EPIDEMICS IN THE FAR EASTERN USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010012-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 40
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: June 20, 1947
• Content Type: TRANS

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F` ~~91+!w ~C~ TO: T~; S C
1161 ' -~- _ R2V1 VVER: v 71f9
DOCUMENTS BRANCH
TRANSLATION
EPIDEMICS IN THE FAR EASTERN USSR
Prepared By
Documents Branch
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE GROUP
New War Department Building
21st and Virginia Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
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WARNING
THIS DOCUMENT CONTA I NS I NFORMAT I ON AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIIN THE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE ACT, 50
U.S.C.. 31 AND 32. AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
OF ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO ANY'
UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW. REPRODUCTION OF THE
INTELLIGENCE IN THIS PUBLICATION IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT SPECIAL
AUTHORITY FROM THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE.
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DOCUMENTS B R A N C H
T R A N S L A T I O N
20 Jun 1947
Number 364
ARMY MEDICAL COLLEGE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESEARCH REPORTS
Prepared by
Documents Branch
CENTRAL. INTELLIGENCE GROUP
2430 E Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
Epidemics of the Far ;,.astern USSR
(Doc No 270440-3-364 ._ ~-
This is a complete translation of the 28-page
Immunological Research Report Number 364, issued
by the Army Medical College, Tokyo, 1942, under
the supervision of Major General ISHII, in charge
of the college immunological classes, and Major
TAKAHASHI Tsutou, Army Medical CcrDs.
The renort consists of three chapters: the'
first briefly attributes Far Eastern USSR epidemics
to low standards of living and -conomic development
and notes those diseases requiring particular mili-
tary precaution$;'the second describes the weather
in the eastern, central, and western sectors of the
Far. Eastern USSR; and the third, divided into
administrative are&s of the Soviet Far. East, de-
scribes particular places in detail (ie, climate,
population, number of dwellings, water supply,
suitability for garrisons, etc), the prevalent disy
eases, brief historical data on the places and the
epidemics and existing medical facilities. Forty-
,five tables and tvc charts, scattered throughout the
text, supply statistics on climate and the number of
cases of and deaths resulting from the various dis-
eases.
Pages 1 through 33
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T
'1 (F CONTENTS
I : ,Genera : Rcrp rk
II ,Weathez
:, , .ohs, t rn S; ptor
~'e,. Ctrl,. $sor
Army Medical College
1, Rayons Directly Subordinate.
E.cegit~ye,.Committee
2. Ussuri Oblast
Khabarovsk Kray
A Khabarovsk Oblast
SE CR$T
CF}'fR611~F
C ? The!l stn SpQtor
Maritime Kr&y
Vert of Irkutsk, Qblast
Yakut ASSR
1.. City of Yakutsk
2. Verkhoyansk.
,Tokyo
1:94.2
the Kray
EdN: Names in capital letters followed by an asterisk indicate
transliteration from.the?Japanese.
2. Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3. Amur Oblast
4. Lower. Amur Qblast
5. Kamchatka Oblast
Da ikai area
. Burya t-Mongo l., SSR
1. t lar_.Ude
2. Kyakhte .
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. GEPTERriL REMARKS
The Soviet wovernment has been endeavoriri .year after year to
;.asprea'd generall culture and `the arneriities of civilization in her Far
Zaste.rn territories and at the same time to promote sanitation.
:'he overnmentconsequently has been increasing public health facil-
ities first in the cities and then in the surrounding areas and
amaze the world in the future, if these present trends persisto
day Soviet Union end in its economic geography Is the easLwara rn
cation? of economic units; that is, economic units are gradually ex-
ltendir from t'uropean USSR to the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains
en~ an t iCentrcl Asa, western Siberia, and the 'Far East. It is
p the economic ' development' of Russia and Asia will
min ,.a;?1 Ar nhAnnmenon which is now appearing in the present-
reoertt propaganda,
is cBerrying out plans`to improve and''inerease the distribution of
doctors.
However, the peoples of the Far Eastern U:3SR have a low stand--
rd of living and still-primitive concepts of hygiene and adequate
'hygienic measures have not 'been taken to control the environment.
,ThesQ peoples still suffer many outbreaks of various diseases for
the want of medical facilities. The general health program has not
been so successful as the Government boastfully proclaimed in its
European' continent.
must be viewed as centered in'EuropeanRussia where it already has
rea6hed almost full development? fihe economic value of European
Russia is such that, not only doesthe Soviet Union itself depend
upon' European Russia, but it is also the source of existence for the
Rowever the present economic strength of the Soviet Union
Therefore, the economic strength of the Soviet Union has great
significance in the Axis' war with England and America. These areas
which had been hitherto considered an agricultural treasure house
have seen brilliant industrial expansion as a result of three five-
year plans under the new economic policy.' This remarkable economic
'develo went of the Soviet Union in Siberia is, furthermore, thought
to be ~he prime cause of pestilences in these areas.
During military operations in the Russian territories of the
Far East the greatest precautions must be exercised especially
a a'inst the plague, exaithema:tous typhus (spotted fever), and win-
~er;xost ite, as well as other diseases.'These afflictions can
Caine 'imne,diate, large-scale deterioration of fighting strength.
?r
The next group of diseases worthy of note are malaria, venereal
diseases, undulant fever, and diseases due to vitamin deficiencies;
they cause a continual drain on military strength and potential,
as Was etplained in the Introduction (TN: not in this report).
;Especially great then is the fear that Soviet Russia will carry
o t becterio~ogical warfare, In View of this, it is imperative that
immunological measures be perfected, and it is also essential from
to e,poirit of view of military operations that a geographical study
be, made of epidemics.
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2-
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CPYRGHT
SECRET
Since.Siber.rian topography?is flat-.# the-ndrth and mourn
sous, in the ?sc uth, ' Siberia car ' of avoid the cold. winds from
the arctic Oc? a and shield.
ed .from the. south-north ' warm 'winds
"by' the Altai _Nl~untaans' running along the frontier. Further-,
more, the temperature is remarkably lpw.in-comparison with
that in European regions Of the S4me;latitude-.bec6use`the
.StanQvoi Mountain Range-blocks the ocean winds blowing from
The climate of; the 'Soviet Far East? is. :an extremely conti-
nental one of the purest type: a minimum of 3 or 4 months a
year have,.temperaturesbelow freezing; spring and fall are very
..short; and the temperature difference between summer and winter
is great,
However, it Isre.cQgnized that the. weather in the Maritime.
