SOVIET VIEW OF CONDITIONS IN SINKIANG

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 18
• Publication Date: May 8, 1947
• Content Type: TRANS

Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
DOCUMENTS BRANCH
TRANSLATION
8 May 1947
Prepared By
Documents Branch
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE GROUP
New War Department Building
21st and Virginia Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109AO00500010018-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
WARNING
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UN I TED, STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE ACT. 50
U.S.C.. 31 AND 32, AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
OF ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO ANY
UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW. REPRODUCTION OF THE
INTELLIGENCE IN THIS PUBLICATION IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT SPECIAL
AUTHORITY FROM THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE.
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A0005d0010018-5
D O C U M E N T S B R A N C H
Number 70 S May 1947
SOVIET VIEW OF CONDITIONS IN SINKIANG
Prepared by
Documents Branch
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE GROUP
2430 E Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved For Release 199/08/25: CIA-RDP78 {03' 09A000500010018-5
Distribution Lis
State Dept (IAD) 5
JTS 7
C CF: 10
AAA' 21
AGE' 10
ID` 8
CINCP. CFLT 2
CO TNAVJAP 2
COJINA'G' QESPAC 5
Op-20--2 (via Op-32 Y-1) 1
ONE 8
C:r. 5
,
50
DB`
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78'-031 09A00050001-0018-5
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
Soviet View of Conditions in Sinkiang
(Doe No 302877)
This is an extract translation from a Japanese
document titled "Soviet View of Conditions in Sin-
kiang,11 The Japanese original is a translation of
all Sinkiang data appearing in a Russian document
titled "Countries of the East," which was published
in 1936 by the All-Union Trade Council.
The document deals chiefly with socioeconomic
subjects in a rather brief outline form. The sec-
tions extracted and translated in this publication
cover trade, industry, aviculture and animal hus-
bandry, transportation and communications, and ethnic
groups,
Pages 1 through 13
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25 :. ;CIA-RDP78-031O9A00059001"OQ18.-5,
Doe No 302877
SOVIET VIEW OF CONDITIONS IN SIN,KIANG
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inhabitaiits
A. Population .
~B. Density of Population
C, Ethnic Groups
II. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
A. General
By Agriculture
C. cultivated Land
D. Agricultural Products
E. Farming 'Methods
F; Cotton
G. Livestaok
{
III. Industries
A.. General
B.. Natural Resources and Mining
C. iIanufacturing Industries
CPYRGHT
IV.
China Affairs Board
Political Section
September 1940
Transportation Routes and Telecommunicat~ons
It Roads
Road Systems /
C., P;Iotor Transportation
D.? Air Routes
E. Water Transportation
F. Telecommunications
.Trade with the USSR
General
Exports to the USSR
Imports from the USSR
EDITORtS NOTE: Words.appearing in upper case
followed by asterisks are trans-
literations from Japanese.
C 01`TFI DEI' ' IAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018&-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
CPYRGHT
CONFIDENTIAL
I . INHABITANTS
There are 14 different ethnic groups in Sinkiang. The total
population is about four million. Since there is no official cen-
sus or other general statistical data on population in Sinkiang,
this figure is an estimate, as are the others throughout this
document.
B. Density of Population
The average density of population is about two persons per
square kilometer, but the actual density varies greatly in different
regions, In the Tva -ch'eng and A-erh-ttai areas, for instance, the
density is approximately 3.6 persons per square kilometer, while in
the southern cases reL;i.ons`i_t ranges from 210 to 270 for every
square kilometer.
. Ethnic Groups
Ethnic Groups
Population
Percentage of
Total Population
Uighurs
2,400,00(
60.0
Chinese
480,000
12.0
,~Mlongols (Chahars, Eleuts, Hoshots,
and Torguts)
350,000
8.7
Kazaks (Kerait, Naiman, Arbu- ,
and KIZAI*)
310,000
7.7
Tungans
240,000
6.0
Manchus
80,000
2.0
Kirghiz
50,000
1.6
Russians
30,000
Tadzhiks
20,000
Uzbeks
15,000
Indians
8,000
Tatars
2,000
2.0
TSUIGAH*
2, 000
Others
3,000
These ethnic groups inrLabit the following regions:
1. The Uighurs are the main race in Sinkiang who inhabit the
important oases regions and the I-li River Basin.
