang-- Hsi-shan coal-field
Shih-chia-ohuang
10 seams total 7 m
Hsiais-i -- at Hsiao-i
Chang-chia-
Bituminous
Ling-shih
chuang of Fen-
7,601,048,000
.
yang-hsien,
Yao-chuang Hu-
metric tons .
.
chia-yao,
Tui-chiu-vu
Ju-lai-ts'un of
Hsiao-i-hsien
Hua-wang, Chung-
?hsi,
p.
Tu-chen of
.
Ling-shih-hsien
,,. Tui-chiu-yu-coal-
12 km W of Hsiao
Five seams total
field . ..-,

i-heien
Area
15 Chinese feet
216,000,000
.?
11 km E to W
metric tone
7 km N to S
? .
-87-
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
RESTRICTED
COAL
DISTRICT PLACE NAME OR MINE LOCATION DEPOSIT
? (Hsieh)
I ? '
. ? .
Li-shih 4.4-shib coalfieldLiii.
Chungying--
'
Lin -
Shih
Ho-chlu --
P'ien-kuan,-
and Pao-te,
.Hsing
' ? - -
Chung-shih coal-1181g
Ho-Hsing coal-field
Shensi Province
Fu-ku
Shen-mu
Yu-lin
Mi-chih
Heng-shan
Below all three Total 7 m thick
districts Coking
3,986,136,700
Imetric tons
Area between Lin, lotal 6,5 m thick
hsien and Shih- Coking
listen '3,251,560,000 metric
, tons
Below all dist-
ricts
Total 15 m thick
10,807,664,400
metric tens
10 ii E of govt Bituminous
seat, neer Liu,- 160,000,000
lin-chi and Ho- metric tons
tstun
20 to 80 li W of Bituminous
the govt seat 480,0000000 metric
Including Sha- eons
kou-yang, Ta-
pien-tsrun,
T'an-vao-kou-
ts'un, Ts,ao-lu-
kou-tstun, Shen-
shu-kou-tstun
villages
10 to 50 li SE Seam 1 ft
l'and-S of the - .Bituminous
govt seat " 250,000,000 metric
tons ,
60 li SE of the
govt soat,
several tens of
li from Lung-
erh-yai-kou
50 to 70 li E
and S of the
govt seat
100 ii W of the
govt seat
Bituminous
90,000,000 metric
tons
Bituminous
12,000,000 metric
tons
Mesozoic and Paleozoic
Bituminous
20,000,000 metric
tons
- RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
RESTRICTED
py/
1=1.1
?
r_ LIT .1 1-
PEOR
1:1??
I.
'1!
2.1
,../3c
3c
?777
t
r1K-Rs-,
?
?
.!/
: / , -. .,...
/ ,
/ t , ci ?.,
(3,
/
?
?
???
?
?
.111.
????.?
????
???., WM=
?????
"". ??? ???
_
.4.74.rc
(C
?????
(4)
4c- sE2JL
?
(4)
?2%H/1V_ +
\.4
? ? 1/4. 1.-
^
?
?
?
k? It
,
, oe
N. I
? m??
????? ?1.? .momm. am. =soli eat= MI .00
? .r
ff\,
\
,
????? OEM, .00
41..0 OW MOW
??=11, WM Mall
????
RESTR I CT!
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A0002000; 0002-5
CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : GIA-KLJP (8-03109A000200010002-5
GOAL .
DISTRICT
(Hsien)
An-ting
Ch'ing-
chien.
RESTRICTED
PLACE NISE OR MINE LOCATION
Lao-chuang-kou
Yen?chtuan 'Ying-p'ing-chen
HanTchleng Han-chteng coal
field
Chung.pu Tstun-chen
I-chun Yuan-tzu--pting.
Chteng-
chteng
Pei -shui
Chtang-kuan-chen
P'u-ch'eng Ts'ai-tne;chen
T'ung -kuan
Yes
Chtun..hua
Hsun?i
u-lin-chen
Chlun-hua coal
field.
Yuw.tzug-kou
3 Village's-16z--
cated in the BE
and N of the
govt seat
70 li W of
govt seat
90 Ii NW of
govt seat
Northern part of
the Cistrict
50 li W of govt
seat 2 to 3 li
fro' Tstun-chen
Western part of
govt seat
20 li W of
govt seat
15 to 20 li E
of govt seat
60 li NE of
the govt seat
WW of LiuTlin-
chen, over. 90 li
NW of govt seat
50
govt seat
30 ii W of govt
seat
DEPOSIT
Turassic:
19,000,000
metric tors
Jurassic
16,000,000
metric tons
Jurassic
7,000,000 metric
tons
Carboniferous
5 seams
Bituminous and
anthracite
Carboniferous
Ir alternate
sandstone and
shale
1,5 to 2.5
Chinese feet
380,000,000
metric feet
Carboniferous
310,000,000
metric tons
9,000,000 metric
tons
Seams 3.5 to 4
Chines, feet thick
Carboniferous
Bituminous and
sOmi-bituminous
-89-
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
piruvd Fur R6lUdbU 1 . CIA
DISTRICT
(Haien)
Pin
RESTRICTED
PLACE NAAE OR MINE ...LOCATIUi
Pei-tzu-kcu
Inner Aongolia (Meng-chiangl
Sa-la-chi Chang-sheng-mao
Yang-chi-ling
Kluan-tien-tzu
coal field -
Hou-ho Ta*klou-tzu coal
fleld
1
Pei-chain coal field
of Chta-su-oihi.
Liu-shu-wan coal,
field
. 0.
Hei?tou-kou coal
. field and the
Northweste-n coal
field of PJ-klo-
ohi ';
Tfai-ko-mu 'peat
Mad
Ku-yang Wo-hsin-hao
DEPOSIT
30 li E of govt Carboniferous
-Seat 303,030,000 or
370,000,000 metric
tons
13.7 km N':4.of
Sa-la-chi
17 km NW of Sa.-
la-chi
6 km NW of Sa,
la-chi Rh Sta
20 li NW of Hou-
h.
Three seams; bituminous
area 10 sq km
Seams 3 in thick
37,800,000 metric
tons
Permo carboniferous
area 2 sqkm
1 to 2 in thick;
Bituminous
6,100,000 metric tons
Jurassic; area
3 sq km 1.5 in thick
Bituminous
5,800,000 metric tons
Jurassic; 3 seams
2,1,3 feet thick
respectively
24,000,000 metric tons
Jurassic
Weak coking
30 km W of Hou- Jurassic
ho -anthracite
53,000,000_metric
tons
20 li N of Chla-
su-chi RR eta
Over 10 li NW of
Pi-k'o-chi RR
sta
Area 12 km W
from S of Tai-
ko-mu RR eta.
10 li NW of govt
seat
Jurassic; 2 seams
1 ft and 2 to 4 feet
anthracite
11,700,000 metric tons
Jurassic seams 1 to
2 feat 500. in down
2,900,)00 metric tons
Peat
Seams 1 to 3 feet
11,000,000 metric tons
Four seams; total 2 in
-Bituminous
48,000,000 metric tons
Area 20 sq km
-90-
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CPYRGHT
roved-For RPlease 1999/08/25 ? CIA-RDP78-0310QA000200010002-5
COAT
DISriTCT
(Esieri)
RESTRICTED
FIAIE NAME OR MINE LOCATION DEPOSIT
. .
Shih-kuai
An- peiShuan?ma-chuang
KualvTchingTkou
Nir,whsia,Province
Chung-wei Chunewei coal
field
Yu-wang Yuwang coal field
Pling-lo P'ing-lo coal fiel
Ning-shUo Ning-shuo Coal
field
Ning-hsia Eastern foot of Ho-
lan-shan and Chieh-,
tzu coal field
.Kansu Province
, Tan..shn ,
* (TN:
Western coal fieii
In MkTe-ching N
War
S of Shuan-ma.,
chuang, NE of
govt seat
100 li E of the
govt seat
From the east of
Wu-uei, (along
the northern mt
of Chli-lien
Shan) to the kost
of Yu,men
Jurassic
7 seems total
2., to 3 m
Anthracite and
20000,000 metric
tons ? .
Area 39 sq km
Teiseigan* 5,800,000
top! . ?
To4e1 16636bt000
tons ? ?
Permocarb area
1.8 sq km
2 seams.total 2 in
Anthracite
3,250,000 metric
tons
Noo-coking bituminous
5768 to 7520
calnries
58,800,000 metric
tons
Area 7 sc. km
Carboniferous
anthracite
Permo7carboniferous
Meaning of "teiseigano cannot be ascertained, probabl:v refers
to lower grade coal of some kinfl..)
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-
COAL
DISTRICT
'(isien)
?
tao-lan
PLACE NAZ OR MINE
Central coal field
Ypngteng
Ko-ting ?Nertheastern coal
.Chtung...bsim field
Isinghai Prevince
'To-flung 'Ta-flung Coal fiel
Le-tu Le-tu coal field
PETROLEUM
Henan Province
Meng Chih-chlenE-chen
Shensi Province
Yen-chlang Yen-chlang
Yen-ch,uan oil field
Fu-shih
? : ?
Kan-chluan Sha-tzu-wan
Fu
I -chun
Hsun -1
RESTRICTED
LOCATION
Centers about
Kao-lan-hsien
Extends through
these three dis-
tricts then to
Ningsia
40 ii W of golgt
seat
Near ihe.gOV't
seat '
2.5 km 6w 'of the
Eovt seat
Everywhere below
district
2.5 km S of govt
seat
DEPOSIT
Jurassic
Clay in the seams
Permocarboniferous
In green sandstone,
Permian
Oil bearing coal seam
0.64 m thick
432,800 metric tons
Rich in gasoline
100 parts coal to
10 parts gasoline
?
Important
Two wells produce
60. barrels per day
In mesozoic sand-
stone shale
:Small amount
oil
Small amunt of oil
Smell amount of oil
Small amount of oil
mall amount of oil
,?
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DISTRICT
(Hsien)
PLACE NAAE OR MINE LOCATION
Heng- shanOh1-11m-kou
An-ting
Chungpn, San-chruan RR 'eta' '
Ninghsia Province
Pqng-lo
Kcnou Province
,
YinE-teng Ko-seu*ttan
80 km S of Yu-
lin-hsien
From An.,ting-
hsien to the
Northern border
of Fu-shih-
hsien
12 km NW of
Tiert-ttou?chen
DEPOSIT
Average percentage
of.oil'Sxtrasted.
2%, Oil bearing.
shale in Jurassic
stratum, black,
with :ashy white
clayalternate,
6tb 8 a
Average percentage
of oil estracted
5%. 1 meter thick
Important
300 m down; rich
seam (5%)
125,400,000
metric tons Oil,
2,006,400,000
gallons
Poor Seam (2%)
525,500,000 '
metric tons
Oil 3,670,800,000
gallons
Oil bearing shale
Rich seam (5%)
299,550,000
metric tons
5,386,500,000 gals
Poor seam
3,933,000,000
metric tons
23,598,00,000
gallons
Amount of oil
ektracted 6%
0i1-be-ring shale
in Mesozoic
stratum
Oil (sic)
Oil-bvering shale
30 Chinese feet
thick
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GYPSUM
Shantung rrovince
DISTRICT
(Hsien .
RESTRICTED
PLACE NAME OR MINE LOCATION
Lai-wu Ta-chuang
Ma-chia-miao
T'ai-an Hsu-chia-lou
Kung
Shan la-an-tslun
Shensi Province
Pving7lu. Plo-chuang
Ho-ts'ung and
others
.-Kansu?Province,'?
Ting-hsi
FLOURSEAR
Shantung Province
Po-shan Tung-shih-ma
Chu-chia-chuang
Chlai-lo*shan
Near coal field
From San-man-ling
E of the govt
seat 30 ii E
alonE N bank of
Yellow River.
Yellow River to
field several
tens of li.
5 li W of the
govt seat
17 km S of Hei-
shan 3 km S of
Tung-shih-ma
8 km from Hei-
shan
DEPOSIT
Important
Like that in
Shansi at Ping-1u
In tertiary red
beds in small seams;
several cm thick
jp limestone; in
ro.-e-like narrow
veins 0,1 to 1 m
thick
Broken off at 2 km
Rough'caltitm
flouride 20 to-40%
fine ore 69.57A
Mind on. small
scale TrOrChirig
Dynasty .
22,500 metric to
As above 3 veins
a. 2 m X 5 cm'
b. 3 m X 10 cm
c. 5 m X 10 cm
rough ore 20%
fine ore 54 to 74%
Mined by natives
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'
DISTRICT N.UE OR MINE LOCATIO'f,
..' 't rruane
Honan PrIa'Anoe
Hsin-an
ASBESTOS.
Shensi Province
Lush-yang- Tehg?yun-p'u
Chi-shan
Ho-liang-shan
Inner Monfolia
Hou-ho Shih,hui?yai).tzur'
Pao-tidu 'Sha?pa-tzu
Chi-mao-vao-tzu
(p-yang
Kanlu Province
Kao-lan Chink.rfan-keu
MICA'
Shantung Province
..Chang- ch..1.144.-11-14?7.a4,
ch'iu
7 km E Of Hai-
Shan
30 li E of the
gevt seat
100 ii S of the
govt seat
50 li NW of
Ch'.su-chi RR
'eta
100 ii N of
Pao-t'ou
In marble ,
In marble
Northern part
60 liNI' 'Of the govt `ii&at
,p? ii s of
the govt seat
SE of P1U-1.
DEPOSIT
In ItmerA6de:,
Slender vein Rough
little left ,
In Mesozoic and
iecaaus strata
It was once worked
in ChingDyriasty
In triassid
strata '
In marble and in
reddish gneiss,
Lang formation,
white
Formation
13,000 metric tons
Marble
Granite coftocts white
1 to 3 meters long
Light.green
Deposit 8,000
metric tons
Short formation
?:14s6TkitTED
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,REgRICTED
DISThIOT PLACE N.M OR MINE LOCATION
(Haien)
.GRAID14ITE
0.948.11-4.92.
Pu T'i-tsu-kou
SiAnan Province
Lane.ihan
? IRON SULPHITE
Isu-clituan
Po-shan
Chang-oh'iu
Honan Province.
Hsin-an Ki.uang-klou
Po-ai
Hsiao-ling,
Ssu-how,
Hsiao-seng
Shani,Province
Fen-hsi Hsin-chia-chuanE
Ho "an,-) others"'
S slope or Lang-.
shan
In the various
coal fields
70 li NE of the
govt seat
90 li of good
road between Lo-
yang RR eta &
Kuang-klou
Near-Hsiu-wu-
po-ai coal field
60 ii W of the
govt seat
DEPOSIT ,
In Permocarboniferous
coal
In Permocarboniferous
coal
In coal seams
Yearly output
-1000 metric tone
In clay and shale
under Permocarb
strata
Shale 8 m
Ore 3 Chinese feet
to a fpw inches
Ore-shale, 25%
Best, 49%
1,080,000 metric
tO118
Primitive mining
method
Produces sulphur
Best ?33%-
1,000,000 metric
. .
tons
At the base of
Permocarboniferous
stratum in the gray
shale and kaolin
deposit
Seam 2 meters
Important
With iron ore in
sandstone'
Sulphur 40.8%
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I ST -I
I ,
RESTRICTED
DISTRICT rucf? NA 'IE OR MINE - LOC4I41
ai-?
Yin-ten ?Yu4-ch:eng
reit'u,tung
TsinFhai FreVince
. .
Le-tu ,Le-ts'ao-t'ai
Hsi-ning Wei7yuan-pao
,BARYIES.
Shaniunvrrovince
Pci-sban
Lai -wu
NE of the govt
.seat
100 to 500
Chinese feet
( 400 Chinese.
feet
-.Hsiao-ting-shan Sung-ku-yu
andSODA
1 :
:.SItantupizi?Hopeh, Honan aovines
prpr,a1ong the Yellow River bank fromlai-..fong
the S of Yen-chou in Shantung also W
and NE of Chi-nan-fu, tp N of Chang-tien
Shansiyrovince
An-1. Ho-tung
Hsieh-chqh '
,1
Shenaf? Piovinwt. : ,
Yu-lin Upper and tower
S of Yun-ch'eng
-
With iron ore
in sandstone
Scanty
Imbedded in
limestone
Imbedded in
,limestone, ,
Natural sodp
and saltpetre
Mined by
farmers as
side-line
Taken fromwells
Salt and seat-
petre..?.
Chief products
1939 - 108,315
bikaru: ? .?
1940 - 233,574
bikaru,.?
1941 - 1,252,000
?
lbs)
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DISTRICT
(Hsien)
RESTRICTED
PLACE NAAE OR MINE LOCATION DEPOSIT
Sui-te San-huang
Ting-pien 3 lakes at
Yen.ch'eng-pao
Chaond An-jen-chen
and Te-ping
salt lakes
Plu-cheng Nei-ft?t'an
Ningsla Province
Yen-chlih " 6 salt lakes
Ling-wu Hui-an-ch.' h
A-la-shan Chi-lan-t'al-ch'ih
Meng-wang-
chilh
Chung-wei 4 Salt lakes
Kansu Province
Hung-shui Pet-t'un-tzu
Ching-yuan Hsiao-jen-ching
Yune-teng Hung-wan-chih
Ho-chia-chlu
Tgingai Province
Huang.7uali
:North and South
parts
Lu-sha-erh
STEATITE
StqantIP Province
Hain-tlai Shih-plenE
80 li W of thq
govt seat
40 km N of Hsi-
wei
25 to 30 li NW
of the Eovt seat
10 to 15 li NW
of the govt seat
In Jurassic
stratum runs for
20 li
Salt taken from wells
Salt
Upper stratum
salt lower
saltpetre
1916 - year out-put
148,571 piculs . Salt
around lake for tens
Of li -
Salt in crystals
2 to 6 Chinese. feet
1913 year out-put
20,272 piculs
Salt from lake
Salt - annual
output 1724 piculs
Salt annual output
3147 piculs
NE of Shih-pleng 200,000 metric tons
60 li NW of the
govt seat
-98.
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DISTRICT PLACE NtiAE OR MINE
Oisien)
Tlai-an Hsiao4sin-thuang
,
, ,-
Chuqtlan
Shensi Provin4
Lo-nan Tuit-wen-Yu
QUARTZ
tun Provin
Ttai-an Ta-hsin-chuang
Tzu-ch'uan
FELDSPAR
Shantunp Province
Shih-pteng
MenE-yin HuanE7tou
LOCATION
30 li NW of the
govt seat
45 Ii NE of the
govt seat-
J
80 ii E of the
govt seat
10 li from 'flat+
an RR sta.on
Tientsin-Pukow
RR
30 li SW of the
govt seat'
60 li NW of the
Eovt seat
Tai-shun on the
wE-stern slope of
Hsin-ptu-Ahan
(60 li NW of
govt seat
:-
DPOSIT
Soft "
Fire-resistant
400,000 metric time
In mesozoic and
criotacebus strata
Paralles with the
steatite vein
2 to 4.5 m wide
runs 3 li
Quartzitic sandstone
in upper seams
Jurassic quartz
seams 8 to 10 m'
300 m down
45,000,000 metric
tons
Poor, scanty
?
-99-
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A JAPANESE, PLAY FOR HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT OF
'YELLOW RIVER IN:CRINA
-,(CotiinVed)
Far Eastern Research Section
BurveY COM114-4:t4e No ,2
Narth.phina' COM:V.tt.de
;Subcommittee No
May 1941
PT S, TRENDS IN THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR
ELEaTRIC POWER AND TIE STaNIFICANCE.,OP' -
LOTT
TT ?
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ORLI Saburo
I Introduction
IT Trends in Supply and 'Demand for,
Electric Power in Various Nations
'11I 'Present -c6nditiontofJoargy3PEO.,e?
.1qAtlir?Pcmor.:Pdyklopmentin:the World
,??? ?
IV National Defense and Electric Pmffor
V Sources orElectrio.Power within the,.
East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere and *e:
Relative /mportanoe of the Yellow River
as a Source .of Water power
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0
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(NOTE: Throughout this Part only those portions pertaining to
Russian and Manahurian-hydreelectrio.power_have been trans-
lated. A summary only is given of each chapter, followed
by such translation as was considered necessary.)
I Introduction
A. . Stresses in very general terms the importance of electric
power to national life, including chemical industry, irrigation
and transportation. The Yellow River will furnish electric power
for the above uses.
(NOTE: No translation made of this chapter.)
II Trends in Supply and Demand for Electric
? Power in Various Nations ,
A. Table showing the worldts total amount of electric power
generated from 1929 to 1938 (excluding 1930 and 1931).
B. Table showing the increased use of electric power in 1919 and
1938 and its per capita use in 1938 in Amerca, Germany, Russia,
England, Canada, France, Italy, 14orway, Sweden, Switzerland, China,
and Japan Proper.
C. Table showing the amount of hydro- and thermo-electric power
generated in some of the above nations in 1938.
D. Table showing the amount of water power developed in 1920
and 1938 in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa
and Oceania. (Table based on ,Power Plant Engineering, Dec 1940.
This is presumably an English Language pun.i.oation.)
E. Table showing the potential water power for the above nations
and Brazil.
(NOTE: No translation made of this chapter. The
inforMation here should be available in
existing' studies in English e.g. English
publication cited in this document, Power
Plant Engineering, Dec 1940.)
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III Present Condition of Large Scalejlater-Pawar
Develepmenteleethe World
This ohaeter refere to the National Waterepower Development
Plan in the USA and the development plete'rer Important rivers in
Russia, inoluding the folga, Dnieper and Angara, and theedevele
opment plan for the Upper Sungari and Yalu Rieeers.in Manehuria.
This chapter has two cnarts: (1).Charte)f thieNational Water
Power Development Plan in the USA, (2) Pliin-fer Power generated
by water in. Ressia, including the number of porter stations, the
estimated power generated per year and its uses.
(NOTE: Only those portions of this chapter pertaining e
to "The Plan for Water Generated Power in Russia"
have been translated.)
A. General (TN: Complete translation)
With modern developments in the technique of constructieg
large dams, there has been marked development of hydroeleotrio
power in the past ten years. Such development is based upon
plans encompassing the damming of large rivers to form enormous
artificial lakes which will equalize the annual flow, prevent
floods and aid irrigation and water transportation.
The principal oomprehensive hydroelectric development plans
are the governmental plans in the United States, those for the
Volga, Dnieper and Angara Rivers in Russia and those for the
Upper Sungari and Yalu Rivers in Manchuria.
B. 'Hydroelectric Development Plans in the United States
. -
(TN: This section has not -been translated. It gives cursory
de-tells of the hydroelectric development plane in the United
Stetes)
C. Plans for the Development of the Principle Rivers in Soviet
Russia (TN: Complete translatiotT)----
-
1. The development of water power in the Soviet Union has
a throe-fold purpose: the generation of electric power, water
transportation, and irrigation, plus the creation of large in-
dustrial areas centered around the water power stations.
2. The estimated amount of power that can be generated
yearly by all the water power stations already constructed or
under construction in 1937 is '12,500,000,000 kilowatt-hours.
Of this total, 6,500,000,000 kilowatt-hours will be eenerated
by dame built primarily for water transportation, 3,200,000,000
kildwatteheues:by those built primarily for irrigation purposes
and only 2,B.00,Q0Q,000.ellowatt-houre by those built specifically
-
feregeneratenge,pawere
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3. The plan for the development of the water power of the
major rivers ,in Seviet RUsSia is as follows: ?.??
?
Hydroelectric Power Plana of Soviet
Russia
Name of
No of
Total
Total Amount of
Uso
Project
Power
Capacity
Power Genorated
Stations
(in Ka)
Per Year (in
KWH)
Amu Darya
27
2,000,000
12,000,000,000
Irrigation
Amur
14
5,400,000
32,000,000,000
Water transport,
Flood control
Angara
11
10,800,000
75,100,000,000
Dnieper
68
1,700,000
8,900,000,000
Kura
(excluding
Sanga River).
45 ?
1,200,000
5,100,000,000
Ob and irtish
108
7,900,000
164,100,000,000
Water transport,
Drinking water
Sevan - Sanga
10
600,000
2,400,000,000
Irrigation
Sulak
10
1,000,000
6,900,000,000
Syr Darya
35
5,100,000
30,500,000,000
Irrigation
Volga
46
6,600,000
32,100,000,000
Water transport,
Irrigation,
Drinking water
Yenisei
20
12,000,000
63,300,000,00Q
:Water transport
Total
394
54,300,000
332,400,000,000
4. Plan for Developing the.VOlga River 7(given anexample)
The basins of both 'the Volga and Dnieper Riverp.are doly
populated and include iMportant industrial ar10. agricultural centers.
Aocordingly, their demand for electric power will be great. .nuch
freight is handled in this area and the water transportation facil-
ities are very important.
The down stream area of the 250 mm isohyet is Well-devel-
oped.agriculturally, but the plight amount of rainfall produces a
great variation in the harvest from year to yoare making irrigation
the most importantproblem for this area. Acoordingly,.the economic
development of the Volga River should be planned for three objec-
tives: power generation,-wator transportation and irrigation. The
construction of 46 power stations along the Volga River and its
tributaries was planned, the capacity to be 6,600,000 kilowatts or
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.a yearly Output of 32,100,000,000-ki1owatt-houra?. This plan.
Will give the Vola River sufficient depth to serve as anEast-
- West artery for tranSportetionta-the'main areas of Europe and
Russia.
Furthermore, the total area to be irrigated will be
. .
about-10,000 acres. Sine? this is a high level -area,. 4,500,000,000
to 5,500,000,000 kiluwattrhoUrs'Per year will be required_to pump
the water up from the VOlga River. This irrigationplan.will make
for consistent yearly agricultural output and the harvest of wheat
will probably reach 5,000,000 metric tons per year.
It is planned that 3,400,000 kilowatts out of the total
6,600,000 kilowatts will be furnished by the .Kuibyshev Power
Station, the biggeet station inetheevbrld. Turing 1948, the first
year of operation, 800,000 or 1,000,000 kilowatts can be generated
and by 1950, 3,000,000 kilowatts can be generated. After the
construction of the water power stations on the upper Volga River
has been completed (1952 - 1954), the equalized flaw will raise
its generatingpower to 3,400,000 kilowatts.