Kray and in Amur Qblast is controlled chiefly by the Asiatic
mainland, the Japan Sea, and other regions and seas. That is,
the broad plains of the central part of the Asiatic mainland
become hot as an oven iri summer, arid, therefore, the air cur-
rents always blow westward:.from the sea and over the continent:
in winter the opposite is true, and the wind blows eastward
from the land toward the sea.
'Therefore, there are variations in the air movements in
late fall, early winter, and early spring, and in the seasons
of balmy weather-;_ at
high and low atmospheric
pressure intermingle., In general, one sees violent changes in
temperature and weather. However, during winter and mid-summer,
variatons,in air movements are comparatively small, and at the
time-of intense cold, there are continuous days of no wind and
clear skies.
A. The Eastern Sector
On , the whole the eastern sector has a maritime climate, and
its summer humidity is rather high. This description especially
fits the Maritime Kray and the coastal regions.
Winds become weaker in summer, and although they are generally
west winds
n
rth
t
,
o
wes
winds prevail in winter. .Special precau-
tions must be heeded with regard to 'frostbite prevention in the..'.
eastern part of the USSuri River basin, because high winds blow,..
durino t.h- r v.i,-r} -P ...t
-- -.-_ ~~ ??+~vv..yaa~cli~7C?C:U1U unere.?
The Period :of, river and mar-oh'fr
eez
n& is generally from
mid-November to earl
y-April. Snowfalls between October and.
April, and the accumulation in various plac.es:is lcomparatively
great. The
eriod
f
t
p
o
grea
est fall is from
All-V, T_ 4t late`February to.
PaN1v n~_ ..--- -.
meter alca, sitUVV Ue
s'.
SECRET
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The nature. of the cljz ate. in the `lowlands of the Ussuri and
Amur River basins is highly conducive to outbreaks of malaria.
Malaria is especially b_--, in the paddy fields and -marshy areas pf
the Ussuri River basin.. In our Siberian mil~tary.expedition;`we
had ? 467 cases but, the ;;neatest . incidence of malaria; was among' ?our
garrison troops in_thes:-~uthern part'.of Ussuri.
In{wariter"one sees, hardly any snow fall; the total amount of
precipitation between December and March is merely 2to 5 millimeters.
Most rain falls at the enaa of summer; therefore, in august the
rivers are swollen, and thus extensive marshes are often formed along
both sides of the rivers. The dire result of all this is that two
large; festering bowls of malaria are perpetually filled between
Manchuria and the Soviet Far East.
The anopheles mosquito is rather prevalent in Transbaikal Oblast,
Amur Oblast, the Maritime Kray., and Ussuri Oblast; In the areas
around 'oset, B,arabash, and Ran'dolnoye; and, in, the' northern areas
M
of
anchuria,
Serious outbreaks of malaria. therefore, are largely due to
The. Central Sector
The period of extreme cold in January,, even though the temper,
ature has fallen below zero at the enc of 'October. The rivers
generally, freeze the first of November and bipgir., to thaw in April...
The extreme rainy period,, is from June to August,,:.-and there is much
rain .in Angus In the region. around Blagoveshchensk; precipitatio'r-
for the month of July amounts.tb 110-150 millimeters.
and generally possesses a most violently continental type of climate,-,.
Although the summers - are t err. ibly .hot, the humidity 'is low.
The average temperature of July is from 16? to 22? C and reaches a
maximum of 40?. The variation in insolation,is.,remarkably great,
This area is a high plain more than 600 meters above sea level
The. Western Sector
In winter'there is little snow, but the colctAvery intense
and long~lastiri - f rom...early September to mid..,W,4y; T'1?e average,
temperature of Janua'y, the,month of most intense cold, is generally
-25? to -29o C t ie ;ninimum low is -5? C -'ic7. The winter snow accu
mulatjon, however, is very small, generally 5 to,lei'centimeters, so ...
that the is n?t,much.'Ase.for sleds in'.the southern regions.
Generally speaking, ..it as natural; that the Siberian :winter ,.. ;
shows considerable ;variations depending upon place. Tie most remark-
able differences' ir'e' tp be. found` especially between the winters of`
western Siberia 'ektend1ng to the right bank of the Yenisei east of
the Urals and the winters of eastern Siberia east of there, The
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 CPYRGHT.
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Avg Ave
Tine' rh Ilia..of; Russia is . ~.ivit e't .climati-ca7,,ly into polar, frigid,
,within.-the country.
-omitted in original.)
( "Siberia," 1rld Geogr, Vol 8)
In, order to clarify the natures of the various kinds of climates
in Russia, the following table is given showing.the statistics for
..temperature and precipitation as_,measured at 23,.observation stations
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Polar Climate i
Permanently;
Mo ! Mo
a el .. e ow. 's h oyes the e c'es + wean' eese t w-0 areas:
Comparison between Eastern and Testern Siberia (according to'Bunce)
the bases of temperature and precipitation:
azid temperate zones. Siberia possesses no'warmer zone than these.
The table belgw subdivides these these rods of climate further on
Climate
Explanation of Ic'oppen's Climate Symbols
Cla.ssit. ication'
.Frozen= F
Tundra ET,
II Frigid-Zone
f;l i m +.a
Locality
Temperature ; No Mo of' Climate Classification
Max Min Mean Temp, T i hired + Steppes Desert
Tobo1 sk
(-)
19.0
Tomsk
(-)
19.6
'Semipala'tinsk ..
-)
.17.5'
:~ 'erk ioyansk'
Yakutsk.
