EVALUATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03362A000300050002-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 38
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 22, 2001
• Sequence Number: 2
• Content Type: REPORT

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UNCLASSIFIED
Cl12TER I
EVALLITION
What is ovaluaticn? Realizing how Aristotelian any definition may
be which uses the "is" of identification, I shall attempt an operational
definition which may be termed, therefore, non-kristotclian. This would
be true because, unlike most definitions, it would not follow Aristotlets
first law of thought, known as the law of identity, in which he postulates
that"A is A," An operational definition of "evaluation," therefore, would
run something like this:
"Evaluation applies to the similarities and differences of a given
proposition to other propositions on the same subject in such a way as
to avoid identification with other propositions, so that a final judge-
ment as to its value relative to such other propositions may be reached."
Suppose I am asked to evaluate such a proposition as "the world is
round," First, according to this operational definition of "evaluation".
I must acquaint myself with other propositions concerning the shape of
the world. I find propositions that "the world is flat," "the world is
like the inside of a vast sphere?" and a dozen other hypotheses current
among ancient peoples. Working then on similarities and differences, I
compare the shape of the world as I have been able to ascertain it, first
with flat objects, then with the inside of spheres, etc, and note whatever
differences there may be. I avoid identifying the world with anything
else, I do not say "the world is a huge ball", but I do say "the world
is similar to a huge ball," Finally I come up with a judgement based
perhaps upon the fact that I have started out from New York and after
travelling West for six months by train and ship I have arrived back in
New York from the East. Hy final evaluation of the proposition "the
world is round", therefore, is that it is true.
Now all evaluations are based upon observation, either past or present,
and either personal or by proxy. Some human nervous system must at some
time perform the operation of observation from which evaluation is made. And
how does the human nervous system observe? Primarily through the five senses,
Impacts from the world outside the skin roach either the eye, the can
the nose, the fingers or the taste buds, But lot us suppose that we are
not in a position to observe, Suppose I had not personally over circumna-
vigated the globe. How could I then evaluate its roundness? Here, we
must rely upon second hand observation. We must hoar and believe the
evidence presented by others who have observed at first hand, If I accept
their evidence I then act "as if" It myself, had been around the world
and form my judgement as to ON roundness accordingly.
Suppose, however, I an a physicist who, of course, has never seen
an atom, yet is called upon to evaluate the movement and properties of
an atom, By what extra-neural means shall I then proceed? 1-iere we meet
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the scientific method, What we do is surmise what the atom is likely
to do, and the results8. For example, we theorize that if we move tho
atom swiftly enouuh, some of its electrons may leave it and become inde-
pendent ions or attach themselves to other atoms and change the number
of electrons normally revolving about the nucleus of both atoms and hence
change both atoms' characteristics, So with an atom smasher, without
over observing with our senses what takes place, we smash the atom, And
how do we know that our theories have worked out in practice? Because
in the process a piece of metal with atoms of 80 electrons becomes a piece
of metal with atoms of 78 electrons, and another piece of metal with atcros
of 80 electrons becomes a piece of metal with atoms of 82 electrons,
Thus we evaluate the change not by actually observing the process but
by observing the result.
This action-at-a-distance employing extra neural means has boon the
key to modern physics. The old dream of the alchemist, who sought to
change lead into gild, has actually been realized by the modern physicist.
Yet the process whereby we evaluate has not changed. We still evaluate,
even thro.:ough extra-neural means, by judging similarities and differences
and avoiding identification,. Homan judgements arc still necessary. We
must still make assumptions before we can reach conclusions. Modern
alchemy still needs the wizardryof the ""as if,11 Our assumptions, or our
hypotheses, must still precede our conclusions, or our theories. We must
be able to communicate our findings to cthers so that they in turn may
test our theories independently and get the same results. No scientist
can operate in an ivory tower and achieve ccrimunicability, and without
communicability his findings can never achieve the coherence which comes
after his theories have been tested under similar but different circum-
stances and gained universal recognition.