Besides using the water power for the .various industries
along the' Volga (oil-drilling, synthetic Oil, synthetic rubber,
fertilizer, light metals, etc) and the electrification of farm
villages and railroads, the power will be transmitted to the
Mosdaw'area by wire (900 kilometers). This wire :ill be con-
nected with other' transmission nets in the Gorki and.Tvanov areas
and the south-central part of the Ural region.
(NOTE; Chapter 3 ends with this section. There is no
discussion of the hydroelectric development for
the Upper Sungari and Yalu Rivers in Manchuria.)
IV National Defense and Electric Power
,
Stresses the importance of electric power for producing muni-
tions, for national defense and for the mining and chemical indus-
tries. This chapter has five charts:
A. Chart 1 - shows the names of chemical products, the amount
produced, and electric power required for various electro-chemical
products. '(Table based on "Electrical Engineering", Fob 1940.
ThlreiUMably'is .an English -?publication.)
B. Chart 2 - shows the electric power consumed by electro-
Chemical'induStries in the USA.
O. 011aris 3 shows the various uses of electric power in Japan
. .
in
1926'm-1(11936, suoh as electric Ugh-tit, electric cars and
small and large concerns.
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D. Chart 4 - Ahows the various uses of electric power by large
concerns in Japan from.1936 to 1937 in such industries as fabrics,
metals, machine tools, chemicals, ceramics, mining, food processing
etc.
E. Chart 5 - a detailed breakdown of the amount of electric
power used by chemical industries in Japan in the manufacture of
various products.
(NOTE: lo translation made of this chapter. The information
found hero should be. available in existing studios
in English e.g. English publication cited in this
document, Electrical Engineering, published February,
1940.)-
V Sources .of Electric Pagov. within the East Asia
Co-prosperity Sphere and the Relative Importance
of the Yon= River as a Source of Water Power
In this chapter, water power and coal, are .considered as the
two Most important. sources of electric power.
The document &news- the power potential of japan using water
power. This includes Japan Proper, Korea, Formosa, Manchuria
(including Yalu River) and China. This chapter has two charts:
'(1) Shows the amount of coal deposits in East Asia, in such
countries as China, Manchuria, Japan (including Korea) and Indo-
China;
(2) shows the electric power goneratod and consumed in East
Asia, in such ceuntriei-as Japan (including Japan Proper, Korea,
Formosa and Sakhalin), lianchuria, China, .Philippines, French
.IndorChina ad India.
(TOTE: Only those portions of this chapter pertaining to
the hydroelectric power of Manchuria have boon
translated.)
A. Sources of TIciro-olectric power that can be developed.
Japan
Japan Proper 20,000;000 kilowatts
Korea 2,370,000 kilowatts
'Formosa - '1;000;000'kilawatts
Manchuria including the Yalu=
River)
7,500,000 kilowatts
China 21,000,000 kilowatts
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B. The most sconomicatsOurees of water power in Manchuria are
the Yalu River and the Tipper Sungari River. It is estimated,
however, that about 15 yeari would be required to develop these
sources. .Therefore, the Yellow River asa source Of water power,
would probably be considered as the next beat possibility.
C. 'In Russia, initial steps have already been taken for the
realization of a plan to transmit power 900 kiloMeters-from the
Kuibyshev Power Station on the Volga River to the Moscow area.
This plan will probably materialise in the near future.
D. Extraots from Table No 12
Coal Deposits in East Asia
(in metric tons)
Manchuria -
Definitely knawn
Estimated additional amount
Total
Russia
Estimated
E. Extracts from Table No 13
409,000,000
799,000,000
1,208,000,000
60,037,000,000
Electric Power Capacity and Consumption in East Asia
Manchuria (1938) '
Power generated by steam 501,000 KW
Output per year 1,624,000,000 EYE
Consumption per individual 54 K9H
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RIUTRZQTDD
A JAPANESE PLAN FOR RYDROELECTRIC-,..DEVEDOPMENT OF
THn YELLOW RIVER T.U.
(Cited)_
- _
. .
Far Eastern Reicardh-5ectio4
Survez Committee No .2
North:China Committee,
' _Sul*mnittee TO 4
Nay 1941:
PART. 9. PATS FOR EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL
I.
tVEDOPNENT
'WA
' ARAI Xtzuru .
ISHIKAU Nagatoohi
.SAKACUCHI.Tadoshi
...TABLE or CONTENTS
' I Introductien
II Areas Consuming Electricity
'III Active Plans to Utilize Electric Power
IV Plpn for Transnission of Electric Power
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IZAODUCTION
The purpose of Part 9 is-fii-aplain -where and how the en-
ormous amount of electric power which will be produced by the
development of the water-power resources of the Yellow River
will be. used. It is meaningless and impossible to suppose that
today there are industries which can completely consume thb
entire electric power output of the Yellow River output, which
is copparable to the power output of all Japan today, Since
the progress of the industrial wOrld, which will be the main
consumer of electric power, will be exceedingly swift, it
would be extremely difficult and dangerous to estimate either
the now demands aria objectives of tomorrow or the future of
several decos: Nevertheless, since to conceive sUch
a hi.v7e plan without any objective "would be sheer folly, this
general estimate is prep7red in the light of available capital
and vatural resources.
The question of what types of industries will.ba.developed
in North China cannot tie decided in North Chinr, alone, It
should be decided nOt only by research froM.the'standpoint of
collective development-of the bcononic strength of the Zast
Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere but also by paying attention to the
denands of the development of the people and the point of view
of national defense.- As'a practical way of thinking, looking
at the conditions of industrial development caused by the
division of industry in the Co-Prosperity Sphere, it has been
said, "Japan would become the center of the high-grade finished
products industry, anchuria, the center for basic heavy in
dustry, and China the center for raw materials and low-grade
light industry. Such a division would avoid industrial friction
between the three eountries'and would produce a mutual pros7
pority in which each country would supplement the other two,"
(From NIPPON JUOIC115 (apan's Heavy Industries,j, Vol 2, Part
6, p 12) This view is reasonable enough If heavy emphasis is
placed on present Conditions, but the division of industry
would be unsatisfactory after a few decades when viewed from
the standpoint of a far-reaching national policy. The reor-.
ganization of industry in the East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
must not be wrsted through. short-sighted planning.
It is natural to think that industry would alcpand, com-
bining the capital and techniques of Japan and the rbundant
rosources--coal, iron, alum ehale, gypsum, salt, raw cotton,
etc--imported to Ja:)an from North China, but basic '-owe pr-
duction in Japan proper has almost reached its economic ma*,
imup. Hence, to plan rapid ,expansion of industry, whioh TO-
cuires plentiful rtn.ohoap power, itis very difficult.
From this point of view the hydroelectric power production
of the Yellow River will probably be the main element in pro-
ducing rovelutionarychanges In the industrial system of the
Co-;Prosperity Sphere.'
The following section deals with the consumption of
hydroelectric powor of the Yellow River,
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II' ...ATIEAS CONSUM;NG.ELECTRICIT
e
The present production capacity'dtelectric power in'NOrth
China and Men44chiang Cliongolii'Vna:Sinkiang3 is 192,000.-ki1O-:
watts for industrial use and 1440.006:1tilowatts for domestidltsi>'-a
total of 340400 ,kilowatts. The.4441'tOnsumption at 40'Per"cent
load factor thus amounts to a Per ":'Capita consumption of 12 ki1O-:'
watt.,hours a year (population of Nor:p China, Mongolia and Sink-
iang was taken as l00,000000 sinCe.-it is estimated ai
000 by the South Manchuri0 Rai1iog4 North China Economic $4vei)
This is twice.the:six kilOwatt-hour:average per capita COnstimption
for the whole of China, 1.,Lit Ia very far from the 457 Kilowatt-
hour' per-, capita consumption in JaPan:and the 1,130 kilowatt:410Ure
per capita consumption in the United States.
If:Chipa.consumed electricity at the same per capita rate
as Japan, it would require 8,700,000 kilowatts at 60 percent'
load factor?: and if her consumption were half the present per
capita rate of the United States, she would require-appreii-' -
mately twenty million kilowatts. Even such rough calculations
as these show that this Yellow River hydroelectric develop-
merit plan is note useless theoretical discussion,. and
eventually it will be realized.
The consumption of YellowRiver hydroelectric power Can
be divided in four categories according to use: (1) general
nomesticj, (2) agriculture, (3) transportation, and (4)%
mining and industry. Each will be considered in turn.
['Mining and industry will be considered seperately.2
A. General flomestic_7 Uses
At present, the population of North China consumes very
little electricity.
The consumption.of electric power in the cities has 'shown
a marked increase since the China incident because of the in-
flux of the Japanese and of wealthy Chinese seeking peace in
the cities. The farmers, who constitute more than 80 percent
of, the consume absolutely no electric power. Thus,
?the:consumption of electric power by*the general population is 4
of no :importance at the present time, but the rise in living
standards wtiChydil-acCompany the industrial development of
North:ChinaWill incredee.onSiderabiy the consumption of
.elecripity.
? ?
. In .japaninaustrial usea ao,OUntjOr,66 tO'70 .percent
of electric power, Whereas all other uses take .the remaining
. ,
40 percent to 30 percent.
The following chart shows the electricityreqUired by
_ ,
cities of North China With an estimated population of over "
300,000 CipoPulation of-North_China as of. 19Al, South Man-
? .
churiani4.54W,4y.,North, ChinvEconomic .S14rveyj, based on the
Japanese44.5.7,rH per capita rateet:consumption, assuming
that halt the nonindustrial electricity (20 perbent) is
domestic cInsumption.
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Population Electricity Required
Tlien Ching (including?
Ttang,..Ku)*:- -34000-;000-- --- -270,C0C4000 KWH
Pei-P.1,441g* 2,5000000? : 4.225,000,P00 KWH
Ch4i.lig4tao 1,000,000 - 90,000,000 KWH
Ch1,4ian* 1;000,000 '90,000,000 KiitH
Ta-,t!ung* 1/00000Q0 90;000,000, KWH
Tialyuan*: 500,000_ , 45,000,000 KA- , ?
Shihmen*, 500,000. '45.'000,000 KWH...
Hsid-hsiang* 500,000 . 45,000,000.gWH
Hsu -Cho** 500,0100 ? .45,00.0,000 KWH
K'aieng*. 30),000 . 27,000,000 KWH
Tiangehah' : 300,000 27ipoo,00g KWH
Chib.fou : 300,000 ? 271000,000 Km
Wei-Haien 300,000 27,000,009 KWH':
Hai-chou ' 5MAPP 27,000,00o KWH
'.?.????????1????
Total
12,000,000
?
1,080,000iQQ0 KWH.
* Can receive its supply of electricity from the Yellow River.
The domestic consumption of the above cities thus totals .
1,080,000000 kilowatt-hours. This would require 245,00 kilo-
watts at a load faCtor of 50 percent., The nine cities that
could be supplied by the Yellmq River would consume 882,000,
000 kilowatt-hours and recoire 200,000 kilowatts.
C4
8. JtAricultural Uses
It is extremely difficult to estimate how much electricity
the agriculture .'f North China will require in the future. Its
requirements can be divided roughly into those for electrified.
agriculture and for irrigation.
Those: of agricultural electrification will be considered
first. HOKUSHI NtOri Y7RAN (Important iispects of the Agri-
culture of North Chinaj, compiled by the South Manchurian
Railroad, North China Economic Survey, describes the small
scale of North China agriculture as follows:
The average farm in North China has 27.4 se [0.671 dares]
4-f arable land; 4,25 se (0.1)4 acres2 per capita of total pop-
ulation or 5,355e0.131 acres2 per person engaged in agriculture,
The average farming family oonsists of 5.1 persons, The calcu-
lation of average arable land per farm includes Meng-chiang
(Mongolia and Sinkiang2, where the estimates are too high..
In the lowland, most farms have under 20 seL5.5 acresj of arable
land while in the uplands most farms hdve from 20 to 30,seZ5.5
acres to 1.225 acres.] and colonized areas, such as .Chiu Suiyuan
Province, must have over 100 seL72.45 acres..2.- .
Professor Lossing:Buck states that a minimum of 4.5 se..
L-.104 acres2 of land is necessary to maintain a single inde-
pendent farmer. If 3.5 members of the five perqpn household
are independent, a tiniMum Of 14,87 se27.364 acres2
re-
quired but actually the great majority of farmers eke out only
the barest kind of starvation existence. This excessive .,
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,
dividing up .,of #e4anOtredUCettitsfJproductivity-and is, reAly
eodiValent,toa-lops of4and,(fromew-East:AthieEcOnOthil
Geography",1701N,T7A KEIZALCHIRT2 by KAGAWA,
. - -
Is it possible:for thesmalLscaleagricultUre.ef-'North''''
China, operating underet4rVationjmanagethent,:tO achieVe
electrification? ,At firatit seems no problem at all:Let
us observe the utiliz4tionofelectric.poWer7inthe agridultUre
of the Soviet Union.
"Electrification Developments inithe.,SoViet,Unionn, s
study "prepared by Krajivanovski :Fhonetie..7 of
Studies Staff, Soviet Academy Qf Sciencei-for presenta-
tion to. the third Wor]a Labor Congress held in.WaShington in
1936, poihte aut the importance of Dnieper power stations as
a source Of electricity for the agriculture in the-DniepropetreVsk
region. According to the same study, the firE,t important
allocation of electric power in agriculture ,was for threshing,
and in 195. there were 754 places ,using electricity, for
threshing the grain crop from 350,000 hectarcsL7865,00 acres:2
of land.The.great advantage of electricity in large,-sdaIe
threshing over otter methods is shown in the following chart:
Unit Cost for Threshing (Rubles charged to the public)
Year Electric Motcr DrivenrPower2 Tractor Drivengowet7
1934 1.15 1.57
1935 0.88 1.26
The cost for electrical power in 1934, was 73 percent of
that for tractor power, whereas in1935 it was 69 percent.
Grain loss in 1935 for tractor and electrical power threshing
is shown in the following chart:
Type of Grain Electric Po,wer Tractor Power!
Wheat
Rye
1.72%
3.70%
. 3.76%
. 4.62%
These charts prove electricalpWer threshina far more. .
efficient than other methks and it le known to be much quicker
Transformer substations which Were constructed to; supply.
power are ordinarily in use only one and a half to twomonthsy,
(July- anda.year, and for this reason must be used, for
other purpobes'ftring the rett of the :year; E1etricity from
Dnieper power stations is used on a large scale for cultivating,
raising vegetables, irrigation, and ,stock raising.. Cultivationk.:
by electrititfis'veryefficient.:, A'planwas carried out to
equip the old faremachiAery ivith trab-.type Winches to culti-
vate 300 hectarear745-acres2 4ber.selsOn,,, A1tho4h-innPerfect,'
this electrical cu14vation was far more-efficlehtthan tractor
'cultivation, ,Moreover, wlth electric motoxs, there .is lessdang.ir
of fire and'ho.'need.te. 6.Upply,fu91.or,waterowhich are extremely
important considerations.
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Thus, the electrification of Soviet agriculture has been. ..-
extended-year after year.. The use if electriC?power an threshing
and cultivation; in hot hoUses, stock raising, 'and 'collective
farms and?hcmes, may be expected to Open vast areas for colon-
ization. Electrification c ould thus be utilized in a country
like Russia with its vastexpanses of arable land.and:ita pecul-
iar state organization, but would be dijficulttbrealize in
small scale agricultural economy of North China where the
farming population is suffering from overwork.
Another use of electricity in agriculture is:irrigation,
the lack of which is the weakest .point of North China farming,
Continued drought quicklyruins the harvest while excessive
rainfall causes destructive floods everywhere, ,rrigation is
essential to the improvement of agridulture in North 011ina,
to the increase of cropyield per acre, and to the cultivation
of higher grade crops such as Cotton. Plans to dig wells JJF . ?
various places'haVe been made and already have been carried out
partially: The problem still is the need of electric power
to use in these well irrigation projects. No sudden revision
of the Small scale-farm.economy of North China cahbeexpected,
and it would be difficult to increase the gains through secur-
ing the reliance on electric power of the small farms. The
advantages and disadvantages between irrigation with electri-
cally-pumped well-water and with water brought from rivers
demand_consideration. The former might be realizedpore eas-
ily AncLatless cost for a short period, but such matters as
agriculture should be considered in terms of long-range national
policy. Even though use of river water may cost much more at
first, permanent.installations built to handle it would event-
ually prove more desirable. Where it is technically ,impossible
to use riVer.water for irrigation it is assuMed.that all irriga-
tion water wOuld be pumped electrically from mtills, since it
would be difficult to estimate the degree of use of electricity
which would be most profitable.
C. Transportation Uses (Electrification of Railways)
Iliheh considering the full. economic development of North
China, estimation of the extent to the extent to which rail-
roads will be required is difficult. In view of the distribu-
tion of natural resources in the East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
and China's role there, railroads should be built to connect
important centers witi seaports as a measure of national defense
and to further the development of natural resources, The follow-
ing lines should be built or improved as the most important for
exploitation -of natural resources:
1. Tiang7ku Ta-Tlung (tbrough.Tsien-ching, Feng-tai,
Len-tIou-kou and ShEL-cheng) about 500 kilometers
2. . .Ch'ing-tao - L11-an (through Chi-nen and Chang-te).
, about 780 kilometers
?
3. Lienyun - Tse-,Chou (through Hsu-chou,,Klai-feng,
Hsin.;-hsiane about 740 kilometers
According to the estimates of the North China Traffic
Company the present 6,700 kilometers of railways in North China
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Which' transport 36-0100;000-UnsOffrbightwill total 21,000
kilometers and WillAratitpOrt2l7P00,000 tOns Ofjreight.,.30.
years from now.
,
The Carrying. capacity ? Of',;thei!-railroadscbuld be increased
by electrificatign. The. three-railroad lines mentioned-above. .
as being especially usefill-:fOr'd-tiveloping thenatural resources
are near the hydroelectric eites of the YellowRiver'and would
be most effective. Thie.taiIroad electrification WoUld require,
about 100,000014 which is not a great demand on the electricity
production, but is given as andIlustration. ConstructiOn costs,
transport capacity and transport expenditure should be studied
carefully to determine .the pulling power of electric engines .
and the desirability of electrificatidn.
D* Mining, Uses (EsPecially.for the Development of the Coal
Industry)
Coal is, without doubt, the most imPortant.factor for tbe
economy of North China in the joint economic develbpment of the.
East Asia Co-Prosperity SAlere, Source material indicates :that
coal is present in North China in.overwhelming amoUnts,.includ-
ing large quantities of high quality bituminous, seat-anthracite
and excellent anthracite coal. In order to supply the coal needs
'Of Japan, Manchuria and China ten years from now, a total amount
of 110 million tons of coal would have to be mined annually in
North China. This large amount of mining would require about
.? 450,000 kilowatts of electric power. It has been usual here-
tofore, to generate the electric power initially reqUired in.,
Coal mining by steam ateachmine, but the nearness of the
'Yellow River sites would call 'for use of their cheep electric
Pq0.16i-:- The 450,000 kilbwatta would be divided among' the follow-
-Log ?.
-Ta4Itung region
Along Shih-chia-chuan,---Tti-yuan and
Pei-pfing---Han-Klou railway line
Southern Shansi area-
200,000 kilowatts
100,000 kilowatts
' - 150,000 kilowatts
Total 450,000 kilowatts
The plan is to transmit the power used in the Ta-Tung
region from.Ching-shui River, Ho.:.chiu and'Tfien-chfiao; that
used along the Shih,chia-chuang'ai-yuan railroad line
.from Hei73711,:kfou and Chi-kfou-chen;. that used along the Pei-
pfing--Han-4fou line from' San-men Gorge and Pa-li-hu-Tfung;
and that used inthe Southern Shansi area from Yen-shui-kuan,
Hu-k'ou, andYu-men-kfou. '
InduStrial Uses
A detailed description of North China's industrial pro-,
gress-and present-day. status...cannot In gener-
al, it is organized as a semi-colonial area of the European and
American imperialistic systems. The-expansion of her modern- '-
industry with native c,:.pital_nas been greatly retarded. This
capital consitte largelk'of wholesale incimant.ifatturingcap,-
ital directed into such consumer-goods industries as cotton-
spinning, knitting, pottery, carpet and embroidery, and food- -
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stuffs, as 'well as the production or'sudh impIementa as farm tools,
simple spinning and knitting machines0'. jinrickehas, thd *eel
barrows,
Foreign capital has played an extremely *important r41e in
modern industrial expansion in dhina.. It initiated China's advance
by opening her Seaports and building railwaysand stimulted the
development of native industries: orid War f marked the full
industrial maturity of these industrial and the post?warpanic
consolidated the 1)90M?industries.' After the winning of eustoms
autdnomy in 1930,foreign industrial capital poured in, and
industries based en home capital boomed. The investmentpf
Japanese capital, especially in North China, increased rapid?
ly after the "China Incident" and an extremely ravorable poS?
ition was obtained by the purchase of already established in?
dustries and through joint management.
Following is a comparison of the amount of capital of
various nations invested in North China before and after the
mChina Incident".
Investment in North China Industry before and after
the China Incident:
Japanese capital
Chinese capital
Foreign capital
SinoAJap joint management ?
Chinese-foreign joint management
Totol
Number, of factories Capital FundS
1939
1936 1939 1939 . 1936** 1.939**Index
Index No * . No *
121 225 185 146,675 179,683 122
549. 546 100
29 27 93 131;787 115,882 87
' 71;655 /1,055 99
9 30 333 , 24,849 '91,039 364
2 1 ' 50_ 2 900 400 13

,
710
829
. .
117
377;866458,059 121
*1936 index number is 100
**No unit given. Probably in 1000 or 10,000 yen
The following chart shows the investment by industries before
and after the China Incident.
Investment by Industries
before and after
the China Incident:
2.222
amouni -
Invested* Percentage
Amount
Invested*
Percentage
Heavy Chemical
50,226
13
64,503
? .14:
Industries
Textile Industries
158,708
41
169,128' ..
_37
Foodstuffs
44,174
11
46,068
10
Others ?
23;137
8
28,789
- ?6
Electrical.Industries
101,621
27
.33
. .
,149,571
Total
377,866
100
458,059
100
*No-unit given. Probably in 1000 or 10,000 yen
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As,the above,table..shows,,the,Northina indOtri3O-
-struciure has:an:O.Verw4d4mj,r14ln'spondep.ncf:P.OPliitlei
goods. induetr&e:S, w4ehiv,based onagriCulti: Th6.-
percentageof thia.type oteinduatries h showh a slight trot(
. ? ..
since the China Incident.,
-.?
The greatest post:-:InCident development has lopn electrical
industries which is based on)mOtiVe power, : Heavy
dustries, which are: bade 1.ndustriee, are weaktuy show -a slight
increase over the pre-Incident Period.
Thqs, North China indu&try though still in a.I6W- state of
development has shown a tendency toward Steady, gradual iMprove-
ment, with the stimulus of the China Incident. :The relation4f
North China in its military and industrial role in the. East: Atia
Co-Prosperity Sphere to the plan for utilizing Yellow. River
hydroelectric power should be considered. ? ,
? It is needless to say that from the Military -standpoint
since North China and Mongolia-Sinkiang geographically touchthe,
northwestern border of Sinkiang, they comprise together with
Manchuria the first line of defense against Soviet us?a. heir
natural resources are the key to 4 .closed economy Of japan and
Manchuria in the East Aiia Co-Prosperity Sphere, and tremendous
expansion may be expected in.industries.using coal Other im-
portant raw materials such as salt, alumina shale, iron pre,,
etc.,should supplement the raw material deficiency in the Jap-
.ane ee economy. The basic objective, however, should be to
promote heavy chemical industries in North China as quickly
as possible and to supply Japan and Manchuria with finished Or
semi-finished products.
Materials needed for this industrial development can large-
, ly,be supplied by Japan and Manchuria, but the plan is to sup-
ply them also from local sources, especially through the rapid
development of such basic industrieh as iron, ,cement and mach-
inery. Exix.nsion of agriculture and light industries at the
same time should also be planned so that North Chiri ein sup-,
ply her own food and clothing to maintain.her Jaber potential.
The industries discussed above should be scattered through-
out the interior "of the ,country tor defense 'against air :attack
and aCeess.tp raw materials rather than along the coast as the
.? old laissez-faire econemy would dictate. These industries .
would then benefit fromjellow.River hydroelectrit power,
, The fel-oling.4ica consideration of various local factors
influencing the industrial .development of 'prospective electricity
consumers in various'aria4s in North China-. ?
1. The-T'ien-ching=-7Ttang-kU area. Tlang.-shan, Tlien-
ching,
. . ,
Even now this area is North Chinale chief industrial
, ? ,
region, and in the future it i1i doubtless be a. grit in-
dustrial center0 With the building of great new harbors, it
will.havethe best -communications of any area in North China,
_4-lathe main,ceintentration POI* for raw materials. ,It is
especially.. Oet coal shippinA,porte It,is only 90kilameters
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from the Kai-luan coal mine. It is near the alumina shale of
Chi-tung and in the heart of the'Ohlang;au salt fields and
it is 150 kilometers from the Luan Rii!errpower station.[TN; At
Luan, For location see Strategic Engineering Survey 1.44, Elect-
ric Power of China, Vol 1, PP 108 and 111 and map at front of,
this.publicationj Although rather far from the Ho-ch/u power
site, it could receive power from there, It is the best sit-
uated area in ilhorth China for securing water for industrial
use. The Pal River alone could easily supply two million tons
per day, and sea water could.be Used-ae well.
This region may be expected to develop pig iron and steel,
cement, coal liquefaction, alumina, soda ash, fertilizers,
cotton' seed oil,- linter, cotton spinning, flour milling and
other industries,
2. The Td-tlung district
This district is located near the middle of the-Ching-
PaorPei-p'ing Suiryuaa7 Railroad line, and will be the .start-
ing point for the trunk line to the new harbor at Tlang-Ku. It
has 29. billion tens of Jurassic and carboniferous bituminous
coal deposits that are excellent for industrial use and 60 kilo-
meters SSE of Ta-t/ung, near Hun-yuan, there is a vast amount of
brown coal that is suitable for direct- liquefaction, It is only
180 kilometers from the huge profected power sites at Ching-shui
River and Ho-chru, The availability of water for industrial use
must be investigated but a preliminary survey indicates that
300,000 to 400,006 tone 'per day can be obtained and hydrnelect--
ric power from the Yellow River could easily supply one million.
tons per day, pumping it 180 kilometers with no change in
elevation.