?Petiopav1ovsk.,
(Kamchatka)
.Vladivostok
Alexandrovsk
1Ja :
Dc~
Db;
Da
SECRET
Jan Temp
Jul Temp
Annual Preci-
pitation (mm)
19.1
44.7
50.6
22.2
18.1
15.4
12.6
19-Q
30.0
18.4
119.4
20'S
37,2
16.:7.
56.3
' ("Siberia , "r World Gebgrephy, Vol 8)
Above 10` Winter
!'. Precipi-,
l.U
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IIIr..; RELIC tAL D91CRIPTION
he so-called Soviet Far East inclures the following adminis-
, kre executive 'Maritime:Kray (rayons directly sub-
.ordinate the of?~rec ~z~t date,committee), Khabarovsk Kray ( the
Khebarovsk,;Jewish Atxtonemous, Amur, Lower Amur,,and..Kamchatka.
0~ ast t1e-$ai~tal aree ic7., Chita Oblast and the Luryat-
?Mongol ASI.'
. part .-af .,Irkutsk Oblast, .wndz the Yakut. ASSR..
.Rayons:directly Subordinate.to.the Kray Executive?Committee
Dysentery~ typhoid' (enteric)- fever,.?an-d other' diseases
.11 usually break out every-year. The following table shows the',Aonth-
by-month number of dysentery cases in the rayons directly subordi-
riatt to the kray executive committee. .It is noticed fxom the.. table
that her ,are outbreal ; t,hy
ot}ghout the four seasons of the year.
'Ail the rayons are. almost similar with respect to these outbreaks.
Monthly List of Dysentery ' Patients in' Maritime,, Rayons
1914 41',46.' .?
22
43 150
665
588 604
203
79
58
33 2,768
82
96,: 1-9?
, 368
636 504
173
65
61.
28.,322
87
721 117
797,
521 434..
317
195.
173
109, 215,39
67
73:.100
251
479' 831
33.9
124
78?
- 38' 2,498
104
11)170
273
10421047
330
103
79
54.3,554
Unknown
4,3;84
70
81 17:7.,, 404
.739?, 702
267
.1'02
63
61 2,755
52
78. 104 484,
1Q69 522'
.?4i .
49,
49., 2,810
The following table shows the statistics on recurrent fevcr in
the rayons directly subordinate to the kray executive committee from
1907 to 1914; the epidemic of 1907-1908?was most violent and began
Exarzthemstous .(6.ruptive) typhus botween 1924 and ? 1927, .showed the
follo4ng cases:
15
7
79' 61
1.909. 56, ? . 60
1911 - 70.
48
1911 `81. 58
1.913 33 56
Yr of Epidemic '1907 ? 1908
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CPYRGHT
Jan Feb Mar 4r~~, May, Jun ;Jul., Aug Sep, Oct Nov Dec Total
1926 Patients 7 - ' 3 17 4 3 .38
Outbreaks of malaria in"the F'ar east occur in the,eaptern part,
especially in the whole area of the Maritime $ray and in the damp
zones around Lake Khanka. Malarial areas suffe ing"continual out-
malaria of these areas is goner 11y'3-day fever (pappataci fever
*ar sand-f .y fever), but it is said that,, during the.. Siberian cam-
paign, three cases 6fw4-day e'er occurred.
The following table shows the monthly occurrence of this
disease; generally the period of greatest occurrence; is from
April to September.
breaks are,: Maritime Kray, the Vladivostok area, the whole river
area of Lake Khar.~ka,. and Sui-fqp Flo, the Korean villages in the
Mo River basin, and'Voroshilov (Nikolsk-'Ussuriskiy) Rayon. The
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Maritime Rayons 9 43 12 90 130 67 225 208 157 74 70 29
;a. Sovetskaya Cavan
Cholera, which raged in. China, spread in 1E23, by-sea
to the Maritime Kray and became rampant there-too. The city of
Sovetskaya Gavan lies at 49? north latitude, It is a port facing
the Straits of Tartary and hss the special characteristic of
.being ice-free in winter, like the neighboring seas.` It is an,.
important gateway to Siberia, since it will be the terminal
point of the B M (Baikal-Amur) Railroad. Sovetskaya Gavan also
possesses great significance from the standpoint of epidemical
studies.
b. Vladivostok
'This city is the terminal point of the Chinese
Eastern Railroad and occupies a key position in the transportation
scheme. Ther' efore, Vladivostok has often suffered from epidemics
because of the invasion of plague victims and disease carriers
brought by rail transit.
This city, however, is equipped with the best medical
facilities in the Soviet Far East. In 1938 the city possessed
nine government hospitals of modern constructicn; and there are
some magnificent structures of three or four stories which are
eminextly suitable for wartime conversion into hospitals. There
is also a, bacteriological laboratory here. Red.L.rmy medical troops
stationed in Vl.idivostokare attached to the municipal health
department and, when required, will give medical examinations to
the general civilian population.
-'9
SECRET
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 usually breaks of evc.t year. Mortality 'statitic"s`or the
period 29,0.1-1914 are shown` in the table' beIo : `+ ' J
1925
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CPYRGHT
Deaths
RET
A `study of e) * d8 i s here shows -that dysentery
of. Epidemic 1.90' 1908 i9t1q ~19'ld'11 19'12 `5913 109`14 Total
.17 5 12 10 14 11 20 5 94
It is reporie~ th it'there were cases of-ent"el
y?hoid in our expo itidxiary fcrce of" 1918-1920,
northern areas of Manchuria broke through the-.sanitary cordon
iussians trying..to protect the Maritime Kray and invaded
th'e city, of Vladivostok; and?on 10 Apr 1923 the first plague
vict4ms were seen. Thereafterthe dreaded plague spread and
became mdre and. no e yio1 nt'throughout the city; and there
se nled tobe a1rnQ t no end to t$ baleful presence. The total
Furthermore in. 1921, tFi'e pla gue' which? was raging in t_he..
fever which broke; out in the Irkutsk
There also was a great epidemic
1907. A recurrence of thisepidemic
pnd, thereafter, there were sporadic
nya,cid Via ivostQk;; the table below
1h I- the city month by .month;
statistica one can surmise pertinent information regarding the
ben in 1919 when 86 cases broke out,, Thereafter,: the number
gradually decreased. In Nov 1919, however,-enother violent out-
fever'. visited Vladivostp vpith 44 cases'.
