HISTORY OF THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03362A000500170003-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 18, 1998
• Sequence Number: 3
• Content Type: REPORT

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TAB
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 Approved For Release 200010B12$-:-CLOm RDP7-03 k
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at leant, 1.
possible to trace its
'atio i a
Frm tads Pointt tjwn
of bisto', one Can trace the
at the t
at
conorary 3,
cli aleets.
who live in the heart of as
a loosely organized league of city
A.D., to the beginnings of the
the Terrible in the late 16th cent.
sigh e:
USSR . sash, the sateiii.tes,
t'
3s the Great Russians, the 5A
nn.f Mt from o ov. Then ne
ape ?- the white Th esisna. Mho wail in
Pal ands and the sinus,, who live to the
include Poles, tni.mma,
departed n most to Siberia f
e of different
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 CONFIDENTIAL
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d a.
Non the Terrible a t*
as we shall me.
Great (Tor in a ftnalan
Mzm=OuB with a tefercr) who reISTed
800U M7 ; s
'Western rcqe b th mltwe aid
0sea
as the repreas
c e r
rrmte of liberal thwght In 1tb
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o a t iy onto to eeonc t3 a
He
vIoUnt tb?_t it shoed no sib of dishing
b ad ate &vvpean a . xa caul amnU
ba;ass Duropwri
existed sing h t
a vary dangarow thi g for a people
ther? he :Iavfzw" of
the who erO a fat Imadership - tea", the 5 . ,
c .ight.l In s acs =atom and thou zt.
between these two . It is a .s a to
esternm weiv mom inf . nti I,
3inae the fl0"lut
of the Slavrphils have k in the ass rdm+y .- ,r ng, h of
Western . nte of ) and
meoh ie of inftstris1iz do ,
Pst&ri re aystam $ rkecI v - in fact,, it marked too
ed, n 1:ergoi ng the tees of 1n eai
lotion. Russia oned tied to
' E TIAL
Catherine tho
of Russian sOCiet-4,
Ri asa Uf s solution
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was y a 't r the st e of the Cvix*an
awoke tea the feat that ? oietv and
An snlfghtened
Tsar Ale nd: r 11} in
362A000500170003-3
I%M
3':I. ~ ter a b Russian St}
a:
?1.aae (or mra ctly
P-LOO In the C
?n to the P"mxntS gift
part of
adanta of eae. to
A it1cm
Sin
aT,Proprlat d frm the lwidou
pz it.
.fsoe,
the gwtry be i uraad, The s ent i nee1 b .dds
h these bmdz and 1- .ad a t= : vn the 'fie a
village OMMInIty
it it
ini
of the
to the
d -wt,a not or.
S pir.
21 49 Years, Me as vg t:; , which m
t 1917 bogy,, If
nFof'i
e give'l a eat : so eiety
h fine-1.1y
thoro to a
dii r int t of
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caw
evor ue in tI
odwy'of3,-
nob' e
aoeomppl l han t- , There waa the e t b1 shin
trial by j'
the dieaproint..
s stain a br cing
e, aatantiox l system, and -T- to a m ..i l ex
gfalativ system containing the rudiments of self- vv rn ut. latter
co aiet i o ?viucial er;d district Za stva (the eir'guiar its ' tvo)
to supervise the ad nistrati n of s xoh tin e
public hsaith, edu tion* roads, tra r-g.t3:ering, suta thin a as are .tone
t; :e qty o mrdeeioner in America toffy aid are far ret v from srn ' - ly
ative eyatWA- Indeed, since everyt aingr the Z tva did was subject to
t,!--e will
hedged and r e;.
3sitles
in the dieapg intmer t of the
the led outright
t nothing.
v rigged that the rjority of represertatir n.
the entry, But, ted as they were, they repro. rnte . t` e first
V- 0 the tires of Iv the Terrible and are theca
worthy of 'note.
Tsar . le: der
the f fi M,r strong
-. rmeror Who had liberated the sees and shorn
any Russian 1:I11.`"`,
of coaa,l a to liberty. It is ironic that #
irzationy he was en 'Lg
I :m d constitution to his country,
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 '14
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His sure.