Evaluation, therefore, is something that we ore continually doing
whether we are conscious of it or not, If I do not evaluate the distance
between the ground and the bus step, I shall either stumble in getting
on the bus, or fall on my face in gutting off it, I do net realize how
often I evaluate unconsciously through all my senses, ,ithout evaluation
I would soon not survive, If through my eye I c,ouldn't evaluate: the dis-
tance between myself and a passing street cax; if through my ear I couldn't
tell that an unseen automobile, was approaching; if through my nose I
couldn't detect a decayed piece of meat; if through my fingers I couldn't
feel my way in the dark; or if through my taste-buds I failed to discover
a bitter, decayed piece: of fruit, I would not survive for long,
And just as we come to evaluate objects we come to evaluate: people.
I say, "I dent t trust that mantic How have I reached that judgement? By
similarities and differences. He reminds me of a shifty-eyed crook I
once 1new, or he does not act like any Sunday school teacher. I don't
identify him with them as being the same person as they are, but by com-
paring him with these people I form a judgement. My evaluation is an
integration of my own experience. How then do I "think" the way I do?
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CH! P`L R II
THE "THINKING" PROCESS
The word "think" has been put in quotes because it is Aristotelian,
The Greeks had a word for what happens when the human nervous system re-
ceives the impact o,>f an event from outside the skin; or of a vestige of
memory, which bec,,mes an impact from inside the skin; or a description
of such an impact had. by one nervous system and com uinicated to another.
The word was "think," But the Greeks were, not as familiar as we -.re to-
day with what goes on when our nervous system receives such impacts, or
how it abstracts, integrates, synthesizes and projects from them, all of
which phenomena are included in what we have come to call "thinkk," So
we put such words in quotes in order to remind ourselves of the limita-
tions of such a werdts connotations
An event happens.. A vestige of memory occurs. Someone tells us
something. Then we begin to abstract, We are all familiar with a legal
abstract. It is a short synopsis of a longer legal document, from which
we have selected everything that we think pertinent to the problem at
hand. So when an event happens, like a fire, it happens on the event
or process level. Wo s^.lcbin comprehend any event in its entirety. For
example, if we sue a house burning, and we see only the fr,nt of the
house, we dent t know whether the back is burning or not, Or we see an
object, on the object level, M tre ating it as an event, we never i:n,-w
all about it, If itts this event I call a pencil with which I am writing,
I do not know what tree the cedar w.od carne from; whore the graphite ori-
ginally came from, or the enamel on the outside, cr the rubber in the end,
Howev(.;r, I look at the fire or the pencil, and I begin to abstract,
I say to myself that smoke and flame is not a red curtain; it is net a
cloud; it is not this and it is not that, and by a process of talking away,
or abstracting what it is not, I -z fin ally able to )re juct the moaning
to it of something with which I am familiar, Thus the burning house or
the pencil become; objects, ',nd I have stepped up one rung on the abstrac-
tion ladder, or proceeded to a higher level of abstracting, the object
level. I have done this by showing the ebjectts differences from or
similarities to ether objects with which I am familiar,
I want nc t to tell someone else what is happening, In odor to do
soo I must .name-event tc- which I have projected a moaning ws an object.
How do I determine what word to use so as to name it? Well, it is simi-
lar to other oBjucts which I have learned to call "fire" or "pencil,"
It is different from other objects which I have learned to call "cloud"
or "stick," By comparing it in structure with these other objects I
evaluate it, and each a judgement c: ncerning what to name it. I will
call the objects "fire" and "pencil," Now I have proceeded to a still
higher level of abstracting, -- the"word level", I, as well as the Greeks,
have a word for it. I can now yell "fire" or say "pencil" and you will
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HOW WE THINK
A.; SMALL KEW,:11M.
CAN
"ETC. "
REJECTIONS
Not an idea
Not sub-microscopic
Not microscopic
New York SYMBOLIZATION
I\,/ ) (Comparison in
Not the process
Not all the process
Not a large can
Not a rusty can
Not a battered can
Not steel, wood or paper
Not an open can
-.CLASSI F1 CATION
paint,
theTrOce
Cenver EVALUATION
relations)
Not the process
Not all the process
Air has not entered
Food is not spoiled
Can is not useless
Cans are not useless
0441. ti d 4V~
PPI~
Neither "true" nor "false"
until extensionalized by
comparing in structure
with the process.