2. The 1. ongols (nomads) 'are divided into the following:
a. The Torguts of the Yen-ch}i (Kara Shahr) Banner live
along the Yuldus River (TN: Probably along both Yihe Yuldus and
Raga Yuldus Rivers).
b. The Torguts of Shikho Banner inhabit the region be-
tween the Ma-na-s su River arid the Po-to-ho-ld Range and the spur
ranges north of the Po.-lo-ho-lo.
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CtA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109AO00500010018-5
'CPYRGHT
CONFIDENTIAL
c, The Torguts of Khobuk-Saur Banner inhabit the aree
around Lake ORUFU* in the UKURASHARU* .(TN: . Pr.opably. Urkashar
Region.) and the ar? eas- around Lake JAIRA*, Lake JUREN'I*., Lake
S,ARAI3UUR.UTSUI*, Lake Wu-lun-lcu-no-erh and the Kara Irtis niter
d, The Torguts of pu-lun-tto-hoi banner inhabit the.:
region along the Wiu-lun-ku River and its upper tributaries and
the B.ulagan and Chingil River Basins,
ee The - ECHINS* i nhabit the southern slopes of the
Ttien-shan and northwestern portion of Yen-ch'i (Kara Shahr)
and Torgut Banners,
f. The Eleuts of DQURUBUN* (TN:
inhabit the region along the upper reaches
and ytung-ohi_ssu.Rivers,
g. The. Eleuts of ZURUDAN* (TN: Probably Zurgan or
Zulgan) Suma,inhabit the region along the upper reaches of-the
Ttieh-kto-ssu River,.
h,, The E ,euto of ARUB4N* (TN: probably Arban) Suma
inhabit the southern slopes of Po-to-ho-lo Range and the K'o-ship
Raver and its tributaries.
i. The Eleuts of UOSHITAI* Suma live in the towns of
UKURASHARU* and JAJIIRU*,
j, The inhabitants of HOROSHIYOTO* (TN': probably
Horoshoto) Banner, inhabit the area east of Yen-ch'i (Kara Shahr)
and Torgut Banners and the area east of the road- from Ti-hua
(tJrumchi) to Tie-ku-ssu,
k... The Chahars inhabit the Buura Tala, River Valley.
3, 'Manchus
a. The -Sibos livb in the cities of GT I* (TIT: Probably:
Hui-Chuang) and YUANCHEN* (TN: Probably Hui-Yuan-ch'eng) in
Sui-ting (I-li) Hsien.
b. he Soluns' live in the cities along the left bank
of the I-li River, in the army garrison areas, and in Ti-hua
(Urumchi), Ma-na-ssu and Chuguehak areas,
Probably Dorbon) Surma
of the Ttieh-kto-ssu
c, `The DAURUS* inhabit the Sargan, ARIT:I[ITO* (TN:
Probably A=Ti-ma-t cu) .SU,ARA* and KERE* Suma areas, -. . ?
a. The Kterait inhabit the A-eph-tai regioi'i, that is,
the areas along the BE.NZEKU* River, Ithabak^e-Burchun River,
upper' reaches . of ,. the SLTI~JDAT* River, K'o-lan River, -Kara' Irtis
River, Ku Irtis River, TwVu-lun-ku River. and the ;Iuz Tagh region.
b. The Naimans inhabit the 0-min River Valley, the.
Mayli-Dzayri mountain region and the Barlyk Hills..
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For. Release 1999/08/25 CIA-RDP78-03109AO00500010018-5
 Approved; For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
CONFIDENTIAL
4., The Arbuns? and KIZAI* inhabit the"Muz Tagh, the Tsaguma
River valley, the areas along the left bank of the Kto-shih River,
the tributaries of the. Te-mu-li-kto River, the.Kfung.-chi-ssu River,
the Te-riku-li-k'o River, the Tura River, the STJ* (TN: "SU" means
water or.river in the Turki language and milk in Mongolian) River
and the Kyz-Emchek region.
The Chinese are, scattered widely throughout the cities of
Sinkiang, but the localities in which'they have concentrated are
the cities and army garrison areas -around Ti-hua (Urmchi).
(Kumul ), and Ma-na-s su.
6. Tungans
"
The Tungans live in the southern part, of the Kara Kol
region and in the following villages' of the Sui-ting area: Kuang-
en Lu-tsao-kou , Sui-tin Ching-chfi-ko-tzu, CHEPAN* and
ABURAV,I* ARUTSUN* SATSUII U-` UHI*, DARt1DANTSTJ*, and ERUZUAN*.