2.i
and?app
endenc a
Pare no 1 a. eirat er .bed than
UAY
f the Russia
n nolioe
attalred the skill and rower that c uaed it to beeow the
the pr -aeat
-innishtaent
its initiative rd.
the +ostriatia im: ed uo n t
nt of bittss
nripit ^o
outside their
V.
evrered their ties to their -aster and their
tile a ?e ..s
f nt. d. them .he ecna as i a motives for le vian
,ea, '11e ez i ies and tariffs he bestowed upon
inctx7'
he constructed, aal7ed Into leing
of living
proletariat at-ill red
was e,)M 1*at as never ;, ,
of the "People#s WilV brought a sudiex: end to both thqrm proups, T10
Mhram extse ted and exiled the Under-, and the or tatier i.thered e.U7,
Pr+ept now :n, rovolvtlonary partlAo - did not consist vhoUy of a iitel.li. entsia
but -f an allia ree of the Intel p ntR a Wit,h the pre .e; xiat
That the tradition of r l ution s kept very =wb alive.
rewlutiorwxy parties later when ve trace the
CONFIDENTIAL
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40, 'a
.s 'r way of preft
find Rusia a niee ai tc giant
The prc1eta r t, vInir inor
inert air ,"I",
the i rson ttiona of Their Iiv
gaunt tke
e eervient spiz i
f bin rtetia;
f1he P' , was iabolas Ii, pew. aq it
In aha g ng ti -ma had exi t
Ale nd
to the Strong ,
in the s a t at < ' . e s 3 t? t h e ' it
p ee O. tai g over to hi s
eta ?s r 4t`1'ir as lit$
111 ia 3
heat ar:d r;
and debauchwi t w o3 wto
AI*xI 5, At'!
nod an we en nay n a ' the terse by
.0 q s the uffe 'ints of
CONFIVENTI
of his a tt7 . LVt vhOm
.dad wife,,
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and his family
and shot. The bodies were t ter s
slih
in 1'h weo,
omnditImis r.l' i,n i t? she Tsar's chief . lntor thought
of a l short ru tcaen ft ], ware rdght have a a trg ef"eet u
with this in ipt.rd, he oked a w r with Japm
short enough &3
is 3
it iteb'
rophlo,
yed a lar"
ri,rre, at P trth
a - MUtr:ri:
blow occurs when the ` itic
Japanese
rld ar4, on angaping the
lately and uttte?1y destro
in W t aar long - ble, Feria was in such a
1c of s ff: rzi, :t infi n81 - would be a,bs1,
The inglorious c ond$ct of tble extremely
e h^ rf, halfway ro x
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"PW CONFIBENTiAL
even mare, the ssi.ffce
enp rtir th
of 19" , ar event
dil succeed in Asti:
the foundation for a
struck above the
shelling,, by the To
plate on a
lab lled ` mod' SunU,
iater
Put down by Tssr#st tr?oope,
never a
on began with a ssa re and s
-lay that
ly
G*por
i e 1uti a of 19T7's Alta
.qty in
by Father
s and their eti ldr,n, on a * .e
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was not planed
 Ut1FU JLI tIRL
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bet" en 15
of t%
b11cwe the To,
tt
Petersburg spre
, loll uprisings
e t v a r -,
whiab occurred in
of
whole of. the city and
RDP78-03362A000500170003-3
d.
or the Revolutionists# ao .
0
U.i
e board.
uding working
he strikers, nt1r g t
In Siberia
Poking)
I& xrtil the Bole'..
tolVIDEAlikk
ea , rlvars, hm"e sewn
Fever, In `"'eta er,
ay t oug' out the
tmtrv. All ocse3
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t note.
Aommbly. . tie bi t the
:ly and knowledge.
Chip a its. 'r dom of kr wie ... bbut th,
.e ear sui ru*
by election in wh
mi the fiver t
per a' tad and can '?ctoS er 31, 1
St. Piterel
i.
nor the Trofessio
Ina
and the v
cat an the t
n that day, everyone went Im-ok to
took vigorous to ut it down,
*Finally s Cz'
?'it long
this
carder s
nd the r&& 1
eel and wrote the end
vi d for the :s .tic
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city
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rartic ulariy in the
ng, the R vt1ution was s i
'Soviet$ being the Russian wor
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a point
er:i develor. ed. in the towns and eitiss
of the
ted tprisiTt , rater Cats leaiership was .eonfia sd to
the idea of having a soviet for several
:he vorIdnimm of an
hib1y sent
any I4~
St. Petersbur
nation: a :dept
0 for
Ibi.ity fi
as first general strike and imadUtely
ng the strike. It as
Bolshevik
erg were indisc
lag spirit of th
absence of the more established rmmluti
CONFIDENTIAL
Is.