Industries that will probably develo in this area
are iren, using iron ore from Lung-yenrchahar and local coal;
cement, coal liquefaction, carbide, flour milling, eta.
3, The Hsin-hsiang--Chang-te Area
. From the standpoint of communications this area-plays
an important role on the Ching,hani-Pei-p/ing,-Han-k,/og Railroad
line,.and will join the 'southern district of Shans,, with direct
connection with Chi-nan and with the harbor 'of Lien-yun, Within
100 kilometers there is good quality anthracite coal (Chiao-tso
coal field), and abundant good coal between Lu-an and Tde-chOU;'.
Located inland, these important "coal resources will develop an
important local industrial area. This region is in the heart of
the North Honan cotton growing area, and raW.cotten from-inter-
ior points, particularly the Shensi area, is also available4
It is less than 150 kilometers from the San-men George site
on the Yellow River and thus can easily use its electric ;power.
Water is available from the-Uei River for use in industry.- .
After the establishment of flood control, on the the Yellow
River, more than one Million tons per day could be supplied to,
plants near the Yellow River,
The industries, likely to arise in this area include
cement, cballiwefact.$.On, alumina, aluminum, carbide, fartilr -
izer, cotton seed.Oili linter, eotton-spinning, flour milling, etc,
R43T4ICTEP.
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listsTR,TaP
,rZ!fld---Yuan are4 .
$ . This is in tha, center of Stiansi Province at the junction
of the fihih-chia-chuang---Tai-yuan Railroad line and the Ta-tlung
--.-Feng-lin-tu Railroad lines! Al for raw materia10,: coal and .
iron reserves are enormousrand in the south near kirig-shih; a- ,
deposit of nearly 300 million tons of gypsum was discbvered.
recently, As they are far inland, thiest resources must be Uied
locally. Water for industrial use can, be supplied from the
nearby Fen River at the rateof about-900,000 tons per day.
Industries likely to develop in this area are iron, cementi,
fertilizer, carbide, coal liquefactio4 etc,
The Chiao-chou---Chi-nan district, Chting,tao and
hai-chou will also become industrialized ,_aid require electric
power, but they are too far away to benefit from the Yellow
River -power development; Though at present outside the North
China'area, Cheng...chou, Esian..and Han-alou will beoome *Mr-
sumers. of Yellow River.power. Han-kiou may well. require
300,000. kilowatts.
III Active Plans. to Utilize 3.ectric
A. Introduction
The eleven sites on the Yellow River will generate over
eight million kilowatts, about as much as Japans total gen-
eration of steam and water power at present. With the con-
trast in living,standards and in industry. between Japan arid
North China, it is evident that consumption.of:suCh a .vast
amount of electric power will require definite planning. This
study was undertaken while plans for the unification of the ec?
onomics of Japan, China and Ianchuria were being formulated in
Japan, but plans have not yet developed whereby.they can be used
as a guide to the consumption of Yellow River hydroelectric power
in North China.
Since the Yellow River power study cannot await the com-
pletion of these plans, it considers the power consumption cal-
culated from the.North China economic development plan.
The plan.provides.for raw material industries Where the
mainAeposita are'loCated,- and in assigningindustries ta the
best suite&areasinJapan, Manchuria.or?China even provides
for some heavy.chemical,industry. The following table shows :
theHareas,ip whichindustries? important in eleetricity:con.r
sumption7are.likely to. de.ve'iop
Industries by Location (Units in 1000 metric tons,
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, .
Tien- Ta- Chang-te Shih-chia- Ciao- Ch'ing- Hsu-
chine? tlung.--Hsin-r chuang-- chou-!-- tao *chou--
Tangku 'hsiang T'ai-yuan. Chinan Hai-chou
10d
100
300 .
300 200
60
Pig Iron:
'4,100
700
100
Steel ' ,
3;400
450
. 50
Synthetic
Petroleum
' 500
600
700.
- 200
Aluminum
20
Carbide .
200
100
300
Artificial
fertilizer
500
500
300
Alumina
40
100
Note:
.(1) There are many other industries; such as cotton and
cOtton-seed processing, flour milling, machinery manufact-
ure, cement, etc, but they were eicluded from the plan f
because they are special cases or because they consume
comparatively little electricity.
(2) Alumina will be produced by the dry electric hearth
method in the Chiang-te--Hsinr.hsiang area while in the Tlien-
.Ching--Tlang,ku and Chiao-chou-,Chi-nan area it will be a
by-product of the artificial fertilizer industry, The
latter method to produce alumina will require very little
electric power.
The water-power and coal resources of Japan, Manchuria and
China are fairly rich for the present, but their self-sufficiency
as sources of power several-decades hence does not look opti-
mistic. Since water power will constitute the main source of
energy for North China, he Yellow River must be developed to
meet this demand.
B. Active Consumption of Electricity
All the generating Sites on the =Yellow River are rather
far inland, The following table shows the shortest direct-
line distance.from each dam site to the sea. The closest site
is 550 kilometers inland, and Yellow River electric poker will
not be so rheap in coastal areas as nearer its source.. These
power sites are located in what is now considered a frontier
area, but each dam would approximate in size the Seiho Dam
power station on the Yalu River, making th,s the greatest
electricity producing project in the world today. Most. of the
active consumption will be by industries whiCh use a large
amount of electricity, especially in areas near the hydre7
electric power sites,
North China's economical development will naturally in-
clude large-scale industry near the coast. It is difficult
to anticipate the electric power situation some 500 kilo-
meters from the power sites, but if the Yellow River power
is developed under sufficiently favorable conditions, it would
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still be cheWpit-that-thi-FTiOM-Heam plants or small 1-ydro-
electric ones. Coastal industry wasitherefore-itcluded in the
active consumption plan to be supplied from the Yellow River.
. The maximum,,active.consumption'of-electriOity waS PalCulated
'Maiing-allmances.fOr eaph,partieuIar.Site.: These-ftgUres.are
shown in the following table. -
Maximum Active Electrical Consumption for Each Site
Dam Average Annual .
No, Electrio .power
Output . Output.
(1000 m); (1,00moa
Acti4e-
Electri6
power
Consumptibt-
?(1-,000,0001
KM)
Direct
Diet:ince
to Sea
Coast (km)
.-
Ching-qhui River.
1
256
2,240
'55o
2
283
- 2,480
1,790
?'560
Tlien-ch iao
3
.660
5,780
6,50
Hei7yu-klou
4
329
2,880
2;070
? .6bo
,
Chi-Wou-chen
5
410
3,590
2,580
600
?
Yen-shui-kuan
6
418
3,660
2,640
660
Hu-klou
-
,377
3,300
2,380
700
Yu-men-ktou
8
398
3,500
2,520
700
San-met Gorge
9
590
5,170
3,720
730
Pa-1i-hu-tlung
10
1,122
9,830
7,080
640
Hsi'ao-hen-ti
11
162
1,420
1,020
600
. _
The total electricity required for the (active consumption
demand is thus 31,570,000,000 kilowatt-hours annually. Some
sites are more favored than others,and the economical devel-
opment plan provides for some variation in size and location
of industries. ?This study will therefore consider in detail
the electrio consumption by industrial developments in each
district., and_ncf,..rg.katkork.44 each district to the power sites.
Thil-it-elAtAlstriots are those mentioned.aboVe, the Ta-tung for
the upper river, T'ai-yuan for the middle sectiOn;.. andIsin
ha.ax1$ ad P'1.:11;1g7t.et_fP.P:11.10
. . ,
alower tion, 1u the 1)asta1
reas of rei-plitg---Tlien-thing (including Hopeh), Chinan
(including Tzu-chtuan and Po-dhan regions), and Hsu-chou-.7.
_ .
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C. Consumption Plans for Individual Districts
1. T'ien-ching--Ttang-ku
This district comprises a new port at Trang-ku and its
hinterland, including T'ienching, Pei-pting and Hopeh area. It
is characterized by the large volume of exports and imports
handled through the port and the assembly of coal there. It
has great prospects as an exporter of coal for industrial use
to Japan and Manchuria in exchange for manufactured goods.
To get most value from North Chinals coking coal, it will
be combined with iron ore from Lung-yen and elsewhere to pro-
duce pig iron and stall at new mills in the hinterland of
Tlang-ku and the Chrin-huan-Lao region. Half of this produc-
tion will be for export. The anticipated annual production
4,100,000 metric tons of pig iron and 3,400,000 metric tons of
steel. Profitable industries will develope at the Kai-14n,
Pei-p' ing.?Sui-yuan, Pei-Wing--Han-Wou, T'ien-ching--P,u-
chou and other railroad lines. This distriet will?supply
about one fifth of the synthetic petroleum production planned
for North China in the effort to gain self-sufficiency in
liquid fuel for Japan, Manchuria, and China; 400,000 metric
tons of synthetic petroleum by the Fischer method and 100,000
metric tons of synthetic iso-octane petroleum per year. The
artificial fertilizer industry, in which coal is t1-1 chief
ingredient, is similarly favored and may be expected to de-
velop a capacity of 50D,000 metric tons a year, to supply
North, Central, and South China; Japan and Manchuria,
The large soda-ash industry which utilizes Chiang-1u
salt, will also require electricity, but, because of its type
this industry normally uses electric power provided by steam
generation since the escaping steam is used in the heating
process, so it was omitte3 form consideration, The total
electricity used in the above industries is shown in the
following table.
Industries
Planned
Yearly Pro-
duction
(metric tons)
Electric Electric Power
Power Re- required per
quired Per year (KWH)
Iron
Pig iron 4,100,000
Steel 3,400,000
3ynthetic
etroleum
Fischer method
Iso-oCttine
method
400,000
100.000
250 (most
pig iron
Converted
directly in-
to steel)
470
2,000
1,025,000,000
188,000,000
200,000,000
;ertilizer
/Dotal
91,2),000
RES TRICTO)
?
500,000,000
1,91),000,000
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..,..ctiAtitoswpd For Release 1999/08/25; pi -RDP78-03109A000200010042.&
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. - t . .e - ,
Geography does not favor the other industries that might
be active consumers of Yellow Riyor hydroelectric power
they.uere-therefore omitted.
2. Chiao-chou .Chi-na'n Area
This district is in the heart of the central coal
Mining region. It has iron ore at Chin-ling-chen and ektensiVe
arable lend. These resources could be used to produce 3001 .
000 metric tons of synthetic petrbleum, 300,000 Metric tons of
artificial fertilizer, and 100,000 metric tons of stecl (rb-
tary hearth type). The required eeount of electric 'power is
shown in the follaeing tahle.
Industries Annual Electricity Electricity
Planned ,Production Required per Requireciper
(metric tons).LT (K-H) Year
..5ynthetic . Fischer
petroleum method 300,000 470 W11000,000
ertificial
fertilizer 3_00,000 1,000 300 000,000
Iron
Rotary
Hearth
ty150. ogo . 100.. 10,000,000
Total . 0)40000100
3: Ch'ing-too and ri'S;.,choti-HEi.i.-choU'Arias
.. .
?4art from soda .ash, ?the main industry.of these areas,
is expected to be artificial fertilizer, ,,with an annual pro-
duction of 200,000 metric tons (in Hai-chou). Soda ash. was
excluded from the plan for the reason explained under the
Xien-chipg--T'ang-ku area while the electricity required yor
the Hai-chou artificial fertilieer industry is expected to be
200,000,000 KH.
4., The Ta-tung .4reee
.
This area as extensive coal and considera5le iron
deposits. There, are. 30 billion; metric tons of coal et, Ta-Mung
and other. deposits at Hun-yuan,.Pareechih and Fsia,hua-yuan. . In
quality, there areeexCellentyuel. coals,_ coal usable in'obemical
industries, coking goal and coal for direct liquefaction. Iron
ore is found near Lung-yen and there are probable deposits in,
Inner -Zongolia. These factors should develop an iron industry
producting 700,000. metric tons of pig iron and. 450,000 metric
tons of _steel a yeare_a:synthetic petroleum:industry,produe-
ine 300,000 metric tons by direct liquefaction1:100,000_metric
tons., by the kisehee method, en?00,000 metric tons a year of
iso-ectane.grasolinee:end,e,200,000 'metric ton car5ide.industry
foreeynthetic rubb'erHan4 organic-compounds-ieduetries. This
section should require annually 3,513,000,000,ki1owatt-houre of
electric power, including 200,000 kilowatt-hours for the coal
mines near Ta-t'ung and 100,000 kileeNatts for the electrified
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1 4
railroad from Ta-,t'uflg.q 1eng-k4.
power is shoun'in the follow t4h1e.
Industries
Manned
Iron
Synthetic
petroleum
hnnual
This demand fer.electric
ElectriCity kmount of
Production , Required Electricity
.(meric tons) Per MT (KM) Required
r
'Pig Iron
700,000
450,000
? Direct
Liquefaction
300,090
Fischer method 100,000
250 (asSUMIng 1750000,000
pig iron con-
verted dirict-
ly into istiel)
2,000
470
600,000 ,000
47,000,000
Iso-octa e 200 000 2 000 , 400,0000000
Carbide 200,000 4,000 . 800,000,000
Coal mining (200,000 Icv) 1,051,000,000
Ta-tlung
Coal Transport
Railroad
Total
(1001000 4000j000
3 513,000,000
As .shown in the.chart on page119. the nearest power stations
at Ching,shui River, lio-chlu and T'ien-chliao have a total max-
imum active consumption of 7,560,000,000 kilowatt-hours; which
is 4,047,000,000 kilowatt-hours More than that required by the
chart above. As explained above, however, these sites will
also supply 1,913,1000,000 Kilowatt-hours for,industrial use
to thaTieh-ching,Tlang-ku area, leaving a Surplus of 2,134,
000,000 kilowatt-ours. This surplus will be considered be,
low; along with plans for disposing of the surplus power of '
other areas-.
5. Chang-te--Hsiang Area
lost of the Yellow River hydroelectric Sites are in
the hinterland of this irea. The total yearly amount of elte-
tricity generated at San-men Gorge, Pa-li-hu-tlungandlisiao-
hen-ti would be 16,420,000,000 kilowatt-hours, whichis 37.5
percent of tl.e total 43,850,000,000 kilowatt-hours from ell
the sites: In North China, water for industrial use is very
scarce but this area has more than enough such water from
the ei River and the canal to be constructed for irrigation
along the new,Yellow Piver (if it goes to Chi-nap).?, It will
be e lare active bonsumer of Yellow river electric power.
. Probable industries are a synthetic petroleum industry
using coal from the mines at Chiao-tso, Liu7ho-kou, Tzlu-
hsien, T.,u-an and Tse-i?chou to produce 500,000 metric tons a
year by tLe Fischer .method and 200,000 by the Iso-octane pro-
dess; a 500,000 metric ton artificial fertilizer industry based
on the coal; an alusydna industry using the electric hearth Me-
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thod andusing.alumina shale1bund in the.Chiao-tsosand Chung
hsin..?, Coal Tieids and elsehere with an annual productionbf 100,?
000 metria :tons., 40.pefcei-ii....a..h.,,ittd,:b&-rfodi4a6d-siefec-
trolyta.produce 200,000 metric tons Of aluminum by an alum-
inum smelting industry; a 100,000 metrie ton carbide industry to_
supply raw Laterial for sythetic tubbernand-organi'a comPounds.
_
The :electric poer required by these industries is shown in_.
the following table.. .. ? , .
Industries.
Planned
Annual EleCtricity Electricity
Production ReqUired per Required per
(metric tons MT (KWH) year (JM).
500,000- - 470 235,000,000
200,000-- .2 000 400,0000000
synthetic Fischer method
_
? oetroiedMa: Iso-octane
' method
Artificial
fertilizer
500,000
1,000
500,060,000
Alumina
100,000
17,006
1,700,000,000
Aluminum
20,000
22,000
440,000,000
Carbide
100,000
4,.000
400,000,000
Total
? 3,675,o0o,000
The maximum active power consumption, is given .Ln the chart
on page 119 for San-men Gorge, Pa-li-hu-trung and flsiao-hen-ti,
is 11,820,000,000 kilottatt-hours, from which the above industries
will take 3,675,000,000 kilowatt-hours and coal mining 150,000
kilowatts (788,000,000 kilowatt-hours per year), ,while 300,000
kilowatts (1,5000000,000 kilowatt-hours peryear) will be trans-
ihitted to the Han-ktou area, 200,006,000 kilowatt-hours to the-
Hsu-chou-Hai-chou area, as mentioned aoove; and 451,000,000
kilowatt-hours to the Qhiao-chou.T-Chi-nan area.s leaving a balance
bf 1206,000,000 kilowatt-hoUrs., This sarplus-will be discdased
. 6 Shih-men -
This area actually inelOes both ci.ties-and the 'district :.
between them but Vie' ToObbmic-development-plan actually provides_
for active donsumption of electricity only by the-10Cr,,000
ton pig iron and 50,000 metric tan. steel industry at Tai-yuan.
T'ai-yuan, ho ever, is located at. tilq. center-of-the Ta-tiuhg;----
Feng-ling-tu-Railroad line, 1.hich is par0.101 to the Main part
of the Yellow River power development, and ,it is close enough to
utilize the power., There are various grades of coal at T'a*-
yuan, Tung-ahari, Hsi-shan,-Usien-kangchen, Fu-chia-Zari; f7ing..wu
and elsewhere, and a deposit of several.handred million .4ons of
g;psum along the railroad line between Ttai-luan and Ling7shill,
both of great importance to East Aeian self-sufficiency. Indust-
ry based on thek can readily produce 200,000 metric ton& 4 syn.?
thetic petroleum qy the ,Fischer Method, 506,600 Metric tons of .
ammonium sulphate by the g;paum method and 3001bO0metric tons bf
carbide per year, to be used in preparing organic compounds. The
cocl mines would require 100,000 kilowatts, making the total re-
quirements as shown in the fol-owing table.
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Planned
Industries
Iron
RESTRICTED
Annual
Production
(metric tons)
Pig iron 100,000
Steel 50,000
Electricity
Required per
XT OWN*.
250 ?
Electricity
Required per
year .001H)
25,000,000
Synthetic Fischer
petroleum method
200,000
470
94,000,000
Artificial Ammonium
fertilizer Sulphate 300,0,00
by the gypsum
method
?
1,000
300,000,000
Carbide
300,000 4,000 102000000,000
Coal mining (100,000 KW) 526,000,000
Total 20144'0000,000
., This demand nearly equals the 2,580,000,000 kilowatt-
hours of electric power that would be generated at Chi-klou-
Oen.
7. Disposition of Surplus Power
The above economic plan calls for the utiliiation of 14,
15,000,000 kilowatt-hours of electric power. The supply of
this power is Shown in the following table (active consumption
figures from chart on page119).
Site
Active Electric
Power ConsumAion
(1,000,000
per year)
Consuming Total Electric Surplus
Area Power Required Power
(1;000,000 KWH) 1,000,
Total Total.'000 KWH
Ta-t/ung- 3,513 5,424 1.1.72A
7,560 Men-chit-4g- LAP./
Ttang-ku 1,913
1. Chinz-shui
River
1,610
2. Ho-ohu
1,790
3. T'ien-chliao
4.160
5. Chi-ktou=chen
2,580
2,580
Shih-men
2,145
2,145 295
Ttai-hsianz
tac7
9, San-men Gorge
3,720
Changte-
5,163
Hein-hsiang
'
10.Pa-li-hu-
tluqg
7,080
11,820
Chiap-chou-
Chi-nan
451
'
6,614 4,46
11.Hsiao-hen-ti
10020
Fisik.chou-
200,
Haj...ohou
Total
210940
21,960
141185 - 14,185
In adation,to the above, a total of 9,610,No4o00 kilowatt-
hours will be ?generated.for Active consumption at the following
? sites Hei.?-yu-kou.(2,070,060,060), Yen-shui-kuan (?,640,000,000),
Hu-kou (2,380,000,000); and Yu-men-ktou (2,520,000,00,0).
This surplus electric poker should be inclUdod in the East
Asia economic development plan and requires further consider-
ation. '
4.
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The extent of future industrial development ip North China is
shown from the following figures, derived from the table on
page 118..
Iron
pig iron
steel
Synthetit'petroleum
Alumina..(amelting method).
Aluminum
Carbide
Artificial fertilizer'
These figures are calculated from the present situation in
theJapan,,Manchuria, and China Sphere, It would be extremely
diffioUlt to estimate the production level to which.the require-
ments of national .defense and development in East Asia will bring
this region in 20 to 30 years, but for example, if the iron in-
dustryahould reach the level it MA has in the US and Germany,
approximately one-third of this production would be in North China.
5,000,000 metric tons
4,000,000 metric tons
2,300,000 metric tons
100,000 oig metric, tons
20,000 metric tons
600,000 metric tons
1,800,000 metric tons
?In other, industries likewise, North China will 'play a very
important economic role in the Japan, Manchuria and China Sphere.
-Considerable importance is given to the local conditions of each
industry, and they should be reconsidered from the point of
view of national defense. This reconsideration would take the
following lines:
a. Iron production: In North China, there is little
iron deposited except at Ta-tung, Tai-yuan and in the Chiao-
chou-Chi-nan area. Mills along the coast probably could use im-
ported ore.
b. Synthetic petroleum: The chief role of synthetic
petroleum is to insure fuel in wartime. It requircs knowledge
20 or 30 years in advance of the type of warfare. The present
:trend makes high octane aviation gasoline essential.
' Of the above 2,300,000 metric tons of -synthetic
petroleum, the. 500,000 metric tons of iso-octane is the basis
for 100-octane standard aviation. gasoline. If required, this .
can be converted into' higher grade.neo-ohexane, eta.
? The planned develoement is sufficiently extensive,.
for the North China production would exceed the present world.
total production of 100-octane gasoline.
c. Alumina and aluminueel To-fraintain a production in
-the Japan,. Lanchuria and China Sphere. of 20Ce000 metric tons of
Aluminum; 40.0,000 motro of alumina'for electrolysis iii be re-
quired. North China and leanchuria.alumina:shale is sufficient
to meet' this demand.
Thu best ilethod of producing alumina from-this shale
be.that? advocated by Professor YA:AaKI Jingoro in Nhich
alumina is a_ by-product in the production of ammonium sulfate.
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Facilites. producing. 2,000,000 Metric tons of ammon-
ium Sulfate would be sufficient to produoe 400,000 metric tons
of alumina. The present plan calls for 100,000 metric tons of
alumina by the ammonium sulfate aLethod and 100,000 metric tons
by the electric furnace method. This quantity is sufficient con-
sidering the productimeapacity of ammonium sulfate in Japan
and Lanchuria.
AluMinum electrolysis facilities should be as dis-
persed as possible for national defense. Excluding the facil-
ities in Japan, facilities in Korea, Yanchuria and Formosa dis-
persed according to the water power, can supply 40,000 metric
tons yearly. This production would permit an increase of 20,
000 metric tons to the preyiously mentioned plan,
d. Artificial fertilizer: These are principally such
ammonium nitrogenous fertilizers as ammonium sulfate, ammonium
nitrate and .ammoniva chloride. This industry presents a coma-
plicated problem in North China. In regard to amaonium sulfate,
thc production of iron sulfide is small and does not exceed
100,000 metric tons annually; tho gypsum deposit of several
hundred million metric tons recently discovered in Shansi is too
far from tfte sea coast, and other fertilizer Material for ac..Tri-
cultural use can be expected only in very small quantities.
The production of aMmonium chloride as a by-
product of soda ash manufacture is a nel industry which could
easily be developed in North China, but if one metric ton of soda ash,
ium chleridc is to Do produced from cach metric ton of soda ash,
thc present production of soda ash would limit the by-product
to 1,000,000 metric tons a year.
e.. Carbide: Carbide is probably one of the best pro-
ducers of. electrical energy at the present time. The above plan
provides for a total production of 600,000 metric tons but these
figures do not represent the exact quantity of the finished pro-
duct. Lany synthetic products can be derived from carbide, in-
cluding synthetic rubber, synthetic resins, synthetic liquid
fuel, synthetic fibre, acetic acid, etc, Those synthetic'com-
modities are not purely war-time substitutes but high quality
pure synthetic raw materials. Thc minimum requirements as war-
time substitutes must be considered.
(1) Japanls present demand for crude rubber is np-
proximatcly 50,000 to 60,000 metric tons per
year, excluding reclaimed rubber, but is is cx-
pected to roach 500,000 metric tons. (The
present U.S, demand). If all of this amount
is to be produced from carbide, aparoximately
2,000,000 metric tons aiaa be required.
Th.x.iaaua production of synthetic rubber from
caroide is achieved :Oa rubber of the chlor-
oprene aroup, including the US Neoprene and -
the Russian Soy-prone. If 8'0 percent pure
caraidc is converted into acetylene from ahich
cloroprone polymerised matter (synthetic
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I I" A VII III III
rubber).. is derived at. 50 percent efficiency,
one-metric ton of synthetic rubber can be pro-
? duced from approximately fOur metric tons of
carbide, -
.(2) ?"Staple Abre," -1.hich is not used extenAvely
? as a substitute :for wool and cotton, was orig-
inall.-vanother form of cellulose. Like rayon,
lf is not a synthetic fibre in a complete sense
of the. word. nth the bottleneck in the sup-
ply of wood pulp and ra.7, wood used for 'Staple
fibre" and rayon, these products cannot be a
complete substitute, Nylon, which has recently
appeared in thC US, Goimany's "PC" fibre and
Japan's synthetic No 1 KANEKO.* arc pure syn-
thetic fibres, and not derived from rood or
cotton cellulose. Their properties make them
satisfactory substitutes for 000l, silk, 'rayon,
and cotton thread. No doubt there rill be a
great development in the quality and value of .
net fibres End in East Asials self-sufficiency
in them.
The above prodacts may be derived from varbus
rar materials. Although consid=ble change in
synthetic.fibu production methods is expected,
carbide.is the most promising rar material in
quantity in the Japan, ifanchuria and China
,3phere.