The Tungans also live in the'cities and villages in the'Tl-hua
area such as Ti-hua, GUCHIEN* (TN: Probably Ku-chfeng), IIa-mi
of the Sandju River,
The Kirghiz live in the mountains of the Su-fu (Kashgar)
region, mainly in the area from KUUCHI* Tagh to the upper reaches
The Tadzhiks inhabit the western?portion of Su-fu
(Kashgar), that is, the river valleys of the`Ta-shih-ho-erh-han,
Tagarma, W'a-chtih, and Harlan Rivers. They are also scattered
throughout the Yarkand River'Basin from Mariong to KASARABA* and
in the river valleys of Kilian, upper Tiznaf;, PAFUPN* (TN:
probably Pohpu), CHIUSHI*, YORIJGU* (TN: Probably Ulugh-Sai)
USOSA* (TN': Probably I7sos) and Gusos.
These people dwell in the cities of the areas formerly
occupied by Russians such as Su-fu (Kashgar), Ti-hua and
T t a-ch t ezg,
7. Kirghiz
10. Indians
Almost all of the I::4djans live in the cities of Khotan,
Yeh-erh-ch t iang (Yarkan.d) Yeh.-ch f eng (Karghalik), and Su-fu
(Kashgar).
'11. TSUIGAN.*
The TSUTGANS* are scattered in small groups in the cities
of the Su-fu (Kashgar) c,,.rea.,.
The Russ . a , , p L i v e , e j.n the Sui-ting (I-li) region and in
the cities of. KhotVan Tea-c'hteng, Ti-hua, and I-ning (Kuldja).
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved 'For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5'
CPYRGHT
C 017IDENT IAL
II. -AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBAI DR'Y
Gen?eral
The principal obstacles to the development of agriculture and
animal.husbandry in Sinkiang area (1)'the colonial status o.f.this
area and.. (2') the. feudal relationship (between landowner' and tenant--
`farmer) existing in-the agricultural districts. This feudal con-
dition is apparent in the exploitation and subjugation of tenant-
farmers=and herdsmen in much the same way as the serfs were sub-
jugated under a feudal system. Tvlost of the tenant-farmers in
Sinkiang cultivate land owned by landowners, by'the government, or
by the Mohammedan temples. The basic forms of tenant-farming_,are:
(1) -payment of farm'rent in kind or partially in kind, (2) payment.,
of farm rent with money. The former is the , more widely practiced
in Sinkiang. Most of the crops which are necessary to the farmers
and herdsmen are taken by the'landowners in the form of rent,
This and the high interest rates imposed upon farmers retard the
development of the agricultural districts. Irrigation is-the
foundations of agriculture in Sinkiang, but the entire irrigation
system is in the hands of the landowners who use it as a means of,
exploiting the tenant-farmers.
B. Agriculture
The estimated minimum area of arable land is 6,200,000
hectares. The total area of cultivated land, including government
land cultivated by immigrants who have come from Kansu'd.uring the
past few years, was roughly 1,300,000 hectares prior to the civil-
war years of 1932-34. In other words, less than 20 per cent of all
the arable land was under cultivation then. This figure includes
both irrigation and dry farming areas.
If we take into consideration the vast areas.of the ,TakJa? l:lakan
Desert which are covered with a.sedimentary stratum of loess and the
Tarim River basin of which only a negligible part is irrigated and
farmed, then the total area of land suitable for. cultivation becomes
considerably more than the estimated 6,200,000. hectares.
Area Under Cultiyation(Hectares) Percentag
Since 1922 there lave been no official publications issued
covering data-on the total area of cultivated land in Sinkiang.
The following information on arable land in the various regions
is from unofficial sources. Local administrative oi'fices.usually
withhold the actual fig'ur?s`for cultivated areas because of taka--
tion reasons. T ereforo, all the data on the total cultivated
area, cultivated areas according to regions, and the acreage of
various crops are only rough estimates.
Region
A-erh-tai
Tta-ch+eng
Sui-Bing (I-li)
Ti--hua (Urumohi )
Eastern Turkestan
Total
30,U00.
2'.3
_60,000 4.6
200,000 15.1
,170,000 131.0
86.0,000 6~p
1,320,000
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109AO00500010018-5
Ma na"ssu and ?Sha wan to supplement the loc.ai,.erops..
a certain amount of grain is 'imported into this ar?a. .After the
last World Tfar, rice, wheat, and other cereals wore brought in from
The _ ir3.ncipal .,agricultural districts' of Chinese A-erh-tai are
Ch'eng-hua and T.lay-Eapchagay Hsion where there is irrigation.