The table. below shows the 'mortality figures for . the principal
pestilences which struck the city in 1924 and 1925. FFrom these
of recurrent fever in
Was again seen in 1908,
outbreaks. ?Recurre .t
area an 1916 finally
shows the number, of cases
.Jan F'eb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug:Sept Oct Nov Dec. Total
There' were few cases in 1'917 and '.1918, but a sudden incr6ase was
Typhoid and Paratyphoid
9
Exanth&ato xs. Typhus
Sm`llpor
1
Scarlet Fever
6
Diphtheria
6
Dysentery
9
67
2 3
10 16
5 11
; 7 - +,16
, 58 - 125`'
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;2Q
26 ,s 4
12 5 .7
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.The"city today is:.in.a frenzied, state and is hastily setting up
defense installations on- all the st'reets'. There can be seen now
increasing numbers of helmeted SQ'viet military?persohnel, and. there
is a feeling of tension hitherto unnoticed in t h?e 'city. Although
almost crushed by the German bLitrieg,, the Russians are working
with might and main to build "up this vital city of the Far East.
Everywhere in the city there`are air-raid trenches. `Women and
children" are , being, evacuated while available people of the city are
g its d ensefe. Everywhere antiaircaaft installa-
bein mobilized for
tions-fiave bneh set up, and almost'every night the city goes through
-practice air-rain maneuvers. several thousand searchlights can be
seen.
4 7 a
even in..the acquisition of fcr`eigh?goods which
Furthermore
,
p ug city one 'can obsej~ve a'' desperate picture. Goods
the c
ass thro h
intended for Soviet aid cote streaming up from Manila, Shanghai,
Batavia, ustrali&y etc, and, of epidemics should break out in
these areas, Vladivostok itsel.f'viould probably be affected.
The population, as of Jars 1939, was 206,000.
'Ussuri Oblast
Thi's#`city was formerly, known as Nikolsk-Ussuriiskiy, or
simply as Nikolsk. The population is calculated to be 70,000 and
the number of dwellings, is',about 3,600., The water eupply.depends
upon 1,00 wells. The city is. suitable as a garrison for many
traops.
The surrounding areas enjoy a. rather warm climate'and are the
most denoely populated farm lands of all the Far East. The city is
the'economic''and financial heart of this rich land surrounding it and
is the most important city on.the railroad lines. For this reason,
Voroshilov has often been. invaded by epidemics of cholera, plague,
re,ciirrentfever, typhoid (ente:ric) fever,, dysentery, and other
diseases.
Cholera which was raging in northern Manchuria in 1919 invaded
Voroshilov through Harbin and Pogranichnaya. The next year, 1920,
the
another epidemic swept over the city, having Dome again over,
same invasion route from the Harbin area. At the time of the great
plague epidemic in 1920-19:1 in the Soviet Far East, Voroshilov was
again invaded from the east by carriers from pestilential Tsitsihar
and Harbin; by 31 May 1921 when the plague finally subsided, it had
suffered 16 cases
Every year there is-an epidemic of dysentery, smell?or large.
,.The follo wing tab1 : shows the dysentery mortality figures for the
period 1901-19142
Yr of Epidemic
1907
1908
1909'
1910
1911
1912
1913 1914 Total
Deatkis
10
8
.6
5
14..
2:
, 6 . 6 ...57
The table below shows that malaria and dysentery are decidedly
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more prevalent than all the other diseases. The figures are taken
fro recor' ds of our, medical troops who; at the time of the 1919
from m re
ion treated Russians, Chinesel`ari`Koreans, between April
and. September. .
Monthly Table of Russian, Chinese, and Itorean Patients Treated in
Southern Ussuri Oblast from J,pr to Sep 191.9 ("History of Military
Oanitation in Siberia, ";Chap, 6)
Disease
Malaria
Cholera.
Exanthematous Typhus
Dysentery
Swallpox
Measles
Apr May, Jun. Jul ; A, g Sep Total
5..
The table below shoves mortslty figures for the year 1924
versus disease type, sex of victims, and their ages. In that
year, typhoid fever, next to diarrhea and enteritis, was the
most prevalent.
(See- 't'able on following )age. )
12 -
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N m CU - 1 1 I
fl~ rq r-I 1 .. I , I I
oI t I I?
to
{.a ri
c C
H
0 S.
N f-i R
0
n E+ PA t P is
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ith the highest number of patients hus a pwrce ag
}5dk*T
T . the nucibdr ' ' Jtipanse riat Duals %now resident in Voroshdlav is
very small, but in the ?cxty'`th~~e`' ar'er goverrnerit and industrial
est4blishments.Sanitary installations,therefore, have been set up
`I'ier'e axe alto bactcr~olo 3 c~ l laboratories
without much tr"o~Ctb1 e: g
in the city., as well as factories manufacturing bacteriolo?1ical
products. although no therapeutical or' other iedio&l :equipMent
has beeninstalled yet., the Red frmy has recently expanded it
~ y hpspita 5:1 iirthermbr ', tYie ed i m plans to establi~
health` agencies irf the`rayo2is along the Vo-rde:rs? and is now moving
?
'epidemic of ).-`typo paratyphoid he-re and even our expeditionary
'
bh .s" lan. ?
ards the execution of
tr
~paskdal:~niy ?: ,
rSpas1dal~niy is 130"kilometers northeast of Voroshilov
and ha`d a opulation " of" 11; 000 6;s, of 1931. In "1919 there. was . an
4 '3 .3 .3 4 23 loo
Month ,.Jan Feb Mar ,,,pr May Jun' Jul ug Sep Entire it
pdracl c outbreaks of dysentery and haematocolonitis are known
th'Quehc?ut the year inKhabarovsk Kray, -as found by.recent iz1vQati-
gati.ons a$ 1a?te as 1939.
fox.:,hly Rate of Spread ,of Various types of7 Dysentery in 1939 (%)
B.,.; Kh barovsk K_ra.y
cas0.
force had' '113
The acute intestinal diseases possess seasonal characteristics.