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CAN, useful
CAN2 useless
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Now
UNCLASSIFIED
know the significance Or. semanticos) of what I say, It means some-
thing to both of us and we can nn of levels of abstracting is of course quite
different from unconscious idcntific tion. whon I wrote up the prospectus
by means of which I sold you the frorthless mining stock, I was consciously
identifying my inferences with my descriptions. If, however, I should
tell you I saw a ghost last night and really believed that I did, I would
be unconsciously identifying a vestige; of memory on the event level with
an object, on the object level.
Non-identification is muruly the r,.;alization that no two events are
ovur the "same," If they are identical they are no longer two events,
but one. Pauli, the physicist, was the first one to advance the theory
that no two particles can be in the some state (that is in the same place
Lt the same time). 11'. Couturat defined "one" as "the number of the ele-
ments of a class in which any two elements are identical," Tho thws why I act the way I do
is myself; If I an able to conceal my tiietivcs from you, you may guess
their, but you can never be sure,. And unless u are surd of my motive,
you can never evaluate my action properly. The role o_of the security
office, in any organization is almoWt entirely one of evaluating motives,
A thing happens. We objectify it, We name it. We describe it.
We make inferences regarding it. Inc Jgeneralize about it, Up to the
descriptive level there is usually smoL.th sailing, The difficulty comes
in oour evaluations of the event, For it is from these evaluations that
we make our g. noralizatic.;ns and it is upon our generalizations that we
usually act. If cur evaluations are incorrect, ur generalizations are
likewise wrong and our actions will be in error.
Our evaluations are the product of our own nervous system.. Any
person's expressed evaluation of himself becomes merely a description to
us, Our evaluations of his actions are our own abstractions from an
event. The imp;rtance of any int-rrugati.cn is not in what a person says
but what we infer he meant. Often hc: never says what he means. Often
he says whet he thinks will please us. The motivation behind a state--
ment is more importont than the statement. The background of the person
making the statement often gives s;_mo clue to the motivation. Skillful
evaluation is therefore a synthesis of what is said, how it is said and
whey it is said. The latter constitutes iii,tivation,, No, evaluation
is complete without a logical motivation. And a logical motivation may
ur may not be "true,t"
The problem of our identifica.ticns is, therefore, inextricably
intcrw0von with that of our me tivatic: ns, I cannot tell you why I don't
like high silk hats, but at some time r other I may have identified
them with a funeral and the identification has outlived thy, event, to
become interwoven with my mc-tivati.?n with respect to high silk hats.
Psychologists test people by firing w,rds at them and asking f:-r im-
mediate responses. They are seeking to ferret out identifications. We
learn to identify early in life in :rdcr t, co.mrnunicate, We identify
a rc::und, red object with a stoma as an "apple."" Unless we identified the
object with a word, we could n t speak abut the object. Our iden+ifica_
tions remain with us and account f r most of our idi. syncrasics, included
among which are m-st of our motivations.
If I am an fficial with 12 assistants, therefore, I am dealing
with 22,620 relationships, and -orc:bably 226,200 different and distinct
motivations, all constantly changing aLnd fluid. How can I delegate
authority, therefore, without c ntinually putting my head in a noose?
I cannot and I do n, t, What I d:,, if 14m a successful administrator
is to learn to evaluate m;otiv,-s; to find out why people, generally, act
the way they do. This will never take care of all pe,_ple or all motives,
for the human nerv,:us system is the greatest security risk wehavj to
deal with, It cannot be locked up in a safe overnight; it cannot be
stamped ""secret,'" although it oaorates s,-crot1 , The laws f chance
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UNCLASSIFIED
work here as they do in science, as the groat underlying imponderable,
If I have six coins and toss them into the air say 6L times, I
will find that there are 20 out of 61 chances of getting 3 heads and
3 tails; 15 out of 6L of gutting 2 heads and 4 tails, cr the reverse;
6 out of 64 of getting 5 heads and 1 tail, jr the reverse; and 1 out of
64 of getting 6 heads and n G tails, or the reverse, This normal dis-
tribution curve is the only thing I have to go cn. X if I give odds
o 77717)n getting 3 heads and 3 tails, I have taken a calculated
risk, This, in affect, is what we do with people. Any sucurit risk
can be reduced to a calculated risk, by applying this n.rmal distribution
curve to a given set of circumstances,,
In any organization this can be applied by a system of checks and
balances. Alger Hiss sat in the anteroom of his chief and apparently
his chief was totally oblivious of what Alger Hiss was up to. He know
nothing of Algerfs motivations, Just as a prowl car carries two officers,
6o rasp risibility may be delegated sc that two or more persons are jointly
responsible for action thr..ugh a system of chocks and balances. The chances
of there being one bad apple in a group net only can thus be calculated
but provided against. This does not mean that the public business must
be conducted "in conference," but it does mean the public business should
not be c ndueted "in camera."