Cultivated land is l milted to areas near small oases inthe Pu-lun-
t'o-hai and Pu-orh-thing River areas. The cereal crop of Ch'eng-hua
To alone would not meet the need's of this region, and, therefore,
matoely 60,000 hectares were being farmed.
In.':T:f a-ch ong Tao th`o total cultivated 'r?a up to 1928 was
i;o~sl th:a 24,000 hectares and the shortage in the grain harvest
was supplemented by importing; grain from other regions. However,
.after 1928, the-semi-nomadic population of this area began to bring
the goyornmont land along the foothills of Pa-erh-li-k-o, T'a-orh-
pa-ka-tIai.and Wu-erh-ka-su-orh Mountains under cultivation. This
inoreased the total area of cultivated land, and in 1932'approxi
Su.i-ting Tao is called the granary of the Ttien-shan-Poi-lu.
of to total cultivated area is located. along
Almost throe-fourths
the I-li River and 'its 'tributaries where farming is-done by irriga-?
Lion. The longest irrigation canal is 130 kilometers in length and
extends from the ?dash River to Sui-ting. Because of silt accumu-
lation and disrepair only the 70 kilometer-section from f3ayanday
to Su'-tung is in use at the present time. This canal irrigates
land,from 5 to 8 kilometers wid'o' along both of ' its' banks. There
.,.is another, irrigation canal in the Chapch.dl region which is 75
kilometorg long. This canal draws its water from the I-li River
And irrigates land cultivated by. Manchurian irrnnigrants. The third
largest canal which also ~dravis its water from the I-li' River irri-
only 200,000 heotares,a:re being cultivated at the present time.
Ling region is about 1,100,000 hectares. In addition to this there
are about 180,,000 hagtares o*;' irrigable land. Howov'er, of this1
Judging by rough estimates, the total arable land in the Sui-
'Ti-hua T o.
The main a,gricultu:al areas in Ti=hua Tab are T'u-lu-fan
09-s i s ~,nd the Su-fu, Man-na-s su and ha-mi Oases in the Kumul
region. In the T'u-lu-fan Oasis area, 70 per:'cont of the, culti-
vatcdland is irrigated by water drawn from the mountains. The
total cultivated area prior to 1932 wa's about 55,000 hectares,
which is about30per cent of the total cultivated area in
s result of-;thecivil war during 1932-34, the sovoral
arec s mcntionod were heavily damaged, but they aro' gradually
being brought backto formal,;
shoat, barley,?-rya -corn; millet and, various types of beans
,Agricultural Products
are grown in the A-c.rh-t ii region. The quality of the' tobacco'
loaves raised in' this aro is very poor. About 3,000 '_~eotaros of
r,poppics are cultivated for oI?ium.
from 16 kilograms of soods iE#: 120 kilograms of wheats 160 to 190
kilograms of barley, 640 to E300 kilograms of ryeJ and approximately
L
The grain harvest in the A-orh-tai region.-`for irrigated land
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
CPYRG-IT
CONFIDENTIAL
On the whole the same crops are raised in T'a-ch'eng Tao as in
the A-orh-tai region. The harvest for 1 hectare of irrigated land
:is,: loss than 2metric tons of wheat 1.4 to 1.6 mctrc'tons of
,.barley and oats, 1.3 to 2.2 metric tons of maize, 2.5 to.3.0 metric
tons of millet, 5 to 8 metric tons of potatoes, d 4-.to.5;x11otrio
tons of lucerne.
In T'a-ch'ong Tao,, the following data for' 1932 are avilablo:
25,000 hIoctares of millet, 2,000 hectares of potatoes and vogo..-
tables, 2,000 hectares of melons and 9,000 hoctaros of.luc;erne,
In I9~2, the cultivated acreage for 8u.i-ting. Tao. was as follows:
80,000 hoctaros of wheat (including 26,000 hoctaros.'of dry marsh-
land which has boon.cultivatod), 15,000 hectares of. barley, 6,000
hectares of millet, 5,000 hectares of cats, 1,00.0 hectares of
maize, 806 hectares of rico, 100 hectares of kaoliang, 5,000
hectares of oil-producing agricultural products (such as scsamo),,
5,000 hectares of lucerne, and approximately 7,000hectaros-.of
other miscellaneous agricultural products such as vogotabbles,
melons,, beans, tobacco and poppies. In 1932, 3,000 hectares of
poppios were cultivated and 6 to 10 kilograms of opium were
obtained per hectaro.