The folloting gives Japan's production of
rayon and "staple fibre", for 1939 (taken from
Chemical Industry Year 3ook/7AGA= KOGY7 NENKAL7,
1941);
. RAYON
NDST3LD.FI3LL PRODUCTION (metric
tonsl
total
For Domesti.cUse FOr Export
Rayon
43,200
16200
j_900
Staple
Fibre
112 100
Total
:74A900
23,400/7ic7
The, exports 14ere.divided as follows (same source):
....????????????.????
Rayon. Thread .(lbs) Rayon Cloth(se yds "Staple fibre"(lbs)
To Ianchuria,
KN4antung Penin-
sula and China I4?,5EL,000 72,447,000 24 42qjpoo
To 3'. first ?
rate powers 32 162;000 . 2?37,482,000 8,415,000
The above two charts shor that 23.5 percent or
.13,800 metric tons of exported rayon and ap-
proximately 74,2 percent or 12,000 metric tons
of expnrted "staole fibre" vont to lanchuria,
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the Kwantung Peninsula and China. Added to
the 155,300 metric- ton 8 produced for domestic
use, this gives a total of 181,100 metric tons,
the. total 1939 consumption of synthetic fibre
in the Japan, Lanchuria and China sphere.
This cannot,,however; be considered the aMount
of such fibre required there during wartime.
The demand of this sphere will increase sharp-
ly as a result of the political situation re,-
striating trade whereas the demand for substi-
tute fibre will be met cartly by measures to
increase agricultural and live stock produc-
tion. Taking the annual demand for substi-
tute fibre as 200,000 metric tons, it -would re-
quire approximately 1,240,000 metric tons of
carbide if carbide is to supply this entire
demand,
If the synthetic fibre includes vinyl alcohol
or vinyl chloride, at 50 percent. yield from
..cet;,-lene one metric ton of 80 percent pure
carbide would yie1d.0.162 metric tons of syn-
thetic fibre. production of 200,000 metric
tons of synthetic fibre would require approx-
imately 1,240;000 metric tons .of carbide, while
that of 300,000 metric tons of synthetic fibre
?would require 1,850,000. metric tons of carbide.
The rayon industry, which uses synthetic acetic
acid cellulose; the synthetic butanol indust-
iry, laich has drawn considerable attention
Irecently as a supplier of solvents and raw
materials for high grade fuels (iso-octane);
the synthetic resin industry; and the syn-
thetic benzpl, toluol and alcohol industries
(aYes.., explosives, solvents and fuels--al-
_ready' Active industries which are vital for
peace and war) all use carbide, as a raw mat-
Prial..
The.pradaetion of these.synthetic-industries
in the principal countriee of the world is as
followS (high grade. fuels, synthetic rubber
and rayon were discussed previously and are
therefore omitted here): The total 'annual
production of industrial coemicals of the acet-
ylene group in 1938 in the US was.5001000,000
pounds, or approximately 230,000 metric tons,
If all Of this is produced from carbide .(tech-
nica11L- feasible; though unsound economically)-,
.it would require approximately one million
metric tons of carbide .per year.
The estimated annual reran production of syn-
thetic resin for 1939-was about 10,000 metric
tons, Gennany'z 1938' benzol production, which
was not synthetic, -amounted to ,pproximately
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440 - ,
000 r0E?triP, wh4e etoiU
4eticial ,..,P1J-4111i,Yea ll
r; totae $#000
t0114, IrAP,Japan?,,Vanchurii,TChine
el:* A9414.1* sigk-Ogficlencr 40 or 30 ,
'etrom:nosc iA 0.146?Prodacts rIt -i'Proc497'
cmParOle to Oat Of the: OS or 4400
uill-reVire a .miniMAm. of 3-000'
' tone g garbidv;:04r.l'e6r.
The abgVergsneral_dieeusSion of Toarbidg' ;WO
that the above eOndtti011e arP very f4vOrable
far,filture deVelOpment,e, but' the proOlam of
quantit.1T requires som'e studY in ordei to attain
Selflaufficiency in wartime. The Yellm River
hydroelectric. area is the most favorable sec-
tipp for th*s production in the JaPall, Manchuria
and'Chine.Sphere; and if it %ere to Produce one
half of the.spherels output, it 1,ou1d amount
to about three al1ion inetric to of carbide
per'year. This is 2,400,000 metric tons more
than the total 'Of 600,0000 metric tons for all
the districts listed'aboid.
fl The folloAng relatively basic industries also con-
sume a considerable volame of electricity and therefor arrant
consideration.
The manufecUre of special. steels end. iron al;-
elebtrio.furnaces
-(2)- The manufacture of abrasives and as: brieks :
The-manufacture-of.artificial graphite
_ T-
The?folloving chart-gives-the.total Lprld pro? -,
duction pf these, products (From ChemiCal In-
allai6. Year Book. 'for 1941, p 227):
? ? ? ?
ProduatiOn- _Electric ,T;nergy Used
tIt000 Metric to/0j l_CA,99.23.0(_22
1929 1939. 1929 1939
Electrically
manufactured
24500 1,200
itOn A110:0 600 3,000 _3300.
. ,
1. 180
-Abrasivca . 50 750 900
t ? -
The totai 1937. ec ricity production in Japan
waa 30,20000091,006 Icilott-heurs? 7 percent of
the lioridle total' of 430000,000,000 kiloyatt-
hocirs. Japan!s,production .f the above three
products 1?a'S about three tithes this percentage.
_
. _ _
japanlejUture.prodUctionlAll be much larger
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than
than it is at present and the Yellow River area
probably will equal approximately the present
production in Japan. The following electric
power demand should therefore be added to these
discussed above:
Annual Production
' .(metric tons)
Electric Power Required
annually (KWH)
Electrically manu-
factured steel
500L000
240,090,000
Iron Alleys
100,000
Abrasives
20.600
?520000,000
' 100,000)000
Artificial graphite
Iti,000
2000100,cm
The above figures on electric power consump-
tion will skyrocket whenever there is a drive
for greater national defense.
Since Yellow River power is exceptionally
favored in quantity and cost, the industries
discussed above ih this section should be added
to those given in the chart on pagell8in
planning the active reorganization of the in-
dustries'of Japan, Manchuria and China. These
additional industries would have the following
electric power consumption:
Additional
Industries
Annual Production
(metric tons)
Electric Power
Required (KWH)
Aluminum
20)000
4401_900,000
Carbide
2,400,000
9,600,000,000
Electrically manu-
factured steel
500 t000,-
100 000
240,000,000
550,000,000
Iron A116 s
Abrasives
200000
100,000,000
Artificial Graphite
? 20,000
200,000,000
Total
11,3:30,000,000
This-11,130,000,000 kilowatt-hour of electric
power,is 3,355,000,000 kilmatt-hours more than
the Yellow River surplus given in the chart on
page . Therefore to equalize production and
consumption of electric power, besides the sites
listed in this chart, Hei-yu-klou (2,070,000,
000 kilowatt-hours), and Yon-shui-kuan (2,640,
000,000 kilowatt-hours) -ill have to sup-qy -
most of the deifanez of the Shin-men--Trai-yuan
areal while these additional industries are -
'distributed to the various production areas as
follows:
(1) The aluminur:: industry should, be. in the Ta-
trUng area, which can produce at least 70,000
to 80,000 metric tons of lime tar annually for
the ashless-carbornelectrodes.
(2) The carbide indust* as mentionedabove, should
be situated near electric furnaces and at least
the first stage in its conversion into semi-
finished products should take place near the
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furnaces. -.ater for industrialuic should be
abundant. The Ta-tiung drea,is:na_i,ell suited
for this,-.,and its electricitis:urpl4e.,would al-
low the production of 100,000 m9triq Icons there.
The Shih-men--Ttai-yuan and Obang7tla,--ifisin-hs-
iong areas have ample woter,-and esch'-erea
could provide 1,150,000 metric tons..
??
_ .
Electric Steel manufraure req4rei tpproxi-
Aateiy 500 kilowatt-hours ofhOlectric,power to
produce one metric ton of stee4 -iConqequently,
proxiAity' to the source of elecfricIppwer is
nOt/eiMporant.and,of the $00,00 Metri?c tons,
300000 'Metrie toils cah'he allotted to the
Ttieriching?qtang-ku area and 200,000 metric
tons to the Chang-te--Hsin-hsiang.d.rea;
-(4) Iron: alloy production involves Only'treatment
in electric furnaces, so that fbisd.n4ustry
shoulde located Ihhere electric,poier is
readily altailable, Accordingly, 50,000 metric
tons were allocated to the Ta-ttung and Chang-
te--Hsin-ehiang area, respectively.
Abrasivis andartificial,Ophite ere assigned
to the Chang-to-,!.Hain,..hslang area, here elect-
ric power is cheap, the raw'materials are read-
ily available and the finished prodtacts'can ,
?casi14'be tisnsported,away.
(5)
.Tpe utilization of electric power by districts los.covered
above. The folio in,g chart shows the relation betweeh .f.he hydro-
electric sites and the consuming industries.*
*(TN: According to later .revision: "The elcctri:c power which
would be required b the artificial fertilizer industry'near
Hai-chou is so onmil that,it was omitted.
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Site
Active Consumption
of Electric Power
(Igillion KW per year)
Total(A)
Consuming
District
Planned .
Industries
Annual
rroductIon
,(1000 metric
tons)
Electric Surplus
Power Electric
Required Power (million
(million PlY KNH per year)
per year) Total(P) (A-F)
Ching -shui River 1,610
Ho-chlu
1,790
Ttien-chiao
4460
T.560
Iron: Pig Iron 700
Steel 450
Synthetic petroleum 600
Ta-t'ung Carbide 300
Aluminum 20
Iron Alloys , 50
Coal mining( 200,000
KW)
Ttien-chinp;
Tt ang-ku
179
Ta-ttunt; coal railroad
(100,000 TV)
1,047
1,200
440
275
1,051
11,628.
44o g75
Iron: Pig iron
Steel
4,1oo
1,400
Synthetic petroleum 500
Artificial fertilizer 500
Electrically manu-
factured steel 300
1.025
388 2,097
900
144
Hei-yu-klou
Chi -kiou -chen
Yen-shui-kuan
2,070
2,5.80
2,640
7,290
Shih -men
T' al-yuan
Iron: Pig Iron 100
Steel 90
Synthetic petroleum 200
Artificial fertilizer 300
Carbide 1,490
Coal mining (100,000 KN) .
25
94 6,745
300
5,800
526
945
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(Contd)
Site
Active Consumption
of Electric mower
(million DIE per
year) Total(A)
Consuming Planned Industries Annual Produo-glectric Surplus Elect-
District tion (1000 Power Re- ric power
metric. tons) quired(million (million
(KMR Der year) KIM Der year)
Total (13) (Al-P)
Hu-klou
2,380
2,380
? _2,380
Yu--men-kt ou
2,520
2,520
2,520
Synthetic petroleum
700
615.
.Artificial fertilizer
500
00
Chan-te Alumina
100
111??01
Aluminum
20
San-men Gorge
3,720
Hain-hsiang Carbide
1,250,
5,000
Electrically Manufactured
%Tilt
steel
200
56
11,820
Iron.Alloy
50
275
135
Abrasives
? 20
100
Synthetic graphite
20
200
Pa-li-hu-t1ung
7,080
Coal mininga50,000 1i0
788
Han-10 ou Area (300,000 111)
1,900
1,500
Synthetic petroleum
100
141
Hsiao-hen-ti
1,020
Chiao-chou Artificial fertilizer
100
300
*. U51
Chi-nan Iron
100
10
Total
31,570
31,570
25,119
25,115.6,455
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Thus there will OL a surplus of 6,455,000,000 kilowatt,hours
for active consumption, but it is difficult to estinate f,,turc
progress and demands for electric power and there will be great
variations because of the scale of the above.industries and loc-
tion of development.
This study dealt mainly with electric consumption in Torth
China, anticipation large scale transmission outside this section
only to the Han-klou area. Several decades hence., the Yellow
River project will have to supply the needs of regions to the west
and northwest. Therefore, the surplus electric power is needed
in the plan to supply necessary flexibility in the calculations.
In concldding this discussion on active coasumotion of Yellow
River hydroelectric power, the main point to be rem.embered is that
this development must be postulated upon the establishment of the
Japananchuria and China economy.
It would be absolutely 'impossible to develop nVen one-half
of the total water power resources if Japan and - anchuria are ex-
cluded from the economic unit. This reduced economic base would
raise the cost of producing clectricit through the lowered
average annual output and might even affect flood control which
is the basic prOblem. Another prerequisite is that the economic
expolitation of Yellow River hydroelectric power must take place
under sufficiently good conditions.
Rapid conversion of industries to production for wartime is
impossible and these industries arc therefore no insurance against
wartime demands. 'Synthetics industries which will consume more
than' half of the electric power consequently .atist be maintained
on an economic basis during peacetime. This requires that the
synthetic products resemble the natural ones as closely as pos-
sible. The Yellow River project thereby will shm its complete
value to the Japan, Eanchuria and China Sphere as a natural resource.
IV. Plan for Transmission of Tlectric Power
A. Introduction
This chapter discusses the power transmissionnetork plan-
ned for North China on the. basis of the plan for active consump-
tion of electric power treated in III, and' gives, the basic cost
of Yellow River hydroelectric power in the principal .consuming
districts. This plan is one of the world!s foremost for the
distance and volume of electric power to be transmittecL It
will require study by many technical experts read considerable
time to develop. lire transmission at 440,000 volts adopted in
this plan, is higher than that used anywhere., else in the world
today. This high voltage transmission will require considerable
technical study. There are now plans being formulated for the
use of higher transmission voltages and longer transmission dis-
tances than those called for in the Yellow River plan. At
present time, countries arc carefully studying electric trans-
million by ultra high-voltage methods and in the near future the
present plan will be rcalizeable.
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The Oasic cost of eIedttid poT;er provided in tlicJ Yello River
Project seems high compared to completed prodg'Cts and thosc.
der construction on the Yalu and78qngri.River7, Out construction
costs for the Yellow River project arc based on _current commodity
prits.' If the construction-Of-these-other projects had, :De.eo,;
done -during the same Perioc-teChniCally ..tere_wouldfoonO quo-
tion-that.the Yellow River -proyect ,foUld be much more:edonomil
than any other project. Furthermore, the construction, of
Yellow River dams is really Mere'Lrprertnt' for flood'ecntrol-and
irrigation than for hydroelectric power, and these other
fits-should-boar a portion of the daM construction costs.- If this
apportionment were made, it would reduce cvenmore_the_qq#-..of
electric power:
3. Electrical Demands
Thedemand,for electrical power of the principal districts
, .
of Nbrth China was estimated from the above estimates-of active-
consu4Dtion of electric power, while the average and maximum de-
mand for electric power tae determined from the catiMated load -
factor for the 4ndustries'in,each district. These figures are
shown in the following taole;
Electrical Demands based on Active Consumption
District'
Electric Power
Required yearly
(1,000 KB)
4:62%000
516,000
.Ta-tJung:
Poi
T'ien-ching-
811ih-men-
Chang,-to-Hsin-
thsieng'
Chiaochou-
Chi-nan
Hah-406U
?
Average Consumption 1:aximum
(Kilowatts) ConsumPtion
(KW)
52'8,1000 818 000
000 ---7f17,000
2,017,000
235,000 335,000
T'ai- uan
6 (S)2_
9,734_1000 10.07,000
1,064,000
1,556,000
51,000 70,000
Total
? 1,500,000
, 25,590,000
170,000 300,000
2,921,000 4,260,000
The e1ectric-1 consumption of industries such as flour mill-
ing, machine manufacture, cumcnt, etc and that for .illumination
tic heating must oc estimated also. The following estimates .took
Lnto consideration the development of the new industrial districts
,esulting from the plan for active consumption and conditions in
tich district.
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General Demand for Electric Po,,.er
District
Electric Power
Regaired Yearly
(.] 000 nE)
Average Consa2intion YaxiMum
(1{1.4) Consump-
tion (K4)
Ta-tung
70,000
89,000
198,000
Pei-p'ing
750,000
86,000
190,000
Trang-ku
750?000
86,000
190,000
Shih-men-T'ai-
yuan
1 150 000
130 000
290,000
Chang-te-
Hsia-shieng
1,947,000
222,000
494.Q90
Chiao-chou
Chi-nan
420,000
48,000
120,000
'
Total
5,797,000
661,000
1,482,000
The following chart consolidates the two previous charts
to give
the total,demand for electricity in each. district.
District
Total Demand for Electricity
axiaurn
Consumption
(K7)
Electric Power
Required yearly
(1,000 K1;) .
Average Consump-
tion (I0
Ta-tung
5-147)???
617,000
1,016,000
1,266,000
14530??
307,000
T'ien-ching-
T-ang-ku
2,767)000
321,000
525,000
Shih-men-
T'ai-yuan
7;895,000
901,000
1,354,000
Cheng-te-
Hsin-hsiang
11,681,000
1L329,000
2,050 000
Chiao-chou-
Chi-lnan
8n,000
9?,000
190,000
Han-k'ou
1J500,000
170 000
300 000
Total
31,387,000.
3,582,000
5,742,000
The above estimatdpn of the total demand for electrtcity
equals approximately 70 percent of the total capacity of .43,800,
000,000 kilowatt-hours of Ching-shui River and ten hydroelectric
sites and 70 percent of the maximum capacity of 80,000,000,000
kilowatt-hours of the same sites but if the 1os5 through trans-
formation and transmission is included it lould be about 80 per-
cent,
C. Trans.,d ssion Network
In their supplying of electric power to the consuming dis-
tricts, as stated in III above, the Yellow River plan calls for
supply by only nine of the eleven hydroelectric plants. The
following study assumes tnat the transmission network will lead
from these nine stations.
Trien-chliao, Ho-chtu and Ching-shui River can supply the
Ta-tung, Pel-pling and Tlien-ching-T'ang-ku districts and there-
fore are considered a8 a segment, temporarily called the 'Iorthern
Network. Yei-yu-klou, Chi-klou-chen and Yen-shui-kuan supply the
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
RE,STRIG1ED
Shih-men--T'ai-yuan district and will.be_called,t!heCentralNet-
work, Wbile San-men Gorge Pa-li?hu-tjung and Eiiad-hen-ti p4pply
the Chang-te-Hsia-hsiang, Chiao-ChOUChi-nan and Hanklou ar''
and 14111 be called the 39uthern Netuork.
The distance of power lines was determined to the following
centers. for each, district: '
Ta-tung District ilTa-tung);.Pei-Oling District (Pei-p'ing);;..
T'ienChing-Tlang-ku.District (Tlien..ching); Shih-men--Ttai-yUan-
DiStrict,(Tlai7yuah).: Chang-te-Hsin-hsiang District (HSin-glsiang
Chiab-clibu-Chi-nan District (Chinan): and-Han-klou.DistrIct,
(han-k4ou.),_ -
Each of the three systems will transmit eleetricityas an .
independent unit. A rough -outline of the porer lines is given
in the,follb-:,ing chart.
Power Transmission Lines
i3ORTIJERN I
!NETWORK ! Distance 60 Km
. Voltage .440)000.--
volts
No of Systems
Tlien-
chliao.
Ho-chlu to
Ching-shui
River
40 Km
440,000
Ching-shui
'Aver to -
Ta-tung
200 1:1L
440,000
4
Ta-tung to
Poi7pling,
Pei-p'ing
to
270 Km. 115 Km
440,000 440,000
4 2
Distance
Voltage
No of Systems
Lei-yu-k'ou
to 0hi-ktou-
hen
. 80 Km
440,000 volts
2
Yen-shi7kaun Chi-k'ou
to Chipklou- to T'ai-
chen ,yuan
110 Km. 180 Km
440;000 440,000
.2
SOUTTERN
NETWORK
Gorge to tl-ung to
Pa-ii-hu- Hsiao-he6-
_
Distance 70 Km 50 Km
Voltage 440,000 440,000
volts
No of Systems ?3-- 5
71
Hsiao-hon- .Hsin- Esin-
ti to Hein- hsiang .Hsiang
heiang. to 1.:an- to Chi-
130 Km 530 KM 350 Km
'440,000 440,000 220,000
5
2 2
* The Hsin-hsiang--Chi-nan line rill pass through'Chang-te
The volume of electricity transmitted over the principal trans-
mission netrork in this plan, if present industrial voltages are
used, will require citremely large transmission lines or a consid-
erable number of systems. The operation of Japan's 154,000 volt
network from the central mountain region to the Kanto and Kansai
districts is affected by the ground .and produces conSiderablo in-
duction of electricity in communication lines. Increasing these
facilities above their present capacity would present considerable
problems.
-137
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CPYRGHT
A
RESTRICTED .
?
Several communication systems will have to be constructed
side by side udth the power lines to the various consuming. dis-
tricts.. .
These will Le affected only slightly in flat regions where
they can be kept aWay easily from the power lines, but each system
passes through some mountainous terrain that will force the lines
closer together. .3ecause of tho number of systems, some induc-
tive interference must be expected 'whenever there is line trouble.
Dee of higher voltages would reduce the construction costs. Opin-
ion varies as to what voltage will be in use in the near future
but R. e. E. Company (Reichs-'irtschaft Elektrizitaet-Oese1l-
schaft?...7 in Germany completed a plan several years ago using
380,000 volt lines, and so it is reasonable that the present
plan can provide for at least 440,000 volt lines (terminal volt-
age of 400,000 volts). Although some problems still remain to
be solved, this Voltage has been adopted.
The decision of whether to use steel towers for each
system or to have several systems on each tower must depend on
the local topography, eeatheri methods of construction, ate; but
for simplification, the plan provides for single system stel
towers. hich type of Cable 111 prove to be tee best,?steel-
core aluminum cable, hollow copper cable, aldrey eable, or some
other special cable--is a problem re uiring 'research, but in this
plan, the steel-core aluminum cable L AC:/ has been adopted.
D. Construction Cost '
It would be very difficult at present to estimate the con- 1
struction cost of transmisAon lines and transformer facilities.
from the estimated commodity prices current when the construction
will take place, so the estimates are based on present commodity
prices for the necessary material. This makes the costs of power
lines and traasformer facilities rather high, and when this plan
materializes, the construction costs probably will be somewhat
lower.
(1) Transmission Line Construction Cost
A rough estimate of the total construction cost of the
approximate total trensmission length of 6,100 Km is 353,400;000
Yen. Details are as follows:
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CPV)GHT
proved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
RISTRICTED
TRA-JSIT3SIET PLAN
Ching -shui
Rivi 2(X) Km
(463,000 Mi): 440,000 v
He-oh'u
(477,000
oc
Ttien-ch'iao
(1,111,000 KV)]
(567,000 Kvi
c.
Pig Iron
Steel
Synthetic. .
petroleum
Carbide
Coal Trans-
port Railway
AluMinum.
Iron Alloys
General Use
Laximum ?ol.er
1.016.030
t:9 ?
Ta-tung.
270 Km
440,000 V
Pig Iron
Coal
Electric
Railways
General UseL
Laxitum Power
307,000 K4
_ .
Ilion-
Pei-Wing tsin
.115 'Km e".
- - 440,000
Iron Manufacture
Synthetic petroleum
Artificial fertilizer
Electrically-Manu-
lactured Steel
General Use
Maximum Power
525,000
1
Note: I:aximum generating power 'of. '
each site (?=s) is given in par-
enthesis under the name of the
site. Industries listed in
boxes connected 1.th ConeaMing
centers (a are new industries
that will develop, The .Eax-
imum Power is the maximum con-
sumption of all these in-z
dustries.
T/ai-yuan
Chi-klou-ohen 130 Km
(702,000 K4) . 440,000 V
o
o ,
- r
Yen-shui-kua
(720,000 K4)
San-men Gorge
2.1- 70 Km
440,000 V
(1,317,000 KO
?
77; 50 Km /7\
440,000 V
(2,202,000 KO
Syhthetic Petroleum
Ammonium Sulfate
Carbide .
Coal
Iron Lanufacture
General Use
Yaximum Power
1,354,000 K!
Chan -to
61,711-`;
Hsin-hsiang - Chi-nen
ISYnthet1cPc.troleu1fl
c)-2.tAlumina
Hsiao-heriYil:;.!lliftlitlal Fertilizer
'?^"7? Carbide
2,aettriCaI1y.
Synthetic Petroleum
Artificial Fertilizer
Iron Manufacture ITransmiTia3h-P6WeT
? General .y,!!) L 300,000 KW
Maxi:Mum ; POwer
190,500,' K71
?4
Han-1.0-0Li
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manufactured
steel,
Iron Alloyi
Abrasives ,
Synthetic Gr4hite
General Use
laximum Power
ktp5o,oco
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7
Construction Cost of Transmission
i Transmission Distance
(Voltage(volts) (Km)
Lines
Systems
Construction
Cost (Yen)
, Ching-shui
River to
Ho-ch,u to
Tfien-chriao
440,000
100
2
12,000,000
Ching-shui
River to
Ta-tung
440,000
200
48,000,000
Ta-tung
to
iPei-p,ing
440,000
,
270
4
64,800,000-
Pei-p'ing
to
Tien-ching
440,000
.
115
2
13,800,000
Chi-k,ou-cheri
to '
Tai-yuan
1 440,000
180
3
32,400,000
Heiy-u-kiou
to
Chi-krou-cher.
440,000
80
o
9,600,000
Yen-shui-kuan
to 440,000
Chi-kfou-chen
?
110
2
13,200,000
, .
San-men
Gorge to '440,000
Pa-li-hu-trun
70
3
12,600,000
Pa-li-hu-ttan
to 440,000
Hsiao-hen-ti
50
.
5
15,000,000
Hsiao-hen-ti .
to 440,000
Hsin-hsiang '
130
5
39,000,000
Hsin-hsiang
to 220,000
Chi-nan
350
2
29,400,000
Hsin-hsiang
to 440,000
Han,-k'ou
530
2
63,600,000
Total
6,100 Km
353,400,000
7140?
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
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RESTRICTED
2. Construction Costs fOr Tranformer Facilities
, A rough estimate oftthe total ConatrUtiOn costs of:,
transformer facilities to handle a total of 19,660;0004.10volt.
ampere is 494,350,000 yen.