That is, the. greatest number of cases occur in the period June to
h:ugust.
Monthly Rate of Spread of Intestinal. Diseases on 100% Basis
nt
;Month Jan,Feb Mar pr Ma' ;. Jun.. Jul J'.ug Sep Oct -Nov :iec
j haborovsk Kray 4.4 2.9 4.5 7.5 25.5 25.1' 100 68.
28,6 '19.631145, 5,9
The fallowing table 4hill''6how the p(,.uuliarities of':dysentery
in Khabarovsk Kray;
Locplity.
Rate of Spread of Various Dysentery Bacilli
Inhabited Lrea Bacillus ilis', P"roteus
Shigelle Fi'exner Strong is, etc. Morgani.i.
Bl,-.goveshchensk
4
Biz- obid.zhan
12
1
Khabarovsk
99
53 5
49: 32 .10..
54 . 5.
.14
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NOTE: From this table it is clearly seen that in Khabarovsk Kray
the flexner,bacillus is most common.
z
a. Khabarovsk lies near the function of Amur and the
Ussuri Rivers. it is situated'on a slightly rising area directly
downstream from the junction.
The city had a population of 199,000 ab of Jan 1939. It is
the headquarters of a Far Eastern command and is strategically impol---"
taht, Large quantities of vea'oons and other military supplies for
the Far Eastern Red Army are manufactured here. KhabaroT rsk is also
extremely imnor.tant from the standpoint of communications." It has,
therefore, se+n frequent epidemic invasions. The chief enidemics
are cholera, dysentery, recurrent fever, and malaria.
It is worthy of note here that among itncrtant establishments
at Khabarovsk are the biological Laboratory of the Oriental In.f ec-
tious-Diseases ' esearch Institute and the Khc-,b rovsk Army 'Health
Lxar.iinaticn St...ticn,
In 1919 a cholera. epidemic w'as'prevalent.
(Far Eastern USSR Military Sanitation Journal)
The table below reports the mortality figures for dysentery for
the period 1907-1914 as determined by investigations of'our expedi-
tionary force:
Yr 1907 1908
Deaths 32 19
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
Total
5
10
16
6
6
9
103
Furthermore, there was an epidemic of recurrent fever in 1919.
March and December show the greatest incidence, and the summer season,
July to September, has the smallest according to studies made of
the number of. recurrent fever patients who entered the city hospitals.
The monthly rate of hospitalized patients is given below:
Relapsing-Fever Patients :Entering Khabarovsk City Hospital in 1919
Mo
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
S
ex
Male
2
28
1.2
2
5
3 -
2
3
3 15
75
Female.
-
1
1
4
-
-
?-
-
- , -
6
Total.
2
29
13
2
9
3 -
2
?-
3
3 15
81
There is a perpetual malarial bowl near the entrance of the
tributary Sungari River into the Amur River southwest of Khabarovsk.
Khabarovsk Rayon suffers frequent. outbreaks of malaria; it is
reported that 10 percent of the people who live in the river 'basin
of the Bir River (a. tributary of the Tungus River northwest of
Khabarovsk) rave malaria.
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ma7ar a,, The following table gives..infRrmat4on on the number
i+' .. 7. - e44 '+ f n~irir7 in c+.ti f. G~.4['q of tha national hosi i-
SECRET
Therefore, the city of-?Khabarovsk also suffers frequently from
The table below shows'the mortality figures ror the principal
di.Seses that 'have broken out in" I in i92 and 1925
ha~arovsk. ~
be;.
16
91 10
No Fatalities Caused by Major Diseases in Khabarovsk
Typhoid' and., 'eratyP1ioi` d
Fxanthetatou. Typ us .
sentery
.,~rithra~ `.
iarrhec andEnteritis
1925
Male Female Total
.Tiere is no deailed?information on typhoid fever and
Kazaevich6k is "situated along that. Dart o the ,Lssuri
baratvphoid-incidents rates in this area,?since we possess no
typhoid cases 23 were`I.-type (85 percent)..and 40 were B-type
(15 percent) s1~; this is completely different fxpm the
Sevietdata.However. according to data obtained rrom.our own
ex e enc s at the time of the 'a berian campaign, our troops
er of aratgphoid, as=compared with 103 cases
~:, feted ~~~,cases
of typhoid fever -.more than double.. Moreover, of the Para-
south ,Of' I ha;barovsk, it serves as 'an advance gua'rd' for Khabarovsk,
headquarters of the Far Eastern command. It has' t en army
bsarracks there are always two or three river warships at anchor
River where the current flows swiftly, near the 'u=t'ur n' Channel
komsomn5 sk
ku~ ~8omblsk,, / a new industrial .city, 'manuf'acturing
60...O(
kilometers north of Khabarovsk. T e present p?pulaton is
m i-iors is situated on the left bank of the Amur River about
$etween Komsomolsk and Khabarovsk is a regular air route,
besides a branch line of the BAM (Baikal-Amur RaAroad) and a
ter route on the Amur River. .
ln, order' to strengthen Far Eastern defenses., particularly
against`Japan, the Soviet government in 1932 sent the=members of
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Amur. Oblast
rsamo rom var qus p acts in European USSR to build up the
i 'arz its defenses
Al hoh there were formerly no reports . of epidemics, 'this
city and surroundings now hold great significance from the stand-
point of epidemics and their std,es for the fo"l lowing reasons:.
the c.ty is an important center of traffic; the nearby broad
plains are flat and moist and 44re crs$crossed by branches of
thghmur iver; ehd the territory is, therefore? often inundated
,th4u h~ Komsomolsk capn2t, be, called" a? city completely
equipped with hygienic installations, it does have 4 hospitals*
an ,13, sanatoriums and the wai.er~~works system is almost com-
*i 13y anstalled
.'
2. gewish Autonomous,. Oblast
">~h s area was selegte4 in 1.928 as the area for Jewjsh,
imii.gration and is called the Jew.sh Autonomeua.Oblast, or the
rol~id2haan.Rpublic. . It is completely different from all the..
athgr areas in-its makeup and other characteristics..