Cotton raising is still in the experimental stage, and. only
15 or 16 hectares of it are cultivated. .
The amount of winter wheat grown is very little--the reason
for this. being that the wheat frequently freezes during the cold
weather. In irrigated areas 1.2 to 1.3 tons of wheat are obtained
per hoctare. When crops are good, harvests of winter wheat run up
to 2.5 metric tons per hectare. The average yield for barley is
0.8` to 1 metric ton, for oats it is 0.7 to 0.9 metric tons, and for
millet it is 0.8 to 1 metric ton per hootare. 'The average yield of
riog for I hectare is 2.5 metric tons, for maize it is 1.2 to 1.5
metric tons, and for lucerne it is 5 to 6 metric tons.
The principal agricultural product of T'u-lu-fan (Turfan)
Oasis is kaoliang and almost 50 par cent of the entire irrip:atod
land in this area is used in raising this product. Thirty per cent
of the irrigated area is used in raising wheat. Cotton, barley,
henip and vogetablas arc' produc ed in the remaining 20 per cant :.,f
the land,
The principal crop in the Ma-na-ssuregion is rico?.
The main agricultural product in southern Sinkiang (T'ion-
shan Nan-lu) is wheat,.-for which 40 per cent of the total culti-
vated land is used; 30 per cant of the land is used for growing
maize. Rice, kaoliang,'? buckwheat, olives, hemp, flax, sesame,
and oil-producing agricultural products are also grown. The
quality of the cotton and tobacco raised in this area is below
average.
The bast fruits are raisod in T'u-lu-fan Oasis. These arc
shipped to Kansu Province.
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 ,Approved For Release 1999/08/25 CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018'-5
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
Proper crop rotation is
areas where .water is. scarce,
ivatod each season.
not,practiced ' in. Sinkiang, In most
new and different fields are culti-
1n Chinese A-erh-tai twO, crops are raised each year; Cereals
are planted during April and May and are harvested, in August.
Crude farming implements. 'are used.
Farming equipment imported from the USSR have been used in
Tfa-ch'eng,Tao since 1929. These are used particularly in large-
saeal.e farming projects. In the Ti-hua and Sui-ting Tao areas,
farmiri~ machinery imported from the USSR is also usbd.
Because ~ oe the extremely poor transportation faci1itiel-,
farrntng`e,qui.pment has not as yet ?been brought in
Sinkiang-Prom the USSR.
The principal ootton,producing areas in Sinkiang. are T'u-
lu-fan in TJ.-hua Tao and the several oasis regions south of
Tien-Shan. Cotton production in Sinkiang during the past 15
years has decreased trernendoia.sly--ono of the main reasons for
this being the deterioration of irrigation facilities,
Ili 1931 the average; yield of, cotton per hectare.was not
more than half a ton. Nudging from this, the total yield would
have been approximately 49,000 metric tons for 1931,
Cotton production as follows;
Oases
Ttu-lu-fan,'Pti-than, Lukchun
T to-kto-':zsiin, (Toksuin) HATTZUUN
Ktu-0rh-1o (Kor.la)
'Market
Yeh-orh--ch?Tang
Faizabad,
Pa-oh ttz tf
Khotan, Gulalthma, Yu-tien(Ker:iya
Su-fu (Kashg'ar Kona Shahr )
Othors
tributed to the unlimited development in livestock raising in this
area, but as stated previously, the unfavorable social and ocon-
,omic conditions prevent the use of those natural resources to
advantage. AlthouE*h cattle rni Gi ng is
Hectares
11,000
4,000
2,600
4,800
6,800
6,000
2,400
2, 000
3,000
1,800
1,900
1,000
1,600
900
950
of cotton are consumed yearly
finished commercial items to
Approximately. 4,600 motric.tons
in Sinkiang; the rest is exported as
the USSR 'or to' Kansu Province,,
The abundant natural pasturage of Sinkiang should have con-
.
Yield(Metric Tons)
5,400
2,000
1,300
2:,400
3,400
3,000
1,200..
 Approved for F ease 194W68/25 ::- CIA-RDP7a-0316OA00~05000100-19'5~
The estimated, total for cattle is roughly 1,445,000 head.