Detail; are as follows:
Construction Cost for Transformer Station
Transformer _Station
Capacity
.(KV)
Construction Cost
(Yen)
Pei.pting
700,000
17,500,000
'Then...ening875,000
21,900,000
Ta-t'ung'
1,500,000'
37,500,000
..ctling.shui River
700,000
17,500;000
Ho-chlu
700,000
17,500;000.
Then-clasp
1,500,000
37,500,000
Tlai-yuan ,.
2,000,000
50,000,000
Chl4rou-chen900,000

22,500,000
Hei-yuktou
600,000
15,000,000
Yen-shui:-Ituan
900,000
-22,500;000
Hsin-hsiang #1
Esin-hsiang #2
2,975,000-
280,000
74,400,000
E1,400,000
Han-,k'ou.
600,000
15,000,000
Chi-nan
280,000
8,400,000
Pa-li-hu-trung
3,000,000
75,000;000
San-men Gorge
1,750000
43,750,000
Hsiao-hen-ti400,000
10,000,000
Total
19,660,000
495,350,000
E. Materials Required
Folloxing is a rough estimdte of the principal materials _
needed for this plan:
1. Transmission lines
Steel . .:275,000-etric tons' -
LlCtfltinUrrt 106,000 metric tons
Cement 138,000 metric tons
b. Transformer stations
Cast Iran 295,000 metric tons
Steel 1,670,000 metric tons' .,
Copper' 30,000 metric tons-.
Cement 256,000 metric tons
. .
F. Basic Cost of EleCtrigit,y in Consuming Districts
The cost. o. eiectrieity in each conSuming district 'obtained
from this projaet was determined from the total cost of generat-
ing the needed electricity at each Ildroelectric site, as esti-
mated in the chapter above, plus the cost of transmission and
transforming.
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02-5
ARRWor Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
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1. Basic cost of generating electricity
The fello;,ing is a tabulation of the cost of generat-
ing electricity in, each producing district, calculated on a
,basis of 7 percent interest onconstruction cost, a depre-
ciation factor laf 40 years at 4.5 percent on engineering fa--
cilities and 30 years at 4,5 percent on generating plant fa-
cilities, plus an annual overhead including maintenance and
operation costs and various taxes.
Sites .1Annual Electric
"Generation Over-
1 head (Yen)
Annual Out-
put
.(1,000 KWH)
Basic
Cost of
Electric
Generation
NORTHERN
DISTRICT
Ching-shui
: River
Ho-chiu
Tien-chiao
1
1
126400,000
.
. .
10,485,000
?(Sen per
KWH).
1.206
..
CENTRAL
DISTRICT
Hei-yu-klou
Chi-kfou-chen
Yen-shui-kuan
.
120;600,000
?
8,780,000
?
1.368
SOUTHERN
DISTRICT
San-men-hsia
Pa-1i-hu-tfuna
Hsiab-hen-ti
134,100,000
15,610,000
0.859
2. Cost of Electricity to the Consumer
The following is a tabulation of the cost of electri-
city to the consuming centers calculated on a basis of 7 per-
cent interest on construction costs; a depreciation factor of
40 years at 4,5 percent on transmission lines and 25 years at
4.5 percent on the transformer facilities; plus operation
maintenance and other costs depending on the size of the in-
stallations and taking into account transmisaion and trans-
formation losses.
3asic Cost of E1ectrjcjtr in ConsuminRCenters
Consuming
Center
-
3asic Cost of
Electric Gen-
etation (Sen
'
1
Annual Cost forci Power
Transmitting an Delivered
Transforming (Ktji)
Delivered
Cost (Son
per WH))
per K.,vH)
(Yen)
Ta-tfung 1.206
18,125,000
5,552,000
1.532
Pei-ping 1.206
' 70Q00
1_,.266,000
1.775
Tfien-ching11.206
l,930,000
2 76 000
.746
Tfai-yuan 1:368 '
25,053,000
6-880 000
1.5 5
Hsin-hsian
0.859
34,238,000
11 681 000
1.1 2
Chi-nan J9.059.
6,371,000
ao,584_01po
8 1 000
.1,50g1000
_
1 ?1
1.545
Han-kfou 0.859 - -.?-.?
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The transmission distance makes it seem strange that the
cost at Tien-ching is cheaper that that at Pei-ping, i.e. from
a point of transmibsion distance. This apparent discrepancy is
caused.hy the more favorable load factor at Ttien-ching.
G. Comparisons to the large transmission net.,Lo:-ks of other
countries.
ElectriCity can be generated from steam near its consuming
center, but this is normally not true of hydroelectric power be-
cause the generating site is limited in location by natural
factors and the consuming centers are limited by geographical
and man-made factors, necessitating transmission of electric
power from the generating site to the consuming center.
Electric power is the product of voltage and current, so that
the same power can be transmitted by raising the voltage and re-
ducing the current, and a smaller wire could be used than for
low voltages. Accordingly, power line economy has been achieved
in recent years by raising voltages for major power transmis-
sions and the trend is toward even higher voltages.
The highest transmission voltage in Japan is 154,000 volts,
but Lanchuria and gores are using 220,000 volt systems, and re,
cently the Japan Transmission Company (*Nihon Hasso.Den Kaishil
has completed a 250,000 volt system to operate over several tens,
of kilometers.
During the infancy of the electrical industry, no nation had
more than distribution lines and short transmission lines, but
the demand for power increased with technical deiielooments, and
the age of hydroelectric power arterial transmission lines were
constructed to overcome the immobility imposed by geographical
and natural conditions. All nations are developing the water.
power near to the consuming centers, and they are 'eeginning to
send hydroelectric power from the remaining distant sites over
special high-tension long-distance transmission lines to the
consuming centers.
The Southern California Edison Company of America was a
forerunner in this field when it began transmitting at 220,000
volts in 1923, and the Method has become widely adopted in several
countries, including Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden
and Russia. The chart below gives those transmission lines in
the world which now equals or exceed 220,000 volts. The 287,000
volts of the United States 3oulder Dam is the highest voltage
in actual. operation; out Germany's R.W.E. Company has constructed
a system to use 380,000 volts.
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UPYRGHT
Fel
Jams
Operating
Conners
OrizatrY
Date of
Comstractlea
Volt-
age
(IS)
lTerwracy
(Cycle)
Sys-
tome
Spas
(1(m)
Tranemission
Wire Type
Area
(mmi2)
Co.-
po-
sition
Weight
(kg/m)
'mark'
(Prelim!
Trams 110 IS)
(Present
Trams 1540)
Hsu-china' liver (Ursa) lb 1-
Chisag-chiag liver Mater Power Co
Japan
1940
220
60
2
34
dal
340
61/2.82
1.28
No 3
Karobe-Sasaza
Japan Transmission Co
1941
250
60
1
Ito
Type "He
lollow Copper Cable
250
8 segments
2.22
Big Creek-Imgle look
Soother* California ldison Co
US
1923
220
50
2
388
ACSR
310
61/2.67
1.16
Pit liver Baca Dixon
Pacific Gas and Bloc Co
r
1923
220
60
f2
288
Copper Stranded Cable
254
7z712.57
2.30
12
45
ACSR
265
42419/2.s4
Wallenpaupack-Sleafried
llectric load and Share Co
s
1923
220
50
1
105
AMR
403
61/3.08
1.52
LC)
1
lucks Creek-Wilson
Great Wester' Power Co
s
1926-27
220
60
1-2
298
ACSR
403
6I/3.05
1.52
Cs!
CD
Big Creek No 3-Gould
Southern paliformia Nilson Co
*
1926
220
50
1
360
AMR
524
61/3.52
1.95
CD
30/4.14 4
CD
Ir-
Canowingo-Plymouth Meeting
Philadelphia Bloc CO
?
1928
60
2
93
ACSR
403
19/2.48
1.84
0
26/4.44 4
0
a
Plymouth Meeting-Siegfried
Pennsylvania Power and Light Co
s
1928
220
60
1
79
AMR
403
7/3.45
1.63
Cs!
a
Lighthipe-Long leach
Southern California Idteon Co
I
1928-29
220
50
2
16 f Bronze Core
O
Copper Stranded Cable
446
42 4 19/3.16
4.35
CD
30/4.I4 4
44(
cri
a
lushkill-Plymoath Meeting
Palle Service Gas and llec Co
s
1929-32
220
60
1
188 ACSR
403
19/2.48
1.84
Ir-
15-Mile Palle-Tewkshary
New Inland Power Association
?
1930
220
60
2
204
ACSR
403
61/3.08
1.52
CO
?
9)
Wilson-Asniamd
Sao Joaquin light and Power Co
?
1930
220
60
1TYPO
70
"I"
fH0110O
CO
r..
?
Copper Cable
*
260
28 It 22/2.46
2.40
(1.
Tiger Creek-lewark
Pacific Gas and Zlec Co
1930
220
60
2
183
260
22 22/2.46
2.40
C:)
Et
Brighton-Merced
Great Western Power Co
w
1931
220
60
1
165
"
260
22 II 22/2.46
30/4.14 ,L
2.40
4;(Sale
Harbor-Westport
Pennsylvania Water mad 'ewer Co
s
1931
220
60
1
112
ASCE
403
19/2.48
1.0.
(.)
Boulder Dam-Los Angeles
City of Los Angeles
m
1936-40
287
60
3
438
5 Type re
Nollow Copper Cable
260
10 strands
2.34
IS,
26/4.44 4
Cs!
.....
Boulder Ham-Hayfield
MWD of Southern California
s
1938
220
60
1
381
ACSR
403
7/3.45
1.63
CO
a
Boulder Dam-Barre
Souther* California 'diem Co
s
1939
220
50
1
.
418
ACSI
305
30/3,6 I(
0,
cl,
cri
Powerlon-Crawford A40
Commonwealth Idiom Co
s
1940
220
60
1
236
ACSR
456
19/24?
61/3.28
1.72
't-
40
main' liver-Leaside
Aydroelec Power Communication@ of Ontario
Canada
1928-31
220
25
3
327
10511
403
61/3.08
1.52
OD
ca
Greed Were-lapids Blow
Shawinigan Water sad Power Cb
?
1929
220
60
1
99
ACSR
403
61/3.08
1.52
CD
---
Beauharnoic-landet
Beauharnole Light Heat and Power Co
?
1932
220
25
1
ho
ten
403
6I/3.05
1.52
CD
(k!
Pongee-Chats 1,1110
Gatineau Power Co
s
1928-30
220
25
2
41
AMR
403
61/3.08
1.52
i-
0
ll.
Ihelaisch-lestfalisches
Type "N" Hollow Copper Cable
Type "I" " ? s
{Spiral
400
4010
12 strands
SSW Type
3.57
14.06110
Vorarlberg-Sranwsiler
Kok AG
Germany
1926
380
(220)
50
2
539
Type Cibls
400
ARG Type
4:10
CD
r.*
Goldenbervierdecke
Iheimisch-lestfalisches
0
i-
ilek AG
?
1929
220
50
1
330 {TIP* IR"
Hollow Copper Cable
185
7 strands
1.69
10-
CI
lorken-Lehrte
Preussiche lick AG
s
220
50
2
176
{Type "H"
210
7 strands
1.91
44C
Ballow Copper Cable
Cardano-Cislego
Societe Idroelettrica Piemonte
Italy
1929
220
42 & 50
1
f169322
61/2.76
1.20
_
73
Aldreri
388
61/2.82
1.06
Brommat-Chevilly
Paris-Orleans II Co and other companies
Prance
1931-33
220
50
2
507
ACSI
295
37/3.54
1.33
Saint Cothard
?Moine Ilectriche ?lamest
Switzerland
1934
220
50
1
55
lard-dravn Copper
land Bronze
230
42/2.28-353
Lehrte-Magdslurg
Preussiche Kok AO
Germany
1935
220
50
ACSR
340
Irangede-Stockhdls
Stockholm City
Sweden
1936
220
90
3140
{tip. 'I.
26110* 00PPer Cable
255
28 4 22/2.43
30/3.72 4
Swir lo 2-Leningrad
USSR Government
lassie.
1933
220
50
1
240
ACSR
363
19/2.35
Lambs-Creasy
Societe Transeleotrique
Proade
1934
220
50
1
278
AM
295
37/3.54
1.33
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?
Operation of transmission systems with higher voltages than ?
those now in use would require extreme application from technicians
and experts in all fields after- exhaustive study of the Weather,
construction material and methods, and even the ecOnomie situa-
tion. A great deal 'of work was involved in planning the above
recently completed 250,000 volt transmission system.
As stated above, thd 8,000,000 kilowatt oUtput of the Yellow
River projects (equivalent to the present total output of Japan)
4ould be transmitted in three separate systems: The northern from
Ho-chlu and Ching-shui-ho to Ta-ttung, Ni-ping, and
T'ien-ching; the central from Hei-yu-ktou, Chi-ktou-ehen and Yen-
shui-kuan to Tai-yuan; and the Southern. from San-man Gorge, Pa-
li-hu-ttung and Hsiao-Pen-ti to Hsin-thsianga Chi-nan and Han-
ktou. The distance and power transmitted would require a voltage
of 440,000 volts, which is higher than any listed in the above
chart, making this the world's greatest project in amount of elec-
tric power, distance and voltage used.
A plan of Er. Chernishev is under consideration to transmit
1,500,000 kilowatts over a distance of 1,650 kilometers from
Norway through Germany to France. This plan will use special bus
bars capable of handling 2 x 500 KV DC (ground voltage).
:These bus bars could economically transmit 2,000,000 to
3,000,000 kilowatts for 4,000 kilometers. Thest developments lend
possibility to the Yelloa River transmission plan, but technical
study must be given to the problem of whether to use direct or
alternating current. The characteristics of direct and alternat-
ing current are quite different. Using the Jame facilities and at
the same voltage, more power can be transmittee Iv direct current
because of the voltaae-,drop0 skin effect, line-stability, etc.
Iiith intermediate direct ground points, insulators capable of
carrying a line voltage of 440,000 volts direct current could
carry only 156,000 volts alternating current. The corona voltage
would be 1.6 to 1.7 times that of alternating current and hence
the corona lose aould be less.
Research now in progress on the transformatien of alternating
current to direct current and vice versa should solve this problem
of transmission in alternating current versus direct current, All
large transmission-systems planned in Europe today propose to use
direct current, Future study must decide whether the Yellow River
plan should use direct or alternating current.
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J,TANECE PLO FOR HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPY2NT OF
THE MUT -MTM IN CHNA
(Continued)
Far Eastern Research Section
' Survey Comnittee.No 2
Nth ChinaCommittee::
Subcommittee No 4
ray 1941
PART 10, FL,L,: FOR SAN4.;,EN GORGE HYDRO-
ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT
CPYRGHT
OCHIAI Kushiro
IZAh Hirosachi
IlljLE OF CONTENTS
I Introduction
II The San-men Gorge Dm Ste
III The Damp Reservoir and Amount of Usable Water
IV Effective Head and Electrical Generative Power
V Silting of Reservoir's
VI A Sricf Outline Of the Construction Mans
VII Method of Construction
VIII Materials Necessary for the Development of .the Site
IX Outline of the Construction Costs
X.Iethod of Paying for the Construction ttists'
'XI The Second.Proposod Plan for the Deve1o0Ment
San-men Gorge
.kI1 liaiabitantp and Natural Resourees in the Still,
Water Area of the San-men Gorge Dam
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I. I:TRODUCTION
Aong the water power development sites along the Yellow
River, San-men Gorge is one of the most densely populated areas
and is therefore esoecially in need of river improvement, irri-
gation and flood control. This site also has better canlunication
and transportation facilities than any other site. Since it is be-
lieved that this should be the first site developed, its plan will
be described in detail. It is difficult, however, to approach the
dam site because of a large .body of stagnant water, which makes it
impossible to make definite plans.
These theoretical plans are based on existing surveys and
on the reports of persons Nho visited the site for other pur-
poses,
All downstream water power sites on the Yellow River are
somewhat .similar, but at San-men Gorge the area covered by res-
ervoir water would become especially large with tac 'increase in
the height of the dam. This area is heavily populated and may
also contain some natural resources. A thorough investigation is
impossible at present.
The Ycllow River carries an exceptionally heavy silt load and
would fill any reservoir within a fbw decades, unless the silting
is prevented somehor. Since thc reservoir would thereby lose all
value, measures should be adopted to extend its life as .much as
possible. Reforestation and soil conservation in the headwater
area should normally be accomplished before constructing any res-
ervbirs, but the construction of dams to control the Yellow River
floods should not be delayed even a single day. ,Furthermore,
electric power developmnt is urgently needed in the Orient.
A second plan was therefore considered to construct low dams
which .would have relatively small reservoirs that would not flood
large areas, meanwhile making preparations so that the:T could
later be developed into. the requisite large dams.
Thc following discusses principall;- the first plan for a res-
ervoir with maxi.mum water level of 350 meters (from Tang-ku) and
then treats the second plan to construct the dam in two stages.
As there is inadequate tirue to describe each plan in detail, the
second plan will be summarized only. San-men Gorge ? has for soma
time attracted attention in Iellow River conservation plans as a
dam site. The best material dealing with this site is as follows:
1. "Rough Draft of Water-Utilization Plnns for Shansi. Province"
2. Lliasson: "Research ontheGentrol of the Yellow, River
Floods by Retention Bans? (1936)
3. 'Topographical lap (1/5000) Survey by the Committee on North
China Water Utilization (1936).
All these works considered dams for flood control and paid no
attention to hydroelectric power,
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No existing survey reports specifically suit the purposes
of Yellow River hydroelectric plan, but investigation of the site
has progressed considerablY add there is more.acCurate inform- '
tion about this site than -for any other. Although .this infer-
mation.is incomplete) Aotuallihvestigations nhd detailed sarveYs'
should check the accuracy of the conclusions.
II. TIE SEEN:GORGE DAY SITE
As mentiOned before, in'1936.the S. Eliassen treatise called:
'hesearch on the Control of the Yellow River Floods by Retention
aasinsff was published, Notes were taken on this survey by him
and consequently we are now 'able to estiarto the cOnditions of
the San-men Gorge site. The essential translated portions of
his treatise arc mentioned below for reference.
Since San-men Gorge is 25 kilometers downstream from Shan
and only 10 kilometers from the nearest railr6adt3tiOn on the
Lung Hai line it is the most accessible of the Yellow 'River
water power sites. The road from the railroad to the'engineer
ing work shop is very poor, but an evenly sloped road from the
nearest station (Fzfu-chung) to San-men Gorge could beeOnstru0-
cd quite cheaply. At the rapids of San-men Gorge,' beteuse of
two islands composed of bedrock which jut out into the Yellow
River, three streee:e 50 eo /10 wide have bean i:or
stream on the south side is called Kuei-mea, the central stream
Shen-men and the stream on the north side is called Jen-men or
Hiang-men. A small boat can cross the central stream, and when
the stream is lot, one can wadencross the stream on the north
side teethe north island. Only the Stream on the south side is
crooked and the small awkward boats of this district arc barely
able to Cross. When Eliassen inspected the San-men Gorge rapids,
the volume of flow of the river was about 5000 cubic meters per-
second and the,river!formed three Streams 'of rapids. The esti-
mated difference-in the water level belov and above the islands
was at least 4 to 5 meters. , The total width of the three streams
was not greater than 100 meters, and becauSe the difference in
water level Was about :4 meters, the depth Wes estiMeted to be
from 7 to 8 metursiee'Assumingethat dUring the low tater period
there is no wnter?In.theejen,-men stream, then the ether two
must be slightly deepertherethe above,estimate but not deeper
than 10 to 12 meters. It was estiMated that during the low watbr,
period they mny be no'doeper.than 6 to 8 meters. Owing to the '
speed of the current, of course; gravel nd sediment ere nbt dc
posited on the bedrock of the river bud. If the two streams,
the Kuei-men and the Shen-men were very deep, their currents .
would be calm during lou-watee:peried On t::eother hen, if ?
the water flows fast enough to cause whirlpools, this ihdieeteS
that the water is deep., The bedrock :6f the KUei-men IS very ,
hard gneiss and granite. For this reason, the water'flow'has
not much of an nbrasive effect and as a,eeselt,:it has remind
the some since time immemorial.: The bedrock of Sanr-Men GOrgc.
is very hard and can therefore endure the erosive action of the
sediments; itebespreserved the same Slope' of the riverbed Of the'.
upper reachoe for ages. eHewevere it chanjesete
enrOeiC andceedicntlery r;',;ect'ac, ?enereever ',Jhurf:iddree!: of e!le
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baxIA .:wojeots out cr:T..vcr, and tt is feared that in so,:x
places the main bedrock is composed of shaloand sandstone. The
line between the granitt and sedimentary rock crosses the river
obliquely from the dam site on the north bunk to the south bank
abovo San-men Gorge. The bedrock upstream from this line is
metamorphic and sedimentary rock. The south bank consists en-
tirely of hard, complex rock structure but on the north benk,
only -the lower strata is hard rock; the upper strata being soft
metamorphic and sedimentary rook.' To what extent those facts
will.affect the dam construction is hard to predict; this will
have to Wait for the redults. of futurc survey.and. research.
The above is according to Eliassen's report. He further
states that the north and south banks are hardly high though for
the construction of. a dam 60 meters in hoight but just which
site he referred to is not clear. From inspecting the 1/50000
map which is based on aerial photographs or Lap No 2 drafted by
the Yellow River Water Utilization Committee, or if possible,
actual photographs of th., dam site, one would conclude that
there are mountains there that should permit the construction
of a dam about 100- meter: high; lie may have been referring to
the plain in the upper roaches of the river but this is not
heeessarily true.
III. TiE DAL, RESERVOIR AM MOUNT OF USA3LE WATER
Since Masson has already drawn up plans for the construc-
tion of a flood control dam at the site, and the Chinese Com-
mittee on the Survey of the Yellow River has charted a map based
on actual survey, this place has been selected as the -site for
the dam. Furthermore, because there is a considprable gradient
downstream from San-men Gorge, (although the difference depends
on the volume,of water the fall is about three meters) and if
the geological conditions are the same, tho question of whether
the dam should be constructed above or below San-men ?Gorge
should be carefully considered. It mny be necessary to install
a waterway of conaiderable eize to produce a suitable head.
This will be investigeted carefull and dccided upon later._ For
the present, vc; will arbitrarily choose the .site above San-men
Gorge. If river transportation by boat were to begin .in this ?
section of the river, it would be advantageous to raise the water
level to the water level upstream at the drainage point ofYu-
men-ktou.
Because of the filling-in action of the silt and the grcat
variatiA in the amount of water flow, it would be advisable to
cven the -flow with a large capacity reservoir. This capacity
can be calculated from past records of waterflow. Wo have re-
cords of the flow at-Shan-hsien compiled by the Uommittee on
the 4ater Utilization of the Yellow River and a summary of them
will be found in thc annexed Lap ChLirt No 1. Its origin is ue-
known, but this 'blueprint of a graph representing the volume of
water and water level over a period of 17- years .(1919 to 1935),
was found and it appears in this document in adjusted form.
These records contain informntion noted in the document "Huang-
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ho-chin" and others:, and although it is a roCord of the samq
year, there is a-slight discrepancy. and is 4ifficult to deter- -
mine which is correct. The figure for the grehtest flow is the.
one given in these records, but in; anyecase, there is on17 e
difference of less than 100 cubic meters per second: As is
shown in the Annexed map, the volume of flow of the Yellow River
differs greatly from year to year. The ratio between the Volume
of flow during the year of least flow (1928: .20,500,000,000
cubic meters) and the volume of water flew during the of
greatest flow (1921: 66,500,000,000 cubic meters) is 3.25.
Therefore, in order to,Makc the San-men Gorge hydroelectric.
power plant most efficiuht, the volume of water flow will have '
to be regulated year after year So that even., during dry years
auxiliary power plants Will not be necessary. (Tables 1 and 2)
In order to do this, not only seasonal regulation for one year,
but regulation of the water flow year after year will be necessary.
To determine the amount of water to be used according to the above
mentioned graph, ?ec will have to estimate the amount of reser-
voir weter from toe graph shoving the aoent ef water flow in
Chart No 3. 3ecausc of the Settling of the silt in the reser-
voir, the number of years we should, set as our objective Will
pose. &cOnsiderable problem.
, If we take the first plan, in view, of the fact that the area
of the reservoir's slack water will be very great, the area being,
--6 livelihood for natives in this area, and becaase itis thought
that the reservoir area may contain natural reseurtee,.the, height
of the dam cannot be determined by simply referring to the graph
of the volume of water flow. At present, the only knownntte.reel
resources is the salt of the lake near Yun-ch'eng
For the present, we plan to set the height of the daM to pave
this lake. The elevationeef this salt lake ie not accurately
%lawn, and has oalle- bee:1 catimted :ma tho clevaieze. ef'.7ht:
Ta-ttung--Fe'ng-ling-tu railroad. The Su River, :Which flaws past
the Yua-chtehg area, forms-gorges in its lower reaches. 3y:
cutting it .of here, if it will be possible to. pumpthe watel- of .
the Su River into the reaervoir at San-men Gorge, theefullwater7.
level of the reservoir Can'be raised. Sinceeen.investigation
this at the present is impoSsible, we eilletentatively assume .
that the maximum elevation at which the water will not'cOver thia
salt lake is 350 meters above sea level. The discharge level-
at the Yu-men-ktou hydroelectric plant is 366 meters, 'so the
te-
maining Usable head is 16 meters. In this case, if the, dam is :
-sunk to a depth of 15 meters below the river's median wateir lel
and the height above water at full water level is two meters, the
overall height 'of the dam will be 86 metcre and will contain about
1,400,000 cubic meters of concrete. If the eater were permitted
to rise up to 350 meters above sea level, as shown in Chart No 4,
at first, the amount of reservoir water would be more than 40
billion cubic meters. In the event of cutting off the Su River,
with 15 meters of effective reservoir water for power generation,
the volume for river control would be more than 35 billion cubic
meters. This volume is sufficient for regulating the amount of
water flow of the Yellow River. This regulation will be even
better when the reservoirs are constructed throughout the length
of the Yellow River so that the burden at the San-mon Gorge reser-
voir is lessened.