at the manta
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he i nm3diataly afte
Ly. The 1e .ere were a
right well have h
nee, they
and the ovi, is lost
ow uprising, vanished
forces in any subsequent revolution. Lenin noted their power
were reestablished in 1917, im iately upon the outbrea . of 3 c
St. Petersburg, Lenin planned to take over the Soviet on the -irc-t
one of Die --
:d of the R
being, but actually one in which nothj
The f
cities
majority wr oboe
in actor:
all classes that a
d.
his ,tides
of l
in the
aot to liberalise the rn; a
the Co tttution
took t lead in initiating leglslati' pn.
would so air artbe the Tsar's
ti on slaw--,t an act of tr4as
CONFIDENTIAL
tely after the end of the
last vesti fe of rebellion in the
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Aetu
l nife to
the dear.
no rit 3er the
the pro
alternative ao,-,ording to
The sox
of aoneery atjyes an".
but only to Pass on that initla
far t-
turn,
Mar
the third : wwis composed asst a rt 2y
ter, ahoaen frog the landowners and the wealth
classes. It it zt Its terms, from l" - 1932 and, in fact,
well with the Tear f a Minigt, s _
sled, mu do up of the same al ass of
It lasts
TLLr but, in viev o
T rl a Prir* x
If all the re
Social. Revolutimanj Party,, whose
n this tive is wort
the Irdr.I
the lames
s so .vIly on
h 1917, wise
& of central crg niz ti
he v ak t.
.CONFIDENTIAL
o win the suppo t of the
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The Bolshevik party also wee a ng a play for reasant eo tr 1
keeping with I4minaa belief t1at revolution depen an al liar
and the Peasantry,
in '861 to for
tt:e seers
into a oonservative, pro
la-- .. the taxes whi ob
t1.y were in
app x tely t
192010 epz
we into the first World War
i V. ekh ov, a former
t:ed Marx 1,
et later in the
rty in Baseman history was the a Li
into Russia. ny
reoeIvQd
of losing
and
of the neaeF into. It was frog
of the
he later
heir doctrine f". Plekhanov
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,
inhahitarts of
fought in the
labor Ply.
held. It began in r
that the del
betook -a to Condom.
conference oB d the split of
and ne vlk win . : ins, who led the Bolshevik fa
eozrr pt c f the vanguard
into the Bolshevik
n. T-lit forward the
was his proposal that all who joined the arty should TOrticmipais
z do . Gov
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the moist ement we
ss but It dates the
he first Con of the Social Demoomt:
s f'eflov editor the news
In other words
oiplin4d ^e up to some as l? d.ers to the n n-t ai. rating
see to join and to set a relation in
force by eheer
s. majority of
of nunhers. This, I sus
n the Central Cost, .ttt,ee
point but on other
From this
for his wing
his op' onents with that
e .rly Insight into his fsedE.li ,r
of the Party
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 IDRPi
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In the re lution of 19059,
in the is y. After the year
..y hope of suc a r . rev+oiz tif- i
U1
f"irrt step
Afar 5
.I,a rmpi. .
she
R? voluti which he destrad.
evil's
lotion was a ce ay
ro ~: r 'y ~,,~r
Gaaaor ia, mined his f1r
hie
ep1
dergrout d. Fi oS A then
,; special favor trc a the ` chrana,
iniaiaal to the Cad6ts an
Ru sia, in spading
Lr. obtaininq
opj-,*sat the liberalizing
3".1e work.
tG i t
orpni r of armd x ob Awy in
f the nsho ke
the 1
tile bIr
311 re 1 too
golfIDEW.-
fa ks.",
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An early o ' "ei.
sueo ded in this a but b ugb
AtT
he rressuura on the ''aster a. allies
. to and devastating defeat to the
e,r the Germs i.nfli
Russian soldiers 8lauEttered
and in the aunt of ttterisi captured and destroyed
the Russians lost terra thim a third of their artir?
Russian arm, that is -,. in those battles
offensive in 1926 -- the Russ:
t - die-
in retret,t. The rte of the , rM raridly disint
. from
rc.4tsnt until, they reaahad a total of t t hinn by 1912.
only the ear but the entire nation 'be
Tsar .r bad been varued by his advisers
the Russian oeono y
The corrvrtion and inef ioi oy of the government were over he it ; the
i,nt3.'tai trnn3
`?ublio health dop
The Tear mear%tillet
end :d left St. Peta rsturg. The ^sa na awe:, the
the influence
1.