.;Divided into regions they are distributed as follows:
A-erh-tai To
50,000 Head
Ti-hua Tao, T'a-chteng Tao
120,000 "
Suiting Tao
325,000 "
Southern Sinkiang
950,000
the nomadic and semi-nomadic people, e metno7o e
.are very primitive. The first plans for organized aid along
veterinary aand cattle-raising lines were started after 1934.
Stock animals were imported and stock farms were established with
the aid of the. USSR.
There are no definite sources from which accurate livestock
figures'can be obtained. Estimated figures for livestock of the
period prior to 1932-34 are as follows:
Ti-hua Tao,
a-mi Tao
,A=erh-tai Tao,
Tfa-ch1eng Tao
Sui-t'ing Tao
Southern Sinkiang
Sheep "ountain Sheep Total
(In Thousands) (In Thousands) (In Thousands) %
2,200
300
2,500
20
3,500
500
4,000
31
1,600
250
1,850
15
3,800
570
4,370
34
11,100
1,620
12,720
100
Totals
The estimated total for horses ,is roughly .700,000 head.
Divided into regions they are distributed as follows:
follows:
There are about 75,000 to 80,000 distributed regionally as
A-erh-tai Tao
65,000 Head
T'a-chteng Tao
50,000
Ti-hua Tao..
50,000
Sui-ting Tao
140,000
Eastern Turkestan Area
390,000
.-.A-erh-tai Tao - 15,000 Head
.
"T' a-ch,? eng.,Tao 4,000.
Ti-hua.' ;Tao- 22,,000 .."
Sui-_ting Tao 5,000
Southern Sinkiang :30,.000 to 40,000 Head
.-Livestock and livestock products are important export items
as indicated by the following table showing the proportion of
these items exported to the'USSR as compared to the total exports
(in 10000 ehervone~s'):
Exports....
(in '1, 000 gold rubles)
Total. :Exports to the USSR
16,033
10,212
12,305
18,822
.5,945
Livestock, and Livestock
Products
13,021
9,212
10,2.7
14,801
4,981
~perceutage.'
81
90
'83
79
83
ApprovedFor. Re1e6se-1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A0005000.10018-5
 Approved. For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
CPYRGHT
A. Genera
CONFIDE TIAL
III. INDUSTRIES
Small family manufacturing units which process local raw materia
Lorm the basic industry of Sinkiang. These small family units which
produce baskets, wool rugs and silk cloth are concentrated where the
necessary raw materials can be obtained easily or for other economic
reasons.
Small manufacturers are) fettered by the extremely high interest
Pates charged for capital.
The few largo manufacturing plants inexistence are under govern
rnent control. These are known as "I.,Iodel Experimental Stations", or
as "Industrial Apprentice Schools" and are under a government super-
visor with 30 to 50 workers and apprentices. These "stations" and
it schools" are found in such cities as Ti-hua, T!u_lu-fan, PTi-ch+an,
Klu-chte (Kucha), Su-fu. and A-kto-su. The shoos, saddles, military
supplies, and cotton and wool clothing produced by these plants are
not placed on the open market but are forwarded, without exception,
to the provincial army and government.
Production methods are crude and the products are Jf extremely
inferior quality.
There are no laws governing labor irm Sinkiang,
B. Natural. Resources and
Sinkiang is abundant in. underground resources, but mining is
done mostly by individuals. Only a few of the minerals are mined,
and these by hand methods. Government projects are limited to gold
mining, quarrying and coal mining. In 1930 the economic development
plan initiated by the Ti-hua Government included the purchase of
machinery from foreign nations for the development of mining in
Sinkiang, but this plan did not materialize,
C. I,Tanufacturing Industries
Textilos--The manufacture of cotton itoms such as rugs and
.overcoats for farmers and hordors?-has developed quite extensively
in Sinkiang. Faizabad and Ying-chi-sha (Yang Hissar) in southern
Sinkiang are the centers of the textile industry. production of
hand-wovon textiles amounts. to 7,500,000 tan (a tan equals a roll
of cloth 5.6 meters in :Longth.), Of this, over 600,000 'tan are
shipped out to Kansu Provinc,w, and to Tibet and about 200,000 tan,
to Afghanistan and Indira. 4,500,000 tan aro consumed in Sinkiang.