The 22,620 relations am: ng your 12 assistants can thus be transferred
into a perquisite number "f checks and balances that will add immeasurably
to your own security. The further the individual nervous system with its
unpredictability, is removed from unsupervised action, the higher the per-
centage of security, and the butt -r the final judgement is likely to be.
The role of the administrator in such a system becomes that f arbitrator
or judge, Rules of action can be sot up for all ordinary c. ntirgencaes,
Men two ?_,r m? ru pe _plo cannot agree ?n a course of acti _n, or when the
application of the rules to a given case is ebsecure, then and, only than,
should the administrator be called in. In this way the overt act of a
single person can be avoided, In this way responsibility may be safely
delegated and a calculated risk be taken sc that the hoed of the chief
is not continually being p1:.cod in a noose,
So much for rganization, How about the bad risks in an - rganizar.
tion? How may they be detected and how eradicated? The undesirable
way is the roust effective, Have each parse.n constitute himself a min-
iature FBI agent and spend his time watching his neighbor, This will
furnish much grist to the security Mill, but will net got the work d_ne
efficiently. Other than this method, the method of attritin is prefer-
able. If there is a "bad" risk ain ng a group of "geed"risks, arrange
the work in such a .manner, thr _ ugh th system :-f chocks and balances,
so that the "sport" cr erratic curve will show. If there is always one
in a group who dissents and seeks to c .nvinco the thcrs, this idiosyn.-
cracy will soon be detected. The variatirn frm the pattern is the thing
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to watch. If it persists, it may be due to more than dyspepsia or
stomach ulcers,
When the "bad" risk has boon s:. dotoctud d,: act make him a public
spectacle, If he is indeed a "bad" risk, he may relish bec,.:ming a martyr
for the cause, Change his duties; kick him into innocuous desu.otudo;
transfer him to the sticks; but do nut make him into a martyr or a
"cause celebre," The fact that he is dealt with effectively flood not be
advertised. The nows will get around and the quieter the case is handled.,
the more fear will be engendered into the hearts of remaining Hbad1'
risks, as yet undetected. They may change their ways temporarily but
sooner or later, if the events are carefully watched, they will again
reveal the erratic curve,
The success of any administrator lies in having the head of the office
always carrying the ball. He may rely heavily on his assistants; he may
delegate most chf the authority and resp:nsibility, but he must speak softly
and always carry a big stick. He must sit the b jectivc and he must
set the pace? Ho must furnish the incentive, He must reward "good"
motivation and correct or punish "bad" motivation, 'While he may not
be able to dominate all the relation shins under him, his assistants
must be constantly aware of his oxistanco and of his awar,;ness. He
must be a living symbol of the purpose he has to fulfill.
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CHk?TER XII
THE POSITIVE APPROACH
The experience with the "big truth" at Bandung should provide us
with the nucleus for a positive approach to the East-Jest problem, What
we should seek to establish is an /finerican iron-curtain, not for the pur-
pose of keeping Russian propaganda out, but for the purpose of emascula-
ting it before it is sent out from the Kremlin. The techniques of Rus-
sian propagau.ida should by this time be fairly well-known. Something
happens liir,_~ the U. S. artillery firing practice in Japan on Mount Fuji.
It becomes a cause celebre, thanks to the Red agitators in Japan, and
we are on the defensieagain, Instead of waiting for this to happen,
would it not have been a worthwhile gesture for us to have transferred
our artillery practice to some other spot at the first inkling of criti-
cism from the local Japanese,, instead of reiterating our legal rights?
Done skill.f(AL.1_y,, such a move would have obviated the dilemira in which
we find ou.: Teives ,. For to withdraw now would only strengthen the Commies
cased 'gut d we withdrawn at once, it might have redoUined to our credit
as being 1: ?_ ";ly senso.tive to the nuances, religious and national, surroun-
ding any such activities near the sacred mountain, Then we would not
have been ac bunted by the "right" and "w-rong", but by the "sometimes true."