I~ is a,-special adrni,ni;3trative district and is 'died not
oxxl with Jews from Ruusia, but; also with, ;Jews..from America, Berman
alestine, and other countries, The total popu-
laanc, PolandPa-
, 000, among thee: wing, 1 x400. Jews,, according to a
1.933 -survey.
19. ?C, and the January temperature is -25.59C.
The. we then is u u l];y harsh. In the flat.plains, the
average j'uly temperature is.20.8?C, and the January temperature
As -22,.,90 11
1 C1,. In the.mountai the average July temperature is
B, obbi
the Fax Fa stern Railroad, It is the political and financial center
of th Jew4sh , utonomo,i Oblast ..?and was said to :have a population
r bl;cl an:'is situated l80 kilaraeters vest of Khaberevs on
source, Mr military use.
thou h wells arc relied tnon for water supply, the Bira
Rivex~ wha fpws southwest of here, is suitable as a water
There is a municipal hospital at the. southwestern tip of the
city. It has 50"rooms apd 110 beds and, in addition, a clinic and
ispen yin s which can be easi y set up as hospitals. As ;`for
zdica,acities, there is one medical school of intermediate
he climate is general.l
, y rig
orous, This area, lying directly
soonthe?$berian Razlx-oa;~y which TVer runs parallel with the Amur
g._
an ovefi? the northern hills_ is tundva. Farming is possible,
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the area' is suitable i'or' Yiabitatexd'ept where' the valleyil'3,.ke
plains are narrow and cut. into the hills;. The population in those
pl4:.ces is very sparse.
Overlooking. the ~,mur River banks, near the vague Manchurian
, 141, and Soviet boundaries there' is a great'malarial pesthole.
The information bejo?p dives the principal epidemics and their
frequencies in this area"." 6f all the'acute contagious diseases,
dysentery?is the most,pn,,valent,here. It exists in various
places,in-all seasons; summer being especially bad. Although no
recent information is in our possession, it will not be difficult
to conjecture the state of things from the'past poor 'hygienic
The table below indicates conditions:
'Amur 0bl4st
Jan Feb Mare Apr . May Jun Jul Aug , Sep Oct Nov.I1ec ,Total
Yr
19113.
191?
1915
-
- .
2
12
35
47.
82 71
34
1
2$4
49
.97.
71
156
200.
689
727 3$5
129 '
96
35 .
23 ,2,
659
19
96
28
26
68
137
756.1044
2901.
89
48
.18 2.,
619
Typhoid,#eveiand paratyphoid are endemic. contagious diseases
which, re4uire.special pre.cfaut.ion because of frequent occurrence.
,The table following give the number of cases of these two diseases.
They were especially violent in the 2 months of July and. August
in the 1924 and 1926.
Mo Jan Feb Mar ' Apr., May Jun Jul. Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec' Total
1924. 39 42 26 21
1926 98 58 60 52.' 64
.41
114
99
201,195
128,
182
1,119
51
55
94
217 194
79
64
1,086
Exanthomatgus (eruptive)'typhus does not occur very fro-
uentl but the table below wll,shgw the
,for' y, month-by-month cases
1924 and 1926:
Mo Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep bct'Nov Dec Total
1944 16 23 25 17 19 28 9 7
1926 . 42, .20 21 15 13 1 - 1 l - - :114
Recurrent fever does bud there not break out frequently in Amur Oblast,
1ave been some occurrences,, in the past. The table
below shows th6 yedrly incidence of. this disease. for the period
1907 to 1914:
Yr
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913 1914 Total
Patients
81
27
2
158
49
28
13 19 377
The'Amur area often suffer from malaria. It is said that
the region around Blagoveschensk is especially plagued by fre-
quent outbreaks. The incidence of the disease for the period
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X923-19.25 is shown in, the follgvci:ng table:
Furthermore, the
4riI to 'September is
.' Blagoveshchensk
Blagoveshchensk lies in the narrow delta formed by the
Amur River where it meets i,ts tributary,?the Zeya. It was opened as
a base for Russian mass migration in the year 1866. The city is
located on. the banks of Limp River, is thickly populated, and being
the hart of the Zesk-Amurskcyr_basin, is the center of active
trading in various commodities.:; Lively International trade is
carried on across the imur Eivr during the winter, by sleigh. ,again,
the transports which cross the Amur constitute D., very essential
meads of trensbortation. during the summer.
1,11 these factors are significant in considering the spread of
epidemics. However,'. it must bD. noted that there: is a:bacteriological
research laboratory with -the following organization, ,duties; and
capacity:'
Organization: time technical chief, threo,assistant
technicians, and several employees.
Du ties: sanit.sticn and human epidemic prevention (ie.)
bacteriological cultures for,vacoines end;
Wright's method), animal sanitation against
hog plague, research on prevention of other
domestic--animan epidemics, and research on
preservation and improvement. of foodstuffs.
Capacity: room for 20 patients.
The statistics of deaths the to dysentery epidemics
between the years 1907-1914 are as follows:
r
1907
1908
1909 1910
1911
1912 1.913 1914 Total
Deaths
74
104
TO 72
pan-
knc),-,,n
-an- 68 28 418.
known
The ho' of." deaths" clue. to principe1 epidemics in Blegovesh-
ohensk b6'wb'en the years 1924-1925 are as follows:
- 19
*1924 '. ' 1925
2,184: '6,030
monthly for 1924 is given below. The period
seen to have had the most cases..
Qblaist. :52. X78 52 232 352 303 224 188 296:153 164 159
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Yr
Typhoid and' 'aratyphoid
Exanthematous Typhus
Relapsing Fever
Asiatic Cholera
s ente-ry'
Diarrhea
River, a tributary of'the Zeya. The region is generally low'and
1.: 2
94, - 96 lgO .
11
13
'24
4
-
4
1
-
1
10
8
18
102
67
1619
Kuxbyshevka is a main station on the #,mur Railroad
branch to Blagoveshchensk, It lies on the,lef banks` of the TQmi
ty; it has a martial.