Tho only tex-tilo plant in Sinkiang equipped with machinery
was built in 1928 in Ti-hua. This plant :has 26 machines with 720
spindles. The monthly production was 6.00 tan of cotton cloth and
20 piculs (a picul is 133.3-pounds) of thread? This factory has
stopped production in recent years.
Loathor--The processing of loather such as goat, horso and
cow loather, the tanning cuzd, .dressing of :leather and the manufac-
turing of leather pr'dduc.ts such as slippers, shoes, and saddles
aro mostly done by:hand. Small factories manuf ;oturing lcathcr
id -
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25.: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDPI8 -03i09A000500010018=5
items are most numerous in KUURIJIN* Hsien, the various hsion in
southorn Sinkiang and in the A-orh-tai region. The fact~orios in
I-li Tao.-are equipped with steam and electric power facilities.
There are three factories in I-ning (Kuidja) equipped with
machinery. Each factory produces from 20,000 to 25,000_Yargo
and small pieces of pr'ocessod loather. These hides are sold to
foreign countries, but manufactured leather products are all
only is.used) and in the Khotan and Lop areas (whore silk is
mixed into the wool). A part of those products are oxportod.
Furs--The fur industry includes the selection, washing and
drying`' furs and the monufacture of felt and felt products,
The excellent Khotan felt is made by family enterprise.' Rugs
are iiado Mostly in the Kashgar and Yarkand areas, (where wool
consumed within Sinkiang.
'Cotton--Cotton processing plants are located in Tsu-lu-fan,,
K'u-or h-la and Su-fu (Kashgar).
Foodsttf#'s--Thorn are no.large, modern plants producing
foodstiu~pfs. In Ti-hua and I-ning there is a flour mill end a
vegetable oil producing plant which have machinery, but the
majority of the flour mills, rico mills and such are small
family affairs with crude home-made machinery.
Miscollanoous--Subsidiary to foodstuffs industries is
the manoiac ure o soap, paste, candlos, and glue. In'Ti-hua
,and I-tying there are a fow small breweries and crude facilities
whero a .kind of wine called "Jun" is made of rice, kaoliang,
wheat..and maize. Thoro are sovoral'factorios in I-ning where
tobacco, is..Troducod entirely by hand. The quality of tho'
tobacco is very poor. Forestry and lumbering industries are
conocntratod.in the thickly forested areas of Sui-ting Tao and
Chinese A-orh-tai. Lumbering is by hand. There are also
motalsreiths and brick makers.
IV. TRANSPORTATION ROUTES AND TELEC01MUNI CATIONS
Approved For Release 1999/08/25.: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5i
The majority of the roads in northern and southern Sinkiang
are 'unpaved. Uovrover, a. part of the's'e roads can ,bc_ us od by light
vohioles. Truck traffic is difficult. The existing road system
is vary limited and cannot moot the needs of such a wide and vast
area as Sinkiang. Tho rivers in western China are conveniently
located and the..possibility- of establishing a wut,or routto in this
region has' been mentioned. Howovor, this has ndt, at the pro'sont
time,' bodii realized.
B. Road Systems
,In southern Sinkiang, roads which are not connected with out-
sidc.rogions run from oasis to oasis. Roads loading. to Tibet,
India, Afghanistan and the U ,SR run from the oasis regions andt he
industrial Centers towards the mountain, chain Around southern
Sinktian.g, A road, across the Gobi Desert connects southern Sinkiang
Arid. Chixja, re or... rorthorn and southern Sinkiang are connected by
a Mouiatc4n ro"o;d v ich crosses the f uz Art Dovran and extends to the
,Ttioh_kio-ssu Rivor. There is?alsa,a motor road running through
the commercial and political centers of the oasis regions and ex-
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
CPYRGHT ,, .~.~....--..
tending to the Ti-hua area. The principal citios within each district
.are the nucloii for the transportation routes in Northern Sinkiang.
These roads connect with the main routes which extend to outside
regions and also with the ox:tremoly inadequate internal system of
roads.
C, . Motor Transportation
Plans for motor transportation were first begun in 1927. At
.that time, the Sinkiang Administration had in. its possession 50 now
and old motor vehicles. Plans wore made to convert the T'a-ch'eng
to Ua-mi road into a motor read. Construction of a bridge was bogun
then on^tliis road and complcted in 1931. A school for motor car
operators and technicians was opened in Ti-hua in 1930, and a govern-
mont-controlled road bureau was ostablishod. This bureau kopt the
main roads in repair for motor traffic. Its first project as to con-
struct a motor road between Ti-hua and Chti-t'ai (254 1m). rotor
transportation was begun between these two points during tho latter
part of 1930. In 1931, the work of widoning the caravan routo be-
twoon Chti-t'ai and Hami (514 lam) into a motor road was undertaken,
but was discontinued because of_ the unrest in the Il;mi aroa. The
now govornmont which was ostablishod in Sinkiang in 1933 undertook
tho repair df the Ti-hua to T'a-oh'eng road.