1. The re
de barren and the neastnts
COF1OEN1'
replace 1 zmiai
i ,t l the,
the artillery of
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11W ,
'board of opposition to
zags had bscoa,
give the Tadar'et
&_::E lu a majority
The Duma e3a11ed upon the Tear in P ovemT r to rep1ac e
with one in zich the country
the
of Rasputin by can
And i u . oh (or
dom. When fhi$
ealy Lion of the Tea .-dam die ppe*r , 7".
to heip bn the
t4falott.
according to the old calmer) raw1 ztion b ka
I would like to say somethin
big
After the
the Gregorian (o
of about l?
Ore about dates, Nring the entire
or, old style, calendar s used.
the one in which the Boleabe^vi.ka a5au ed power,
) calendar to* its r1aoe.
the flr--t revolution is caned
either the Revolution of March 1917, (ma.- tyie) or of et ary 1917, (03d
ee *1e). in
f the * t lenderless
lu
It tg on
?00,
n 1916. To reali
0 the t style calendar.
a and rxfne of these had auticipeteed
,hen =,was of ,amen
c+33ow d by, su rhssicm of strikes =
to the streets.
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In this situation, the Du the
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10D the Tsar oiicred the
so, .niter
the St, Pete, g Soviet was fo
elected Constituent Ass bly should eoi a on the Ntw f of the
Russian state.
tfryis point. unti.'
'h e aOU4 Dower
represent titivo of
e members were no
eoisios of 'tho Y
th the Txm and
iit;t of rte i
le.
rto the
sv aiona1
-n the two
fy, an faroh 15, with tie
et s1 noe It was, to some
larly
abide
ing
this time,
as controlled
_
i
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the nrovisioml
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,d,
ernnent and th
Two thins ft
the war,
in Switaw1mid
pet
of the Soviet with
the and of the honeymoon,, tha opposition
on of the Provisional Gov
1- terl a ;3
d im .ate1y after the PAMI'ution)
atrip through
n a seals 1 raid car
revolut n. Henceforth the Bolsheviks, o had be
'ernrent,
of eeieirg power. They re
Land* . that lo,
for the
the slogans
and 'All Poor to the Soviets.
unity,. .Lenin ensvered that it was a time for
mpropating many
d be said to have gauged the t,
far het',.er than the ofter
Cc emu tlyr, they were as
actual leers hip of V319 a ztz -- so 'hat in the faahaices of the a with
beeones Ie 1sr by finding out ei
faster than the st in that direction.
A going and ruinnin g a little
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ate--:411,y deteriorating ei
r No. One" of f
In this order,z
officers,
soldiers,
on or off`,
the effect
f military dieoip nine, the general var..wea ne t, and
all them combined to r ice the Russian to the least fie
force in :history. The people of mesia were equally sick of war.
Consequently, the deter -tic n of the Provincial G. - eeat to eont3nm
the righting suet
an of" ansive was started in JUy
it was sucossaftl
, Is
s duties
officers and given over
, officers had no power
at attention were a'tis.,
t resiane
of Austrian
until the
The second 'bay
end to the bonevc
rather V -An the thousands
called ?Juiy Days*, and- which put a definite
hold on the we terns,
he Bolsheviks were
UONFIDENTdAL
n cc lapsed, min was
e di
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4w , 0 E N V At 'MP,
C' J*4 220 Alownder XwomW7 boom .r, su*- in t b* i . 1
A,j, bout an
U-81, ?Mt try
Left and tecqyt=o
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Askin da*P wwmo*
a Zp
(2)
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I" fly IM
The Bolsheviks I as we shall see
# never let this emu;
?,27..
be people wanted; in other words
were a group trained for leadership
ye confined tbawelves to opposition movements.
isional: Cov zt and the people.. The
ping, it was self-appointed
of
Tsar had - nor was it
So, a party of 1 ,OM took o
it up by saying the
they wanted
rent of the
Sovie,
ative
:, Trotsky was Foreign Co=dssar and
tuent Asse 1y on which so many
a democratic Russia convened in Petrograd. It
utionaries, Lenin, therefore
a dis
than the Assembly a 3,
he As ly? Shortly thereafter
Go
great support to the
itati
1918
slice of terra
called Comminists
fl !C
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CDNFIDNT~
ar
d the
in
Of the later Soviet
of the GtvII War
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that an ~ W be= shot. Be W take, I+ n'a I for a U.at bath
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Oation and
up the Wbj
suV;-orUrv
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