The fu-.i ctio?;nal hypothesis can always more easily be defended than
the propositional hypothesis. "Artillery practice is generally best car-
ried out in sparsely populated areas" would have been a functional hypo-
thesis much ;sore easily dealt with than the propositional hypothesis:
"The Japanese army always has used Mount Fuji as an artillery target"
Adoption of a functional hypothesis is like occupying a forward position
tentatively and then if necessary engaging in a strategic retreat, The
action is the same, but the description makes it seem different.
In dealing with the "pig truth" we must run the whole gamut of the
leveie,6f abstracting, First the event itself emerges. Such as the fact,
during the W'.shin.gton Conference in 1922 that the reduction of the Japa-
nese naval strength to the 5-5-3 ratio must include the scrapping of the
Japanese battleship We allI rd that for the limitation of
armaments to be effective this new battleship, built with the pennies
contributed by Japanese school children thru-out Japan, would have to
be scrapped!, Some of the delegates maintained an Labsoluti_st ar,titude,
A few saw the value of a relative approach for sentimental reasons.
Fortunately the relativists won oat and another battleship, the "Settso.",
was substituted for the 'T'iutsu" end scrapped.
In projecting r.eaning to the object, on the next higher level of
abstracting, we ran into difficulties with the Japanese over the "fall-
out" from the hydrogen bomb we tested at Bikini, "The ashes of death",
as Japanese ~-)ropageada films called the "fallout",were attached as dan.-
gerous to everyone living near the Japan current which swept westward
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past Bakini and turned northward to wash the southeastern shores of Japan.
Rain, drawn up from radiated sea-water from this current, was claimed to
have irradiated growing vegetables in southeast Japan, All fish swimming
in the current were claimed to have been irradiated. This was true.
But the amount of radiation was by no means lethal, and taken in thee,
this "big truth" could have been adv"lced to pre-emasculate the "Hg lie"
propagated by the Red front "Pacific Peace Association", which has been
agitating to ban all further H-Bomb tests in the Bikini area ever since.
Here was involved a simple projection of meaning from the process, which
mis-projected became known as "the ashes of death."
On the word level, perhaps the most potent use, of the "big truth"
was when Baron Ishii got us to sign the famous Lansing-Ishii Agreement
in 1917 under which we "recognized Japan's special interest in China!,,
according to the :;nglish text, Secretary Lansing contended that the
term "special interest" referred only to economic interest and had no
political or other significance. The Japanese contended that Japan's
"special interests" in China were recognized although there is no way
of indicating the plural in Japanese except by adding special idcogra hs
which were not in the Japanese text, The dispute ended in 1923 whcnJo- r-
mally terminated the agreement and with it all implication that we recog-
nized Japan's "special interests" in Chin!, which then included many pro-
-perties of controversial character, We conceivably may have avoided this
controversy through functional hypotheses such as "the U. S. is aware
that Japan has special interest in China." This would have eliminated
the propositional connotation contained in the word "recognizes."
On the descriptive level the functional hypothesis helps us under-
stand bettor what is being doscribed. If you are describing an indivi-
dual it is more desirable to add to "height", "weight", "color of eyes",
"color of hair", etc., anything which,though only "sometimes true" of
him, acts as a propositional function such as "he plays the races", "he
is a great ladies man". In this way we )Mocr not only what to look for,
but in general whore to look for it.
When it comes to the inference level, the propositional hypothesis
plays its most potent part, for hnre we are no longer dealing with sim-
ple abstractions but abstractions from abstractions. The more functional
our inferences, the more apt they are not to embarrass us, When asking
my father to do something for me as a child I frequently received the
reply "directly." From experience I found "directly" to be a functional
hypothesis with a time limit extending variously from one minute to ',he
millonium. In vain did I seek to change it into a propositional hypothe-
sis by asking "How long is (directly'?" Jeremy Bentham, in a book entitled
"The Book of Fallacies" published in 1820, points out that the four great
propositional hypotheses by ,,which most greet statesmen rule are "danger,"
"authority," "delay," and "conusion; Within those four propositional
functions may be found