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From 1919 to 35 the average volume of water flow was 1365
cubic meters per second. The water to.be utilized for electric
power is the amount which remains after subtracting evaporation
and the amount of water used for. irrigation, etc. The &mount of
water evaporated per year according to records of various places
is 1,000 meters. 6upposing that the average area of the reser-
voir water were 2,000 square kilometers, the total amount of water
evaporated would be two billion cubic meters. This A,ould be about
63 cubic meters per second. The aVerage amount of utilizable water
after' sdbtracting water for irrigation, etc, is 1250 cubic meters
per second. The maximum amount of utilizable water should be de-
cided by considering the amount required for production of electric
power. If this load factor is taken at 60 percent, the maximum
amount of water used becomes 2100 cubic meters per second. .
Table No 1
? Table of the Yearly Volume of Water Flow
at Shan-hsien
Year Total Volume Average Volume Maximum Volume Minimum
of Water-flow of Flow (cubic ofFlow.(cubic Volume of
(cubic meters) meters per sec) meters per sec) Flow(cubic
meter per sec)
1919 44,430,000,000 1,408
1920 57,210,000,000 1,809
1921 66,540;000,000 2,110
1922 44,470,000,000 1,410
1923 52,170,000,000 1,654 ?
1924 27,960,000,000 884
1925 52,690,000,000 1,671
1926 20,9501000,000 938 '
3.-927 40070;000,000 .1,271
1928 20,499,000,000 648
1929 35,600,000,0100 1,129
1930 33,960,000,000 1,077
1931 31,730,000,000 1,006
1932 31,120,000,000 984,
1933 53,360,000,000 1,692
1934 45,840,000,000 1,454
1935 64,360,000,000 2,041':
ATPrake 43,030,000,000 1,365
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14,720 115
8,690 190
11,110 300
7,800 280
10,200 340
4,400 250
14,880 220
9,100 150
6,700 120
4,750 130
!12,380 220
, 8,180 150
4,850 250
10,900 180
21,150 185
9,800 200
18,200 410
10,459 217
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stableio 2
Table of Averake:Voldke of later Flow eachIpAti_11,_
. - Shani4iSien 3.21.9 to 1934)
Month 7461 Fleire Average Rate Of',Fl,OW
(cubic Meters) (c04-q-#44006y.fsee)
January 1,120,0000000 .id.. .
February 1,1300000,000 : 468,.?
Larch 1,780,0000000 ' 663.:
April 1,87000000900 ? 721
May 1,980,0000000 . '739
June 2,800,000,600 ' -11:,082-
July '6,870,000,000 2-:4564 '
August 100140,000,000 ' 3;787'
September 6,330,000,000 ' 2,442
October 5,370,000,000 . 2,005
November 2,600,000,000 1,002
December 1,1300,00,000 45
IV. EFFECTIVE HEAD AND ELECTRICAL GENTIATIVE POR
As mentioned in the previous section, the maximum water
level is to be 350 meters above Tang-ku, the datum point.
If building a high dam is conSidered impossible; ds a second
plan, the highest ,ater level during the first phase will
have to be 325 meters as at Tlung-kuan and during the second
phase, tne water level will be raised to that of the first
plan:. The discharge level will'be decided by the site chosen
tor the'construction of the dam. Tentatively, we? shall choose
a site upstream from San-Men Gorge. It is decided that the
generating plant should be constructed directly downstream
from the dam and'that-the discharge level calculated be 282
meters above sea level. 'Since this reservior is to be used
to .control flood water, the .necessary capacity for this must
always be left ia the reservoir. If the depth of water used
for this purpose is three meter-S., then at first, the volume
of the reservoir water will be seVen billion 'cubic meters.
For the time being it may be possible taroduCe the amount of
flood water. Even though the reservoir were filled, if the
silt were let downstream by means of the surplus water dis-
charge gates installed in the upper part, a certain reser-
voir capacity would permanently remain. If it proves, pis-
sible to reduce tIle 471m: oi tided water tral the '2=11.1.w,11 9:
25,000 cubic meters per second to 15,000 cubic metert per
there will be no danger to the dam construCtions
downstream.
Next we shall _calculate the generating power, asSUMing
-that theless of -head in conducting water to the turbine is
one meter af water. ?
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hax water level-'
Min water level _
Depth of.utili,zable water
Mean water.leVel-
heanAotal head '
Lean effective. head
Depth of water used for
flood contra
Max effective head
Discharge level
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Table No 3
..350,..d..abovey,spa level
330 m above sea level
17 in &gni:6 Sea Lava
342-m-above sea level
? 60 m ?
59m
3 rn
64 m
282 m.above sea level
Despite the head, the calculations of .the_ generating power
show the efficiency of the turbine to be 89 percent, the efa4
ciency of the generator 96 percent and the Combined efficiency
to be 85.3 percent.
Assumkng the maxirni mount of utilizable water to be 2,100
cubic meters per second, the generative power and the amOnt of
electrical power produced is as shown in Table No 4.
Table No 4
Max output', 1123,000 KW
Power generated 5,160,000,000 KgH
V. SILTflG OF RESERVOIRS
According to the investigations to date, the average annual
flow of silt at Shan-hien is estimated to be about 1,050,000,000
cubic meters. If all this silt were to settle in' the reservoir
and even if the:capacity.Of the reservoir were, 40,000,000,000
cubic meters, it is calculated that within about 38 years it would
be completely filled. Actually only at?first would all 'the silt
settle in the 'reservoir: It is difficult to predict how it will
settle later since this will depend on the terrain, the design of
the dam, the way the dam is operated, and many other. factors.
After is has been. filled to a certain extent, however, the flood
ater will flow through the flood gates-and the silt will not
settle as at first. Sesides, the fact that the flood water con-
taining themost.siltwilI be diecharged through the flood gates,
a change in the,slope. ;of the river upstream is expected so that
a -considerahly.greater_nUmber of years Will be required fer.the
reservoir to fill. After the cOnsVruction Cfthe-dam,-the devel-
opment of the site af. Ching-shui-.ho and other sites 11 even
the flow of the upper-reaches'of the river. .Since thisfu4,11
serve to regulate the flood water,lt 14111 reduce the ameunt of
water for San-men Gorge to handle' and will also serve as a silt-
stop. As a result, the life of the San-men Gorge reservoir will
be extended. Mthin 40 years it will have paid for itself com-
pletely and it would be best to leaVe'.subsequent plans till then.
As far as river consorvation is concerned, by these means we will
probably be able to control the flood waters satisfactorily.
It would be-very difficult to make an accurate estimate of
the storage capacity. Judging from the width and depth of the
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overflow and the fineness of the sediment, however, it can con-
ciuSiveilbe said'that-the sIopceof the_riv.erts bed will reelaine
fairly Moderate. :Thereforeit is thoughtethataecapacity of at
least einebillicitCcubic meters can-beepeiManentlyenainteined..... .
SuCh a capacity will definitely dimiaish the flood waters eonsid-,
erablY. Ecanwhile the -two sites downstraum will have. been devel- .
oped. It would beNer5e.effeetiveto leaVe the excess flood waters
to them. Consecuently;it is thought that this filling-in action
uill present not too diffiedlta problemedoefar'as flood water
control is concerned.. It is vnly with regard to the.even regulate
ing of the water flowthat a,tertain atounteof inconvenience will,
be encountered over a period of a few decades. As soon as the
Ch'ing-shui-ho reservoir i8 filled in,eregulation of..thc water
flow will become almost impossible, Thiesmilleprobably wc14
over a hundred years, By this time the.reforestation of the.hea
water area will have been expanded-to inclade the.tributaries and
a thorough national soil conservation program Willehave been ef-
fected. With the advance in engineering technique, our present
anxieties will be relieved. kTaking the gigantic dams of the world
and USA in particular, there is a small difference in the number
of years required to fill in a reservoir as compared to a similar
reservoir in the Yellow River,)
VI A BRIEF OUTLINE 017'THE CONSTRUCTION PLANS
In calculating the 'construction cost and in investigating
the methods of constructicn, we must consider the formulation of
a plan in its outline. It would be best to develop this type of.
site' into-a dh.mtype hydroelectric plant. At San-men Gorge there
is a waterfall which has a'head of three to four meters. ecause
of the,fa:ct that. tut: rapids are quite swift, 'we are planning either
to construct a contiderebly long waterway ana to use its head as
mentioned before or to increase the head by placing the dam below
the waterfalls. The river in this section is very narrow com-
pared to the amount ofeflow andLthe.slope is very marked,' The
question as to whether or not'?it would be advantageous to place
the 'dam above San-men Gorge, construct watcr?ey And make use of
the head, must be decided after,careful investigttion. .Now sup-
pose we tentatively choose a ddm site:upstream froM,Sen-men Gorge.
uill adopt e plan, which will call fbr. an overflow typo gravity
dam made of concrete. The hydroelectric plant' are, to be pieced
as near to the dam as possible ,saaS not to obstruct-the. flow.of
water from the flood gates. .14;.droe1bctric plants ofreflualsiee
will be installed on eithet bank of the river.. In view?of-the
fact that the river is nakroW,.ench rock on either bank will
probably heve to be cut away. before the hydroelectric plant is
installud. (Refer to lap No 5)
The.maximum_flgwpf-floedmater as recorddiii1.193.3 was.
23,000 cubic meters per second. (Initially, we will be able to
concentrate this totel amounteof. flow in the reservoir. ,Later,
should the IcaX111111111 rate of flow be as high as 25,000, cubic meters,
per second, ?this can be lowered to 15,000 cubic.meters per second
through, flood contra measures, Therefore,. the flood. gates must
be,abie:to handle 15,000 cubic meters per secone.4. In actual con-
.
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struction the gates will be designed. to handlo 300000 cubic 'meters
per -Second and ProVisions for emergencies may have to be made.
In order to control the. Plod watqrs the upper portion of the
reservoir will always be.open.. Therefore, if the flood waters do
not (1coed tho normal a.aeunt(2.50000 ,Pubsie meters per second), it
can be easily reduced .to 15,000cubic' meters per second.
In order to eliminate silt post efficiently, the flood gates
should be placed as decp as possible, Let us assume thnt the
silt outlet is constructed to 12 meters water depth.
The conduit will run from the water intake which will be
attached to the mountainside, through the water pressure tunnel,
directly into the turbines. Preesurq-controlling water tanks
will not be used. One tunnel will be connected with each turbine.
Their average length will be 250 meters and penstocks will be
installed in the tunnels and will be connected with the turbine,
VII THOD OF CONSTRUCTION
A. Facilities for the Transportation of.Construction Materials
This site is about ton kilometers from the Tzu-chung station
on the Lung-hal line. A.1.ine which will cress the Onunpo- tiao
mountain range and connect t"e dam site with the Yuri-chteng
station on the Ta-tfung,-Feng-ling-tu line is also under con-
sideration. This would be aedirect line of 40 kilometers. De-
pending upon the terrain, the connection of the Ta-t'ung--Feng-
ling-tuline with the Lung-hai linqat the dam site will contri-
bute to the construction of the dam, and as a future industrial
transportation line, it will assist greatly in the development
of north and south communications.
Although considerable difficulties would arise if.:construc-
tion work is to be begun. before peace is restored along the Lung-
hal line, it would probably be best to lay a track'from Yun-chteng
or An-i. (A road is now open between An-i.and Ping-1u).
Ihich-
ever track is laid, a large type locomotive should be .used on a
standard track (4 fect.8 inches in width) so that-the construc-
tion will proceed .at a normal pace. BecauSe of the problem or
maintaining theopeace, it is difficult to decide,whether to use
the Lung-hai line or the Ta-t1ung-7Feng-1ing-tu line. This pro-
blem will require careful study. For the time being we will de- -
cid,: to lay a track from both the Hui-hsing-chen station on. the
Lung-hai line and the Yen-chteng station on the Ta-ttung--Feng-
ling-tu line.
B. Cement Factories and Sources of Power for Construction
For the installation of the Sano-mon Gorge Dam?more than
400,000 metric tons ,of cement will be necessary. Pt present,
there are no faCtories capable of producing this amount inthis
neighborhood,' TherefOre, we shall have to install factories to
supply this amount. For the dam itself, a yearly?outeUt of 150,
000 metric tons will .be sufficient, but because it will probably
be neCessary to supply nearby engineering projects, it vould be
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better to install factories oaPabie Of producing 200,000 metric
tons. ? _ e ?
Just where to install his factoryill.be a problem. From
the standpoint of natural iseSorpe.s,-. prob-Oliy,the 1,1n-ti-Kuan-
yin-tung area along the Lunghaieline would' be best. It seems
that limestone, coal, clay, and gypsum, which are all necessary,e
for the production of cement, are produced in great quantity in
this area. According te records, this area is called the Hsin-. ?
shing coal field. Both bituminous and anthrecite are. mined hereeE
from a deposit of l000,opo,00lo metric tons. It seems teat lime-,;
stone is produced everywhere in this area, but its quality is
not known. Although the existence of clay has not been ascor-:
tained, geherally the loess of North China contains amounts of
silicon dioxide, alumina y ironpetc, suitable for use in thelman7
facture of cement with the possible addition of small amounts of..
ceetain materials. Gypsum of excellent quality produced in Plipg7L
lu-hsien, in the southern part of Shansi, is suitable for ethe
manufacture of cement. The steam-electric plant which will sup-
ply power necessary for the cement factory and for use in con-
struction is begun. If the Ein-chih area along the Lung-hai
line proves to be unsuitable because of local disturbances or
for other reasons, a plan is considered to place the cement
factory in Ho-nan or Cheng-hsien with n view to using the Lung-
hai line in the future. If the factory were placed a little
farther away in Hsin-hsinng, we could gradually make our pre-
parations, Since it is impossible to install steam-electric
plant equipment at ['sin, hsiang?which is so far aeay, it would
be wise to install it at.Yun-chteng and transmit the power from
there (distance of 40 kilometers). It 'would be a good idea also
to use electric power generated from the surplus heat given off
during the process of manufacturing cement. The amount of elect-
rical power necessary for construction can be decided onle after
a careful inVestigetion of the construction methods to be used,
but it will probably be nedessary to install equipment capable of
producing 6,000 kilowatts (taking the Period of construction as
five years)'. '..ssUMing that the Lung-hai line may not come under
the control* the Japanese Army within the, near future, the
cement factory will have to be built at Lin-fen on the Ta-t'ung--
Feng-ling-tu line in view of thd fact that coal and limestone are
produced here. Even in this case Yun-chieng would be more suit-
able for the electric power plant.
C. Cutting the River off and Changing ,its Course
The volume of flow at low water at this site, as shown in
Table No 5, is 276 cubic meters per second. In view of the fact
the width of tee river at median water level is about 200 and
several tens of meters, it will probably be possible to construct
the dam by cutting the river off half way from each bank as was
done at the Yalu River Dam and' the Sungari River Dam. If this
proves imposeible, we must use the elaborate method used to
construct Boulder Dam. If this method is used, the construction
costs will increase tremendously.' We shall assume, however,
that the former method will be possible and make out calcul-
ons of 'ulle construcion coses on this .Jesis.
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Table No 5
Volume of Flow at Low -,ater
Year .
Volume Cfflow at loW water
(cubic meters per second)
1919-
170
1920
250'
1921
250
t 1922
330
1923
360
1924
310
1.925
275
1926
260
-1927.
265
1928
195
- 1929
275
1930
200
1931
300
1932
230
1933
240
1934
220
1935
470
Total
4,700
Average
276
V" 'VI, VV$ VII
VIII. MATERIALS NECESSARY FOR THE DEVELOPED:NT OF THE SITE
It may be foolish to try to calculate the amount of the
various materials necessary for the development of such a large
hydroelectric plant, but then desoribing this sort qf site, the
first things to mention should be construction costs and the
necessary materials. For this reason, a rOugh.calculation of
the materials necessary for the development of this site; based
on the calculations of the Materials required in the'ConStruc-
tion of the large capacity hydroelectric plants on the Yalu and
the Sungari Rivers and other places, is shown .On Table No 6..
(See Table 6 on following page),
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Table No 6
Outline r Laterials Required :for the,San,menGore ?mixt
Development,:
Iron katerials?
Items
Equipment for temporary use in. construction
100,380 'metric tons
Railway for transporting. materials
(15 kilometers) -
-Rails and accessories 1,650 metric tons
Bridges, stations, utc. 750 Metric tabs
Locomotives.(1b/150-tonners) 1,500 thctric tons
Fright-cars (100/154-tonnorp). 1,500 metric tons'
_
Total 5,400 metric.tonS
Notes
Track to connect Yanch'eng and
the dam site - about 60 km in length
Rails and accessories 6,600 metric
Bridges, stations, etc.
3,000. =trio
(estimate)
i,-c. the -approximate in-
crease is
9,600 metric
? Power generating equipment
Steel required to set up a steam
,-
electric power station producing a
maximum of 7,000 kilowatts
tons
tons
tons
700 metric tons
Essential macninery (including. repair. .
materials)!,. 1? 700 Metric
?44?
23 800 metric
? , .
Permanent equipment ?for use in civil engineering
Cement
Timber
Copper
HeinforcLig rods for use in the
ReinforcinF rods for temporary
installations
Penstocks.
,ire
Iron for power stations
? Outdoor installations
Flood-gates
Overflow-gates
Other.
Total ?
werkS
tons
tons
dam ' 2,00 metric tons
1,460 Metric tons
16,800 metric tons
. _1,000 metrid tons
7,200 metric tqn8
500 metric tons
3,800 metric toes
-1700 metric tons
172O metric tons
36,180 metric tens
aster turbines and dynamos
Calls for the installation of 12.tul-binee with a Unit
capacity of 100,00d kilowatts (including primary trans-
formers) 38,400 mctric tons
440,000 metric tons
100,000 cubic meters
3,000 metric tons
approx
raw lumber approx
approx
?
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IX. OUTLINE OF TNE CONSTRUCTION COSTS
This theoretical plan has been drawn up 'Athout careful in-
vestigatien,-thereforeit is extremely hard to make estimations
of the construction costs. c2 have Made our .calculations taking
into consideration the present prices, wages,. and laJor
force necesSary and using the Sungari and Yalu Rivera and others
as references. These calculations appear in Table No 7, Next
we will describe the fundamental suppositions used.
A. Cost of Railroad Construction
When the water level is raised to the maximum of the first
plan, 350 meters above sea level, the Lung-hai line and the Ta-
t'ung-- Feng-ling-tu line will bc submerged by water 'for about
100. kilometers. A track to supply the construction materials
should.be laid from Yun-ehleng station on the Ta-tlung-- Feng-
ling-tu. line to the P'ing-lu area in order to connect San-men
Gorge. If an eXtension of this line were built to connect the
Lung-hal line, it would not be necessary to lay a track through
the flooded area. For the time being, however, the calculations
are made on the basi that the entire line will have to be laid.
The cost of laying the track will be 200,000 yen per kilometer and
the entire length of the extension will be 100 kilometers. This
estimate includes all costs such as-bridges, stations, etc. The
costs entailed in the laying of the track to connect the Lung-hai
line and the Ta-t'ung-- Feng-ling-tu line which will pass the dam
site, should not be si7ned rholly to San-Men Gorge. This line
will also be used to transport materials for te construction of
other dams upstream and therefore they will-share the cost of
laying this track.
B. Cost -of Land Compensation
If the surface level of tih reservoir water is raised to 350
meters above se level, it will result in a still water area of
about 2,000 square kilometers. This area is known as the heartof
China and as will be described later this area is densely populated
and under heavy cultivation. Just how to pay for the land to be
used may be h problem. The calculations of the amount to be paid
will be made on the basis of the present land prices in Northern
China. Well-cultivated land should cost about 50 yen per mou and
land in former river beds should cost about 20 yen per mou. At
this rate we should be able to purchase enough land. If this area
comes under new political control, however, it will not be neces-
sary to pay for 'and at the rate laontionod abovo. 12 the old
Yellow.River.which runs towards Hopeh-and Shantung is used as the
course of the river hereafter, the greater part of the new Yellow
River which flows south from west of K'el-feng will be unnecessary,
will move the settlers here and thus the problem of settlers
in the atca reqUired will be solved. .hen levee ,,orks and irri-
gation projects have been completed, the population per unit area
will increase gradually. ,At present, we can -expect the price of
land to 30,000 yen per square kilometer.
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. The post of Temporarily:buttingqh&liver
Changing its Courle?, ?
We shall assume that the.construction,mthqdg, usefl'en the
Yalu River will bosuitable, d we silltentativly assume
those expenditures to be eightmillion * .
. ? .
D. Th e C2.0 of Temporary Eluipmeht
The cost of temporary equipment should not.nece.ssarily
be included in the cost of construction. As alonsIderehle
amount will remain, it .would be a good idea to ca1e4gte the
costs which must be born by San-men Gorge expendipFes. Not.
counting the steam-electric plant, cement factory, brJrailway,
etc?the cost of 50 percent of the now construotion.machinery
will be included in the San-men Gorge construction costs. The
cement manufacturing equipment will be repaid at about three
million yen on the eearly output of 150,000 metric. tops (for
5 years), The cost of constructing the railroad for trans-
porting the materials will of course not come under the con-
struction cost. If the railroad running from Yun-chleng via
San-men Gorge, to the Lung.thai line is used in plate of the
rebuilt railroad the cost of railroad reconstruction will not
be required. It is not necessary to include the total cost
of the steam-electric plant equipment in the cost of construc-
tion. Here, the repaTeent will be at the rate of 500 yen per
kilowatt including the cost' of operation during the construc-
tion of the dam.
E. Cost of Electrical Construction
With the okeeption of the' construction of:thefoundation
of the power plant, the primary transformer liquipment, the
turbine generator, the construction of tee superstructure, the
machinery etc., will 1;c includeci in o coe.n. 7.t is calculweed
that the cost of .U!e equipment will be 100 you per kilowatt
produced. This maybe a slight underestimate, but with the
improvement in engineering technique, by the time the San-men
Gorge hydro-electric plant is built, the cost will_prb'eably
be reduced to this amount.
F. Basic Cost of Electricity'
What we should take as the interest rate in the calculation
of the cost of the. hydroelectric plant is difficult to. decide.
Generally,. in North China, the-interest rate is fairly high,
however,. in the present case 'we will take the interest rate
as 7 percent per year. 7,c, will assume depreciation in 40 years
for the engineering construction and 30 years for the electrical
installations, the rate of depreciation being 4.5 percent. As.
there arc no exaeples of hydroelectric plants of such-.1arge.cap7e
acity in North China,-atcurate figures for the maintenance ancl.
operational costs cannot be cited ee The cost .1011"CC will- differ.e,
eEreatly.decordingto -Whether'er not 611 the electric power men-
tioned-before is consumed. Taking the interest rate, payments
on the original investment, maintenance and operational and ?
other costs as 12.5 perconLofthe construction costs, the cost
price of generating electric power will be 1 sen per kilowatt
,
hour.
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Table No 7.
x
Outline of the rough estimates of the eolt'of-COhtruct7On iPlan 1)
of the San-Men dore.PoWe Dei4Opment :
Items ? .Coit .(Unit
Expenditure for entire work 41439
Use of land and indemnitiops:- 89,340-
Railway reconstruction 22,000
indemnities for still- '
water area 167,340
96,700
49,670
2,400 Y 4 per cubic ;tater,.
28,000 20 per cubic. meter
8,000
. 2,550
4,200
4,520
47,030
5,.040
4,140
2,840
25,200
Engineering works
Cos.t of dam
EXcavation
Concrete
W?ter diVersion
Overflow-gates
Intake-gates
lase equipment
Waterways
Intakeequipm(?nt
Tunnelixcavation
Concrete for tunnels
Penstocks
Excavation at Power
station
Reinforced concrete,
etc., for pouor sta 1,800
Discharge-gates 2,100
Eiscellaneous equip 4,660
Electrical construction . 120,000
Temporary installations 60,980
Building railway
for transport 4,500
Locomotives and
freight cars 10,000
Steamelectric power 3,500
stations ?
Cement, manufacturing 2,930
plants
Remarks'
?
Y 200,000 per km
* 30,000 per sq km
1,250
Various other
machinery 21,670
TeMporary buildings 10,840
Motive power 2,000
Other. 5,540
Other items., 66,440
Survey and super- .16,400
intendence
? Interest on the loan
Other
Emergency funds ;
Construction cost per kilowatt
Construction coat per kilowatt-hour
Basic generating cost per kilewatt-hour
44,000
6,040
8,670
Y 30 per cubic meter
'Y 45 per cubic meter ?
5 in in dia, * 1,500 per MT
* 8 per cubic meter
,
Y 100 per kilowatt
15 km * 390,000 per km
to produce a maximum of
.7,000 kilowatts
cost of redeeming the initial
investment ih cement plants
producing 150,000 NT per year
5% of the -cost of both erigincer-
ifl electrical works
17% of the cost of the
engineerinc, works
assuming 6% yearlyJor 4 years
? 394
'4 06,o$2
y 00,01.(i4e.,12.5% of the
construction cost)
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. aTHOD OF PAYING FDR:THE.CONSTRUCTION COSTS,
This site, in c6mparieoh-W1thLall,the otiner sites on QI:e
Yellow River suitable"f64'fdavelepMent asAhYdraelettric power
plants, will be particularly valuable..fOrprposes:.other tari
the gencration,of electricarpeWer Since-IA.-will be especially
effeetive for river conserVation'and:waterutilizat.ia4 the canr
struction cost should net bet by thehydroelectric power-,
alone. The cost of the e'cluipMent directly used to generate plee.
-x-ice.1 power 1:111 be jLc 1.),,Tclect4ric'poWerbUl; Ot'ler expen-
ditures will be met by the profits from-tho:riVorconservation:.
and other ,:ater utilization' projects (cahal,irrigation). There
is not time to calculate the- proportionsHbf.the.tozts:ta:homet
by thee? variouS enterprises, but. lattr,-theSe
decided upon after a careful investigation. In our prcsont
calculations all the transportation and construction costs are
to be met by the returns from the salt of hydrociectrid.power
only. If for some reason these estimated oests.increase; Xcost
of land, etc this will be'paid for from thoprofite-on.river,con-
servation, water utilization, etc., and-theierero. '471a oact
hydroelectric power will not beaffected..