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is considered satisfactory. There are many military barracks, a
situation w iich facilitates ~t'he eibtablishment of" Hospitals .
wslls. TheTomiRiver is' the sourceof the army water supply and
The drinking water: is obtained from, the Tomi River and
there is a railroGd hospital for 100 patients and a city nospital
junet?on of water and land communications. Even though'the,city
its* W . y onthe west side, it is lowEnd 'swampy on the other three
y The o ul&tion
seder since the Ze a River zigzags through it, p p
o:f tk is city, together with that of Srs.chevka which lies to the
eotth,` is approximately 20,000.,-To the southeast ofythe city-
Svobodny lies at'the intersection cif the Zeya River
And the Amur $ailroad.on the right bank of the Zeya and is s-a main
'the army uses the Zeya River as its only source of watersupPly.
The water supply is procured from the river and from
tanks at the stetion; however, because of insufficieint 'electric
'power,, the latter source is not very dependable. Oonsequently,
bearing animals live"..
zonecoweredwith thick forests, in which many types of fur
rsinfal, ,Thus,'the largest'part of this area is a subfrigid
33
4?LL.lt,,k'. VilCL,G^ .& LLV V a.Lill U k" L OLiU Q1VLa~'_ vaaG 4,vca V v, wxxv ,
wAtersyare extremely cold. Furthermore, due''to' gales - raging'-
a,'Lmost'?d fly, the summer is cold, and there is :a large amount' of
to the Tungus tribeS,`= who live a, very primitive existence of
fishing and breeding reindeer,
.1924.. 1925
15
2 - 2,...
3 2 5
In the, north are the ' YURIYASU peopled in the area e5r-
tehdin,g from the oen'ter'to the south-are a few Lamuts,,belonging
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Thore :very few Japanese and Russian fishermen in this
area, eicept in the reresentative''city of Okhotsk',` which'was
established.as a fishing port and fur exchange in early 1647.
rep(jrted,,. there -are places 'about which there are no records.
This area "must be closel observed from the viewpoint. of
the study of epidemics, since, even though no epidemics have been
Precipitation is rather heavy due to the peninsular position
In Petropavlovsk the annul precipitation was about 1,200 millimeters
The_,.western slopes, particularly, from October through April, suffer
strong northwestern winds and severe snowstorms which not only
cover the ehtire.area with a huge amount of snow, but smother all
.XI southern Sakhalin. 'far to the south.
This area is,'influenced by the cold coastal current and
a
during 1?.~inds. .For this reason yit gas empratures. However, the
sessondurin the short summer' with'ver hi h teperatures. climate
temperature drops very low during the remaining seasons. hccording
to the Petropavlovskobser46tionsi the average'teinperature in
'ebrua .js.10.2?C; in august, 16.7?C; and the annual average is
i2.1?C'..si,cc' This is still warmer than the Japanese city of Otomari
the-exception of Petrcpavlovsk,.in the original coastal towns.
severe cold., Most of the natives belong to Kamchadals or Itelmen
tribes who inhabit 'te ,-central ,southern regions. In 1927 the popu-
lation, including 5,000 Russians; was estimated at 33,,000 and, by
Jan 1933, it 'had' reached '55,300. Thins, the statistics of 5 years
,,Show a great industrial development and a large increase of immi-
grants. according to the'1939 census, the population was three
times larger than in 1929. *This population is coxicentrGted, with
and, in addition, the Kamchatka River basin does not suffer from
..Kamchatka ably st
On the other hand, the eastern belt is appreciably warm,
That west -of Lake Baikal is, classified ap "Dfc"
i,s peculiarly dry during the winter; therefore, it is recorded by
tie Koeppen method as "Dwc" and is called:NOrchjnsk climate.
There are no records of any epidemics up to the present.
Baika;hxea
Even though the area is continental, on-account of the com-
parative,ly high ground, the average yearly temperature-is 2801.'C
iWand closely resembles the northern continental, wooded areas.
zs'
The average temperature during the winter is -2.5?C and in the
coldest month it reaches -26?C. The summer temperature is 17?C
and ,'in the"vvQtMest month: it - re aches, .9?C. Thus, annual temperature
range is 42i~' td 45?C. During the winter, the ground is.,.entirely
frozen, and) since there is no+under underground water or spr=gs,,: vvater
supply for the Siberian Railro,d is difficult) The annual precipi-
tatlon does not c cceed 290 pill. 3.reter$; however, precipitation.
during the ' winter is a mere 13 millimeters, '..The climate of 'the area
east of the frozen-ground limit. on the east shore of Lake Baikal
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u, addition 'ta the. "Siberian ttailroacl; . the', pri eipai means
of. communication is, of course, the Baikal line This line was
con`s`tructed: to serve in?the invasion of thetFa ?East; however,
it ,as. later used ' for the promotion of cultural and 'economic
~r~r ress'``. Now for the sedond time, it has been' converted to
t`ilitary use. Also', part of the 1ILM Railroad, under construction
in the northern areas is said to have been opened and is becoming
all
mi
n
y.
c
o
more and more important to this area', militarily and eco
It is noteworthy: that' this area yvhich is adjacent, to western
in relations with Russia.
we were painfully aware-of our ignorance of the topography.:
The Arqun River which forms part of the border line between Man-
churia and the tJSSFt, has'-been a cause of fraction between Man-
churia.'and the ? USSR, Concerning these border problems, there
exists 'the Nerchinsk Treaty'6f more than 200.years ago, also
ev ra ?other treaties, concluded since.` Ilowever,today.a
committee to fix the Mongolian-Manchurian frontiers hE.s begun
its work in Cheat 'This area will become increasingly important
Manchur`ia played an important role as a base for the Nomonhan
locident:, .1t that point,?acting as an 0uter,Mongolian garrison,
h3ta Oblast..(Transbaikel area)
rgun River.
is composed of a belt between the eastern shores of take Baikal
and the eastern Buryat-Mongol LSSR, extending as far as the
The area beyond the region lying east of the Buryet-filIongol
SS 'W't o the Argun River is generally called Transbaikal and
This area is the source of plague, and, during the time of
?;
station, to the Mongolianfrontiers.
the Nprthernlxpedition, careful attention had to be paid to it.