D. Air Routes
Air routes wore includod in tho plan to inprgvo liaison be-
ttiwoon Sinkiang and eastern China. The EVURAJIN*.(TN: Probably
Eurasia) Company, which is under the 'Tini stry of Co:4Tnunications,
established a trial routo as follows: T'ai-yuan, Sui-yuan, Pao-tou,
Wu-yuan, I3a-mi, Ti-hua, I-ning. Tho first airplane trip from Poi-
ping to Ti-hua was made during the latter part of 1931. There is no
regular service as ?yet.
E. 1"Tat or Transportation
Rivors,in the A-orh-t'ai area on which navigation,is possiblo
arc the Kara Irtis, Pu-orh-thing and K10-lan Rivers.
In 1913 a special oxpodition made up of Russian technicians
such as iloshkov proved that it was. possible to navigate the Kara
Irti.s River from the mouth of ARUKABEKU* fiver to the WTdu-lun-ku-
no-orh (Ulyungur Nor). However, this is possible only'during the
months. of L-:Iay and ,June
It is ;possiblo for .stoamboats to navigate the 'Ili River from
the confluence of the T'ioh-14:'o-ssu and Kung--chi-ssu' Rivers to the
USSR-Sinkiang bordor, which is a distance of 500-kilom.otorg?. From
Kodjigcr to the USSR border, a distance of 57 kilomotors, it is
possible for a vossol of. 0.9 motors draught or ,less to.navigate
frocly from mid-larch to Octobor.
F._ Tolocommunicatiohs
There- is telegraphic `communication botUrocn Ti-hua and all
principal cities situatad.along main roads of every tao'and hsion.
Of the telegraphic. communication system which existed batvreon
Czarist Russia and Sinking,, only that bc'b woori I-ning and Khorgos
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A0005000100"t8-5a
End of DOCUMENTS BRANCH TRANSLATION No 70'
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-51
(Kazakh SSR) has boon restored. Radio stations are located at
Su-fu Ti-hua, and Chti-ttai. Thoro are plans for stations in
other cities.
V., TRADE 7TITH USSR
A. General
Trade with tho USSR began to develop from 1923-24. The
economic depozdonco of Sinkiang on tho USSR was not the only
reason for the increased' tempo of trade botvrocn the two, but
the speedy recovery of the Soviet economy after the `;,,orld Tar
and the foreign trado policy of the USSR were vital factors
behind this development.
B. Exports to the USSR
1.*7ool--4,796 tons in 1935
Ilidos--(Procosscd and non-processed) (Based. on Soviet
tariff statistics) 2,027 tons in 1935.
Cotton--1,094 tons in 1935. (In recent years the in--
croasod demand for cotton by the Sinkiang Army
and the increased exports of rugs to Lfghani-
stan and India have increased local consumption
of cotton.)
Livostock--17,361 tons in 1935.
Silk--Approximately 100 tons of raw silk produced
annually. Most of this is exported to India.
Sixty-two tons of raw silk yore exported .to
the USSR in 1935 according to Soviet tariff
statistics.
Wool Rugs--Fourteen tons of wool rugs wero exported
to the USSR in 1933. No felt is exported to
the USSR.
Furs--In 1934 the USSR purchased 1,148,000 gold rubles
worth of'procossod and unprocessed furs from
Sinkiang.
Cotton Cloth--2,475 tons in 1935.
Hemp Products--34 tons in' 1935.
Sugar--2,501 tons in 1935,
Pctroloum--3,204 tons in 1935.
Stool--670 tons in 1935.
Machinery and Electrical Equipmont--1,334 tons in 1935.
Matches--146 tons in 1935.
Ceramic Ware--242 tons in 1935.
Rubber Products--15 tons in 1935.
Chemical and Modloal Products--87 tons in 1935.
Spicos--37 tons'in 1935.
Tobacco--153 tons in 1935,
Canned Goods--17 tons in ?1935.
,End of Document No 302877
C. Imports from the USSR
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25 CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010018-5