XL 17-1 SECOND Fl.:LOPOSED PL.:.1I FOR THE DEVELOP-ET,0F
TIT gORGE
As described before, if the height. of the dam were in
creased, the volume'of slack water would increase tremendously
Consequently, the area which will be flooded and the population
which will have to be evacuated will be great* If the-Chinese.
Incident tore completely settled, the situation might not present
any serious problems. If considered from the standpoint of river
conservation, water utilization and the development of,hydro,-
electric power, the dam should be as high as possible so that the
capacity of the reservoir will be great and so that it will be
able'to stand the great a:bunt of silt. In view.of the large
area which will be flooded, the dam should be made az low as ,
possible. The lower the dam, the less effective it will.be for
'river conservation.; water utilization and hydroelectric develop-
ment. Consequently, We must consider how low the dam can be
-built. The'flobd water level at T'ung-kuhn is 325. meters abolte
sea level and 11 we made this the full water level, the arbaof
still water would be much less than in the case of the first
ProPosed-plan.--ConseqUently, we will choose this as the maxi-
MuM Water leveller tihe firet,phas&-Of tte.Secend plan. If we.
Make-It'this 10V61.16/dhould -641.tiutte:t.a1y.to dam..up:,1te rivdr.
After this cenitrUetion Ts:complettdat Shall have to. build
homes'to'Which the:inhabitantslivingUPstreamin.the ztill.
Water,arealmiY mbye -and'then we hall-Stry eutthesJeC4aVphse
--increasing theHhdight.of.the daM twthe'1evelpr4osed in the
first plan.. In the ecinetrUction.plans,:the.ohly difference
between the first' plan--and the-Seeendis,the.heightofthe darns
the installations will be the same. till parts must be so con-
structed that they will meet all specifications even after the
completion of the second phase of construction. .The greatest
problems will probably be the turbines and generrtors. These
problems will have to be given careful study. At present, we
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cannot reach an immediate conclusion, but it would be best to
install turbines which will be capable of handling the final
output. If this proves impossible, we could probably remove the
turbines of, the first phasevinstall them at some other site
and then install hew large capacity turbines during the second
phase. For the time being, we Shall assume the turbines and
generators suitable for the second phase Will be installed from
the beginning. They will operate at a low tate of efficiency at
first, but after ten years, when the second phase has been com-
pleted, they will be able to: operate at a high rate of effi-
ciency. Thus, in the first phase of construction; all the'elec,
trioal equiplJent installed will '4e t',e amle az that to o useC
during the second phase. Ofccidise there will be equipment such
as transformers, oto., that aze unnecessary in the first phase
but for the sake of convenience, we shall install them as mention-
ed above.
Dividing the construction into two phases would be more
expensive than constructing the dam to its ultimate height with-
out interruption. (As will be mentioned later, it will mean nn.
increase of 50 million yen in the total construction -Costs.).
Furthermore, the higher, the dam, the greater will be the reser-
voir capacity, and the more effective it will be. in Controlling
flood water. If a low dam were built, not all tho water flow.
could tip controlled. During the flood water period, nearly all
.of the floodwater would have to be discharged. Consequently, we
could not expect an even yearly output of electrical power. '
Loreover, there would not be an even yearly flow of water for ir-
rigation and canals. s long as the irrigation and canal facil-
ities-are net completed, however,. there will probably note any
immediate need for the water. On the: other hand, whqn. prepare-,
tions for these facilities have been, made, it would 'probably be
advantageous to increase the height of the dam in order to prolong
the life of the reservoir.-, Since it iS.ciiculatpd that even this
large reserVoir will be filled in with silt'within a few decades,
the nuMber of years required to fill' in the reservoir must be
extended as much as possible. The beat method of doing this
would be to reforest completely the headwater area, so as to
minimize the amount of Silt and then to build the reservoir.
By doing this, the life of the reservoir would be prolonged. To
this end, it would be best to'construct first a low elem.'. Later,
after other water utilization projects, countermeasures against
silting, etc,, arc fairly well. wndor way, the heiht or the 'dam
should be increased.
..hichever plan is followed,- unless the height of the dam is
finally increased, there will be little Value-in-.harnessing the
Yellow River. The essential problem is whether:to construct the
dam without interruption (first plan) or to construct It In two
phases (second plan). .For the time being, We gannet reaCh a
conclusion regarding this Problem, therefore, we-Shall leave it
unsolved. Specific information of the Second plan described
above appears in Table No S. .These.planS are the same is those
of the first proposal except that the :dam is .
?
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XII. INHABITANTS AND Ni,
qeneral Discussion
The area WhiWia-eXPected to be eUbmerged,by witer as a-re-
sult.of the construction of the San-men Gorge Dam is the region
in which early civilization arose. ,At the present -time, however,
there are only the traces of past glory. The population engaged
in agriculture is dense in proportion to the area of arable land.
The agricultural methods have remained unchanged since'ancient-
times?eHere, the farmers are very poor as in the rest Of north-
ern China. Cotton which is important as a commercial product is
'grown in relative abundance and is the only product worthy of
special note, This area is rrch in valuable mineral resources
everywhere, and it is fortunate that these deposits are not in
the depressed areas. .In the.T10-kto-t!o area, the Yellow River
turns southward, flows south through.a gorge in the border be-
tween Shansi and Shensi and then joins the Lo and -ei Rivers in
the Chao-i-hsiien region. It then makes a big turn eastward and
flows .through the northern part of Honan to the east, In view.of
the nature of the terrain, however, navigation, except for spec-
ial types of boats, is not recognized as having any value. Be-
cause Of an excessive amount of precipitation, the Fen River and
the Wei River sometimes do tremendous damage to the river banks.
As for railroads, the Lung-hal and the Tung-pu RE line can be '
counted upon. The Lung-hai RR line is the main east-west artery
of China. In the expected still water area, it runs from the
Shanehsien area, along the southern bank of the Yellow River
passing through Ling-Pao-phsien and Wen-hsiang-hsien to,Tung-
kuare. From here, ? it runs along the ?sbuthern bank of the Wei.
River is far as the Lin-Ttungearea._ Consequently, because of
the dam construction, some changes in the present courseof the
railroad will probably be necessary. We do not believe that any
great change: need be made in order to use this railway to its
fullest advantage:,
The Ta-tlung-- Feng-ling-tu RR starts at north Ta-tlung and
and runsgeerth.and south through Shansi to Feng-lingete...!Here
it crosses the :Yellow River and is, from the standpoint ?fettle:
Shansi industries, a very important line which connects with Treeng-
kuan. South of Yuehsiang-hsien,.especially at points connected
by the Lung-hai line, some changes will have to be made. Next
we shall try to set forth an explanation by looking at the in-
habitants and natural resources, etc,which are concerned with the
influences of this still water area.
RESTRICTED
RESOURCES IN THE STILI WATER AREA
SANI4OL:GORGE.:DAM-:
B. The Area and Population of the Still Water Area
The natural resources in the area, which will be submerged
by water because of the dam which is to be constructed at San-
men Gorge, will be permanently lost. Furthermore, the means of
livelihood be taken from the inhabitants. Therefore, we ,
must consider carefully the advantages and disadvantages of con-
structing the dam here, In the final stage the height of the dam
will be 350 meters above sea level. During the process of con-
struction, however, the height will be raised by several steps.
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, Table N013 ?
Plan II for the San?men Gorge Power Development
'
unit
?
enasa I .
..
.::. Ma De U.
(corresponds
to Plan I)
Area
Height
of drainage basin
of intake point
sq km
meters
721 500
,,
325
721,500
350
'
Height or discharge point
meters
282
., 282
Projected amount of
-
floodwater
cu m per sec
25,000
254000
Projected amount of
overflow
cu in per sec
15,000
?
-15,000
. '
Projected height
metres
61
?
86
Length of crest
metres
395
450
am
Overflow?gates
no of gate a
' 17
.17
Excavation
cu meters
400,000
600,000
Concrete
cu meters
685,000
1,400,000
Area qf stillwater
sq kin
180
2,244.5
Amount of 1 Maxim=
2,100
' 2,100
utilizable!. .
cu meters
water - 1 Average
993
1,260
,I,Tctal_head
43
68
HeadrEaximmm .effective
meters
?
head ?
36
- 64
'Average,
effective
I head. ,
-H
33
59
?
Generating' Ilaximum. -
power .1 '
1 .
Average'274
1,000
'kilowatts
632
1,123
- '590
'
Yearly output of electric
,
?
-
power il
million kwh
2,400
5,410
The presumptive cost efcenatruetion follows, and so far as
the foregoing k:hstimates permit, an hypothesis sirnilar to Plan:I
has been laid down and the sameatandardS have been used, .The
factors are shown in Table No 9.
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Table No 9
The. San-mon Gorge power DevbloPment (.P1sn. II) Outline of Roughly
Estimated Construction Costs -
Estimated 'Cost (Unit: * 1,000)
:Phase.p._ Phase II
Total construction ?
281,070
212,910
Use of land and indemnities
5,400
83,940
Railway reconstruction
22,000
Indemnities for still-water area
5,400
61,940
Engineering works
56,510
50,340
Cost of darn
33,060
23,210
Excavation
1,600
800
Concrete
13,700
15,000
ater diversion
8;000
,2,000
Overflow gates
2/550
2,550
Intake gates
4,200
1,840
Miscellaneous equipment
3,010
2,020
i.oaterways
23,450
27,130
Intake equipment
5,040
1,010
Tunnel excavation
2,420
? 1,720
Concrete for tunnels
1,660
1,180
Penstocks
8,280
16,920
Excavation at power station,
770
480
Reinforced concrete etc, foi,
power station
1,050
750
Discharge canals
2,100
1,000
Miscellaneous equipment
2,130
2,470
Electrical construction
120,900
24,000
Temporary installations
52,160
17,730
Construction of transport
railroad .
4,500
LocOmotives and freight cars
10,000
2,000
Steam-electric power stations
3,500
Cement manufacturing plants
1,440
1,490
Various other machinery
17,650
7,430
Temporary equipment
8,830'
3,720
Lotive power
1,500
1,490
Other
4,740
1,610
Other items
41,490
32;730
Survey and superintendence
9,620
8,550
Interest on the loan
28,100
21,200
Other
3,770
2,980
Emergency funds
Construction cost per kilowatt
5,510
Y 445
24,1413139
Construction cost per roai
11.7 yen
9.1 sen
OTotal for construction in both Phases I and II
Increase over Plan I
Y 493,980;000
Y 44,310,000
If basic cost of electricity is calculated as 12,5 percent of the
cost of construction, in the same way as as done in Plan I (at
the dam), and the figures are:
Phase I
Phase II
1.5 sen
1.1 sen
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? ? a ?
r a ? 2.! Aso III III
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The Number of Villages Inundated by the San-men Gorge Reservoir
Dstrict
PROVINCE (Hsien) Number of Flooded villages_
Ho-nan
Altitude \ 300 M 320t_330 040 K1 3.5.0
Shan-hsien \ I 2 i 12,' 10 6 31
Ling-pao ' x.1 4; 3 9 17
Total 3 Districts(hsien) 1
Jui-ch'eng
Shansi Yung-chi
Lin-chin
Jung-ho
Total 5 District(hsien)
T'ung-kuan
Hua-yin
Chao-i,
Shensi Ho-yang
Ta-li
Hua-h8ien
Total
Grand
Total
1
1
3 x,4! 8 12 27
6 202l 27 75
t--
1 5x4 2 13
5 2 7 14
x32 33 26 91
1 1 2
1 1
1 42 40 37 121
? x3 3
39 35 x25 99'
25 21 18 64
8 8
1 7 3 11
7 54 x19 80
..ei-nan 16 49 65
Lin-t'ung 7 7
8 Districts(hsieh)i 75 133 129 337
-+-
19 Districts(hsien)2 7 137
Total number
of villages '2 , 9
-
Notes 1.
2.
194
193
533
146 340 533
Figures according to Arisaka, Udemasa of the Head
Office of the Construction Staff of 3ureau IV
"x" indicates the location of the government (hsien)
beat
(TN: Table 11 givesAlLe names of those. 533 villages of Table 1
,that would be inundated by the San-mon Gorge Reservoir--
at various 1;ater levels. Table 11 is 'omitted.. )
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.ablistr64401. :11:iv3.--,L :en,. 4*
at; 9P611-*Cep.oi/ trt.irr/44Ph,44-
,
As is shOtn in the above two tables, the arq,which will be
?submerged because of the. eo4struetion o hf3, .$4tp.'-men porie Dam,
will extnd over three v1oes ndl9 disjt, that is 53)
villages (including eight ;go;Vetniellt:(h'sied)ssfttei In the .above
tables, .we have pe6unlo4 ;t4iiti)..eoded
, . .
dur-
ing the propess 'dt ot441-n . the river . off at a. point alliptit 3 kilo-
meters east of the government seat of Yung-cfslir,RaitinIn the
southern part or 41?,anii and 'checking the fiood'wster ,flowing to-
wards; tile .pasterh, part. I eut.,eff it....thie point graves in1r;
Possil4e, the inither of' .villages which. wtlr )e::,fl'ocidoci will in-
crease...as ;Will:. he Shown. At 350 Attar a; ....theVervii14 hea a total
-or 140 inizdatad: in Yung-chi-Heil or villages, in
Yu-bsiang-kilsien 63 Villages, in Chich-Heion 72 villages.., in
Lin-pu?-fisien 10 villages, and in An-i4isien eine. village, As
this includes? the tgovernment seat auKting off
the river in the Yung-Chi-Haien area would have-. great effect on
the depressed area. In the discussion of the sta?ll iv.ater area in
the following section, we shall proceed with th.c3:.:4ieitalaption that
.it will be possible to cut the river off at this pint, . A rough
calculation of the area 'which Will be flooded and the area of
arable land is shown id.Table N6 12.
,
. ;water at each
or ion will be flooded
?
(See Table on following page.)
?
,.?
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41.
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Table No
Rough Estimate of the Extent of Arable Land Inundated by the Construction of the San-men Gorge Zee
_ _ _
District patio of Arablel Top of Dam -t320 meters 1 Top of Dam-4330 Meters ;ftp of Damt1340 Meters Top of 56 Meters
, - . ,
(Hsiea) 1Land to Total Total in- .Extent of , Total in-.7Extent-of pntal-inv/txtent of ,Total'in- Extent of
,
Area 'undated I- arable.landi undated Arahls-land!undated arable likeq)undated arable land
Shan-hsien
Pling-lu
Ling-pao
Jul-oh'eng
Wen-hsien
Tlung-kuan
Hua-yin
Hua-bsien
Chao-i
Ta-li
Yung-chi
Lin-Chin
Ho-yang
Wel-nan
.area Inundated area dnuadated (area inundated area la*dated
1.4Q_110
011041 (sq_kmi kmopl
_4 .
(14 km)
16.20
26.70
9,875 13.70 21,183
95','
;13.50
20,874 22.50 34,790
29.00
95%
95%
1 8.00
P2-??
112,370 20.30 31,388
180,403 58.30 90,145
27.80
65.80
95%
4.40
6,803 . 14.60 22,575
26.30
95%
1.00 1,546
1.80
90%
133.30 195,263
.30
10.00
4,648
70.00
( 90%
63.00
92,285
35.50
(100%
162.00
263,671-
78.00
90%
29.80
44,5 3
95.80
( 95%
27.00
41,7
54.00
?
(100%
62.20
100,911
3. 4 70
100%
12-0.40
100%
7.60
90%
90%
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L284 39.70
Gi*,55
OKI - 35.30 . ? :,54.,w
42,985 40.80. 634086
101.741 73.60 . ,1130502
40,666 44..30 . 6c498
2,783 3-.60 '54
510, 1g4.416 5621.i 98
249.023. 211.0 , 309.,520
198,493 235:50.
289,712* 1713.00 , 2'6,112*
x484,028.-. .1.3z.80 ? 1914,531
83,496 82:80 1?0,027
186,686* 114,-70 186.686*
33.203*-- -20.70 -35:6431*-
42,37001, 7.60 - ..12,3700
143.70- 210.497
3660 '_53,466*
.?
(Conttd) RESTRICTED
Rough _Estimate of the Extent of Arable Land Inundated by the Construction of the San-men Gorge Dam
District ' Ratio of
(Haien) t Arable Land
to Total
4 Area
-------
Farm land
Old River Bed:i
TOTAL 93%
Top of Dam-I320 Meters
Total in-/Extent of
I Undated J arable land
area !inundated
(sq km) ' (mou)
130,037
1 130,037
Top of Dam-1330 Meters'
Total in-/Extent of 1
undated larable land!
area t inundated
(sq km) '(mou) 1
393.50 5g0,124 I
1 .
224.20 I 364,5g2*
617.70 j 944.706
Top of Dam4340 Meters 'Top. of Dam-71350 Meters
Total in-(Extent of !Total in-."Extent of
undated !arable land 1undated arable land
inundated 1
.(mou)
area
(sq km)
area inundated
(sq km) (mou)
981.00 1,463,542 1,463.90 2,170,429
320.70 521,971* I 321.00
522,459*
,301.70 li,9g5,514- 1,7E54.90 i 2,692,88_
* Cheap,.precaricusly cultivated land in the so-called 130 years east and 30 years westgileandering74
country between Yl-men-klou and Tiung-kuan, where the Yellow River reaches its greatest width and constantly
undercuts the banks.
Note Since tae Sus-Su River will be dammed off three kilometers east of Yung-chi, this region has
been. omitted.
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Table No 13
The Relationship of the Population to the Construction of the San-men Gorge Dam
? Top of Dan
Basis for Calculating the Po-lation
300 Meters 320-Meters 330 Meters 340 Meters 350 Meters
Population
of Ruin
Population of
Govt (Hsien)
Seat
Population of
Agricultural
District
lumber of
Villages
Population of
Average
Village
District
(Rsien)
'Umber of Villages and
Population
Pow-
lation
V11-
]age
Popu-
lation
Vii-
lag,
Popo.-
lation
Vii-
lage
Popu-
lation
Vii-
lege
Popu-
lation
Vii-
lage
Shan-hsien
1
296
3
8845
15
4,440
24
Govt
Seat
7,104
6,000
30
Govt
Seat
8,880
6,000
175,000
6,000
169,000
684
247
120%
296
Ling-Rao
Govt
Seat
9,000
4
Govt
Seat
1,152
9,000
7
Govt
Seat
2,016
9.000
16
Govt
Seat
4,608
9,000
162.000
9.000
153,000
640
240 .
1204
288
Min-Yu Clil
3
1,104
6
Govt
Seat
2.208
4,500
14
Govt
Seat
5,152
4,500
26
Govt
Seat
9.568
4,500
68,000
.
4,500
63,500
207
307 ?
120%
368
P'ing-lu
1 312
2
624
7
2,184
10 3,120 '
Govt
Seat 3.000
12
Govt
Seat
3,744
3,000
95,000
3,000
92,000
353
260
120%
312
Jui-Ch'eng
5
1,400
7 1,960
14
3,920
63,000
3,000
60,000
257
233
120%
280
Yung-chi
31
Govt
Seat
7,130
10.000
64
Govt
Seat
14,720
10.000
90
Govt
Seat
20.700
10,000
121.000
10,000
111,000
1405
225 gig
120%.
230 5127
Lin-chin
1
330
2
660
95,000
10,000
85,000
258
330
1004
330
Jung-ho
1
476
78,000
15,000
63,000
135
476
100%
476
!'ung-kuan2
?
Govt
Seat
720
50.000
2
Govt
Seat
720
50,000
2
Govt
Seat
720
50,000
60,000
50,000
10,000
28
360
100%
360
Hua-yin
39
32,400
74
66,600
98
%II
Seat
88,200
13.000 193,000
13,000
180.000
1.914
900
100%
900
Chao-1
25
8,625
46
15,870
64
22.080 120.000
12,000
108.000
171
345
100%
345
Bb-yang
8
2,832 149.000
6,000
143,000
405
354 s
100%
354
Ta-11
1
356
S
2,848
11
3.916
102,000
18,000
84,000
236
356
100% .
356
Rua-hsien
7
3.269
61
28,487
79
Govt
Seat
36.893
10,000
142,000
10,000
132.000
.
283
467
1014
467
Wei-nan
16
14.240
65
57,850
500,000
50,000
450,000
506
890
100%
890
Lin-t'ung
7
2,121
220.000
13.000
207.000
685
303
00%
303
Total
2
608
8
Govt
Seat
11,616
140
4.
Gov't
Seat
137,384
334
6
Govt
Seat
245,667
525,4
8
Govt
Seat
372,668
?
.
mini CUD ? A
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According to Table No 12 the area of inundated arable land
will be 2,170,429 moil (under cultivation) 4[10 522,459 mbu-(the
old riVerbed) making ea fOtal,Of 2,6924808empu. The following is
an estiMate(inyon) ofithe::Valgeof, land,Wich will be lost as a
resat. or inundation, based en: average, land Prices. The price of
arable land is uaually ten tikes tnie.prefits,from the harvest of
the land. T?ith the exception Of cotton,, there are three crops over
a to-year period. At the aVerage price.of:land in ordinary times
of about 50, yan per mou,(the pr.-China Incident price) the value
. of the'cultivated land lost woUld be'rough1e.103,000,000 yen and
at 20 yen per mou, the value Of the Yellow RiVer bod land lost vould
be 10,000,000 yen making a total loss of 118,000,000 yen, The
population of the 525 villages and the eight government (Hsien)
seats which will be in the inundated .area, as shown in Table No
13 is expected to be about 370,000 people. Just how to make pro
vision for this population.is a considerable problem. With the
completion of the San7men Gorge hydroelectric plant, industries
'of considerable size which will use both the local natural re-
sources ahd tib electric power'vill develop. Consequently, a de-
mand for labor necessery for those industries will suddenly arise,
Of course it is possible that some 'of the population will be abuorbed
by these enterprises, but the rest will have to be novee. to other
areas, The ovaouation of tho de7!lation to Manchuria, iOngoU.c. Sin-
%lane, northwestern frontier area other roaione tat are :..pr3.nelr poeu-
latca and have large tracer; o: arable land, sheuld be carried out with
the assletanoe of and under t c direction of the eovornment.
C. Resources of the Still Water Area
? At AtrioUltural resources
Cereels, beans, etc, are the chief products of the area which
Will'be indndated. Cotton which is produced in the ling Pao area,
-(tho So-called Ling Pao cotton; is known for its superior quality.
Cereals, beans and other food products are nearly all eonsumed in
thiseret. Even though there was a certain amount of circulatien
of these products ithin the border, this eould not greatly influ-
ence the ebonemy of this area. Cotton is the only comeodity which
serves as a standard of value, ahd is important not only for its
quality but also for its quantity. ith regard to the cotton pro-
duced in Ronan, .accordingt6 the publication "Cotton Statistics of
North China" compiled' by the South Vanchurian Railroad Investi-
gatienDepartMent and pabliShedby the Nippon Hyoron Co, the area
under cotton ..oultivatiaft in Ronan is 3,800,000 mou, which is 8.58
percent of theieNnole areeein China Te eotton crops are estimated
to be 840,000 piculs .(TN: .PitUl-a33. 1/3 lbs)vthich is out 8 per-
cent of the total Chinese crop The cotton producing area centers
around Ling Pee, and if this area lere. f16,0dQd, the resulting loss
Would be considerable.
Next we Shall discuss the agricultural products of each Hsien.
(a) Honan Province
(1) Shari-Helen
Shan-Haien lies in a basin bordering the yellow
River, -flowinge'through the'Henan-Plateau .-a.r4 is
surrounded by plateaus on three sidts. The -
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northern side is separated from the Yellow
.River and faces Shansi Province. The Hsien is
entirely plateau and it produces cotton, caol-
ihg, sorghum, and millet, etc., (see note). Ac-
cording to the Shan-hsien Journal, this Helen
produces cotton and medicinal herbs as vial as
millet, barley, sesame and beans.
(Note: The Chinese Provincial Journals, pub,-
lished by the East Asia Tung Wen Association,
Honan)
(2) Ling-pao-Hsien
(3)
The area from Ku-han-kuan west of the govt
seat of Ling Pao-Hsien, which stretches to the
west is the cotton growing belt, and 30 Chinese
miles (ii) to the east of the govt (Hsien) seat
cotton cultivation is most intense. According
to the statements of the inhabitants, the agnunt
of cotton produced in this area is about 200,000
piculs per year. This place is famous as the
gathering and distributing center for the cotton
produced in the area between here and Tung-kuan
to the west.
(Note: Aside from ootton, it is famous for the
production of the jujube troc. According to the
Hsien Journal, barley, buckwheat, millet, kaol-
ing, beans and sesame etc, are also produced.)
(Hate: According to the survey of the North
China Economic Survey office of the South Itan-
caarian Railroad, the cotton crop, not counting
that along the Yu-pei Road of Honan, or not
counting the crop produced north of the Now
Yellow River, taken over the five-year period
prior to the China Incident, was 200,000 piculs.)
-en-hsiang-Hsien
As mentioned before, in the area stretching from
Ling-pao-Hsien to the northern sector, cotton
is cultivated intenatvely. As this area is in
the low-lying Yellow River 3asin, when contin-
uous rain occurs, muddy streams suddenly seep
into the whole area of arable land. According
to the Helen Journal, aside from cotton, small
amounts of commodities such as hemp and-tobacco-
nre produced. The production of barley, millet,
corn, beans, (soya and lentils), sesame and
other foodstuffs is thesame hero as in other
areas.