Fr.9m antiquity to the present, great epidemics have spread from
Far Eastern lussia into Manchuria, with this. area always the
Source of epidemic.
' `~ ly s , ?.,,., , eon
Especially since e the ye eararn. 1919, -smallepidemicshaveb
occur ing annually in this a Even though the epidemics may
o.gcCr at any time during the year, past experience has shown that
they usually occur in the latter part of Lugust and terminate at
the, end of #Fril or May of the following year. Southern Russian
arEs again ar~ ' the ,source of epidemics which oft eh spread east-
werd into the F'ar Eastern USSR. This point should 'also be care-
fui1y considered during wartime,. The ta.rbagens (TN: Russian
mtrrmots), which are carriers of plague, live in this area in
great numbers. 'Prior to the outbreak of a human epidemic,'an
epidemic' breaks out among these-animals. The area where these
t z~b~ ons live extends from the left banks of the frgun River,
through the l.lexandrovsk'f actd'ry area and the 'vicinity of 'l gm
h.s. plc&ue occurring in the 'Par Eastern USSR and Manchuria
i;p difi'erent from that occurring in the southern areas. I:t'first
it starts as a glandular plague and later develops Ihomolytic
,symptoms. Then the epidemic reaches large proportions, it easily
spreads to the lungs. Toward the end of the endemic,' it
changes into hemolytic plague'and finally ends ac a glandular
plague
pproved,For Release 1999/08/25 :`CIA-RDP78.0 10 O,C O pQQ10012
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010012-1
F~rea Trap.sbakal
YpItr
28 191
9 1912
26; 1913
1? *... 191:4
14
34
202
15
.People With Relapsing Fever in Far
Easter ,.fiSSR in 1924
Dysentery, typhoid , etc? 6re., ordinarily, present,; ond, even though
they mayy.,occur at Lny, time,durui the year, they, usually reach their
peak. in midsummer.
Ey n though there are no reQent deteila on these..outbreaks
con-
,
ditio`ns;.c .previous epl.dernie outbreaks are as follows:.
R la si fever-!r-in,
evvr --in this area a great many people are infected
with t .is c'isease st the ?present time.' kccaz'ding to available
'
:statistics, the results a"re as
follow6i
153
hus- -the following tables'. 'show the persons
People With. Exanthematous..Typhus in Far Eastern .6:reas in 1924
Jul
'Lug
3 2
Sep
Qct 34
Uov 62
bee 43
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People With Exanthematous Typhus in Far Eastern USSR in 1926
---persons int"licted with this disease are shown in
Area Transbaikal Area Transbaikal
1,893
People With Malaria in Far Pastern USSR
.My l Nov
Jan 22 Jul
Feb 44 Aug
Mar 24 Sep
.Apr 62 ' Oct
Jun `9 bee
People With Malaria in Far Eastern USSR in 1926
Area Tronsbs,ikal Area Transbaikal
Jul
15 tug,
40
.46
185
264
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 CIA-RDP78-03109A00050001jJQ12-1
the fo].,1owing tables:
Persons'With Malaria in '&r.Eastern Areas in'1923-1925
patients
1923 11518
192 171
1925 204
Total
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SECRET
People With`. Malaria Along the Not&ra-TransbOikal Railroad of the
Far East in 1926
Railroad
Transbaikei Railroad
Railroad
Transbaikal Railroad
to
Mo
Jan
5
Jul
40
Feb
8
Jug
48
Mar
Sep
43
Apr
27
Oct
10 .
May
57
Nov
8
'Jun
85
Dec
-
Total.
331,
A t ax_a .d glanders-these two diseases have raged in the
Far Eastern USSR since antiquity. At the time of the Czars (about
1785), an anthrax epidemic broke out in the Ob River area, with
Siberia and Tobolsk as its center. Before this, epidemic subsided,
a severe glanders epidemic 'broke out and is said to have infected
half of the horses in this area, The state of these two diseases
in 1924-1925 was as follows:
Area Transbaikal
Disease
Glanders 95
Anthrax X67
NOTE: The number of Victim: appears to be directly proportional
to the number of animals in each district.
1. City of Chita
The city of Chita is the political, military, and economic
center of Chita Oblast, with a population of about 102,000. Even
though the city is weld-planned and quite scenic, the roads are
not yet finished, and the sewage-and ?garbage.-disposal systems are
by no means completed. Hence, the city in general is very unsani-
tary.
Even though a great number of ancpholes have been
noticed recently, there are no records of any malaria, among the
inhabitants.
Since the city is an important station of the Siberian
Railroad ,and a commercial center between the USSR and Mongolia,
exanthemutous typhus, relapsing fever, plague, and dysentery are
often introduced, causLng violent epidemics. An outstanding,
example of this is the .great epidemic of exanthematoius typhus
which broke out clear the city of Chita in 1915-1916.
The medical institutions include, besides the three hospitals,
a mental hospital, a tuberculosis sanitarium,, a venereal-disease
station, .:nd a railroad hospital which are extremely valuable. In
addition, there is a mr:dicLl institute, a plague research labora-
tory, a bacteriological plant, and other establishments of
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considerable value.
The number 'of deaths
city is as follows,:
Y 190 ' gb `1910 1911 1912 1913. 1914 . Tote.-
Deaths 28 16 13 46 18 13 15 149
Persons with Exantneina'tous
Typhus >in the city of Clii'ta
'
SEC
]'AN
A
MHR
AQF'
MAY
J t
~UL
U6
9
OL'"~
eIGY
DEC
0
75
7A
65
5
-
5
y
45
!
`i
=
<
'
!
21
5
10
27
62
6Q 1
~4
37..
t
3.
44.
6:
74
and bottom indicate tae number of patients.
ATE : The Arabic,-numbers to the left
Persons Hospitalized with Exanthemous
Typhus in tae Chita Railroad hospital
in 919
T +~-UQ TO
60 - 1JAP.1 FER MAR APR MAY )UN 1i1L Alai ;tP G^7h1~~V pEf:7 55 -
l5 Ii