(b) Shensi Province
Looking at the general topography of this province,
e sees that the Ch'in-ling mountain range runs between the Han
ver andtthe aei River, parallel to the Wei River and separates
e northern part of the province from the southern. The regions
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northeof thee range andeeouth of the range differ greatly in clieatic
and.naturaleeharacteripties.: The. northernygion is very mountain-
ous and has few plains and littlt areble-lnd, but in the southern
district, there are expanAVe,Plaine,aleng? the Hfin River. The
southern regioh is rich .in agriculturalesburCOS and is referred
to as the fertile plains efl.henWe:-In vie of the fact that the
constructionpf the dweatSah7Mtneqdiie would result in the damag-
ingef the area here the.YeIland, the -viei Rivers join and of
the banks of the lower .reaches of, the Wei RiVer,we shall now
briefly.describeethe basin of, the Wei River.' :The Wei River orRin-
ates 25 .Chinese miles (1i) West ef:vveieruan-Rsieh in Kansu Prov-
inoe. Its flow is to the east andit 'passes north of the Hsien
flowing north of Kung-chtang-fu in Kansu ahd. north of Nan-tai-
chou in Val-,.an-Hsien and enters Feng-hsiang-fu in Shensi. From
here it joins the Chlien River south of Feng-chi-Hsien and enters
the Hsieh River north of nei-Hsieh, then-it flows to the east still
further and enters Hsi-an-Fu. South of Iisien-yang-lisien, the Li
River and the Kad River flow into the ' ei River from the south.
North of the government seat of Hsi-an-,Fu, the Pa and Ch,an Rivers
flow into it from the south, and north of Lin-ttung, it meets the
Ching River, It flows farther to the eaet, passing thrOugh the
northern, part of Hua-chou in Wei-nan-Hsien and south of Chao-i-
Hsien,in Huae.chou, it is joined by the Chi and Chu Rivers from the
north. The ei River flays into the Yellow River north of Hua-
yin-Heien, The soil of the regions through which this river flows
is generally loess, and as it floys eastward, it becomes wider and
deeper. 'ee shall briefly examine each Hsien with a vie -e to the
possibilities of agricultural development in this sort of terrain
and soil.
(1) Tlung-kuan-Hsien
Tlung-kuah is the gateeay between the provinces
of Honan and Shanui and the province of Shensi.
.This Hsien is bounded by the Yellow River on the
north and by mountains on the south and thus is
very strategic, hOwever, it is poor in resources.
According to 'the Hsien Journca and the Chinese
Provincial Journal, the agricultural products
consist of wheat, barley, millet, beans, tobacco,
etcebut g enercelly the amount of these crops is
small.
? _(2) Hua-yin-Hsien
This Haien is 45 Chinese miles (ii) to the west
of T'ung-kuan. The Wei River floes through the
northern part; and the Southern part, except for
the large Hun Eohntains, is flat aad full of fer-
tile paddy fields.' -The principal eroducts are
cotton, hemp,'and other articles of commerce,
barley, buckwheat, rice, sesame, beans, etceare
also produced. The chief agricultural products
of the area which,is expected to be submerged
are cotton and rice. Since most of the hemp is
produced on the slopes of the Hua Mountains, its
cultivation will not be affected much. .Cotton
, -4, 4ultivata along the southern reaches of the
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Ivei River, east of Hua-yin-miao on every plain
up to the Hua Mountains and espetially in areas
close to the Wei River.
(Note: South of the,Hsien governmcnt scat, rice
is also produced. Although the inethoda of cul-
tivation are primitive, the soil is fertile and
the rice is of comparatively high standard.)
(Note: According to the aforementioned "Cotton
Statistics of North China," the average area
under cotton cultivation in Shensi, taken over
the last five years 'was 3,000,000 mou--6.81 per-
cent of the entire area of the country--and
tae average crop, taken over the same five yeak
period, was 689,000 piculs=-6.48 percent of the
total Chinese crop.)
(3) Hua-41sien
(4)
(5)
The terrain of this Hsien is very similar to
that of Hua-yin-Hsien. Agriculture flourishes
in the fertile plain between the Wei River to
the north and the Hue Mountains to the sauth,..
The agricultural products are also quite similar
to those of Hua-yin-Hsien. The chief products
arc cotton, which is especially famous for its
high quality, maize, and barley.
-ei-nan-Hsien
,ei-nan-Hsien is 45 Chinese miles (ii) to the
west of Hua-Hsien. The southern part forms a
plateau and stretches far as Ch'in-ling and the
northern part stretches from the Wei River to
the distant plains north, of aan. The land along
the banks of the Wei is for the most part fertile,
cenSeqUently, this area is rich in various agri-
cultural products. Cotton especially is largely
Concentrated ue-itof:Shan. Together with the
threelplaine to the north, this is one of the
Oig .rlather4?. an ;dist,riuting centers for this
region; 2COtton,iaceltivated all over the dis-
trict bdtpartiCularly:in the area north of the
Wei River The fact that the cotton produced in
Lin-tung, Wei-nan, Wei-pei and Hua-chou is called
Wei-nan cotton gives an indi6tiOir.bf the amount.
Another commodity aside from cotton is hemp
which is produced in-the hillyregion'of the
southern part. Corn, millet,-grain, sesame,
beans, otc,,are growneveryehere as in.the neigh-
boring districts.
Lin-tung-Hsien
This district ib almost directly between Wei-nan
and Hsi-an. In the southern part are the Li
Yountains and the northern part stretches from
the Wei River to the distant plains of Wei-pei.
As the soil is fertile and irrigation facilities
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:ars a esi9, ,ikrig4t441: flOurishee. 4Side
rrOk. rtgteAork, 11*-hj 116010.1.if f s 41+)
'44444.. eorgheinx tteenv, , iete.4 0 ere
$4"011., As. 41 ko 94t09 of Yiek*hini 4410..0 or -
gT oloing arefLor 0444:41 le, north. of. the iever'.
(6) Chao7.i-Hoiem
;
?
714"4-8..trl#:.4-q-41'41at94,4?0-1.P.91.0 :740,1(1-0
Lo ai4r and the te4owliver:flow2togother,Agri-
cultural products such as dercalS:,,fruit,,,riecfp
barley, wheat, millet,- sorihulii,:-boane, hemp, bte?
are grown,
(7) Ta-li-listen
This district is adjacent to Chao-i4l5ienw Ac-
,
cording to the Hsion Journal, besides cotton, '
peanuts, etc,careals are grown ml this as in the
other districts.
(8) Ho-yang-Hsien
This district lies north of Chao.-i-Bsien near the
Yellow River. ire, the mountainous region of
Chin-pci ends and the Wei River basin bogins to
sproad,out. The Hsien Journal states that the
same 'eareals as are produced in the neighboring
di6triCts are grown hero, as well as lumber and
hbrbS.
Shansi Province
Shansi Province is very mountainous and has fcw plains
and except for the region cast of the river, it is not very 'fertile.
Because irrigation is in general inconvenient, agricultural produc-
tion is low. Because of differences in climate and water utili-
zation (irrigation), the arable land of. this province can be divided
into three areas -the northern, control, and southern sections.
Consoquently,,the products of these areas differ.
The northern section is comparatively sparsely Ipopu-
lated, has poor irrigation,facilities, and generally the soil is
not very fertile.' As tho winters are bitterly cold, the cultivation
of winter crops is absolutoly,impossible. The harvest per unit
area is small, but because this area is vast and thinly Populated,
the total crop of food stuffs shows a yearly 'surplus of from about
30 to 35 percent 1..hich is exported to other districts.
The central section is rather di:nsoly populated in
? comparison with the porthorn part. Since irrigation is more con-
venient and the climate is milder, the cultivation of linter crops
is possible. As a result, the harvest is greater than that of the
northern section. Wheat, rice, cotton and other high quality crops
arc grown. The crops here too show a surplus.
The southern .section lies in the richest region of
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the province. Th d climalt.exWftp region is very similar to that
of Bonen and AMIO; Provinces. Because of the irrigation by the
Fen:Aver tfbe cre of the %rester part of this region are may
abundant prov1de4 thcre are no-floadi. This region 'is very suit-
able or crowing tiotton antitivilltivation is encouraged by the
local officials, Since tiTcativation of cotton if tore profit-
able than the cultivation ot foodstuffs, the amount of cotton
produced is increasing ?veil? year. According to the aforement-
ioned "Cotton Statistica 6;.North China" compiled by the South
hancharian RailrOad Bureau Of Investigation, the average area
under cotton cuif4vatiOn in this province during the last five
oars was 1,300,000 mou (2.095 percent of the total area under
cultivation in ,China) and ;he crop was 380,000 piculs (3.58 per-
cent of the total Chinese crop.) The greater part of this is pro-
duced in the southern region. The other important agricultural -
product, beside cotton, is wheat of which 5,0000000 piculs is pro-
duced e.Ocually. The cultivation of corn, kaoling, millet, beans,
etc is like that in southern Honan Province. The southern region,
because the population is increasing and the area alder the culti-
vation of foodstuffs is decreasing because of the increase in area
of the land under cotton cultivation and because of the frequent
flooding of the Fen and Yellow Rivers, is never self-sufficient
in foodstuffs. Next we shall discuss the districts which will
be covered by water.
(1) Pting-1U-Hsien
This district does not touch upon the Yellow
River, but as it is adjacent to tee Honan cotton
raising areas of Shan-Hsien and Ling-pao-Hsien
it is in the heart of the cotter' producing re-
gion on the northern banks of the Yello% River.
Cotton has become the chief crop in Shansi since
the? cultivation of poppies, which is the source
of opium4 was forbidden. Up to that time only
a email amount of raw cotton was grown for domes-
tic use.: 3ocause of ite comparativelyalarge ?e-
turns as a commercial crop, however; its culti-
vation has increased year after year as pre-
viously noted. In Shansi the principal cotton
growing areas are in the south in the basin of
tl,e Fen River, with scattered cultivation else-
where, and at Piing-ludo the central area on'
the northern banks of the Yello% River. Apart
from raw cotton, cereals are an important farm
crop as in the other districts.
,(2) Ju-bh/eng-Hsien
Ju-ch'eng-Hsien is An Honan province, betwen
len-hsiang-HsieA and the Yellow River. APat
from the five cereals and the jujube tree there
are no agricultural products of particular note.
(3) Yung-ch-Hsien
This area was formerly the seat ofgovernment
of Pu-chou-fu and is located in the a)uthwest-
ern part of the province, 75 Chinese miles (1i)
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north of Tiung-kdah and 120,Milea.sbuthWest of
It ie bb4hded by theYellOw'RiVer for
-a great distend& on its westerd-and southern
'edges.and it includes the ,ChUng=t1lao Range to
the: east, ahd tic ;south-, On an Old river
.canal-of theYeilOw RiVeri itIoinS an open .
.plain41-lo the-north and test%theeountry also
opens out on'a.Hplain.
The principal commodities are raw cotton and
' hemp for commercial exchange, mixed ,grains, and
persimmons.
(4) Lin-chin-Hsien
This district is:-;looated to the west.of.Tahih
in northern iYungchi.-Esien. The prefectural
jouraal lists Mixed grains, 'soya beans, Sesa,me,
etc as prodUcts,'
(5) .Jung-ho7-Hsion
This-district is oil the east bank of the Yellow
River and faces Han-chteng*Hsien in Shensi Pro-
vince, nortbof lin-chin-Hsieh. The chief agri-
cultural products listed in the prefectural jour-
nal are .millet, sorghum, kaoling, wheat, buck-
wheat, beans, sesame, etc. Raw cotton, raw silk
. and .oilS are also produced.
',(2) kineral,.Resources
(a) Honan Province
According to to various recerda,and data-which have be-
come known recently, there is little of particular note regarding
_the resources-eXiatingAnthe area Whicbwill be submerged. As
for coal resources:existing-in.this.area, first, of all we shall
cite the Reirlmen fields4H-ThebeLfields,e'xtend to the east from :
the westeraborder of-Chi-'7dan-Fsion; thrOUgh:14,sinaq-Hsien and to
the wept aereqe Lien-chlih and, Shensi4i4eri.. 7This Coal: field, even
though it is, adjacent, to the Shan-ahdlitienCh174i-Heieh,?hathely, in
the neighborhood of. the and'Shan'bordera-on thO dodth.
bank of the Yellow River regions which are near the.ereas,to be
submerged, its western-most edge near Ica-aiiAri-tIc escapes
water coverage by present estimates. (Note; Taken from Mineral
Resources along the 3anks of the Yellow River between Shen and
Qheng-shou," by HORIUCHI Kazuo of,:thb 13droail of East AsiatiC
Studies.)
. - Apart from this coal field there is nothing Worth
mentioning. The Ling-pao-Hsien journal merely states that
qllera long time. betweeh the Sung and Chin dynasties,. 44en ,and-Aua
.in the district Ofksien4shan were deserted and it no4oviser,? ,
known where 041i)or'iion lead, and tin wore mined and produced,Y.
It is therefore diffiC41tte Say that newresbyrce0.1141I-not, be_,
discovered by the advance Of scientific investigations, Judging
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from the comparative investigations carried out in the interior
of China by the Henan Geological_Survey 3ureau, and also from the
results of previous investigations, it is reasonable to assume
that the resources in the area to be suSmerged are not great, 'In
his book (sec above)-HORIUCHI,simply reports that gypsum is pro-
duced in the Ta-an village zone, in Shan,Hsien, under unknown con-
ditions. The 'gypsum deposits in Pling-lu-Hsion in Shansi and the
same strata in northern Shan-Hsien have been developed. Perhaps
as these gypsum fields begin to produce they my be swamped in
the area to be submerged.
(b) Shensi Province
This province is particularly rich in oil, coal, iron,
salt, natural soda, alumina shale, sulphur, gypsum, asbestos, and
various other mincrals. The principal producing areas are in the
mountainous belt of northern Shensi and in the Ch'in-ling mountains
in southern Shensi. There are really no important mineral re-
sources in the area to be flooded by the construction of the San-
men Gorge dam.
(Note: The North China Lineral Industry Bulletin notes that gold
is produced in Hua-Heien. Further the Hua-Hsien, Hsien Journal
state that 'According to Travels over Lountain and Sea '(Shan-
hai) there is a great deal Of copper to the south, and iron to the
north of the western FU-yu mountains in Lesser Hua. Yoreover there
are quantities. of iron to, the north and deep colored gold to the
south of the oak clad crests of the Hsi-jih-ying mountains:: ")
Even apart from-gold, it ia quite probable that there
are deposits of copper nn.dirqp, although details are lacking.
Furthermore, judging from spots in the southern mountain zone, it
may be concluded that they are outside the area which will be
submerged.
(Note: South Lanchurian Railroad's Tien-tsin Office: "North China
Lineral Industry Bulletin" page 189.)
Further, page 538 of the Shensi edition of the above-
:mentioned records of the various Chinese Provinces, contains a
statement that coal is produced in Wei-nan-Hsien. The same source
related that coal is produced south of the district, namely in
the east-west Chlin-ling range. Its quality as a black coal and
'its strong lustre,and combustibility will more than fill local
needs. This 'area of production is also outside the flood zone.
(c) Shansi Province
This provinae is abundantly rich in deposits of coal,
iron, gypsum and various other mineral resources ready for exploi-
tation, according to Richtofen ?ihitohofue:27 and numerous later
scholars. That being the case it is a question just how, extensive
the underground resources are in the proposed area of. submergence.
First of all, there are the gypsum deposits in Ping-
lu-Hsien which run for about 30 Chinese miles (11) 'along the north
bank of the East Yellm River from San-men.-ling:, which is fiast of
the govIt(Hsion)scat. In this interval, outcrops occur in four
places. The first is at ,"'ara-men-ling (which ii .5 Chinese miles
(1i) to the east of the_government seat; another IS to the south-
west of Hsii-yu-fen5i2/ which is about 65 Chinese miles (1i) east
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of the government seat; a third is northeast of-the village nf
Pfaneelan-kou uhidh is 70 Chinese miles (1i) east of the govern-
ment seat and the fourth is past of the village of Pro-ti-ho 'ehich
is 80 Chinese miles (1i) east of the prefectural capital. Of the four,
the gypsum at Po-ti-he village is dhpetior by far. This gypsum de-
posit occurs in strata of tertiary laterite. Its thickness varies
from four or five inches to more than a foot. The zone of occurrence
is ten kilometers long and one to five kilometers ide. This gyp-
sum deposit attracted the attention of the inhabitents around 1884.
Lining operations gradually increased until, just before the China
Incident they, were taking out an estimated two to three thousand
tons per year. Part of this gypsum range also appears as a well-
ciefined outcrop near the San-men temple near San-men Gorge which
is the construction site for the dam; therefore the considerable
effect of the still water should be taken into account.
(Note: To the north of Sanefeng-ssu temple which is east of Piinglu-Hsien and to the south of Chui-tzu-shan there are silver ores.
Comelunications (by letter) pith the government seat more than 50
Chinese miles (ii) away are poor. This silver ore body forms a
vein in the archaean gneiss era and its width in many places varies
from some inches to several feet. Further details arc lacking,)
(Note; The gypsum deposits of Ping-luenien are written up in
greater detail by Tslao Shih-lu in Vol VIII, Sect IV, pp 327 ff of
the Chinese Geological Society :e..gazine, published by the Chinese.
Geological Society, December 1929. A'Japanese translation of these
proceedings was made by OCHIAT Kushiro.)
ApfArt from Pling-lc, fortunately no valuable resour-
ces are to be found in the stiliWater al-en. The Shansi provincial
records, in the "Complete Records of the Various Chinese Province,"
merely state (on pege 629) that there are two iron mines.in the
vicinity of Yung-chi-Hsien. They are about. 400 moo in extent, and
iron is mined and manufactured in accordance with the agrarian
laws. They supply the hardeare stores in Pu-chou with finished
articles. The small amount of coel produced in the neighborhocd
supplies the government seat but is almost of no consequence
otherwise.
(End of Vol IiJ
Annexed maps and charts are appended..
rAddendum and Bibliography follow in Vol 1117
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pprovea ror Keiease luumtsizo . uuu-
HESTRIOTLD
KEY TO MAP' trA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
No X-A
Map shaving dem sites
Scale: 1/500.000
May 1941
Shensi Province
56.
57.
58.
5,.
60.
Meng -Helen
Wen Wet
Wu-chih
Po -ai
Yang-immiao
6.
Huang-ho (Yellow River)
61.
HOillr-101
7.
Yu-men-klou
62.
Shih-1i-plU
8.
San-yang
63,
T'eng-ts'un
9.
Han-oh'eng
64.
Ta-ch'ing-ying
10.
Chih-eh'uan*chen
65.
IVang-rtstun-i
11.
Ho-yang
66.
Yuan-wu
12.
T'ung-chou
67.
(Hu)Hou,chla
13.
Chao-1
68.
Tai-chia-tlien
14.
Kuan-shan
69.
Hsinheiang
15.
T'ion,..t'un-chen
70.4.
Tang-wu
16.
Wei -ho (Wei River)
71-B.
Eut-Hsien
17.
Shansi Province
71.
Nan-ts'un
18.
Hsiang-yuan
72.
Lin-eh'i
19.
Fen-chieng
73.
loirle-el.l'uan
20,
Fen-ho (Fen River)
74.
Li -1-chen ?
21,
Hc-ching
75.
Mi-shan-chen
22.
Chi -shan
76.
In.chleng-chen
23.
lisine.chiang
77.
Hsiao-hen-ti Dam Site
24.
Jung-ho,
78.
Pa-11-111),ttung Dam Site
25.
Wan-chluan Helen
79.
Ho-non Province
26.
I-.6hih
O.
Ling-tung
27.
Wen-hsi
81.
We-an
28..
T'ung-prU
82.
Hein-shih-e.hen
29.
Chlu-wu
83.
Hou.-tsu-chen
30.
I-ch'eng
84.
Lan-.Pen
31.
Kuei-ho (Kuei River)
f55.
Chih.=thui-chon
32.
Chiang Hsien
86.
Hua Hien
33.
Chlin-shui
87.
Lung-hai Railroad
34,
Pting-min
88.
Hua,4yin
35.
P'u,-chau
89.
Lo-nat
36.
Canal
90.
Tung-kuan
37.
Yu-hsiang
91.
Wen-hsiang
38,
Jui-chlang
92.
.Lu-shih
Chieh Hcien
93.
.Ling-pao
_39.
40.
Salt Lake
94.
Ta-ying
41.
Yun-chieng
95.
Shan Hsien
42.
An-I
96.
Chang-mao-chen
43.
Hsia-Hsien
97,
Hsia,shih-chen
44.
P'ing-lu
98.
Kuan-yiA-t'ang
145.
Yuan-ch'u
99.
Mien-chih
46,
Yang-chleng
100.
Lung-hal Railroad
111,
Ch'ing-yuan
101.
Hsin-an
Pai-hciao
102.
Lo-ning
49,
Chin-ho (Oh'in River)
103,
Lo-ho (I0 River)
50,
Kao-pling
104.
Sung Hsien
51.
San-chia-tien
105.
-I -ho (I River)
52.
Ch'i-ling-tien
106.
T'ing-..teng
53.
Tse-chou
107.
Ho-nan
54.
Hsi -fang-chuang
108.
K'uang-k'ou
55:
Huai-chting
109.
T'ieh-hsieh
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w-Tc1,,,N44. (Contd.)
110. Menglic4ine
111. Ti-cheng.'
112. Yen-.0hih -
113. Lo-ho (Lo Rivet)
114. KungBeiezi .
115. Sam-shut
1164 Tiag4ang- chen
117. 1-Yalig ' ?
118. ahane-chat
119. Lin-ju
120. Hup-tiou-chieh
121. Teng-chun-plo
122. Ta-chin-tion
123. Teng-fong .
124. Shue-tien
125, Thuo,-shih-chen
126. Y1.1-chou
127. Mi RM.=
ivmg-yang '
129. HQ-1n :
130. .ling-t00-.
131, Chene-cilmt
132. 0hing-hau Railroad
133. Kutti
-
134. Heim-chang
135. 0410.11g-k9?` -
136. ScalAk. ,1/500,000
137. .E1.12410-tikra-
138. --Japioess/Ri
139. Chineaa-Ri:
140. Sart-man-hella Dm Site
1LS
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a
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RESTilGTI)
KEY TO MAP
1. iqap So X-3
2. Jontour lqap of 6,-;21-men-hsia
3. SOale: 1 1 5000
4. i,ay, 1941
5. ,;iiin-men-shan
b. Aai Wan yu
7. hwang-no (leilow
S. Ta-wang-miao
Y. Kuei-men
10. Shen-men
11. Jen-men
12. Klai-yuan-nsi4rtio
5j. ii-uafl (rock)
14. Iden-ten-1u
15. Sim-snou-lou
RESTRICTED '
I
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
elease 1999/08/25 : ClAiRDP78-03109A000200010002-5
RESTRICTED
KEY TO MAP X-C
1. Fart two of Map No X-C
2. Topographical sketch showing the area from P'ing-lu
Hsien to Lung-yen Ts'un, shan-hsi Province
3. Scale 150,000
4: Surveyed Dec 1936 b: the Chinese Government's Yellow
River Water Conservation Committee
5. Ping-1u Hsien
6, Kuan-ti Mip
7. Fan-jun Ts'un
S. Shan Hsien
9, Shan-hal Road and Shan Helen Station
10. A-tien
11. Hui-hsing Chen
12. Mao-chin Tu
13. Sha-chien
14.. Shih-chia Tan
15. Lung-yen Ts'un
16. 7,hai-chia (TN: illegible)
RESTRICTED
IY3
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
ppiuvu rut rwIctbG
A-RDP78-031109A000200010002-5
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002
UPYRGHT 1 1
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 Ferk-1i5P78-03109A000200010002-5
KEY TOMAP-X-D
1. Graph showing variation in the flow of water at Shan
2. ::ay 1941
3. Cubic meters
4. 1 JanuL,ry 1919*
5. Years
o. 31 December 1935
7.
Note: For months for which the flow was not meaured
and data was not available, the values were substituted
from the curve of a year ha/ing a similar flow curve.
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-
RESTRICTED
;.-
RESTRICTED ji Y A
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A00020001000
CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-
RESTRICTED
-
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-- ?
,
. - -
?,k1926 a 1927 /7 928
192
/9 1930
ze 1931
1932 1933 1934, 1935 1936
0
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A00020001009-2-5
CPYRGHT
RESTRICTED
Key to Map X-E
1. No I - E. The San-men-hsia Reservoir
2. Graph of Water level, water surface area, and amount of
reservoir water
3. Ma 1941
4. (II CAeh hsien area is blocked off)
5. Amount of Reservoir Water
6. Water Surface Area
7. Depth of Watel
8. Elevation of the top of the dam (above Tang-ku Datum)
9. Amount of Reservoir Water - 100,000,000 m2
10. Water .(Jurface Area - K12
11. Data used for calculating the amount of reservoir water
12. Elevatirn (Top of Dam)
13. Depth of Water
14. Difference in Depths of Water
15, Watel Surface Area
16. Average Water Surface Area
17. Amount of Reservoir Water
18. Total Amount of Reservoir Water
19. Note: T. D = Tang-ku Datum
lt
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
AlisFacggilfbr Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
RESTRICTED
Key to Map X - F
1. No X - F
2. Graph of Water level, water surface area, and amount of
reservoir water
3. dlay, 1941
4. (If GYi2h Hsiep area is not blocked off)
5. Amount of Reservoir Water
6. Water Surface Area
7. Depth of Water
8. Elavacion of the top of the dam (above Tang-ku Datum)
9. Amount of Reservoir Water - 100,000,000 m2
10. Water Surface Area - KM2
11. Data used for calculatinf the amount of reservoir water
12. Elevation (Top of Dam)
13. Depth of Water
14. Difference in Depths of Water
15. Eiter SurfLce Area
16. Average Water Surface /rea
17. Amount of Reservoir Water
18. Total Amount of Reservoir Water
19. Note: T. D. 7. Tang-ku Datum
RESTRICTED
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Approved For Releatd 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
1
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
KEY TJ MRP X?G
1. No X?G drawing showing Design
Development
2. May 1941
3. Base lines of the dam
4. Plan view of waterways
5. Scale: 1/2500
6. Hwang Ho (Yellow River)
7. Shen?men
8. Kuei?men
9. Jen?men
10. Ta?wang?miao
11. Lien?tan-1u
12. Chih?klwang (a rock)
13. Cross section
14. Length of the Water Intake
15. Height of Base
16. Planned heirht
17. Increase
18. Graph
19. Thickness of concrete
20. Iron pipe
21. Slope 1:9
22. Power Plant
23. Discharge Pipes
24. Cross section showing Waterways
25. Scale: 1/1000
of the San?men?hsia Power
RESTRICTED )17
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : GIA-RDP78-03109A000200010002-5
RESTRICTED
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